OCS Study 

MMS 95-010 

An Investigation of the Sociocultural 

Consequences of Outer Continental Shelf 

Development in Alaska 

I. Introduction 

U.S. Department ofthe lrrterior 

Minerals Management Service 

Alaska Outer Continental Shelf Region 

OCS Study 

MMS 95-010 

Technical Report No. 160 Cooperative Agreement No. 14-35-0001-30622 

An Investigation of the Sociocultural 

Consequences of Outer Continental Shelf 

Development in Alaska 

I. Introduction 

James A. Fall and Charles J. Utermohle, editors 

Contributors: 

Jeffrey Barnhart, Louis Brown, Jimmie Evak, James A. Fall, Susan Georgette, 

Lisa Hutchinson-Scarbrough, Gretchen Jennings, James Magdanz, Rachel Mason, 

Rita Miraglia, Craig Mishler, Sverre Pedersen, Jody Se&, Sandra Skaggs, 

Ronald T. Stanek, Lisa Tomrdle, Charles J. Utermohle, and Vicki Vanek 

Submitted to: 

United States Department of the Interior 

Minerals Management Service 

Alaska OCS Region 

Social and Economic Studies Unit 

949 E. 36th Ave. 

Anchorage, Alaska 99508-4302 

Submitted by: 

Division of Subsistence 

Alaska Department of Fish and Game 

333 Raspberry Road 

Anchorage, Alaska 99518 

March 1995 
NOTICE 

This report has been reviewed by the Minerals Management Service and approved for publication. 

Approval does not signify that the contents necessarily reflect the views and policies of the Service, nor 

does mention of trade names or commercial products constitute endorsement or recommendation for 

use. 

Alaska OCS Environmental Studies Program 

An Investigation of the Sociocultural Consequences of Outer Continental Shelf Development in 

Alaska 

I. Introduction 

Y 

Division of Subsistence 

Alaska Department of Fish and Game 

333 Raspberry Road 

Anchorage, Alaska 99518 

March 1995 

The Alaska Department of Fish and Game conducts all programs and activities free from 

discrimination on the basis of sex, color, race, religion, national origin, age, marital status, pregnancy, 

parenthood, or disability. For information on alternative formats available for this and other department 

publications, please contact the department ADA Coordinator at (voice) 907-465-4120, (TDD) l-800-478- 

3648 or (FAX) 907-586-6595. Any person who believes s/he has been discriminated against should write 

to: ADF&G, P.0. Box 25526, Juneau, Alaska 998025526; or O.E.O., U.S. Department of the Interior, 

Washington, D.C. 20240. 
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 

This report provides selected findings from a three-year study entiied “An Investigation Of the 

Sociocultural Consequences of Outer Continental Shelf Development in Alaska.” The findings are 

primarily organized by study community, and the report ‘consists of 24 chapters in six volumes. The 

project was conducted by the Division of Subsistence of the Alaska Department of Fish and Game (the 

division’) under a cooperative agreement (No. 14-35-0001-30822) with the U.S. Department of the 

Interior, Minerals Management Service (MMS). The primary purpose of the research was to investigate 

the long-term social and cultural consequences of the development of the resources of Alaska’s Outer 

Continental Shelf (OCS), especially as these affect the subsistence uses of fish and wildlife. 

Investigation of the consequences of the Exxon Valdez oil spill of March 1989 was a major focus of the 

research. 

Most data were collected through voluntary face-to-face interviews using two instruments. The 

first, the harvest survey questionnaire,” modeled after the division’s standard survey instrument, 

collected data on household demography, involvement in the cash economy, resource harvests and 

uses, and assessments of changes in subsistence harvest and use patterns. The second instrument, the 

Social Effects Questionnaire”was based in part on questionnaires and interview protocols used in prior 

Social Indicators research funded by MMS. It addressed changes in social and community organization 

which could be affected by OCS development. 

Three rounds of fieldwork took place, in 1992, 1993, and 1994. Study communities in the area 

affected by the Exxon Valdez oil spill included Chenega Bay, Cordova. Tatiilek, and Valdez in the Prince 

William Sound area; Kenai, Nanwalek, Port Graham, and Seldovia in the Cook Inlet area; Akhiok, 

Karluk, Kodiak, Larsen Bay, Old Harbor, Ouzinkie, and Port Lions in the Kodiak Island Borough; and 

Chignik Bay and Chignik Lake in the Lake and Peninsula Borough (Alaska Peninsula). Additionally, the 

study added control or reference communities in the Arctic region which will strengthen the application of 

the findings to broad questions of sociocultural change which are related to development of the 

resources of the Outer Continental Shelf. These were Kotzebue, Kaktovik, Kivalina, and Nuiqsut. 

Earlier research by the division found that the Exxon Valdez oil spill caused major impacts on 

subsistence uses and the sociocultural systems which they support There was a definite geographic 

pattern to these spill effects which reflects the relative degree of oiling and the persistence of oil in the 

environment. Impacts were greatest on communities closest to the spill - particularly Tatitlek and Chenega 

Bay - and lessened with distance from Prince William Sound. 

Over the three years of this study, further evidence of this geographic pattern developed, with 

communities closer to the spill in Prince William Sound and lower Cook Inlet, as well as Ouzinkie, reporting 

higher levels of spill impacti than more distant communities. A rektively high percentage of respondents 

in Chenega Bay, Nanwalek, and Tatitlek in all three study years said there was less sharing of wild foods 

. . . III 
since the spill. Similarly, of all study communities, the largest percentages in Ouzinkie, Port Graham, 

Chenega Bay, Nanwalek, and Tatitlek said that the spill had a negatlve effect on children’s participation in 

subsistence activities. Households in Prince William Sound communit& and especially Cordova and 

Chenega Bay, were most likely to say that they liked living in their community less during the StudY Years 

than before the spill. 

Subsistence harvest levels in all the communities of the oil spill area appear to be rebounding from 

the low levels of the first and second post-spill years. Pre-spill levels of harve&s have been approached or 

matched in most affected communities, such as Nanwaiek, Port Graham, Port Lions, Larsen Bay, Old 

Harbor, and Akhiok. However, In the severely impacted communities d Tatitlek, Chenega Bay, and 

Ouzinkie, harvest levels remain below pm-spill averages. In Tatltlek and Chenega Bay, harvests appear to 

have declined in the third year of this project from estimated levels for the first and second years. There 

also continues to be an important shift in the composition of subsistence harvests in Chenega Bay and 

Tatitlek, with much lower takes of marine mammals than before the spill and a larger portion of the harvests 

composed of fish. 

In many study communities, a significant proportion of households reported that subsistence uses 

have not recovered to earlier levels. This position is expressed strongly in the Prince William Sound 

villages, in Nanwalek, and in Ouzinkie. In all four villages, a larger percentage of households reported 

lowered levels of resource harvests compared to before the spill in 1993 than did so in 1991. Thus the 

perception appears to be not only one of lowered subsistence uses, but that uses continue to decline. 

There has been an important shift in the explanations people offer concerning why the spill’s 

impacts reduced their resource uses. In 1989, a majority of households wlth spill-caused reductions in 

resource uses cited fear of oil contamination as the reason for the decline. By 1993, the vast majority of 

households who still said that the spill’s effects were impacting their subsistence uses cited reduced 

resource populations as the cause of the decline. This viewpoint was especially strong in Prince William 

Sound. A large majority of respondents in Chenega Bay in all three years said that populations of deer, 

harbor seals, sea lions, sea ducks, and clams were down since the’spill. In the second and third years an 

increasing majority said that salmon stocks were down as well. At Tatitlek, a majority of respondents said 

there were less deer, seals, sea lions, sea ducks, salmon, halibut, clams, bidarkies, and octopus. 

Contamination concerns about specific resources, while substantially reduced from the levels 

expressed in the first few years after the spill, persist among many households, especially in Chenega Bay, 

Tatitlek, Port Graham, and Nanwalek. Substantial percentages of households reported that they had not 

received adequate information about the safety of subsistence foods. This illustrates an important finding 

that many households in the spill area returned to using subsistence foods despite lingering contamination 

fears. The economic and cultural necessities of using subsistence foods have compelled Alaska Natives of 

the spill area to resume subsistence harvests even at increased costs of time, money, and health concerns. 

iv 
In Tatitlek and Chenega Bay, subsistence harvesters’ observations of reduced wildlife pOpUlatiOnS 

and diseased animals (such as a viral infection in Prince William Sound herring), created substantial doubts 

about the overall health of the natural environment. In 1989, the spill’s immediate effects caused 

subsistence users to distrust the safety of subsistence foods. Direct observations of dead and injured 

wildlife, interpreted through traditional systems of knowledge, strongly suggested to subsistence users that 

resources might be unsafe for humans. The spill also created conditions very unfamiliar to subsistence 

users which experience and training were ill-equipped to explain. Under these circumstances, many 

households acted with caution. By 1993, traditional knowledge about food safety and edibility continued to 

inform people’s decisions about subsistence uses. In addition, public health advisories had been 

disseminated in villages through the work of the Oil Spill Health Task Force. But doubts persisted that 

traditional and scientific knowledge were not enough to answer questions about what the spill had done. 

In the view of many of the people interviewed as part of this project, and especially in Prince William Sound 

and among Alaska Native people, the spill had caused fundamental changes to natural resource 

populations and the natural environment overall that have yet to be adequately explained. This uncertainty 

has had profound effects on the outlook for the future that people expressed in several communities, such 

as Tatitlek, Chenega Bay, and Cordova. This remains an important long-term impact of the spill. 

Finally, one additional social effect of the Exxon Valdez oil spill has been the prolonged litigation 

over damage claims. Rulings in federal court which ruled ineligible claims by the Alaska Native Class 

concerning injuries to their way of life were especially disheartening to the people whose subsistence uses 

had suffered following the spill. In some cases, these rulings discouraged people from participating in this 

research. They concluded that additional studies were pointless. The settlement with Exxon regarding the 

replacement value of lost subsistence harvests was viewed by subsistence users as, at best, only a partial 

compensation of the Native Class claims. A view persisted that the cultural importance of subsistence to 

the Alaska Native communities of the spill area and the injury that this culture suffered had not yet been 

acknowledged by the judicial process. Appeals of these rulings were in preparation as this report was 

being completed. This continuing litigation remains another long-term impact of the spill, and should be 

considered in impact assessments for future Outer Continental Shelf development. 

V 

TABLE OF CONTENTS 

UST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................................... XIX 

LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................................. xlvii 

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...................................................................................... 

Ivi 

.............................................. 

Volume I: Introduction 

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .._._.............................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l-l 

by James A. Fall, Ronald T. Stanek, and Charles J. Utermohle 

PROJECT BACKGROUND.. .................................................................................................. .l-1 

STUDY COMMUNITIES AND STUDY YEARS ....................................................................... l-2 

PURPOSE, OBJECTIVES, AND DATA COLLECTION METHODS ....................................... l-3 

The Harvest Survey Instrument ................................................................................ l-3 

The Social Effects Questionnaire ............................................................................. l-5 

STAFFING AND TRAINING .................................................................................................... l-9 

SAMPLE GOALS AND ACHIEVEMENT ............................................................................... l-10 

The First Study Year, 1991 ...................................................................................... I-10 

The Second Study Year, 1992 ................................................................................ l-l 1 

The Third Study Year, 1993 .................................................................................... l-12 

Refusal Rates ........................................................................................................... l-12 

INTERVIEW LENGTH ........................................................................................................... l-13 

DATA MANAGEMENT PROCEDURES AND DATA ANALYSIS .......................................... l-15 

Data Verification. ..................................................................................................... l-15 

Standardized Datasets ............................................................................................ l-16 

ORGANIZATION OF THE REPORT ..................................................................................... l-17 

OVERVIEW OF THE EXXON VALDEZ OIL SPILL ................................................................. l-18 

The Spill and the Clean-up ................................................................................................... l-18 

Damage Assessment Studies .............................................................................................. l-19 

The Issue of Subsistence Food Safety. ............................................................................... l-20 

Subsistence Harvests and Uses in 1989 and 1999 ............................................................. l-23 

Litigation.. .............................................................................................................................. l-24 

Restoration.. .......................................................................................................................... l-26 

Volume II: Prince William Sound 

CHAPTER II: CORDOVA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......... II-1 

by Jody Seitz and James A. Fall 

COMMUNITY BACKGROUND .............................................................................................. II-1 

METHODOLOGY.. ................................................................................................................. II-3 

The 1991 Study Year.. .............................................................................................. II-3 

The 1992 Study Year.. .............................................................................................. II4 

The 1993 Study Year.. .............................................................................................. II-5 

DEMOGRAPHY.. ................................................................................................................... II-5 

The 1991 Study Year.. .............................................................................................. II-5 

The 1992 Study Year ................................................................................................ II-6 

The 1993 Study Year.. .............................................................................................. II-7 

vii 
CASH ECONOMY.. ................................................................................................................ 11-7 

The 1991 Study Year.. .............................................................................................. 11-7 

The 1992 Study Year.. .............................................................................................. II-8 

The 1993 Study Year .............................................................................................. II-10 

WILD RESOURCE HARVESTS AND USES: 1991 ............................................................. II-1 1 

Participation in Hunting, Fishing, and Gathering Activities.. ................................ II-1 1 

Harvest Quantities and Composition .................................................................... II-12 

Exchange Patterns ................................................................................................. II-14 

WILD RESOURCE HARVESTS AND USES: 1992 ............................................................. II-15 

Participation in Hunting, Fishing, and Gathering Activiiies .................................. II-15 

Harvest Quantities and Composition ................................................................... II-15 

Exchange Patterns.. ............................................................................................... II-1 8 

WILD RESOURCE HARVESTS AND USES: 1993.. ........................................................... II-18 

Participation in Hunting, Fishing, and Gathering Activities.. ................................ II-1 8 

Harvest Composition ............................................................................................. II-19 

Harvests and Uses by Resource Category.. ......................................................... II-20 

Exchange Patterns. ................................................................................................ II-22 

DISCUSSION: CORDOVA AND THE EXXON VALDEZ OIL SPILL.. .................................. II-23 

Introduction ............................................................................................................ II-23 

Economic Patterns.. ............................................................................................... II-23 

Changes in Harvests for Home Use.. .................................................................... II-24 

Social Effects Questionnaire Findings .................................................................. II-26 

CONCLUSIONS.. ................................................................................................................. II-30 

CHAPTER Ill: VALDEZ . . . . . . . . . . . . . .._................................................................................................................. Ill-l 

by Rita A. Miraglia and Lisa Tomrdle 

COMMUNITY BACKGROUND ............................................................................................. Ill-l 

RESEARCH METHODS.. ...................................................................................................... Ill-1 

DEMOGRAPHY.. ................................................................................................................... Ill-3 

The 1991 Study Year.. ............................................................................................. Ill-3 

The 1992 Study Year.. ............................................................................................. Ill-4 

The 1993 Study Year.. ............................................................................................. Ill-4 

CASH ECONOMY.. ............................................................................................................... Ill-4 

The 1991 Study Year ............................................................................................... Ill-4 

The 1992 Study Year ............................................................................................... Ill-6 

The 1993 Study Year ............................................................................................... Ill-6 

RESOURCE HARVESTS AND USES: 1991 ........................................................................ Ill-7 

Participation in Hunting, Fishing, and Gathering Activities.. ................................. Ill-7 

Resource Harvest Quantities .................................................................................. Ill-7 

RESOURCE HARVESTS AND USES: 1992 ...................................................................... 111-10 

Participation in Hunting, Fishing, and Gathering Activities.. ............................... Ill-l 0 

Resource Harvest Quantities.. .............................................................................. Ill-l 0 

RESOURCE HARVESTS AND USES: 1993.. .................................................................... Ill-1 1 

Participation in Hunting, Fishing, and Gathering Activities.. ............................... Ill-1 1 

Resource Harvest Quantities ... _ ............................................................................ Ill-l 1 

DISCUSSION ...................................................................................................................... Ill-13 

Patterns of Wild Resource Use.. ........................................................................... Ill-1 3 

The Exxon Valdez Oil Spill and Valdez ................................................................. Ill-1 4 

. . . VIII 
CHAPTER IV: CHENEGA BAY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV-1 

by Jody Seitz and Rita Miraglia 

SElTING AND COMMUNITY BACKGROUND .................................................................... IV-1 

METHODS AND SAMPLE SIZE ........................................................................................... IV-2 

DEMOGRAPHY.. ................................................................................................................... IV-3 

CASH ECONOMY.. ............................................................................................................... IV-3 

The 1991/92 Study Year ......................................................................................... IV4 

The 1992/93 Study Year ......................................................................................... IV4 

The 1993/94 Study Year ......................................................................................... IV-5 

WILD RESOURCE HARVESTS AND USES: 1991/92 ....................................................... IV-6 

Participation in Hunting and Gathering Activities ................................................. IV-6 

Harvest Quantities and Composition ..................................................................... IV-6 

WILD RESOURCE HARVESTS AND USES: 1992/93 ...................................................... IV-12 

Participation in Hunting, Fishing, and Gathering Activities ................................ IV-12 

Harvest Quantities and Composition ................................................................... IV-1 2 

WILD RESOURCE HARVESTS AND USES: 1993/94 ...................................................... IV-1 7 

Participation in Hunting Fishing, and Gathering Activiiies ................................. IV-1 7 

Harvest Quantities and Composition ................................................................... IV-1 7 

DISCUSSION: CHANGES IN SUBSISTENCE HARVEST AND USE PATTERNS.. ....... ..IV-2 1 

THE EXXON VALDEZ OIL SPILL AND CHENEGA BAY ..................................................... IV-22 

Foods and Food Safety ........................................................................................ IV-22 

Significance of Place ............................................................................................. IV-23 

Leadership ............................................................................................................. IV-24 

CONCLUSION .................................................................................................................... IV-24 

CHAPTER V: TATITLEK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......... V-l 

by Jody Seitz and James A. Fall 

COMMUNITY BACKGROUND .............................................................................................. V-l 

METHODOLOGY.. ................................................................................................................. V-3 

DEMOGRAPHY.. .................................................................................................................... V-4 

CASH ECONOMY.. ................................................................................................................ V-5 

1991/92 Study Year.. ............................................................................................... V-5 

1993/94 Study Year.. ............................................................................................... V-6 

SUBSISTENCE RESOURCE HARVEST AND USE: 1991/92. ............................................. V-6 

Participation Rates.. ................................................................................................. V-6 

Harvest Quantities.. .................................................................................................. V-8 

Composition of the Harvest.. ................................................................................... V-9 

Harvests and Uses by Resource Category.. ........................................................... V-9 

SUBSISTENCE RESOURCE HARVEST AND USE: 1993/94.. .......................................... V-l 4 

Participation Rates.. ............................................................................................... V-l 4 

Harvest Quantities.. ................................................................................................ V-l 5 

Composition of the Harvest.. ................................................................................. V-l 5 

Harvests and Uses by Resource Category.. ......................................................... V-l 6 

DISCUSSION: COMPARISONS WITH PREVIOUS YEARS .............................................. V-18 

Subsistence Harvests Quantities: Overall Levels of Harvest.. ............................. V-l 8 

Tatitlek and the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill: Social Effects Questionnaire 

Results .................................................................................................................... V-i 9 

CONCLUSION ..................................................................................................................... V-23 

ix 
Volume Ill: Lower Cook Inlet 

CHAPTER VI: KENAI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VI-1 

by Lisa Tomrdle, Lisa Hutchinson-Scarbrough, and Ronald T. Stanek 

COMMUNITY BACKGROUND ............................................................................................. VI-1 

RESEARCH METHODS.. ...................................................................................................... VI-2 

The 1991 Study Year. .............................................................................................. VI-2 

The 1992 Study Year.. ............................................................................................. VI-3 

The 1993 Study Year.. ............................................................................................. VI-3 

DEMOGRAPHY.. ................................................................................................................... VI-4 

The 1991 Study Year.. ............................................................................................. Vl4 

The 1992 Study Year ............................................................................................... VI4 

The 1993 Study Year.. ............................................................................................. VI-4 

CASH ECONOMY ................................................................................................................. VI-5 

The 1991 Study Year.. ............................................................................................. VI-5 

The 1992 Study Year.. ............................................................................................. VI-6 

The 1993 Study Year.. ............................................................................................. VI6 

RESOURCE HARVESTS AND USES: 1991 ....................................................................... VI-7 

Participation in Hunting, Fishing, and Gathering Activities: 1991 ........................ VI-7 

Resource Harvest Quantities: 1991 ....................................................................... VI-8 

RESOURCE HARVESTS AND USES: 1992.. .................................................................... VI-1 2 

Participation in Hunting, Fishing, and Gathering Activities: 1992.. .................... VI-1 2 

Resource Harvest Quantities: 1992.. ................................................................... VI-12 

RESOURCE HARVESTS AND USES: 1993 ...................................................................... VI-1 2 

Participation in Hunting, Fishing, and Gathering Activities: 1993 ...................... VI-1 2 

Resource Harvest Quantities: 1993.. ................................................................... VI-1 3 

DISCUSSION ...................................................................................................................... VI-17 

Subsistence Salmon Regulations and Changes in Harvest 

Levels: 1991, 1992 and 1993 ............................................................................... VI-17 

The &xon Valdez Oil Spill and Kenai; the Social Effects Questionnaire.. ....... ..VI-19 

Summary of Findings of the Social Effects Questionnaire; Kenai 

1991, 1992 and 1993.. .......................................................................................... VI-19 

CONCLUSION .................................................................................................................... VI-22 

CHAPTER VII: SELDOVIA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... VII-1 

by Ronald T. Stanek, Lisa Tomrdle, and James A. Fall 

COMMUNITY BACKGROUND ............................................................................................ VII-1 

RESEARCH METHODS.. .................................................................................................... VII-2 

DEMOGRAPHY .................................................................................................................... VII-3 

The 1991 Study Year .............................................................................................. VII-3 

The 1992 Study Year .............................................................................................. VII4 

The 1993 Study Year .............................................................................................. VII4 

CASH ECONOMY ................................................................................................................ VII-5 

The 1991 Study Year .............................................................................................. VII-5 

The 1992 Study Year .............................................................................................. VII-6 

The 1993 Study Year .............................................................................................. VII-7 

RESOURCE HARVESTS AND USES: 1991/92 ................................................................. VII-9 

Participation in Hunting, Fishing, and Gathering Activiiies .................................. VII-8 

Resource Harvest Quantities and Harvest Composition.. .................................... VII-8 

RESOURCE HARVESTS AND USES: 1992/93 ............................................................... VII-12 

X 
Participation in Hunting, Fishing, and G&ering Activities.. .............................. Vfl-12 

Resource Harvest Quantities and Hawest Composition.. .................................. VII-1 2 

RESOURCE HARVESTS AND USES: 1993/94 ............... -. ............................................ VII-13 

Participation in Hunting, Fishing, and Gathering Activities ................................ VII-13 

Resource Harvest Quantities and Harvest Composition.. .................................. Vll-13 

DISCUSSION ..................................................................................................................... VII-1 5 

Patterns of Wild Resource Uses ......................... ..-...........................................- . Vll-15 

Comparisons with other Communities ................................................................ Vll-19 

The Exxon Valdez Oil Spill and Seldovia: Findings from the Social Effects 

Questionnaire.. ..................................................................................................... VII-29 

CHAPTER VIII: PORT GRAHAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..--..............-.............................................. VIII-1 

by Ronald T. Stanek 

COMMUNITY BACKGROUND ........................................................................................... VIII-1 

RESEARCH METHODS.. .................................................................................................... VIII-2 

DEMOGRAPHY ................................................................................................................... VIII-3 

1991/92 Study Year.. ............................................................................................ VIII-3 

1992/93 Study Year.. ............................................................................................ VIII-3 

1993/94 Study Year.. ............................................................................................ VIII-4 

CASH ECONOMY ............................................................................................................... VIII-4 

1991/92 Study Year.. ............................................................................................ vlll-4 

1992/93 Study Year.. ............................................................................................ VIII-5 

1993/94 Study Year.. ............................................................................................ VIII-6 

RESOURCE USES: 1991/92.. ........................................................................................... VIII-7 

Participation in Hunting, Fishing, and Gathering Activities ................................. VIII-7 

Harvest Quantities and Composition ................................................................... VIII-8 

1991/92 Household Assessments of Change in Wild Resource Use.. ............. VIII-l 2 

1991/92 Discarded Wild Resources.. ................................................................. VIII-l 3 

RESOURCE USES: 1992/93.. ......................................................................................... VIII-13 

Participation in Hunting, Fishing, and Gathering Activities ............................... VIII-l 3 

Harvest Quantities and Composition ................................................................. VIII-1 4 

RESOURCE USES: 1993/94.. ......................................................................................... ~111-15 

Participation in Hunting, Fishing, and Gathering Activities.. ............................. VIII-15 

Resource Use, Harvest Quantities, and Composition.. ..................................... VIII-1 6 

Assessments of Change in Wild Resource Use ................................................. VIII-l 6 

DISCUSSION ....................................................... . ............................................................ VIII-17 

Patterns of Wild Resource Uses ......................................................................... VIII-17 

Comparisons with Other Communities.. ............................................................ VIII-18 

The Exxon Valdez Oil Spill and Port Graham ..................................................... VIII-19 

CHAPTER IX: NANWALEK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... IX-1 

by Ronald T. Stanek 

COMMUNITY BACKGROUND ............................................................................................. IX-1 

RESEARCH METHODS ........................................................................................................ IX-2 

DEMOGRAPHY ..................................................................................................................... IX-2 

1991/92 Study Year ................................................................................................ IX-2 

1992/93 Study Year.. .............................................................................................. IX-3 

1993/94 Study Year ................................................................................................ IX-3 

CASH ECONOMY ................................................................................................................. IX4 

1991/92 Study Year ................................................................................................ IX4 

xi 
1992/93 Study Year ................................................................................................ 1x4 

1993/94 Study Year ................................................................................................ IX-7 

RESOURCE USES: lsSl/92..........................................................--........................-..........~X- 9 

Participation in Hunting, Fishing and Gathering Activities, and 

Use of Resources.. .................................................................................................. IX-9 

Harvest Quantities and Composition .... , .............................................................. IX-1 0 

1991/92 HOUSEHOLD ASSESSMENTS OF CHANGE.. .................................................. IX-13 

1991/92 DISCARDED WILD RESOURCES ....................................................................... IX-14 

RESOURCES USES: 1992/93 ........................................................................................... IX-1 5 

Participation in Hunting, Fishing and Gathering Activities .................................. IX-1 5 

Harvest Quantities and Composition ................................................................... IX-1 5 

RESOURCE USES: 1993/94 ............................................................................................. IX-17 

Participation in Hunting, Fishing and Gathering ActNities .................................. IX-1 7 

Hawest Quantities and Composition ................................................................... IX-1 7 

DISCUSSION ...................................................................................................................... IX-1 9 

Patterns of Wild Resource Uses ........................................................................... IX-1 9 

Comparisons with Other Communities.. .............................................................. IX-20 

The Gcron Valdez Oil Spill and Nanwalek ............................................................ IX-21 

Volume IV: Kodiak Island 

CHAPTER X: KODIAK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..-...-........................................X-l 

by Craig Mishler, Rachel Mason, and Jeffrey Bamhart 

CLIMATE, SEI-TING, AND GENERAL HISTORY.. ................................................................ X-l 

PREVIOUS RESEARCH ......................................................................................................... X-2 

STUDY GOALS AND RESEARCH OBJECTIVES ................................................................. X-2 

Methodology ............................................................................................................ X-3 

Fieldwork.. ................................................................................................................ X-3 

Sample Selection and Achievement. ....................................................................... x4 

DEMOGRAPHY.. .................................................................................................................... X-5 

MONETARY ECONOMY ..................................................................................................... ..x- 7 

Year One.. ................................................................................................................. X-9 

Year Two.. ................................................................................................................. X-9 

Year Three.. .............................................................................................................. X-9 

RESOURCE HARVESTS AND USES: YEAR ONE ............................................................. X-l 1 

Participation Rates ................................................................................................. X-l 1 

Harvest Quantities.. ................................................................................................ X-l 2 

RESOURCE HARVESTS AND USES: YEAR TWO ....................................................... ..-..x-13 

Participation Rates ................................................................................................. X-i 3 

Harvest Quantities.. ................................................................................................ X-i 3 

RESOURCE HARVESTS AND USES: YEAR THREE ....................................................... ..x-14 

Participation Rates ............... ..-..............................................................................X-l 4 

Harvest Quantities .................................................................................................. x-15 

DISCUSSION ....................................................................................................................... x-17 

Trends ................................................... ..-...............................................................X-l 7 

Ongoing Issues ...................................................................................................... x-20 

SOCIAL EFFECTS .............. ..-...........-..................-...............................................................x-2 1 

xii 
CHAPTER Xl: OLD HARBOR . . . . . . . . . . . . . .._.......................................................................................................... Xl-l 

by Craig Mishler 

CLIMATE, SETTING, AND GENERAL HISTORY.. ............................................................... Xl-l 

PREVIOUS RESEARCH.. ...................................................................................................... Xl-l 

FIELDWORK AND SAMPLE SIZE ........................................................................................ XI-2 

DEMOGRAPHY.. ................................................................................................................... Xl-2 

MONETARY ECONOMY ...................................................................................................... Xl-3 

PARTICIPATION IN RESOURCE HARVEST AND USE ACTIVITIES.. ................................. Xl4 

HARVEST QUANTITIES.. ...................................................................................................... Xl-5 

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS .................................................................................... XI-7 

Comparisons with Previous Years’ Subsistence Harvests.. .................................. Xl-7 

Comparisons with Other Communities.. ................................................................ Xl-8 

SOCIAL EFFECTS FINDINGS .............................................................................................. XI-9 

CONCLUSION .................................................................................................................... XI-13 

CHAPTER XII: OUZINKIE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... XII-1 

by Craig Mishler, Rachel Mason, and Vicki Vanek 

CLIMATE, SEITING, AND GENERAL HISTORY.. .............................................................. XII-l 

PREVIOUS RESEARCH ....................................................................................................... XII-2 

STUDY GOALS AND RESEARCH METHODS.. .................................................................. XII-2 

Fieldwork.. .............................................................................................................. XII-2 

Sample Selection ................................................................................................... XII-3 

DEMOGRAPHY .................................................................................................................... XII4 

MONETARY ECONOMY ..................................................................................................... XII-5 

RESOURCE HARVESTS AND USES: YEAR ONE.. ........................................................... XII-8 

Participation Rates ................................................................................................. XII-8 

Harvest Quantities .................................................................................................. XII-8 

RESOURCE HARVESTS AND USES: YEAR TWO.. ........................................................ XII-10 

Participation Rates.. ............................................................................................. XII-l 0 

Harvest Quantities.. .............................................................................................. XII-l 1 

RESOURCE HARVESTS AND USES: YEAR THREE.. ..................................................... XII-12 

Participation Rates ............................................................................................... XII-12 

Hawest Quantities.. .............................................................................................. XII-13 

DISCUSSION ..................................................................................................................... XII-15 

Harvest Trends.. ................................................................................................... XII-15 

Ongoing Issues .................................................................................................... XII-l 7 

SOCIAL EFFECTS SURVEY FINDINGS ........................................................................... XII-18 

CHAPTER XIII: LARSEN BAY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIII-1 

by Craig Mishler, Rachel Mason, and Jeffrey Barnhart 

CLIMATE, SETTING, AND GENERAL HISTORY.. ............................................................. XIII-l 

PREVIOUS RESEARCH.. .................................................................................................... XIII-2 

STUDY GOALS AND RESEARCH METHODS.. ................................................................. XIII-2 

Fieldwork.. ............................................................................................................. XIII-3 

Sample Selection and Achievement.. .................................................................. XIII-4 

DEMOGRAPHY ................................................................................................................... XIII-4 

MONETARY INCOME ......................................................................................................... XIII-5 

RESOURCE HARVESTS AND USES: YEAR ONE.. ........................................................ ..Xlll-8 

Participation Rates.. .............................................................................................. XIII-8 

. . . XIII 
Harvest Quantities and Composftion ................................................................... XIII-6 

RESOURCE HARVESTS AND USES: YEAR TWO.. ....................................................... XIII-10 

Participation Rates.. ............................................................................................ XIII-10 

Harvest Quantities and Composition ................................................................. XIII-1 1 

RESOURCE HARVESTS AND USES: YEAR THREE ...................................................... XIII-13 

Participation Rates.. ............................................................................................ XIII-1 3 

Harvest Quantities and Composition ................................................................. XIII-13 

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS. ......................... ...................................................... XIII-l 6 

Harvest Trends .................................................................................................... XIII-16 

Ongoing Local Issues ......................................................................................... XIII-17 

SOCIAL EFFECTS ............................................................................................................ XIII-19 

CHAPTER XIV: KARLUK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... XIV-1 

by Rachel Mason and James A. Fall 

SEfTING AND GENERAL HISTORY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIV-1 

FIELDWORK AND SAMPLE SIZE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIV-1 

DEMOGRAPHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XIV-2 

MONETARY ECONOMY . . _ .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIV-3 

RESOURCE USES AND HARVESTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIV4 

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS . . . _ . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIV-7 

Karluk and the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIV-7 

Social Effects Questionnaire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .._.......................................... XIV-6 

Comparisons with Other Communities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIV-9 

CHAPTER XV: AKHIOK ..*. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...*... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XV-1 

by Craig Mishler 

CLIMATE, SETTING AND GENERAL HISTORY . ..__ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XV-1 

PREVIOUS RESEARCH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . w-2 

STUDY GOALS AND RESEARCH OBJECTIVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . w-2 

Fieldwork . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv-3 

Sample Selection and Achievement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv-3 

DEMOGRAPHY.. . . . . . ..-........................-................................................................................. xv-3 

MONETARY ECONOMY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv-3 

RESOURCE HARVEST AND USES . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..-.................................................................._.. xv4 

Participation Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv-4 

Harvest Quantities . . ..-.......................-..................................................................... xv-5 

DISCUSSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..-.......................................................................................... xv-6 

CHAPTER XVI: PORT UONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVI-1 

by James A. Fall and Craig Mishler 

CLIMATE, SETTING, AND GENERA L HISTORY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVI-1 

RESEARCH METHODS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

DEMOGRAPHY 

XVI-2 

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .._................................. WI-2 

CASH ECONOMY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..-.-........................................................................ 

