Economic Analysis of the Proposed Significant New Use Rule for Di-n-pentyl 

Phthalate (DnPP) 

FINAL

(EPA Docket EPA-HQ-OPPT-2010-0573

RIN 2070-AJ 73)

—Does not contain TSCA CBI—

Prepared by:

Economic and Policy Analysis Branch

Economics, Exposure and Technology Division

Office of Chemical Safety and Pollution Prevention

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W.

Washington, DC 20460
Economic Analysis of Proposed SNUR for U.S. EPA Office of Chemical Safety and Pollution Prevention

Di-n-pentyl Phthalate (DnPP) i Economic and Policy Analysis Branch

CONTRIBUTORS

The EPA analyst responsible for this report was Lynne Blake-Hedges. Analytical and draft preparation 

support was provided by Abt Associates Inc. under EPA Contract No. EP-W_08_010.
Economic Analysis of Proposed SNUR for U.S. EPA Office of Chemical Safety and Pollution Prevention

Di-n-pentyl Phthalate (DnPP) ii Economic and Policy Analysis Branch

ABSTRACT

This report estimates the costs of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)’s proposed 

Significant New Use Rule (SNUR) for Di-n-pentyl phthalate (DnPP) (1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, 1,2-

dipentyl ester) Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Number (CASRN) 131-18-0.

The proposed SNUR applies to all manufacturing, import, and processing of DnPP, excluding when the 

substance is used or sold for use as a chemical standard in phthalate testing - the sole ongoing use of the 

chemical.

1 Aside from the exempt use, EPA found no evidence of any manufacturing or importation into 

the United States. No data for DnPP were reported in the 2006 Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA)

Inventory Update Reporting (IUR) database (EPA 2006a).

2 In addition, the Agency received no 

comments after the publication of the Phthalates Action Plan to indicate current production of the 

chemical for any uses besides use a chemical standard in phthalate testing.

3

The proposed SNUR would require persons to notify EPA at least 90 days before commencing the 

manufacture, import, or processing of DnPP for any significant new use as defined in the SNUR. A firm 

intending to engage in these activities would be required to submit a Significant New Use Notice 

(SNUN). EPA is proposing the SNUR because of concerns regarding the adverse health effects presented 

by DnPP in humans and wildlife, as well as its environmental fate and exposure pathways. Although 

DnPP is no longer used in the United States, EPA is concerned that the manufacturing or processing of 

DnPP could be reinitiated in the future. The required notification provided by a SNUN will provide EPA 

with the opportunity to evaluate activities associated with a significant new use and an opportunity to 

protect against unreasonable risks, if any, from exposure to DnPP.

Because the domestic 

manufacture, import and processing of DnPP for the uses subject to the SNUR have been phased out,

there is expected to be no economic impact from the proposed SNUR.

When submitting a SNUN, a firm incurs a modest submission cost of $8,112 and potentially other minor 

costs. However, since no firms have been identified which import, manufacture, or process DnPP for any 

significant new uses, EPA believes it is highly unlikely that any firm will incur this cost. EPA does not 

require the development of test data for submission of a SNUN, although a firm may submit test data 

already in its possession or describe any other available data. Because EPA does not require the 

development of test data, EPA assumes that no firms will incur testing costs as a result of the proposed 

SNUR.

In addition to the firms that make a SNUN submission, the proposed SNUR may also impact firms that do 

not make a submission. By avoiding a significant new use, a firm can avoid submission and testing costs

but may incur other compliance costs. However, this may not be a concern given that the domestic 

manufacture, import and processing of DnPP for the uses subject to the SNUR have been phased out.

Costs are estimated at the firm level and reflect the burden of a SNUR on the firms that would make a 

submission. 

 1 Both Cambridge Isotope Laboratories, Inc. and Accustandard.com sell DnPP as a standard for phthalate testing 

(CIL 2010a, Accustandard 2010). Columbia Analytical Services, Inc. does not sell DnPP but uses DnPP for on-site 

phthalate testing (CAS 2010a).

2 The IUR compiles production data from manufacturers and importers of certain chemical substances (including 

DnPP) listed on the TSCA Chemical Substance Inventory. Sites are only required to submit IUR data if they 

manufacture or import more that 25,000 lbs of a chemical during the reporting year. 2006 was the most recent year 

with data availability. 3 The docket for the phthalates action plan (EPA-HQ-OPPT-2010-0342) is accessible at 

http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/home.html#docketDetail?R=EPA-HQ-OPPT-2010-0342
Economic Analysis of Proposed SNUR for U.S. EPA Office of Chemical Safety and Pollution Prevention

Di-n-pentyl Phthalate (DnPP) iii Economic and Policy Analysis Branch

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CONTRIBUTORS.........................................................................................................................................i

ABSTRACT..................................................................................................................................................ii

LIST OF TABLES.......................................................................................................................................iv

1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................1

1.1 Background.................................................................................................................................1

Uses and Substitutes...................................................................................................................1

Health Effects.............................................................................................................................2

Environmental Exposure ............................................................................................................2

Current Manufacturing ...............................................................................................................2

1.2 Statutory Authority.....................................................................................................................3

1.3 Summary of Methodology..........................................................................................................3

1.4 Organization of this Report ........................................................................................................3

2. INDUSTRY COMPLIANCE COSTS ..................................................................................................4

2.1 Wage Rates.................................................................................................................................5

2.2 Unit Industry Compliance Costs.................................................................................................5

2.2.1 Rule Familiarization ......................................................................................................5

2.2.2 CDX Registration, CDX Electronic Signature, and Pay.gov Account Setup................6

2.2.3 Form Completion and Submission Fee..........................................................................7

2.2.4 Recordkeeping...............................................................................................................8

2.2.5 Import Certification .......................................................................................................9

2.2.6 Export Notification........................................................................................................9

2.3 Industry Costs of SNUR, by Option.........................................................................................11

2.4 Likelihood of a SNUN Submission ..........................................................................................12

2.5 Potential for Subsequent Regulatory Action ............................................................................12

3. AGENCY COSTS...............................................................................................................................14

3.1 Labor Rates for EPA Staff........................................................................................................14

3.2 SNUN Processing Costs...........................................................................................................15

3.3 Export Notification Cost...........................................................................................................18

4. ADDITIONAL ANALYSES..............................................................................................................19

4.1 Regulatory Flexibility Act ........................................................................................................19

4.2 Unfunded Mandates Reform Act..............................................................................................19

4.3 Paperwork Reduction Act.........................................................................................................19

4.4 National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act .............................................................19

4.5 Executive Order 12898: Federal Actions to Address Environmental Justice in Minority 

Populations and Low-Income Populations...............................................................................20

4.6 Executive Order 13045: Protection of Children from Environmental Health Risks and Safety 

Risks .........................................................................................................................................20

4.7 Executive Order 13132: Federalism.........................................................................................20

4.8 Executive Order 13175: Consultation and Coordination with Indian Tribal Governments....20

4.9 Executive Order 13211: Actions that Significantly Affect Energy Supply, Distribution, or Use

..................................................................................................................................................20

5. BENEFITS..........................................................................................................................................21

A. INFLATORS AND WAGE RATES ....................................................................................................1

6. REFERENCES......................................................................................................................................6
Economic Analysis of Proposed SNUR for U.S. EPA Office of Chemical Safety and Pollution Prevention

Di-n-pentyl Phthalate (DnPP) iv Economic and Policy Analysis Branch

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: Loaded Industry Wage Rates, December 2009...............................................................................5

Table 2: Rule Familiarization Burden and Cost for SNUR Submitters........................................................6

Table 3: CDX Registration, CDX Electronic Signature, and Pay.gov Account Setup Burden and Cost for 

First-Time Submitters...................................................................................................................................7

Table 4: Industry Cost Estimate to Complete the SNUN Form....................................................................8

Table 5: Industry Cost Estimate to Complete and Submit the SNUN Form.................................................8

Table 6: Derivation of Total Mailing Cost for 12 Notices..........................................................................10

Table 7: TSCA 12(b) Export Notification Cost per Notification................................................................11

Table 8: Compliance Options and Associated Costs Incurred by a Firm Due to the Proposed SNUR ......12

Table 9: Derivation of Loaded Agency Wage Rates ..................................................................................15

Table 10: Derivation of Inflation Factors for Agency Extramural Costs....................................................16

Table 11: Agency Costs for SNUN and Other Submission Review and Processing..................................17

Table 12: TSCA 12(b) Export Notification Cost: Agency Burden per Activity (2009$)...........................18

Table A-1: Derivation of Loaded Wage Rates..............................................................................................3

Table A-2: Derivation of Inflation Factors...................................................................................................5
Economic Analysis of SNUR for U.S. EPA Office of Chemical Safety and Pollution Prevention

Di-n-pentyl Phthalate (DnPP) 1 Economic and Policy Analysis Branch

1. INTRODUCTION

This report presents the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Office of Chemical Safety and 

Pollution Prevention’s (OCSSP’s) analysis of the potential costs incurred as a result of a proposed 

Significant New Use Rule (SNUR) for Di-n-pentyl phthalate (DnPP) (1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, 1,2-

dipentyl ester) CASRN 131-18-0. SNURs are proposed by EPA under the authority granted by Section 

5(a)(2) of TSCA. The proposed SNUR would require persons to notify EPA at least 90 days before 

commencing the manufacture, import, or processing of DnPP, excluding when the substance is used or 

sold for use as a chemical standard in phthalate testing – the sole ongoing use of the chemical. 

Additionally, persons who manufacture or process DnPP solely for export would be exempt from the 

notification requirements of the proposed SNUR, if when distributing the substance in commerce, it is 

labeled in accordance with TSCA section 12(a)(1)(B). EPA promulgates a SNUR for a substance when 

potential uses could result in increased exposure to, or releases of, the substance which in turn, could

present an unreasonable risk to health or the environment.

1.1 Background

As part of EPA’s efforts to enhance the existing chemicals program under TSCA, the Agency identified 

an initial list of widely recognized chemicals for the development of an Action Plan Phthalates were 

selected because of their toxicity and the evidence of pervasive human and environmental exposure. The 

Action Plan summarized readily available use, exposure, and hazard information for eight phthalate esters

(including DnPP);4 considered which authorities provided under TSCA and other statutes could be used 

to address potential concerns; and described various courses of actions available to EPA to address the 

concerns (EPA 2009d).

5

Uses and Substitutes

It is important to note that, unless specified, the following sections describe all 

phthalates, not just DnPP. 

The major use of phthalates is as plasticizers, additives incorporated into plastics and elastomers used to 

impart flexibility and other desirable properties into the material (Australian Government 2008a-h; HSDB

2009; Krauskopf and Godwin 2005). Phthalate esters make up 92 percent of the plasticizers produced 

worldwide, while di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) makes up 51 percent of those phthalates (Rahman 

2004a). It is not clear what portion, if any, DnPP historically contributed to these totals. A major 

application of plasticizers is in polyvinyl chloride (PVC), which is used in a variety of industrial and 

commercial products, as well as specialized medical and dental applications. The particular phthalate or 

combination of phthalates used in a particular product’s formulation depends on the properties the 

phthalates impart, as well as their cost.

Phthalates can often substitute for each other in specific applications. Furthermore, although phthalates 

are still the main PVC plasticizers, numerous other substances can serve as substitutes. These include 

other phthalates, trimellitates, and monomeric plasticizers such as epoxidized soybean oil. Many of these 

substitutes have specialized uses, and are frequently more expensive than phthalates, but some exhibit 

properties that make them particularly suited to certain applications. 

 4 The list of eight phthalates was assembled by combining phthalates identified by the Consumer Product Safety 

Improvement Act of 2008 (CPSIA) and those being evaluated by the EPA for the Integrated Risk Information 

System (IRIS), based on advice from the National Academy of Sciences (NAS 2008).

5 Accessible at: 

http://www.epa.gov/opptintr/existingchemicals/pubs/actionplans/phthalates_ap_2009_1230_final.pdf
Economic Analysis of SNUR for U.S. EPA Office of Chemical Safety and Pollution Prevention

Di-n-pentyl Phthalate (DnPP) 2 Economic and Policy Analysis Branch

Health Effects

A comparison of toxicity information from laboratory animal studies for phthalates as a chemical group 

allows generalizations to be drawn with respect to certain health endpoints. For example, acute toxicity, 

skin and eye irritation, and sensitization potential are low for all phthalates tested, and the majority of the 

phthalates were not genotoxic. The most sensitive health outcomes from phthalate exposure shown in 

laboratory animals are phthalate syndrome effects, which consist of changes in the fetal development of 

the reproductive system (NAS 2008; NTP-CERHR 2003a-e, 2006; EC 2003a-b, 2008a-b; Australian 

Government 2008a-h). The phthalates that are the most potent at causing phthalate syndrome effects are 

generally those with linear ester side chains having 4-6 carbons (NAS, 2008). DnPP has a linear carbon 

chain length of 5 carbons. 

