A

DEPAETMENT OF THE INTE,EIOK .

BULLETIN

OF 'THE

GEOLOGICAL

vt-

,(231

> ' " ^THE MINERALS '- - OF, :l|^fe^H CAROLINA''" i -

GOTEENMENT

LIBRARY CATALOGUE SLIPS,

United States. Department of the interior. (U. S. geological survey.) 

Department of the interior | | Bulletin | of the | United 

States | geological survey | no. 74 | [Seal of the department] | 

Washington | government printing office | 1891

Second title: United States geological survey | J. W. Powell, 

director | | The | minerals of North Carolina | by | Frederick 

Augustus Geiitk | [Vignette] |

Washington | government printing office | 1891

8". 119pp.

Genth (Frederick Augustus).

United States geological survey | J. W. Powell, director | | 

The | mineralsof North Carolina | by | Frederick Augustus Genth | 

[Vignette] |

Washington | government printing office | 1891 

8°. 119 pp.

[TTiCTED STATES. Department of the interior. (U. S. geological survey.) 

Bullet in 74.]

United States geological survey | J. W. Powell, director | | 

The | :aainerals of North Carolina | by | FrederickAugustusGenth j 

[Vignette] |

Washington | government printing office | 1891

8°. 119 pp.

[UNITED STATES. Department of the interior. (U. S. geological survey.) 

Bulletir, 74.]

[Bulletin No. 74.]

The publications of the United States Geological Survey are issued in accordance with the statute 

approved March 3, 1879, -wMcli declares that 

" Thepublications of theGeological Survey shall consist of the annual report of operations, geological 

and economic maps illustrating the resources and classification of the lands, and reports upon general 

and economic geology and paleontology. The annual report of operations of the Geological Survey 

sliall accompany the annual report of the Secretary of the Interior. All special memoirs and reports 

of said Survey shall be issued in uniform quarto series if deemed necessary by the Director, but otherwise iu ordinary octavos. Three thousand copies of each shall be published'for scientific exchanges 

and for sale at the price of publication; and all literary and cartographic materials received in exchange 

sliall be the property of the United States and form a part of the library of the organization: And the 

money resulting from the sale, of such publications shall be covered into the Treasury of the United 

States."

On July 7, 1882, the following joint resolution, referring to all Government publications, was passed 

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'' That whenever any docu ment or report shall be ordered printed by Congress, there shall be printed, 

in addition to the number in each case stated, the 'usual number' (1,900) of copies for binding and 

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Except in those cases in which an extra number of any publication has been supplied to the Survey 

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ANNUAL EEPOETS.

I. First Annual Keport of the United States Geological Survey, by Clarence King. 880. 8°. 79 pp. 

1 map. A preliminary repoit describing plan of organization and publications.

II. Second Annual Keport of the United States Geological Survey, 1880-'81, by J". "W. Powoll. 1882. 

8°. Iv, 588pp. 62 pi. 1 map.

III. Third Annual Eeport of the United States Geological Survey, 1881-'82, by J. "W. Powell. 1883. 

8°. xviii, 564 pp. 67 pi. and maps.

IV. Fourth Annual Eeport of the United States Geological Survey, 1882-'83, by J. W. Powell. 1884. 

8°. xxxii, 473 pp. 85 pi. and. maps.

V. Fifth Anuual Eeport of the United States Geological Survey, 1883-'84, by J. W. Powell. 1885. 

8°. xxxvi,-469 pp. 58 pi. ami maps.

VI. Sixth Annual Eeuort of the United States Geological Survey, 1884-'85, by J. W. Powell. 1885. 

8°. xxix, 570 pp. 65 pi. and maps.

VII. Seventh Annual Eeport of the United States Geological Survey, 1885-'86, by J. "\V. Powell. 1888. 

8°. xx, 656pp. 71 pi. and maps.

VIII. Eighth AunualEeportof the United States GeologicalSurvey,1886-'S7, by J. "W". Powell. 1889. 

8°. 2 v. xix, 474, xii pp. 53 pi. and maps; 1 p. 1.475-1063 pp. 54-76 pi. and maps.

I.. Ninth Annual Eeport of the United States Geological Survey, 1887-'88, by J. "W. Powell. 1889. 

8°. xiii, 717 pp. 88 pi. and maps.

.. Tenth Annual Eeport oi the United States Geological Survey, 1888-'89, by J. "W. Powell. 1890. 

8°. 2 v. xv, 774 pp. 98 pi. and maps; viii, 123 pp. 

The Eleventh Annual Eepoit is in press.

MONOGEAPHS.

