U.S. Department of the Interior

U.S. Geological Survey

Fact Sheet 2014–3040

August 2014

Prepared in cooperation with the Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development 

Water Resources of Sabine Parish, Louisiana

Introduction

Information concerning the availability, use, and quality 

of water in Sabine Parish, Louisiana (fig. 1), is critical for 

proper water-supply management. The purpose of this fact 

sheet is to present information that can be used by water 

managers, parish residents, and others for stewardship of this 

vital resource. Information on the availability, past and current 

use, use trends, and water quality from groundwater and surfacewater sources in the parish is presented. Previously published 

reports (see References Cited section) and data stored in the U.S. 

Geological Survey’s (USGS) National Water Information System 

(http://waterdata.usgs.gov/nwis) are the primary sources of the 

information presented here. 

In 2010, about 3.85 million gallons per day (Mgal/d) 

of water were withdrawn in Sabine Parish, including about 

2.09 Mgal/d from groundwater sources and 1.76 Mgal/d from 

surface-water sources1 (table 1). Withdrawal amounts for various 

categories of use are found in table 2. Water-use data collected at 

5-year intervals from 1960 to 2010 (fig. 2) indicated that water 

withdrawals peaked in 1990. 

1

Tabulation of numbers in text and tables may result in different totals 

because of rounding; nonrounded numbers are used for calculation of totals. 

Figure 1. Location of study area, Sabine Parish, Louisiana.

Base modified from U.S. Geological Survey digital data

Albers Equal-Area Conic projection

North American Datum of 1983

.171

6

Carrizo-Wilcox aquifer

Sparta aquifer

Cockfield aquifer

Catahoula aquifer

EXPLANATION

Approximate altitude of base of fresh

 groundwater, in feet below National

 Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929 (NGVD 29)

 (modified from Smoot, 1988)—Deepest

 freshwater contained within Carrizo-Wilcox

 aquifer, except where noted

 Above NGVD 29

 0 to 499

 500 to 999

 1,000 to 1,499

 1,500 to 1,999

Approximate boundary of area showing deepest 

 freshwater contained within overlying Sparta, 

 Cockfield, and Catahoula aquifers 

Line of section (see fig. 3)

Well for which hydrograph is shown

 (see fig. 4)

U.S. Geological Survey surface-water 

 discharge site and number (see table 4)

U.S. Geological Survey surface-water 

 quality site and number (see table 4)

U.S. Geological Survey lake elevation

 site and number 

Sa-392

A A'

O

C

#

08023400

08022500

M

10 KILOMETERS

0

0 2 4 6 8

2 4 6 8 10 MILES

TEXAS

ARKANSAS MISSISSIPPI

LOUISIANA

SABINE

PARISH LOUISIANA

TEXAS

Pleasant Hill

Converse

Sa-465

Sa-392

#

#

Many

Mount Carmel

Esto

Negreet

Fisher

Florien

Hornbeck

Zwolle

Noble

Benson O08023400

Logansport

C 08022500

08025350 MC

08025360

08025350

Bayou San Patricio

Bayou San Miguel

Bayou La Nana

Bayou Toro

Sabine River

Toledo Bend

Reservoir

Bayou Scie SABINE PARISH

NATCHITOCHES

PARISH

VERNON PARISH

DE SOTO PARISH

31°50'

93°30' 93°50' 93°40'

93°20'

31°40'

31°30'

31°20'

A

A'
Groundwater Resources

The primary sources of fresh groundwater (water with a chloride 

concentration of 250 milligrams per liter [mg/L] or less) in Sabine 

Parish are the Cockfield, Sparta, and Carrizo-Wilcox aquifers (fig. 3). 