There are no known human studies of exposure to DnPP. However, several human studies have reported 

associations of exposure of some phthalates with adverse reproductive outcomes and developmental 

effects similar to those in the rat, although no causal link has been established (Swan et al 2005; Huang et 

al 2009). The reproductive developmental effects observed in humans include shortened anogenital 

distance observed in newborn boys; and shorted pregnancy, lower sex and thyroid hormones, and reduced 

sperm quality observed in adults. Recent scientific attention has focused on evaluating the cumulative 

effects of mixtures of phthalates on testosterone production, fetal mortality, and male and female 

reproductive development later in life, and shown all mixtures were cumulative for all endpoints (Rider et 

al. 2008, 2009; Howdeshell et al. 2007, 2008a, 2008b; Gray et al. 2006; Hotchkiss et al. 2004).6

Based on data discussed in this section and DnPP’s general structure and categorization as a phthalate, 

EPA is concerned that human health effect of DnPP exposure may be similar to that observed for some 

other phthalates.

Environmental Exposure

Phthalates are released into the environment from multiple sources, including: industrial releases; the 

disposal of manufacturing, processing and industrial wastes; municipal solid waste; land application of 

sewage sludge; and release from products containing phthalates. Due to their pervasive use and release, as 

well their propensity for global transport, various phthalates may be found in most environmental media, 

including ambient air, surface water, soil, sediment (Babich et al. 2004; Clausen et al. 2004; EC 2003 a-b, 

2003-04, 2008a-b; CPSC 2001, 2002). Exposures due to environmental releases from the phthalate 

plasticized PVC material in the environment indicate a potential for bioavailability and bioaccumulation 

in aquatic and terrestrial food webs.7

Current Manufacturing

 

EPA analyzed the most recent data from the TSCA IUR database (2006 reporting) and found no evidence 

of production of DnPP. Additionally, following publication of the Action Plan, there were no comments 

provided during the comment period that would provide any indication of ongoing production of DnPP.

8

 6 A major cumulative hazard assessment of phthalates is scheduled to be conducted by the Consumer Product Safety 

Commission’s (CPSC’s) Chronic Hazard Advisory Panel (CHAP) as directed by CPSIA, with an anticipated 

completion date of 2012.

 

However, subsequent internet queries identified several companies which either use or sell DnPP as a 

7 Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination survey (NHANES) indicates widespread exposure of the 

general population to phthalates. Biomonitoring data have demonstrated that humans are exposed to phthalates in 

utero, as infants, during puberty, and in adult life, and that people are exposed to several phthalates at once (CDC 

2009).

8 The last year of reported DnPP production in the IUR database was 1990, in which between 100 million and 500 

million pounds of DnPP were produced. 
Economic Analysis of SNUR for U.S. EPA Office of Chemical Safety and Pollution Prevention

Di-n-pentyl Phthalate (DnPP) 3 Economic and Policy Analysis Branch

chemical standard for use in phthalate testing.9

1.2 Statutory Authority 

As a result, EPA is proposing a SNUR for DnPP, 

excluding use of the substance as a chemical standard in phthalate testing.

Section 5(a)(2) of TSCA (15 U.S.C. 2604(a)(2)) authorizes EPA to determine that a use of a chemical 

substance is a “significant new use.” EPA must make this determination by rule after considering all 

relevant factors, including those listed in TSCA section 5(a)(2). Once EPA determines that a use of a 

chemical substance is a significant new use, TSCA section 5(a)(1)(B) requires persons to submit a 

Significant New Use Notice (SNUN) to EPA at least 90 days before manufacturing, importing, or 

processing the chemical substance for that use (15 U.S.C. 2604(a)(1)(B)).

The general SNUR provisions are found at 40 CFR Part 721, Subpart A.

1.3 Summary of Methodology

This analysis quantifies, to the extent possible, the costs to society of the proposed rule by identifying the 

costs to industry associated with performing the required reporting and recordkeeping, and the costs to 

EPA of administering the rule. Industry costs may consist of rule familiarization; registration with the 

Central Data Exchange (CDX) electronic reporting tool; collection, compilation, and submission of 

required information for significant new uses of the subject chemicals; export notification; and 

recordkeeping. Agency costs include reviewing and processing the data received as a result of the rule. 

Data sources for this analysis include burden estimates derived from previous information collection 

requests and economic analyses for related rules, compensation data acquired from government 

publications, and supplementary market research.

1.4 Organization of this Report

The remainder of this report provides EPA’s economic analysis in support of the proposed rule. Section 2

presents estimates of the costs incurred by manufacturers, importers, and/or processors under the SNUR 

options. Section 3 shows estimates of the government costs associated with the administration of the 

proposed rule. Chapter 4 presents an analysis of other impacts, as required by various statutes and 

executive orders.

Note that all dollar amounts in this analysis are reported in December 2009 dollars, which is the latest

year for which complete data are available. 

 9 Both Cambridge Isotope Laboratories, Inc. and Accustandard.com sell DnPP as a standard for phthalate testing 

(CIL 2010a; Accustandard 2010). Columbia Analytical Services, Inc. does not sell DnPP but uses DnPP for on-site 

phthalate testing (CAS 2010a). It is not known what proportion of the market these three companies represent, nor 

how large the market is; however, given the IUR data and the lack of public comments received following the 

Action Plan, it is likely that this ongoing market is small.
Economic Analysis of SNUR for U.S. EPA Office of Chemical Safety and Pollution Prevention

Di-n-pentyl Phthalate (DnPP) 4 Economic and Policy Analysis Branch

2. INDUSTRY COMPLIANCE COSTS

The proposed SNUR discussed in this report specifies that significant new uses of DnPP that require 

reporting under section 5(a)(2)(A) of TSCA include the manufacture, import, or processing of DnPP, 

except when used or sold for use as a chemical standard in phthalate testing. Therefore, a firm intending 

to manufacture, import, and/or process DnPP for any use other than as a chemical standard in phthalate 

testing must submit a SNUN. Alternatively, a firm can decide not to manufacture, import, and/or process 

the chemical for a significant new use. The firm, therefore, has two options:

• Option 1: Submit a SNUN. A SNUN indicates to EPA that the firm would like to manufacture, 

import, and/or process the chemical for a significant new use, which, in this case, means any 

manufacture, importing, and/or processing of this chemical or articles containing the chemicals, 

except use as a chemical standard in phthalate testing.

10.11

2.2.6

The firm must submit the SNUN to EPA at 

least 90 days before it plans to commence the manufacture, import, and/or processing of the 

substance; the SNUN provides EPA with the opportunity to evaluate the intended use and, if 

necessary, to prohibit or limit that activity before it occurs. If EPA allows the manufacture, import, or 

processing of DnPP for the intended use, then the costs associated with this option are the costs of 

submitting the SNUN (including a user fee) plus, if there is any export of these products, the export 

notification costs that result from TSCA Section 12(b) requirements that are automatically triggered 

for chemicals regulated under TSCA Section 5 (see Section for details). Because the domestic 

manufacture, import and processing of DnPP for the uses subject to the SNUR have been phased out,

EPA expects that no firms will choose this option.

• Option 2: Decide not to manufacture, import, and/or process the chemical. The firm may decide 

simply not to proceed to manufacture, import, and/or process the chemical. While this option avoids 

the costs of submitting a SNUN, it entails the ‘hidden’ cost of the profit that will be foregone as a 

result of not engaging in the commercial activity originally planned. Similarly, if the firm would have 

used a given amount of DnPP in the production of another product, and must substitute to a more 

costly substance, it will incur those additional “hidden” costs of production. However, these hidden 

costs are expected to be minimal, if not zero, because DnPP is not currently manufactured in the 

United States except as a chemical standard for use in phthalate testing. If the firm elects to produce 

DnPP for research and development (R&D) purposes only (an exemption for R&D purposes is 

provided in 40 CFR §721.47), it may have costs associated with R&D recordkeeping. 

Because the domestic manufacture, import and processing of DnPP for the uses subject to the SNUR have 

been phased out, EPA does not expect there to be compliance cost associated for either of the options.

The remainder of this chapter estimates the quantified portion of costs associated with the proposed 

SNUR. Section 2.1 summarizes the wage rates used in this chapter. Section 2.2 provides the unit industry 

compliance costs, including the costs of rule familiarization, registration with the Central Data Exchange 

 10 EPA notes that, in accordance with TSCA section 12(a) and 40 CFR 721.45(g), persons who manufacture or 

process DnPP solely for export would be exempt from the notification requirements of 40 CFR 721.25, if when 

distributing the substance in commerce, it is labeled in accordance with TSCA section 12(a)(1)(B). Further, EPA 

notes that the exemption from the TSCA section 12(b) notification requirements for exported articles (see 40 CFR 

707.60(b)) would remain in force. Thus, persons who export DnPP as part of an article would not be required to 

provide export notification.

11 Section 5(h)(3) of TSCA, 15 USC 2604(h) exempts substances that are manufactured in small quantities solely for 

research and development (R&D) from the section 5(a) notice requirements. No application is required for the 

exemption for R&D under section 5(h)(3) (U.S. EPA 1986).
Economic Analysis of SNUR for U.S. EPA Office of Chemical Safety and Pollution Prevention

Di-n-pentyl Phthalate (DnPP) 5 Economic and Policy Analysis Branch

(CDX) electronic reporting tool, completing the SNUN form, submission fee, import certification, and 

export notification. Total costs under each option are presented in Section 2.3. 

2.1 Wage Rates

The proposed rule involves activities that may require efforts by employees in three labor classifications: 

managerial, technical, and clerical. Costs for each activity are calculated by estimating the labor hours 

required in each labor category and multiplying those burdens by the wage rate for each labor category. 

This section presents the estimated wage rate in each labor category.

Loaded wage rates for managerial, technical, and clerical personnel are derived by combining data on 

wages and fringe benefits with estimates of overhead rates, following the methodology described in 

“Wage Rates for Economic Analysis of the Toxics Release Inventory Program” (EPA 2002b). Wage data 

for each labor category in December 2009 are provided by the Employer Costs for Employee 

Compensation (ECEC) Supplemental Tables available on the BLS website (BLS 2010a). The loaded 

wage rate for managerial labor is $68.24; for technical labor, $59.49; and for clerical labor, $28.31. Table 

1 presents the basic data used to calculate the loaded wage rates for all three categories of labor.

Table 1: Loaded Industry Wage Rates, December 2009

Labor 

Category Data Sources

Wage

(2009$)

Fringe 

Benefit

(2009$)

Fringes 

as % 

wage

Overhead % 

wage2

Fringe + 

overhead 

factor

Loaded 

Wages1

(2009$)

(a) (b) (c) 

=(b)/(a)

(d) (e)=(c)+

(d)+1

(f)=(a) x 

(e)

Managerial

BLS ECEC, Private 

Manufacturing industries, “Mgt, 

Business, and Financial”3

$42.36 $18.68 44.10% 17% 1.61 $68.24

Professional/

Technical

BLS ECEC, Private 

Manufacturing industries, 

“Professional and related“3

$35.96 $17.42 48.44% 17% 1.65 $59.49

Clerical

BLS ECEC, Private 

Manufacturing industries,

“Office and Administrative 

Support” 3

$17.21 $8.17 47.47% 17% 1.64 $28.31

1 Wage data are rounded to the closest pennies in this table.

2 An overhead rate of 17% was used based on assumptions in Wage Rates for Economic Analyses of the Toxics Release Inventory 

Program (EPA 2002b), and the Revised Economic Analysis for the Amended Inventory Update Rule: Final Report (EPA, 2002a). 3 Employer Costs for Employee Compensation Supplementary Tables: December 2009. US Bureau of Labor Statistics, March 10, 

201- (BLS 2010a).