I. Lake Bonneville, by Grove Karl Gilbert. 1890. 4°. xx, 438 pp. 51 pi. 1 map. Price $1.50.

II. Tertiary History of the G-rand Caiion District, with atlas, by Clarence E. Dutton, Capt. U. S. A. 

1882. 4°. xiv, 264 pp. 42 pi. ;tnd atlas of 24 sheets folio. Price $10.00.

III. Geology of the Comstocls Lode and the Washoe District, with atlas, by George F. Becker. 1882. 

4°. xv, 422 pp. 7 pi. and atlas of 21 sheets folio. Price $11.00.

IV. Conistock Mining and Miners, by Eliot Lord. 1883. 4°. xiv, 451 pp. 3 pi. Price $1.50.

I
II ADVERTISEMENT.

V. The Copper-Bearing Rocks of Lake Superior, by Roland Duer Irving. 1883. 4°. xvi, 464 pp. 

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VI. Contributions to the Knowledge of the Older Mesozoic Flora of Virginia, by "William "Morris 

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VII. SilTer-Lead Deposits of Eureka, Nevada, by Joseph Story Curtia. 1884. 4°. xiii, 200 pp. 16 

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VIII. Paleontology of the Eureka District, by Charles Doolittle Walcott. 1884. 4°. xiii, 298 pp. 

241. 24 pi. Price $1.10.

.IX. Brachiopoda and Lamellibranchiata of the Raritan Clays and Greensand Marls of New Jersey, 

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X. Dinocerata. A Monograph of an Extinct Order of Gigantic Mammals, by Othniel Charles Marsh. 

1886. 4°. xviii, 243pp. 561. 56 pi. Price $2.70.

XI. Geological History of Lake Lahontan, a Quaternary Lake of "Northwestern Nevada, by Israel 

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XII. Geology and Mining Industry of Leadville, Colorado, with atlas, by Samuel Franklin Emmons. 

1886. 4°. xxix, 770 pp. 45 pi. and atlas of 35 sheets folio. Price $8.40.

XIII. Geology of the Quicksilver Deposits of the Pacific Slope, with atlas, by George F. Becker. 

1888. 4°. xix, 486 pp. 7 pi. and atlas of 11 sheets folio. Price $2.00.

XIV. Fossil Fishes and Fossil Plants of the Triassic Rocks of New Jersey and the Connecticut Valley, by John S. Nbwberry. 1888. 4°. xiv, 152 pp. 26 pi. Price $1.00.

XV. The Potomac or Younger Mesozoic Flora, by "William Morris Fontaine. 1889. 4°. xiv, 377 

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XVI. The Paleozoic Fishes of North America, by John Strong Newberry. 1889. 4°. 340 pp. 53 pi. 

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In preparation:

XVII. The Flora of the Dakota Group, a posthumous work, by Leo Lesquereux. Edited by F. H. 

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XVIII. Gasteropoda and Cephalopoda of the Raritan Clays and Greensand Marls of New Jersey, 

by Robert P. Whittteld.

 The Penokee Iron-Bearing Series of Northern "Wisconsin and Michigan, by Roland D. Irving and 

C. R. Van Hise.

 Mollusca and Crustacea of the Miocene Formations of New Jersey, by R. P. Whitfleld.

 Geology of the Eureka Mining District, Nevada, with atlas, by Arnold Hague.

 Sauropoda, by 0. C. Marsh.

 Stegosauria, by 0. C. Marsh.

 Brontotheridse, by 0. C.Marsh.

 Report on the Denver Coal Basin, by S. F. Emmons.

 Report on Silver Cliff and Ten-Mile Mining Districts, Colorado, by S. F. Emmons.

 Flora of the Dakota Group, by J. S. Newberry.

 The Glacial Lake Agassiz, by "Warren Uphani.

BULLETINS.

1. On Hypersthene- Andesite and on Triclinic Pyroxene in Augitic Rocks, by "Whitman Cross, with a 

Geological Sketch of Buffalo Peaks, Colorado, by S. F. Emmons. 1883. 8°. 42 pp. 2 pi. Price 10 cents.

2. Gold and Silver Conversion Tables, giving the coining values of troy ounces of fine metal, etc., computed by Albert "Williams, jr. 1883. 8°. 8 pp. Price 5 cents.

3. On theFossil Faunas of the Upper Devonian, along the meridian of 76° 30', from Tompkins County, 

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4. On Mesozoic Fossils, by Charles A. "White. 1884. 8°. 36 pp. 9 pi. Price 5 cents.

5. A Dictionary of Altitudes in the United States, compiled by Henry Gannett. 1884. 8°. 325 pp. 

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6. Elevations in the Dominion of Canada, by J. "W. Spencer. 1884. 8°. 43 pp. Price 5 cents.

7. Mapoteca Geologica Americana. A Catalogue of Geological Maps of America (North and South), 

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8°. 184 pp. Price 10 cents.