RESOURCE HARVESTS AND USES 

XVI-3 

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . WI-4 

Participation in Harvests and Uses of Wild Resources 

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVI4 

Harvest Quantities and Composition 

DISCUSSION 

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVI-4 

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVI-6 

Xiv 
Volume V: Alaska Peninsula and Arc!ii 

CHAPTER XVII: CHIGNIK BAY.. ................................................................................................................. XVII-1 

by Lisa Hutchinson-Scarbrough 

COMMUNITY BACKGROUND .......................................................................................... XVII-1 

Setting ................................................................................................................... XVII-1 

History .................................................................................................................. XVII-1 

Economy .............................................................................................................. XVII-2 

Government, Facilities, and Services.. ................................................................ XVII-3 

RESEARCH METHODS ..................................................................................................... XVII-3 

DEMOGRAPHY .................................................................................................................. XVII-5 

CASH ECONOMY .............................................................................................................. XVII-5 

RESOURCE USES: 1991/92 ............................................................................................ XVII-6 

RESOURCE HARVEST QUANTITIES: 1991/92 .............................................................. XVII-6 

SUBSISTENCE EQUIPMENT EXPENSES AND USE ..................................................... XVII-10 

THE EXXON VALDEZ OIL SPILL AND CHIGNIK BAY 

THE SOCIAL EFFECTS QUESTIONNAIRE: 1991/92 ................................................. XVIII-1 1 

DISCUSSION .................................................................................................................. XVII-16 

CHAPTER XVIII: CHIGNIK LAKE ............................................................................................................... XVIII-1 

by Lisa Hutchinson-Scarbrough 

COMMUNITY BACKGROUND ......................................................................................... XVIII-1 

Setting .................................................................................................................. XVIII-1 

History ................................................................................................................. XVIII-1 

Economy ............................................................................................................. XVIII-2 

Government, Facilities, and Services.. ............................................................... XVIII-2 

RESEARCH METHODS .................................................................................................... XVIII-3 

DEMOGRAPHY.. ............................................................................................................... XVIII-4 

CASH ECONOMY: 1991/x’. ........................................................................................... XVIII-4 

RESOURCE USES: 1991/92.. ......................................................................................... XVIII-5 

RESOURCE HARVEST QUANTITIES: 1991/92 ............................................................. XVIII-6 

SUBSISTENCE EQUIPMENT EXPENSES AND USE: 1991/92.. ................................. XVIII-1 0 

THE EXXOIv VALDEZ OIL SPILL AND CHIGNIK LAKE: 

THE SOCIAL EFFECTS QUESTIONNAIRE, 1991/92 ................................................... XVIII-10 

DISCUSSION ................................................................................................................. XVIII-15 

CHAPTER XIX: KOREBUE.. ........................................................................................................................ XIX-1 

by James Magdanz, Susan Georgette, and Jimmie Evak, 

COMMUNITY OVERVIEW .................................................................................................. XIX-1 

FIELDWORK.. ..................................................................................................................... XIX-6 

Community Approval ............................................................................................ XIX-6 

Sampling.. .............................................................................................................. XIX-6 

DEMOGRAPHY.. ................................................................................................................. XIX-6 

MONETARY ECONOMY .................................................................................................... XIX-6 

RESOURCE HARVEST AND USE .................................................................................... XIX-1 1 

COMPARISON WITH EARUER FINDINGS ..................................................................... XIX-13 

SOCIAL EFFECTS RESPONSES ..................................................... . ............................... XIX-1 5 

xv 
CHAPTER XX: KIVAUNA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..*........ xx-1 

by James Magdanz, Susan Georgette, and Ronald T. Stanek 

COMMUNITY OVERVlEW ................................................................................................... xx-l 

RESEARCH METHODS ........................................................................................................ xx4 

DEMOGRAPHY .................................................................................................................... xx-5 

MONETARY ECONOMY .................................................................................................... xx-5 

SUBSISTENCE RESOURCE HARVEST AND USE.. ........................................................... xX-6 

COMPARISON WITH OTHER YEARS ................................................................................ xx-9 

SOCIAL EFFECTS RESPONSES ...................................................................................... xX-1 0 

CHAPTER XXI: KAKTOVIK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... XXI-1 

by Sverre Pedersen 

COMMUNITY OVERVIEW .................................................................................................. XXI-1 

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 1992 .................................................................................. XI-1 

Community Approval, Dates and Staffing ............................................................ XXI-1 

Sample Selection and Achievement ..................................................................... XXI-3 

DEMOGRAPHY.. ................................................................................................................. jog-3 

ECONOMY .......................................................................................................................... XXI-3 

RESOURCE HARVEST AND USE ...................................................................................... XXI-4 

COMPARISON WITH EARUER FINDINGS ....................................................................... XXI-5 

CHAPTER XXII: NUIQSUT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXII-1 

by Sverre Pedersen 

COMMUNITY BACKGROUND .......................................................................................... XXII-1 

RESEARCH METHODS ..................................................................................................... XXII-1 

DEMOGRAPHY .................................................................................................................. XXII4 

CASH ECONOMY .............................................................................................................. XXII-5 

RESOURCE HARVEST AND USES.. ................................................................................. )(x11-5 

COMMUNITY ASSESSMENT ............................................................................................ XXII8 

COMPARISON WlTH 1995 SURVEY .............................................................................. XXII-1 1 

Volume VI: Summary and Conclusions 

CHAPTER XXIII: COMPARATIVE SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIII-1 

by James A. Fail and Charles J. Utermohle 

DEMOGRAPHY ................................................................................................................. XXIII-1 

MONETARY ECONOMY .................................................................................................. XXIII-1 

WILD RESOURCE HARVEST AND USE ......................................................................... xx1113 

Participation in Harvest and Use Activities ........................................................ xX111-3 

Harvest Quantities ............................................................................................... XXIII-5 

Breadth of Resource Use .................................................................................... XXIII-9 

Commercial Fisheries as a Source of Resources for Home Use .................... XXIII-10 

COMPARISONS WITH PREVIOUS SUBSISTENCE HARVESTS.. ................................ XXIII-1 0 

xvi 
CHAPTER XXIV: DISCUSSION OF THE EXXON VALDEZ OIL SPILL EFFECTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIV-1 

by James A. Fall 

CHAPTER XXV: REFERENCES CITED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .._... XXV-l 

APPENDIX I: EXAMPLE OF BASELINE SUBSISTENCE HARVEST SURVEY: CHENEGA BAY 1991/92 

APPENDIX II: EXAMPLES OF SOCIAL EFFECTS QUESTIONNAIRE: GULF OF ALASKA 1991 

xvii 
. . . XVIII 
LIST OF TABLES 

Table l-l. 

Table l-2. 

Table l-3. 

Table 14. 

Table l-5. 

Table l-6. 

Table l-7. 

Table l-8. 

Table l-9. 

Table l-10. 

Table I-1 1. 

Table l-l 2. 

Table l-13. 

Table l-l 4. 

Table I-1 5. 

Table l-l 6. 

Table l-l 7. 

Table l-l 8. 

Table l-l 9. 

Table l-20. 

Table l-21. 

Table l-22. 

Table l-23. 

Table l-24. 

Table l-25. 

Table l-26. 

Table l-27. 

Table l-28. 

Table l-29. 

Table l-30. 

Historic Population of Study Communities.. ........................................................................ l-38 

Alaska OCS Social Effects Goals ......................................................................................... l-31 

Project Field Interviewers by Communfty and Study Year ................................................. l-33 

Summary of Sampling Goals and Achievement, 1991 Study Year .................................... i-35 

Summary of Sampling Goals and Achievement, 1992 Study Year .................................... l-36 

Summary of Sampling Goals and Achievement, 1993 Study Year .................................... l-37 

Length of Interviews, Harvest SUWeyS ................................................................................. l-38 

Length of Intewiews, Social Effects Surveys ....................................................................... l-39 

Household Assessment of Change in Salmon Uses Compared to the PreViOUS 

Year (1999) 1991 Study Year.. ............................................................................................ I41 

Household Assessment of Change in Salmon Uses Compared to the Year 

Before the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill (1988) 1991 Study Year ................................................. I42 

Reasons for Increased Harvest/Use of Salmon Compared to the Previous 

Year (1998) 1991 Study Year ............................................................................................. I43 

Reasons for Increased Harvest/Use of Salmon Compared to the Year Before 

the Gocon Valdez Oil Spill (1988) 1991 Study Year ............................................................ I-44 

Reasons for Decreased Harvest/Use of Salmon Compared to the Previous 

Year (1998), 1991 Study Year ............................................................................................. 145 

Reasons for Decreased Hawest/Use of Salmon Compared to the Year Before 

the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill (1988) 1991 Study Year ............................................................ I46 

Household Assessment of Change in Fish Other than Salmon Uses Compared 

to the Previous Year (1998) 1991 Study Year ..................................................................... I47 

Household Assessment of Change in Fish Other than Salmon Uses Compared 

to the Year Before the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill (1988) 1991 Study Year .............................. I48 

Reasons for Increased Harvest/Use of Fish Other than Salmon Compared 

to the Previous Year (1999), 1991 Study Year .................................................................... I49 

Reasons for Increased Harvest/Use of Fish Other than Salmon Compared 

to the Year Before the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill (1988) 1991 Study Year ............................. l-50 

Reasons for Decreased Harvest/Use of Fish Other than Salmon Compared 

to the Previous Year (1999) 1991 Study Year .................................................................... l-51 

Reasons for Decreased Harvest/Use of Fish Other than Salmon Compared 

to the Year Before the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill (1988), 1991 Study Year ............................. l-52 

Household Assessment of Change in Large Land Mammal Uses Compared 

to the Previous Year (1990), 1991 Study Year.. ................................................................... l-53 

Household Assessment of Change in Large Land Mammal Uses Compared 

to the Year Before the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill (1988) 1991 Study Year.. ............................ l-54 

Reasons for Increased Harvest/Use of Large Land Mammals Compared 

to the Previous Year (1990), 1991 Study Year .................................................................... l-55 

Reasons for Increased Hawest/Use of Large Land Mammals Compared 

to the Year Before the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill (1988), 1991 Study Year ............................. l-56 

Reasons for Decreased Harvest/Use of Large Land Mammals Compared 

to the Previous Year (1999), 1991 Study Year .................................................................... l-57 

Reasons for Decreased Harvest/Use of Large Land Mammals Compared 

to the Year Before the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill (1988) 1991 Study Year ............................. l-58 

Household Assessment of Change in Small Land Mammal/Furbearer 

Uses Compared to the Previous Year (1999) 1991 Study Year.. ....................................... l-59 

Household Assessment of Change in Small Land Mammal/Furbearer Uses 

Compared to the Year Before the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill (1988) 1991 Study Year ........... l-69 

Reasons for Increased Harvest/Use of Small Land Mammal/Furbearers 

Compared to the Previous Year (1999), 1991 Study Year ................................................. I-61 

Reasons for Increased Harvest/Use of Small Land Mammal/Furbearers 

Compared to the Year Before the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill (1988) 1991 Study Year .......... l-62 

xix 
Table l-31. 

Table l-32. 

Table l-33. 

Table l-34. 

Table l-35. 

Table l-36. 

Table l-37. 

Table l-38. 

Table l-39. 

Table l-40. 

Table l-41. 

Table I-42. 

Table I-43. 

Table l-44. 

Table l-45. 

Table 146. 

Table 147. 

Table l-48. 

Table 149. 

Table l-50. 

Table l-51. 

Table l-52. 

Table l-53. 

Table l-54. 

Table l-55. 

Table l-56. 

Reasons for Decreased Harvest/Use of Small Land Mammal/Furbearers 

Compared to the Previous Year (1996), 1991 Study Year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l-63 

Reasons for Decreased Harvest/Use of Small Land Mammal/Furbearers 

Compared to the Year Before the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill (1988) 

1991 Study Year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l-64 

Household Assessment of Change in Marine Mammal Uses Compared to the 

Previous Year (1996) 1991 Study Year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l-65 

Household Assessment of Change in Marine Mammal Uses Compared to the 

Year Before the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill (1988) 1991 Study Year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-66 

Reasons for Increased Harvest/Use of Marine Mammals Compared 

to the Previous Year (1990) 1991 Study Year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l-67 

Reasons for Increased Harvest/Use of Marine Mammals Compared 

to the Year Before the &on Valdez Oil Spill (1988) 1991 Study Year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-68 

Reasons for Decreased Harvest/Use of Marine Mammals Compared 

to the Previous Year (1990) 1991 Study Year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l-69 

Reasons for Decreased Harvest/Use of Marine Mammals Compared 

to the Year Before the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill (1988) 1991 Study Year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l-70 

Household Assessment of Change in Bird Uses Compared to the Previous 

Year (1996), 1991 Study Year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l-71 

Household Assessment of Change in Bird Uses Compared to the Year Before 

the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill (1988) 1991 Study Year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l-72 

Reasons for Increased Harvest/Use of Birds Compared to the Previous 

Year (1990), 1991 Study Year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l-73 

Reasons for Increased Harvest/Use of Birds Compared to the Year Before 

the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill (1988) 1991 Study Year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l-74 

Reasons for Decreased Harvest/Use of Birds Compared to the Previous 

Year (1990) 1991 Study Year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l-75 

Reasons for Decreased Harvest/Use of Birds Compared to the Year Before 

the Emon Valdez Oil Spill (1988) 1991 Study Year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..___... l-76 

Household Assessment of Change in Marine Invertebrate Uses Compared 

to the Previous Year (1998) 1991 Study Year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l-77 

Household Assessment of Change in Marine Invertebrate Uses Compared 

to the Year Before the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill (1988) 1991 Study Year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l-78 

Reasons for Increased Harvest/Use of Marine Invertebrates Compared 

to the Previous Year (1996) 1991 Study Year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .._....... l-79 

Reasons for Increased Harvest/Use of Marine Invertebrates Compared 

to the Year Before the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill (1988) 1991 Study Year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-80 

Reasons for Decreased Harvest/Use of Marine Invertebrates Compared 

to the Previous Year (1990) 1991 Study Year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l-81 

Reasons for Decreased Harvest/Use of Marine Invertebrates Compared 

to the Year Before the &on Valdez Oil Spill (1988) 1991 Study Year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l-82 

Household Assessment of Change in Plant Uses Compared to the 

Previous Year (1998) 1991 Study Year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l-83 

Household Assessment of Change in Plant Uses Compared to the 

Year Before the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill (1988), 1991 Study Year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l-84 

Reasons for Increased Harvest/Use of Plants Compared to the Previous 

Year (199(l), 1991 Study Year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l-85 

Reasons for Increased Harvest/Use of Plants Compared to the Year Before 

the &on Valdez Oil Spill (1988) 1991 Study Year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l-86 

Reasons for Decreased Harvest/Use of Plants Compared to the Previous 

Year (1990), 1991 Study Year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l-87 

Reasons for Decreased Harvest/Use of Plants Compared to the Year Before 

the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill (1988), 1991 Study Year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l-88 

xx 
Table l-57. ” 

Table l-58. 

Table l-59. 

Table l-66. 

Table l-61. 

Table l-62. 

Table 163. 

Table l-64. 

Table l-65. 

Table I-66. 

Table l-67. 

Table l-68. 

Table l-69. 

Table l-70. 

Table l-71. 

Table l-72. 

Table l-73. 

Table l-74. 

Table l-75. 

Table l-76. 

Table l-77. 

Table l-78. 

Table l-79. 

Table l-80. 

Table l-81. 

Table l-82. 

Table l-83. 

Table l-84. 

Table l-85. 

Table l-86. 

Table l-87. 

Household Assessment of Change in Overall Wild Resource Uses 

to the previous year (1 m), 1991 Study Year.. ................................................................... I-89 

Household Assessment of Change in Overall Wild Resource USeS Compared 

to the Year Before the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill (1988) 1991 Study Year .............................. l-90 

Reasons for Increased Harvest/Use of Wild Resources Compared 

to the Previous Year (1990) 1991 Study Year .................................................................... l-91 

Reasons for Increased Harvest/Use of Wild Resources Compared 

to the Year Before the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill (1988), 1991 Study Year ............................. l-92 

Reasons for Decreased Harvest/Use of Wild Resources Compared 

to the Previous Year (1990) 1991 Study Year .................................................................... l-93 

Reasons for Decreased Hawest/Use of Wild Resources Compared 

to the Year Before the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill (1988) 1991 Study Year ............................. l-94 

Household Assessment of Change in Salmon Uses, 1993 Study Year ............................. l-95 

Reasons for Increased Harvest/Use of Salmon, 1993 Study Year .................................... l-96 

Reasons for Decreased Harvest/Use of Salmon, 1993 Study Year ................................... l-97 

Oil Spill-Related Reasons for Decreased Harvest/Use of Salmon, 

1993 Study Year.. .................................................................................................................. l-98 

Household Assessment of Change in Fish Other Than Salmon Uses, 

1993 Study Year .................................................................................................................... l-99 

Reasons for Increased Harvest/Use of Fish Other than Salmon, 

1993 Study Year .................................................................................................................. l-100 

Reasons for Decreased Harvest/Use of Fish Other than Salmon, 

1993 Study Year.. ................................................................................................................ l-101 

Oil Spill-Related Reasons for Decreased Harvest/Use of Fish Other 

Than Salmon, 1993 Study Year .......................................................................................... l-102 

Household Assessment of Change in Large Land Mammal Uses, 

1993 Study Year .................................................................................................................. l-l 03 

Reasons for Increased Harvest/Use of Large Land Mammals, 

1993 Study Year .................................................................................................................. l-104 

Reasons for Decreased Harvest/Use of Large Land Mammals, 

1993 Study Year.. ................................................................................................................ l-l 05 

Oil Spill-Related Reasons for Decreased Harvest/Use of Large 

Land Mammals, 1993 Study Year.. .................................................................................... l-106 

Household Assessment of Change in Small Land Mammal/Furbearer Uses, 

1993 Study Year.. ................................................................................................................ I-l 07 

Reasons for Increased Harvest/Use of Small Land Mammal/Furbearers, 

1993 Study Year .................................................................................................................. l-108 

Reasons for Decreased Harvest/Use of Small Land Mammal/Furbearers, 

1993 Study Year .................................................................................................................. l-109 

Oil Spill-Related Reasons for Decreased Harvest/Use of Small 

Land Mammal/Furbearers, 1993 Study Year.. .................................................................. I-1 10 

Household Assessment of Change in Marine Mammal Uses, 

1993 Study Year .................................................................................................................. I-1 11 

Reasons for Increased Harvest/Use of Marine Mammals, 1993 Study Year.. ................. l-l 12 

Reasons for Decreased Harvest/Use of Marine Mammals, 1993 Study Year.. ............... l-l 13 

Oil Spill-Related Reasons for Decreased Harvest/Use of Marine 

Mammals, 1993 Study Year ............................................................................................... I-1 14 

Household Assessment of Change in Bird Uses, 1993 Study Year ................................. l-l 15 

Reasons for Increased Harvest/Use of Birds, 1993 Study Year ....................................... l-l 16 

Reasons for Decreased Harvest/Use of Birds, 1993 Study Year.. ................................... l-l 17 

Oil Spill-Related Reasons for Decreased Hawest/Use of Birds, 

1993 Study Year.. ................................................................................................................ l-l 18 

Household Assessment of Change in Marine Invertebrate Uses, 

1993 Study Year.. ................................................................................................................ 

l-1 1 g 

xxi 
Table l-88. 

Table l-89. 

Table l-90. 

Table l-91. 

Table l-92. 

Table l-93. 

Table l-94. 

Table l-95. 

Table l-96. 

Table l-97. 

Table l-98. 

Table l-99. 

Table I-100. 

Table I-1 01. 

Table l-l 02. 

Table l-l 03. 

Table I-104. 

Table I-1 05. 

Table l-106. 

Table l-l 07. 

Table l-l 08. 

Table I-109. 

Table I-1 10. 

Table 11-l. 

Table 11-2. 

Table 11-3. 

Table 114. 

Table 11-5. 

Table II-6 

Table II-7 

Table II-S. 

Table 11-9. 

Table 11-10. 

Table II-1 1. 

Table 11-12. 

Table II-1 3. 

Table 11-14. 

Reasons for Increased Harvest/Use of Marine Invertebrates, 1993 Study Year.. ........... I-120 

Reasons for Decreased Harvest/Use of Marine Invertebrates, 1993 Study Year ............ l-121 

Oil-Spill Related Reasons for Decreased Harvest/Use of Marine 

Invertebrates, 1993 Study Year.. ........................................................................................ l-l 22 

Household Assessment of Change in Plant Uses, 1993 Study Year.. .............................. I-1 23 

Reasons for Increased Harvest/Use of Plants, 1993 Study Year.. ................................... I-1 24 

Reasons for Decreased Harvest/Use of Plants, 1993 Study Year ................................... I-1 25 

Oil-Spill Related Reasons for Decreased Harvest/Use of Plants, 

1993 Study Year .................................................................................................................. l-126 

Household Assessment of Change in Overall Wild Resource Uses, 

1993 Study Year .................................................................................................................. l-127 

Reasons for Increased Overall Wild Resource Harvest/Use, 1993 Study Year.. ............. l-128 

Reasons for Decreased Overall Wild Resource Harvest/Use, 1993 Study Year ............. l-129 

Oil Spill-Related Reasons for Decreased Overall Harvest/Use of Wild 

Resources, 1993 Study Year .............................................................................................. l-130 

Household Assessment of Change in Steller Sea Lion Population, 

1991 Study Year.. ................................................................................................................ l-131 

Reasons for Steller Sea Lion Population Changes, 1991 Study Year.. ............................ l-132 

Monthly Expenses for Food, All Study Communities, 1991 Study Year .......................... l-133 

Monthly Expenses for Food, All Study Communities, 1993 Study Year .......................... l-134 

Assessment of Household Financial Situation Since the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill, 

All Study Communities, 1991 Study Year.. ........................................................................ l-l 35 

Percentage of Food Consumed from Wild Resources, All Study Communities, 

1991 Study Year.. ................................................................................................................ l-136 

Percentage of Food Consumed from Wild Resources, All Study Communities, 

1993 Study Year.. ................................................................................................................ l-l 37 

Preservation of Salmon Methods, All Study Communities, 1991 Study Year.. ................ l-138 

Percentage of Households that Discarded Resources, All Study 

Communities, 1991 Study Year.. ........................................................................................ l-l 39 

Common and Scientific Names of Plants Used as Medicine, All Study 

Communities, 1991 Study Year.. ........................................................................................ I-1 42 

Plants Used for Medicine, All Study Communities, 1991 Study Year.. ............................. l-143 

Resources and Services Injured by the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill.. ....................................... l-165 

Sample Participation: Cordova 1991,1992, and 1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II-33 

Demographic Characteristics of Households, Cordova, 

January 1992, January 1993, and January 1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II-34 

Population Profile, Cordova, January 1992 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II-35 

Population Profile, Cordova, January 1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II-36 

Previous Residence of Cordova Residents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..__.....__. II-37 

Year Person Moved to Cordova . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II-38 

Population Profile, Cordova, January 1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II-39 

Employment Characteristics, Cordova, 1991, 1992, and 1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II-40 

Community, Household, and Per Cap’& Income, All Sources and by 

Employer Type, Cordova, 1991 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .._........ II-41 

Community, Household, and Per Capita Other Income by Source, 

Cordova, 1991 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .._... II-42 

Subsistence Equipment Expenses and Use, Cordova, 1991 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .._...._ II-43 

Number of Commercial Fisheries Permits Owned by Cordova 

Residents, 1991, 1992, and 1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II-45 

Changes in Cash Incomes and Commercial Fishing Employment, 

Cordova, 1985, 1988. 1991, 1992, and 1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II-46 

Community, Household, and Per Capita Income, All Sources and by 

Employer Type, Cordova, 1992 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II-47 
Table II-1 5. 

Table 11-16. 

Table II-1 7. 

Table II-1 8. 

Table II-1 9. 

Table 11-20. 

Table 11-21. 

Table 11-22. 

Table 11-23. 

Table 11-24. 

Table 11-25. 

Table 11-26. 

Table 11-27. 

Table 11-28. 

Table 11-29. 

Table 1130. 

Table 11-31. 

Table 1132. 

Table 11-33. 

Table 1134. 

Table 11-35. 

Table 11-36. 

Table 11-37. 

Table 11-38. 

Table 11-39. 

Table 1140. 

Table II-41 _ 

Table 1142. 

Table 1143. 

Table 1144. 

Community, Household, and Per Capita Other Income by Source, 

Cordova, 1992.. .................................................................................................................... WI8 

Community, Household, and Per Capita Income, All Sources and by 

Employer Type, CtxcJova, 1993 .......................................................................................... II-50 

Community, Household, and Per Capita Other Income by Source, 

Cordova, 1993.. .................................................................................................................... II-51 

Characteristics of Resource Harvest and Use, Cordova, 

1991, 1992, and 1993.. ......................................................................................................... II-53 

Participation in the Harvest and Processing of Wild 

Resources, Cordova, 1991, 1992, and 1993.. ..................................................................... 11-54 

Percentage of Households Sharing Resources by Community, Cordova, 1991.............. 11-55 

Subsistence Harvests in Pounds Usable Weight per Person by 

Resource Category, Cordova, 1985, 1988, 1991, 1992, and 1993.. .................................. II-56 

Composition of Resource Harvests by Resource Category, 

Cordova, 1985,1988,1991,1992, and 1993 ...................................................................... II-56 

Estimated Harvest and Use of Fish, Mammal, Bird, and Plant 

Resources, Cordova, 1991 .................................................................................................. II-61 

Estimated Amount of Resources Removed from Commercial 

Harvest, Cordova, 1991 ....................................................................................................... II66 

Percentage of Salmon Harvest by Resource, Gear Type, and 

Total Salmon Harvest, Cordova, 1991 ................................................................................ II-67 

Estimated Salmon Harvest by Gear Type and Species, Cordova, 1991 ........................... II-68 

Percentage of Households Harvesting Salmon by Gear Type and Species, 

Cordova, 1991 ...................................................................................................................... II-69 

Estimated Harvest of Fish Other than Salmon by Gear Type, Cordova, 1991.................. II-70 

Percentage of Fish Other than Salmon Harvested by Gear Type, 

Cordova, 1991.. .................................................................................................................... II-71 

Percentage of Households Harvesting Fish Other than Salmon by Gear Type 

and Species, Cordova, 1991 ............................................................................................... II-72 

Estimated Harvest and Use of Fish, Mammal, Bird, and Plant 

Resources, Cordova, 1992.. ................................................................................................ II-74 

Estimated Amount of Resources Removed from Commercial 

Harvest, Cordova, 1992 ....................................................................................................... II-79 

Percentage of Salmon Harvest by Resource, Gear Type, and 

Total Salmon Harvest, Cordova, 1992.. .............................................................................. II-80 

Estimated Salmon Harvest by Gear Type, Cordova, 1992 ................................................ II-81 

Percentage of Households Harvesting Salmon by Gear Type and 

Species, Cordova, 1992 ...................................................................................................... II-82 

Estimated Harvest of Fish Other than Salmon by Gear Type, Cordova, 1992.. ................ II-83 

Percentage of Fish Other than Salmon Harvested by Gear Type, 

Cordova, 1992.. .................................................................................................................... II-84 

Percentage of Households Harvesting Fish Other than Salmon by Gear Type 

and Species, Cordova, 1992 ............................................................................................... II-85 

Commercial Fisheries as Sources of Resources for Home Use, 

Cordova, 1985, 1988, 1991, 1992, and 1993.. .................................................................... II-88 

Estimated Harvest and Use of Fish, Mammal, Bird, and Plant 

Resources, Cordova, 1993.. ................................................................................................ II-89 

Estimated Amount of Resources Removed from Commercial 

Harvests, Cordova, 1993.. ................................................................................................... II-95 

Percentage of Salmon Harvest by Resource, Gear Type, and 

Total Salmon Hawest, Cordova, 1993 ................................................................................ II-98 

Estimated Salmon Harvest by Gear Type and Species, Cordova, 1993.. ......................... II-97 

Percentage of Households Harvesting Salmon by Gear Type and Species, 

Cordova, 1993.. .................................................................................................................... II-98 

. . . 

XXIII 
Table 1145. 

Table 1146. 

Table 1147. 

Table 1148. 

Table 1149. 

Table 11-50. 

Table 11-51. 

Table 11-52. 

Table 11-53. 

Table 11-54. 

Table 11-55. 

Table 11-56. 

Table 11-57. 

Table Ill-l. 

Table 111-2. 

Table 111-3. 

Table 1114. 

Table 111-5. 

Table 111-6. 

Table 111-7. 

Table 111-8. 

Table 111-g. 

Table 111-10. 

Table Ill-l 1. 

Table 111-12. 

Table 111-13. 

Table 111-14. 

Table Ill-l 5. 

Table Ill-l 6. 

Table Ill-1 7. 

Table Ill-l 8. 

Table 111-19. 

Table 111-20. 

Table 111-21. 

Table 111-22. 

Table 111-23. 

Estimated Harvest of Fish Other than Salmon by Gear Type, Cordova, 1993.. ................ II-99 

Percentage of Fish Other than Salmon Harvested by Gear Type, 

Cordova, 1993.. .................................................................................................................. II-100 

Percentage of Households Harvesting Fish Other than Salmon by Gear Type 

and Species, Cordova, 1993 ............................................................................................. II-101 

Uses of Wild Foods, Cordova, 1991, 1992, and 1993.. .................................................... II-102 

Safety of Using Subsistence Foods, Cordova, 1991, 1992, and 1993 ............................ II-103 

Resource Population Statuses, Cordova, 1991, 1992, and 1993 .................................... II-105 

Children’s Participation in Subsistence, Cordova, 1991, 1992, and 1993.. ..................... II-1 08 

Sharing, Cordova, 1991, 1992, and 1993 ......................................................................... II-109 

Political Activities, Cordova, 1991, 1992, and 1993.. ........................................................ II-1 11 

Significance of Place, Cordova, 1991,1992, and 1993 .................................................... II-1 17 

Effectiveness of Oil Spill Responses, Cordova, 1991, 1992, and 1993 ........................... II-124 

Subsistence Food Safety Information, Cordova, 1991, 1992, and 1993.. ....................... II-131 

OCS Development Effects, Cordova, 1991, 1992, and 1993.. ......................................... II-133 

Sample Participation: Valdez 1992, 1993, and 1994.. ..................................................... . lll-19 

Demographic Characteristics of Households, Valdez, 

January 1992, January 1993, and January 1994.. ............................................................. Ill-20 

Population Profile, Valdez, January 1992.. ........................................................................ Ill-20 

Population Profile, Valdez, January 1993 .......................................................................... Ill-22 

Population Profile, Valdez, January 1994.. ........................................................................ Ill-23 

Employment Characteristics, Valdez, 1991, 1992, and 1993.. .......................................... Ill-24 

Community, Household, and Per Capita Income, All Sources and by 

Employer Type, Valdez, 1991 ............................................................................................. Ill-26 

Community, Household, and Per Capita Other Income by Source, 

Valdez, 1991 ........................................................................................................................ Ill-27 

Subsistence Equipment Expenses and Use, Valdez, 1991............................................... Ill-28 

Community, Household, and Per Capita Incomes, All Sources and by 

Employer Type, Valdez, 1992.. ........................................................................................... 111-30 

Community, Household, and Per Capita Other Income by Source, 

Valdez, 1992.. ...................................................................................................................... 11131 

Community, Household, and Per Capita Income, All Sources and by 

Employer Type, Valdez, 1993.. ........................................................................................... Ill-33 

Community, Household, and Per Capita Other Income by Source, 

Valdez, 1993.. ...................................................................................................................... Ill-34 

Characteristics of Resource Harvest and Use, Valdez, 

1991, 1992, and 1993.. ........................................................................................................ Ill-35 

Participation in the Harvest and Processing of Wild 

Resources, Valdez, 1991, 1992, and 1993.. ....................................................................... Ill-36 

Percentage of Households Sharing Resources by Community, Valdez, 1991................ Ill-37 

Subsistence Harvests in Pounds Usable Weight per 

Person by Resource Category, Valdez, 1991, 1992, and 1993.. ....................................... Ill-38 

Composition of Resource Harvests by Resource Category, 

Valdez, 1991, 1992, and 1993 ............................................................................................ Ill-38 

Estimated Harvest and Use of Fish, Mammal, Bird, and Plant 

Resources, Valdez, 1991 .................................................................................................... Ill-43 

Estimated Amount of Resources Removed from Commercial 

Harvests, Valdez, 1991 ....................................................................................................... III48 

Percentage of Salmon Harvest by Resource, Gear Type, and 

Total Salmon Harvest, Valdez, 1991 .................................................................................. Ill-49 

Estimated Salmon Harvest by Gear Type, Valdez, 1991 .................................................. Ill-50 

Percentage of Households Harvesting Salmon by Gear Type and Species, 

Valdez, 1991 ........................................................................................................................ Ill-51 

xxiv 
Table 111-24. 

Table 111-25. 

Table 111-26. 

Table 111-27. 

Table 111-28. 

Table 111-29. 

Table 111-30. 

Table 111-31. 

Table 111-32. 

Table 111-33. 

Table 111-34. 

Table 111-35. 

Table 111-36. 

Table 111-37. 

Table 11138. 

Table 111-39. 

Table 11140. 

Table 11141. 

Table 11142. 

Table 11143. 

Table 11144. 

Table 111-45. 

Table 11146. 

Table 11147. 

Table Ill48 

Table 11149. 

Table 111-50. 

Table 111-51. 

Table 111-52. 

Table IV-l. 

Table IV-2. 

Table IV-3. 

Table IV4. 

Table IV-5. 

Table IV-6. 

Table IV-7. 

Estimated Harvest of Fish Other than Salmon by Gear Type, Valdez, 1991.................... Ill-52 

Percentage of Fish Other than Salmon Harvested by Gear Type, 

Valdez, 1991 ........................................................................................................................ Ill-53 

Percentage of Households Harvesting Fish Other than Salmon by Gear Type 

and Species, Valdez, 1991 ................................................................................................. Ill-54 

Estimated Harvest and Use of Fish, Mammal, Bird, and Plant 

Resources, Valdez, 1992.. .................................................................................................. Ill-56 

Estimated Amount of Resources Removed from Commercial 

Harvests, Valdez, 1992.. ..................................................................................................... Ill-61 

Percentage of Salmon Harvest by Resource, Gear Type, and 

Total Salmon Harvest, Valdez, 1992 .................................................................................. Ill-62 

Estimated Salmon Harvest by Gear Type, Valdez, 1992 .................................................. Ill-63 

Percentage of Households Harvesting Salmon by Gear Type and Species, 

Valdez, 1992 ........................................................................................................................ Ill-64 

Estimated Harvest of Fish Other than Salmon by Gear Type, Valdez, 1992.. .................. Ill-65 

Percentage of Fish Other than Salmon Harvested by Gear Type, 

Valdez, 1992 ........................................................................................................................ Ill-66 

Percentage of Households Harvesting Fish Other than Salmon by Gear Type 

and Species, Valdez, 1992 ................................................................................................. Ill-67 

Estimated Harvest and Use of Fish, Mammal, Bird, and Plant 

Resources, Valdez, 1993 .................................................................................................... Ill-70 

Estimated Amount of Resources Removed from Commercial 

Harvests, Valdez, 1993 ....................................................................................................... Ill-76 

Percentage of Salmon Harvest by Resource, Gear Type, and 

Total Salmon Harvest, Valdez, 1993 .................................................................................. Ill-77 

Estimated Salmon Harvest by Gear Type, Valdez, 1993 .................................................. Ill-78 

Percentage of Households Harvesting Salmon by Gear Type and Species, 

Valdez, 1993.. ...................................................................................................................... Ill-79 

Estimated Harvest of Fish Other than Salmon by Gear Type, Valdez, 1993 .................... Ill-80 

Percentage of Fish Other than Salmon Harvested by Gear Type, 

Valdez, 1993 ........................................................................................................................ Ill-81 

Percentage of Households Harvesting Fish Other than Salmon by Gear Type 

and Species, Valdez, 1993 ................................................................................................. Ill-82 

Uses of Wild Foods, Valdez, 1991, 1992, and 1993 ......................................................... Ill-83 

Safety of Using Subsistence Foods, Valdez, 1991, 1992, and 1993.. ............................... Ill-84 

Resource Population Statuses, Valdez, 1991, 1992, and 1993.. ....................................... Ill-86 

Children’s Participation in Subsistence, Valdez, 1991, 1992, and 1993.. ......................... Ill-90 

Sharing, Valdez, 1991, 1992, and 1993.. ............................................................................ Ill-91 

Political Activities, Valdez, 1991, 1992, and 1993.. ............................................................ Ill-93 

Significance of Place, Valdez, 1991, 1992, and 1993.. ...................................................... Ill-97 

Effectiveness of Oil Spill Responses, Valdez, 1991, 1992, and 1993.. ............................ Ill-105 

Subsistence Food Safety Information, Valdez, 1991, 1992, and 1993.. ......................... Ill-l 12 

OCS Development Effects, Valdez, 1991, 1992, and 1993.. ........................................... Ill-113 

Sample Participation: Chenega Bay 1992,1993, and 1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .._..... IV-27 

Demographic Characteristics of Households, Chenega Bay, 

April 1992, April 1993, and April 1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV-28 

Population Profile, Chenega Bay, April 1992/93 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV-29 

Population Profile, Chenega Bay, April 1993/94 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV-30 

Population Profile, Chenega Bay, April 1994 . . . . . . . . . .._.. _ ..___._.._.._......................................,.. IV-31 

Employment Characteristics, Chenega Bay, 1991/92, 1992/93, and 1993/94 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV-32 

Community, Household, and Per Capita Income, All Sources and by 

Employer Type, Chenega Bay, 1991/92 . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV-33 

XXV 
Table IV-8. 

Table IV-g. 

Table IV-l 0. 

Table IV-l 1. 

Table IV-l 2. 

Table IV-13. 

Table IV-l 4. 

Table IV-l 5. 

Table IV-l 6. 

Table IV-l 7. 

Table IV-l 8. 

Table IV-l 9. 

Table IV-26 

Table IV-21. 

Table IV-22. 

Table IV-23. 

Table IV-24. 

Table IV-25. 

Table IV-26. 

Table IV-27. 

Table IV-28. 

Table IV-29. 

Table IV-30. 

Table IV-31. 

Table IV-32. 

Table IV-33. 

Table IV-34. 

Table IV-35. 