2.2 Unit Industry Compliance Costs

2.2.1 Rule Familiarization

The proposed rule requires submitters and their staff to become familiar with the SNUR and its various 

requirements. The per company burden associated with rule familiarization is approximately 0.55 hours 

of technical labor and 0.27 hours of managerial labor, as described in the Economic Analysis of the 

Premanufacture Notification Electronic Reporting Final Rule (EPA 2009a). As shown in Table 2 the total 

labor cost associated with rule familiarization by a first-time reporter is $50.92.
Economic Analysis of SNUR for U.S. EPA Office of Chemical Safety and Pollution Prevention

Di-n-pentyl Phthalate (DnPP) 6 Economic and Policy Analysis Branch

Table 2: Rule Familiarization Burden and Cost for SNUR Submitters

Reporting Activity

Clerical Labor (at 

$28.31/hour)

Technical Labor (at 

$59.49/hour)

Managerial Labor 

(at $68.24/hour)

Total Labor Cost

Burden

(hours)

Cost

(2009$)

Burden

(hours)

Cost

(2009$)

Burden

(hours)

Cost

(2009$)

Burden

(hours)

Cost

(2009$)

Rule Familiarization 0.00 $0.00 0.55 $32.72 0.27 $18.20 0.82 $50.92

Total 0.00 $0.00 0.55 $32.72 0.27 $18.20 0.82 $50.92

Source: BLS 2010a (labor rates); EPA 2009a (burden hours)

2.2.2 CDX Registration, CDX Electronic Signature, and Pay.gov Account Setup

The proposed SNUR requires first-time submitters (that is, those companies who have not submitted 

information to EPA through CDX before) to register their company and key users with the CDX reporting 

tool, deliver a CDX electronic signature to EPA, and establish and use a Pay.gov E-payment account.

12

• CDX registration: EPA estimates that companies will spend approximately 0.18 hours per 

employee to register with CDX, and that an average of four technical staff members and one 

manager will need to register for each company, totaling approximately 0.92 hours of burden per

company.

These activities are only required of first-time submitters (companies already registered with CDX would 

not need to re-register for the purposes of complying with the proposed SNUR). The burdens associated 

with these activities were estimated in the Economic Analysis of the Premanufacture Notification 

Electronic Reporting Final Rule (EPA, 2009a) and are described in more detail below:

• CDX electronic signature: EPA estimates that companies will spend 0.25 hours preparing, 

submitting, and filing an electronic signature agreement (Authentication of Identity) form to EPA 

per employee. This burden will apply to four technical staff members and one manager per 

company, totaling to 1.25 hours of burden per company. In addition, EPA estimates that a 

manager will spend an additional 0.50 hours accessing, preparing, and submitting verification 

forms (Verification of Authorization) for all authorized submitters to EPA. The total burden 

incurred by companies submitting and then verifying electronic signature agreements is 1.75 

hours. Note that this burden does not include any additional time required to contact EPA’s CDX 

help desk to notify a change of submitter status, should one occur. 

Filing the electronic signature agreement requires an additional mailing cost of $2.30 per 

company (including five $0.44 stamps and five $0.02 business envelopes) (USPS 2010).

• Payment via Pay.gov account: EPA estimates that one manager per company will spend 

approximately 0.13 hours setting up a Pay.gov ID account, logging into the system, finding the 

appropriate form, and filling it out. This burden does not include the time required to click 

‘submit’ on the form and wait for payment processing.

As shown in Table 3, the cost associated with CDX registration, CDX electronic signature, and Pay.gov 

account setup is $178.21, and this cost is only incurred by a first-time submitter.

 12 Although the proposed rule does not specifically require submitters to establish and use a Pay.gov account, the 

burden estimates in this analysis are conservative insofar as to include the use of Pay.gov as a required activity.
Economic Analysis of SNUR for U.S. EPA Office of Chemical Safety and Pollution Prevention

Di-n-pentyl Phthalate (DnPP) 7 Economic and Policy Analysis Branch

Table 3: CDX Registration, CDX Electronic Signature, and Pay.gov Account Setup Burden 

and Cost for First-Time Submitters

Reporting Activity

Clerical Labor (at 

$28.31/hour)

Technical Labor (at 

$59.49/hour)

Managerial Labor 

(at $68.24/hour) Total Cost

Burden

(hours)

Cost

(2009$)

Burden

(hours)

Cost

(2009$)

Burden

(hours)

Cost

(2009$)

Burden

(hours)

Cost

(2009$)

CDX Registration 0.00 $0.00 0.73 $43.63 0.18 $12.51 0.92 $56.13

CDX Electronic 

Signature 0.00 $0.00 1.00 $59.49 0.75 $51.18 1.75 $110.67

Mailing Cost $2.30

E-Payment (Pay.gov

ID) 0.00 $0.00 0.00 $0.00 0.13 $9.10 0.13 $9.10

Total 0.00 $0.00 1.73 $103 1.07 $72.79 2.80 $178

Source: BLS, 2010a (labor rates); EPA, 2009a (burden hours); USPS, 2010 (mailing cost)

2.2.3 Form Completion and Submission Fee

Respondents are required to gather and submit information regarding the data elements identified in the 

applicable SNUN reporting form. The methodology and calculations used in this analysis assume that the 

employee responsible for collecting, filling out, and submitting the requested information has a 

reasonable level of familiarity with the company and knowledge of operations at the site. It is assumed 

that for most entities these tasks are similar to other employee duties that require familiarity with EPA, 

State, and other Federal agency requests for chemical information and do not require additional 

familiarization or training beyond the basic rule familiarization described above. In addition, this analysis 

focuses on the marginal costs of submitting information for the proposed rule and not the total costs for 

the company to comply with a range of other Federal and State environmental, health, and safety 

regulations or accounting requirements that rely on this type of information.

Estimates of the costs of completing a Significant New Use Notice (SNUN) form are based on the costs 

of completing a Premanufacture Notification (PMN) submission, since the data requirements are the same 

and the same form is used for both. The PMN submission costs are based on EPA's 1994 Regulatory 

Impact Analysis of Amendments to Regulations for TSCA Section 5 Premanufacture Notifications and the 

updates to this estimates in 2009 (EPA 2009a). The original 1994 estimates relied on industry estimates of 

the effort needed to collect and compile all data required for a PMN submission, prepare the form, submit 

the form and data to EPA, and maintain a file of the submission (EPA 1994).

13 The 1994 estimates were 

based on a survey conducted by the Chemical Manufacturers Association (CMA 1991), which became the 

American Chemistry Council. These burdens “include the time spent reading and becoming familiar with 

the form, gathering the required information and preparing the report, producing sanitized responses for 

items claimed as confidential business information, and maintaining a file of the submission” (EPA, 

1994).

14 The burden associated with SNUN submission and preparation has been adjusted to reflect 

burden reductions resulting from the 2009 final PMN Electronic Reporting (ePMN) Rule that requires the 

electronic submission of all TSCA section 5 notices. Electronic submission of SNUN forms is expected to 

remove all clerical burden associated with preparing a SNUN (EPA 2009a)

15

 13 Table III-2 and pages III-11, -12, and -13.

. In addition, electronic 

14 p. III 11-13

15 The Economic Analysis of the Premanufacture Notification Electronic Reporting Final Rule (EPA, 2009a) 

estimates a 0.5 hour clerical burden and a 0.5 hour technical burden associated with recordkeeping in addition to the 

burden estimates from the 1994 RIA, which include the burden for recordkeeping (EPA, 1994, p. III-14). These 

burden estimates are based on the recordkeeping burden for polymer exceptions and not the recordkeeping burden 
Economic Analysis of SNUR for U.S. EPA Office of Chemical Safety and Pollution Prevention

Di-n-pentyl Phthalate (DnPP) 8 Economic and Policy Analysis Branch

submission is expected to generate and an additional 0.18 hours of technical burden, for the completion of 

the User Fee Payment Identification Number and email address data elements on the electronic SNUN 

form.

SNUN form completion and electronic submission is estimated to require 73.68 hours of technical labor 

and 18.00 hours of managerial labor. Table 4 combines the estimated reporting burden and loaded wage 

rates for all three labor categories to estimate the per-SNUN cost of form completion. The labor cost 

incurred by a SNUN submission for both large and small business submitters is $5,612.

Table 4: Industry Cost Estimate to Complete the SNUN Form

Reporting Activity

Clerical Labor (at 

$28.31/hour)

Technical Labor (at 

$59.49/hour)

Managerial Labor 

(at $68.24/hour) Total Labor Cost

Burden

(hours)

Cost

(2009$)

Burden

(hours)

Cost

(2009$)

Burden

(hours)

Cost

(2009$)

Burden

(hours)

Cost

(2009$)

Form Completion 0.00 $0.00 73.68 $4,414 18.00 $1,228 91.68 $5,612

Source: 1 Loaded wages include fringe benefits and overhead. See Appendix A of this report for derivation. Wage rates presented in 

this table are rounded values; however, unrounded values are used to calculate total labor costs. For this reason, total labor 

costs may not equal the product of rounded values.

2 The estimate of no clerical burden is taken from the Economic Analysis of the Premanufacture Notice Electronic

Reporting Final Rule (EPA, 2009a, page 7) 3 Technical and managerial labor burden is from the PMN Amendments RIA (EPA, 1994, Table III-2). An additional eleven 

minutes (0.18 hours) of technical burden is estimated to complete the User Fee Payment Identification Number and Email 

Address data elements on the Electronic SNUN form (EPA, 2009a page 15).

In addition, each submitting large business must pay a $2,500 per-SNUN submission fee, and each 

submitting small business must pay a $100 per-SNUN submission fee. Table 5 adds the labor cost and 

submission fee to estimate the total cost of a SNUN submission. The total cost of a SNUN submission is 

$8,143 for large business submitters and $5,743 for small business submitters.

Table 5: Industry Cost Estimate to Complete and Submit the SNUN Form

Reporting Population Labor Cost Submission Fee Total Cost 

(2009$)

Large Business Submitters $5,612 $2,500 $8,112

Small Business Submitters $5,612 $100 $5,712

Source: EPA, 2009a.

2.2.4 Recordkeeping

Companies submitting a SNUN must keep records under 40 CFR §721.40. Some EPA reports have 

assumed that SNUN recordkeeping hours would be five percent of SNUN submission hours, or about five 

to six hours. For this report, the SNUN recordkeeping hours were included in the SNUN submission 

hours (see Section 2.2.3) and were not separately estimated.

16

 

associated with PMN submissions. Therefore, for this analysis we assume that any reduction in recordkeeping 

burden is captured in the reduction of the clerical burden, and we do not consider the one hour recordkeeping burden 

from the ePMN EA in order to avoid double counting. 16 SNUN submission costs estimated in Section 2.2.3 of this report were based on PMN submission costs from a 

1994 report, Regulatory Impact Analysis of Amendments to Regulations for TSC Section 5 Premanufacture 
Economic Analysis of SNUR for U.S. EPA Office of Chemical Safety and Pollution Prevention

Di-n-pentyl Phthalate (DnPP) 9 Economic and Policy Analysis Branch

2.2.5 Import Certification

In general, promulgation of a final SNUR triggers a TSCA Section 13 import certification requirement 

and the corresponding regulations at 19 CFR 12.118 to 12.127 and 19 CFR 127.28 for all imports of the 

relevant chemical substances. Thus, any U.S. manufacturer, importer, or processor receiving an imported 

shipment of chemicals subject to the proposed SNUR would have to certify that all chemical substances 

in the shipment either comply with all applicable rules and orders under TSCA or that all chemical 

substances in the shipment are not subject to TSCA.17

In practice, import certification is fulfilled by checking a box on an invoice or entry document and 

generally imposes no additional burden or cost on the importer (EPA 2009b). Any potential burden 

associated with a submitter’s familiarization with this requirement is assumed to be included in the more 

general SNUR familiarization burden discussed above.

The statement must be on or attached to a 

commercial invoice or entry document belonging to the imported shipment.

2.2.6 Export Notification

Under Section 12(b) of TSCA, exporters must notify EPA if they export or intend to export a chemical or 

an article subject to various TSCA sections (40 CFR §707.60 through 75).

18 For TSCA 5(a)(2) (the 

section under which EPA promulgates significant new use rules) and certain other TSCA sections, this is 

a one-time notification requirement per destination country for each exporter of a chemical substance.

19

Exporter Costs

After receiving a notification from a firm, EPA notifies the importing country and the United States State 

Department (40 CFR §707.70). To calculate the burden associated with making export notifications, EPA 

first estimated the average annual number of export notifications made by an exporter. EPA then derived 

the annual and per notification burden associated with preparing and submitting an export notification. 

20

The 2009 TSCA Section 12(b) ICR estimated the annual export notification cost for an exporter under the 

one-time export notification requirement (EPA 2009b).21

 

Notifications (EPA, 1994). Page III-14 of the 1994 report refers to “the normal records kept with a PMN submission 

which are included in the estimates for submission costs.” Page III-12 identifies “maintaining a file of the 

submission” as part of the labor hours for the PMN reporting form. These statements imply that the 95 to 114 total 

hours for a PMN submission (page III-10 of EPA 1994) included recordkeeping hours.