The Upland terrace aquifer, Catahoula aquifer (table 1), and Jasper 

aquifer system also are present in Sabine Parish and could be locally 

important but are not discussed further in this fact sheet because of 

their limited extents within the parish. Fresh groundwater is available 

throughout the parish, and the depth to the base of freshwater ranges 

from greater than 100 feet (ft) above the National Geodetic Vertical 

Datum of 1929 (NGVD 29) near the Sabine River in the westcentral part of the parish to about 1,800 ft below NGVD 29 in the 

southeastern corner of the parish (fig. 1) (Smoot, 1988). 

Recharge to aquifers in the parish is primarily from precipitation 

in areas where the aquifers outcrop in the parish and to the north. 

Discharge from the aquifers is primarily by natural seasonal flow into 

streams, leakage into adjacent aquifers, and withdrawals from wells. 

State well-registration records listed 1,389 active water wells in Sabine 

Parish in 2010, including 1,186 domestic, 122 irrigation, 64 public 

supply, and 17 industrial (Louisiana Department of Natural Resources, 

2012). In 2010, categories of use for groundwater withdrawals 

included public supply, industrial, rural domestic, livestock, and 

general irrigation (table 2). 

Cockfield Aquifer

Sands and clays of the Cockfield aquifer underlie the 

clayey Vicksburg-Jackson confining unit and overlie the clayey 

Cook Mountain confining unit (fig. 3). The aquifer outcrops in a 

southwest-to- northeast trending band that ranges from about 3 to 

5 miles (mi) wide and runs through the towns of Florien and Mount 

Carmel in southern Sabine Parish. The top of the aquifer is about 

1,000 ft below NGVD 29 in the southeastern corner of the parish and 

about 1,500 ft below NGVD 29 in the southwestern corner (Page 

and others, 1963). In 1993, the direction of groundwater flow in the 

Cockfield aquifer was generally to the east or southeast in southeastern 

Sabine Parish but toward the southwest in the southwestern part of the 

parish (Brantly and Seanor, 1996). Water levels in well Sa-392 (fig. 1), 

screened 544 ft below land surface in the Cockfield aquifer, generally 

fluctuate 1 ft or less annually (fig. 4). 

State well-registration records listed 129 active water wells 

screened in the Cockfield aquifer in Sabine Parish in 2010, including 

111 domestic, 8 public supply, 6 irrigation, and 4 industrial. Depths 

of these wells ranged from 15 to 2,112 ft below land surface, with a 

median depth of 164 ft. Reported yields from wells screened in the 

Cockfield aquifer in Sabine Parish have ranged from 3 to 300 gallons 

per minute (gal/min) (Louisiana Department of Natural Resources, 

2012). In 2010, withdrawals from the Cockfield aquifer in Sabine 

Parish totaled about 0.07 Mgal/d and were all for rural-domestic use. 

A statistical summary of selected water-quality characteristics for 

freshwater samples collected from 16 wells screened in the Cockfield 

aquifer in Sabine Parish is presented in table 3. The median value for 

hardness fell within the soft2 range, and median values for pH and 

concentrations of chloride, manganese, and dissolved solids generally 

2

Hardness ranges, expressed as milligrams per liter of calcium carbonate, are as 

follows: 0–60, soft; 61–120, moderately hard; 121–180, hard; greater than 180, very 

hard (Hem, 1985).

Table 1. Water withdrawals, in million gallons per day, 

by source in Sabine Parish, Louisiana, 2010 (modified from 

Sargent, 2011). 

Aquifer or surfacewater body Groundwater Surface 

water

Upland terrace aquifer 0.03

Catahoula aquifer 0.05

Cockfield aquifer 0.07

Sparta aquifer 0.13

Carrizo-Wilcox aquifer 1.81

Toledo Bend Reservoir 1.35

Other water bodies 0.41

Total 2.09 1.76

Table 2. Water withdrawals, in million gallons per day, by 

use category in Sabine Parish, Louisiana, 2010 (modified from 

Sargent, 2011). 