Community, Household, and Per Capita Other Income by Source, 

Chenega Bay, 1991/92.. ..................................................................................................... IV-34 

Subsistence Equipment Expenses and Use, Chenega Bay, 1991/92 ............................. IV-36 

Community, Household, and Per Capita Income, All Sources and by 

Employer Type, Chenega Bay, 1992/93 ........................................................................... IV-37 

Community, Household, and Per Capita Other Income by Source, 

Chenega Bay, 1992/93.. ..................................................................................................... IV-38 

Community, Household, and Per Capita Income, All Sources and by 

Employer Type, Chenega Bay, 1993/94 ........................................................................... IV40 

Community, Household, and Per Capita Other Income by Source, 

Chenega Bay, 1993/94.. ..................................................................................................... IV41 

Characteristics of Resource Harvest and Use, Chenega Bay, 

1991/92, 1992/93, and 1993/N.. ...................................................................................... IV43 

Participation in the Harvest and Processing of Wild Resources, 

Chenega Bay, 1991/92,1992/93, and 1993/94 ............................................................... IV-44 

Percentage of Households Sharing Resources by Community, 

Chenega Bay, 1991/92.. ..................................................................................................... IV49 

Subsistence Harvests in Pounds Usable Weight per Person by Resource 

Category, Chenega Bay, 1984/85, 1985/86,1989/90, 1998/91,1991/92, 

1992/93, and 1993/94.. ..................................................................................................... IV-50 

Composition of Resource Harvests by Resource Category, Chenega Bay, 

1984/85, 1985/86, 1989/90, 1990/91, 1991/92, 1992/93, and 1993/94 ........................ IV-50 

Estimated Harvest and Use of Fish, Mammal, Bird, and Plant 

Resources, Chenega Bay, 1991/92 ................................................................................... IV-54 

Estimated Amount of Resources Removed from Commercial 

Harvest, Chenega Bay, 1991/92.. ...................................................................................... IV-59 

Percentage of Salmon Harvest by Resource, Gear Type, and 

Total Salmon Harvest, Chenega Bay, 1991/92 ................................................................. IV-60 

Estimated Salmon Harvest by Gear Type and Species, Chenega Bay, 1991/92............lV-6 1 

Percentage of Households Harvesting Salmon by Gear Type and Species, 

Chenega Bay, 1991/92.. ..................................................................................................... IV-62 

Estimated Harvest of Fish Other than Salmon by Gear Type, 

Chenega Bay, 1991/92.. ..................................................................................................... IV-63 

Percentage of Fish Other than Salmon Harvested by Gear Type, 

Chenega Bay, 1991192 ....................................................................................................... IV-64 

Percentage of Households Harvesting Fish Other than Salmon by Gear Type 

and Species, Chenega Bay, 1991/92 ................................................................................ IV-65 

Estimated Harvest and Use of Fish, Mammal, Bird, and Plant 

Resources, Chenega Bay, 1992/93.. ................................................................................. IV-67 

Estimated Amount of Resources Removed from Commercial 

Harvest, Chenega Bay, 1992/93 ........................................................................................ IV-72 

Percentage of Salmon Harvest by Resource, Gear Type, and 

Total Salmon Harvest, Chenega Bay, 1992/93.. ............................................................... iv-73 

Estimated Salmon Harvest by Gear Type and Species, Chenega Bay, 1992/93............lV-7 4 

Percentage of Households Harvesting Salmon by Gear Type and Species, 

Chenega Bay, 1992/93 ....................................................................................................... IV-75 

Estimated Harvest of Fish Other than Salmon by Gear Type, 

Chenega Bay, 1992/93.. ..................................................................................................... IV-76 

Percentage of Fish Other than Salmon Harvested by Gear Type, 

Chenega Bay, 1992/93 ........ .............................................................................................. IV-77 

Percentage of Households Harvesting Fish Other than Salmon by Gear Type 

and Species, Chenega Bay, 1992/93. ............................................................................... IV-78 

Estimated Harvest and Use of Fish, Mammal, Bird, and Plant 

Resources, Chenega Bay, 1993/94 ................................................................................... IV-81 

xxvi 
Table IV-36. 

Table IV-37. 

Table IV-38. 

Table IV-39. 

Table IV40. 

Table IV41. 

Table IV42. 

Table IV43. 

Table IV-44. 

Table N-45. 

Table IV-46. 

Table IV-47. 

Table IV48. 

Table IV49. 

Table IV-50. 

Table IV-51. 

Table IV-52. 

Table V-l. 

Table V-2. 

Table V-3. 

Table V-4. 

Table V-5. 

Table V-6. 

Table V-7. 

Table V-8. 

Table V-9. 

Table V-l 0. 

Table V-l 1. 

Table V-l 2. 

Table V-l 3. 

Table V-l 4. 

Table V-l 5. 

Table V-l 6. 

Table V-l 7. 

Estimated Amount of Resources Removed from Commercial 

Harvests, Chenega Bay, 1993/94.. .................................................................................... IV-87 

Percentage of Salmon Harvest by Resource, Gear Type, and 

Total Salmon Harvest, Chenega Bay, 1993/94.. ............................................................... IV-88 

Estimated Salmon Harvest by Gear Type, Chenega Bay, 1993/94 ................................. IV-89 

Percentage of Households Harvesting Salmon by Gear Type and Species, 

Chenega Bay, 1993194 ....................................................................................................... IV-90 

Estimated Harvest of Fish Other than Salmon by Gear Type, 

Chenega Bay, 1993/94.. ..................................................................................................... IV-91 

Percentage of Fish Other than Salmon Harvested by Gear Type, 

Chenega Bay, 1993/94 ....................................................................................................... IV-92 

Percentage of Households Harvesting Fish Other than Salmon by Gear Type 

and Species, Chenega Bay, 1993/94 ................................................................................ IV-93 

Uses of Wild Foods, Chenega Bay, 1991, 1992, and 1993.. ............................................. IV-94 

Safety of Using Subsistence Foods, Chenega Bay, 1991, 1992, and 1993 ..................... IV-95 

Resource Population Statuses, Chenega Bay, 1991, 1992, and 1993 ............................. IV-98 

Children’s Participation in Subsistence, Chenega Bay,1 991, 1992, and 1993.. ............. IV-l 01 

Sharing, Chenega Bay, 1991, 1992, and 1993 ................................................................ IV-102 

Political Activities, Chenega Bay, 1991, 1992, and 1993.. ............................................... IV-104 

Significance of Place, Chenega Bay, 1991, 1992, and 1993.. ......................................... IV-108 

Effectiveness of Oil Spill Responses, Chenega Bay, 1991, 1992, and 1993 .................. IV-1 15 

Subsistence Food Safety Information, Chenega Bay, 1991, 1992, and 1993.. .............. IV-l 21 

OCS Development Effects, Chenega Bay, 1991, 1992, and 1993.. ................................ IV-122 

Sample Participation: Tatitlek 1992 and 1994 ................................................................... V-27 

Demographic Characteristics of Households, Tatitlek, 

April 1992 and April 1994 ..................................................................................................... V-28 

Population Profile, Tatitlek, April 1992 ................................................................................ V-29 

Population Profile, Tatitlek, April 1994 ................................................................................ V-30 

Employment Characteristics, Tatitlek, 1991/92 and 1993/94 ........................................... V-31 

Community, Household, and Per Capita Incomes, All Sources and by 

Employer Type, Tatitlek, 1991/92.. ..................................................................................... V-32 

Community, Household, and Per Capita Other Income by Source, 

Tatitlek, 1991/92 .................................................................................................................. V-34 

Community, Household, and Per Capita Income, All Sources and by 

Employer Type, Tatitlek, 1993/94.. ..................................................................................... V-35 

Community, Household, and Per Capita Other Income by Source, 

Tatitlek, 1993/94.. ................................................................................................................ V-36 

Characteristics of Resource Harvest and Use, Tatitlek, 

1991192 and 1993194 .......................................................................................................... V-38 

Participation in the Harvest and Processing of Wild 

Resources, Tatitlek, 1991/92 and 1993/94 ........................................................................ V-39 

Percentage of Households Sharing Resources by Community, 

Tatitlek, 1991/92.. ................................................................................................................ V-40 

Subsistence Harvests in Pounds Usable Weight per Person by Resource 

Category, Tatitlek, 1987/88, 1988/89, 1989/90, 1990/91, 1991/92, and 1993/94.. ........ V46 

Composition of Resource Harvests by Resource Category, Tatitlek, 1987/88, 

1988/89, 1989/90, 1990/91, 1991/92, and 1993/94.. ....................................................... V-46 

Estimated Harvest and Use of Fish, Mammal, Bird, and Plant 

Resources, Tatitlek, 1991/92 .............................................................................................. V-47 

Estimated Amount of Resources Removed from Commercial 

Harvest, Tatitlek, 1991/92 ................................................................................................... V-52 

Percentage of Salmon Harvest by Resource, Gear Type, and 

Total Salmon Harvest, Tatitlek, 1991/92.. ........................................................................... V-55 

xxvii 
Table V-l 8. 

Table V-l 9. 

Table V-20. 

Table V-21. 

Table V-22. 

Table V-23. 

Table V-24. 

Table V-25. 

Table V-26. 

Table V-27. 

Table V-28. 

Table V-29. 

Table V-30. 

Table V-31. 

Table V-32. 

Table V-33. 

Table V-34. 

Table V-35. 

Table V-36. 

Table V-37. 

Table V-38. 

Table V-39. 

Table V-40. 

Table VI-l _ 

Table VI-2. 

Table VI-3. 

Table V14. 

Table VI-5. 

Table VI6 

Table VI-7. 

Table VI-8. 

Table VI-g. 

Table VI-1 0. 

Table VI-1 1. 

Table VI-1 2. 

Table VI-1 3. 

Table VI-1 4. 

Estimated Salmon Harvest by Gear Type, Tatitlek, 1991/92.. ........................................... V-56 

Percentage of Households Harvesting Salmon by Gear Type and Species, 

Tatitlek, 1991/92.. ................................................................................................................ V-57 

Estimated Harvest of Fish Other than Salmon by Gear Type, 

Tatitlek, 1991/92 .................................................................................................................. V-58 

Percentage of Fish Other than Salmon Harvested by Gear Type, 

Tatitlek, 1991/92 .................................................................................................................. V-59 

Percentage of Households Harvesting Fish Other than Salmon by Gear Type 

and Species, Tatitlek, 1991/92.. .......................................................................................... V-60 

Estimated Harvest and Use of Fish, Mammal, Bird, and Plant 

Resources, Tatltlek, 1993/94 .............................................................................................. V-63 

Estimated Amount of Resources Removed from Commercial 

Harvest, Tatitlek, 1993/94 ................................................................................................... V-69 

Percentage of Salmon Harvest by Resource, Gear Type, and 

Total Salmon Harvest, Tatitlek, 1993/94.. ........................................................................... V-70 

Estimated Salmon Harvest by Gear Type and Species, Tatitlek, 1993/94 ....................... V-71 

Percentage of Households Harvesting Salmon by Gear Type and Species, 

Tatitlek, 1993/94.. ................................................................................................................ V-72 

Estimated Harvest of Fish Other than Salmon by Gear Type, 

Tatitlek, 1993/94.. ................................................................................................................ V-73 

Percentage of Fish Other than Salmon Harvested by Gear Type, 

Tatitlek, 1993/94.. ................................................................................................................ V-74 

Percentage of Households Harvesting Fish Other than Salmon by Gear Type 

and Species, Tatitlek, 1993/94.. .......................................................................................... V-75 

Uses of Wild Foods, Tatitlek, 1991 and 1993.. .................................................................... V-78 

Safety of Using Subsistence Foods, Tatitlek, 1991 and 1993.. .......................................... V-80 

Resource Population Statuses, Tatitlek, 1991 and 1993.. .................................................. V-82 

Children’s Participation in Subsistence, Tatitlek, 1991 and 1993 ..................................... V-85 

Sharing, Tatitlek, 1991 and 1993.. ....................................................................................... V-86 

Political Activities, Tatitlek, 1991 and 1993 ......................................................................... V-88 

Significance of Place, Tatitlek, 1991 and 1993.. ................................................................. V-91 

Effectiveness of Oil Spill Responses, Tatitlek, 1991 and 1993.. ......................................... V-95 

Subsistence Food Safety Information, Tatitlek, 1991 and 1993 ...................................... V-l 01 

OCS Development Effects, Tatitlek, 1991, and 1993.. ...................................................... V-102 

Sample Participation: Kenai 1992, 1993, and 1994.. ........................................................ VI-25 

Demographic Characteristics of Households, Kenai, January 1992, January 

1993, and January 1994.. ................................................................................................... VI-26 

Population Profile, Kenai, January 1992.. .......................................................................... VI-27 

Population Profile, Kenai, January 1993.. .......................................................................... VI-28 

Population Profile, Kenai, January 1994 ............................................................................ VI-29 

Employment Characteristics, Kenai, 1991, 1992, and 1993.. ............................................ VI-30 

Community, Household, and Per Capita Income, All Sources and by Employer 

Type, Kenai, 1991 ............................................................................................................... VI-31 

Community, Household, and Per Capita Other Income by Source, Kenai, 1991.. ........ ..VI-3 2 

Subsistence Equipment Expenses and Use, Kenai, 1991 ................................................ VI-34 

Community, Household, and Per Capita Income, All Sources and by Employer 

Type, Kenai, 1992 ............................................................................................................... VI-35 

Community, Household, and Per Capita Other Income by Source, Kenai, 1992.. .......... VI-36 

Community, Household, and Per Capita Income, All Sources and by Employer 

Type, Kenai, 1993 ............................................................................................................... VI-38 

Community, Household, and Per Capita Other Income by Source, Kenai, 1993............VI-3 9 

Characteristics of Resource Harvest and Use, Kenai, 1991, 1992, and 1993.. ................ VI-41 

. . . 

XXVIII 
Table VI-1 5. 

Table VI-1 6. 

Table VI-1 7. 

Table VI-1 8. 

Table VI-1 9. 

Table VI-20. 

Table VI-21. 

Table VI-22. 

Table VI-23. 

Table VI-24. 

Table VI-25. 

Table VI-26. 

Table VI-27. 

Table VI-28. 

Table VI-29. 

Table VI-30. 

Table VI-31. 

Table VI-32. 

Table VI-33. 

Table VI-34. 

Table VI-35. 

Table VI-36. 

Table VI-37. 

Table VI-38. 

Table VI-39. 

Table VI46 

Table V141. 

Table Vi42. 

Table VI43. 

Table VI44. 

Table V145. 

Table V146. 

Table V147. 

Table VI48. 

Table V149. 

Table VI-50. 

Participation in the Harvest and Processing of Wild Resources, Kenai, 1991, 

1992, and 1993.. .................................................................................................................. VI42 

Percentage of Households Sharing Resources by Community, Kenai, 1991.................. VI43 

Subsistence Harvests in Pounds Usable Weight per Person by Resource 

Category, Kenai, 1982,1991,1992, and 1993 ................................................................... VI-44 

Composition of Resource Harvests by Resource Category, Kenai, 1982,1991, 

1992, ati 1993.. .................................................................................................................. VI44 

Estimated Harvest and Use of Fish, Mammal, Bird, and Plant Resources, 

Kenai, 1991........................................... .............................................................................. VI49 

Estimated Amount of Resources Removed from Commercial Harvests, 

Kenai, 1991 .......................................................................................................................... VI-54 

Percentage of Salmon Harvest by Resource, Gear Type, and Total Salmon 

Harvest, Kenai, 1991 ........................................................................................................... VI-55 

Estimated Salmon Hawest by Gear Type, Kenai, 1991 .................................................... VI-56 

Percentage of Households Harvesting Salmon by Gear Type and Species, 

Kenai, 1991.................................... ...................................................................................... VI-57 

Estimated Harvest of Fish Other than Salmon by Gear Type, Kenai, 1991...................... VI-58 

Percentage of Fish Other than Salmon Harvested by Gear Type, Kenai, 1991 ............... VI-59 

Percentage of Households Harvesting Fish Other than Salmon by Gear Type 

and Species, Kenai, 1991 ................................................................................................... VI-60 

Estimated Harvest and Use of Fish, Mammal, Bird, and Plant Resources, 

Kenai, 1992.. ........................................................................................................................ VI-62 

Estimated Amount of Resources Removed from Commercial Harvests, 

Kenai, 1992.. ........................................................................................................................ VI-67 

Percentage of Salmon Harvest by Resource, Gear Type, and Total Salmon 

Harvest, Kenai, 1992 ........................................................................................................... VI-68 

Estimated Salmon Harvest by Gear Type, Kenai, 1992 .................................................... VI-69 

Percentage of Households Harvesting Salmon by Gear Type and Species, 

Kenai, 1992 .......................................................................................................................... VI-70 

Estimated Harvest of Fish Other than Salmon by Gear Type, Kenai, 1992.. .................... VI-71 

Percentage of Fish Other than Salmon Harvested by Gear Type, Kenai, 1992.. ............. VI-72 

Percentage of Households Harvesting Fish Other than Salmon by Gear Type 

and Species, Kenai, 1992/3 ............................................................................................... VI-73 

Estimated Harvest and Use of Fish, Mammal, Bird, and Plant Resources, 

Kenai, 1993.. ........................................................................................................................ VI-75 

Estimated Amount of Resources Removed from Commercial Harvests, 

Kenai, 1993.. ........................................................................................................................ VI-81 

Percentage of Salmon Harvest by Resource, Gear Type, and Total Salmon 

Harvest, Kenai, 1993. .......................................................................................................... VI-82 

Estimated Salmon Harvest by Gear Type, Kenai, 1993 .................................................... VI-83 

Percentage of Households Harvesting Salmon by Gear Type and Species, 

Kenai, 1993.. ........................................................................................................................ VI-84 

Estimated Harvest of Fish Other than Salmon by Gear Type, Kenai, 1993.. .................... Vi-85 

Percentage of Fish Other than Salmon Harvested by Gear Type, Kenai, 1993.. ............. VI-86 

Percentage of Households Harvesting Fish Other than Salmon by Gear Type 

and Species, Kenai, 1993.. ................................................................................................. VI-87 

Uses of Wild Foods, Kenai, 1991, 1992, and 1993 ............................................................ VI-98 

Safety of Using Subsistence Foods, Kenai, 1991, 1992, and 1993 .................................. VI-92 

Resource Population Statuses, Kenai, 1991, 1992, and 1993 .......................................... VI-94 

Children’s Participation in Subsistence, Kenai, 1991, 1992, and 1993.. ........................... VI-97 

Sharing, Kenai, 1991,1992, and 1993 ............................................................................... VI-98 

Political Activities, Kenai, 1991, 1992, and 1993.. ............................................................ VI-1 00 

Significance of Place, Kenai, 1991, 1992, and 1993.. ...................................................... VI-~ 05 

Effectiveness of Oil Spill Responses, Kenai, 1991, 1992, and 1993 ............................... VI-1 12 

xxix 
Table VI-51. 

Table VI-52. 

Table VI-53. 

Table VI-54. 

Table VII-l. 

Table VII-2. 

Table VII-3. 

Table Vll-4. 

Table VII-5. 

Table Vll-6. 

Table VII-7. 

Table Vll-8. 

Table VII-g. 

Table VII-l 0. 

Table VII-l 1. 

Table VII-12. 

Table VII-13. 

Table VII-14. 

Table VII-l 5. 

Table VII-16. 

Table VII-l 7. 

Table VII-18. 

Table VII-19. 

Table VII-20. 

Table VII-21. 

Table VII-22. 

Table VII-23. 

Table VII-24. 

Table VII-25. 

Table VII-26. 

Table VII-27. 

Table VII-28. 

Subsistence Food Safety Information, Kenai, 1991, 1992, and 1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VI-1 19 

OCS Development Effects, Kenai, 1991, 1992, and 1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .._...__._._. VI-120 

Subsistence and Personal Use Salmon Harvests, Kenai, 

1962,1991,1992, and 1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VI-1 25 

Subsistence/Personal Use Setnet Harvests, Selected Fisheries, 

Upper Cook Inlet, 1982, 1991, 1992, and 1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VI-126 

Sample Participation: Seldovia 1992,1993, and 1994.. ................................................... VII-25 

Demographic Characteristics of Households, Seldovia, 

April 1992, April 1993, and April 1994 ............................................................................... VII-26 

Population Profile, Seldovia, April 1992.. .......................................................................... VII-27 

Population Profile, Seldovia, April 1993.. .......................................................................... VII-28 

Population Profile, Seldovia, April 1994.. .......................................................................... VII-29 

Employment Characteristics, Seldovia, 1991/92, 1992/93, and 1993/94.. .................... VII-30 

Community, Household, and Per Capita Income, All Sources and by 

Employer Type, Seldovia, 1991/92. .................................................................................. VII-32 

Community, Household, and Per Capita Other Income by Source, 

Seldovia, 1991/92.. ............................................................................................................ Vll-33 

Subsistence Equipment Expenses and Use, Seldovia, 1991/92.. ................................... VII-35 

Community, Household, and Per Capita Incomes, All Sources and by 

Employer Type, Seldovia, 1992/93.. ................................................................................. VII-36 

Community, Household, and Per Capita Other Income by Source, 

Seldovia, 1992/93.. ............................................................................................................ VII-37 

Community, Household, and Per Capita Income, All Sources and by 

Employer Type, Seldovia, 1993/94.. ................................................................................. VII-39 

Community, Household, and Per Capita Other Income by Source, 

Seldovia, 1993/94.. ............................................................................................................ VII40 

Characteristics of Resource Harvest and Use, Seldovia, 

1991/92, 1992/93, and 1993/94.. ..................................................................................... VII41 

Participation in the Harvest and Processing of Wild 

Resources, Seldovia, 1991/92, 1992/93, and 1993/94.. ................................................. VII42 

Percentage of Households Sharing Resources by Community, Seldovia, l991/92......Vll43 

Subsistence Harvests in Pounds Usable Weight per 

Person by Resource Category, Seldovia, 1982, 1991/92, 1992/93, and l993/94.........Vll44 

Composition of Resource Harvests by Resource Category, 

Seldovia, 1982,1991/92, 1992/93, and 1993/&t ............................................................. VII-44 

Estimated Harvest and Use of Fish, Mammal, Bird, and Plant 

Resources, Seldovia, 1991/92.. ........................................................................................ VII49 

Estimated Amount of Resources Removed from Commercial 

Harvests, Seldovia, 1991/92 ............................................................................................. VII-54 

Percentage of Salmon Harvest by Resource, Gear Type, and 

Total Salmon Harvest, Seldovia, 1991/92 ........................................................................ VII-55 

Estimated Salmon Harvest by Gear Type, Seldovia, 1991/92 ........................................ VII-56 

Percentage of Households Harvesting Salmon by Gear Type and Species, 

Seldovia, 1991/92.. ............................................................................................................ VII-57 

Estimated Harvest of Fish Other than Salmon by Gear Type, Seldovia, 1991/92..........Vll-5 8 

Percentage of Fish Other than Salmon Harvested by Gear Type, 

Seldovia, 1991/92.. ............................................................................................................ VII-59 

Percentage of Households Harvesting Fish Other than Salmon by Gear Type 

and Species, Seldovia, 1991/92 ....................................................................................... VII-60 

Estimated Harvest and Use of Fish, Mammal, Bird, and Plant 

Resources, Seldovia, 1992/93.. ........................................................................................ VII-62 

Estimated Amount of Resources Removed from Commercial 

Harvest, Seldovia, 1992/93 ............................................................................................... VII-67 

xxx 
Table VII-29. 

Table VII-30. 

Table Vll-31. 

Table Vll-32. 

Table Vll-33. 

Table VII-34. 

Table Vll-35. 

Table VII-36. 

Table VII-37. 

Table VII-38. 

Table VII-39. 

Table VII40. 

Table Vll-41. 

Table Vll-42. 

Table Vll43. 

Table Vll44. 

Table Vll-45. 

Table Vll46. 

Table Vll-47. 

Table Vll48. 

Table Vll-49. 

Table VII-50. 

Table VII-51. 

Table VII-52. 

Table VIII-l. 

Table VIII-2. 

Table VIII-3. 

Table Vlll-4. 

Table VIII-5. 

Table Vlll-6. 

Table VIII-7. 

Table Vlll-8. 

Table VIII-g. 

Table VIII-10. 

Table VIII-l 1. 

Table VIII-l 2. 

Percentage of Salmon Harvest by Resource, Gear Type, and 

Total Salmon Harvest, Seldovia, 1992/93 ........................................................................ VII-68 

Estimated Salmon Harvest by Gear Type, Seldovia, 1992/93 ........................................ VII69 

Percentage of Households Harvesting Salmon by Gear Type and Species, 

S&jov& 1$@2/93.. ............................................................................................................ vii-70 

Estimated Harvest of Fish Other than Salmon by Gear Type, Seldovia, 1992/93..........Vll-7 1 

Percentage of Fish Other than Salmon Harvested by Gear Type, 

Seldovia, 1992/93.. ............................................................................................................ VII-72 

Percentage of Households Harvesting Fish Other than Salmon by Gear Type 

and Species, Seldovia, 1992/93 ....................................................................................... VII-73 

Estimated Harvest and Use of Fish, Mammal, Bird, and Plant 

Resources, Seldovia, 1993/94 .......................................................................................... VII-76 

Estimated Amount of Resources Removed from Commercial 

Harvest, Seldovia, 1993/94 ............................................................................................... VII-82 

Percentage of Salmon Harvest by Resource, Gear Type, and 

Total Salmon Harvest, Seldovia, 1993/94 ........................................................................ VII-83 

Estimated Salmon Hawest by Gear Type, Seldovia, 1993/94 ........................................ VII-84 

Percentage of Households Harvesting Salmon by Gear Type and Species, 

Seldovia, 1993/94.. ............................................................................................................ VII-85 

Estimated Harvest of Fish Other than Salmon by Gear Type, Seldovia, 1993/94..........Vll-86 

Percentage of Fish Other than Salmon Harvested by Gear Type, 

Seldovia, 1993/94.. ............................................................................................................ VII-88 

Percentage of Households Harvesting Fish Other than Salmon by Gear Type 

and Species, Seldovia, 1993/94 ....................................................................................... VII-90 

Uses of Wild Foods, Seldovia, 1991, 1992, and 1993 ...................................................... VII-91 

Safety of Using Subsistence Foods, Seldovia, 1991, 1992, and 1993 ............................ VII-92 

Resource Population Statuses, Seldovia, 1991, 1992, and 1993 .................................... VII-94 

Children’s Participation in Subsistence, Seldovia, 1991, 1992, and 1993.. ..................... VII-97 

Sharing, Seldovia, 1991, 1992, and 1993 .......................................................................... VII-98 

Political Activities, Seldovia, 1991, 1992, and 1993 ........................................................ VII-1 00 

Significance of Place, Seldovia, 1991, 1992, and 1993.. 

.............. 

.I ................................ VII-105 

Effectiveness of Responses, Seldovia, 1991, 1992, and 1993.. ..................................... VII-l 11 

Subsistence Food Safety Infonation, Seldovia, 1991, 1992, and 1993 ....................... VII-l 18 

OCS Development Effects, Seldovia, 1991, 1992, and 1993.. ....................................... VII-l 19 

Sample Participation: Port Graham 1992, 1993, and 1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VIII-23 

Demographic Characteristics of Households, Port Graham, April 1992, 

April 1993 and April 1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VIII-24 

Population Profile, Port Graham, April 1992 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VIII-25 

Population Profile, Port Graham, April 1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VIII-26 

Population Profile, Port Graham, April 1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VIII-27 

Employment Characteristics, Port Graham, 1991/92, 1992/93 and 1993/94 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VIII-28 

Community, Household, and Per Capita Income, All Sources and by Employer 

Type, Port Graham 1991/92 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VIII-29 

Community, Household, and Per Capita Other Income by Source, 

Port Graham, 1991/92 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..-........................_...._.............. VIII-30 

Subsistence Equipment Expenses and Use, Port Graham, 1991/92 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VIII-32 

Community, Household and Per Capita Income, All Sources and by Employer 

Type, Port Graham, 1992/93 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VIII-33 

Community, Household, and Per Capita Other Income by Source, 

Port Graham, 1992/93 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VIII-34 

Community, Household, and Per Capita Income, All Sources and by 

Employer Type, Port Graham, 1993/94 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VIII-36 

xxxi 
Table VIII-13. 

Table VIII-l 4. 

Table VIII-15. 

Table VIII-16. 

Table VIII-17. 

Table VIII-l 8. 

Table VIII-1 9. 

Table VIII-20. 

Table VIII-21. 

Table VIII-22. 

Table VIII-23. 

Table VIII-24. 

Table VIII-25. 

Table VIII-26. 

Table VIII-27. 

Table VIII-28. 

Table VIII-29. 

Table VIII-30. 

Table VIII-31. 

Table VIII-32. 

Table VIII-33. 

Table VIII-34. 

Table VIII-35. 

Table VIII-36. 

Table VIII-37. 

Table VIII-38. 

Table VIII-39. 

Table VIII48 

Community, Household, and Per Capita Other Income by Source 

port Graham, 1993/94.. .................................................................................................... Vlll-37 

Characteristics of Resource Harvest and Use, Port Graham, 1991/92, 

t992/93 and 1993/&I.. ..................................................................................................... VIII-39 

Participation in the Harvest and Processing of Wild Resources, 

Port Graham, 1991/92, 1992/93 and 1993/94.. .............................................................. VIII48 

Percentage of Households Sharing Resources by Community, Port Graham, 

1991/92.. ........................................................................................................................... VIII-41 

Subsistence Harvests in Pounds Useabie Weight by Resource Category, 

Port Graham, 1987, 1989, 1990/91, 1991/92, 1992/93 and 1993/94.. .......................... VIII-42 

Composition of Resource Harvests by Resource Category, Port Graham, 

1987, 1989, 1998/91, 1991/92, 1992/93 and 1993/94.. ................................................. VIII42 

Estimated Harvest and Use of Fish, Mammal, Bird and Plant Resources, 

Port Graham, 1991/92.. .................................................................................................... VIII-47 

Estimated Amount of Resources Removed From Commercial Harvest, 

Port Graham, 1991/92.. .................................................................................................... VIII-52 

Percentage of Salmon Harvest by Resource, Gear Type, and Total Salmon 

Harvest, Port Graham, 1991/92.. ..................................................................................... VIII-53 

Estimated Salmon Harvest by Gear Type and Species, Port Graham, 1991/92...........Vlll-5 4 

Percentage of Households Harvesting Salmon by Gear Type and Species, 

Port Graham, 1991/92.. .................................................................................................... VIII-55 

Estimated Harvest of Fish Other than Salmon by Gear Type, Port Graham, 

1991/92.. ........................................................................................................................... VIII-56 

Percentage of Fish Other Than Salmon Harvested by Gear Type, Port Graham 

1991/92.. ........................................................................................................................... VIII-57 

Percentage of Households Harvesting Fish Other Than Salmon by Gear 

Type and Species, Port Graham, 1991/92.. .................................................................... VIII-58 

Estimated Harvest and Use of Fish, Mammal, Bird and Plant Resources, 

Port Graham, 1992/93.. .................................................................................................... VIII-68 

Estimated Amount of Resources Removed From Commercial Harvest, 

Port Graham, 1992/93.. .................................................................................................... VIII-66 

Percentage of Salmon Harvest by Resource, Gear Type, and Total Salmon 

Harvest, Port Graham, 1992/93 ....................................................................................... VIII67 

Estimated Salmon Harvest by Gear Type and Species, Port Graham, 1992/93...........VllMS 

Percentage of Households Harvesting Salmon by Gear Type and Species, 

Port Graham, 1992/93.. .................................................................................................... VII189 

Estimated Harvest of Fish Other than Salmon by Gear Type, Port Graham, 

1992/Q.. ........................................................................................................................... Vlll-78 

Percentage of Fish Other Than Salmon Harvested by Gear Type, Port Graham 

1992/93 ............................................................................................................................. VIII-71 

Percentage of Households Harvesting Fish Other Than Salmon by Gear 

Type and Species, Port Graham, 1992/93.. .................................................................... VIII-72 

Estimated Harvest and Use of Fish, Mammal, Bird and Plant Resources, 

Port Graham, 1993/94 ...................................................................................................... VIII-74 

Estimated Amount of Resources Removed From Commercial Harvest, 

Port Graham, 1993/94.. .................................................................................................... Vlll-~9 

Percentage of Salmon Harvest by Resource, Gear Type, and Total Salmon 

Harvest, Port Graham, 1993/94 ....................................................................................... VIII-81 

Estimated Salmon Harvest by Gear Type and Species, Port Graham, 1993/94...........Vlll-8 2 

Percentage of Households Harvesting Salmon by Gear Type and Species, 

Port Graham, 1993/94.. .................................................................................................... VIII-83 

Estimated Harvest of Fish Other than Salmon by Gear Type, Port Graham, 

1993/94.. ........................................................................................................................... VIII-&J 

xxxii 
Table Vlll-41. 

Table Vlll-42. 

Table Vlll43. 

Table Vlll44. 

Table Vlll-45. 

Table Vlll46. 

Table Vlll-47. 

Table Vlll48. 

Table Vlll-49. 

Table VIII-50. 

Table VIII-51. 

Table VIII-52. 

Table IX-l. 

Table 1X-2. 

Table 1X-3. 

Table 1X-4. 

Table 1X-5. 

Table 1X-6. 

Table 1X-7. 

Table 1X-8. 

Table 1X-9. 

Table IX-l 0. 

Table IX-l 1. 

Table IX-l 2. 

Table IX-l 3. 

Table IX-l 4. 

Table IX-1 5. 

Table IX-l 6. 

Table IX-l 7. 

Table IX-1 8. 

Table IX-l 9. 

Table 1X-20. 

Table 1X-21. 

Table 1X-22. 

Table 1X-23. 

Percentage of Fish Other Than Salmon Harvested by Gear Type, Port Graham 

1993/94.. ........................................................................................................................... VIII-85 

Percentage of Households Harvesting Fish Other Than Salmon by Gear 

Type and Species, Port Graham, 1993/94.. .................................................................... VIII-86 

Uses of Wild Foods, Port Graham ................................................................................... VIII-88 

Safety of Using Subsistence Foods, Port Graham .......................................................... VIII-89 

Resource Population Statuses, Port Graham .................................................................. VIII-91 

Children’s Participation In Subsistence, Port Graham .................................................... VIII-94 

Sharing, Port Graham ....................................................................................................... VIII-96 

Political Activllies, Port Graham ....................................................................................... VIII-98 

Significance of Place, Port Graham ............................................................................... VIII-103 

Effectiveness of Oil Spill Responses, Port Graham ....................................................... VIII-1 10 

Subsistence Food Safety Information, Port Graham .................................................... VIII-l 16 

OCS Development Effects, Port Graham ...................................................................... VIII-1 17 

Sample Participation: Nanwalek 1992, 1993, and 1994 ................................................... IX-25 

Demographic Characteristics of Households, Nanwalek, April 1992, 

.April 1993 and April I 994.. ................................................................................................. IX-26 

Population Profile, Nanwalek, April 1992.. ......................................................................... IX-27 

Population Profile, Nanwalek, April 1993 ........................................................................... IX-28 

Population Profile, Nanwalek, April 1994 ........................................................................... IX-29 

Employment Characteristics, Nanwalek, 1991/92, 1992/93, and 1993/94.. ................... lx-30 

Community, Household, and Per Capita Income, All Sources and by Employer 

Type, Nanwalek 1991/92 ................................................................................................... IX-31 

Community, Household, and Per Capita Other Income by Source, 

Nanwalek, 1991/92 ............................................................................................................. IX-32 

Subsistence Equipment Expenses and Use, Nanwalek, 1991/92 ................................... IX-34 

Community, Househdd and Per Capita Income, All Sources and by Employer 

Type, Nanwalek, 1992/93 .................................................................................................. IX-35 

Community, Household, and Per Capita Other Income by Source, 

Nanwalek, 1992/93 ............................................................................................................. IX-36 

Community, Household, and Per Capita Income, All Sources and by 

Employer Type, Nanwalek, 1993/94 .................................................................................. IX-38 

Community, Household, and Per Capita Other Income by Source 

Nanwalek, 1993/94 ............................................................................................................. IX-39 

Characteristics of Resource Harvest and Use, Nanwalek, 1991/92, 

1992/93 and 1993/94.. ....................................................................................................... IX41 

Participation in the Harvest and Processing of Wild Resources, 

Nanwalek, 1991/92, 1992/93 and 1993/94.. ..................................................................... IX42 

Percentage of Households Sharing Resources by Community, Nanwalek, 

1991/92.. ............................................................................................................................. IX43 

Subsistence Harvests in Pounds Useabie Weight by Resource Category, 

Nanwalek, 1987, 1989, 1990/91, 1991/92, 1992/93 and 1993/94.. ................................. IX44 

Composition of Resource Harvests by Resource Category, Nanwalek, 

1987, 1989, 1990/91, 1991/92, 1992/93 and 1993/94.. ................................................... IX44 

Estimated Harvest and Use of Fish, Mammal, Bird and Plant Resources, 

Nanwalek, 1991/92.. ........................................................................................................... IX49 

Estimated Amount of Resources Removed From Commercial Harvest, 

Nanwalek, 1991/92.. ........................................................................................................... IX-54 

Percentage of Salmon Harvest by Resource, Gear Type, and Total Salmon 

Harvest, Nanwalek, 1991/92.. ............................................................................................ IX-55 

Estimated Salmon Harvest by Gear Type and Species, Nanwalek, 1991/92.. ................ IX-56 

Percentage of Households Harvesting Salmon by Gear Type and Species, 

Nanwalek, 1991/92.. ........................................................................................................... IX-57 

. . . 

xxxlll 
Table 1X-24. 

Table 1X-25. 

Table 1X-26. 

Table 1X-27. 

Table 1X-28. 

Table 1X-29. 

Table 1X-30. 

Table 1X-31. 

Table 1X-32. 

Table 1X-33. 

Table 1X-34. 

Table 1X-35. 

Table 1X-36. 

Table 1X-37. 

Table 1X-38. 

Table 1X-39. 

Table IX48 

Table 1X-41. 

Table 1X-42. 

Table 1X-43. 

Table IX44 

Table 1X-45. 

Table 1X-46. 

Table 1X47. 

Table IX48 

Table 1X-49. 

Table 1X-50. 

Table 1X-51. 

Table 1X-52. 

Table X-l. 

Table X-2. 