These costs include the cost to the exporter of 

compiling a list of their products that are subject to TSCA Section 12(b) requirements, writing or revising 

17 The exact statements are as follows: For imports of chemical substances subject to TSCA, “I certify that all 

chemical substances in this shipment comply with all applicable rules or orders under TSCA and that I am not 

offering a chemical substance for entry in violation of TSCA or any applicable rule or order under TSCA.” For 

imports of chemical substances not subject to TSCA (e.g., pesticides), “I certify that all chemicals in this shipment 

are not subject to TSCA.” (40 CFR 707.20) 18 While companies which manufacture or process DnPP solely for export are exempt from the notification 

requirements of 40 CFR 721.25 if the DnPP is labeled in accordance with TSCA section 12(a)(1)(B), they are 

required to submit export notifications under section 12(b).

19 On November 14, 2006, EPA revised the export notification requirement for chemicals subject to TSCA §5(a)(2), 

5(b), 5(e)(1) and 5(e)(2) from an annual to a one-time requirement per destination country for each exporter 

(November 14, 2006, 71 FR 66234). 

20 Most underlying data in this section come from the 2009 TSCA Section 12(b) ICR, ICR No.: 0795.13 

[Information Collection Request for] Notification of Chemical Exports - TSCA Section 12(b) Supporting Statement 

for Request for OMB Review under the Paperwork Reduction Act (EPA 2009b), with updating for inflation. 21 page 11, Table 3
Economic Analysis of SNUR for U.S. EPA Office of Chemical Safety and Pollution Prevention

Di-n-pentyl Phthalate (DnPP) 10 Economic and Policy Analysis Branch

an export notification letter to EPA, checking the outgoing shipments, and sending the notification letters 

with the associated shipping costs. 

The per-notification cost was calculated based on the assumption that the average exporter makes 12 

notifications per year.

22

Estimated Submission (Mailing) Costs. Regulated companies will incur mailing costs for export 

notifications delivered to EPA. Notifications are assumed shipped via the U.S. Postal Service (USPS) as 

first-class registered mail with a return receipt (USPS 2010). The estimated per-shipment and annual 

mailing costs incurred by individual submitters are detailed in 

Exporters making more notifications per year may benefit from economies of 

scale and have lower costs per notification; those making fewer notifications may have higher costs per 

notification.

Table 6.

Table 6: Derivation of Total Mailing Cost for 12 Notices

Dates that the rates were verified on United States Postal Service web site: April 2010

Postal services costs

Registered mail, regular, with $0 declared value $10.60

Return receipt, requested at time of mailing (receive by mail) $2.30

Postage, regular First Class, up to 1 ounce $0.44

Cost per export notice – Subtotal $13.34

Source: Mailing rates are from the US Postal Service web site as of April 2010 (http://www.usps.com/prices/). The mailing 

method comes from the Economic Analysis of the Proposed Change to TSCA Section 12(b) Export Notification 

Requirements, November 2005 (EPA, 2005), as clarified in a later SNUR economic analysis (EPA, 2007a, Table 8). 

Compile and Maintain the List of Products. Since TSCA §12(b) information collection activity has been 

in place for twenty years, most respondents will have already developed a list of their products subject to 

TSCA §12(b) export notification. Respondents need only check for new regulations promulgated and any 

new products exported by the company. Updating the list is estimated to take an average of one hour of 

technical time, which may also include some proportion of legal time (EPA 2009b). The total burden can 

vary from two hours per year up to two hours per month, depending on the number of products exported 

by the company and the number of their products subject to TSCA §12(b) (EPA 2009b).

Write or Revise Export Notification. Companies that export chemicals subject to TSCA §12(b) reporting 

must prepare an export notification to send to EPA when export shipments are made Those that 

manufacture or process DnPP solely for export are exempt from SNUN requirements, but will be required 

to submit export notifications. Time for initial preparation of the export notice may vary depending on 

whether the company has prior experience with this requirement. This step is estimated to take an average 

of one hour of technical time (which may also include some proportion of legal time) per firm per year, or 

0.08 hours per notification, assuming that an average facility submits 12 notifications per year, (EPA

2009b). EPA currently has no evidence that companies export DnPP.

Check Orders and Send Notifications. Companies that export chemicals subject to TSCA §12(b) reporting 

must check outgoing shipments against the list of their products described above. A form letter notifying 

 22 EPA calculated the average number of export notifications per exporter in the 2009 TSCA Section 12(b) ICR

(EPA 2009b) by dividing the estimated number of submitted notifications (3,500) by the estimated number of 

exporters (300).
Economic Analysis of SNUR for U.S. EPA Office of Chemical Safety and Pollution Prevention

Di-n-pentyl Phthalate (DnPP) 11 Economic and Policy Analysis Branch

EPA and providing the required data must be printed and mailed within the required time period. This 

process is estimated to take an average one half hour of clerical time per export notification (EPA 2009b). 

The burdens and associated costs for each notification activity are provided in Table 7 below. 

Table 7: TSCA 12(b) Export Notification Cost per Notification

Technical Clerical Total

$/Hr Hours 2009$ $/Hr Hours 2009$ Hours 2009$

Compile list $59.49 0.78 $46.08 -- -- -- 0.78 $46.08

Write letter $59.49 0.08 $4.96 -- -- -- 0.08 $4.96

Check order and send 

notice -- -- -- $28.31 0.50 $14.17 0.50 $14.17

Mailing cost1 -- -- -- - $13.34

Total per notification 0.86 $51.04 0.50 $14.15 1.36 $78.54

Notes:

1 Mailing costs reflect April 2010 USPS rates and can be found in Table 6. 2

Per notification costs are based on an average facility submitting 12 export notifications per year.

Source: ICR No.: 0795.13 [Information Collection Request for] Notification of Chemical Exports - TSCA Section 

12(b) Supporting Statement for Request for OMB Review under the Paperwork Reduction Act (EPA 2009b, p.10), 

and are updated to 2009 dollars. 

2.3 Industry Costs of SNUR, by Option 

The number of firms affected by not making submissions to EPA is not known; therefore, costs are not 

aggregated across the affected entities. Table 8 summarizes the costs to comply with the proposed rule, as 

described in more detail in section 2.2 above.
Economic Analysis of SNUR for U.S. EPA Office of Chemical Safety and Pollution Prevention

Di-n-pentyl Phthalate (DnPP) 12 Economic and Policy Analysis Branch

Table 8: Compliance Options and Associated Costs Incurred by a Firm Due to the Proposed SNUR

Option1 Costs Quantified Costs per Chemical (2008$)2

1.

Electronic submission 

of a Significant New 

Use Notice (SNUN), 

indicating to EPA that 

the firm would like to 

manufacture, import, 

or process the 

chemical for a 

Significant New Use 

as defined in the 

SNUR.

Costs of electronically submitting a 

SNUN, including rule 

familiarization, CDX registration 

(for companies that are first-time 

submitters), form completion, user 

fee, export notification cost (if 

relevant). Rarely, a firm may 

choose to conduct toxicity or fate 

testing to support the SNUN, but 

such testing is not required by law.

$50.92 rule familiarization cost; $8,112 

submission cost (including SNUN 

recordkeeping and $2,500 fee). EPA usually 

receives well under ten SNUNs per year. 

Based on review of recent SNUNs, it appears 

that firms rarely conduct toxicity or fate testing 

to support a SNUN (such testing would be 

voluntary).3 Export notifications costs are 

estimated at $78.56 per notification; total cost 

per company will vary based on the number of 

countries of export. Those submitting 

information electronically through CDX for the 

first time would incur $178 for CDX 

registration and associated activities.

2.

Decide not to 

manufacture, import, 

or process the 

chemical for any nonexempt uses.

Cost of the profit foregone as a 

result of not engaging in the 

commercial activity originally 

planned (opportunity costs). Other 

costs include rule familiarization, 

and export notification costs. 

Opportunity costs are not quantified. Other 

costs including rule familiarization ($50.92), 

and export notification costs ($78.56 per 

notification if the chemical is exported only) 

would apply. 

Notes:

1 Firms may experience costs related to both options at once since submission of a SNUN results in profits foregone 

as a result of not manufacturing, importing, or processing the chemical. Additionally, export notification costs are 

somewhat independent of the option because the production of DnPP for export purposes only is not subject to the 

proposed SNUR notification requirements under 40 CFR 721.25. 2 Quantified costs are attributable to the SNUR only if a firm would not otherwise follow the specified practices. 

Costs are detailed in Section 2.2. 3 EPA does not require the development of test data for submission of a SNUN, although a firm may submit test data 

already in its possession and/or describe any other available data. Because EPA does not require the development of 

test data, EPA assumes that no firms will incur testing costs as a result of the proposed SNUR.

2.4 Likelihood of a SNUN Submission

Because the domestic manufacture, import and processing of DnPP for the uses subject to the SNUR have 

been phased out (see section 1.1), very few, if any, entities are expected to submit a SNUN. 

2.5 Potential for Subsequent Regulatory Action

EPA recognizes that if submission of a SNUN does result from the proposed SNUR, the Agency may 

take additional regulatory actions under TSCA. These additional regulatory actions might be necessary to 

further evaluate an intended new use and associated activities, or to prohibit or limit that activity before it 

occurs to prevent unreasonable risk of injury to human health or the environment. It is not known what 

specific subsequent regulatory actions, if any, the Agency may determine are necessary after reviewing a 

SNUN. Any such actions are highly dependent on the circumstances surrounding the individual SNUN 

(e.g., available information and scientific understanding of the chemical and its risks at the time the 

SNUN is being reviewed). 

Should EPA’s review of the SNUN result in further regulatory actions, the Agency will initiate and 

follow the appropriate procedures for taking those actions. Included in those procedures would be an 

assessment of the costs and benefits of those actions.
Economic Analysis of SNUR for U.S. EPA Office of Chemical Safety and Pollution Prevention

Di-n-pentyl Phthalate (DnPP) 13 Economic and Policy Analysis Branch
Economic Analysis of SNUR for U.S. EPA Office of Chemical Safety and Pollution Prevention

Di-n-pentyl Phthalate (DnPP) 14 Economic and Policy Analysis Branch

3. AGENCY COSTS

As described in the following sections, EPA’s costs to review and process SNUN submissions are 

assumed to be the same as EPA costs to review PMNs. 

3.1 Labor Rates for EPA Staff

Agency labor costs are calculated based on annual Federal salaries for the Washington-Baltimore area 

published by the Office of Personnel Management effective January 2009 (OPM 2009). EPA assumes 

that, on average, a federal GS-13, Step 5 full-time equivalent (FTE) will conduct its collection and 

administrative activities under the proposed rule.23

Table 9

The average salary for a GS-13 Step 5 employee was 

$98,518 in 2009 without fringe benefits and overhead costs. In order to derive the fully loaded salary, 

EPA multiplied the annual salary by an assumed loading factor of 1.6 to reflect federal fringe benefits and 

overhead, which results in a fully loaded annual salary of $157,629 (see ). Dividing the fully 

loaded annual salary by 2,080 hours (i.e., the number of hours in a work year) yields an hourly FTE 

compensation wage rate of $75.78.

The Agency loading factor of 1.6 is from an EPA guide entitled Instructions for Preparing Information 

Collection Requests (ICRs) (EPA 1992).24

The annual costs per FTE are derived by multiplying the annual pay rate by 1.6 (the benefits 

multiplication factor). The multiplication factor used is recommended in EPA’s Office of Policy, 

Planning, and Evaluation’s Instructions for Preparing Information Collection Requests (ICRs)

(June 1, 1992). An EPA internal phone call between Carol Rawie (OPPT/EETD/RIB) and Carl 

Koch (OPPE/RMD/IMB) on May 3, 1994, indicated that the 1.6 factor included not only benefits 

but also overhead.

The 60 percent assumption was labeled “the benefits 

multiplication factor” in the EPA guide, but has been used in many EPA OPPT ICRs to reflect both fringe 

benefits and overhead for federal staff. For example, it was used in a document supporting EPA ICR No. 

1139.06 (EPA 2000), with the following explanation:

Fully loaded costs for Agency labor are shown in Table 9.

 23 The GS-13 Step 5 is consistent with ICR No. 0574.14 (12/18/2007) (EPA, 2007b), which covers PMN SNURs. 

Use of this grade level follows the approach introduced in EPA, 2007b. That report represented a change from an 

earlier PMN SNUR economic analysis (EPA, 2003), which used an average of GS-12 Step 1 and GS-12 Step 10 

salaries.