8. On Secondary Enlargements of Mineral Fragments in Certain Rocks, by R. D. Irving and C. R. 

Van Hise. 1884. 8°. 56pp. 6 pi. Price 10 cents.

9. A report of work done in the "Washington Laboratory during the fiscal year 1883-'84. F. "W. Clarke, 

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10. On the Cambrian Faunas of North America. Preliminary studies, by Charles Doolittle "Walcott. 

1884. 8°. 74 pp. 10 pi. Price 5 cents.

11. On the Quaternary and Recent Mollusca of the Great Basin ; with Descriptions of New Forma, by 

R. Ellsworth Call. Introduced by a sketch of the Quaternary Lakes of the Great Basin, by G. K. 

Gilbert. 1884. 8°. 66pp. 6 pi. Price 5 cents.

12. A Crystallographic Study of the Thinolite of Lake Lahontan, by Edward S. Dana. 1884. 8°. 

34 pp. 3 pi. Price 5 cents.
ADVERTISEMENT. Ill

13. Boundaries of tlb United States and of the several States and Territories, with a Historical 

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14. The Electrical and Magnetic Properties of the Iron-Carburets, by Carl Barus and Vincent 

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15. On the Mesozoic and Cenozoic Paleontology of California, by Charles A. White. 1885. 8°. 

33 pp. Price 5 cents.

16. On the Higher Devonian Faunas of Ontario County, New York, by John M. Clarke. 1885. 8°. 

86 pp. 3 pi. Price 5 oents.

17. On the Development of Crystallization in the Igneous Kocks of Washoe, Nevada, with Notes on 

the Geology of the District, by Arnold Hague and Joseph P. Iddings. 1885. 8°. 44 pp. Price'5 

cents.

18. On Marine Eocene, Fresh-water Miocene, and other Fossil Mollusca of Western North America, 

by Charles A. White. 1885. 8°. 26 pp. 3 pi. Price 5 cents.

19. Notes on the Stratigraphy of California, by George F. Becker. 1885. 8°. 28pp. Price 5 cents.

20. Contributions to the Mineralogy of the Rocky Mountains, by Whitman Cross and W. F. Hillebrand. 1885. 8°. 11<: pp. 1 pi. Price 10 cents.

21. The Lignites of tie Great Sioux Reservation. A Report on the Region between the Grand and Morean Rivers, Dakota, liy Bailey Willis. 1885. 8°. 16 pp. 5 pi. Price 5 cents.

22. On New Cretaceous Fossils from California, by Charles A. White. 1885. 8°. 25pp. 5 pi. Price 

Scents.

23. Observations on the Junction between the Eastern Sandstone and the Keweenaw Series on 

Keweenaw Point, Lake Superior, by R. D. Irving and T. C. Chamberlin. 1885. 8°. 124 pp. 17 pi. 

Price 15 cents.

24. List of Marine Mollusca, comprising the Quaternary Fossils and recent forms from American 

Localities between Cape Hatteras and Cape Roque, including the Bermudas, by William Healey Ball. 

1S85. 8°. 336pp. Price 25 cents.

25. The Present Technical Condition of the Steel Industry of the United States, by Phineas Barnes. 

1885. 8°. 85 pp. Price 10 cents.

26. Copper Smelting, by Henry M. Howe. 1885. 8°. 107 pp. Price 10 cents.

27. Report of work done in the Division of Chemistry and Physics, mainly during the fiscal year

1884-'85. 1886. 8°. 80 pp. Price 10 cents.

28. The Gabbros and Associated Hornblende Rocks occurring in the Neighborhood of Baltimore, Md., 

by George Huntington Williams. 1886. 8°. 78 pp. 4 pi. Price 10 cents.

29. On the Fresh-water Invertebrates of the North American Jurassic, by Charles A. White. 1886. 

8°. 41 pp. 4 pi. Price 5 cents.

30. Second Contribution to the Studies on the Cambrian Faunas of North America, by Charles Doolittle Walcott. 1886. i°. 369pp. 33 pi. Price 25 cents. ^

31. Systematic Review of our Present Knowledge of Fossil Insects, including Myriapods and Arachnids, by Samuel Hnbbard Scudder. 1886. 8°. 128 pp. Price 15 cents.

32. Lists and Analyses of the Mineral Springs of the United States; a Preliminary Study, by Albert 

C. Peale. 1886. 8°. 255 pp. Price 20 cents.

33. Notes on the Geology of Northern California, by J. S. Diller. 1886. 8°. 23 pp. Price 5 cents.

34. On the relation of the Laramie Mollnscan Fauna to that of the succeeding Fresh-water Eocene 

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35. Physical Properties of the Iron-Carburets, by Carl Barus and Vincent Strouhal. 1886. 8°. 62 

pp. Price 10 cents.