Tabie X-3. 

Table X4. 

Table X-5. 

Table X-6. 

Estimated Harvest of Fish Other than Salmon by Gear Type, Nanwalek, 

1991/92.. ............................................................................................................................. IX-58 

Percentage of Fish Other Than Salmon Harvested by Gear Type, Nanwalek 

1991/92.. ............................................................................................................................. IX-59 

Percentage of Househdds Hawesting Fish Other Than Salmon by Gear 

Type and Species, Nanwalek, 1991/92.. ........................................................................... IX-68 

Estimated Harvest and Use of Fish, Mammal, Bird and Plant Resources, 

Nanwalek, 1992/93.. .......................................................................................................... .1X-62 

Estimated Amount of Resources Removed From Commercial Harvest, 

Nanwalek, 1992/93.. ........................................................................................................... IX-67 

Percentage of Salmon Harvest by Resource, Gear Type, and Total Salmon 

Harvest, Nanwalek, 1992/93.. ............................................................................................ IX-68 

Estimated Salmon Harvest by Gear Type and Species, Nanwalek, 1992/93.. ................ IX-69 

Percentage of Households Hawesting Salmon by Gear Type and Species, 

Nanwalek, 1992/93.. ........................................................................................................... IX-70 

Estimated Hawest of Fish Other than Salmon by Gear Type, Nanwalek, 

1992/93.. ............................................................................................................................. IX-71 

Percentage of Fish Other Than Salmon Harvested by Gear Type, Nanwalek 

1992/93.. ............................................................................................................................. IX-72 

Percentage of Households Harvesting Fish Other Than Salmon by Gear 

Type and Species, Nanwalek, 1992/93.. ........................................................................... IX-73 

Estimated Harvest and Use of Fish, Mammal, Bird and Plant Resources, 

Nanwalek, 1993/94.. ........................................................................................................... IX-75 

Estimated Amount of Resources Removed From Commercial Harvest, 

Nanwalek, 1993/94.. ........................................................................................................... IX-81 

Percentage of Salmon Harvest by Resource, Gear Type, and Total Salmon 

Harvest, Nanwalek, 1993/94.. ............................................................................................ IX-82 

Estimated Salmon Harvest by Gear Type and Species, Nanwalek, 1993/94.. ................ IX-83 

Percentage of Households Harvesting Salmon by Gear Type and Species, 

Nanwalek, 1993/94.. ........................................................................................................... IX-84 

Estimated Harvest of Fish Other than Salmon by Gear Type, Nanwalek, 

1993/94.. ............................................................................................................................. IX-85 

Percentage of Fish Other Than Salmon Harvested by Gear Type, Nanwalek 

1993/94.. ............................................................................................................................. IX-86 

Percentage of Households Harvesting Fish Other Than Salmon by Gear 

Type and Species, Nanwalek, 1993/94.. ........................................................................... IX-87 

Uses of Wild Foods, Nanwalek .......................................................................................... IX-89 

Safety of Using Subsistence Foods, Nanwalek ................................................................. IX-91 

Resource Population Statuses, Nanwalek ......................................................................... IX-94 

Children’s Participation in Subsistence, Nanwalek.. ......................................................... IX-97 

Sharing, Nanwalek .............................................................................................................. IX-98 

Political Activiiies, Nanwalek ............................................................................................ IX-1 00 

Significance of Place, Nanwalek.. .................................................................................... IX-1 85 

Effectiveness of Oil Spill Responses, Nanwalek .............................................................. IX-1 11 

Subsistence Food Safety Information, Nanwalek ........................................................... IX-117 

OCS Development Effects, Nanwalek ............................................................................. IX-l 18 

Sample Participation: Kodiak 1992,1993, and 1994.. ........................................................ X-27 

Demographic Characteristics of Households, Kodiak City, 

January 1992, January 1993, and January 1994.. .............................................................. X-28 

Population Profile, Kodiak Road-Connected Area, January 1992.. ................................... X-29 

Population Profile, Kodiak City, January 1993 ................................................................... X-30 

Population Profile, Kodiak City, January 1994 ................................................................... X-31 

Employment Characteristics, Kodiak City, 1991, 1992, and 1993.. ................................... X-33 

xxxiv 
Table X-7. 

Table X-8. 

Table X-9. 

Table X-l 0. 

Table X-l 1. 

Table X-l 2. 

Table X-l 3. 

Table X-l 4. 

Table X-l 5. 

Table X-l 6. 

Table X-l 7. 

Table X-l 8. 

Table X-l 9. 

Table X-20. 

Table X-21. 

Table X-22. 

Table X-23. 

Table X-24. 

Table X-25. 

Table X-26. 

Table X-27. 

Table X-28. 

Table X-29. 

Table X-30. 

Table X-31. 

Table X-32. 

Table X-33. 

Table X-34. 

Community, Household, and Per Capita Income, AIf Sources and by 

Employer Type, Kodiak Road-Connected Area, 1991 ....................................................... x-34 

Community, Household, and Per Capita Other Income by Source, 

K&i& Ro&-&mne&tj Area, 1991 .................................................................................. x-35 

Sub&tence Equipment Expenses and Use, Kodiak Road-Connected Area, 1991. ...... 

..X3 7 

Community, Household, and Per Capita Income, All Sources and by 

Employer Type, K&i& City, 1992.. .................................................................................... X-38 

Community, Household, and Per Capita Other income by Source, 

K&i& CXy, 1992.. ............................................................................................................... x-39 

Community, Household, and Per Capita Income, All Sources and by 

Employer Type, Kodiak Cii, 1993 ...................................................................................... x-41 

Community, Household, and Per Capita Other income by Source, 

Ko&ik City, 1993.. ............................................................................................................... x-42 

Kodiak Salmon Ex-Vessel Values (in Millions) and Average Prices 

1987,1991,1992, and 1993 ................................................................................................ X-44 

Characteristics of Resource Harvest and Use, Kodiak City, 

1991, 1992, and 1993.. ......................................................................................................... X-45 

Participation in the Harvest and Processing of Wild 

Resources, Korjhk city, 1991, 1992, and 1993.. ................................................................ X-46 

Percentage of Households Sharing Resources by Community, 

Kodiak Road-Connected Area, 1991 .................................................................................. x-47 

Subsistence Harvests in Pounds Usable Weight per Person by Resource 

Category, Kodiak, 1982/83,1991,1992, and 1993 ............................................................ x-49 

Composition of Resource Harvests by Resource Category, 

Kodiak, 1982/83, 1991, 1992, and 1993 ............................................................................. X49 

Estimated Harvest and Use of Fish, Mammal, Bird, and Plant 

Resources, Kodiak Road-Connected Area, 1991 ............................................................... X-53 

Estimated Amount of Resources Removed from Commercial 

Harvests, Kodiak Road-Connected Area, 1991 .................................................................. X-58 

Percentage of Salmon Harvest by Resource, Gear Type, and 

Total Salmon Harvest, Kodiak Road-Connected Area, 1991 ............................................. X-60 

Estimated Salmon Harvest by Gear Type and Species, Kodiak RoadConnected Area, 1991 ......................................................................................................... X-61 

Percentage of Households Harvesting Salmon by Gear Type and Species, 

Kodiak Road-Connected Area, 1991 .................................................................................. x-62 

Estimated Harvest of Fish Other than Salmon by Gear Type, 

Kodiak Road-Connected Area, 1991 .................................................................................. X-63 

Percentage of Fish Other than Salmon Harvested by Gear Type, 

Kodiak Road-Connected Area, 1991 .................................................................................. X64 

Percentage of Households Harvesting Fish Other than Salmon by Gear Type 

and Species, Kodiak Road-Connected Area, 1991 ............................................................ X45 

Estimated Harvest and Use of Fish, Mammal, Bird, and Plant 

Resources, Kodiak Cii, 1992 ............................................................................................. x-67 

Estimated Amount of Resources Removed from Commercial 

Harvest, Kodiak Cii, 1992 .................................................................................................. X-72 

Percentage of Salmon Harvest by Resource, Gear Type, and 

Total Salmon Harvest, Kodiak City, 1992 ........................................................................... X-73 

Estimated Salmon Harvest by Gear Type and Species, Kodiak Cii, 1992 ...................... X-74 

Percentage of Households Harvesting Salmon by Gear Type and Species, 

Kodiak City, 1992 ................................................................................................................. x-75 

Estimated Harvest of Fish Other than Salmon by Gear Type, 

Kodiak city, 1992.. ............................................................................................................... x-76 

Percentage of Fish Other than Salmon Hatvested by Gear Type, 

Kodiak city, 1992.. ............................................................................................................... X-77 
Table X-35. 

Table X-36. 

Table X-37. 

Table X-38. 

Table X-39. 

Table X-40. 

Table X-41. 

Table X-42. 

Table X-43. 

Table X-44. 

Table X-45. 

Table X46. 

Table X-47. 

Table X48. 

Table X-49. 

Table X-50. 

Table X-51. 

Table X-52. 

Table X-53. 

Table Xl-l. 

Table X1-2. 

Table X1-3. 

Table X1-4. 

Table X1-5. 

Table X1-6. 

Table X1-7. 

Table X1-8. 

Table X1-9. 

Table Xl-l 0. 

Table Xl-l 1. 

Table Xl-l 2. 

Table Xl-l 3. 

Table Xl-l 4. 

Table Xl-l 5. 

Table X1-16. 

Percentage of Households Harvesting Fish Other than Salmon by Gear Type 

and Species, Kodiak Cii, 1992 .......................................................................................... X-78 

Estimated Harvest and Use of Fish, Mammal, Bird, and Plant 

Resources, Kodiak City, 1993 ............................................................................................. X-81 

Estimated Amount of Resources Removed from Commercial 

Harvest, Kodiak Cii, 1993 .................................................................................................. X-87 

Percentage of Salmon Harvest by Resource, Gear Type, and 

Total Salmon Harvest, Kodiak Cii, 1993 ........................................................................... X88 

Estimated Salmon Harvest by Gear Type and Species, Kodiak City, 1993 ...................... X89 

Percentage of Households Harvesting Salmon by Gear Type and Species, 

Kodiak City, 1993.. ............................................................................................................... X-98 

Estimated Harvest of Fish Other than Salmon by Gear Type, 

Kodiak City, 1993.. ............................................................................................................... X-91 

Percentage of Fish Other than Salmon Harvested by Gear Type, 

Kodiak City, 1993.. ............................................................................................................... X-92 

Percentage of Households Harvesting Fish Other than Salmon by Gear Type 

and Species, Kodiak Cii, 1993 .......................................................................................... X-93 

Uses of Wild Foods, Kodiak City, 1991, 1992, and 1993 .................................................. X-94 

Safety of Using Subsistence Foods, Kodiak Cii, 1991, 1992, and 1993.. ........................ X-96 

Resource Population Statuses, Kodiak City, 1991, 1992, and 1993.. ................................ X-98 

Children’s Participation in Subsistence, Kodiak Cii, 1991, 1992, and 1993.. ................. Xl 02 

Sharing, Kodiak City, 1991, 1992, and 1993.. ................................................................... X-103 

Political Activities, Kodiak City, 1991, 1992, and 1993.. ................................................... X-105 

Significance of Place, Kodiak Cii, 1991, 1992, and 1993.. ............................................. X-l 10 

Effectiveness of Oil Spill Responses, Kodiak City, 1991, 1992, and 1993.. ..................... X-l 17 

Subsistence Food Safety Information, Kodiak City, 1991, 1992, and 1993 .................... X-124 

OCS Development Effects, Kodiak City, 1991, 1992, and 1993 ...................................... X-125 

Sample Participation: Old Harbor 1992.. .......................................................................... Xl-l 5 

Demographic Characteristics of Households, Old Harbor, April 1992 ............................ Xl-l 6 

Population Profile, Old Harbor, April 1992.. ....................................................................... Xi-l 7 

Employment Characteristics, Old Harbor, 1991/92.. ........................................................ Xl-l 8 

Community, Household, and Per Capita Incomes, All Sources and by 

Employer Type, Old Harbor, 1991/92 ............................................................................... Xl-l 9 

Community, Household, and Per Capita Other Income by Source, 

Old Harbor, 1991/92 .......................................................................................................... XI-20 

Subsistence Equipment Expenses and Use, Old Harbor, 1991/92 ................................. Xl-22 

Characteristics of Resource Harvest and Use, Old Harbor, 1991/92 .............................. Xl-23 

Participation in the Harvest and Processing of Wild Resources, 

Old Harbor, 1991/92 .......................................................................................................... XI-24 

Percentage of Households Sharing Resources by Community, 

Old Harbor, 1991/92 .~........~.~~............~............................~.........,,,~,,,~,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,~,,,,,,,,,,,,, , Xi-25 

Subsistence Harvests in Pounds Usable Weight per Person by Resource 

Category, Old Harbor, 1982/83, 1986, 1989, and 1991/92.. ............................................ Xl-26 

Composition of Resource Harvests by Resource Category, 

Old Harbor 1982/83, 1986, 1989, and 1991/92 ................................................................ Xl-26 

Estimated Harvest and Use of Fish, Mammal, Bird, and Plant 

Resources, Old Harbor, 1991/92.. ..................................................................................... XI-30 

Estimated Amount of Resources Removed from Commercial 

Harvests, Old Harbor, 1991/92 .......................................................................................... Xl-35 

Percentage of Salmon Harvest by Resource, Gear Type, and 

Total Salmon Harvest, Old Harbor, 1991/92 ..................................................................... Xl-36 

Estimated Salmon Harvest by Gear Type, Old Harbor, 1991/92.. ................................... Xl-37 
Table Xl-l 7. 

Table Xl-l 8. 

Table Xl-l 9. 

Table X1-20. 

Table X1-21. 

Table X1-22. 

Table X1-23. 

Table X1-24. 

Table X1-25. 

Table X1-26. 

Table X1-27. 

Table X1-28. 

Table X1-29. 

Table X1-30. 

Table XII-l 

Table X11-2. 

Table X11-3. 

Table X11-4. 

Table X11-5. 

Table X11-6. 

Table X11-7. 

Table X11-8. 

Table X11-9. 

Table X11-10. 

Table XII-l 1. 

Table X11-12. 

Table X11-13. 

Table XII-l 4. 

Table XII-l 5. 

Table X11-16. 

Table XII-l 7. 

Table XII-l 8. 

Table XII-1 9. 

Percentage of Households Hawesting Salmon by Gear Type and Species, 

Old Harbor, 1991/92 ....................................................................... Xl-38 ................................... 

Estimated Harvest of Fish Other than Salmon by Gear Type, Old Harbor, ............................ 

1991/92 ...................................................................................... ......................................... Xl-39 

Percentage of Fish Other than Salmon Harvested by Gear Type, 

Old Harbor, 1991/92 .......................................................................................................... XI-40 

Percentage of Households Harvesting Fish Other than Salmon by Gear 

Type and Species, Old Harbor, 1991/92 ........................................................................... XI-41 

Uses of Wild Foods, Old Harbor, 1991 

.... .............. 

............................................................................................

Safety of Using Subsistence Foods, Old Harbor, 1991 

s:z 

Resource Population Statuses, Old Harbor, 1991 ............................................................ Xl-46 

Children’s Participation in Subsistence, Old Harbor, 1991 ............................................... XI-49 

Sharing, Old Harbor, 1991 ................................................................................................. XI-50 

Political Activities, Old Harbor, 1991 ................................................................................. Xl-52 

Significance of Place, Old Harbor, 1991 ............................................................................ XI-54 

Effectiveness of Oil Spill Responses, Old Harbor, 1991 ................................................... Xl-59 

Subsistence Food Safety Information, Old Harbor, 1991 ................................................. Xl-64 

OCS Development Effects, Old Harbor, 1991 ................................................................... Xl-65 

Sample Participation: Ouzinkie 1992,1993, and 1994.. ................................................... XII-26 

Demographic Characteristics of Households, Ouzinkie, 

April 1992, April 1993, and April 1994 ............................................................................... XII-27 

Population Profile, Ouzinkie, April 1992.. .......................................................................... XII-28 

Population Profile, Ouzinkie, April 1993.. .......................................................................... XII-29 

Population Profile, Ouzinkie, April 1994.. .......................................................................... X11-38 

Employment Characteristics, Ouzinkie, 1991/92, 1992/93, and 1993/94.. .................... X11-31 

Community, Household, and Per Capita Income, All Sources and by 

Employer Type, Ouzinkie, 1991/92 .................................................................................. XII-32 

Community, Household, and Per Capita Other income by Source, 

Ouzinkie, 1991/92 ............................................................................................................. XII-33 

Community, Household, and Per Capita Income, All Sources and by 

Employer Type, Ouzinkie, 1992/93 .................................................................................. XII-35 

Community, Household, and Per Capita Other income by Source, 

Ouzinkie, 1992/93 ............................................................................................................. XII-36 

Community, Household, and Per Capita Income, All Sources and by 

Employer Type, Ouzinkie, 1993/94 .................................................................................. XII-38 

Community, Household, and Per Capita Other Income by Source, 

Ouzinkie, 1993/94 ............................................................................................................. XII-39 

Characteristics of Resource Harvest and Use, Ouzinkie, 

1991/92,1992/93, and 1993/94 ....................................................................................... XII-41 

Participation in the Harvest and Processing of Wild 

Resources, Ouzinkie, 1991/92, 1992/93, and 1993/94.. ................................................. XII-42 

Percentage of Households Sharing Resources by Community, 

Ouzinkie, 1991/92 ............................................................................................................. XII-43 

Subsistence Harvests in Pounds Usable Weight per 

Person by Resource Category, Ouzinkie, 1982/83,1986, 

1989, 1996/91, 1991/92, 1992/93, and l993/94 ............................................................ XII-44 

Composition of Resource Harvests by Resource Category, 

Ouzinkie, 1982/83, 1986, 1989, 1996/91, 1991/92, 1992/93, and 1993/94 .................. XII-44 

Estimated Harvest and Use of Fish, Mammal, Bird, and Plant 

Resources, Ouzinkie, 1991/92.. ........................................................................................ XII-49 

Estimated Amount of Resources Removed from Commercial 

Harvests, Ouzinkie, 1991/92.. ........................................................................................... XII-54 

xxxvii 
Table X11-20. 

Table X11-21. 

Table X11-22. 

Table X11-23. 

Table X11-24. 

Table X11-25. 

Table X11-26. 

Table X11-27. 

Table X11-28. 

Table X11-29. 

Table X11-30. 

Table X11-31. 

Table X11-32. 

Table X11-33. 

Table X11-34. 

Table X11-35. 

Table X11-36. 

Table X11-37. 

Table X11-38. 

Table X11-39. 

Table X11-40. 

Table X11-41. 

Table X11-42. 

Table X11-43. 

Table X11-44. 

Table X11-45. 

Table X11-46. 

Table X11-47. 

Table X11-48. 

Table X11-49. 

Table X11-50. 

Table X11-51. 

Table XIII-l. Sample Participation: Larsen Bay, 1992,1993, and 1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIII-24 

Percentage of Salmon Harvest by Resource, Gear Type, and 

Total Salmon Harvest, Ouzinkie, 1991/92 ........................................................................ XII-55 

Estimated Salmon Harvest by Gear Type, Ouzinkie, 1991/92 ........................................ XII-56 

Percentage of Households Harvesting Salmon by Gear Type and Species, 

Ouzinkie, 1991/92 ............................................................................................................. XII-57 

Estimated Harvest of Fish Other than Salmon by Gear Type, 

Ouzinkie, 1991/92 ............................................................................................................. XII-58 

Percentage of Fish Other than Salmon Harvested by Gear Type, 

Ouzinkie, 1991/92 ............................................................................................................. XII-59 

Percentage of Households Harvesting Fish Other than Salmon by Gear Type 

and Species, Ouzinkie, 1991/92 ....................................................................................... XII-68 

Estimated Harvest and Use of Fish, Mammal, Bird, and Plant 

Resources, Ouzinkie, 1992/93 .......................................................................................... XII-62 

Estimated Amount of Resources Removed from Commercial 

Harvest, Ouzinkie, 1992/93 ............................................................................................... Xii67 

Percentage of Salmon Harvest by Resource, Gear Type, and 

Total Salmon Harvest, Ouzinkie, 1992/93.. ...................................................................... XII-68 

Estimated Salmon Hawest by Gear Type, Ouzinkie, 1992/93 ........................................ XII-69 

Percentage of Households Harvesting Salmon by Gear Type and Species, 

Ouzinkie, 1992/93 ............................................................................................................. XII-70 

Estimated Harvest of Fish Other than Salmon by Gear Type, 

Ouzinkie, 1992/93 ............................................................................................................. XII-71 

Percentage of Fish Other than Salmon Harvested by Gear Type, 

Ouzinkie, 1992/93 ............................................................................................................. XII-72 

Percentage of Households Harvesting Fish Other than Salmon by Gear Type 

and Species, Ouzinkie, 1992/93/3 ................................................................................... XII-73 

Estimated Harvest and Use of Fish, Mammal, Bird, and Plant 

Resources, Ouzinkie, 1993/94.. ........................................................................................ XII-76 

Estimated Amount of Resources Removed from Commercial 

Harvests, Ouzinkie, 1993/94.. ........................................................................................... XII-82 

Percentage of Salmon Harvest by Resource, Gear Type, and 

Total Salmon Harvest, Ouzinkie, 1993/94.. ...................................................................... XII-83 

Estimated Salmon Harvest by Gear Type and Species, Ouzinkie, 1993/94.. ................. XII-84 

Percentage of Households Harvesting Salmon by Gear Type and Species, 

Ouzinkie, 1993/94 ............................................................................................................. XII-85 

Estimated Harvest of Fish Other than Salmon by Gear Type, 

Ouzinkie, 1993/94 ............................................................................................................. XII-86 

Percentage of Fish Other than Salmon Harvested by Gear Type, 

Ouzinkie, 1993/94 ............................................................................................................. XII-87 

Percentage of Households Harvesting Fish Other than Salmon by Gear Type 

and Species, Ouzinkie, 1993/94 ....................................................................................... XII-88 

Uses of Wild Foods, Ouzinkie, 1991, 1992, and 1993 ..................................................... XII-89 

Safety of Using Subsistence Foods, Ouzinkie, 1991, 1992, and 1993 ........................... XII-98 

Resource Population Statuses, Ouzinkie, 1991, 1992, and 1993 ................................... XII-92 

Children’s Participation in Subsistence, Ouzinkie, 1991, 1992, and I 993 ...................... XII-95 

Sharing, Ouzinkie, 1991, 1992, and 1993 ........................................................................ XII-97 

Political Activities, Ouzinkie, 1991, 1992, and 1993 ......................................................... XII-98 

Significance of Place, Ouzinkie, 1991, 1992, and 1993 ................................................. XII-103 

Effectiveness of Oil Spill Responses, Ouzinkie, 1991, 1992, and 1993 ........................ XII-109 

Subsistence Food Safety Information, Ouzinkie, 1991, 1992, and 1993 ...................... XII-115 

OCS Development Effects, Ouzinkie, 1991, 1992, and 1993 ........................................ xii-1 16 

. . . xxxvlll 
Table X111-2. 

Table X111-3. 

Table X111-4. 

Table X111-5. 

Table X111-6. 

Table X111-7. 

Table X111-8. 

Table X111-9. 

Table XIII-l 0. 

Table XIII-l 1. 

Table XIII-l 2. 

Table X111-13. 

Table XIII-l 4. 

Table X111-15. 

Table X111-16. 

Table XIII-l 7. 

Table XIII-l 8. 

Table X111-19. 

Table X111-20. 

Table X111-21. 

Table X111-22. 

Table X111-23. 

Table X111-24. 

Table X111-25. 

Table X111-26. 

Table X111-27. 

Table X111-28. 

Table X111-29. 

Table X111-30. 

Demographic Characteristics of Househdds, Larsen Bay, 

April 1992, April 1993, and April 1994 .............................................................................. XIII-25 

Population Profile, Larsen Bay, April 1992.. ..................................................................... XIII-26 

Population Profile, Larsen Bay, April 1993 ....................................................................... XIII-27 

Population Profile, Larsen Bay, April 1944 ....................................................................... XIII-28 

Employment Characteristics, Larsen Bay, 1991/92, 1992/93, and 1993/94.. ............... Xiff-29 

Community, Household, and Per Capita income, All Sources and by 

Employer Type, Larsen Bay, 1991/92 ............................................................................. XIII-30 

Community, Household, and Per Capita Other Income by Source, 

Larsen Bay, 1991/92 ........................................................................................................ x111-31 

Community, Household, and Per Capita Income, Ail Sources and by 

Employer Type, Larsen Bay, 1992/93 ............................................................................. X111-33 

Community, Househdd, and Per Capita Other income by Source, 

Larsen Bay, 1992/93 ........................................................................................................ XIII-34 

Community, Househdd, and Per Capita income, All Sources and by 

Employer Type, Larsen Bay, 1993/94 ............................................................................. XIII-36 

Community, Household, and Per Capita Other Income by Source, 

Larsen Bay, 1993/94 ........................................................................................................ XIII-37 

Characteristics of Resource Harvest and Use, Larsen Bay, 

1991/92,1992/93, and 1993/94 ...................................................................................... XIII-39 

Participation in the Harvest and Processing of Wild 

Resources, Larsen Bay, 1991/92,1992/93, and 1993/94 .............................................. XIII-40 

Percentage of Households Sharing Resources by Community, 

Larsen Bay, 1991/92 ........................................................................................................ XIII-41 

Subsistence Harvests in Pounds Usable Weight per Person by Resource 

Category, Larsen Bay, 1982/83,1986,1989,1999/91, 

1991/92, 1992/93, and 1993/94.. .................................................................................... XIII-42 

Composition of Resource Harvests by Resource Category, Larsen Bay, 

1982/83, 1986, 1989, 1990/91, 1991/92, 1992/93, and 1993/94.. ................................ XIII-42 

Estimated Harvest and Use of Fish, Mammal, Bird, and Plant 

Resources, Larsen Bay, 1991/92.. ................................................................................... XIII-46 

Estimated Amount of Resources Removed from Commercial 

Harvest, Larsen Bay, 1991/92 .......................................................................................... XIII-51 

Percentage of Salmon Harvest by Resource, Gear Type, and 

Total Salmon Harvest, Larsen Bay, 1991/92.. ................................................................. XIII-52 

Estimated Salmon Harvest by Gear Type and Species, Larsen Bay, 1991/92..............Xlll-5 3 

Percentage of Households Harvesting Salmon by Gear Type and Species, 

Larsen Bay, 1991/92 ........................................................................................................ XIII-54 

Estimated Harvest of Fish Other than Salmon by Gear Type, 

Larsen Bay, 1991/92 ........................................................................................................ XIII-55 

Percentage of Fish Other than Salmon Harvested by Gear Type, 

Larsen Bay, 1991/92 ........................................................................................................ XIII-56 

Percentage of Households Harvesting Fish Other than Salmon by Gear Type 

and Species, Larsen Bay, 1991/92.. ................................................................................ XIII-57 

Estimated Harvest and Use of Fish, Mammal, Bird, and Plant 

Resources, Larsen Bay, 1992/93.. ................................................................................... XIII-59 

Estimated Amount of Resources Removed from Commercial 

Harvest, Larsen Bay, 1992/93.. ........................................................................................ XIII-64 

Percentage of Salmon Harvest by Resource, Gear Type, and 

Total Salmon Hawest, Larsen Bay, 1992/93.. ................................................................. XIII-65 

Estimated Salmon Hawest by Gear Type and Species, Larsen Bay, 1992/93.. ............ XIII-66 

Percentage of Households Harvesting Salmon by Gear Type and Species, 

Larsen Bay, 1992/93 ........................................................................................................ XIII67 

xxxix 
Table X111-31. 

Table X111-32. 

Table X111-33. 

Table X111-34. 

Table X111-35. 

Table X111-36. 

Table X111-37. 

Table X111-38. 

Table X111-39. 

Table X111-40. 

Table XIII41. 

Table X111-42. 

Table X1114.3. 

Table Xlll44. 

Table X111-45. 

Table X111-46. 

Table X111-47. 

Table X111-48. 

Table X111-49. 

Table X111-50. 

Table X111-51. 

Table XIV-l. 

Table XIV-2. 

Table XIV-3. 

Table XIV4. 

Table XIV-5. 

Table XIV6 

Table XIV-7. 

Table XIV-8. 

Table XIV-g. 

Table XIV-1 0. 

Table XIV-1 1. 

Table XIV-1 2. 

Table XIV-1 3. 

Table XIV-1 4. 

Estimated Harvest of Fish Other than Salmon by Gear Type, 

Larsen Bay, 1992/93 ........................................................................................................ XIII-68 

Percentage of Fish Other than Salmon Harvested by Gear Type, 

Larsen Bay, I 992/93 ........................................................................................................ XIII49 

Percentage of Households Harvesting Fish Other than Salmon by Gear Type 

and Species, Larsen Bay, 1992/93/3.. ............................................................................ XIII-70 

Estimated Harvest and Use of Fish, Mammal, Bird, and Plant 

Resources, Larsen Bay, 1993/94.. ................................................................................... XIII-74 

Estimated Amount of Resources Removed from Commercial 

Harvest, Larsen Bay, 1993/94.. ........................................................................................ XIII-86 

Percentage of Salmon Harvest by Resource, Gear Type, and 

Total Salmon Harvest, Larsen Bay, 1993/94.. ................................................................. XIII-81 

Estimated Salmon Harvest by Gear Type and Species, Larsen Bay, 1993/94.. ............ XIII-82 

Percentage of Househdds Harvesting Salmon by Gear Type and Species, 

Larsen Bay, 1993/94 ........................................................................................................ XIII-83 

Estimated Harvest of Fish Other than Salmon by Gear Type, 

Larsen Bay, 1993/94 ........................................................................................................ XIII-84 

Percentage of Fish Other than Salmon Harvested by Gear Type, 

Larsen Bay, 1993/94 ........................................................................................................ XIII-85 

Percentage of Households Harvesting Fish Other than Salmon by Gear Type 

and Species, Larsen Bay, 1993/94.. ................................................................................ XIII-86 

Uses of Wild Foods, Larsen Bay, 1991, 1992, and 1993.. ............................................... XIII-87 

Safety of Using Subsistence Foods, Larsen Bay, 1991, 1992, and 1993.. ..................... XIII-88 

Resource Population Statuses, Larsen Bay, 1991, 1992, and 1993.. ............................. XIII-90 

Children’s Participation in Subsistence, Larsen Bay, 

1991, 1992, and 1993 Study Years .................................................................................. XIII-93 

Sharing, Larsen Bay, 1991, 1992, and 1993.. .................................................................. XIII-94 

Political Activities, Larsen Bay, 1991, 1992, and 1993 .................................................... XIII-96 

Significance of Place, Larsen Bay, 1991, 1992, and 1993 ............................................ XIII-100 

Effectiveness of Oil Spill Responses, Larsen Bay, 1991,1992, and 1993 .................... XIII-106 

Subsistence Food Safety Information, Larsen Bay, 1991, 1992, and 1993.. ................ XIII-l 11 

OCS Development Effects, Larsen Bay, 1991, 1992, and 1993.. .................................. XIII-1 12 

Sample Participation: Karluk 1992 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIV-1 1 

Demographic Characteristics of Households, Karluk, April 1992 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIV-1 2 

Population Profile, Karluk, April 1992 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIV-1 3 

Employment Characteristics, Karluk, 1991/92 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIV-1 4 

Community, Household, and Per Capita Income, All Sources and by 

Employer Type, Karluk, 1991/92 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIV-1 6 

Community, Household, and Per Capita Other income by Source, 

Karluk, 1991/92 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIV-1 7 

Characteristics of Resource Harvest and Use, Karluk, 1991/2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .._........ XIV-1 8 

Participation in the Harvest and Processing of Wild Resources, Karluk, 1991/92 . . . . . . ..XIV-19 

Percentage of Households Sharing Resources by Community, Karluk, 1991/92.........XIV-20 

Subsistence Harvests in Pounds Usable Weight per Person by Resource 

Category, Karluk, 1982/83, 1986, 1989, 1990/91, and 1991/92 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIV-21 

Composition of Resource Harvests by Resource Category, 

Karluk 1982/83, 1986, 1989, 1990/91, and 1991/92 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIV-21 

Estimated Harvest and Use of Fish, Mammal, Bird, and Plant 

Resources, Karluk, 1991/92 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIV-25 

Percentage of Salmon Harvest by Resource, Gear Type, and 

Total Salmon Harvest, Karluk, 1991/92 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIV-30 

Estimated Salmon Harvest by Gear Type, Karluk, 1991/92 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIV-31 

xl 
Table XIV-1 5. 

Table XIV-1 6. 

Table XIV-1 7. 

Table XIV-1 8. 

Table XIV-1 9. 

Table XIV-20. 

Table XIV-21. 

Table XIV-22. 

Table XIV-23. 

Table XIV-24. 

Table XIV-25. 

Table XIV-26. 

Table XIV-27. 

Table XIV-28. 

Table XV-l. 

Table XV-2. 

Table XV-3. 

Table XV4. 

Table XV-5. 

Table XV-6. 

Table XV-7. 

Table XV8 

Table XV-g. 

Table XV-1 0. 

Table XV-1 1. 

Table XV-l 2. 

Table XV-1 3. 

Table XV-1 4. 

Table XV-1 5. 

Table XV-1 6. 

Table XV-1 7. 

Table XV-l 8. 

Table XVI-l. 

Table XVI-2. 

Table XVI-3. 

Table XVI4. 

Table XVI-5. 

Percentage of Households Harvesting Salmon by Gear Type and Species, 

Karluk, 1991/92 ................................................................................................................ XIV-32 

Estimated Hawest of Fish Other than Salmon by Gear Type, Karluk, 1991/92 ............ XIV-33 

Percentage of Fish Other than Salmon Harvested by Gear Type, 

Karluk, 1991/92 ................................................................................................................ XIV-34 

Percentage of Househdds Harvesting Fish Other than Salmon by Gear Type 

and Species, Karluk, 1991/92 .......................................................................................... xiv-35 

Uses of Wild Foods, Karluk, 1991 .................................................................................... XIV-38 

Safety of Using Subsistence Foods, Karluk, 1991 .......................................................... XIV-39 

Resource Population Statuses, Karluk, 1991 .................................................................. XIV40 

Children’s Participation in Subsistence, Karluk, 1991 ..................................................... XIV42 

Sharing, Karluk, 1991 ........................................................................................................ xiv43 

Pditical Activities, Karluk, 1991 ........................................................................................ XIV-44 

Significance of Place, Karluk, 1991 .................................................................................. XIV-46 

Effectiveness of Oil Spill Responses, Karluk, 1991 ......................................................... XIV-50 

Subsistence Food Safety Information, Karluk, 1991 ....................................................... XIV-53 

OCS Development Effects, Karluk, 1991 ......................................................................... XIV-54 

Sample Participation: Akhiok 1993 .................................................................................... xv-9 

Demographic Characteristics of Househdds, Akhiok, April 1993 ................................... XV-10 

Population Profile, Akhiok, April 1993 ............................................................................... xv-l 1 

Employment Characteristics, Akhiok, 1992/93.. .............................................................. XV-1 2 

Community, Household, and Per Capita Incomes, All Sources and by 

Employer Type, Akhiok, 1992/93 ...................................................................................... XV-l 3 

Community, Household, and Per Capita Other Income by Source, 

Akhiok, 1992/93 ................................................................................................................. XV-1 4 

Characteristics of Resource Hawest and Use, Akhiok, 1992/93 .................................... XV-16 

Participation in the Hawest and Processing of Wild Resources, Akhiok, 1992/93.. .... ..XV-17 

Subsistence Harvests in Pounds Usable Weight per Person by Resource 

Category, Akhiok, 1982183, 1986, 1989, and 1992/93 .................................................... XV-l 8 

Composition of Resource Harvests by Resource Category, 

Akhiok 1982/83,1986,1989, and 1992/93 ...................................................................... XV-18 

Estimated Harvest and Use of Fish, Mammal, Bird, and Plant 

Resources, Akhiok, 1992/93.. ........................................................................................... XV-22 

Estimated Amount of Resources Removed from Commercial 

Harvest, Akhiok, 1992193.. ............................................................................................... XV-27 

Percentage of Salmon Harvest by Resource, Gear Type, and 

Total Salmon Hawest, Akhiok, 1992/93.. ......................................................................... XV-28 

Estimated Salmon Harvest by Gear Type and Species, Akhiok, 1992/93.. .................... XV-29 

Percentage of Households Harvesting Salmon by Gear Type and Species, 

Akhiok, 1992/93.. ............................................................................................................... XV-30 

Estimated Harvest of Fish Other than Salmon by Gear Type, Akhiok, 1992/93.............XV-3 1 

Percentage of Fish Other than Salmon Harvested by Gear Type, 

Akhiok, 1992193................................................................................................................ XV-32 

Percentage of Households Harvesting Fish Other than Salmon by Gear Type 

and Species, Akhiok, 1992/93 .......................................................................................... XV-33 

Sample Participation: Port Lions 1994.. ............................................................................ XVI-9 

Demographic Characteristics of Households, Port Lions, April 1994 ............................ XVI-1 0 

Population Profile, Port Lions, April 1994 ........................................................................ XVI-1 1 

Employment Characteristics, Port Lions, 1993/94 ......................................................... XVI-1 2 

Community, Househdd, and Per Capita Income, All Sources and by 

Employer Type, Port Lions, 1993/94.. ............................................................................. XVI-13 

xli 
Table XVI6 

Table XVI-7. 