24 page 30, footnote 9.
Economic Analysis of SNUR for U.S. EPA Office of Chemical Safety and Pollution Prevention

Di-n-pentyl Phthalate (DnPP) 15 Economic and Policy Analysis Branch

Table 9: Derivation of Loaded Agency Wage Rates

Labor 

Category

Data Source for Wage 

Information Date

Wage

Fringe 

Benefit

Fringes as 

% wage

Overhead 

as % wage

Fringe + 

overhead 

factor

Loaded 

Wages

(a) (b) (c)=(b)/(a) (d) (e)=(c)+(d)+1 (f)=(a)*(e)

EPA staff 

FTE

Annual federal staff cost: 

OPM WashingtonBaltimore-Northern 

Virginia, DC-MD-PAVA-WV, area, GS-13 

Step 1 pay rates a

Dec09

$98,518 

(annual)

--

[Included 

in 60% 

overhead]

60% b 1.60

$157,629 

(annual)

$47.36 

(hourly)

$75.78 

(hourly)

Notes: a The Agency salary is the unloaded federal GS-13 Step 5 salary ($98,518 for 2009), from the OPM salary table for the 

Washington-Baltimore-Northern Virginia Locality Pay Area (OPM 2009). Hourly rates are based on annual salary divided by 

2,080 hours.

b The 60% fringes-and-overhead rate is from an EPA guide, Instructions for Preparing Information Collection Requests (ICRs) 

(EPA 1992, page 30, footnote 9).

3.2 SNUN Processing Costs

The list of review steps, estimates of extramural costs, and the percent of chemicals requiring a particular 

review step are derived from the costs for processing PMN submissions in a1994 EPA report entitled,

Regulatory Impact Analysis of Amendments to Regulations for TSCA Section 5 Premanufacture 

Notifications (EPA 1994).25 The Agency burden associated with processing a PMN has been adjusted to 

reflect burden reductions resulting from the 2009 final PMN Electronic Reporting (ePMN) Rule that 

requires the electronic submission of all TSCA section 5 notices. Electronic submission of SNUN forms 

is expected reduce Agency burden by 16.5 percent (EPA, 2009a).

26

For each review step, the “EPA staff” cost is calculated by multiplying the number of FTEs (in the first 

column) by the fully loaded hourly salary. This shows EPA staff cost for chemicals requiring the selected 

review step. 

The Extramural Cost column shows costs for contractor support and other outside purchases for 

chemicals requiring the selected review step is inflated from 1993 prices using the Bureau of Labor 

Statistics (BLS) Employment Cost Index (ECI) data (BLS 2010b). The not seasonally adjusted ECI for 

total compensation of private industry professional and related workers (Series ID CIU2010000120000I) 

is used because it is the only series with continuous data since 1985, and that includes professional and 

technical labor, which perform the majority of Agency extramural activities. Table 10, below contains the 

derivation of inflation factors for Agency extramural costs.

 25 Table VII-1. 26 p. 28.
Economic Analysis of SNUR for U.S. EPA Office of Chemical Safety and Pollution Prevention

Di-n-pentyl Phthalate (DnPP) 16 Economic and Policy Analysis Branch

Table 10: Derivation of Inflation Factors for Agency Extramural Costs

Item Inflation index source Starting 

year

Index for 

starting 

year

(a)

Index 

for 

2009

(b)

Inflation 

factor

(b)/(a) 2

Agency Extramural costs 

White collar labor; 

equipment; supplies

BLS ECI, Total comp, Private 

industry, Professional and related, 

4th Q [BLS 2010d] 4

1993 67.0 111.4 1.663

Source:

Bureau of Labor Statistics. Employment Cost Index – Total Compensation: Professional and Related Private Industry, Not 

Seasonally Adjusted. (Series ID: CIU2010000120000I), extracted April 12, 2010 (BLS 2010b).

The Percent of Cases column in Table 11 is a weighting factor applied to reflect the fact that not all 

chemicals require each review step. For example, in the PMN process, all chemicals require 

Administrative Prescreening, but not all chemicals require the intensive scrutiny of “Standard Review.” 

The three types of submissions resulting from a SNUR may have weighting factors that differ from each 

other and from the weighting factors for PMNs. Changes in weighting factors could cause actual review 

costs to be higher or lower than calculated here. For example, some SNUNs require little review because 

they are determined to be “invalid” – i.e. not required in the first place. However, often a SNUN may take 

more Agency time than a typical PMN because of factors such as the need to retrieve old PMN records 

from archives, and the likelihood that more data requiring EPA review is submitted with a SNUN than 

would be submitted, on average, with a PMN. Resources were not available to update the review hours to 

reflect the current review process or to tailor the cost estimates to SNUNs. Therefore, for this analysis, the 

review steps and weighting factors are assumed to be the same as those derived in 1994 for PMNs.

The Weighted Cost column is calculated by multiplying the un-weighted Costs (EPA staff cost plus 

extramural costs) by the percentage of cases requiring this review step. Weighted costs are then multiplied 

by the burden reduction of 16.5 percent to account for burden savings generated electronic submission. 

As shown in Table 11, this calculation yields total Agency costs of $4,934, per SNUN, for submission 

review and processing.
Economic Analysis of SNUR for 17 U.S. EPA Office of Chemical Safety and Pollution Prevention

Di-n-pentyl Phthalate (DnPP) Economic and Policy Analysis Branch

Table 11: Agency Costs for SNUN and Other Submission Review and Processing

Review Steps

EPA staff (FTE) Cost Extramural Cost 2

Unweighted 

Cost

Pct. of 

Cases

Weighted 

Cost3

ePMN 

Burden 

Reduction4

Weighted Cost 

with ePMN 

Burden Reduction

FTE 

fraction

Cost per 

FTE 1

FTE Total 

($2009)

1993 

dollars

2009 

dollars

(a) (b) (c)=(a)*(b) (d) (e) (f)=(c)+(e) (g) (h)=(f)*(g) (i) (j)=(h)*(1-(i))

Pre-notice consultation 0.0024 $157,629 $378 $4.00 $6.65 $385 41% $158 0.165 $132

Administrative prescreen/ 

notice receipt/user fee 0.0024 $157,629 $378 $92.00 $152.97 $531 100% $531 0.165 $444

CRSS (Chemical Review and 

Search Strategy) 0.0025 $157,629 $394 $268.00 $445.60 $840 100% $840 0.165 $701

SAT (Structure Activity 

Team) 0.0006 $157,629 $94.58 $14.00 $23.28 $118 100% $118 0.165 $98.41

Engineering/Exposure 0.0015 $157,629 $236 $56.00 $93.11 $330 100% $330 0.165 $275

Exposure/Fate 0.0008 $157,629 $126 $0.00 $0.00 $126 100% $126 0.165 $105

Focus 0.0009 $157,629 $142 $23.00 $38.24 $180 100% $180 0.165 $150

Standard Review Functions 0.0219 $157,629 $3,452 $511.00 $849.63 $4,302 29% $1,247 0.165 $1,042

Division Directors Meeting 0.0129 $157,629 $2,033 $113.00 $187.88 $2,221 15% $333 0.165 $278

Order 

Development/Negotiation 

Review

0.0171 $157,629 $2,695 $22.00 $36.58 $2,732 3% $81.96 0.165 $68.44

Post Order Data Review 0.0886 $157,629 $13,966 $0.00 $0.00 $13,966 3% $419 0.165 $350

Order Modification 0.2167 $157,629 $34,158 $0.00 $0.00 $34,158 3% $1,025 0.165 $856

New Chemical SNUR 

Development 0.0277 $157,629 $4,366 $85.00 $141.33 $4,508 7% $316 0.165 $263

Notices of Commencement 0.0012 $157,629 $189 $40.00 $66.51 $256 31% $79 0.165 $66.18

FOIA (Freedom of 

Information Act) Requests 0.0333 $157,629 $5,249 $287.00 $477.19 $5,726 1% $57 0.165 $47.81

CBI (Confidential Business 

Information) Substantiation 0.0004 $157,629 $63.05 $3.00 $4.99 $68.04 100% $68.04 0.165 $56.81

TOTAL $5,909 0.165 $4,934 

Notes:

1 GS-13 Step 5 salaries loaded with benefits and overhead. See Table 9 for derivation. 2 Extramural costs consist of contracting support and other purchases directly attributable to the PMN review process inflated from 1993 prices using the factors presented in Table 10. 3 Weighted costs were calculated using unrounded unit cost estimates, so results may differ from calculations using the rounded values shown in this table. 4 Electronic submission is expected to generate a cost savings of 16.5% to the Agency (EPA 2009b, p. 28).

Sources: FTEs per review step, 1993 extramural costs, and percents of cases are from EPA, 1994 Table VII-1, GS-13 salaries are from OPM, 2009.
Economic Analysis of SNUR for U.S. EPA Office of Chemical Safety and Pollution Prevention

Di-n-pentyl Phthalate (DnPP) 18 Economic and Policy Analysis Branch

3.3 Export Notification Cost

The Agency burden and cost due to TSCA §12(b) export notification result from three tasks. In the first 

task, EPA receives export notifications from companies that intend to export one of the chemicals subject 

to TSCA §12(b) (EPA 2009b). In the second task, EPA staff prepares separate notification letters that are 

subsequently reviewed and delivered to importing countries, their embassies, or representatives, and to 

the importing country’s US embassies (EPA 2009b).27

Because the domestic manufacture, import and processing of DnPP for the uses subject to the SNUR have 

been phased out, EPA does not expect to receive or send any export notifications. Nevertheless, should 

there be any notifications as a result of the current rulemaking, the costs to the Agency are presented per 

activity. The burden for the first two Agency activities is provided in 

The third task is comprised of EPA staff responses 

to public inquiries and other TSCA 12(b) activities. The work of responding to non-routine requests for 

information and clarification from industry and importing countries, and of handling other tasks 

associated with the TSCA §12(b) program, was estimated to require roughly 400 hours per year (EPA

2009b). Since the current rulemaking covers only one chemical subject to TSCA 12(b) reporting for a 

minimal number of uses, a very small percent of such activity will be attributable to the current 

rulemaking. 

Table 12 below. To estimate the 

Agency cost, hourly burdens are multiplied by the loaded wage rate of a GS-13, Step 5 (see Table 9). 

Table 12: TSCA 12(b) Export Notification Cost: Agency Burden per Activity (2009$)

Agency Activity

Hours per 

Activity

FTE per 

Activity1

Loaded Mailing 

Cost

Total Agency Cost per 

Activity GS-13, Step 5 FTE 

Wage Rate

(a) (b) = (a)/2,080 (c) (d) (e) = ((b)*(c))+(d)

Process an incoming 

notification from an 

exporting company

0.10 0.000048 $157,629 $0.00 $7.58

Prepare and mail a 

notification to an 

importing country

0.50 0.000240 $157,629 $13.34 $51.23

Notes: 1 The burden associated with an Agency activity is the burden for the Agency to process one incoming notification, or to prepare 

and mail an outgoing notification 

Source: Table 9 of this report derives Agency labor costs. Mailing costs are from Table 6 of this report. Other burdens are from 

EPA 2009b, updated for inflation.

 27 See Table 6 for the cost of mailing one notification.
Economic Analysis of SNUR for U.S. EPA Office of Chemical Safety and Pollution Prevention

Di-n-pentyl Phthalate (DnPP) 19 Economic and Policy Analysis Branch

4. ADDITIONAL ANALYSES

This section presents additional analysis of other potential impacts of this rulemaking, as required under 

various statutes and executive orders.

4.1 Regulatory Flexibility Act

The Regulatory Flexibility Act (RFA) (5 U.S.C. 601 et. seq.), as amended by the Small Business 

Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act, requires regulators to consider the impact of regulations on small 

entities, in particular small businesses. EPA’s experience to date is that, in response to the promulgation 

of SNURs covering over 1,000 chemicals, the Agency receives only a handful of notices per year. For 

example, the number of SNUNs was 4 in Federal fiscal year (FY)2005, 8 in FY2006, 6 in FY2007, 8 in 

FY2008, and seven in FY2009.28 During this five-year period, three small entities submitted a SNUN, 

using the criteria for ‘small business’ was that the company checked the box on the PMN form, page 2, 

stating that it was a small business for the purpose of paying the $100 fee instead of the normal fee.

29,30

4.2 Unfunded Mandates Reform Act

 

Because DnPP is not currently produced in (other than as a chemical standard) or exported from the U.S., 

and because the Agency receives so few SNURs, EPA anticipates that few, if any, small business would 

be adversely impacted by the proposed rule. 

Based on EPA's experience with proposing and finalizing SNURs, State, local, and Tribal governments 

have not been impacted by these rulemakings, and EPA does not expect that any State, local, or Tribal 

government would be impacted by this rulemaking. 