[<, less than]

Use category Groundwater Surface 

water Total

Public supply 1.25 1.30 2.55

Industrial 0.14 0.36 0.50

Rural domestic 0.68 0.00 0.68

Livestock 0.01 0.10 0.12

General irrigation <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

Total 2.09 1.76 3.85

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

Year

Annual withdrawals, in million gallons per day

Groundwater

Surface water

EXPLANATION

Figure 2. Water withdrawals in Sabine Parish, Louisiana, 1960–

2010 (Sargent, 2011).
VERTICAL DATUM IS NATIONAL GEODETIC VERTICAL DATUM OF 1929 (NGVD 29)

VERTICAL SCALE GREATLY EXAGGERATED

NGVD 29

FEET FEET

NORTH

A

500 500

-500

-1,500

-1,000

NGVD 29

-500

-1,500

-1,000

SOUTH

A’

SABINE

PARISH

SABINE

PARISH

Land surface

Catahoula

aquifer

Wilcox

aquifer

Carrizo

aquifer

Midway

confining

unit

Wilcox

aquifer

Cockfield aquifer

Sparta aquifer

Sparta aquifer

Vicksburg-Jackson

confining unit

0

0

5 MILES

5 KILOMETERS

±

Bayou La Nana

Cook Mountain

confining unit

Cane River 

confining unit

EXPLANATION

Line of stratigraphic distinction between 

Carrizo aquifer and Wilcox aquifer

Fault, relative movement

indicated by arrows

Figure 3. Generalized north-to-south hydrogeologic section showing aquifer and confining unit intervals in Sabine Parish, Louisiana 

(modified from Page and others, 1963). Individual sand and clay layers not shown. Trace of section shown on figure 1.

Figure 4. Groundwater levels in well Sa-392 screened in the Cockfield aquifer and well Sa-465 screened in the Carrizo-Wilcox aquifer in 

Sabine Parish, Louisiana (see fig. 1 for well locations; U.S. Geological Survey, 2011). Altitude of land surface and water level is measured in 

feet (ft) above the National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929.

Year

1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014

Water level, in feet (ft)

215

216

217

218

219

220

221

222

223

224

225

Well: Sa-465

Altitude of land surface: 265 ft

Well depth: 80 ft below land surface

Well: Sa-392

Altitude of land surface: 242 ft

Well depth: 544 ft below land surface
did not exceed the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s 

Secondary Maximum Contaminant Levels (SMCLs).3

Sparta Aquifer

About 1 to 2 mi north of the Cockfield aquifer outcrop, the 

Sparta aquifer outcrops in a southwest-to-northeast trending band 

that ranges from about 1 to 2 mi wide. The aquifer underlies the 

clayey Cook Mountain confining unit and overlies the clayey 

Cane River confining unit (fig. 3). Aquifer thickness ranges from 

about 200 ft near the outcrop to 440 ft near the southeastern parish 

boundary. Because of the regional dip (fig. 3), the aquifer reaches 

depths of about 1,800 ft below NGVD 29 near the southern boundary 

of the parish and 2,300 ft below NGVD 29 near the southeastern 

boundary. At distances of more than 3 to 4 mi south of the outcrop 

area, the Sparta aquifer contains saltwater (Page and others, 1963). 

State well-registration records listed 170 active water wells 

screened in the Sparta aquifer in Sabine Parish in 2010, including 

137 domestic, 18 irrigation, 8 public supply, and 7 industrial. 

Well depths ranged from 22 to 1,605 ft below land surface, with 

3

The SMCLs are nonenforceable Federal guidelines regarding cosmetic effects 

(such as tooth or skin discoloration) or aesthetic effects (such as taste, odor, or 

color) of drinking water. At high concentrations or values, health implications as 

well as aesthetic degradation might exist. SMCLs were established as guidelines for 

the States by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1992). 

a median depth of 148 ft. Reported yields from wells screened in 

the Sparta aquifer in Sabine Parish have ranged from 3 to 453 gal/

min (Louisiana Department of Natural Resources, 2012). In 2010, 

withdrawals from the Sparta aquifer in Sabine Parish totaled about 

0.13 Mgal/d, including 0.03 Mgal/d for public supply, 0.09 Mgal/d 

for rural domestic use, and less than 0.01 Mgal/d for general 

irrigation and industrial use combined. 