Table XVI-8. 

Table XVI-g. 

Table XVI-1 0. 

Table XVI-1 1. 

Table XVI-12. 

Table XVI-1 3. 

Table XVI-1 4. 

Table XVI-1 5. 

Table XVI-l 6. 

Table XVI-1 7. 

Table XVI-l 8. 

Table XVII-l. 

Table XVII-2. 

Table XVII-3. 

Table xVll-4. 

Table XVII-5. 

Table XVII6 

Table XVII-7. 

Table XVII-8. 

Table XVII-9. 

Table XVII-10. 

Table XVII-1 1. 

Table XVII-12. 

Table XVII-13. 

Table XVII-1 4. 

Table XVII-15. 

Table XVII-16. 

Table XVII-1 7. 

Table XVII-1 8. 

Community, Househdd, and Per Capita Other Income by Source, 

Port Lions, 1993/94 .......................................................................................................... XVI-1 4 

Characteristics of Resource Harvest and Use, Port Lions, 1993/94.. ............................ XVI-16 

Participation in the Harvest and Processing of Wild Resources, 

Port Lions, 1993/94.. ........................................................................................................ XVI-1 7 

Subsistence Harvests in Pounds Usable Weight per Person by Resource 

Category, Port Lions, 1982/83, 1988, 1989, and 1993/94.. ............................................ XVI-18 

Composition of Resource Harvests by Resource Category, 

Port Lions 1982/83, 1986, 1989, and 1993/94.. .............................................................. XVI-18 

Estimated Harvest and Use of Fish, Mammal, Bird and Plant 

Resources, Port Lions, 1993/94 ...................................................................................... XVI-22 

Estimated Amount of Resources Removed from Commercial 

Harvest, Port Lions, 1993/94 ........................................................................................... XVI-28 

Percentage of Salmon Harvest by Resource, Gear Type, and 

Total Salmon Harvest, Port Lions, 1993/94.. ................................................................... XVI-29 

Estimated Salmon Harvest by Gear Type, and Species, Port Lions, 1993/94 .............. XVI-30 

Percentage of Households Harvesting Salmon by Gear Type and Species, 

Port Lions, 1993/94.. ........................................................................................................ XVI-31 

Estimated Harvest of Fish Other than Salmon by Gear Type, Port Lions, 1993/94.. .. ..XVl3 2 

Percentage of Fish Other than Salmon Harvested by Gear Type, 

Port Lions, 1993/94 .......................................................................................................... XVI-33 

Percentage of Households Harvesting Fish Other than Salmon by Gear Type 

and Species, Port Lions, 1993/94.. .................................................................................. XVI-34 

Sample Participation: Chignik Bay 1992.. ...................................................................... XVII-21 

Demographic Characteristics of Households, Chignik Bay, April 1992 ........................ XVII-22 

Population Profile, Chignik Bay, April 1992 .................................................................... XVII-23 

Employment Characteristics, Chignik Bay, 1991/92 ..................................................... XVII-24 

Community, Household, and Per Capita Income, All Sources and by 

Employer Type, Chignik Bay, 1991/92.. ......................................................................... XVII-25 

Community, Household, and Per Capita Other Income by Source, 

Chignik Bay, 1991/92 ...................................................................................................... XVII-26 

Subsistence Equipment Expenses and Use, Chignik Bay, 1991/92.. ........................... XVII-28 

Characteristics of Resource Harvest and Use, Chignik Bay, 1991/92.. ........................ XVII-29 

Participation in the Harvest and Processing of Wild Resources, 

Chignik Bay, 1991/92 ...................................................................................................... XVII-30 

Percentage of Households Sharing Resources by Community, Chignik 

Bay, 1991/92 .................................................................................................................... XVII-31 

Subsistence Harvests in Pounds Usable Weight per Person by Resource 

Category, Chignik Bay, 1984, 1989, and 1991/92 ......................................................... XVII-32 

Composition of Resource Harvests by Resource Category, Chignik Bay 

1984,1989, and 1991/92 ................................................................................................. XVII-32 

Estimated Harvest and Use of Fish, Mammal, Bird, and Plant Resources, 

Chignik Bay, 1991/92 ...................................................................................................... XVII-37 

Estimated Amount of Resources Removed from Commercial 

Harvest, Chignik Bay, 1991/92 ....................................................................................... XVII-41 

Percentage of Salmon Hawest by Resource, Gear Type, and Total Salmon 

Harvest, Chignik Bay, 1991/92 ....................................................................................... XVII-42 

Estimated Salmon Harvest by Gear Type and Species, Chignik Bay, 1991/92.. ....... ..XVll43 

Percentage of Households Harvesting Salmon by Gear Type and Species, 

Chignik Bay, 1991/92 ...................................................................................................... XVII-44 

Estimated Harvest of Fish Other than Salmon by Gear Type, Chignik Bay, 

Ml/92 ............................................................................................................................ XVII-45 

xlii 
Table XVII-l 9. 

Table XVII-20. 

Table XVII-21. 

Table XVII-22. 

Table XVII-23. 

Table XVII-24. 

Table XVII-25. 

Table XVII-26. 

Tabie XVII-27. 

Table XVII-28. 

Tabie XVII-29. 

Table XVll-30. 

Table XVIII-l. 

Table XVIII-2. 

Table XVIII-3. 

Table XVlll-4. 

Table XVIII-5. 

Table XVIII6 

Table XVIII-7. 

Table XVIII8 

Table XVIII-9. 

Table XVIII-10. 

Table XVIII-1 1. 

Table XVIII-1 2. 

Table XVIII-1 3. 

Table XVIII-14. 

Table XVIII-1 5. 

Table XVIII-16. 

Table XVIII-1 7. 

Table XVIII-l 8. 

Table XVIII-1 9. 

Table XVIII-20. 

Sample Participation: Chignik Lake 1992.. ................................................................... XVIII-l 8 

Demographic Characteristics of Households, Chignik Lake, April 1992.. .................... XVlfl-19 

Population Profile, Chignik Lake, April 1992 .................................................................. XVIII-20 

Employment Characteristics, Chignik Lake, 1991/92.. ................................................. I(Vfll-21 

Community, Household, and Per Capita Income, All Sources and by 

Employer Type, Chignik Lake, 1991/92 ........................................................................ will-22 

Community, Household, and Per Capita Other Income by Source, 

Chignik Lake, 1991/92 ................................................................................................... XVIII-23 

Subsistence Equipment Expenses and Use, Chignik Lake, 1991/92 .......................... XVIII-25 

Characteristics of Resource Harvest and Use, Chignik Lake, 1991/92 ....................... XVIII-26 

Participation in the Harvest and Processing of Wild Resources, Chignik 

Lake, 1991/92.. ............................................................................................................... will-27 

Percentage of Households Sharing Resources by Community, Chignik 

Lake, 1991/92.. ............................................................................................................... XVIII-28 

Subsistence Harvests in Pounds Usable Weight per Person by Resource 

Category, Chignik Lake, 1984, 1989, and 1991/92.. ..................................................... XVIII-29 

Composition of Resource Harvests by Resource Category, Chignik Lake 

1984, 1989, and 1991/92.. .............................................................................................. XVIII-29 

Estimated Harvest and Use of Fish, Mammal, Bird, and Plant 

Resources, Chignik Lake, 1991/92.. .............................................................................. XVIII-34 

Estimated Amount of Resources Removed from Commercial 

Harvests, Chignik Lake, 1991/92.. .................................................................................. XVII-38 

Percentage of Salmon Harvest by Resource, Gear Type, and 

Total Salmon Harvest, Chignik Lake, 1991/92.. ............................................................ XVIII-39 

Estimated Salmon Harvest by Gear Type, and Species, Chignik Lake, 1991/92........XVlil-4 0 

Percentage of Households Harvesting Salmon by Gear Type and Species, 

Chignik Lake, 1991/92 ................................................................................................... XVIII-41 

Estimated Harvest of Fish Other than Salmon by Gear Type, Chignik Lake, 

1991/92.. ......................................................................................................................... XVIII-42 

Percentage of Fish Other than Salmon Harvested by Gear Type, 

Chignik Lake, 1991/92 ................................................................................................... XVll14.3 

Percentage of Households Harvesting Fish Other than Salmon by Gear Type 

and Species, Chignik Lake, 1991/92.. ........................................................................... XVIII44 

Uses of Wild Foods, Chignik Lake, 1991 ...................................................................... XVIII46 

Safety of Using Subsistence Foods, Chignik Lake, 1991 ............................................. XVIII-47 

Resource Population Statuses, Chignik Lake, 1991 .................................................... XVIII48 

Children’s Participation in Subsistence, Chignik Lake, 1991 ........................................ XVIII-51 

Sharing, Chignik Lake, 1991 .......................................................................................... XVIII-52 

Political Activities, Chignik Lake, 1991 .......................................................................... XVIII-54 

Table XVIII-21. 

Table XVIII-22. 

Table XVIII-23. 

Table XVIII-24. 

Table XVIII-25. 

Table XVIII-26. 

Percentage of Fish Other than Salmon Harvested by Gear Type, 

Chignik Bay, 1991/92.. .................................................................................................... XVII46 

Percentage of Househdds Harvesting Fish Other than Salmon by Gear Type 

and Species, Chignik Bay, 1991/92.. .............................................................................. XVII-47 

Uses of Wild Foods, Chignik Bay, 1991 ......................................................................... XVII-49 

Safety of Using Subsistence Foods, Chignik Bay, 1991 ................................................ XVII-50 

Resource Population Statuses, Chignik Bay, 1991 ....................................................... XVII-51 

Children’s Participation in Subsistence, Chignik Bay, 1991 ......................................... XVII-54 

Sharing, Chignik Bay, 1991 ............................................................................................ XVII-55 

Pditical Activiiies, Chignik Bay, 1991 Study Year .......................................................... XVII-57 

Significance of Place, Chignik Bay, 1991 ...................................................................... XVII-59 

Effectiveness of Oil Spill Responses, Chignik Bay, 1991 .............................................. xvii-63 

Subsistence Food Safety information, Chignik Bay, 1991 ............................................ XVII-68 

OCS Development Effects, Chignik Bay, 1991 .............................................................. XVII-69 

xliii 
Table XVIII-27. Significance of Place, Chignik Lake, 1991 .................................................................... XVIII-56 

Table XVIII-28. Effectiveness of Oil Spill Responses, Chignik Lake, 1991 ........................................... Xvlil-60 

Table XVIII-29. Subsistence Food Safety Information, Chignik lake, 1991 ......................................... Xvlll-64 

Table XVIII-30. OCS Development Effects, Chignik Lake, 1991 ........................................................... XVIII65 

Table XIX-l. 

Table X1X-2. 

Table X1X-3. 

Table X1X-4. 

Table X1X-5. 

Table X1X-6. 

Table X1X-7. 

Table X1X-8. 

Table X1X-9. 

Table XIX-l 0. 

Table XIX-l 1. 

Table X1X-12. 

Table XIX-l 3. 

Table XIX-l 4. 

Table XIX-1 5. 

Table XIX-l 6. 

Table XIX-1 7. 

Table XIX-l 8. 

Table XIX-l 9. 

Table X1X-20. 

Table X1X-21. 

Table X1X-22. 

Table X1X-23. 

Table X1X-24. 

Table X1X-25. 

Table X1X-26. 

Table X1X-27. 

Table X1X-28. 

Table X1X-29. 

Table M-1. 

Table XX-2. 

Table XX-3. 

Table xX-4. 

Table XX-5. 

Table XX-6 

Table XX-7. 

Sample Participation: Kotzebue 1992 ............................................................................. XIX-21 

Demographic Characteristics of Househdds, Kotzebue, 1992 ...................................... XIX-22 

Population Profile, Kotzebue, January 1992 .................................................................... XIX-23 

Employment Characteristics, Kotzebue, 1991 ................................................................ XIX-24 

Community, Househdd, and Per Capita incomes, All Sources and by 

Employer Type, Kotzebue, 1991 ...................................................................................... XIX-25 

Community, Househdd, and Per Capita Other income by Source, 

Kotzebue, 1991 ................................................................................................................. XIX-26 

Subsistence Equipment Expenses and Use, Kotzebue, 1991 ........................................ XIX-28 

Characteristics of Resource Harvest and Use, Kotzebue, 1991 ..................................... xix-29 

Participation in the Harvest and Processing of Wild Resources, Kotzebue, 1991.. ..... ..XIX3 0 

Percentage of Households Sharing Resources by Community, Kotzebue, 1991 ....... ..XIX-3 1 

Subsistence Harvests in Pounds Usable Weight per Person by Resource 

Category, Kotzebue, 1986 and 1991 ............................................................................... XIX-35 

Composition of Resource Harvests by Resource Category, 

Kotzebue 1986 and 1991 ................................................................................................. XIX-35 

Estimated Harvest and Use of Fish, Mammal, Bird, and Plant 

Resources, Kotzebue, 1991 ............................................................................................. XIX-36 

Estimated Amount of Resources Removed from Commercial 

Harvests, Kotzebue, 1991 ................................................................................................ XIX-40 

Percentage of Salmon Harvest by Resource, Gear Type, and 

Total Salmon Harvest, Kotzebue, 1991. ........................................................................... XIX41 

Estimated Salmon Harvest by Gear Type, and Species Kotzebue, 1991 ...................... XIX42 

Percentage of Households Harvesting Salmon by Gear Type and Species, 

Kotzebue, 1991 ................................................................................................................. XIX43 

Estimated Harvest of Fish Other than Salmon by Gear Type, Kotzebue, 1991 ............. XIX-44 

Percentage of Fish Other Than Salmon Harvested by Gear Type, 

Kotzebue, 1991 ................................................................................................................. XIX45 

Percentage of Households Harvesting Fish Other Than Salmon by Gear Type 

and Species, Kotzebue, 1991 ........................................................................................... XIX-46 

Uses of Wild Foods, Kotzebue, 1991 ............................................................................... XIX47 

Safety of Using Subsistence Foods, Kotzebue, 1991 ..................................................... XIX48 

Resource Population Statuses, Kotzebue, 1991 ............................................................. XIX-49 

Children’s Participation in Subsistence, Kotzebue, 1991................................................ XIX-52 

Sharing, Kotzebue, 1991 .................................................................................................. XIX-53 

Political Activities. Kotzebue, 1991.. ................................................................................. XIX-55 

Significance of Place, Kotzebue, 1991.. ........................................................................... XIX-58 

Effectiveness of Oil Spill Responses, Kotzebue, 1991 .................................................... XIX-65 

OCS Development Effects, Kotzebue, I 991 .................................................................... XIX-71 

Sample Participation: Kialina 1993.. ............................................................................... XX-16 

Demographic Characteristics of Households, Kiiaiina, January 1993 ........................... XX-l 7 

Population Profile, Kiialina, January 1993.. ...................................................................... XX-l 8 

Employment Characteristics, Kiialina, 1992 .................................................................... XX-l 9 

Community, Household, and Per Capita Income, All Sources and by 

Employer Type, Kiialina, 1992.. ........................................................................................ XX-20 

Community, Household, and Per Capita Other Income by Source, 

Kiialina, 1992 ..................................................................................................................... XX-21 

Characteristics of Resource Harvest and Use, Kiialina, 1992 ......................................... XX-23 
Table xX-8. 

Table xX-9. 

Table XX-l 0. 

Table XX-l 1. 

Table XX-l 2. 

Table XX-l 3. 

Table XX-l 4. 

Table XX-l 5. 

Table XX-1 6. 

Table XX-l 7. 

Table XX-l 8. 

Table XX-l 9. 

Table xX-20. 

Table xX-21. 

Table xX-22. 

Table xX-23. 

Table xX-24. 

Table xX-25. 

Table xX-26. 

Table xX-27. 

Table XXI-l. 

Table xX1-2. 

Table xX1-3. 

Table xX1-4. 

Table xX1-5. 

Table xX1-6. 

Table xX1-7. 

Table xX1-8. 

Table xX1-9. 

Table xX1-10. 

Table XXI-1 1. 

Table xX1-12. 

Table XXI-1 3. 

Table XXI-l 4. 

Table XXI-1 5. 

Participation in the Harvest and Processing of Wild Resources, 

Kiialina, 1992 ..................................................................................................................... XX-24 

Subsistence Harvests in Pounds Usable Weight per Person by Resource 

Category, Kiiiina, 1964/65, 1965/66, 1982/83, 1983/84, and 1992.. ........................... XX-25 

Composition of Resource Harvests by Resource Category, 

Kiialina 1964/65, 1965/66, 1982/83, 1983/84 and 1992 ................................................ XX-25 

Estimated Harvest and Use of Fish, Mammal, Bird, and Plant 

Resources, Kivalina, 1992 ................................................................................................. XX-28 

Estimated Amount of Resources Removed from Commercial 

Harvests, Kivalina, 1992 ..................................................................................................... xx-32 

Percentage of Salmon Harvest by Resource, Gear Type, and 

Total Salmon Harvest, Kivalina, 1992.. .............................................................................. XX-33 

Estimated Salmon Harvest by Gear Type, Kiialina, 1992.. .............................................. XX-34 

Percentage of Househdds Harvesting Salmon by Gear Type and Species, 

Kiialina, 1992 ..................................................................................................................... xx-35 

Estimated Harvest of Fish Other than Salmon by Gear Type, Kiialina, 1992.. ............... XX-36 

Percentage of Fish Other than Salmon Harvested by Gear Type, 

Kiialina, 1992 ..................................................................................................................... xx-37 

Percentage of Households Harvesting Fish Other than Salmon by Gear Type 

and Species, Kiialina, 1992 ............................................................................................... XX-38 

Uses of Wild Foods, Kiialina, 1992.. ................................................................................. XX42 

Safety of Using Subsistence Foods, Kiialina, 1992 ......................................................... XX-44 

Resource Population Statuses, Kivalina, 1992 ................................................................. XX45 

Children’s Participation in Subsistence, Kiialina, 1992.. .................................................. XX-50 

Sharing, Kiialina, 1992 ...................................................................................................... XX-51 

Political Activiiies, Kiialina, 1992.. ..................................................................................... XX-52 

Significance of Place, Kivalina, 1992.. ............................................................................... XX-54 

Effectiveness of Organizations, Kiialina, 1992.. ............................................................... XX-68 

OCS Development Effects, Kiialina, 1992.. ...................................................................... XX-62 

Sample Participation: Kaktovik 1993 ................................................................................ XXI-9 

Demographic Characteristics of Households, Kaktovik, June 1993 .............................. XXI-1 0 

Population Profile, Kaktovik, June 1993 .......................................................................... XXI-1 1 

Employment Characteristics, Kaktovik, 1992/93 ............................................................ XXI-1 2 

Community, Household, and Per Capita income, All Sources and by 

Employer Type, Kaktovik, 1992/93.. ................................................................................ XXI-1 3 

Community, Household, and Per Capita Other Income by Source, 

Kaktovik, 1992/93.. ........................................................................................................... XXI-1 4 

Characteristics of Resource Harvest and Use, Kaktovik, 1992/93.. ............................... XXI-1 6 

Participation in the Harvest and Processing of Wild Resources, 

Kaktovik, 1992/93.. ........................................................................................................... XXI-l 7 

Subsistence Harvests in Pounds Usable Weight per Person by Resource 

Category, Kaktovik, 1985/86, 1986/87, and 1992/93 .................................................... XXI-18 

Composition of Resource Harvests by Resource Category, 

Kaktovik 1985/86, 1986/87, and 1992/93.. ..................................................................... XXI-l 8 

Estimated Harvest and Use of Fish, Mammal, Bird and Plant 

Resources, Kaktovik, 1992/93 ......................................................................................... XXI-22 

Percentage of Salmon Harvest by Resource, Gear Type, and 

Total Salmon Harvest, Kaktovik, 1992/93 ....................................................................... XXI-25 

Estimated Salmon Harvest by Gear Type and Species, Kaktovik, 1992/93.. ................ XXI-26 

Percentage of Households Harvesting Salmon by Gear Type and Species, 

Kaktovik, 1992/93.. ........................................................................................................... XXI-27 

Estimated Harvest of Fish Other than Salmon by Gear Type, Kaktovik, 1992/93.........XXI-2 8 

XIV 
Table XXI-l 6. 

Table XXI-1 7. 

Table XXII-l. 

Table xX11-2. 

Table XXII-3. 

Table xX11-4. 

Table xX11-5. 

Table XXII6 

Table xX11-7. 

Table xX11-8. 

Table xX11-9. 

Table XXII-l 0. 

Table XXII-1 1. 

Table XXII-1 2. 

Table xX11-13. 

Table XXII-1 4. 

Table XXII-l 5. 

Table XXII-1 6. 

Table XXII-1 7. 

Table XXII-1 8. 

Sample Participation: Nuiqsut 1994.. ............................................................................. XXII-1 5 

Demographic Characteristics of Househdds, Nuiqsut, January 1994 ......................... XXII-1 6 

Population Profile, Nuiqsut, January 1994 ..................................................................... XXII-1 7 

Employment Characteristics, Nuiqsut 1993 ................................................................... XXII-1 8 

Community, Househdds, and Per Capita Income, All Sources and by 

Employer type, Nuiqsut, 1993.. ....................................................................................... XXII-20 

Community, Househdd, and Per Capita Other Income by Source, 

Nuiqsut, 1993 ................................................................................................................... XXII-21 

Characteristics of Resource Harvest and Use, Nuiqsut, 1993.. .................................... XXII-22 

Participation in the Harvest and Processing of Wild Resource, 

Nuiqsut, 1993.. ................................................................................................................. XXII-24 

Percentage of Househdds Sharing Resources by Community, 

Nuiqsut, 1993.. ................................................................................................................. XXII-25 

Subsistence Harvests in Pounds Usable Weight per Person by Resource 

Category, Nuiqsut, 1985/86, and 1993.. ......................................................................... XXII-26 

Composition of Resource Harvests by Resource Category, 

Nuiqsut, 1985/86 and 1993.. ........................................................................................... XXII-26 

Estimated Harvests and Use of Fish, Mammal, Bird, and Plant 

Resources, Nuiqsut, 1993 ............................................................................................... XXII-28 

Percentage of Salmon Harvest by Resource, Gear Type, and 

Total Salmon Harvest, Nuiqsut, 1993 ............................................................................. XXII-31 

Estimated Salmon Harvest by Gear Type, Nuiqsut, 1993.. ............................................ XXII-32 

Percentage of Households Harvesting Salmon by Gear Type and Species, 

Nuiqsut, 1993.. ................................................................................................................. XXII-33 

Estimated Harvest of Fish Other than Salmon by Gear Type, Nuiqsut, 1993.. ............. XXII-34 

Percentage of Fish Other than Salmon Harvested by Gear Type, 

Nuiqsut, 1993.. ................................................................................................................. xxii-35 

Percentage of Households Hawesting Fish Other than Salmon by Gear 

Type and Species, Nuiqsut, 1993 ................................................................................... Xxii-36 

Uses of Wild Foods, Nuiqsut, 1993.. ............................................................................... Xxii-37 

Safety of Using Subsistence Foods, Nuiqsut, 1993.. ..................................................... xxii-39 

Resource Population Statuses, Nuiqsut, 1993.. ............................................................. xx1146 

Children’s’ Participation in Subsistence, Nuiqsut, 1993.. ............................................... xxli44 

Sharing, Nuiqsut, 1993. ................................................................................................... XXII45 

Mtid ActivGs, Nuiqsut, 1993 .................................................................................... xx1146 

Significance of Place, Nuiqsut, 1993 .............................................................................. XXII49 

Effectiveness of Organizations, Nuiqsut, 1993.. ............................................................. xxii-55 

OCS Development Effects, Nuiqsut, 1993.. .................................................................... xxii-58 

Table XXII-1 9. 

Table xX11-20. 

Table xX11-21. 

Table xX11-22. 

Table xX11-23. 

Table xX11-24. 

Table xX11-25. 

Table xX11-26. 

Table xX11-27. 

Table XXIII-l. 

Table XXIII-2. 

Table XXIII-3. 

Table XXlll-4. 

Percentage of Fish Other than Salmon Harvested by Gear Type, 

Kaktovik, 1992/93 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXI-29 

Percentage of Househdds Harvesting Fish Other than Salmon by Gear Type 

and Species, Kaktovik, 1992/93 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXI-30 

Various Demographic and Economic Characteristics of the Study 

Communities, 1991, 1992, and 1993 Study Years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIII-13 

Percentage of Households Engaging in Subsistence Activities, Study 

Communities, 1991,1992, and 1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIII-14 

Average Number of Resources Used, Attempted to Harvest, Harvested, 

Received, and given Away per Household, Study Communities, 

1991, 1992, and 1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIII-15 

Subsistence Harvests, Pounds Usable Weight per Person, Study 

Communities, by Resource Category, 1991, 1992, and 1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIII-1 6 

xlvi 
Figure l-l. 

Figure l-2. 

Figure l-3. 

Figure 14. 

Figure l-5. 

Figure I- 6. 

Figure I- -7. 

Figure I. 8. 

Figure I. -9. 

Figure l-10. 

Figure l-l 1. 

Figure I, -12. 

Figure -13. 

Figure I, -14. 

Figure l-15. 

Figure l-16. 

Figure l-l 7. 

Figure l-l 8. 

Figure II-l. 

Figure 11-2. 

Figure 11-3. 

Figure 114. 

Figure 11-5. 

Figure 11-6. 

Figure 11-7. 

Figure 11-8. 

Figure 11-9. 

Figure II-1 0. 

Figure II-1 1. 

Figure II-1 2. 

LIST OF FIGURES 

Location of the Study Communities.. ................................................................................... l-29 

Average Length of Interviews by Study Year.. ..................................................................... I-40 

Percentage of Respondents Who Had Eaten a Wild Food 

the Day Before the Interview, 1991, 1992, and 1993 Study Years.. .................................. l-149 

Are Clams Safe for Children to Eat? Percentage of Respondents 

Saying L( No” or u Not Sure, 1991, 1992, and 1993 StudyYears.. ................................... l-150 

Are Seals Safe for Children to Eat? Percentage of Respondents 

Saying u No” or u Not Sure, 1991,1992, and 1993 Study Years ..................................... l-151 

Did the Spill Affect Children’s Participation in Subsistence Activities? 

Percentage of Respondents Answering “Yes,” 1991, 1992, and 1993 Study Years ....... l-152 

Percentage of Respondents Reporting Less Sharing of Wild Resources 

than Before the Spill, 1991, 1992, and 1993 Study Years.. ............................................... l-153 

Since the Oil Spill, Do You like Living Here Less, the Same, or More? 

Percentage of Respondents Answering u Less,” 1991,1992, and 1993 Study Years.. ... l-154 

Percentage of Households Reporting Being Adequately Informed about Subsistence 

Food Safety, 1991, 1992, and 1993 Study Years .............................................................. l-l 55 

Percentage of Respondents Predicting Lower Populations of Fish as a Consequence 

of OCS Development, 1991, 1992, and 1993 Study Years ............................................... l-156 

Percentage of Respondents Predicting Lower Populations of Marine invertebrates 

as a Consequence of OCS Development, 1991, 1992, and 1993 Study Years ............... l-157 

Percentage of Respondents Predicting Lower Populations of Marine Mammals as a 

Consequence of OCS Development, 1991, 1992, and 1993 Study Years.. ..................... i-158 

Percentage of Respondents Predicting Lower Populations of Land Mammals as a 

Consequence of OCS Development, 1991, 1992, and 1993 Study Years.. ..................... l-159 

Percentage of Respondents Predicting Lower Populations of Birds as a Consequence 

of OCS Development, 1991, 1992, and 1993 Study Years.. ............................................. I-168 

Percentage of Respondents Predicting More Jobs Available as a 

Consequence of OCS Development, 1991, 1992, and 1993 Study Years ....................... l-161 

Percentage of Households Reporting Lower Levels of Uses of Wild Resources 

Compared to 1988, the Year Before the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill, Study Communities.. ... l-l 62 

Changes in Subsistence Harvest Levels in the Year After the &on Valdez Oil Spill ...... l-163 

Subsistence Harvests in 1999/91 Compared to Pre-spill Averages 

and 1989, Selected Spill-Area Communities ..................................................................... I-164 

Cordova Census Population, 1888 - 1998.. ........................................................................ II-32 

Population Profile, Cordova, January 1992.. ...................................................................... II-35 

Population Profile, Cordova, January 1993 ........................................................................ II-36 

Population Profile, Cordova, January 1994.. ...................................................................... II-39 

Employment by Industry, Cordova, 1991 ........................................................................... II44 

Employment by Industry, Cordova, 1992.. ......................................................................... II-49 

Employment by Industry, Cordova, 1993.. ......................................................................... II-52 

Harvests of Wild Resources for Home Use, Pounds Usable 

Weight per Capita, Cordova, 1985, 1988, 1991, 1992, and 1993.. ..................................... II-57 

Wild Resource Wild Resource Harvests by Resource Category, Cordova, 1985,. 1988, 

1991, 1992, and 1993.. ......................................................................................................... II-58 

Composition of Wild Resource Harvests by Resource 

Category, Cordova, 1991 .................................................................................................... ii-59 

Percentage of Cordova Households Reporting Lower Levels of Uses of 

Wild Resources Compared to 1988, the Year Before the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill, 

1991 and 1993.. .................................................................................................................... 1166 

Composition of Wild Resource Harvests by Resource 

Category, Cordova, 1992 .................................................................................................... 11-73 

xlvii 
Figure 11-13. 

Figure II-1 4. 

Figure Ill-l. 

Figure 111-2. 

Figure 111-3. 

Figure 1114. 

Figure 111-5. 

Figure 111-6. 

Figure 111-7. 

Figure 111-8. 

Figure 111-g. 

Figure 111-10. 

Figure Ill-l 1. 

Figure 111-12. 

Figure 111-13. 

Figure 111-14. 

Figure IV-l. 

Figure IV-2. 

Figure IV-3. 

Figure IV4. 

Figure IV-5. 

Figure IV-6. 

Figure IV-7. 

Figure IV-8. 

Figure IV-g. 

Figure IV-lo. 

Figure IV-1 1. 

Figure IV-l 2. 

Figure IV-l 3. 

Figure IV-l 4. 

Figure IV-l 5. 

Figure IV-l 6. 

Figure IV-l 7. 

Figure V-l. Tatitlek Census Population, 1880 - 1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V-26 

Composition of Wild Resource Harvests by Resource 

Category, Cordova, 1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..*........... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii-86 

Composition of Harvests by Resource Category, 

Cordova, 1985,1988,1991,1992, and 1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II-87 

Valdez Census Population, 1880 - 1990 ............................................................................ Ill-18 

Population Profile, Valdez, January 1992 .......................................................................... Ill-21 

Population Profile, Valdez, January 1993 .......................................................................... Ill-22 

Population Profile, Valdez, January 1994 ......................................................................... Ill-23 

Employment by Industry, Valdez, 1991 ............................................................................. Ill-25 

Employment by industry, Valdez, 1992 ............................................................................. Ill-29 

Employment by industry, Valdez, 1993 ............................................................................. Ill-32 

Harvests of Wild Resources for Home Use, Pounds Usable 

Weight per Capita, Valdez, 1991, 1992, and 1993 ............................................................. Ill-39 

Per Capita Harvests of Wild Resources by Resource Category, 

Valdez, 1991,1992, and 1993 ............................................................................................ III-40 

Composition of Wild Resource Harvests by Resource 

Category, Valdez, 1991 ...................................................................................................... III-41 

Percentage of Valdez Households Reporting Lower Levels of Uses of 

Wild Resources Compared to 1988, the Year Before the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill, 

1991 and 1993 ..................................................................................................................... III-42 

Composition of Wild Resource Harvests by Resource Category, 

Valdez, 1992 ........................................................................................................................ Ill-55 

Composition of Wild Resource Harvests by Resource Category, 

Valdez, 1993 ........................................................................................................................ Ill-68 

Composition of Wild Resource Harvests by Resource Category, 

Valdez, 1991, 1992, and 1993 ............................................................................................ Ill-69 

Chenega and Chenega Bay Census Population, 1880 - 1990.. ........................................ IV-26 

Population Profile, Chenega Bay, April 1992.. ................................................................... IV-29 

Population Profile, Chenega Bay, April 1993.. ................................................................... IV-30 

Population Profile, Chenega Bay, April 1994.. ................................................................... IV-31 

Employment by Industry, Chenega Bay, 1991/92.. .......................................................... IV-35 

Employment by Industry, Chenega Bay, 1992/93.. .......................................................... IV-39 

Employment by Industry, Chenega Bay, 1993/94.. .......................................................... IV42 

Average Number of Resources Used per Household, Chenega Bay.. ............................ IV45 

Percentage of Chenega Bay Households Using Resource Categories.. ......................... IV46 

Percentage of Chenega Bay Households Attempting to Harvest Resources.. ................ IV47 

Harvests of Wild Resources for Home Use, Pounds Usable Weight per Capita, 

Chenega Bay, 1984/85,1985/86,1989/90,1990/91,1991/92.1992/93, 

and 1993/94.. ...................................................................................................................... IV48 

Per Capita harvests of Wild Resources by Resource Category, Chenega Bay...............IV-5 1 

Composition of Wild Resource Harvests by 

Resource Category, Chenega Bay, 1991/92 .................................................................... IV-52 

Percentage of Chenega Bay Households Reporting Lower Levels of Uses of 

Wild Resources Compared to1988, the Year Before the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill.. ......... ..IV-5 3 

Composition of Wild Resource Harvests by Resource Category, 

Chenega Bay, 1992/93.. ..................................................................................................... IV-66 

Composition of Wild Resource Harvests by Resource 

Category, Chenega Bay, 1993/94 ..................................................................................... IV-79 

Composition of Wild Resource Harvests by Resource Category, 

Chenega Bay ...................................................................................................................... IV-80 

xlviii 
Figure V-2. 

Figure V-3. 

Figure V-4. 

Figure V-5. 

Figure V-6. 

Figure V-7. 

Figure V-8. 

Figure V-9. 

Figure V-l 0. 

Figure V-l 1. 

Figure V-l 2. 

Figure V-l 3. 

Figure V-l 4. 

Figure V-l 5. 

Figure V-l 6. 

Figure VI-l. 

Figure VI-2. 

Figure VI-3. 

Figure V14. 

Figure VI-5. 

Figure VI6 

Figure VI-7. 

Figure VI-8. 

Figure VI-g. 

Figure VI-1 0. 

Figure VI-1 1. 

Figure VI-1 2. 

Figure VI-1 3. 

Figure VI-1 4. 

Figure VII-l. 

Figure VII-2. 

Figure VII-3. 

Figure Vll-4. 

Figure VII-5. 

Figure VIM. 

Figure VII-7. 

Population Profile, Tatitlek, April 1992 ................................................................................ v-29 

Population Profile, Tatitlek, April 1994 ................................................................................ v-30 

Employment by industry, Tatitlek, 1991/92.. ...................................................................... V-33 

Employment by Industry, Tatitiek, 1993/94 ........................................................................ v-37 

Average Number of Resources Used Per Househdd, 

Tatitlek, 1987/88, 1988/89, 1989/90, 1990/91, 1991/92, and 1993/94.. ......................... V-41 

Percentage of Househdds Attempting to Hawest Resources, 

Tatitlek, 1987/88, 1988/89, 1989/90, 1999/91, 1991/92, and 1993/94.. ......................... V-42 

Harvests of Wild Resources for Home Use, Pounds Usable Weight per Capita, 

Tatitiek, 1987/88, 1988/89, 1989/98, 1990/91, 1991/92, and 1993/94.. ......................... V43 

Per Capita Harvests of Wild Resources by Resource Category, Tatitlek, 1987/88, 

1988/89,1989/90,1990/91,1991/92, and 1993/94 .......................................................... V-44 

Composition of Wild Resource Harvests by Resource 

Category, Tatitlek, 1991/92 ................................................................................................. v-45 

Tatitlek Househdds’ Assessments of Their Overall Subsistence Uses Compared 

to Before the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill .................................................................................... v-53 

Percentage of Tatitlek Households Reporting Lower Levels of Uses of Wild 

Resources Compared to 1988, the Year Before the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill ( .................... v-54 

Composition of Wild Resource Harvests by Resource 

Category, Tatitlek, 1993/94 ................................................................................................. V-61 

Composition of Wild Resource Harvests by Resource Category, 

Tatitlek, 1987/88, 1988/89, 1989/90, 1990/91, 1991/92, and 1993/94.. ......................... V-62 

Tatitlek: Respondents’ Assessments of Resource Status in 1991 Compared to 

1988 ...................................................................................................................................... V-76 

Tatitlek: Respondents’ Assessments of Resource Status in 1993 Compared to 

1988.. .................................................................................................................................... v-77 

Kenai Census Population, 1880 - 1990 .............................................................................. Vi-25 

Population Profile, Kenai, January 1992 ............................................................................ VI-28 

Population Profile, Kenai, January 1993.. .......................................................................... VI-29 

Population Profile, Kenai, January 1994.. .......................................................................... VI-30 

Employment by Industry, Kenai, 1991 ............................................................................... VI-34 

Employment by Industry, Kenai, 1992.. ............................................................................. VI-38 

Employment by industry, Kenai, 1993.. ............................................................................. VI41 

Harvests of Wild Resources for Home Use, Pounds Usable Weight per 

Capita, Kenai, 1982, 1991, 1992, and 1993.. ...................................................................... VI46 

Per Capita Wild Resources Harvests by Resource Category, Kenai, 

1982, 1991, 1992, and 1993.. .............................................................................................. VI46 

Composition of Wild Resource Harvests by Resource Category, Kenai, 1991 ............ ..Vi 48 

Percentage of Kenai Households Reporting Lower Levels of Uses of Wild Resources 

Compared to 1988, the Year Before the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill.. ...................................... VI49 

Composition of Wild Resource Harvests by Resource Category, Kenai, 1992 ............... VI62 

Composition of Wild Resource Harvests by Resource Category, Kenai,1 993 ................ VI-75 

Composition of Harvests by Resource Category, Kenai, 

1982, 1991, 1992, and 1993.. .............................................................................................. VI-89 

Seldovia Census Population, 1880 - 1990 ........................................................................ VII-24 

Population Profile, Seldovia, April 1992.. .......................................................................... VII-27 

Population Profile, Seldovia, April 1993.. .......................................................................... VII-28 

Population Profile, Seldovia, April 1994.. .......................................................................... VII-29 

Employment by industry, Seldovia, 1991/92.. ................................................................. VII-31 

Employment by Industry, Seldovia, 1992/93 ................................................................... VII-34 

Employment by Industry, Seldovia, 1993/M ................................................................... VII-38 

xlix 
Figure VIM. 