4.3 Paperwork Reduction Act

According to the Paperwork Reduction Act (PRA), 44 U.S.C. 3501 et seq., an Agency may not conduct or 

sponsor, and a person is not required to respond to a collection of information that requires OMB 

approval under the PRA, unless it has been approved by OMB and displays a currently valid OMB 

control number. The OMB control numbers for EPA's regulations in title 40 of the CFR, after appearing 

in the Federal Register, are listed in 40 CFR, part 9, and included on the related collection instrument, or 

form, if applicable. The information collection requirements related to this action have already been 

approved by OMB pursuant to the PRA under OMB control number 2070-0038 (EPA ICR No. 1188). 

If an entity were to submit a SNUN to the Agency, the annual burden is estimated to average 97 hours per 

response – 0.82 hours for rule familiarization (Section 2.2.1), 2.80 hours for CDX registration, CDX 

electronic signature, and pay.gov account setup (Section 2.2.2), 91.68 hours for form completion and 

submission (2.2.3), and 1.36 hours for export notification (Section 2.2.5), 

4.4 National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act

 28 February 5, 2009 email from Carol Rawie, EPA Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, to Tulika Narayan and 

Kimberly Wilson, Abt Associates. The counts include both “valid” and “invalid” SNUNs. SNUN numbering is 

according to Federal fiscal year, ending September 30. 

29 February 5, 2009 email from Carol Rawie, EPA Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics to Tulika Narayan and 

Kimberly Wilson, Abt Associates. 30 In order to submit SNUN as a “small business” a company needs to be classified as small using the TSCA based 

definition of annual revenue of less than $4,000,000 per year. This definition is not consistent with the definition of 

a small business using Small Business Administration (SBA) NAICs based definitions.
Economic Analysis of SNUR for U.S. EPA Office of Chemical Safety and Pollution Prevention

Di-n-pentyl Phthalate (DnPP) 20 Economic and Policy Analysis Branch

The proposed SNUR does not involve any technical standards; therefore, section 12(d) of the National 

Technology Transfer and Advancement Act of 1995 (NTTAA), Public Law 104–113, section 12(d) (15 

U.S.C. 272 note), does not apply.

4.5 Executive Order 12898: Federal Actions to Address Environmental Justice in Minority 

Populations and Low-Income Populations

The proposed SNUR does not involve special considerations of environmental justice-related issues as 

required by Executive Order 12898, Federal Actions to Address Environmental Justice in Minority 

Populations and Low-Income Populations (59 FR 7629, February 16, 1994).

4.6 Executive Order 13045: Protection of Children from Environmental Health Risks and Safety 

Risks

The proposed SNUR does not address environmental health or safety risks disproportionately affecting 

children.

4.7 Executive Order 13132: Federalism 

The proposed SNUR is not expected to have a substantial direct effect on States, on the relationship 

between the national government and the States, or on the distribution of power and responsibilities 

among the various levels of government. as specified in Executive Order 13132, entitled Federalism (64 

FR 43255, August 10, 1999).

4.8 Executive Order 13175: Consultation and Coordination with Indian Tribal Governments 

This proposed SNUR would not have Tribal implications because it is not expected to have substantial 

direct effects on Indian Tribes. This proposed rule would not significantly or uniquely affect the 

communities of Indian Tribal governments, nor would it involve or impose any requirements that affect 

Indian Tribes. 

4.9 Executive Order 13211: Actions that Significantly Affect Energy Supply, Distribution, or Use 

This proposed SNUR is not expected to affect energy supply, distribution, or use.
Economic Analysis of SNUR for U.S. EPA Office of Chemical Safety and Pollution Prevention

Di-n-pentyl Phthalate (DnPP) 21 Economic and Policy Analysis Branch

5. BENEFITS

EPA requires additional information to fulfill its mandate under TSCA to fully assess the risks posed by 

the production, sale, and use of DnPP in the United States. A SNUN submission provides EPA with the 

opportunity to evaluate the intended use and, if necessary, to prohibit or limit that activity before it 

occurs. It allows the Agency to take immediate action to mitigate an activity that the Agency deems 

harmful to the environment or human health. The proposed SNUR allows EPA to evaluate the use of, or 

exposure to this chemicals and allow the Agency to take preventive action to limit or prohibit any 

Significant New Use. EPA also expects the proposed rule may restrict future uses or exposure to the 

chemicals, as a company may choose modify planned uses, and worker exposures the chemical is such a 

way that does not trigger a SNUR, as opposed to submitting a SNUN. Therefore, the proposed SNUR 

may limit future exposure to the chemicals. 

Quantification of the benefits of the proposed rule would require more specific information about each 

user’s use patterns and preferences as well as the changes in these patterns and preferences that would 

result from the additional information made available under the proposed rule. These data are not readily 

available and collecting such data would be cost-prohibitive.
Economic Analysis of SNUR for U.S. EPA Office of Chemical Safety and Pollution Prevention

Di-n-pentyl Phthalate (DnPP) 1 Economic and Policy Analysis Branch

APPENDIX A

INFLATORS AND WAGE RATES
Economic Analysis of SNUR for 1 U.S. EPA Office of Chemical Safety and Pollution Prevention

Di-n-pentyl Phthalate (DnPP) Economic and Policy Analysis Branch

A. INFLATORS AND WAGE RATES

This appendix describes the derivation of the fully loaded labor rates and inflation factors used in 

calculating costs of labor, materials, and other inputs. Costs for this report are for year-end 2008.

A.1 Derivation of Loaded Wage Rates 

Unit labor costs are calculated by adding fringe benefits and overhead to the wage or salary to derive a 

fully loaded labor cost. The basic method is described in Wage Rates for Economic Analysis of the Toxics 

Release Inventory Program (EPA, 2002b). The resulting loaded labor rates are given in Table A-1. Costs 

are calculated for several labor categories: Managerial, Professional/Technical, Clerical, and EPA staff. 

In March 2004, BLS began using the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) codes 

instead of the Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) System, and the Standard Occupational 

Classification (SOC) system instead of the Occupational Classification System (OCS). The following 

table shows the crosswalk between old and new occupational titles. 

EPAB Reports Labor Category BLS Old Title (OCS) BLS New Title (SOC)

Managerial Executive, administrative, and 

managerial 

Management, business, and 

financial

Professional/Technical Professional specialty and technical Professional and related

Clerical Administrative support, including 

clerical Office and administrative support

Source: Employer Costs for Employee Compensation: Changes to NAICS and SOC, Table 2. ECEC Occupational 

Comparability between SOC and OCS (BLS, 2006a and Weinstein, 2004).

A.1.1 Derivation of Labor Rates for Managerial, Professional/Technical, Clerical, and Production 

Labor

Wages and fringe benefits for managerial, professional/technical, clerical and production labor were taken 

from the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Employer Costs for Employee Compensation (ECEC) data,31

for December, for manufacturing industries.32

The cost of fringe benefits such as paid leave and insurance, specific to each labor category, are taken 

from the same ECEC series. Fringe benefits as a percent of wages are calculated separately for each labor 

category. For example, for December 2008, the average wage rate for professional/technical33

An additional loading factor of 17 percent is applied to wages to account for overhead. This approach is 

used for consistency with Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics economic analyses for two major 

labor was 

$35.29; the average fringe benefit was $17.55. Fringe benefits as a percent of wages were $17.55/$35.29, 

or approximately 49.7 percent.

 31 This follows the approach introduced in Economic Analysis of Expedited Significant New Use Rules for 65 Chemical 

Substances: EPA Docket OPPT-2003-0063 (EPAB, 2007a). 32 Employer Costs for Employee Compensation Supplementary Tables: Historical Data December 2006 – December 2008.

(BLS, 2009a). This follows the approach introduced in EPAB, 2007a. Earlier PMN SNUR economic analyses, such as EPA, 

2003a, used ECEC data for “All Goods Producing” sectors (manufacturing, mining, and construction). However, the 

manufacturing sector data seem more relevant since the SNURs mainly affect the chemicals industry. 33 This follows terminology introduced in EPAB, 2007a. Earlier SNUR economic analyses used the term “technical” labor. Here 

the category is called “professional/technical” labor, to make clear how it relates to BLS categories. In 2004, BLS changed 

from the Occupational Classification System, OCS, to the Standard Occupational Classification system, SOC. In the process, 

the “Professional specialty and technical” category became the “Professional and related” category. However, the coverage of 

the old and new occupational groups is approximately the same. See the BLS article, Comparing Current and Former Industry 

and Occupation ECEC Series (Weinstein, 2004).
Economic Analysis of SNUR for 2 U.S. EPA Office of Chemical Safety and Pollution Prevention

Di-n-pentyl Phthalate (DnPP) Economic and Policy Analysis Branch

rulemakings: Wage Rates for Economic Analyses of the Toxics Release Inventory Program (EPA, 2002b), 

and the Revised Economic Analysis for the Amended Inventory Update Rule: Final Report (EPA, 2002a). 

This overhead loading factor is added to the benefits loading factor, and the total is then applied to the 

base wage to derive the fully loaded wage. For example, the December 2008 fully loaded wage for 

professional/technical labor is $35.29 × (1+0.4973+0.17) = $58.84.

Fully loaded costs for managerial, clerical, and production labor are calculated in a similar manner, as 

shown in Table A-1.

A.1.3 Derivation of Labor Rates for EPA Staff

Agency labor costs are calculated based on annual Federal salaries for the Washington-Baltimore area 

published by the Office of Personnel Management effective January 2008 (OPM, 2008). The average 

salary for one FTE staff member is estimated as the salary for a GS-13 Step 5 employee.

34

Multiplying the annual pay by an assumed loading factor of 1.6 to reflect Federal fringe benefits and 

overhead, the loaded annual salary of EPA staff was calculated to be $150,440. 

The Agency loading factor is from an EPA guide, Instructions for Preparing Information Collection 

Requests (ICRs) (EPA, 1992a, page 30, footnote 9). The 60 percent assumption was labeled “the benefits 

multiplication factor” in the EPA Guide, but has been used in many EPA Office of Pollution Prevention 

and Toxics ICRs to reflect both fringe benefits and overhead for Federal staff. For example, it was used in 

an August 2000 document supporting ICR No. 1139.06 (EPA, 2000), with the following explanation:

“The annual costs per FTE are derived by multiplying the annual pay rate by 1.6 (the benefits 

multiplication factor). The multiplication factor used is recommended in EPA’s Office of Policy, 

Planning, and Evaluation’s Instructions for Preparing Information Collection Requests (ICRs)

(June 1, 1992). An EPA internal phone call between Carol Rawie (OPPT/EETD/RIB) and Carl 

Koch (OPPE/RMD/IMB) on May 3, 1994, indicated that the 1.6 factor included not only benefits 

but also overhead.” (ICR No.1139.06)

 34 The GS-13 Step 5 is consistent with ICR No. 0574.14 (12/18/2007), which covers PMN SNURs. Use of this grade level 

follows the approach introduced in EPAB, 2007a. That report represented a change from the earlier PMN SNUR economic 

analysis (EPA, 2003a), which used an average of GS-12 Step 1 and GS-12 Step 10 salaries.
Economic Analysis of SNUR for 3 U.S. EPA Office of Chemical Safety and Pollution Prevention

Di-n-pentyl Phthalate (DnPP) Economic and Policy Analysis Branch

Table A-1: Derivation of Loaded Wage Rates

EPAB Labor 

Category Data Sources Date Wage Fringe 

Benefit

Fringes as 

% Wage

Overhead % 

Wage2

Fringe + 

Overhead 

Factor

Loaded Wages1

(a) (b) (c) =(b)/(a) (d) (e)=(c)+(d)+1 (f)=(a) x (e)

Managerial

BLS ECEC, Private Manufacturing 

industries, “Mgt, Business, and 

Financial”3

Dec-08 $43.22 $19.46 45.03% 17% 1.62 $70.03

Professional/

Technical

BLS ECEC, Private Manufacturing 

industries, “Professional and 

related“3

Dec-08 $35.29 $17.55 49.73% 17% 1.67 $58.84

Clerical

BLS ECEC, Private Manufacturing 

industries, “Office and 

Administrative Support” 3

Dec-08 $17.22 $8.33 48.37% 17% 1.65 $28.48

EPA staff 

FTE

Annual Federal staff cost: OPM 

Washington-Baltimore-Northern 

Virginia, DC-MD-PA-VA-WV, area, 

GS-13 Step 5 pay rates, with 60% 

overhead. 3

Dec-08 $94,025(annual) --

[Included in 

60% 

overhead]

60% 1.6 $150,440

(annual)

Notes:

1

Wage data are rounded to the closest penny in this table; however, in calculations using these numbers for this report, unrounded values were used. 2

An overhead rate of 17% was used based on assumptions in Wage Rates for Economic Analyses of the Toxics Release Inventory Program (EPA, 2002b), and the Revised Economic Analysis 

for the Amended Inventory Update Rule: Final Report (EPA, 2002a). 3

The salary is unloaded Federal GS-13 Step 5 salary for calendar 2008, from the Office of Personnel Management salary table for Washington-Baltimore-Northern Virginia (OPM, 2008). 