36. Subsidence of Fin 3 Solid Particles in Liquids, by Carl Barns. 1886. 8°. 58pp. Price 10 cents.

37. Types of the Laramie Flora, by Lester F. Ward. 1887. 8°. 354 pp. 57 pi. Price 25 cents.

38. Peridotite of Elliott County, Kentucky, by J. S. Diller. 1887. 8°. 31 pp. 1 pi. Price 5 cents.

39. The Upper Beaches and Deltas of the Glacial Lake Agassiz, by Warren Upham. 1887. 8°. 84 

pp. Ipl. Price 10 cents.

40. Changes in River Courses in Washington Territory due to Glaciation, by Bailey Willis. 1887. 8°. 

10pp. 4 pi. Price 5 cents.

41. On the Fossil Fai.nas of the Upper Devonian the Genesee Section, New York, by Henry S. 

Williams. 1887. 8°. 121pp. 4 pi. Price 15 cents.

42. Report of work do:ae in the Division of Chemistry and Physics, mainly during the fiscal year

1885-'86. F.W. Clarke, chief chemist. 1887. 8°. 152pp. Ipl. Price 15 cents.

43. Tertiary and Cretaceous Strata of the Tuscaloosa, Tombigbee, and Alabama Rivers, by Eugene 

A. Smith and Lawrence C. Johnson. 1887. 8°. 189 pp. 21 pi. Price 15 cents.

44. Bibliography of North American Geology for 1886, by Nelson H. Darton. 1887. 8°. 35 pp. 

Price 5 cents.

45. The Present Condition of Knowledge of the Geology of Texas, by Robert T. HilL 1887. 8°. 94 

pp. Price 10 cents.

46. Nature and Origin of Deposits of Phosphate of Lime, by R. A. F. Penrose, jr., with an Introduction by N. S. Shaler. 1883. 8°. 143pp. Price 15 cents.
IV ADVERTISEMENT.

47. Analyses of "Waters of the Tellowstone National Park, -with an Account of the Methods of Analysis employed, by Frank Austin Gooch and James Edward Whitfield. 1888. 8°. 84 pp. Price 10 

cents.

48. On the Form and Position of the Sea Level, by Robert Simpson "Woodward. 1888. 8°. 88 pp. 

Price 10 cents.

49. Latitudes and Longitudes of Certain Points in Missouri, "Kansas, and New Mexico, by Robert 

Simpson Woodward. 1889. 8°. 133 pp. Price 15 cents.

60. Formulas and Tables to facilitate the Construction and Use of Maps, by Robert Simpson Woodward. 1889. 8°. 124 pp. Price 15 cents.

51. On Invertebrate Fossils from the Pacific Coast, by Charles Abiathar White. 1889. 8°. 102 pp. 

14 pi. Price 15 cents.

52. Subaerial Decay of Rocks and Origin of the Red Color of Certain Formations, by Israel Cook 

Russell. 1889. 8°. 65pp. 5 pi. Price 10 cents.

53. The Geology of Nantucket, by Nathaniel Southgate Shaler. 1889. 8°. 55 pp. 10 pi. Price 10 

cents.

54. On the Thermo-Electric Measurement of High Temperatures, by Carl Barus. 1889. 8°. 313 pp. 

incl. 1 pi. 11 pi. Price 25 cents.

55. Report of work done in the Division of Chemistry and Physics, mainly during the fiscal year 

1886-'87. Frank Wigglesworth Clarke, chief chemist. 1889. 8°. 96 pp. Price 10 cents.

56. Fossil Wood and Lignite of the Potomac Formation, by Frank Hall Knowlton. 1889. 8°. 72 pp. 

7 pi. Price 10 cents.

57. A Geological Reconnaissance in Southwestern Kansas, by Robert Hay. 1890. 8°. 49 pp. 2 pi. 

Price 5 cents.

58. The Glacial Boundary in Western Pennsylvania, Ohio, Kentucky, Indiana, and Illinois, by George 

Frederick \Vright, with an introduction by Thomas Chrowder Chamberlin. 1890. 8°. 112 pp. incl. 

1 pi. 8 pi. Price 15 cents.

59. The Gabbros and Associated Rocks in Delaware, by Frederick D. Chester. 1890. 8°. 45 pp. 

1 pi. Price 10 cents.

60. Report of work done in the Division of Chemistry and Physics, mainly during the fiscal year 

1887-'88. F. W. Clarke, chief chemist. 1B90. 8°. 174pp. Price 15 cent*.

61. Contributions to the Mineralogy of the Pacific Coast, by William Harlow Melville and Waldemar 

Lindgren. 1890. 8°. 40pp. 3 pi. Price 5 cents.