A statistical summary of selected water-quality characteristics 

for freshwater samples collected from 19 wells screened in the 

Sparta aquifer in Sabine Parish is presented in table 3. The median 

value for hardness fell within the soft range. Median values for pH 

and concentrations of chloride, manganese, and dissolved solids fell 

within the SMCLs. 

Carrizo-Wilcox Aquifer

The Carrizo-Wilcox aquifer is composed of sands and gravels 

of the Carrizo aquifer and the Wilcox aquifer. These units are 

hydraulically connected and considered to be a single aquifer in 

Sabine Parish. The aquifer outcrops at land surface throughout the 

northern two-thirds of the parish and overlies the Midway confining 

unit (fig. 3). In the southern third of the parish, the aquifer dips more 

steeply southward and is overlain by the Cane River confining unit. 

Because the Carrizo-Wilcox aquifer is present throughout most of 

Sabine Parish, it is the principal source of fresh groundwater within 

the parish (table 1).

Table 3. Summary of selected water-quality characteristics of freshwater in the Cockfield, Sparta, and Carrizo-Wilcox aquifers in 

Sabine Parish, Louisiana (U.S. Geological Survey, 2013a).

[Values are in milligrams per liter, except as noted. °C, degrees Celsius; PCU, platinum cobalt units; μS/cm, microsiemens per centimeter; SU, standard units; 

CaCO3, calcium carbonate; μg/L, micrograms per liter; SMCL, Secondary Maximum Contaminant Level established by the U.S. Environmental Protection 

Agency (2012); NA, not applicable; <, less than]

Temperature 

(°C)

Color,

(PCU)

Specific 

conductance, 

field

(μS/cm at 25 °C)

pH,

field

(SU)

Hardness

(as CaCO3)

Chloride,

filtered

(as Cl)

Iron,

filtered

(μg/L as 

Fe)

Manganese,

filtered

(μg/L as Mn)

Dissolved

solids,

filtered

Cockfield aquifer, 1955–74 (16 wells) 

Median 24.5 25 610 7.2 7 38 1,100 15 368

10th percentile 23.0 6 189 6.6 4 13 70 0 187

90th percentile 26.4 140 1,240 8.2 85 78 3,000 52 799

Number of samples 4 12 12 6 16 16 9 8 12

Percentage of samples 

that do not exceed 

SMCLs

NA 42 NA 83 NA 100 44 88 67

Sparta aquifer, 1955–84 (19 wells) 

Median 25.0 20 262 6.6 16 14 410 20 203

10th percentile 20.0 0 59 5.5 6 6.9 160 <10 74

90th percentile 30.2 95 808 8.3 99 34 2,400 40 518

Number of samples 7 14 15 12 19 19 9 8 15

Percentage of samples 

that do not exceed 

SMCLs

NA 43 NA 58 NA 100 33 100 87

Carrizo-Wilcox aquifer, 1954–2004 (70 wells) 

Median 21.5 25 905 8.4 10 37 120 20 572

10th percentile 20.3 5 368 6.9 3 15 20 0 241

90th percentile 23.0 110 1,440 8.8 170 94 880 280 920

Number of samples 32 57 57 46 69 69 38 24 55

Percentage of samples 

that do not exceed 

SMCLs

NA 37 NA 59 NA 100 74 71 45

SMCLs

NA 15 NA 6.5–8.5 NA 250 300 50 500
The Carrizo-Wilcox aquifer consists of alternating sand, 

silt, and clay beds that range in thickness from about 500 ft in the 

northern part of the parish to 3,500 ft in the southeastern corner 

of the parish. Within the aquifer, individual sand beds consisting 

of very fine to medium-grained sand range in thickness from less 

than 5 ft up to about 250 ft but average about 30 ft. The beds dip 

southward increasing in depth and are separated by clay layers 

ranging in thickness from less than 1 ft to greater than 100 ft (Page 

and others, 1963).