The 60% fringes-and-overhead rate is from an EPA guide, Instructions for Preparing Information Collection Requests (ICRs) (EPA, 1992a, page 30, footnote 9).
Economic Analysis of SNUR for 4 U.S. EPA Office of Chemical Safety and Pollution Prevention

Di-n-pentyl Phthalate (DnPP) Economic and Policy Analysis Branch

A.2 Derivation of Inflation Factors

Complete information on the derivation of the inflation factors used is given in Table A-2. In 2006, the 

Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) made several changes to the Employment Cost Index. The changes are 

described on a BLS web page, “Change has come to the ECI,” (BLS, 2006c) and in several April 2006 

Monthly Labor Review articles posted on the BLS web site: “Changes affecting the Employment Cost 

Index: an overview” (Caroll 2006); “Employment Cost Index Publication Plans” (Sleemi, 2006); and 

“Seasonal adjustment in the ECI and the conversion to NAICS and SOC” (Branch, 2006).

Under a mandate from OMB, BLS changed its classification of industries and occupations from the 

Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) and Occupational Classification System (OCS) to the North 

American Industry Classification System (NAICS) and Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) 

system. In 2006, BLS adjusted all ECI series to reflect this change.

In addition to changing the industry and occupational classification systems, in 2006, BLS rebased the 

ECI from June 1989 = 100 to December 2005 = 100 for all current and historical non-seasonally adjusted 

series, including the NAICS and SIC based series. (Seasonally adjusted indices, including those in Table 

A-2 of this report, may not exactly equal 100 for December 2005 as a result of the seasonal adjustment. 

Seasonal adjustments are explained in Branch, 2006.)

According to BLS, the official ECI for the years 1975-2005 is the SIC-OCS based series, and for 

subsequent years, the official ECI is the NAICS-SOC based series (Sleemi, 2006, p.8).35

“Starting year” indices in Table A-2 continue to be SIC-SOC based. Current year indices are NAICSSOC based. We use indices from both the NAICS-SOC and the SIC-OCS based ECI series because 

neither series spans the entire period over which testing and other costs need to be inflated.

 35 BLS has been publishing the NIACS-SOC based ECI series since March 2001 and it became official in March 2006. The 

SIC-OCS based series and NAICS-SOC series have different series ID numbers, even when they describe essentially the same 

population. For example the series ID for seasonally adjusted total compensation for all private industry workers is 

ECS10002I for the SIC-OCS series and CIS2010000000000I for the NAICS-SOC series. 
Economic Analysis of SNUR for 5 U.S. EPA Office of Chemical Safety and Pollution Prevention

Di-n-pentyl Phthalate (DnPP) Economic and Policy Analysis Branch

Table A-2: Derivation of Inflation Factors

Item Inflation Index Source1 Starting 

Year

Index for 

Starting 

Year (a)

Index for 

2008

(b)

Inflation 

Factor 

(b)/(a)2

Export notification

BLS ECI, not SA, Total comp, 

Private industry, White Collar. 

ECS11102I, 4th Q [BLS, 2008a]

1992 63.2 109.4 1.731

Agency Extramural costs 

White collar labor; 

equipment; supplies

BLS ECI, not SA, Total comp, 

Private industry, White Collar. 

ECS11102I, 4th Q [BLS, 2008a]

1993 65.5 109.4 1.670

Labels, placards etc.

BLS CPI, inflation calculator, not 

SA. Annual [BLS, 2008b] 1997 160.5 215.303 1.341

File cabinet

Photocopies

BLS CPI, inflation calculator, 

Annual [BLS, 2008b] Record keeping materials 1988 118.3 215.303 1.820

Key: BLS = Bureau of Labor Statistics. CPI = Consumer Price Index. ECI = Employment Cost Index. SA = Seasonally Adjusted. Total 

Comp = Total Compensation (wages/salaries and benefits). 4th Q = Fourth Quarter. “ECS10002I” etc. refer to BLS series Ids. 

Notes:

1 In 2006, Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Employment Cost Index (ECI) series “were rebased to December 2005 = 100 from June 

1989 = 100.” The change is reflected in the indices in this table and explained on the BLS website, Employment Cost Index News 

Release Text: Employment Cost Index, March 2006 (BLS, 2006b). The Consumer Price Index (CPI) was not rebased.

“Starting year” ECI indices are SIC-OCS based: ECS10002I for private industry All Workers, and ECS11102I for private industry 

White Collar Workers. The indices are Seasonally Adjusted (SA). 

After 2006, ECI indices are NAICS-SOC based: CIS2010000000000I for private industry All Workers, and CIS2010000W00000I for 

private industry White Collar Workers. The indices are Seasonally Adjusted.

2 Inflation factors are rounded to three decimal places in this table, but calculations in this report use the unrounded values. BLS CPI 

values were published with one decimal place through 2006 and with three decimal places after that.
Economic Analysis of SNUR for 6 U.S. EPA Office of Chemical Safety and Pollution Prevention

Di-n-pentyl Phthalate (DnPP) Economic and Policy Analysis Branch

6. REFERENCES 

15 U.S.C. 272, National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act of 1995 (NTTAA), Public Law 104–

113, Section 12(d).

19 CFR 12, Customs Duties: Special Classes of Merchandise, Code of Federal Regulations, Part 12, Title 

19, August 1, 1983.

40 CFR 707, Chemical Imports and Exports, Code of Federal Regulations, Part 707, Title 40, July 1, 

2003.

40 CFR 720, Premanufacture Notification, Code of Federal Regulations, Part 720, Title 40, July 1, 2003.

40 CFR 721, Significant New Use of Chemical Substances, Code of Federal Regulations, Part 721, Title 

40, July 1, 2003.

59 FR 7629, Federal Actions to Address Environmental Justice in Minority Populations and Low-Income 

Populations, Federal Register, Volume 59, February 16, 1994.

59 FR 22951, Consultation and Coordination with Indian Tribal Governments, Federal Register, Volume 

59, November 6, 2000.

62 FR 19885, Protection of Children from Environmental Health Risks and Safety Risks, Federal 

Register, Volume 62, April 23, 1997.

64 FR 43255, Federalism, Federal Register, Volume 65, August 10, 1999.

66 FR 28355, Actions Concerning Regulations that Significantly Affect Energy Supply, Distribution, or 

Use, Federal Register, Volume 66, May 22, 2001.

71 FR 66234, Export Notification; Change to Reporting Requirements, Final Rule, Federal Register, 

Volume 71, November 14, 2006. Available in docket EPA-HQ-OPPT-2005-0058 at 

http://www.regulations.gov.

Accustandard, 2010. “Phthalates Standards.” Available at: 

http://www.accustandard.com/asi/np_phthalates.php3 Accessed Aug. 12, 2010.

Australian Government. 2008a. Existing Chemical Hazard Assessment Report for Butylbenzyl Phthalate.

Department of Health and Ageing, National Industrial Chemicals Notification and Assessment Scheme 

(NICNAS): Sydney, Australia, 2008. 

http://www.nicnas.gov.au/Publications/CAR/Other/Phthalates.asp. Accessed Aug 13, 2009.

Australian Government. 2008b. Existing Chemical Hazard Assessment Report for Dibutyl Phthalate. 

Department of Health and Ageing, National Industrial Chemicals Notification and Assessment 

Scheme (NICNAS): Sydney, Australia, 2008. 

http://www.nicnas.gov.au/Publications/CAR/Other/Phthalates.asp. Accessed Aug 13, 2009.

Australian Government. 2008c. Existing Chemical Hazard Assessment Report for Diethylhexyl Phthalate.
Economic Analysis of SNUR for 7 U.S. EPA Office of Chemical Safety and Pollution Prevention

Di-n-pentyl Phthalate (DnPP) Economic and Policy Analysis Branch

Department of Health and Ageing, National Industrial Chemicals Notification and Assessment 

Scheme (NICNAS): Sydney, Australia, 2008 

http://www.nicnas.gov.au/Publications/CAR/Other/Phthalates.asp. Accessed Aug 13, 2009.

Australian Government. 2008d. Existing Chemical Hazard Assessment Report for Diisobutyl Phthalate. 

Department of Health and Ageing, National Industrial Chemicals Notification and Assessment 

Scheme (NICNAS): Sydney, Australia, 2008. 

http://www.nicnas.gov.au/Publications/CAR/Other/Phthalates.asp. Accessed Aug 13, 2009.

Australian Government. 2008e. Existing Chemical Hazard Assessment Report for Diisodecyl Phthalate. 

Department of Health and Ageing, National Industrial Chemicals Notification and Assessment 

Scheme (NICNAS): Sydney, Australia, 2008. 

http://www.nicnas.gov.au/Publications/CAR/Other/Phthalates.asp. Accessed Aug 13, 2009.

Australian Government. 2008f. Existing Chemical Hazard Assessment Report for Diisonoyl Phthalate. 

Department of Health and Ageing, National Industrial Chemicals Notification and Assessment 

Scheme (NICNAS): Sydney, Australia, 2008. 

http://www.nicnas.gov.au/Publications/CAR/Other/Phthalates.asp. Accessed Aug 13, 2009.

Australian Government. 2008g. Existing Chemical Hazard Assessment Report for Di-n-octyl Phthalate. 

Department of Health and Ageing, National Industrial Chemicals Notification and Assessment 

Scheme (NICNAS): Sydney, Australia, 2008. 

http://www.nicnas.gov.au/Publications/CAR/Other/Phthalates.asp. Accessed Aug 13, 2009.

Australian Government. 2008h. Phthalates Hazard Compendium. A Summary of Physicochemical and 

Human Health Hazard Data for 24 Ortho-Phthalate Chemicals. Department of Health and 

Ageing, National Industrial Chemicals Notification and Assessment Scheme (NICNAS): Sydney, 

Australia, 2008. www.nicnas.gov.au/Publications/CAR/Other/Phthalates.asp. Accessed Aug 13, 

2009.

Babich, M.; Chen, S.; Greene, M.; Kiss, C.; et al. 2004. Risk Assessment of Oral Exposure to Diisononyl 

Phthalate from Children’s Products. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 2004, 40 (2), 151–167.

BLS, 2010a. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. “Employer Costs for Employee Compensation

Supplementary Tables December 2009.” (March 10, 2010) at 

http://www.bls.gov/ncs/ect/sp/ecsuptc13.pdf. (Note: The BLS report title and content is updated

periodically to include more recent data, on the same website.) 

BLS, 2010b. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Employment Cost Index – Total Compensation: Professional and 

Related Private Industry, Not Seasonally Adjusted. (Series ID: CIU2010000120000I), extracted 

April 12, 2010.

CAS, 2010a. Columbia Analytical Services, Inc. “Di-n-pentyl Phthalate.” Available at: 

http://www.caslab.com/Di-n-pentyl-Phthalate.php5

CDC, 2009a. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Third National Report on Human Exposure to

Environmental Chemicals. http://www.cdc.gov/exposurereport/. Accessed July 2005.

CIL, 2010a. Cambridge Isotope Laboratories, Inc. “Di-n-pentyl Phthalate.” Available at:

http://www.isotope.com/cil/products/displayproduct.cfm?prod_id=9076&cat_id=107. Accessed 

Aug. 12, 2010.
Economic Analysis of SNUR for 8 U.S. EPA Office of Chemical Safety and Pollution Prevention

Di-n-pentyl Phthalate (DnPP) Economic and Policy Analysis Branch

Clausen, P. A.; Hansen, V.; Gunnarsen, L.; Afshari, A. 2004. Emission of Di-2-ethylhexyl Phthalate from 

PVC Flooring into Air and Uptake in Dust: Emission and Sorption Experiments in FLEC and 

CLIMPQA. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2004, 38, 2531–2537.

CMA, 1991. Chemical Manufacturers Association. Responses to Questions on Burden Associated with 

PMN Submissions. Distributed by the Chemical Manufacturers Association, Washington, DC.

CPSC. 2001. U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission. Chronic Hazard Advisory Panel on Diisononyl 

Phthalate (DINP). Directorate of Health Sciences: Bethesda, MD 20814.