62. The Greenstone Schist Areas of theMenominee and Marquette Regions of Michigan; a contribution to the subject of dynamic metamorphisin'in eruptive rocks, by George Huntington Williams; 

with an introduction by Roland Duer Irving. 1890. 8°. 241 pp. 16 pi. Price 30 cents.

63. A Bibliography of Paleozoic Crustacea from 1698 to 18S9, including a list of North American 

species and a systematic arrangement of genera, by Anthony W. Vogdes. 1890. 8°. 177 pp. Price 

15 cents.

64. A report of work done in the Division of Chemistry and Physics, mainly during the fiscal year 

1888-'89. F. W. Clarke, chief chemist. 1890. 8°. 60 pp. Price 10 cents.

65. Stratigraphy of the Bituminous Coal Field of Pennsylvania, Ohio, and West Virginia, by Israel 

C. White. 1891. 8°. 212pp. 11 pi. Price 20 cents.

66. On a Group of Volcanic Rocks from the Tewan Mountains, New Mexico, and on the occurrence 

of Primary Quartz in certain Basalts, by Joseph Paxson Iddings. 1890. 8°. 34 pp. Price 5 cents.

67. The relations of the Traps of the Newark System in the New Jersey Region, by Nelson Horatio 

Darton. 1890. 8°. 82pp. Price 10 cents. 

68 Earthquakes in California in 1869, by James Edward Keeler. 1890. 8°. 25 pp. Price 5 cents.

69. A Classed and Annotated Bibliogiaphy of Fossil Insects, by Samuel Hubbard Scudder. 1890. 

8°. 101 pp. Price 15 cents.

70. Report on Astronomical Work of 1889 and 1890, by Robert Simpsou Woodward. 1890. 8°. 7& 

pp. Price 10 cents.

71. Index to the Known Fossil Insects of the Woild, including Myriapods and Arachnids, by Samuel 

Hubbard Scudder. 1891. 8°. 744 pp. Price 50 cents.

72. Altitudes between Lake Superior and the Rocky Mountains, by Warren Upham. 1891. 8°. 

229 pp. Price 20 cents.

73. The Viscosity of Solids, by Carl Barus. 1891. 8°. xii, 139 pp. 6 pi. Price 15 cents.

74. The Minerals of North Carolina, by Frederick Augustus Genth. 1891. 8°. 119 pp. Price 15 

cents.

77. The Texan Permian and its Mesozoic types of Fossils, by Charles A. White. 1891. 8°. 51 pp. 

4 pi. Price 10 cents. 

In press:

75. Record of North America Geology for 1887 to 1889, inclusive, by Nelson Horatio Darton.

76. A Dictionary of Altitudes in the United States (second edition), compiled by Henry Gannett.

78. A report of work done in the Division of Chemistry and Physics, mainly during the fiscal year 

1889-'90. F. W. Clarke, chief chemist. 1891. 8°. 119 pp. Price 15 cents.

79. A Late Volcanic Eruption in Northern California and its peculiar lava, by J. & Diller.
ADVERTISEMENT. V

80. Correlation papers Devonian anil Carboniferous, by Henry Shaler "Williams.

81. Correlation papers Cambrian, by Charles Doolittle "Walcott.

82. Correlation papers Cretaceous, by Charles A. White. 

In preparation: 

 Record of North American Geology for 1890, by N. H. Barton.

 The Compressibility of Liquids, by Carl Barus.

 The Eruptive and Sedimentary Eocks on Pigeon Point, Minnesota, and their contact phenomena, 

by W. S. Bayley.

 A Bibliography of I'aleobotany, by David "White.

STATISTICAL PAPERS.

Mineral Resources of the United States, 1882, by Albert Williams, jr. 1883. 8°. xvil, 813 pp. Price 

50 cents.

Mineral Resources of tl.e United States, 1883 and 1884, by Albert Williams, jr. 1885. 8°. xiv, 1010 

pp. Price 60 cents.

Mineral Resources of the United States, 1885. Division of Mining Statistics and Technology. 1886. 

8°. vii, 576 pp. Price 40 cents.

Mineral Resources of the United States, 1886, by David T. Day. 1887. 8°. viii, 813 pp. Price 50 

cents.

Mineral Resources of tlie United States, 1887, by David T. Day. 1888. 8°. vii, 832 pp. Price 50 

cents.

Mineral Resources of the United States, 1888, by David T. Day. 1890. 8°. vii, 652 pp. Price 50 

cents. 

In preparation:

Mineral Resources of the United States, 1889 and 1890.