Figure VII-g. 

Figure VII-l 0. 

Figure VII-l 1. 

Figure VII-1 2. 

Figure VII-1 3. 

Figure VII-l 4. 

Figure VII-l 5. 

Figure VII-16. 

Figure VII-l 7. 

Figure VIII-l. 

Figure VIII-2. 

Figure VIII-3. 

Figure Vlll-4. 

Figure VIII-5 

Figure VIII6 

Figure VIII-7. 

Figure VIII8 

Figure VIII-g. 

Figure VIII-10. 

Figure VIII-l 1. 

Figure VIII-l 2. 

Figure VIII-13. 

Figure VIII-14. 

Figure IX-l. 

Figure 1X-2. 

Figure 1X-3. 

Figure IX-Q. 

Figure IX-5 

Figure 1X-6. 

Figure 1X-7. 

Figure 1X-8. 

Figure IX-9 

Harvests of Wild Resources for Home Use, Pounds Usable 

Weight per Capita, Seldovia, 1982, 1991/92, 1992/93, and 1993/94 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VII45 

Per Capita Harvests of Wild Resources by Resource Category, 

Seldovia, 1982, 1991/92, 1992/93, and 1993/94 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VII46 

Composition of Wild Resource Harvests by Resource 

Category, Seldovia, 1991/92 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VII-47 

Percentage of Seldovia Households Reporting Lower Levels of Uses of 

Wild Resource Compared to 1988, the Year Before the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill.............VIl48 

Composition of Wild Resource Harvests by Resource 

Category, Seldovia, 1992/93 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VII-61 

Composition of Wild Resource Harvests by Resource 

Category, Seldovia, 1993/94 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VII-74 

Composition of Wild Resource Harvests by Resource Category, 

Seldovia, 1982, 1991/92, 1992/93, and 1993/94 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VII-75 

Seldovia: Respondents’ Assessments of Resource Status in 1991 

Compared to 1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VII-125 

Seldovia: Respondents’ Assessments of Resource Status in 1992 

Compared to 1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VII-l 26 

Seldovia: Respondents’ Assessments of Resource Status in 1993 

Compared to 1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .._........................................ VII-127 

Port Graham Census Population, 1880-l 990 .................................................................. VIII-22 

Population Profile, Port Graham, April 1992.. .................................................................. VIII-25 

Population Profile, Port Graham, April 1993.. .................................................................. VIII-26 

Population Profile, Port Graham, April 1994.. .................................................................. VIII-27 

Employment by Industry, Port Graham, 1991/92.. ......................................................... VIII-31 

Employment by Industry, Port Graham, 1992/93.. ......................................................... VIII-35 

Employment by Industry, Port Graham, 1993/94.. ......................................................... VIII-38 

Harvests of Wild Resources for Home Use, Pounds Usable Weight per Capita, 

Port Graham, 1987, 1989, 1990/91, 1991/92, 1992/93, and 1993/94.. ......................... VIII43 

Harvests of Wild Resources by Resource Category, 

Port Graham, 1987, 1989, 1990/91, 1991/92, 1992/93, and 1993/94 ........................... VIII-44 

Composition of Wild Resource Harvests by Resource Category, Port Graham 

1991/92 ............................................................................................................................. VIII-45 

Percentage of Port Graham Households Reporting Lower Levels of Uses of 

Wild Resources Compared to 1988, the Year Before the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill.. ....... ..Vlll46 

Composition of Wild Resource Harvests by Resource Category, Port Graham 

1992/93.. ........................................................................................................................... VIII-59 

Composition of Wild Resource Harvests by Resource Category, Port Graham 

1993/94.. ........................................................................................................................... VIII-73 

Composition of Harvests by Resource Category, Port Graham, 1987, 1989, 

1990/91, 1991/92, 1992/93 and 1993/94.. ..................................................................... viii-87 

Nanwalek (English Bay) Census Population, 1880-l 990.. ................................................ IX-24 

Population Profile, Nanwalek, April 1992.. ......................................................................... IX-27 

Population Profile, Nanwalek, April 1993.. ......................................................................... IX-28 

Population Profile, Nanwalek, April 1994 ........................................................................... IX-29 

Employment by Industry, Nanwalek, 1991/92 .................................................................. IX-33 

Employment by Industry, Nanwalek, 1992/93 .................................................................. IX-37 

Employment by Industry, Nanwalek, 1993/94.. ................................................................ IX40 

Harvests of Wild Resources for Home Use, Pounds Usable Weight per Capita, 

Nanwalek, 1987,1989,1990/91,1991/92,1992/93, and 1993/94 .................................. IX-45 

Harvests of Wild Resources by Resource Category, 

Nanwalek 1987, 1989, 1990/91, 1991/92, 1992/93, and 1993/94.. ................................ IX-46 

I 
Figure IX-1 0. 

Figure IX-1 1. 

Figure IX-l 2. 

Figure IX-1 3. 

Figure IX-l 4. 

Figure X-l. 

Figure X-2. 

Figure X-3. 

Figure X4. 

Figure X-5. 

Figure X-6. 

Figure X-7. 

Figure X8. 

Figure X-9. 

Figure X-l 0. 

Figure X-l 1. 

Figure X-l 2. 

Figure X-l 3. 

Figure X-l 4. 

Figure Xl-l. 

Figure X1-2. 

Figure X1-3. 

Figure X1-4. 

Figure X1-5. 

Figure X1-6. 

Figure X1-7. 

Figure X1-8. 

Figure X1-9. 

Figure XII-l. 

Figure X11-2. 

Figure X11-3. 

Figure X11-4. 

Figure X11-5. 

Composition of Wild Resource Harvests by Resource Category, Nanwalek 

1991/$x?.............................................................................................................................. IX47 

Percentage of Nanwalek Househdds Reporting Lower Levels of Uses of 

Wild Resources Compared to 1988, the Year Before the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill.. ........... IX-48 

Composition of Wild Resource Harvests by Resource Category, Nanwalek 

1992/93.. ............................................................................................................................. IX-61 

Composition of Wild Resource Harvests by Resource Category, Nanwalek 

1993/94.. ............................................................................................................................. IX-74 

Composition of Harvests by Resource Category, Nanvvalek, 1987,1989, 

1999/91,1991/92,1992/93, and 1993/94 ........................................................................ IX-88 

Kodiak Census Population, 1886 - 1996 ............................................................................. X-26 

Population Profile, Kodiak Road-Connected Area, January 1992.. ................................... X-29 

Population Profile, Kodiak Cii, January 1993 ................................................................... x-30 

Population Profile, Kodiak Cii, January 1994 ................................................................... x-31 

Years Residents Moved to Kodiak City, as of April 1994 ................................................... x-32 

Employment by Industry, Kodiak Road-Connected Area, 1991 ........................................ X-36 

Employment by Industry, Kodiak, 1992 .............................................................................. X-40 

Employment by Industry, Kodiak, 1993 .............................................................................. X43 

Hawests of Wild Resources for Home Use, Pounds Usable 

Weight per Capita, Kodiak, 1982/83,1991,1992, and 1993 ............................................. x-50 

Per Capita Harvests of Wild Resources by Resource Category, 

Kodiak, 1982/83,1991,1992, and 1993 ............................................................................. x-51 

Composition of Wild Resource Harvests by Resource Category, 

Kodiak Road -Connected Area, 1991 ................................................................................. X-52 

Composition of Wild Resource Harvests by Resource 

Category, Kodiak, 1992 ....................................................................................................... X-66 

Composition of Wild Resource Hawests by Resource 

Category, Kodiak, 1993 ....................................................................................................... X-79 

Composition of Wild Resource Harvests by Resource Category, 

Kodiak, 1982/83, 1991, 1992, and 1993 ............................................................................. X-86 

Old Harbor Census Population, 1880 - 1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Xl-l 4 

Population Profile, Old Harbor, April 1992 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XI-17 

Employment by Industry, Old Harbor, 1991/92 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XI-21 

Harvests of Wild Resources for Home Use, Pounds Usable 

Weight per Capita, Old Harbor, 1982, 1986, 1989, and 1991/92 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Xl-27 

Per Capita Harvests of Wild Resources by Resource Category, 

Old Harbor, 1982, 1986, 1989, and 1991/92 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Xl-28 

Composition of Wild Resource Harvests by Resource 

Category, Old Harbor, 1991/92 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Xl-29 

Percentage of Old Harbor Households Reporting Lower Levels of Uses of 

Wild Resource Compared to 1988, the Year Before the Exxon Valdez 

Oil Spill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....... Xl- 42 

Composition of Wild Resource Harvests by Resource Category, 

Old Harbor, 1982/83, 1986, 1989, 1998/91, and 1991/92 . . . . . . . . . . . . .._................................ Xl-43 

Old Harbor: Respondents’ Assessments of Resource Status in 1991 

Compared to 1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Xl-67 

Ouzinkie Census Population, 1880 - 1996.. ...................................................................... XII-25 

Population Profile, Ouzinkie, April 1992.. .......................................................................... XII-28 

Population Profile, Ouzinkie, April 1993.. .......................................................................... XII-29 

Population Profile, Ouzinkie, April 1994.. .......................................................................... XII-30 

Employment by Industry, Ouzinkie, 1991/92.. ................................................................. XII-34 

Ii 
Figure X11-6. 

Figure X11-7. 

Figure X11-8. 

Figure X11-9. 

Figure XII-1 0. 

Figure XII-l 1. 

Figure X11-12. 

Figure X11-13. 

Figure X11-14. 

Figure XIII-l. 

Figure X111-2. 

Figure X111-3. 

Figure X111-4. 

Figure X111-5. 

Figure Xlll-6. 

Figure X111-7. 

Figure X111-8. 

Figure X111-9. 

Figure X111-10. 

Figure XIII-1 1. 

Figure X111-12. 

Figure X111-13. 

Figure X111-14. 

Figure XIV-l. 

Figure XIV-2. 

Figure XIV-3. 

Figure XIV4 

Figure XIV-5. 

Figure XIV-6. 

Figure XIV-7. 

Figure XIV-8. 

Figure XIV-9 

Employment by Industry, Ouzinkie, 1992/93 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .._... XII-37 

Employment by Industry, Ouzinkie, 1993/94 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XII-40 

Harvests of Wild Resources for Home Use, Pounds Usable 

Weight per Capita, Ouzinkie, 1982/83,1986, 1989, 

1996/91, 1991/92. 1992/93, and 1993/94 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XII-45 

Per Capita Harvests of Wild Resources by Resource Category, 

Ouzinkie, 1982/83, 1986, 1989, 1990/91,1991/92, 1992/93, and 1993/94 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XII46 

Composition of Wild Resource Harvests by Resource 

Category, Ouzinkie, 1991/92 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XII47 

Percentage of Ouzinkie Households Reporting Lower Levels of Uses of 

Wild Resources Compared to 1988, the Year Before the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill . . . . . . . . . ..Xll48 

Composition of Wild Resource Harvests by Resource 

Category, Ouzinkie, 1992/93 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XII-62 

Composition of Wild Resource Harvests by Resource 

Category, Ouzinkie, 1993/94 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XII-75 

Composition of Harvests by Resource Category, Ouzinkie, 

1982/83, 1986, 1989, 1996/91, 1991/92, 1992/93, and 1993/94 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XII-76 

Larsen Bay Census Population, 1886 - 1996.. ................................................................. XIII-23 

Population Profile, Larsen Bay, April 1992.. ..................................................................... XIII-26 

Population Profile, Larsen Bay, April 1993.. ..................................................................... XIII-27 

Population Profile, Larsen Bay, April 1994.. ..................................................................... XIII-28 

Employment by Industry, Larsen Bay, 1991/92.. ............................................................ XIII-32 

Employment by Industry, Larsen Bay, 1992/93.. ............................................................ XIII-35 

Employment by Industry, Larsen Bay, 1993/94.. ............................................................ XIII-38 

Harvests of Wild Resources for Home Use, Pounds Usable Weight per Capita, 

Larsen Bay, 1982/83, 1986, 1989, 1990/91, 1991/92, 1992/93, and 1993/94 ............. XIII43 

Wild Resource Hawests by Resource Category, Larsen Bay, 1982/83, 

1986, 1989, 1990/91,1991/92, 1992/93, and 1993/94.. ................................................. XIII44 

Composition of Wild Resource Harvests by Resource 

Category, Larsen Bay, 1991/92 ....................................................................................... XIII-45 

Composition of Wild Resource Harvests by Resource 

Category, Larsen Bay, 1992/93 ....................................................................................... XIII-58 

Composition of Wild Resource Harvests by Resource 

Category, Larsen Bay, 1993/94. ...................................................................................... XIII-71 

Larsen Bay Households’ Assessments of Their Subsistence Uses Compared to 

Before the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill, 1989, 1990/91, 1991/92, 1993/94.. .......................... XIII-72 

Composition of Wild Resource Harvests by Resource Category, Larsen Bay, 

1982/83, 1986, 1989, 1990/91, 1991/92,1992/93, and 1993/94.. ................................. XIII-73 

Karluk Census Population, 1880 - 1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIV-1 0 

Population Profile, Karluk, April 1992 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIV-1 3 

Employment by Industry, Karluk, 1991/92 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIV-15 

Harvests of Wild Resources for Home Use, Pounds Usable 

Weight per Capita, Karluk, 1982/83,1986,1989,1996/91, and 1991/92 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIV-22 

Wild Resource Harvests by Resource Category, 

Karluk, 1982/83, 1986, 1989, 1990/91, and 1991/92 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .._.................................. XIV-23 

Composition of Wild Resource Harvests by Resource Category, Karluk, 1991/92 . . . . ..XIV-24 

Karluk Households’ Assessments of Their Subsistence Uses 

Compared to Before the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIV-36 

Composition of Harvests by Resource Category, Karluk, 1982/83, 

1986,1989,1990/91, and 1991/92 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIV-37 

Karluk: Respondents’ Assessments of Resource Status in 1991 

Compared to 1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIV-56 

Iii 
Figure XV-l. 

Figure XV-2. 

Figure XV-3. 

Figure XV4. 

Figure XV-5. 

Figure XV-6. 

Figure XV-7. 

Akhiok Census Population, 1880 - 1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XV-8 

Population Profile, Akhiok, April 1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv-l 1 

Employment by Industry, Akhiok, 1992/93 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XV-15 

Harvests of Wild Resources for Home Use, Pounds Usable 

Weight per Capita, Akhiok, 1982/83, 1986, 1989, and 1992/93 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XV-1 9 

Per Capita Harvests of Wild Resources by Resource Category, 

Akhiok, 1982/83, 1986, 1989, 1992/93 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XV-20 

Composition of Wild Resource Harvests by Resource 

Category, Akhiok, 1992/93 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv-21 

Percentage of Akhiok Households Reporting Lower Levels of Uses of 

Wild Resource Compared to 1988, the Year Before the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XV-34 

Figure XVI-l. 

Figure XVI-2. 

Figure XVI3 

Figure XVI4. 

Figure XVI-5. 

Figure XVI6 

Figure XVI-7. 

Figure XVI8 

Figure XVII-l. 

Figure XVII-2. 

Figure XVII-3. 

Figure XVll-4. 

Figure XVII-5 

Figure XVII6 

Figure XVII-7. 

Figure XVI l-8. 

Figure XVIII-l. 

Figure XVIII-2. 

Figure XVIII-3. 

Figure XVIII-4. 

Figure XVIII-5. 

Figure XVIII6 

Figure XVIII-7. 

Figure XVIII8 

Port Lions and Afognak Census Population, 1880 - 1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVI-8 

Population Profile, Port Lions, April 1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVI-1 1 

Employment by Industry, Port Lions, 1993/94 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVI-15 

Harvests of Wild Resources for Home Use, Pounds Usable 

Weight per Capita, Port Lions, 1982/83, 1986, 1989, and 1993/94 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVI-19 

Per Capita Harvests of Wild Resources by Resource Category, 

Port Lions, 1982/83,1986,1989,1993/94 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVI-20 

Composition of Wild Resource Harvests by Resource 

Category, Port Lions, 1993/94 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVI-21 

Percentage of Port Lions Households Reporting Lower Levels of Uses of 

Wild Resource Compared to 1988, the Year Before the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill............XVl-35 

Composition of Wild Resource Harvests by Resource Category, 

Port Lions, 1982/83, 1986, 1989, and 1993/94 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVI-36 

Chignik Bay Census Population, 1880 - 1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVII-20 

Population Profile, Chignik Bay, April 1992 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVII-23 

Employment by Industry, Chignik Bay, 1991/92 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVII-27 

Harvests of Wild Resources for Home Use, Pounds Usable Weight per 

Capita, Chignik Bay, 1984, 1989, and 1991/92. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .._ XVII-33 

Per Capita Harvests of Wild Resources by Resource Category, Chignik 

Bay, 1984,1989, and 1991/92 , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVII-34 

Composition of Wild Resource Harvests by Resource Category, Chignik 

Bay, 1991/92 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVII-35 

Percentage of Chignik Bay Households Reporting Lower Levels of Uses of 

Wild Resource Compared to 1988, the Year Before the Gocon Valdez Oil Spill............XVll-36 

Composition of Wild Resource Harvests by Resource Category, Chignik 

Bay, 1984,1989, and 1991/92 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVII48 

Chignik Lake Census Population, 1880 - 1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVIII-17 

Population Profile, Chignik Lake, April 1992 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVIII-20 

Employment by Industry, Chignik Lake, 1991/92 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVIII-24 

Harvests of Wild Resources for Home Use, Pounds Usable 

Weight per Capita, Chignik Lake, 1984, 1989, and 1991/92 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVIII-30 

Per Capita Harvests of Wild Resources by Resource Category, 

Chignik Lake, 1984, 1989, and 1991/92 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVIII-31 

Composition of Wild Resource Harvests by Resource 

Category, Chignik Lake, 1991/92 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVIII-32 

Percentage of Chignik Lake Households Reporting Lower Levels of Uses of Wild 

Resource Compared to 1988, the Year Before the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVIII-33 

Composition of Wild Resource Harvests by Resource Category, 

Chignik lake, 1984,1989, and 1991/92 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVIII-45 

liii 
Figure XIX-l. Kotzebue Census Population, 1880 - 1990 ..................................................................... XIX-20 

Figure X1X-2. Population Profile, Kotzebue, January 1992 ................................................................... XIX-23 

Figure X1X-3. Employment by Industry, Kotzebue, 1991 ...................................................................... x1X-27 

Figure X1X-4. Per Capita Harvests of Wild Resources by Resource Category, 

Kotzebue, 1986 and 1991 ................................................................................................ XIX-33 

Figure XIX-5 Composition of Wild Resource Harvests by Resource 

Category, Kotzebue, 1991 ............................................................................................... XIX-34 

Figure XX-l. 

Figure XX-2. 

Figure XX-3. 

Figure xX-4. 

Figure XX-5. 

Figure xX-6. 

Figure XX-7. 

Figure xX-6. 

Kiialina Census Population, 1880 - 1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XX-15 

Population Profile, Kivalina, January 1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XX-1 8 

Employment by Industry, Kiialina, 1992 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xx-22 

Harvests of Wild Resources for Home Use, Pounds Usable Weight 

per Capita, Kiialina, 1964/65, 1965/66, 1982/83, 1983/84, and 1992 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XX-26 

Composition of Wild Resource Harvests by Resource 

Category, Kiialina, 1992 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XX-27 

Composition of Harvests by Resource Category, Kiialina, 

1964/65, 1965/66, 1982/83, 1983/84, and 1992 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XX-38 

Per Capita Harvests of Wild Resources by Resource Category, 

Kiialina, 1964, 1965, 1982, 1983, and 1992 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XX40 

Comparison of Per Capita Harvests of Seven Major Resources in 

Three Harvest Years, Kiialina, 1982/83, 1983/84, and 1992 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XX-41 

Figure XXI-l. Kaktovik Census Population, 1880 - 1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXI-8 

Figure XXI-2. Population Profile, Kaktovik, June 1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXI-1 1 

Figure XXI-3. Employment by Industry, Kaktovik, 1992/93 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXI-1 5 

Figure XXI-Q. Harvests of Wild Resources for Home Use, Pounds Usable Weight 

per Capita, Kaktovik, 1985/86, 1986/87, and 1992/93 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXI-1 9 

Figure XXI-5. Composition of Wild Resource Harvests by Resource 

Category, Kaktovik, 1992/93 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..__......... XXI-20 

Figure xX1-6. Per Capita Harvests of Wild Resources by Resource Category, 

Kaktovik, 1985/86,1986/87, and 1992/93 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXI-21 

Figure XXII-l. Nuiqsut Census Population, 1880 - 1990.. ...................................................................... XXII-1 4 

Figure xX11-2. Population Profile, Nuiqsut, January 1994 ..................................................................... XXII-1 7 

Figure XXII-3. Employment by Industry, Nuiqsut, 1993 ........................................................................ XXII-19 

Figure XXII-Q. Composition of Wild Resource Harvests by Resource Category, Nuiqsut, 1993.........XXll-2 3 

Figure XXII-5. Wild Resources Hawests by Resource Category, Nuiqsut, 1985/86 and 1993, ........ ..XXll-2 7 

Figure XXIII-l. 

Figure XXIII-2. 

Figure XXIII-3. 

Figure XXlll4. 

Figure xX111-5. 

Figure XXIII6 

Figure XXIII-7. 

Figure XXlll-8. 

Figure xX111-9. 

Estimated Population of Study Communities, 1992, 1993, and 1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIII-1 7 

Percentage of Population that is Alaska Native, Study 

Communities, 1992, 1993, and 1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIII-18 

Per Capita Incomes, All Sources, Study Communities, 1991, 1992, and 1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIII-19 

Average Number of Months Employed, Employed Adults, 

Study Communities, 1991, 1992, and 1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIII-20 

Percentage of Employed Adults Employed Year-round, 

Study Communities, 1991, 1992, and 1993 . . . . . . . .._. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIII-21 

Percentage of Households Using Wild Resources, 

Study Communities, 1991, 1992, and 1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIII-22 

Percentage of Households Attempting to Harvest Wild Resources, 

Study Communities, 1991, 1992, and 1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIII-23 

Percentage of Households Receiving Wild Resources, 

Study Communities, 1991,1992, and 1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIII-24 

Percentage of Households Giving Away Wild Resources, 

Study Communities, 1991, 1992, and 1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIII-25 

liv 
Figure XXIII-10. Percentage of Population Hunting, Fishing, or Gathering 

Wild Resources, Study Communities, 1991, 1992, and 1993 ....................................... XXIII-26 

Figure XXIII-1 1. Percentage of Population Fishing, Study Communities, 1991, 1992, and 1993.. ...... XXIII-2 7 

Figure XXIII-12. Percentage of Population Hunting, Study Communities, 1991, 1992, and 1993.........XXlll-2 8 

Figure XXIII-13. Percentage of Population Processing Wild Resources, 

Study Communities, 1991,1992, and 1993 ................................................................... XXIII-29 

Figure XXIII-14. Total Subsistence Harvests in Pounds Usable Weight per Person, 

Study Communities, 1991,1992, and 1993 ................................................................... xx11130 

Figure XXIII-15. Subsistence Harvests of Salmon, Pounds Usable Weight per Person, 

Study Communities, 1991,1992, and 1993 ................................................................... xx11131 

Figure XXIII-16. Subsistence Harvests of Fish Other than Salmon, Pounds Usable Weight per 

Person, Study Communities, 1991,1992, and 1993 ..................................................... xx11132 

Figure XXIII-17. Subsistence Harvests of land Mammals, Pounds UsaMe Weight per Person, 

Study Communities, 1991,1992, and 1993 ................................................................... XXIII-33 

Figure XXIII-1 8. Subsistence Harvests of Marine Mammals, Pounds Usable Weight per Person, 

Study Communities, 1991, 1992, and 1993 ................................................................... xxlll-34 

Figure XXIII-19. Subsistence Harvests of Birds and Eggs, Pounds Usable Weight per Person, 

Study Communities, 1991,1992, and 1993 ................................................................... XXIII-35 

Figure XXIII-20. Subsistence Harvests of Marine Invertebrates, Pounds Usable Weight per Person, 

Study Communities, 1991, 1992, and 1993 ................................................................... XXIII-36 

Figure XXIII-21. Subsistence Harvests of Wild Plants, Pounds Usable Weight per Person, 

Study Communities, 1991, 1992, and 1993 ................................................................... XXIII-37 

Figure XXIII-22. Average Number of Resources Used Per Household, 

Study Communities, 1991, 1992, and 1993.. ................................................................. XXIII-38 

Figure XXIII-23. Average Number of Resources Attempted to Harvest per Household, 

Study Communities, 1991, 1992, and 1993 ................................................................... XXIII-39 

Figure XXIII-24. Average Number of Resources Harvested per Household, 

Study Communities, 1991, 1992, and 1993.. ................................................................. XXIII46 

Figure XXIII-25. Average Number of Resources Received per Household, 

Study Communities, 1991,1992, and 1993 ................................................................... XXIII-41 

Figure xX111-26. Average Number of Resources Gave Away per Household, 

Study Communities, 1991, 1992, and 1993.. ................................................................. XXIII-42 

Figure XXIII-27. Percentage of Total Harvest for Home Use Removed from Commercial 

Catches, Study Communities, 1991, 1992, and 1993 ................................................... XXIII43 

Figure XXIV-l. Percentage of Households by Study Community Indicating Lower Uses 

of Wild Resources for Oil Spill and Non-oil Spill Reasons, 1989 .,,......................... XXIV-5 

Figure XXIV-2. Percentage of Households by Study Community Indicating Lower Overall 

Uses of Wild Resources for Oil Spill and Non-oil Spill Reasons, 1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIV-6 

Figure XXIV-3. Percentage of Households with Oil Spill-Caused Reductions in Total 

Subsistence Uses which Cited Oil Contamination or Reduced Resource 

Abundance as the Cause, Selected Study Communities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIV-7 

Iv 
First and foremost, we would like to thank the hundreds of people who took the time to participate in this 

research project. We are also grateful to the governments of the study communities for granting us 

permission to conduct the interviews. 

We also thank the individuals who assisted ADF&G personnel with designing the survey instruments. 

These included Don Callaway, Karen Gibson, Tracy Andrews, Joe Jorgensen, Steve Braund, Bill Simeone, 

Lisa Moorehead, and Jack Kruse. Finally, thanks to Bob Wolfe, Division of Subsistence research director, 

for his thoughtful review of sections of this report. 

Ivi 
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION 

by 

James A. Fall, Ronald T. Stanek, and Charles J. Utermohle 

PROJECT BACKGROUND 

This report provides selected findings from a three-year study entitled “An Investigation of the 

Sociocultural Consequences of Outer Continental Shelf Development in Alaska.” The findings are 

primarily organized by study community, and the report consists of 24 chapters in six volumes. The 

project was conducted by the Division of Subsistence of the Alaska Department of Fish and Game 

(ADF&G) (hereafter Yhe division”) under a cooperative agreement (No. 14-35-0001-30822) with the U.S. 

Department of the Interior, Minerals Management Sewice (MMS). The interpretations and conclusions in 

this report are those of the division. 

As the state’s lead agency for investigating patterns of subsistence use of wild renewable 

resources in Alaska, the division has conducted research in approximately 175 communities (Fall 

1990a). The result of these studies appear in over 200 technical papers. Additionally, quantified 

harvest, demographic, and other economic data on over 175 Alaska communities are summarized in the 

Community Profile Database (CPDB) (Scott et al. 1993), the division’s central depository of information 

about contemporary subsistence uses in Alaska. 

The Exxon Valdez oil spill of March 1989 fouled resources, waters, and lands used for 

subsistence harvesting by 18 rural communities of Southcentral and Southwest Alaska. Fifteen of these 

communities have relatively small populations, which are mostly Alaska Native: Chenega Bay, Tatitlek, 

Port Graham, Nanwalek (formerly English Bay), Akhiok, Karluk, Larsen Bay, Old Harbor, Ouzinkie, Port 

Lions, Chignik Bay, Chignik Lagoon, Chignik Lake, lvanof Bay, and Perryville. The remaining three 

(Cordova, Seldovia, and Kodiak) are mid-sized communities with culturally-mixed populations. In 1990 

about 17,000 people lived in the area affected by the spill, and about 20 percent of this population was 

Alaska Native. 

Prior to 1989, the division had conducted baseline research in all of the 18 rural communities 

impacted by the spill (Morris 1987; Reed 1985; Stanek 1985, forthcoming a; Stratton and Chisum 1986; 

Stratton 1989, 1990; Schroeder et al. 1987; Fall and Walker 1993; Fall 1990a). A major component of 

prior research was systematic household surveys, which collected detailed demographic, resource 

harvest and use, and other economic data. These data were incorporated into the CPDB. In addition, 

these studies resulted in maps of subsistence harvest areas, information on community backgrounds and 

histories, and household case studies which illustrate, among other things, subsistence harvest methods 

and resource uses. 

In 1989, the division accelerated its research program in order to document subsistence harvest 

patterns in the first year after the spill in the 15 Alaska Native villages listed above. Some preliminary 

l-l 
findings of the first year of research were reported in several conference papers (Fail 1990a, 1990b; Fall 

and Mishler 1991). The final results will be discussed in four technical papers now being prepared (Fall 

et al. forthcoming; Stratton et al. forthcoming; Mishler and Cohen forthcoming; Stanek forthcoming b). 

For the second post-spill year, the division collected data for seven of the Alaska Native villages 

in the oil spill area. Partial funding for this project was provided by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 

through a cooperative agreement with the ADF&G. The study communities were Tatitlek, Chenega Bay, 

Nanwalek, Port Graham, Ouzinkie, Larsen Bay, and Karluk. Preliminary findings were presented in a 

report to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and in several conference papers (Fall 1992a; Fall 1992b. 

Fall 1993). A revised version of the preliminary report appears in the division’s technical paper series 

(Fall, forthcoming). 

In 1988, the division entered into a contract with the MMS (No. 14-12-0001-30418) to conduct a 

project called “Subsistence in the Bering Sea.” A major component of this project was to prepare a 

household level database for communities of the Bristol Bay region. The database household survey 

data collected by the division with information from other sources, including the Commercial Fisheries 

Entry Commission and the ADF&G subsistence salmon permit database. As part of this effort, a 

template for organizing these data was prepared and reviewed by the MMS. 

Beginning in July 1990, the division and the MMS entered into a cooperative agreement (No. 14- 

35-0001-30539) to continue household-level database development in additional communities in the Gulf 

of Alaska area. This database included communities in the area affected by the Exxon Valdez oil spill for 

the study years before the spill. It also included the first and second post-spill years’ data sets. The 

database was completed in September 1994. It was delayed by the necessity to protect the 

confidentiality of survey respondents by converting potentially identifying information into summarized 

variables. 

The research conducted under the present cooperative agreement builds upon these earlier 

projects. The goals of the present research were to investigate the long-term consequences of the oil 

spill and to integrate division study findings with those of other research in the spill area, especially the 

MMS Social Indicators project (University of Alaska, Institute of Social and Economic Research (ISER) 

1979; Louis Berger and Associates 1983; Stephen R. Braund & Associates 1985; Jorgensen 1990). 

Additionally, the study added control or reference communities in the Arctic region which will strengthen 

the appiiCatiOn Of the findings to broad questions of sociociltural change which are related to 

development of the resources of the outer continental shelf (OCS). 

STUDY COMMUNITIES AND STUDY YEARS 

Table l-l lists the study communities for the present research effort and their historic populations 

as reported by the federal decennial census. Three rounds of fieldwork took place, in 1992, 1993, and 

1994. Data collected in 1992 pertain to the “1991 study year” (“the first study year”), which, depending 

l-2 
upon the community, was defined as either the calendar year 1991 or a 12-month period spanning 1991 

and 1992. Correspondingly, the 1993 interviews pertain to the “1992 study year” (“the second study 

year”) and those done in 1994 concern the “1993 study year” (“the third study year”). As in the first year, 

these latter two study years are either a calendar year or a 12-month period spanning two calendar years, 

depending upon the study community. 

In the first year of the research, the study communities included Chenega Bay, Cordova, Tatitlek, 

and Valdez in the Prince William Sound area; Kenai, Nanwalek, Port Graham, and Seldovia in the Cook 

Inlet area; Karluk, Kodiak, Larsen Bay, Old Harbor, and Ouzinkie in the Kodiak Island Borough; Chignik 

(also known as Chignik Bay) and Chignik Lake in the Lake and Peninsula Borough (Alaska Peninsula): 

and Kotzebue in the Northwest Arctic Borough (Fig. l-l). In 1993, the study communities were the first 

year communities of Cordova, Valdez, Chenega Bay, Kenai, Seldovia, Port Graham, Nanwalek, Kodiak, 

Ouzinkie, and Larsen Bay, plus Kivalina in the Northwest Arctic Borough and Kaktovik in the North Slope 

Borough. Also, the harvest survey only (see below) was administered in Akhiok (Kodiak Island Borough) 

in order to obtain a second post-Exxon Valdez oil spill estimate of subsistence harvests in that 

community. In 1994, a third round of research was conducted in Cordova, Valdez, Chenega Bay, Kenai, 

Seldovia, Port Graham, Nanwalek. Kodiak, Ouzinkie, and Larsen Bay, Tatitlek, which had not been 

surveyed in the second year, was added back for the third. Interviews also took place in 1994 in Nuiqsut, 

a North Slope Borough community. Finally, the harvest survey only was administered in Port Lions, the 

last Kodiak Island Borough community for which no post-1989 (the oil spill year) harvest data were 

available. 

PURPOSE, OBJECTIVES, AND DATA COLLECTION METHODS 

The primary purpose of the research was to investigate the long-term social and Cultural 

consequences of the development of the resources of Alaska’s outer continental shelf, especially as 

these affect the subsistence uses of fish and wildlife. Investigation of the consequences of the Exxon 

Valdez oil spill of March 1989 was a major focus of the research. Most data were collected through 

voluntary face-to-face interviews using two instruments, The first, the “harvest survey questionnaire” 

was based on the division’s standard survey instrument which has been administered in approximately 

175 communities throughout the state. The second, the ‘Social Effects Questionnaire” was developed 

especially for this project, but was based in part on questionnaires and interview protocols used in prior 

Social Indicators research funded by MMS. Each of these instruments will be discussed in turn. 

The Harvest Survey Instrument 

The purpose of the harvest survey instrument was to collect data on household demography, 

involvement in the cash economy, and resource harvests and uses that are comparable to those 

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collected in previous division studies and that can be incorporated into the division’s statewide CPDB. 

For additional background on the harvest survey instrument, the reader should Fall (1990a). With the 

exception of Valdez, a version of this harvest survey had been administered at least once before in all 

the other study communities. 

The harvest survey instrument as developed for this study contained several sections pertaining 

specifically to change and potential oil spill effects. One such series of questions pertained to 

households’ perceptions of changes in harvest and use patterns by resource category. After collection of 

harvest and use data for a particular resource category, such as salmon or marine invertebrates, the 

respondent was asked to compare this pattern with that of other recent years. If a difference had 

occurred, the respondent was asked for a cause of the difference. Similar questions had been asked on 

the two previous post-oil spill surveys. Another set of questions asked for respondents’ observations of 

“abnormal” resources. This was a follow-up to questions in earlier surveys pertaining to discarding of 

resources because of suspected oil contamination. Also, detailed data were collected on equipment 

used in subsistence harvesting and processing, plus replacement costs for this equipment. Finally, a 

section on medicinal uses of plants was added. 