CPSC. 2002. U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission. Memorandum to Marilyn L. Wind from S.B. 

Chen. Screening of Toys for PVC and Phthalates Migration.

EPA, 1992. U.S. EPA, Office of Policy, Planning, and Evaluation. Instructions for Preparing Information 

Collection Requests (ICRs). Washington, DC, June 1, 1992.

EC. 2003a. European Commission. European Union Risk Assessment Report: 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic 

Acid, Di-C8-10-Branched Alkyl Esters, C9-Rich And Di-“Isononyl” Phthalate (DINP), CAS-Nos. 

68515-48-0, 28553-12-0. Vol. 35; EUR 20784EN; Office for Official Publications of the 

European Communities: Luxembourg, 2003.

EC. 2003b. European Commission. European Union Risk Assessment Report: 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic 

Acid, Di-C9-11-Branched Alkyl Esters, C10-Rich And Di-“Isodecyl” Phthalate (DIDP), CAS-Nos 

68515-49-1 and 26761-40-0. Vol. 36; EUR 20785EN; Office for Official Publications of the 

European Communities: Luxembourg, 2003.

EC. 2003-04. European Commission. European Union Risk Assessment Report: Dibutyl Phthalate, CASNo. 84-74-2. Vol. 29; EUR 19840EN; Office for Official Publications of the European 

Communities: Luxembourg, 2003-04.

EC. 2008a. European Commission. European Union Risk Assessment Report Bis(2-Ethylhexyl) Phthalate 

(DEHP),CAS-No. 117-81-7. Vol. 80; EUR 23384EN; Office for Official Publications of the 

European Communities: Luxembourg, 2008.

EC. 2008b. European Commission. European Union Risk Assessment Report Benzyl Butyl Phthalate 

(BBP), CASNo. 85-68-7. Vol. 76; EUR 22773EN; Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications 

of the European Communities, 2008.

EPA, 1986. U.S. EPA, Office of Toxic Substances. New Chemical Information Bulletin: Exemptions for 

Research and Development and Test Marketing. Washington, D.C. November, 1986. Available 

at: http://www.epa.gov/oppt/newchems/pubs/tmeranddbulletin.pdf

EPA, 1994. U.S. EPA, Office of Toxic Substances, Regulatory Impacts Branch. Regulatory Impact 

Analysis of Amendments to Regulations for TSCA Section 5 Premanufacture Notifications.

Washington, DC: U.S. EPA/OPPT/EETD/RIB, September 9, 1994. (OTS/RIB later became 

OPPTS/EPAB.)

EPA, 2000. U.S. EPA, Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, ICR No. 1139.06. [Information 

Collection Request for] TSCA Existing Chemical Test Rules, Consent Orders, Test Rule 

Exemptions, and Voluntary Test Data Submissions: Supporting Statement for Request for OMB 
Economic Analysis of SNUR for 9 U.S. EPA Office of Chemical Safety and Pollution Prevention

Di-n-pentyl Phthalate (DnPP) Economic and Policy Analysis Branch

Review under the Paperwork Reduction Act. Attachment 5, Wage Rates Estimation, August 29, 

2000.

EPA, 2002a U.S. EPA, Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, Economic and Policy Analysis Branch. 

Revised Economic Analysis for the Amended Inventory Update Rule: Final Report. Washington, 

DC. August 2002.

EPA, 2002b. U.S. EPA, Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, Economic and Policy Analysis 

Branch. Wage Rates for Economic Analysis of the Toxics Release Inventory Program.

Washington, DC, June 10, 2002.

EPA, 2003. U.S. EPA, Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, Economic and Policy Analysis Branch. 

Economic Analysis of Expedited Significant New Use Rules for 65 Chemical Substances.

Washington, DC, 2003. Available in docket EPA-HQ-OPPTS-2002-0078 at 

http://www.regulations.gov.

EPA, 2005. Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, Economic and Policy Analysis Branch. Economic 

Analysis of the Proposed Change to TSCA Section 12(b) Export Notification Requirements, 

November 2005, available from the Federal Docket Management System as EPA-HQ-OPPT2005-005 8-0017 at http://www.regulations.gov.

EPA, 2006a. Inventory Update Reporting (IUR): Non-Confidential 2006 TSCA Inventory Update Rule 

(IUR) Records. Available at: http://cfpub.epa.gov/iursearch/index.cfm?s=chem. (Accessed 9 

April 2009).

EPA, 2007a. U.S. EPA, Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, Economic and Policy Analysis

Branch. Economic Analysis of Expedited Significant New Use Rules for 38 Chemical 

Substances (EPA Docket OPPT-2006-0898), August 17, 2007.

EPA, 2007b. U.S. EPA, Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, ICR No. 0574.14. [Information 

Collection Request for] Pre-Manufacture Review Reporting and Exemption Requirements for 

New Chemical Substances and Significant New Use Reporting Requirements for Chemical 

Substances: Supporting Statement for a Request for OMB Review under The Paperwork 

Reduction Act, December 6, 2007.

EPA, 2009a. U.S. EPA, Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, Economic and Policy Analysis 

Branch. Economic Analysis of the Premanufacture Notification Electronic Reporting Final Rule. 

(EPA-HQ-OPPT-2008-0296). July 13, 2009.

EPA, 2009b. U.S. EPA, Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics. ICR No.: 0795.13 [Information 

Collection Request for] Notification of Chemical Exports - TSCA Section 12(b) Supporting 

Statement for Request for OMB Review under the Paperwork Reduction Act. March 6, 2009 at

http://www.regulations.gov.

EPA, 2009c. U.S. EPA, Office of Chemical Safety and Pollution Prevention. Phthalates Action Plan. 

Available at: 

http://www.epa.gov/opptintr/existingchemicals/pubs/actionplans/phthalates_ap_2009_1230_final.

pdf.
Economic Analysis of SNUR for 10 U.S. EPA Office of Chemical Safety and Pollution Prevention

Di-n-pentyl Phthalate (DnPP) Economic and Policy Analysis Branch

Gray L.E. Jr, Wilson V.S., Stoker T., Lambright C., Furr J., Noriega N., Howdeshell K., Ankley GT, 

Guillette L. 2006. Adverse effects of environmental antiandrogens and androgens on 

reproductive development in mammals. Int J Androl. Feb; 29(1): 96-104; discussion 105-8. 

Review.

Hotchkiss A.K., Parks-Saldutti L.G., Ostby J.S., Lambright C., Furr J., Vandenbergh J.G., Gray L.E. Jr. 

2004. A mixture of the "antiandrogens" linuron and butyl benzyl phthalate alters sexual 

differentiation of the male rat in acumulative fashion. Biol Reprod. 71(6):1852-61.

Howdeshell K.L., Furr J., Lambright C.R., Rider C.V., Wilson V.S., Gray L.E. Jr. 2007. Cumulative 

effects of dibutyl phthalate and diethylhexyl phthalate on male rat reproductive tract 

development: altered fetal steroid hormones and genes. Toxicol Sci. Sep; 99(1): 190-202.

Howdeshell K.L., Rider C.V., Wilson V.S., Gray L.E. Jr. 2008a. Mechanisms of action of phthalate 

esters, individually and in combination, to induce abnormal reproductive development in male 

laboratory rats. Environ Res. Oct;108(2):168-76. Review.

Howdeshell K.L., Wilson V.S., Furr J., Lambright C.R., Rider C.V., Blystone C.R., Hotchkiss A.K., Gray 

L.E. Jr. 2008b. A mixture of five phthalate esters inhibits fetal testicular testosterone production 

in the sprague-dawley rat in a cumulative, dose-additive manner. Toxicol Sci. Sep; 105(1): 153-

65.

HSDB. 2009. Hazardous Substance Data Bank. U.S. National Library of Medicine TOXNET System.

http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/htmlgen?HSDB (accessed Aug 13, 2009).

Huang, P. C.; Kuo, P. L.; Chou, Y. Y.; Lin, S. J.; Lee, C. C. 2009. Association between prenatal exposure 

to phthalates and the health outcome of newborns. Environ. Int. 2009, 35(1), 14–20.

Krauskopf, L.G., and Godwin, A. 2005. Plasticizers. In C. Wilkes, J. Summers, and C. Daniels (Eds.), 

PVC Handbook (pp. 173-201). Cincinnati: Hanser Gardner Publications, Inc.

NAS. 2008. National Academy of Sciences. Phthalates and Cumulative Risk Assessment; The Tasks 

Ahead. Dec 2008. http://dels.nas.edu/dels/rpt_briefs/phthalates_final.pdf. Accessed Dec 9, 2009.

NTP-CERHR. 2003a. National Toxicology Program - Center for the Evaluation of Risks to Human 

Reproduction. Monograph on the Potential Human Reproductive and Developmental Effects of 

Di-n-Octyl Phthalate (DnOP); NIH Pub. No. 03-4488; U.S. Department of Health and Human 

Services, May 2003.

NTP-CERHR. 2003b. National Toxicology Program - Center for the Evaluation of Risks to Human 

Reproduction. Monograph on the Potential Human Reproductive and Developmental Effects of 

Di-n-Hexyl Phthalate (DnHP); NIH Pub. No. 03-4489; U.S. Department of Health and Human 

Services, May 2003.

NTP-CERHR. 2003c. National Toxicology Program - Center for the Evaluation of Risks to Human 

Reproduction. Monograph on the Potential Human Reproductive and Developmental Effects of 

Di-Isodecyl Phthalate (DIDP); NIH Pub. No. 03-4485; U.S. Department of Health and Human 

Services, April 2003.
Economic Analysis of SNUR for 11 U.S. EPA Office of Chemical Safety and Pollution Prevention

Di-n-pentyl Phthalate (DnPP) Economic and Policy Analysis Branch

NTP-CERHR. 2003d. National Toxicology Program - Center for the Evaluation of Risks to Human 

Reproduction. Monograph on the Potential Human Reproductive and Developmental Effects of 

Di-Isodecyl Phthalate (DIDP);NIH Pub. No. 03-4485; U.S. Department of Health and Human 

Services, April 2003.

NTP-CERHR. 2003e. National Toxicology Program - Center for the Evaluation of Risks to Human 

Reproduction. Monograph on the Potential Human Reproductive and Developmental Effects of 

Butyl Benzyl Phthalate (BBP); NIH Pub. No. 03-4487; U.S. Department of Health and Human 

Services, March 2003.

NTP-CERHR. 2006. National Toxicology Program - Center for the Evaluation of Risks to Human 

Reproduction. Monograph on the Potential Human Reproductive and Developmental Effects of 

Di-(2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate (DEHP); NIH Pub. No. 06-4476; U.S. Department of Health and 

Human Services, March 2006.

OPM, 2009. Office of Personnel Management, Salary Table 2009-DCB, Washington-Baltimore/Northern 

Virginia, DC-MD-PA-VA-WV. Accessed from http://www.opm.gov/oca/09tables/pdf/DCB.pdf

Swan, S. H.; Main, K. M.; Stewart, S. L.; Kruse, R. L.; Calafat, A. M.; Mao, C. S.; Redmon, J. B.; 

Ternand, C. L.; Sullivan, S.; Teague. J. L. 2005. Study for Future Families Research Team. 

Decrease in Anogenital Distance among Male Infants with Prenatal Phthalate Exposure. 

Environ. Health Perspect. Aug 2005, 113(8), 1056–61.

Rahman, Mustafizur, and Brazel, Christopher S. The plasticizer market: an assessment of traditional 

plasticizers and research trends to meet new challenges. Progress in Polymer Science, Volume 

29, Issue 12, December 2004, pp. 1223-1248.

Rawie, Carol. 2009. EPA Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics. Personal communication with Tulika 

Narayan and Kimberly Wilson of Abt Associates via e-mail. February 5, 2009.

Rider C.V., Furr J., Wilson V.S., Gray L.E. Jr. 2008. A mixture of seven antiandrogens induces 

reproductive malformations in rats. Int J Androl. Apr;31(2):249-62.

Rider C.V., Wilson V.S., Howdeshell K.L., Hotchkiss A.K., Furr J.R., Lambright C.R., Gray L.E. Jr. 

2009. Cumulative effects of in utero administration of mixtures of "antiandrogens" on male rat 

reproductive development. Toxicol Pathol. 37(1):100-13.

U.S. SBA. 2010. United States Small Business Administration. Table of Small Business Size Standards 

Matched to North American Industry Classification System Codes. Available at: 

http://www.sba.gov/idc/groups/public/documents/sba_homepage/serv_sstd_tablepdf.pdf

USPS, 2010. U.S. Postal Service Mailing and postage rates. <http://www.usps.com/prices>. Accessed 16

August 2010.