The money received from the sale of these publications is deposited in the Treasury, and the Secretary of the Treasury declines to receive bank checks, drafts, or postage stamps; all remittances, therefore, must be by POSTAL NOTE or MONEY ORDER, made payable to the Librarian of the U. S. Geological 

Survey, or in CURRENCY, for the exact amount. Correspondence relating to the publications of the

Survey should be addressed

To THE DIRECTOR OF THE

UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY,

WASHINGTON, D. C. 

WASHINGTON, D. C., July, 1891.

BULLETIN

OF THK

UNITED STATES

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

No. 74

WASHINGTON

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE

f891

UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

J. W. POWELL, DIKECTOK

THE

BY 29954

FREDERICK AUGUSTUS GENTH

WASHINGTON

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 

/891

CONTENTS.

Page.

Letter of transmittal................................................ .... 9

Preface..................................................................... 11

Native elements ............................................................ 13

Gold................................................................ 13

Silver ............................................................... 14

Platinum............................................................ 14

Palladium........................................................... 14

Copper ............ ........ .. ............................. 14

Iron, including meteorites ..................................... .. 14

Lead .........................................._.................. 20

Antimony........................................ ............. 20

Sulphur .................__..__................................. 21

Diamond ............__..................._........__......... 21

Graphite ........................................................... 22

Sulphides, etc..................................................._.___. 22

Sulphides and telluri des of metals of the sulphur and arsenic groups...... 22

Stibnite ............................................................ 22

Bismuthinite ....................................................... 22

Tetradymite........................................................ 22

Molybdenite........................................................ 23

Sulphides, etc., of tho iron, gold, and tin groups......................... 23

Argentite............................................................. 23

Galenite............................................................ 23

Altaite ............................................................... 23

Bornite............................................................. 23

Sphalerite or zinc blende.................... ..................... 24

Chalcocite...._.._.............................................. 24

Troilite.._........................................................ 24

Pyrrhotite.......................................................... 24

Schreibersite ........................................................ 24

Pyrite.............................................................. 24

Chalcopyrite......................................................... 25

Barnhardtite ............. .......................................... 25

Marcasite........................................................... 26

Leucopyrite .................................................... . 26

Arsenopyrite............................................ ............ 26

Nagyagite ....................................................... 26

Covellite ........................................................... 27

Snlpharsenides, sulphaatimonides, etc................................... 27

Proustite ...................._..................................... 27

Aikinite............................................................ 27

Tetrahedrite......................................'............ ..... 27

5
6 CONTENTS.

Page.

Compounds of chlorine, etc-.................... .............................. 28

Halite.............................................................. 28

Cerargyrite......................................................... 28

Ferrous chloride .................................................... 28

Fluorine compounds .................................. ...................... 28

Fluorite ............................................................ 28

Yttrocerite .......................................................... 28

Oxygen compounds ......................................................... 28

Oxides ....................... .................. . ................... 28

Cuprite................ ............................................. 28

Melaconite ......................................................... 29

Corundum.......................................... ................ 29

Hematite........................................................... 31

Menaccanite........................................................ 31

Spinel.............................................................. 32

Gahnite ............................................................ 33

Magnetite.......................................................... 33

Chromite. .......................................................... 34

Cassiterite.......................................................... 35

Uraninite .............. ........................ .................... 35

Rutile.............................................................. 36

Auatase ............................................................ 37

Brookite.......................................... 1................. 37

Pyrolusite .......................................................... 37

Braunite............................................................ 38

Hausmarmite....................................................... 38

Diaspore.. ....................................................... 38

Gothite............................................................. 38

Limonite .......................................................... 38

Gummite........................................................... 38

Psilomelane....... .................................................. 39

Wad ............................................................... 39

Senarmontite or valentinite ......................................... 40

Bismite............ .................................. ............. 40

Molybdite ...................................._......_.......... 40

Quartz ............................................................. 40

Opal......................................-.........."... . 42

Ternary oxygen compounds silicates .......................... ..... 42

Anhydrous silicates................................................... 42

Enstatite........................................................... 42

Pyroxene........................................................... 43

Spodumene......................................................... 43

Amphibole.......................................................... 44

Smaragdite......................................................... 45

Arfvedsonite........................................................ 45

Crocidolite ......................................................... ''

Beryl............................................................... 4

Chrysolite .......................................................... 47

Garnet ............................................................. 48

Zircon.............................................................. 4f

Vesuvianite ........................................................ 4£

Epidote ............................................................ 5f

Allanite ............................................................ 5

Zoisite ............................................................. 5

Phlogopite...... .................................................... ?.-
CONTENTS. 7

Page. 

Oxygen compounds Continued.

Ternary oxygen compounds silicates Continued. 

Anhydrous silicates Continued.