Saltwater is present in the Wilcox aquifer at depths that range 

from 200 ft above NGVD 29 in some parts of the parish to more 

than 800 ft below NGVD 29 in other parts of the parish (Page and 

others, 1963). South of a line extending approximately between 

the towns of Esto and Fisher, the Wilcox aquifer contains only 

saltwater (Smoot, 1986). 

In 1991, groundwater levels in the Carrizo-Wilcox aquifer 

in Sabine Parish ranged from about 220 ft above NGVD 29 in 

north-central Sabine Parish, near the De Soto Parish line, to less 

than 160 ft above NGVD 29 in southwestern Sabine Parish. In 

most of the parish, water in the Carrizo-Wilcox aquifer flows 

in a southerly direction (Seanor and Smoot, 1995). Water levels 

in the aquifer generally fluctuate in response to precipitation. 

Groundwater levels in well Sa-465 (fig. 1), screened 80 ft below 

land surface in the Carrizo-Wilcox aquifer, fluctuated up to about 

6 ft annually (fig. 4).

State well-registration records listed 822 active water wells 

screened in the Carrizo-Wilcox aquifer in Sabine Parish in 2010, 

including 699 domestic, 75 irrigation, 42 public supply, and 

6 industrial. Well depths ranged from 11 to 2,000 ft below land 

surface, with a median depth of 188 ft. Yields from wells screened 

in the Carrizo-Wilcox aquifer in Sabine Parish have reportedly 

ranged from 3 to 360 gal/min (Louisiana Department of Natural 

Resources, 2012). In 2010, withdrawals from the Carrizo-Wilcox 

aquifer in Sabine Parish totaled about 1.81 Mgal/d and included 

about 1.23 Mgal/d for public supply, 0.12 Mgal/d for industrial 

use, 0.45 Mgal/d for rural domestic use, and 0.01 Mgal/d for 

livestock. 

A statistical summary of selected water-quality characteristics 

for freshwater samples collected from 70 wells screened in the 

Carrizo-Wilcox aquifer in Sabine Parish is presented in table 3. 

The median value for hardness fell within the soft range. Median 

values for pH and concentrations of chloride, iron, and manganese 

fell within the SMCLs. 

Surface-Water Resources 

In 2010, about 1.76 Mgal/d of surface water were withdrawn 

in Sabine Parish. Public-supply use accounted for about 74 percent 

(1.30 Mgal/d) of the total water withdrawn. Other withdrawals 

were for industrial use and livestock (table 2). The Toledo Bend 

Reservoir on the Sabine River is the primary source of fresh 

surface water in the parish, providing about 77 percent (1.35 

Mgal/d) of all surface-water withdrawals in the parish (table 1). 

Major streams in the parish include Bayou San Patricio, Bayou 

San Miguel, Bayou Scie, Bayou La Nana, and Bayou Toro (fig. 1). 

Table 4. Summary of selected water-quality characteristics for the Sabine River at Logansport and Bayou San Patricio near Benson, 

Louisiana (U.S. Geological Survey, 2013a).