Objectives of the harvest survey instrument included the following for each study community: 

I. Quantified data on levels of participation in subsistence activities and estimates Of 

household harvests in numbers of animals or fish and in pounds usable weight for a 

12-month study year; 

2. Data on commercial fisheries involvement during the study year, including quantities 

of resources removed from commercial catches for home use; 

3. Household demographic information, including age, birthplace, ethnicity, level of 

formal education, and length of residency in the study community for each 

household member; 

4. Information on cash employment by adults in the sample (16 years of age or older), 

including occupation, industry, months employed, hours worked per day and per 

week, and amount earned, plus other sources of household income; 

5. Descriptions of resources which were discarded because of perceived abnormalities, 

plus explanations of these abnormalities (1991 only); 

6. Each household’s evaluation of its resource uses of each resource category and 

overall resource harvest for the study year in comparison with other years, including 

reasons for any changes they perceived (1991 and 1993 study years only); 

7. An inventory of equipment used for subsistence activities, and the replacement costs 

of that equipment (1991 study year only; this question was not administered in 

Tatitlek, Port Graham, Ouzinkie, Larsen Bay, and Karluk.); 

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8. Communities to which resources were given and from which resources were received (1991 

only); 

9. Uses of wild plants for medicinal purposes (1991 only); 

10. Estimate of the percentage of meat and fish used from wild foods (1991 and 1993 only); 

11. Assessment of household’s financial situation compared to before the spill (1991 only); and 

12. Estimates of monthly costs of groceries (1991 and 1993). 

For the most part, the harvest survey instruments administered in each study community as part 

of this project were similar in structure. The major differences had to do with the lists of resources for 

which harvest and use data were collected. There were five versions of the resource lists, depending 

upon the region. These were: Prince William Sound (Cordova, Valdez, Chenega Bay, Tatitlek); Cook 

Inlet (Kenai, Seldovia, Nanwalek, Port Graham); Kodiak Archipelago (Kodiak City, Akhiok, Larsen Bay, 

Karluk, Ouzinkie, Old Harbor, Port Lions); Alaska Peninsula (Chignik Bay, Chignik Lake): and Arctic 

(Kotzebue, Kivalina, Kaktovik, Nuiqsut). 

Appendix A contains an example of the survey instrument used in Chenega Bay for the first 

study year (1991), which is generally representative of that used in all the study communities in each 

study year. 

Additionally, there were some specific objectives for subsets of the study communities. For 

example, in Chenega Bay (in all three years) and Tatitlek (1991 only) evaluations of changes in use 

patterns of up to four harvest areas were sought, to follow-up on questions asked in previous interviews. 

In the Kodiak communities, perceptions of changes in sea lion populations were collected for 1991. 

This document reports most of the findings from the harvest surveys in a series of standard 

tables and figures. For the convenience of the reader, these tables and figures are ordered in a standard 

sequence in all chapters, regardless of the order of their citation in the text, Responses to questions on 

use assessments are the source of most of the quotations regarding perceived changes in harvest and 

use patterns in the study communities. 

The Social Effects Questionnaire 

In addition, a series of objectives was developed to follow-up on research conducted for the 

MMS as part of the Social Indicators Project and other studies which had exam,ined the effects of the 

Exxon Valdez oil spill. These objectives included collection of information in the following general topics: 

1. Visiting patterns; 

2. Sharing of wild foods; 

3. Concern about the contamination of wild foods; 

4. Perceptions of the effect of the oil spill on resource populations; 

l-5 
5. Participation in traditional activities; 

6. Treatment of elders; 

7. Leadership and political participation: 

8. Significance of place; 

9. Oil spill employment; 

10. Child care; 

11. Evaluation of services and responses to the oil spill; and 

12. Perceptions of consequences of future OCS development. 

Because the project intended to provide an analysis of the long-term consequences of the Exxon 

Valdez oil spill, it was necessary to develop a list of social activities and behaviors that reflect community 

concerns, such as subsistence activities, extended family ties, respect for elders, and sharing. To assist 

in formulating the questionnaire four goal families were identified that were thought to be both 

comprehensive (i.e., covering the entire range of issues, goals and values that contribute to social wellbeing) and relevant to residents of rural Alaskan villages. Each goal has several subgoals, and 

indicators were developed from these subgoals. The hierarchies of goals and subgoals within each goal 

family are presented in Table l-2. The four goal families include: 

. Goal Family One : Continued Existence of Traditional Culture. 

. Goal Family Two: Social Relations. 

. Goal Family Three: Economic and Commercial Relations. 

l Goal Family Four: Political and Administrative Activities and Relations. 

These goals were developed following a review by the study team of prior work in social 

indicators research in general and those specifically related to assessments of the Exxon Valdez oil spill 

(cf. TM-3BQuestionnaire and Office of Management and Budget [OMB]-approval Package). In addition 

to division staff, participants in the development of the social effects questionnaire were: Don Callaway, 

Tracy Andrews. and Karen Gibson of the MMS Socioeconomic Studies program; Joseph Jorgensen of 

University of California INine (contractor on the final MMS’ Social Indicators project); Stephen R. 

Braund, Lisa Moorehead, and William Simeone of Stephen R. Braund and Associates; and Jack Kruse, 

University of Alaska Anchorage Institute of Social and Economic Research. 

The principal sources for objective self-report questions were (1) the final questionnaire from the 

Alaska OCS Social Indicator System (AOSIS), which itself was based upon extensive use in Alaska and 

drew upon a review of fieldwork international in scope and (2) the Oiled Mayors project which delved into 

the psychological impacts of the Exxon Valdez oil spill (Impact Assessment, Inc. 1990). In addition, 

questions were adapted from surveys on migration. The result was a questionnaire that addresses 

change in social and community organization which could be affected by OCS development, such as an 

l-6 
oil spill. The social effects questionnaire was pre-tested in Seward, following which minor changes were 

made before the first round of fieldwork in 1992. During the first year of the project only, respondents 

were compensated $20 for their participation in the research. This payment was dropped in subsequent 

years, primarily for two reasons. First, many respondents stated that the payment was unnecessary. 

Second, in order for the respondent to receive a check from ADF&G, their name and address had to be 

provided to the department’s accounting section, Although these names were not linked to household 

identification numbers or any data, the collection of the names and addresses raised issues of 

confidentiality. 

The survey received Office of Management and Budget approval No. 1010-0089 for use through 

April 30, 1995. Appendix B contains the social effects survey as used in Prince William Sound. There is 

regional variation in the surveys to account for locally-available species. In the 1991 study year, an 

abbreviated version of the social effects survey was used for the Kodiak Island communities of Karluk, 

Larsen Bay, and Ouzinkie. This special version eliminated sharing questions which could be determined 

from responses on the harvest survey and questions about species or practices which do not occur on 

Kodiak Island. 

Following the first study year, project staff met to evaluate the first year’s fieldwork, especially 

the performance of the social effects instrument. Comments are summarized in the overview of the first 

year’s fieldwork prepared for MMS (Fall and Utermohle 1992). Generally, among project staff there was 

universal agreement that the social effects instrument was too long, especially when administered 

alongside the harvest survey. In several communities, respondents complained about the survey length, 

and it is likely that some households refused to do either survey because they learned from others just 

how long the interviews were taking. Also particularly difficult in some communities was administering a 

“battery of questions” on a particular topic. In some cases, this tended to tire the respondent, 

encouraging them to answer “I don’t know” rather than give a response, in order to speed up the 

interview. Further, it was felt that due to the limited response options provided for certain social effects 

questions, many people were unable to talk about their deeper feelings and elaborate on their answers. 

It was also noted that some of the subsequent secondary effects of the spill cleanup employment 

were not explored by the social effects survey, Some of these consequences were unforeseen tax 

burdens for money earned on the clean-up and resurgence of drug and alcohol abuse, Staff noted that 

more detailed information on some of these topics would be better obtained by methods other than 

individual interviews, such as group or household discussions. 

Subsequently, a number of recommendations were adopted into a modified social effects 

questionnaire for the second and third study years. Several series of questions were eliminated. These 

included: feelings about sharing, the importance of places and the change in feelings about those places 

after the spill, and the use and effectiveness of local services in the two years after the spill. Thus, the 

overall itTStrurfv3nt was substantially shortened, Some questions were added, however, such as a series 

which enabled respondents to express their views regarding OCS development in their regions. Staff 

l-7 
were instructed to encourage people to expand on their responses. Space was added to the form to 

accommodate these comments, which were subsequently typed for a field note database. 

Despite these changes, staff in all three study years encountered an unusual level of negative 

comments about and resistance to the social effects questions which far exceeded those directed 

towards the harvest survey. Comments about the perceived excessive length of the surveys continued, 

which added to respondent and staff fatigue. Also, there were frequent comments about the content of 

the questionnaire itself. Following are some examples from post-interview summaries prepared by field 

staff working in Kodiak area communities. 

This is a third year respondent. He tries to seriously answer these (social effects) 

questions, though he thinks some of them are a bit ludicrous and gets a good laugh from 

them. 

This interview was the most difficult I’ve conducted this year to date. It was like pulling 

teeth! The respondent had numerous snide comments about many of the questions. 

Respondent had little enthusiasm for this part of the interview. He kept muttering, “Oh 

that stupid question again.” 

The survey went real well. However, near the end of the survey he was getting a little 

tired of the questions; his concentration was drifting. 

The length of this survey was tiring, and the respondent lost interest in the questions. 

About half way through she began saying ‘7 don’t know” to everything, especially those 

questions which required thoughtful answers or retelling things from five years ago. 

Completing the survey was an ordeal for both of us. 

On the other hand, not all respondents’ Comments on the social effects qUeStiOnS were negative 

or indifferent. For example, a number of respondents in Chenega Bay remarked that the social effects 

questions were “difficult” to answer, but nonetheless were good questions that needed to be asked. In 

Cordova, especially in the third study year, there was a great deal of interest in the project and in 

answering questions from both survey instruments. Staff attributed at least some of this interest to 

several consecutive poor fishing seasons and continuing concerns about the spill’s effects on the natural 

resources of Prince William Sound. 

Discussed in this report are selected findings from the social effects questionnaire which address 

some of the long-term consequences of the Exxon Valdez oil spill for subsistence hunting and fishing, 

social relations, and certain other economic, political, and administrative activities. These include 

responses to questions on uses of wild foods, assessments of changes in resource populations, sharing 

of wild resources, influence of elders, participation in public meetings and elections, reasons people live 

in their communities and satisfaction with living there, involvement of children in resource activities, 

assessments of effectiveness of organizations in responding to the spill, and attitudes towards OCS 

development. 

l-8 
STAFFING AND TRAINING 

James Fall, Regional Program Manager for the division in Anchorage, and Charles Utermohle, 

head of the division’s Data Management Unit, were the principal investigators for the project. They were 

responsible for project design, staffing, budgeting, training, and preparing the technical memoranda 

required under the agreement. Ronald Stanek, Subsistence Resource Specialist 111, was Project 

coordinator. Data management staff also included Louis Brown, Sarah Carpenter, Gretchen Jennings, 

Andree McLeod, Cheryl Scott, and Sandra Skaggs. Elizabeth Andrews. Regional Program Manager in 

Fairbanks, and Robert Wolfe, research director, also provided input into the project design and data 

analysis. Other division staff who conducted the fieldwork are listed in Table l-3. In addition, Don 

Callaway, Tracy Andrews, and Karen Gibson of MMS assisted with portions of the fieldwork and 

contributed to the design of the questionnaires. Susan Savage of the National Park Service, Katmai 

National Park, helped with the fieldwork on the Alaska Peninsula. Robert Stovall of the Kodiak National 

Wildlife Refuge assisted in Akhiok, 

Also, a goal of the project was to train residents of study communities to conduct interviews. 

Table l-3 lists local assistants. Of the 2,381 interviews (harvest surveys) conducted during this project. 

381 (16.0 percent) were done by local assistants. Local assistants completed interviews in all but six Of 

the study communities. For communities included in all three years of the project, those with the largest 

percentage of interviews completed by local assistants were Port Graham (62.2 percent), Seldovia (35.7 

percent), Larsen Bay (31.3 percent), Ouzinkie (20.0 percent), and Nanwalek (17.0 percent). A relatively 

large portion of the interviews in Kivalina (35.5 percent), which was only surveyed once, was also done 

by local assistants. This was a significant achievement, especially considering the complexity Of the 

survey instruments and the length of time required to complete two questionnaires with each respondent 

(very often two hours or more), factors which discouraged other study community residents from helping 

with the survey administration. 

Two training manuals were written to provide guidance to field researchers. The first covered 

the harvest survey and the second dealt with the social effects questionnaire. Both were used during 

formal training sessions as needed. In addition, after these formal training sessions, experienced 

division Staff provided further instruction to newer staff on surveying methods in the study communities. 

This involved having the newer staff observe interviews, then promptly reviewing their own first few 

SuWeYS. Also, as new staff were added during the project, they were trained by other project personnel. 

This training also usually took place in the study communities themselves. 

After the fieldwork was underway, most field staff also received training in data coding. Data 

management staff developed a code book which guided this training and subsequent coding. As 

necessary new codes were developed for analysis of responses to open-ended questions, such as 

households’ assessments of changes to subsistence uses. 

l-9 
In all of the communities where a majority of the population is Alaska Native, approval Of the 

research was sought and obtained from the community governing body. Although interim reports 

submitted after each study year provide details on the community approval process, in a few cases, this 

process is described in the community chapters which follow (e.g., Tatitlek, Kaktovik, and Kotzebue) 

because it provides insights on important issues. In predominately non-Native communities with 

substantial Native populations, the local Native organization was informed of the project, but formal 

approval was not sought. 

As is discussed in the final section of this chapter, soon after the spill, claims were filed in federal 

court against Exxon on behalf of an Alaska Native Class for damages to their subsistence way of life. 

The data collected as part of this study had direct application to the development of this case. Attorneys 

for the Alaska Native Class advised their clients to participate in the research. On behalf of the division, 

the Alaska Attorney General’s Office negotiated a protective order which enabled experts for both the 

plaintiffs (the Native class) and Exxon (the defendants) to have access to the data while maintaining the 

confidentiality of the respondents. 

SAMPLING GOALS AND ACHIEVEMENT 

First Studv Year. 1991 

Detailed information about sampling procedures for each study community is provided in the 

individual study community chapters in three earlier reports submitted to the MMS (Fall and Utermohle 

1992, 1993, 1994). As reported in Table l-4, a total of 968 household harvest surveys were conducted in 

the 16 communities pertaining to the first study year. This is approximately 11.1 percent Of the total 

number of year-round households in the 16 communities. A total of 856 social effects questionnaires 

were also administered. There were two reasons for the difference between the sample achievements 

for the two questionnaires. First, most of the households living along the Kodiak road system but outside 

the city limits were not administered the social effects survey. Second, in most study communities, there 

were some respondents who declined to do the social effects ,interview after completing the harvest 

survey. 

The study communities were placed in three groups based on population size for purposes of 

sampling. An attempt was made to interview 100 percent of the year-round households in eight relatively 

Small communities. These were Tatitlek, Chenega Bay, Port Graham, Nanwalek, Larsen Bay, Karluk, 

Chignik Bay, and Chignik Lake. In total, 220 of the 283 households in these communities were 

interviewed, a sample achievement of 77.7 percent. The sampling percentage ranged from a high of 88 

Percent in Larsen Bay to a low of 68 percent in Chignik Bay. 

In a second group of three communities, Seldovia, Ouzinkie, and Old Harbor, the goal was to 

interview a 50 percent random sample. This minimum goal was exceeded in all three communities. 

l-10 
Altogether, 140 households were interviewed from this second group, 59 percent of the estimated total Of 

237 year-round households. 

The third group consisted of five communities with relatively large populations (Over 2,000 

people). The goal in these communities was to interview either 100 or 200 randomly selected 

households. The sampling goal was 100 households in’ Cordova, Valdez, Kenai, and Kotzebue. In 

Kodiak, the goal was 100 households within the city limits and 100 additional households along the 

remainder of the road system for a total sample of 200 households. All of these sampling goals were 

achieved. In the five large communities overall, 608 households were interviewed. This is about 7.4 

percent of the total number of households in all five communities. The sampling fraction was highest at 

Cordova at 12.9 percent and lowest at Kenai, with 4.7 percent. 

An additional goal in the first study year in the communities with random samples was to 

interview a panel selected from Social Indicators Study respondents. These panels were to make up 50 

percent of the total sample in each of these study communities, including Cordova, Valdez, Kenai, 

Seldovia, and Kodiak. Each community chapter provides an overview of the composition of the sample 

between Social Indicators panel members and newly selected households. 

Second Studv Year. 1992 

Following review of the first year’s research and consultation with MMS, several important 

changes were made to the study design which emphasized collection of three years of social effects data 

for all the study communities in the oil spill region. Originally, several communities were to be surveyed 

only twice. Consequently, in order to accommodate an additional, third round of data collection in Some 

study communities, five were dropped from further interviewing. These were Old Harbor, Karluk, Chignik 

Bay, Chignik Lake, and Kotzebue. Also, the Social Indicators panel households from the first study year 

were “retired” because of concerns about increasing levels of nonparticipation in the project. 

Table l-5 gives sampling goals and achievements for the second study year. In total, 668 

harvest survey interviews were conducted in 13 study communities, as well as 593 social effects 

interviews. Again, the goal was to interview 100 percent of the year-round households in the Smaller 

communities of Chenega Bay, Port Graham, Nanwalek, Larsen Bay, Kaktovik, and Kivalina. In Contrast 

to the previous year, a 100 percent sample was sought in Ouzinkie as well. Also, Akhiok was added to 

the list of study communities for the second year, although only the harvest survey was administered 

there. A total of 325 harvest survey interviews were conducted in these small communities for an overall 

sampling rate of 84.4 percent. Sampling fractions ranged from a high of 100 percent in Akhiok and 88.5 

percent in Chenega Bay to a low of 74.6 percent in Kaktovik. 

As in 1992, the sampling goal in Seldovia in 1993 was 65 households; this goal was achieved, 

for a sampling fraction of 47.4 percent. In contrast to the previous year, however, the sampling area for 

Seldovia included the road system outside the city limits of Seldovia itself. 

I-1 1 
In Valdez and Kodiak City, the goal was again a sample of 100 households. These goals were 

achieved, for a sampling fraction of 8.0 percent in Valdez and 5.7 percent in Kodiak. These samples 

included a panel of households from the previous year, with the balance being newly randomly selected 

households. In Cordova and Kenai, the 1993 goal was to interview a sample of up to 50 households 

from the previous year’s sample. In total, 41 households were interviewed in Cordova and 37 

households in Kenai, for 5.2 percent and 1.7 percent sampling fractions, respectively. 

Third Studv Year, 1993 

Table l-6 reports the sampling goals and achievement for the third study year. Altogether, 745 

harvest surveys were administered, comprising 10.4 percent of the total households in the 13 study 

communities. The total number of social effects questionnaires completed was 673. 

As in previous years, a census sample was the goal in the smaller communities of Chenega Bay. 

Tatitlek, Nanwalek, Port Graham, Larsen Bay, and Ouzinkie. A total of 228 interviews were done in 

these villages, for a sampling fraction of 83.2 percent, The highest sampling fraction was achieved at 

Nanwalek (89.2 percent) and the lowest at Tatitlek (71.4 percent). For three medium-sized communities, 

relatively large random samples of 50 percent (Port Lions), 66 percent (Nuiqsut). and 65 total households 

(Seldovia; 42.5 percent) were sought and achieved. In Seldovia, the sample consisted of a Panel Of 

households interviewed in the two previous study years, plus a balance of newly selected households. 

The Seldovia study area again included the city itself and the area connected to it by road. 

In the larger communities, samples of 100 households were sought in Cordova (11 .O percent of 

all households), Kenai (4.4 percent), and Kodiak City (5.3 percent). In each case, panels from previous 

years were embedded in these samples. Finally, the goal for the third year was just to reinterview the 

panel in Valdez; the 35 households represent a 2.5 percent sample of the total populations. 

Refusal Rates 

It should be noted that the project encountered a relatively high refusal rate. Almost 20 percent 

of the households that were contacted in 1992 (the first study year) (19.9 percent; 240 households) 

declined to participate in the project (Table l-4). This compares to a refusal rate of 9.4 percent during a 

harvest survey project in 15 oil spill communities in 1990 when 403 households were interviewed. and a 

refusal rate of 7.5 percent in 1991 when 221 households in seven oil spill communities were interviewed. 

It should also be noted that the refusal rate in the five large communities was 24 percent, more than 

double the approximately 11.5 percent rate of refusal encountered in the smaller communities. 

Researchers offered several explanations for the relatively high rate of refusals, including the long length 

of time required to administer the two questionnaires, several consecutive years of surveys in some 

communities (survey “burn out”), and study timing which conflicted with other activities in some 

Communities (this was particularly an issue in Cordova, Chignik Bay, and Chignik Lake). Other reasons 

l-12 
included perceived irrelevance of the research, and distrust or dislike of government agencies (Fall and 

Utermohle 1992:148-149). 

The refusal rate for the second study year dropped to 14.4 percent of households contacted (112 

households) (Table l-5). For the smaller communities, refusals declined to 6.9 percent of contacts. A 

relatively shorter survey form, familiarity with the project, and the continued use of local assistants may 

be some reasons for the relatively low number of households which decided not to take part in the 

project. Dropping Tatitlek from the list of second-year study communities probably also lowered the 

refusal rate overall. On the other hand, the refusal rate in the three larger communities in which random 

samples were again selected (Valdez Kodiak, and Kenai) remained about the same as the year before at 

24.2 percent, while that in Seldovia increased to 17.7 percent of contacts. In Cordova, nine of the 

potential panel members declined to participate in the second year of the study (a refusal rate of 18.0 

percent); in contrast, only one such household decided not to participate in Kenai (a refusal rate of 2.6 

percent). 

In the third study year, the refusal rate overall was 16.4 percent, slightly higher than the year 

before but lower than the first year (Table l-6). Again, the rate of refusals was especially high in the 

large, primarily non-Native communities, at 23.5 percent more than double that of the Native villages 

where census samples were sought (10.9 percent). As in the first year, however, a relatively high rate a 

refusals (25.9 percent) was encountered in Tatitlek (see Chapter V). 

INTERVIEW LENGTH 

Table l-7 and Figure l-2 provide information about the length of the harvest survey interviews in 

each study community and for each year’s research overall. For the total of 968 households interviewed 

for the first year, the average length of the interviews was 0.90 hours (54 minutes). This compares to an 

average length of time for administering a similar form in 403 households in 15 communities in 1990 of 

1.03 hours (62 minutes) and an average of 1.06 hours (64 minutes) for administering a similar instrument 

in 221 households in seven communities in 1991. In 1992, the average length of the interviews was 

longest in Chignik Lake at 1.61 hours (97 minutes) and shortest in Kenai at 0.53 hours (32 minutes). 

Several factors may have contributed to differences in interview lengths between communities in 

1992. The two communities with the shortest average interviews, Valdez (0.66 hours) and Kenai (0.53 

hours) also had the lowest community harvest levels and the narrowest range of resources used per 

household. Communities with high harvest levels and, especially, wide ranges of resources used, tended 

to have longer average interview lengths. Examples include Chignik Lake (1.61 hours), Tatitlek (1.30 

hours), Nanwalek (1.26 hours) and Old Harbor (1.09 hours). On the other hand, the community with the 

highest per capita harvest, Kotzebue, had the fourth-shortest average interview length at 0.74 hours (44 

l-13 
minutes). Other factors which may have influenced length of interviews included particular households’ 

familiarity with the survey instrument and the interviewing styles of particular researchers. 

Harvest survey interview length declined substantially for the second study year. Overall, the 

interviews took just 0.53 hours (32 minutes) to complete, with a range of 0.9 hours (54 minutes) in 

Kivalina (which had not been surveyed previously) to just 0.22 hours (13 minutes) in Kenai, where a 

panel of previously interviewed households were surveyed in this community of relatively low levels of 

resource use (Fig. l-2). There were notable declines in the average length of interviews in every study 

community (Table l-7). 

There were several reasons for the reduced length of harvest survey interviews in 1993. Most 

important, a number of questions were deleted from the questionnaire in the second year, including the 

section on use of equipment that had required a significant investment in time to complete. Second, for 

households that were reinterviewed, it was not necessary to collect much of the demographic data (such 

as birth dates and ethnicity) that had been recorded the first year. This information only had to be 

collected for new household members. Finally, most interviewers had participated in the project in the 

year before and were more familiar with the form and with interviewing procedures. 

For the harvest survey interviews conducted in 1994 (study year 1993), the overall average 

length was 0.65 hours (39 minutes) (Table l-7). This was an increase over the year before (0.52), but 

remained below the first year’s average (0.9 hours). Also, in all but one community (Nanwalek) that also 

had been surveyed in the second study year, the average length of the harvest survey increased in the 

third year. This was primarily because several sets of questions were added back into the questionnaire, 

such as respondent’s evaluations of their resource uses compared to other years, average cost of food, 

and the percentage of total meat, fish, and poultry that was wild foods. The average harvest survey 

length ranged from a high of 1.16 hours (70 minutes) in Chenega Bay to a low of 0.35 hours (21 minutes) 

in Valdez. The questionnaires administered in Chenega Bay and Tatitlek (which had the second-highest 

average) had questions on harvest areas which were unique to those communities. This probably 

accounts for their longer average length. 

Table l-8 and Figure l-2 report the average length of the social effects questionnaire interviews in 

all three study years. As with the harvest survey, the social effects questionnaire took longest to 

complete in the first study year, an average of 0.75 hours (45 minutes). Generally, the differences 

between communities fell within a narrower range than with the harvest survey, primarily because of the 

similarity of the questionnaire among all communities and the need to administer all the questions to all 

respondents. This was in contrast to the harvest survey, where non-harvesting or low-harvesting 

households could skip entire sections. In the first study year, the social effects questionnaire took 

longest to administer in Nanwalek (0.99 hours) and shortest in Kenai (0.60 hours). 

Also similar to the harvest survey, the social effects instrument was shortened in the second and 

third study years, reducing the amount of time to administer it (Table l-8). On average, this was 0.64 

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hours (38 minutes) in the second year, and 0.63 hours (38 minutes) in the third. Again, there was not a 

great deal of difference between communities in the average length of the social effects interviews. 

DATA MANAGEMENT PROCEDURES AND DATA ANALYSIS 

Data Verification 

Survey forms with responses assigned standardized codes were turned over to the division’s 

Data Management Section for data entry and analysis. Data were entered into the R:Base 4.0 relational 

database system using specialized forms for each category of information, such as demographic 

information, harvest data, and employment history. As the original and coded responses are in 

juxtaposition, data entry personnel were able to evaluate each entry as to its meaning and 

appropriateness. This provision allowed for the first quality control measure by data management staff. 

A list of potential discrepancies was prepared during data entry for later rectification by the responsible 

researcher. 

After the discrepancies located during data entry were resolved, output was prepared which 

mirrored the code lines on the survey, These ‘line-by-line’ verification sheets were used in lieu of double 

data entry both in consideration of efficiency and to provide researchers with an additional opportunity to 

review the survey responses. Working from the original survey forms, which are the source documents 

for all data entry and correction, the researcher compared the responses with the verification sheets. 

When data entry or coding errors were encountered, the necessary changes were made to the 

verification sheet and survey form. Corrections were then made to the database. 

Following the above verification procedures for data entry, a series of reports were run from the 

R:Base database program which resulted in American Society for Information Interchange (ASCII) fixed 

format data files which conform to the entry format required by the Statistical Package for the Social 

Sciences (SPSS) for Windows program. The data were subjected to a series of ‘logic checks’ which 

were designed to highlight invalid codes, missing data, and apparent inconsistencies, such as when 

attempt to harvest was recorded as “no” when a harvest did occur. Data identified as potentially 

inconsistent were presented to the researcher for correction or verification. After the necessary 

corrections were made to the database and new data files created, frequency lists were produced for 

each variable. These lists were used by the researcher to identify extreme responses for subsequent 

review. Only after the above quality control procedures were completed were time and effort devoted to 

producing tabular results. 

The production of draft tables and figures provided the first opportunity for researchers to view 

the pattern of responses and the interaction between variables. It was at this stage that information 

acceptable in terms of coding and knowledge of the community could be evaluated for accuracy. After 

l-l 5 
this last quality control step, the results of data analysis were translated into Excel spreadsheets and 

charts for incorporation in project documents and use in presentations. 

Standardized Datasets 

Following input of the information into the R:Base database program, the household-level data 

were exported as ASCII, fixed format files according to the column specifications of that specific record 

of information (‘record type’). Record types were defined for each of the different kinds of information 

collected, i.e., demographic, resource specific, employment, other income, resource assessments, etc. 

The harvest survey instrument, in particular, was designed to record of a repetitive name, for example, 

the characteristics each household member or the use and harvest quantity of a wild resource. This data 

structure allows for the ‘one-to-many’ and ‘many-to-one’ relationships between record types. A unified 

structure of identification of each record is provided by the combination of record type number, 

community code, household identification number, study year (being either the calendar year or the 

starting year of study periods which cross years), and then the person number, resource code, or job 

number, as appropriate to the data. Thirty-three record formats were used in recording data for this 

project. Descriptions of each record type and its constituent variables were produced as Technical 

Memorandum (TM) 5. SPSS Data Files (Brown et al. 1994b) for this cooperative agreement. Job control 

language (JCL) required to translate the numeric codes for each record for analysis in SPSS programs 

were provided with the data on diskette with the submittal of TM 5. 

In addition to this cooperative agreement covering the 1991 through 1993 study years, the 

division participated in another cooperative agreement (14-35-0001-30539) which covered harvest 

surveys conducted by the division in the Gulf of Alaska region prior to the 1991 study year (Brown et al. 

1994a). Although the data structure of record types may differ between the projects, they can be linked 

through the use of unique variable names. In the two projects, like variables share the same name, and 

dissimilar variables are distinguished by possessing different names. After conversion into SPSS ‘save’ 

files, the data can be conveniently merged for analysis of the division’s community baseline subsistence 

harvest surveys from the early 1980s through the 1993 study year. 

The social effects survey data exist as an SPSS save file. This dataset shares the same 

variable convention of community, study year, and household identification number to allow linkage with 

the subsistence, demographic, and employment data contained in the harvest survey. 

In order to maintain the explicit confidentiality of survey respondents, potential personal 

identifiers such as birth date, education, employment. for example, have been recoded to aggregated 

intervals. The household-level datasets and supporting documentation are available at cost to qualified 

researchers from the Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Division of Subsistence upon acceptance of 

the division’s code of ethics concerning conduct of research. Inquiries should be made to the 

l-16 
Subsistence Research Director, PO Box 25526, Juneau, Alaska 998025526, or by telephone t0 (907) 

4654147. 

The Division of Subsistence also maintains the Community Profile Database (CPDB)(Scott et al. 

1993) which provides community-level summaries (as opposed to household-level data) for harvest 

surveys throughout the State of Alaska. These summarized data do not possess any confidentiality 

concerns and are available from the CPDB Coordinator at the above address and telephone number for 

the cost of the media and documentation. The CPDB currently exists as an R:Base relational database 

but can be readily converted to other data formats. 

ORGANIZATION OF THE REPORT 

The remainder of this report consists of 23 chapters in five additional volumes. The first 21 Of 

these, in Volumes Two, Three, Four, and Five are focused on study findings for each of the study 

communities. Volume Two contains the chapters for the Prince William Sound, Volume Three pertains 

to Kenai Peninsula communities, Volume Four reports findings for the Kodiak Island Borough 

communities, and Volume Five has chapters on the Alaska Peninsula and Arctic communities. Two final 

chapters in Volume Six provide a comparative perspective on some of the study findings. It also 

contains the list of references cited and the appendices. Each community chapter is organized around a 

series of standard tables and figures and provides study findings on demography, employment, income, 

resource use, and resource harvests. Comparisons are made with prior years’ harvest and use data. For 

the communities in the oil spill area, an emphasis is placed on identifying changes since the first two 

years after the spill. Each community chapter also presents selected findings from the social effects 

questionnaire, except for Akhiok, Port Lions, and Kaktovik, where this instrument was not administered. 

In some cases, study findings for all 21 communities are presented in a single table or figure. 

These are included as a group at the end of this chapter (Chapter I). These summary tables include 

1991 and 1993 household assessments of changes in levels of resource uses from the previous year 

(1990 or 1992) and the year before the Exxon Valdez oil spill (1988) and the reasons given for those 

changes (Tables l-9 - l-98), assessments of Steller sea lion populations (Tables l-99, Table l-100), 

information on monthly expenses for food (Tables I-1 01, Table I-1 02), household assessments of their 

financial condition during the study year in comparison with before the Exxon Valdez oil spill (Table I103). the estimated percentage of meat, fish, and poultry used per household that was from wild foods in 

the first and third study years (Table I-104, Table I-105), salmon preservation methods (Table l-106), 

discarded resources (Table l-107), and plants used for medicinal purposes (Table I-l 08, Table l-109). 

Also included are some multi-community figures which report selected findings from the social effects 

qUeStiOnnaire which are referenced in the community chapters (Fig. l-3 to Fig. l-15). These include 

findings from questions concerning resource uses (Fig. l-3); food safety (Fig. l-4, Fig. l-5); oil spill effects 

t-17 
on children’s subsistence activities (Fig. l-6) and sharing (Fig. l-7); satisfaction with living in the 

community since the spill (Fig. l-8); assessment of adequacy of information about subsistence food 

safety (l-9); and predicted OCS development impacts (Fig. I-10 to Fig. l-15). Figure l-16 illustrates the 

percentage of households which said they used less wild resources in 1991/92 and in 1993/94 compared 

to 1988, the year before the Exxon Valdez oil spill. 

OVERVIEW OF THE EXXON VALDEZ OIL SPILL’ 

This section provides a brief overview of selected aspects of the Exxon Valdez oil spill which will 

serve as background for discussions of the spill’s effects on particular study communities which appear in 

the chapters which follow. It is intended for readers who need a general overview of the spill as it 

affected the study communities, and is not intended to be a comprehensive account of the spill itself or 

of studies which have assessed the spill’s damages.2 

The Soill and the Clean-up 

The oil tanker Exxon Valdez grounded on Bligh Reef in eastern Prince William Sound on March 24, 

1989. With the ship’s hull rent open, almost 11 million gallons of crude oil (258,000 barrels) were eventually 

spilled into the sound’s waters. Winds, tides, and currents carried the oil to the west and south, coating 

over a thousand miles of shoreline and killing hundreds of thousands of birds, sea mammals, and other 

marine life (U.S. Coast Guard 1993; ADF&G 1989a:8-10,21). 

The spill response first focused on the protection of Prince William Sound salmon hatcheries, then 

shifted to cleaning oil from waters and beaches: the clean-up was underway by the middle of May (ADF&G 

1989a:13; State of Alaska 1989:15). Eventually, about 11,000 workers, as well as hundreds of boats and 

aircraft, were employed on the clean-up in 1989 (Alaska Oil Spill Commission 199063). Methods included 

hot and cold water washing with high pressure hosing, removing and bagging oiled debris and wildlife by 

hand or with rakes for pick up, and wiping rocks clean of oil one-by-one with rags. Additionally, a chemical 

cleaning agent (COREXIT 9580) was used to treat some beaches. Another method used to facilitate 

cleaning was bioremediation, the spreading of fertilizer to enhance the growth of oil-eating bacteria on the 

beaches (State of Alaska 1989: 17-l 9). 

The degree to which shorelines were oiled varied within and between regions. The Shoreline 

Cleanup Assessment Team (SCAT) survey of September 1989 classified 26.5 percent of the oiled shoreline 

’ Much of what follows is derived from a more detailed discussion in Division of Subsistence Technical Paper No 199 (Stratton et 

$1. forthcoming). 

For detailed discussions of the spill and the subsequent clean-up, the reader should consult the federal on-scene coordinator’s 

report, prepared by the U.S. Coast Guard (1993) and the final report on the State of Alaska’s response to the spill (Piper 1993). 

Summaries of the damage assessment studies conducted for the state and federal governments appear in ADF&G (1993) and the 

abstracts volume prepared for the 1993 Oil Spill Symposium (Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustees 1993). A symposium proceedings 

volume was in preparation in late 1994 (Rice and Wright in press). Several accounts of the spill and the damage assessment 

studies, prepared for a general readership, have also been published (Davidson 1990, Keeble 1991, Lord 1992, Wheelwright 1994). 

l-18 
of Prince William Sound as “heavily oiled,” 20.7 percent as “moderate,” 34.2 percent as “light” and 18.6 

percent as “very light.” In contrast, outside Prince William sound, 7.9 percent of the oiled shorelines was 

classified as having heavy or moderate oiling, 14.6 percent as “light” and the remainder (77.5 percent) as 

“very light” (U.S. Coast Guard 1993:125)? 