Biotite ............................................................. 52

Muscovite.......................................................... 52

Labradorite ........................................................ 54

Andesite............................................................ 55

Oligoclaae ........................ .................................. 55

Albite.............................................................. 56

Orthoclase.................................................1........ 56

Tourmaline......................................................... 57

Fibrolite....................... .................................... 58

Cyanite.............................................................. 58

Topaz ..................... .......................................... 59

Euclase.......................................................'....... 59

Titanite............................................................. 60

Staurolite...................... .................................... 60

Hydrous silicates...................................................... 60

Chrysocolla......................................................... 60

Calamine............................................................ 61

Talc ................. ............................................... 61

Pyrophyllito........................................................ 62

Stilpnomelaae ...................................................... 62

Glauconite.......................................................... 62

Serpentine..... .................................................... 62

Deweylite.......................................................... 63

Cerolite ............................................................ 63

Genthite............................................................ 63

Kaolinite........................................................... 63

Saponite ........................................................... 64

Halloysite .......................................................... 64

Finite........ ...................................................... 64

Paragonite ......................................................... 64

Hisingerite................... ...................................... 64

Culsageeite........................... .............................. 65

Kerrite............................................................. 65

Maconite........................................................... 66

Lucasite............................................................ 66

Penninite...-....................................................... 66

Prochlorite ard chlorite ............................................. 67

Chloritoid .......................................................... 68

Willcoxite.............................;............................ 68

Margarite ........................................................... 69

Durlleyite .......................................................... 69

Uranotil............................................................ 70

Thorite............. ................................................ 70

Auerlite............................................................ 70

Xanthitane......................................................... 71

Tantalates, coltimbates ....... ........................................... 71

Pyrochlore or microlite.............................................. 71

Hatchettolite....................................................... 72

Tantalite........................................................... 72

Columbite.......................................................... 72

Yttrotautalite ........................................ .............. 73

Samarskite .......................................................... 73
8 CONTENTS.

Oxygen compounds Continued. Page.

Tantalates, columbates Continued.

Rutherfordite....................................................... 74

Fergusonite .......................................... .............. 74

Polycrase......... .... ..^........................................... 75

Rogersite.......................................1................... 75

Phosphates, arsenates, etc............................................... 76

* Xenotime........................................................... 76

Apatite............................................................. 76

Pyromorphite....................................................... 77

Monazite ........................................................... 77

Vivianite.............'.............................................. 78

Olivenite........................................................... 78

Pseudomalachite.................................................... 78

Lazulite...... ...... ................................................ 78

.Scorodite............................................................ 79

Wavellite ....,............................................._....... 79

Pharmacosiderite................................................... 79

Dufrenite........................................................... 79

Phosphuranylite................................ .................... 79

Autunite ........................................................... 79

Niter............................................................... 79

Tungstates, molybdates, etc............................................. 80

Wolframite......................................................... 80

Rhombic tungstate of lime .............. ............................ 80

Scheelite........................................................... 80

Cuproscheelite ..................................................... 80

Stolzite ............................................................ 80

Sulphates, chromates, etc................................................ 81

Barite.............................................................. 81

Anglesite......... ............................................... 81

Crocoite............................................................ 81

Melanterite......................................................... 81

Goslarite ........................................................... 81

Chalcanthite ....................................................... 81

Alunogen........................................................... 82

Misy ............................................................... 82

Montanite .......................................................... 82 ' Carbonates ............................................................. 821

Calcite ............................................................. 821

Dolomite ........................................................... 83 \

Magnesite .......................................................... 83}

Siderite ............................................................ 83j

Rhodochrosite ...................................................... 841

Cerussite ........................................................... 84

Malachite..................................................... ...... 84.

Azurite ............................................................ 84

Bismutite........................................................... 84

Mineral coal ................................................................ 85

Anthracite.............................................................. 89

Bituminous coal........................................................ 85

Lignite ................................................................ 8.1*

Organic compounds ........... ...................... ........................ $>

Amber...... .... ................................ ........................ 8.5

Synopsis of minerals and mineral localities by counties...................'.... 8$

Index....................................................................... 11?
LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.

DEPARTMENT OP THE INTERIOR,

U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY,

DIVISION OF CHEMISTRY, 

Washington, D. (7., July 31, 1890.

SIR: I have the honor to transmit herewith the manuscript of a report by Prof. F. A. Genth, of Philadelphia, upon the minerals of North 

Carolina. I request that it may be published as a bulletin of the 

U. S. Geological Survey. 

Very respectfully,

F. W. CLARKE,

Chief Chemist. 

Hon. J. W. POWELL,

Director.

9

PREFACE.