[Values are in milligrams per liter, except as noted. μS/cm, microsiemens per centimeter; °C, degrees Celsius; SU, standard units; CaCO3, calcium carbonate; μg/L, 

micrograms per liter; SMCL, Secondary Maximum Contaminant Level established by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (2012); NA, not applicable]

Specific conductance, field 

(μS/cm at 25 °C)

Oxygen, 

dissolved

pH,

field

(SU)

Hardness 

(as 

CaCO3)

Calcium, 

filtered 

(as Ca)

Magnesium, 

filtered 

(as Mg)

Sodium, 

filtered 

(as Na)

Chloride, 

filtered 

(as Cl)

Sulfate, 

filtered 

(as SO4)

Iron,

filtered

(μg/L

as Fe)

Sabine River at Logansport, 1971–851

Median 321.0 8.4 6.9 60.0 16.0 4.4 34.0 53.0 30.0 100

10th percentile 203.6 6.2 6.5 34.0 8.6 3.1 17.6 24.6 18.6 10

90th percentile 498.4 11.1 7.4 75.0 21.4 5.9 66.0 93.6 38.8 290

Number of 

samples

47.0 44.0 47.0 47.0 47.0 47.0 47.0 47.0 47.0 19

Percentage of 

samples that 

do not exceed 

SMCLs

NA NA 96 NA NA NA NA 100 100 89

Bayou San Patricio near Benson, 1955–882

Median 152 6.5 6.5 36 8.6 3.2 13 17.5 13.0 505

10th percentile 91.5 3.9 5.9 21 4.4 1.9 7.8 9.5 7.0 232

90th percentile 217 9.8 7.1 47 13 4.4 21 28 24 841

Number of 

samples

36 35 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 14

Percentage of 

samples that 

do not exceed 

SMCLs

NA NA 56 NA NA NA NA 100 100 21

SMCLs

NA NA 6.5–8.5 NA NA NA NA 250 250 300

1

Station number 08022500.

2

Station number 08023400. 
The Toledo Bend Reservoir was constructed primarily for 

the purposes of water supply, hydroelectric power generation, and 

recreation. The reservoir was completed in 1969 and normally 

covers an area of about 185,000 acres at full-pool stage (Louisiana 

Department of Transportation and Development, 2011). USGS 

gage records for Toledo Bend Reservoir near Burkeville, Texas (site 

number 08025350), and Sabine River at Toledo Bend Reservoir 

near Burkeville, Texas (site number 08025360), indicated that at 

the conservation stage of 172 ft above NGVD 29, lake storage is 

4,472,900 acre-feet (acre-ft), and mean annual runoff during the 

period from 1972 to 2012 was 4,017,000 acre-ft.4 The reservoir 

extends from the dam site up the Sabine River for about 65 mi to 

just north of Logansport. Prior to the completion of Toledo Bend 

Reservoir, the average discharge for the Sabine River at Logansport 

(site number 08022500) was 3,325 cubic feet per second (ft3/s) 

for the period 1904–60. In 1961, the drainage area was heavily 

4

1 acre-ft is the volume of water covering 1 acre of land to a depth of 1 ft 

resulting in 43,560 ft3 or approximately 325,851 gallons.

regulated, and average discharge during the period 1961–67 was 

2,252 ft3/s (U.S. Geological Survey, 2013b). 

Water samples analyzed during the period 1971–85 indicated 

that water in the Sabine River at Logansport generally was soft 

to moderately hard (table 4) and did not exceed the SMCLs 

for concentrations of chloride and sulfate. Iron concentrations 

were below the SMCL for 89 percent of the samples. Dissolvedoxygen concentrations were generally greater than 5 mg/L. This 

concentration is considered the minimum value for a diversified 

population of fresh, warmwater biota, including sport fish 

(Louisiana Department of Environmental Quality, 2008). To 

the east of Toledo Bend Reservoir, Bayou San Patricio flows 

into Sabine Parish roughly 4 mi north-northeast of the town of 

Converse. Water samples analyzed during the period 1955–88 

from Bayou San Patricio near Benson (site number 08023400) 

indicated that water from this stream did not exceed the SMCLs 

for concentrations of chloride or sulfate but was found to generally 

exceed the SMCL for iron concentrations (table 4). Dissolvedoxygen concentrations were generally greater than 5 mg/L (U.S. 

Geological Survey, 2013a). 

This fact sheet was published by the U.S. 

Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Louisiana 

Department of Transportation and Development 

(DOTD). Thanks are given to Zahir “Bo” Bolourchi, 

Director, Water Resources Programs, Louisiana DOTD, 

who contributed to the content of the fact sheet.

By Lawrence B. Prakken, Vincent E. White, and 

John K. Lovelace

For additional information, contact: 

Director, USGS Louisiana Water Science Center

3535 S. Sherwood Forest Blvd., Suite 120

Baton Rouge, LA 70816

E-mail: dc_la@usgs.gov

Fax: (225) 298–5490

Telephone: (225) 298–5481

Home Page: http://la.water.usgs.gov

ISSN 2327–6916 (print)

ISSN 2327–6932 (online)

http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/fs20143040

References Cited 

Brantly, J.A., and Seanor, R.C., 1996, Louisiana ground-water map no. 9—

Potentiometric surface, 1993, and water-level changes, 1968–93, of the 

Cockfield aquifer in northern Louisiana: U.S. Geological Survey WaterResources Investigations Report 95–4241, 2 sheets, accessed January 24, 2012, 

at http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/wri954241.

Hem, J.D., 1985, Study and interpretation of the chemical characteristics of natural 

water (3d ed.): U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 2254, 264 p., 

accessed February 20, 2013, at http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/wsp2254.

Louisiana Department of Environmental Quality, 2008, Environmental Regulatory 

Code, Title 33, Part IX, Subpart 1: Baton Rouge, Louisiana Department of 

Environmental Quality, accessed June 9, 2009, at http:www.deq.louisiana.gov/

portal/tabid/1674/Default.aspx.

Louisiana Department of Natural Resources, 2012, Strategic Online Natural 

Resources Information System (SONRIS): Louisiana Department of Natural 

Resources database, accessed June 26, 2012, at http://sonris.com/.

Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development, 2011, DOTD A–Z, 

Sabine River Authority: accessed November 29, 2011, at http://www8.dotd.

la.gov/dotdaz/definition.aspx?termID=45.

Page, L.V., Newcome, Roy, Jr., and Graeff, G.D., Jr., 1963, Water resources of 

Sabine Parish, Louisiana: Department of Conservation, Louisiana Geological 

Survey, and Louisiana Department of Public Works Water Resources Bulletin 

no. 3, 146 p.

Sargent, B.P., 2011, Water use in Louisiana, 2010: Louisiana Department of 

Transportation and Development Water Resources Special Report no. 17, 133 p. 

Seanor, R.C., and Smoot, C.W., 1995, Louisiana ground-water map no. 8—

Potentiometric surface, 1991, of the Carrizo-Wilcox aquifer in northwestern 

Louisiana: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 

95–4176, 1 sheet, accessed July 6, 2012, at http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/

wri954176.

Smoot, C.W., 1986, Louisiana hydrologic atlas map no. 2—Areal extent of 

freshwater in major aquifers of Louisiana: U.S. Geological Survey WaterResources Investigations Report 86-4150, 1 sheet, accessed January 18, 2012, at 

http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/wri864150.

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freshwater in Louisiana: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations 

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publication/wri864314.

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water standards and health advisories: U.S. Environmental Protection 

Agency publication EPA 822-S-12-001, Office of Water, 12 p., accessed 

August 7, 2012, at http://water.epa.gov/action/advisories/drinking/upload/

dwstandards2012.pdf.

U.S. Geological Survey, 2011, Groundwater levels for Louisiana: National Water 

Information System Web Interface, accessed November 2, 2011, at http://nwis.

waterdata.usgs.gov/la/nwis/gwlevels.

U.S. Geological Survey, 2013a, Water quality samples for Louisiana: National 

Water Information System Web Interface, accessed September 24, 2013, at 

http://nwis.waterdata.usgs.gov/la/nwis/qwdata.

U.S. Geological Survey, 2013b, Annual water-data report: USGS Water Resources 

of the United States, Publications, Annual Water Data Reports, accessed 

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