The first year’s clean-up effort ended in mid-September 1989. However, the State of Alaska 

(1989:19) concluded that the clean-up was not over because 

There is still oil on the water and on beaches, and it is moving into new areas every day. 

Moreover, most of the 200 miles of heavily oiled shoreline in Prince William Sound has 

substantial amounts of oil still deep in the sand and gravel. It continues to leach to the 

surface and bleed into the water. . 

About 1,244 miles of shoreline had been contaminated, including 311 in Prince William Sound, 100 

on the Kenai Peninsula, and over 833 on the Kodiak Island archipelago and Alaska Peninsula! In Prince 

William Sound, 199 miles of shoreline had been “treated” during the first year’s clean-up efforts, but even 

these were not necessarily “clean” or “environmentally stable.” It was estimated after the first year that of 

the 258,000 barrels of oil that had been spilled, 32,500 barrels had been recovered, 77,100 had evaporated, 

and 114,000 barrels remained unrecovered in Prince William Sound and the Gulf of Alaska (State of Alaska 

1989:25; Emon Valdez Oil Spill Trustees 1992:2). 

Clean-up activities continued at a reduced scale in the second (1990), third (1991) and fourth 

(1992) years after the spill. In March and April 1990, for example, as part of a local response program, over 

150 people from Kodiak Island, Prince William Sound, and Chignik picked up 128,000 pounds of oily Waste 

(Piper 1993:133). State and federal on-scene coordinators declared the clean-up over on June 12, 1992 

(Piper 1993:146). However, limited, site-specific efforts to remove remaining surface and subsurface oil 

took place after this official end to the clean up. For example, as part of a restoration project in 1994, 

residents of Chenega Bay assisted in cleaning oiled mussel beds in western Prince William Sound. 

Damaae Assessment Studies 

Certain wildlife populations were severely impacted by the spill by direct contact with the oil. 

According to a summary of some of the findings of scientific studies of the spill’s effects on fish and wildlife, 

3 Oil impact categories were as follows: heavy or wide = a band greater than six meters in width and greater than 50 percent oil 

cover’ medium = a band greater than six meters in width and less than 50 percent oil cover, or a band three to six meters in width 

and greater than 10 percent oil cover; light or narrow = a band less than three meters in width and less than 10 percent oil cover; 

and very light = less than 10 percent oil cover regardless of width (Dewhurst et al. 199O:ll ). 

4 These estimates from the Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation (ADEC) represent “actual oiled miles.” 

Discrepancies exist between these estimates and others provided by ADEC, Exxon, and the U.S. Coast Guard, because other 

estimates report the total length of oiled shoreline” segments,” portions of which were unoiled (State of Alaska 1989:25). For 

example, the Shoreline Cleanup Assessment Team (SCAT) Survey in September 1989 identified 3,245.l miles of oiled shoreline, 

including 789.6 miles in Prince William Sound and 2,455.5 miles in “western Alaska” (the remainder of the spill area) (U.S. Coast 

Guard 1993:125). 

l-19 
about 3,500 - 5,500 sea otters, 200 harbor seals, and 375,000 - 435,000 birds (such as murres, eagles, and 

sea ducks) died as a direct result of the spill (EXXON Valdez Oil Spill Trustees 1992:20-26). 

The immediate and long-term effects on other wildlife were less clear, however. For example, sea 

lions swam near oiled areas, and some were observed with oiled pelts, but no sea lion deaths were known 

to have been caused by the spill. Deer feed on kelp on beaches in winter and were likely to ingest oiled 

kelp. Nevertheless, no deer whose deaths were caused directly by the spill were located after intensive 

searches of beaches. Black bears might also have been exposed to oil when they fed on beach grasses or 

sedges, dug for clams, or scavenged for birds, but no studies of possible injuries to black bear populations 

were done (ADF&G 1989a:28-30; Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustees 1992:19-30). 

Within a week of the grounding of the Exxon Valdez, planning began on scientific studies to 

determine the spill’s long-term biological effects (ADF&G 1989a:lO). Over 100 “Natural Resource Damage 

Assessment Studies” were undertaken by government, university, and private-sector researchers. These 

studies were coordinated through the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council, with representation from three 

state and three federal agencies (Fraker 1993). Because of the litigation-sensitive nature of these studies. 

their findings were deemed confidential and results were not immediately available to the public (Gertler 

1992). Some preliminary results were first released by the federal government in March 1991 (U.S. Fish 

and Wildlife Service 1991). A more complete summary of damage assessment study findings was included 

by the Trustee Council in its Oil Spill Restoration Framework and 1992 Draft Work Plan in April 1992. In 

early 1993, the Alaska Department of Fish and Game published overviews of some of the scientific studies 

and their findings in its magazine, Alaska’s Wildlife (ADF&G 1993). In February 1993, a four-day Exxon 

Valdez Oil Spill Symposium took place in Anchorage during which the results of many of the damage 

assessment projects were presented and discussed (Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council 1993)? 

Summaries of natural resource injuries also appear in the draft Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Restoration Plan. 

Table l-l 10 lists injured resource and services as described in the plan (Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee 

Council 1 994).6 

The Issue of Subsistence Food Safety’ 

The primary issue for subsistence users of the spill area’s resources was whether fish and wildlife 

were still safe to eat. While some plants and animals were obviously oiled and not edible, it was not 

clear to subsistence users if those without signs of oiling might also cause acute or chronic health 

z A publication of selected papers from this symposium was in preparation in late 1994 (Rice et al., forthcoming). 

It must be noted that Exxon Corporation also conducted its own damage assessment studies. As with the government-funded 

projects, these were considered “litigation sensitive.” Consequently, there was no coordination of the government and Exxon 

studies, and the results of the Exxon-funded research were not available for public review until 1993. Exxon’s scientists and 

contractors chose not participate in the Oil Spill Symposium in Anchorage in February 1993. Rather, the Exxon studies were 

presented in April 1993 at the meeting of the American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM) in Atlanta, Georgia. For a critical 

:,,iew of these damage assessment studies. see Ott (1994). 

Thus section is based on Fall 1991b. Walker and Field 1991, and Fall and Field. forthcoming. 

l-20 
problems. Abnormal behavior and conditions of wildlife also raised qUeStiOnS about the Spiti’S effects for 

subsistence users. Consequently, they rejected the advice that sight, smell, and taste alone (the 

“organolepic test”) was sufficient to determine food safety. People were no longer confident in their own 

abilities to understand and evaluate the natural environment because the spill had created such 

unfamiliar and unsettling conditions. As a result, people discarded resources which they suspected had 

been tainted, or refrained from using subsistence foods entirely. 

To respond to these concerns, an Oil Spill Health Task Force (OSHTF) was formed under the 

chairmanship of the federal Indian Health Service. The OSHTF coordinated and reviewed research on 

subsistence food safety, tried to develop a consensus on health issues, and communicated findings and 

advice to the villages. Regular participants in the OSHTF included the Indian Health Service, ADF&G 

Division of Subsistence, Alaska Department of Health and Social Services (ADHSS), Alaska Department 

of Environmental Conservation (DEC), the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), 

Exxon, and two Alaska Native regional organizations: the Kodiak Area Native Association (KANA) and 

the North Pacific Rim (later called Chugachmiut). The task force met biweekly in 1989, regularly through 

1990, and sporadically after that. Its last meeting occurred in August 1993. 

Programs to collect and test samples of subsistence resources for hydrocarbon contamination 

were developed by the Division of Subsistence and by Exxon, and were coordinated by the OSHTF. 

Exxon’s program was also guided by a cooperative agreement with NOAA. Over a three year period 

(1989, 1990, and 1991), tests were run on 312 samples of fish, 1,061 samples of marine invertebrates, 

and samples from 43 harbor seals and sea lions. All the tests were run at NOAA’s Northwest Fisheries 

Center in Seattle (Varanasi et al. 1993). Also as part of this program, samples from 19 sea ducks and 16 

deer were tested at a laboratory at Texas A&M University. 

After results from the first round of collections and testing in 1989 were available, NOAA 

convened a group of toxicologists and other health experts in Seattle in September 1989. This group, 

generally referred to as “the expert toxicological committee,” concluded that levels of polycyclic aromatic 

hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the samples of fish were so low as to not be a health concern. Most samples of 

marine invertebrates also had safe levels of PAHs, but some collected at oiled beaches had elevated 

levels The expert committee recommended therefore that marine invertebrates from oiled beaches not 

be consumed. This group met again in February 1990 when the full results of the 1989 collection and 

testing program were available, and reaffirmed its earlier conclusions. Findings from the 1990 and 1991 

rounds Of collections were consistent with these findings from the first year. Additionally, levels of PAHs 

in the tested samples of marine mammals, ducks, and deer all were deemed safe, although levels in the 

blubber of oiled seals were elevated. Seals tested in subsequent years had very low to nondetectable 

levels Of PAHs. These findings and the health advice of the expert committee were communicated to 

subsistence users in a series of village meetings in September and October 1989 and again in June 

1992, in health bulletins published by the ADHHS, in newsletters produced for the OSHTF by the 

l-21 
Division of Subsistence, and in a video, also produced by the division (with assistance from the Office of 

the Governor) for the OSHTF. 

The OSHTF faced a number of difficult issues regarding subsistence food safety and risk 

communication. These were especially acute during the first and second spill years (1989 and 1990), 

and although they have lessened over time, many have persisted. Among these issues were: 

l Lack of specific information. General statements about food safety were often received 

skeptically by residents of the Alaska Native communities. People wanted to know about 

specific places and resources. 

l The adequacy of the sampling program. Were enough samples from enough beaches 

tested? Could the test results be generalized to untested areas? Could a clam be tested from 

one, clean section of the beach and be found safe, while another, just a short distance away, 

be contaminated? 

l Changing conditions over time. With oil still on beaches, would the safety status of particular 

areas change over time? 

l The range of resources tested. Could tests on mussels or clams be applied to chitons or 

crab? The testing program focused on fish and marine invertebrates. What about marine 

mammals, deer, bears, and birds? 

l The timing of the program. Very little specific information was available until late summer 

and early fall of 1989. The full results of the 1989 testing program were not available until 

early 1990. Information about marine mammals, deer, and ducks, was not released until mid1990. 

9 The lack of standards. There were no guidelines available as to what a safe and unsafe level 

of PAHs in foods might be. This was a special concern in the Alaska Native communities, 

where very large quantities of sea foods, far above the national average, are consumed. 

l Communication methods. Health bulletins and newsletters often did not reach many 

subsistence user’s households. Written reports were sometimes criticized as too technical and 

too hard to understand. 

l The involvement of Exxon. For many, Exxon’s involvement in the OSHTF represented a 

conflict of interest and raised questions about the trustworthiness of the programs. The OSHTF 

tried to deal with this issue in several ways: all its meetings were public, decisions were by 

consensus, local residents and scientists from NOAA participated in sample collection trips, the 

internationally recognized Northwest Fisheries Center laboratory was used to run the tests, the 

expert committee contained representatives from a variety of interests, and all the data that 

resulted from the project were made public. Nevertheless, a perception remained in some 

l-22 
communities and among some people that the OSHTF activities were compromised by 

Exxon’s presence. 

. The embargo on damage assessment study findings. The uncertainty of findings from 

ecological studies resulted in the perception that the OSHTF did not have access to all the 

relevant information. 

l Cultural definitions of food safety and edibility. For many individuals and families, continued 

observations of sick and dead wildlife thought to be linked to the oil spill led to questioning of 

the OSHTF advice. Additionally difficult was the advice that ingestion of oil by an organism 

might injure the animal but not necessarily affect its edibility. Some reasoned, if the animal 

was sick, how could it be safe to eat? Animals exhibiting abnormal behavior or other signs of 

abnormality continued to be rejected by subsistence users as unsafe to eat. Examples of this, 

such as “target lesions” on sea lions and a viral infection in herring, are discussed in the 

chapters on Chenega Bay and Tatitlek. 

l Voluntary versus involuntary risk. For some people, any increased level of risk was 

unacceptable in that it was an involuntary risk. The spill had polluted an area that had formerly 

been viewed as pristine and the spill contaminated resources that had been viewed as safe to 

use. 

Subsistence Harvests and Uses in 1989 and 1990 

As noted earlier, the division conducted research to document characteristics of subsistence 

uses in 15 Alaska Native communities in the year following the oil spill, and in 7 of those communities for 

the second post-spill year, As shown in Figure l-17, subsistence harvests declined from 9 percent to 77 

percent compared to pre-spill averages in the 10 study communities of Prince William Sound, lower 

Cook Inlet, and the Kodiak Island Borough. The range of resources used for subsistence also declined, 

by as much as half or more, in most of these communities. The primary reasons respondents gave for 

these declines was concern that the resources had been contaminated by the oil. Other reasons given 

included reduced resource populations as a consequence of the spill and the disruptions caused by work 

on oil spill clean-up (Fall 1991b; Stratton et al., forthcoming; Stanek, forthcoming b; Mishler and Cohen, 

forthcoming). 

As also shown in Figure l-17. subsistence harvests in the five Alaska Peninsula study 

communities in 1989 were about the same or higher than the single pre-spill estimate for 1984. Fewer 

households in these communities said that their use levels had declined over the entire post-spill year. 

In these communities, disruptions to particular uses occurred, such as marine invertebrates or salmon, 

but it appeared that most households were able to substitute other subsistence resources for these lost 

harvests (Fall 1991 b, Fall et al., forthcoming). 

l-23 
For the second post-spill year, subsistence uses rebounded in the study communities of lower 

Cook Inlet and the Kodiak Island Borough (Fig. i-18). Some harvest levels in 1990191 matched at least 

one pre-spill estimate, but overall, harvests remained below pre-spill norms. Although some respondents 

reported reduced levels of concern about oil contamination of subsistence foods, others said that they 

had returned to using these resources reluctantly, despite their misgivings, because they could no longer 

afford to do without them or because of their cultural value. In contrast to these increased harvests, 

subsistence uses in the two Prince William Sound communities of Chenega Bay and Tatitlek showed 

little signs of recovery during the second port-spill year. Contamination concerns remained high in these 

villages, and perceptions of severe reductions in many important resources (salmon, marine mammals, 

birds, marine invertebrates) were increasingly cited as causes of reduced levels of use (Fall 1992a, 

1992b). 

Litioation 

Soon after the spill, law suits against Exxon and Exxon Shipping were filed in state and federal 

courts by federal, state, and local governments and by private plaintiffs, including an Alaska Native 

Class. In October 1991, the United States District Court in Anchorage approved an agreement which 

settled the claims by the United States and the State of Alaska. Under the terms of the settlement, the 

two companies pleaded guilty to various criminal charges and agreed to pay for certain civil damages. 

Under the criminal plea agreement, Exxon and Exxon Shipping were fined $150 million ($125 million of 

which was remitted) and also agreed to pay $100 million as restitution, $50 million to the United States 

and $50 million to the State of Alaska. These restitution funds must, according to the order of the US 

District Court, be used “exclusively for restoration projects, within the State of Alaska, relating to the 

Exxon Valdez oil spill.” Under the settlement of the civil claims, Exxon agreed to pay the United States 

and the State of Alaska up to $900 million over a ten-year period. After reimbursement of certain 

cleanup costs, these funds are deposited in a restoration fund, which is administered by a six-member 

Trustee Council, consisting of representatives of three federal and three state agencies. These funds are 

to be used for restoration of injured natural resources and natural resource services (human uses), under 

terms set out in the Memorandum of Agreement and Consent Decree that was approved by the federal 

court (Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council 1992). 

Claims by the Alaska Native Class against the United States and the State of Alaska were 

settled in 1990. Under the terms of this settlement, experts for the Native Class gained access to data 

from government studies of natural resource damages. 

The case of the Alaska Native Class against Exxon was based on the claim that the spill had 

injured the subsistence way of life and the Alaska Native culture. On March 23, 1994, Judge H. Russel 

Holland (1994a) ruled that claims for non-economic injury, such as the claim of the Alaska Native class 

that the spill had damaged the subsistence way of life, were not recognized by maritime law. The Alaska 

l-24 
Native Class had also argued that under maritime law, private individuals or classes who could show a 

special injury “different in kind from that suffered by the general public” could recover damages. Their 

claim was that the subsistence way of life was central to their culture in a way that was fundamentally 

different from the noncommercial resource uses of other Alaskans. This claim was also rejected by the 

court (Holland 1994a) 

The Alaska Natives’ non-economic subsistence claims are not “of a kind different from 

[those] suffered by other members of the pubic exercising the right common to the 

general public that was the subject of interference.” . Although Alaska Natives may 

have suffered to a greater degree than members of the general public, “differences in 

the intensity with which a public harm is felt does not justify a private claim for public 

nuisance.” All Alaskans have the right to lead subsistence lifestyles, not just Alaska 

Natives. All Alaskans, and not just Alaska Natives, have the right to obtain and share 

wild food, enjoy uncontaminated nature, and cultivate traditional, cultural, spiritual, and 

psychological benefits in pristine natural surroundings. Neither the length of time in 

which Alaska Natives have practiced a subsistence lifestyle nor the manner in which it is 

practiced makes the Alaska Native lifestyle unique. These attributes of the Alaska 

Native lifestyle only make it different in degree from the same subsistence lifestyle 

available to all Alaskans. The Alaska Natives do not have a viable, maritime, public 

nuisance claim, as their claim is only different in degree, not in kind, from that suffered 

by the general population of Alaska. 

In dismissing these claims, the court added that, “the court does not reject the notion that there 

are cultural differences between Alaska Natives and many non-Native Alaskans,” and that “the Court 

accepts without qualification the cultural importance of the subsistence lifestyle to residents of rural 

Alaska in general, and Alaska Natives in particular.” And added (Holland 1994a), 

At risk of making this decision too long, and at the risk of straying too far from 

the legal field, the court would observe that the entry of oil companies into Alaska in the 

late 1950s and thereafter was not the first (and likely not the last) challenge to Native 

culture. Who moved in on whom as between the Alutik (sic), Indian, and YUpik/lnUpiat 

peoples is lost in the anthropological fog of ten to fifty thousand years ago. Then came 

the Russians, then the American whalers, then the miners, and with them the United 

States Government came to Alaska. 

All of these incursions have impacted and, to a lesser or greater degree 

affected, native culture. . If (and we think this is not the case) the Native culture was in 

such distress that the Exxon Valdez oil spill sapped the will of the Native peoples to 

carry on their way of life, then a native subsistence lifestyle was already lost before 

March 24, -1989. The Exxon Valdez oil spill was a disaster of major proportions, but it 

did not deprive Alaska Natives of their culture. 

The affront to Native culture occasioned by the escape of crude oil into Prince 

William Sound is not actionable on an individual basis. . The Alaska Natives’ claims 

for non-economic losses is (sic) rejected, and the plaintiffs must find recompense for 

interference with their culture from the public recoveries that have been demanded of 

and received from Exxon. 

l-25 
This ruling, which occurred in late March, just before the third year’s fieldwork got underway in 

Chenega Bay and Tatitlek, was generally responded to in these villages with a mixture of outrage, 

disappointment, and grief. In some cases, people cited the ruling as one reason why they would not 

participate in any additional research. 

In response to this ruling, the Alaska Native class argued that simply compensating them for the 

replacement cost of the lost harvest itself, 

Does not take account of the value placed by the Natives on their subsistence harvest 

activities, as revealed by their choice to engage in these activities, and is therefore 

wholly inadequate in assessing the actual economic injury to Alaska Natives resulting 

from lost subsistence harvests (cited in Holland 1994b). 

On June 29, 1994, Judge Holland rejected this argument in clarifying the earlier ruling that the 

Alaska Native Class claim must be limited to the replacement value of lost subsistence harvests (Holland 

1994b): 

The value Alaska Natives place on their choice to engage in subsistence activities is a 

non-economic “way of life” claim which this court has already rejected. In the case of 

subsistence harvests, to place a value on anything other than the lost harvest itself is to 

place a value on lifestyle. The court recognizes that lifestyle has a value, but that value 

is non-economic. Quite simply, the choice to “engage in [subsistence] activities” is a 

lifestyle choice, and damages to lifestyle were rejected in Order No. 190. The lifestyle 

choice was made before the spill and was not caused by the spill. Lest there be any 

doubt, the claims of the native subsistence harvesters are limited to the economic value 

of the lost subsistence harvest. 

In a footnote, the court added: 

The court does not see any great difficulty in placing a value on a pound of bear meat, 

herring roe, or other such food not normally available in stores. The cost of equivalent 

foods may be employed. 

The trial in United States District Court in Anchorage concerning private plaintiff claims against 

Exxon got under way in June 1994. While the federal trial was in its second of three scheduled phases, 

the Alaska Native Class reached a settlement with Exxon concerning the value of the lost subsistence 

harvests. The settlement was for $20 million. Judge Holland approved this settlement in November 

1994. However, appeals of rulings regarding the non-economic portions of the Alaska Native’s case 

were expected to be filed. 

Restoration 

As noted above, funds from the settlement of federal and state claims against Exxon are to be 

used for the restoration of injured natural resources and natural resource services. A “service” is defined 

l-26 
as a human use of a natural resource, such as recreation, subsistence, or commercial harvesting. AS 

shown in Table I-110. subsistence is recognized in the restoration plan as an injured service which has 

not fully recovered from the effects of the spill. The restoration plan adopted a four-part strategy to 

restore subsistence (Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council 1994:55-56). These parts are: 

. Promote recovery of subsistence as soon as possible (through such means as increasing 

availability, reliability, or quality of resources used for subsistence, or increasing the confidence 

of subsistence users in the safety of resources) 

. Remove or reduce residual oil if treatment is cost-effective and less harmful than leaving the oil 

in place. 

. Protect subsistence resources from further degradation. 

. Monitor recovery. 

Further, the restoration plan adopted the following recovery objective for subsistence: 

Subsistence will have recovered when injured resources used for subsistence are 

healthy and productive and exist at prespill levels, and when people are confident that 

the resources are safe to eat. One indication that recovery has occurred is when the 

cultural values provided by gathering, preparing, and sharing food are reintegrated into 

community life. 

Despite this recognition of the need to restore the subsistence uses, the Trustee Council alS0 

adopted a policy that projects designed to restore an injured service “must have a sufficient relationship 

to an injured resource,” such as restoring or enhancing the resource, providing an alternative resource, or 

restoring access to the resource. Thus, all projects were to be natural resource oriented. In 1994, for 

example, projects proposed to restore subsistence uses through the development of a “spirit camp” and 

to provide financial support for Chenega Bay subsistence users to travel outside oiled areas to harvest 

resources, were rejected by the Council because these projects did not restore injured natural resources, 

but only addressed human uses. Fortunately, the three state trustees approved these latter two projects, 

as well as several others, for funding through grants from the Alaska Department of Community Regional 

Affairs from an appropriation of criminal settlement money by the Alaska Legislature for subsistence 

restoration. 

Restoration work plans adopted by the full Trustee Council in 1993, 1994, and 1995 contained a 

number of subsistence restoration projects. These included: 

l Subsistence Foods Testing 

l Clam Restoration (Tatitlek, Port Graham, Nanwalek) 

l Elders/Youth Conference 

l-27 
l Harbor Seal and Sea Otter Restoration 

l Chenega Bay Chinook Salmon Remote Release 

l Tatitlek Coho Salmon Release 

l Subsistence Restoration Planning Project 

Thus, six years after the spill, efforts to restore injured natural resources and the subsistence way of life 

continued, in recognition of the still incomplete recovery and the need to heal the damage that remains. 

l-28 
l-29 
l-30 
Table l-2. Alaska OCS Social Effects Goals 

111 Healthy wildlife populations 

112 Unrestricted access to traditional hunting and fishing places 

113 Presence of wildlife populations in traditional hunting and fishing areas 

114 Interest in and use of renewable resources 

121 

122 

123 

124 

125 

126 

Goal Two: Continued Traditional Social Relationships 

Continued cooperative activities 

Continued sharing of renewable resource products and equipment ! 

Continued extended family relationships 

Continued respect for elders 

Intervillage social relationships 

Continued cooperative child care/rearing 

Goal Three: Continued Cultural Supports 

131 Continued oral history tradition 

132 Continued production of arts and craft 

133 Continued traditional subsistence activities 

134 Continued traditional other activities 

GOAL FAMILY TWO: 

SOCIAL RELATIONS 

Goal One: Visiting 

211 Visiting among community members 

212 Visiting between communities 

Goal Two: Significance of Place 

221 

222 

223 

224 

Satisfying social relationships as reasons for living in a community 

Continued use of places as locations of meaningful social activities 

Kinship as a tie to place 

Confidence in continued ability to make a living/conduct subsistence activities 

in a place 

Goal Three: Family Well-Being 

231 

232 

233 

234 

Continued transmission of skills and values to young people 

Continued role of elders as sources of knowledge 

Adequate care of children 

Continued supply of subsistence foods 

GOAL FAMILY ONE: 

CONTINUED EXISTENCE OF TRADITIONAL CULTURE 

Goal One: Continued Harvest of Renewable Resources 

l-31 
Table l-2 (continued). Alaska OCS Social Effects Goals 

311 Non-disruptive oil spill employment 

312 Ease of transition back to non-oil spill employment 

Goal Two: Employer-Employee Relationships 

321 Cordial relationships between employers and former employees 

322 Adequate and predictable labor pool 

Goal Three: Business Relations 

331 Cordial relationships with business associates 

332 Predictable business opportunities/climate 

Goal Four: Costs of Living 

341 Reasonable rents 

342 Available housing 

343 Available employment 

GOAL FAMILY FOUR: 

POLITICAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE ACTIVITIES AND RELATIONS 

Goal One: Adequate Local Control 

411 

412 

Sense of local control 

Confidence in institutions and leaders 

Goal Two: Adequate Participation 

421 

422 

Participation in routine processes of Government: percent of adults voting 

in statewide elections 

Continued role of elders in political/decision-making functions 

Goal Three: Political and Administrative Effectiveness 

431 Responsible government agencies 

432 Responsible business institutions 

433 Responsible membership organizations 

Goal Four: Adequate and Effective Social Services 

441 Timely and effective social services 

442 Timely and effective medical services 

GOAL FAMILY THREE: 

ECONOMIC AND COMMERCIAL RELATIONS 

Goal One: Oil Spill Cleanup Employment 

l-32 
Table l-3. Project Field Interviewers by Community and Study Year 

ommunity 

khiok 

---v---- 

,henega Bay 

-.-7”“’ ,hrgnrk Bay 

-.-7----- ;hrgnrk Lake 

-------- 

Lordova 

“--7---- :aktovrk 

.-------- 

:arluk 

.-------w 

:enai 

.-------m 

gvalina 

--------- 

(odiak 

--------- 

continued) 

1991 

.------------ 

Tracy Andrews 

Susan Savage 

Lisa Scarbrough 

.-------- --- 

Tracy Andrews 

Susan Savage 

Lisa Scarbrough 

------.--- --- Jody Settz 

Karen Gibsen 

Vera Kinzer 

Susan McNeil 

Jeniffer Sepez 

Barbara Winkley ---------- mm 

------------- 

Rachel Mason 

Sheila Theriault 

Vicki Vanek ------------- 

Brad Palach 

Susan McNeil 

Lisa Tomrdle 

Neil Shisido 

Ron Stanek 

------------- . m.. ----------- 

Tracy Andrews 

l Gretchen Booth 

Jimmy Evak 

Jim Magdanz 

l Becky Norton 

Ron Stanek 

l Joe Swan Jr. 

I... ,,,,,,‘,--- 

Jeff Bamhatt 

Joe Dinnocenzo 

Vicki Vanek 

Rachel Mason 

------------m 

Jeff Bamhart 

Joe Dinnocenzo 

Vicki Vanek 

Rachel Mason 

Craig Mishler 

’ David Pestrikoff 

Don Callaway w------- -w-w 7-b ------------- 

Staffing by Study Yea 

Craig Mishler 

Rachel Mason 

l Marvin Agnot 

Robert Stovall ““‘-~‘“““’ 

Jody Sertz 

l Diane Selanoff .------------ 

““‘-*‘“““’ 

Jody Sertz 

Rita Miraglia 

Lisa Tomrdle 

m. a ------------- 

Clarence Alexander 

Tracy Andrews 

t Ida Angsan 

Tukulik Opie 

Sverre Pedersen 

Ron Stanek 

l 

. m. e 

Jane Thompson ------- ---mm 

. -. . ------------- 

Brad Palach 

Susan McNeil 

Lisa Tomrdle 

ir 

1993 

Jody Seitz 

m----------- Vicki Vanek 

m------- ---- 

“---7’----- Jody Se&z 

Lisa Scarbrough 

Roger Dunbar 

Leah Merritt 

Amy Paige 

m----------- Ron Stanek 

------------ 

Brad Palach 

Susan McNeil 

Dave Andersen 

Lisa Scarbrough 

------------ 

Jeff Barnhart 

Joe Dinnocenzo 

Vicki Vanek 

------------ 

l-33 
Table l-3. (continued) Project Field Interviewers by Community and Study Year 

ommuntty 

otzebue 

_---mm-- 

arsen Bay 

-------- 

anwalek 

-------- 

uiqsut 

-------- 

IId Harbor 

-------- 

krzinkie 

-------- 

‘art Graham 

,----m-vloft Lions 

,-------- 

;eldovia 

.-------- 

‘atitlek 

.-------- 

faldez 

1991 

Dave Andersen 

Jimmy Evak 

Jim Marcotte 

Neil Shishido 

Donna Westdahl “““““” 

Sheila Thenault 

Jeff Bamhart 

Rachel Mason 

Vicki Vanek 

_Ce$ Mishler --------- 

Ron Stanek 

Lisa Tomrdle 

Nick Tanape 

James Kvasnikoff ------------ 

------------ 

Jeff Barnhart 

Don Callaway 

Rachel Mason 

Craig Mishler 

David Pestrikoff ------------ 

Jeff Bamhart 

Vicki Vanek 

Craig Mishler 

Rachel Mason 

,------------ 

Ron Stanek 

Mary Malchoff 

Lillian Elvsaas 

Olga Fomin 

Violet Yeaton .------------ 

.__*__ ---w---- 

Lillian Elvsaas 

Lisa Tomrdle 

Ron Stanek 

Gladys Yuth .__---*-___--- 

Jody Se& 

.‘F”.“f ----- 

Rrta Miraglia 

Lisa Tomrdle 

Brad Palach 

Jeniffer Sepez 

Laura Chase 

=. 

Staffing by Study Yer 

1992 

; “‘r-“-m”“’ 

Sheila Thenault 

Jeff Bamhart 

Rachel Mason 

Vicki Vanek 

w. - ------------- 

Ron Stanek 

Rita Miraglia 

l Nick Tanape 

-. . 

------------- 

------------- 

Jeff Bamhatt 

Vicki Vanek 

l Robert Katelnikof 

Rachel Mason 

l Tracy Squartsoff 

, -. . B-m -------m.- 

Ron Stanek 

l Mary Malchoff 

l Anne Metcalf 

Riia Miraglia 

Brad Palach 

. m.. 

------------m 

* ; ’ Lillian Elvsaas 

Lisa Tomrdle 

Susan McNeil 

, 

- 

------------. 

Rita Miraglia 

Lisa Tomrdle 

Yvonne Howard 

’ Brad Osborne 

Sverre Pedersen 

Jody Seitz 

= Local community reseacn assistant: S 

l-34 

1993 

,‘-““““- 

Sheila Thenault 

Jeff Bamhart 

Craig Mishler 

.----------- 

Ron Stanek 

Rita Miraglia 

Brad Palach 

.----v----mClarence Alexande 

Tracy Andrews 

Tukulik Opie 

Sverre Pedersen 

.----------- 

.----------- 

Jeff Bamhart 

Vicki Vanek 

Robert Katelnikof 

Jim Marcotte 

I----------- 

Ron Stanek 

Mary Malchoff 

Anne Metcalf 

Rita Miraglia 

Brad Palach 

---.--------- Craig Mishler 

Jeff Bamhart 

Robert Nelson 

Vicki Vanek 

------------ 

Lillian Elvsaas 

Dave Andersen 

Susan McNeil 

Matt Kookesh ------------ 

Jody Seitz 

Susan McNeil ------------ 

Rita Miraglia 

Dave Andersen 
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l-140 
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7 

, 

l-141 
Table I-1 08. Common and Scientific Names of Plants Used as Medicine, All Communities, 1991 

Common Name !%entifvz Name’ 

Alder 

Bethelem’s StarMlintergreen 

Birch 

BLaCkberry 

Bog Orchid 

Camomile/Pineapple Weed 

Chickweed 

Clover Flowers 

Cottonwood 

Cranberries 

“Dahilzo” 

Daisies 

Dandelion 

Devil’s club 

Fems 

Fireweed 

GoosetonguelPlantain 

Hemlock 

High Bush Cranberries 

Horsetail 

Indian Rice/Chocolate Lily 

Juniper 

“Kongonahoke” 

Labrador Tea 

Liverwort 

March Marigolds 

Moss 

Mountain Ash 

Nettles 

“Petrushkies”Mlild Parsley/Beach Lovage 

Pine 

PutchkiesIWild Celery/Cow Parsnip 

Raspberry 

Rose 

Spruce 

StinkweedMormwood 

“SugtiK 

“Swamp Grass” 

“Taahiks” 

Willow 

pletanthem Hypetiorea 

Mabicaria matdcatiodas 

Stelatia 

TdfWum 

Populus trichocarpa 

oxycoccus 

Chrysanthemum arcticurn 

Taraxacum oficinale 

Oplopanax homdus/Echinopanax hom’dum 

Athydum Mx-tiwnina, Matteucda struthiopterus, Dryopteris dilatata 

Epiiobium angustifolium 

PYantago mamma 

Tsaga 

Viburnum eduie 

Equisetum arrense 

Ftitilatia camschatcensik 

Junipenrs communis 

Ledum 

Cakha 

sorbus 

Mica gracib 

Ligusticum scolicum 

tinaceee 

Heracleum lanatum 

Rubus idaeus 

Rosa 

Picea skhensis 

Artemkia 

I SaKx 

Yarrow IAchJlea 

Source: Pratt, Vema E., Field Guide to Alaskan Wildflowers, Anchorage: Alaskakmfts Publishing, 1989. 

l-142 
E m CL 

l-143 
l-144 
l-145 
t-146 
l-147 
l-148 
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M-89 

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l-161 
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l-162 
3W-l YINUH3 

NOOWl YINE)IHCI 

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l-163 
s 8 8 0 0 8 0 

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l-164 
Table l-l 10. Resources and Services Injured by the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill 

Biological 

Recovering 

Bald eagle 

Black oystercatcher 

intertidal organisms (some) 

Killer whale 

Mussels 

Sockeye salmon (Red Lake) 

Subtidal organisms (some) 

Recovery Unknown 

Clams 

Cutthroat trout 

Dolly Varden 

River otter 

Rocktish 

Injured Resources Lost or Reduced 

Resources I Other Services 

Not Recovering 

Common murre 

Harbor seal 

Harlequin duck 

Intertidal organisms (some) 

Marbled murrelet 

Pacific herring 

Pigeon guillemot 

Pink salmon 

Sea otter 

Sockeye salmon 

(Kenai and Akalura systems) 

Subtidal organisms (some) 

Archaeological 

resources 

Designated 

wilderness areas 

Sediment 

Commercial fishing 

Passive uses 

Recreation and Tourism 

Subsistence 

Source: Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council 1994:32 

l-l 65 
l-166 
The Department of the Interior Mission 

As the Nation’s principal conservation agency, the Department of the interior has responsibility 

for most of our nationally owned public lands and natural resources. This includes fostering 

sound use of our land and water resources; protecting our fish, wildlife, and biological 

diversity; preserving the environmental and cultural values of our national parks and historical 

places; 

and providing for the enjoyment of life through outdoor recreation. The Department assesses 

our energy and mineral resources and works to ensure that their development is in the best . 

interests of all our people by encouraging stewardship and citizen participation in their care. 

The Department also has a major responsibility for American Indian reservation communities 

and for people who live in island territories under U.S. administration. 

The Minerals Management Service Mission 

As a bureau of the Department of the Interior, the Minerals Management Service’s (MMS) 

primary responsibilities are to manage the mineral resources located on the Nation’s Outer 

Continental Shelf (OCS), collect revenue from the Federal OCS and onshore Federal and Indian 

lands, and distribute those revenues. 

Moreover, in working to meet its responsibilities, the Offshore Minerals Management Program 

administers the OCS competitive leasing program and oversees the safe and environmentally 

sound exploration and production of our Nation’s offshore natural gas, oil and other mineral 

resources. The MMS Royalty Management Program meets its responsibilities by ensuring -th? 

efficient, timely and accurate collection and disbursement of revenue from mineral leasing ::I 1’1 

production due to Indian tribes and allottees, States and the U.S. Treasury. 

The MMS strives to fulfill its responsibilities through the general guiding principles of: (1) being 

responsive to the public’s concerns and interests by maintaining a dialogue with all potentially 

affected parties and (2) carrying out its programs with an emphasis on working to enhance the 

quality of life for all Americans by lending MMS assistance and expertise to economic 

development and environmental protection.