The present bulletin is essentially a new edition, revised, corrected, 

and much enlarged, of a report published by the Geological Survey of 

North Carolina in 1SS1 1 . Since that time there has been great activity 

in developing the mineral resources of the State; and by the reopening 

of old localities and the discovery of new deposits, a goodly number of 

species have been added, to the old lists. To mineralogists North Carolina has become classic ground, especially as regards the mines of mica 

and corundum ; th e localities for modified quartz; the gold sands of 

Burke, McDowell, and Kutherford Counties; and the emerald and hiddenite discoveries. Minerals formerly supposed to be rare are now 

found abundantly, and through the recent developments of chemical 

industry even such unusual species as samarskite, monazite, and zircon 

have acquired commercial importance. For example, in response to 

an industrial demand, North Carolina has supplied zircon and monazite by the ton, and samarskite by the hundredweight; and the output 

can be increased almost indefinitely. The State has also contributed 

to science several new species as yet not found elsewhere, and some of 

these, notably among the vermiculites, are significant for the light 

which they shed upon other associated minerals.

In the former edition of this report due credit was given to several 

industrious workers whose enthusiasm had done much for the completeness of the record. The late Prof. J. T. Humphreys, and Dr. C. L. 

Hunter, Mr. J. A. D. Stephenson, and Mr. G. B. Hanna were there 

especially named. Mr. William Earl Hidden, of Newark, New Jersey, 

was also mentioned, but since then his continued labors have added, 

largely to our knowledge of the mineralogy of the State. Mr. G. F. 

Ktmz, also, in a number of separate papers and in his large work upon 

" The Gems and Precious Stones of North America," has done excellent 

service to the mineralogy of North Carolina. To Prof. J. A. Holmes, 

of Chapel Hill, Michigan, much credit is also due, particularly for perfecting the list of localities.

'In an earlier form it appeared in 1871 aa Appendix C of W. C. Kerr's report. A new'editiou was 

printed in 1875 aa chap. I of vol. II of the Geology of Noi th Ciiroliua.
12 PREFACE.

In the present memoir there will be found many new analyses, the 

greater number having been made by the author or under his direct 

supervision. Several very important analyses, however, were furnished 

by the chemists of the United States Geological Survey. To the field 

geologist or the collector of minerals the table of localities at the end 

of the report will be of especial value.
THE MINERALS OF NORTH CAROLINA.

BY FREDERICK A. GENTH.

NATIVE ELEMENTS. 

GOLD.

Gold occurs in numerous localities throughout the State, generally 

in quartz veins oi? gneissic, granitic, and dioritic rocks, also in those of 

talcose, chloritic, and argillaceous slates, and in beds of the slates 

themselves, and in gravel deposits, the de"bris of the decomposed rocks 

and veins. The principal counties in which it has been found in sufficient quantity for exploitation are Franklin, Nash, Grauville, Alamance, Chatham, Moore, Guilford, Davidson, Randolph, Montgomery, 

Sfcanly, Union, Cabarrus, Rowan, Mecklenburgh, Lincoln, Gaston, Oatawba, Oaldwell, Burke, McDowell, Rutherford, Polk, Cleveland, 

Cherokee, Jackson, Transylvania, and Watauga.

It is generally more or less alloyed with silver, varying from pure 

gold on the one side to pure silver on the other. Near the surface it is 

usually associated with limonite and at a greater depth of the deposits 

with pyrite, chalcopyrite, galenite, zinc blende, tetradymite, arsenopyrite, rarely with aliaite and nagyagite. Specimens of gold, remarkable 

for their size, have been found at the Reid mine in Cabarrus County, 

the Crump mine and' the Swift Island, mine in Montgomery County 

(at the latter place in plates, covered with octahedral crystals), at the 

Cansler & Shuford mine in Gaston County, the Little John mine 

in Caldwell County, and Pax Hill in Burke County. Very beautiful 

arborescent gold has been obtained from the Shemwell vein in Rutherford County. The variety " electrum," containing from 36 to 40 per 

cent of silver, has been met with in octahedral crystals at Ward's mine, 

in Davidson County j also, in Union County, at the Pewter mine, and 

associated with galenite and zinc blende at the Stewart and Lemmond 

mines, and in the neighborhood of Gold Hill, Rowan County.

According to the late Dr. Asbury, very interesting specimens have 

been found at Silver Hill, when the mine was first opened, consisting 

of lumps of several inches in length, one end of which was pure gold, 

while the other was pure silver. None of them have been preserved,

13
14 THE MINERALS OF NORTH CAROLINA. [BULL.74.

Silver is, on the whole, rare in Forth Carolina. It has been obtained in considerable quantities at Silver Hill, in its native state, 

foliated and in plates in cerussite, also associated with argentite, galenite and zinc blende in small lumps, and arborescent and filiform masses; 

it has also been found in small plates and reticulated masses, associated 

with tetrahedrite and zinc blende, at the McMakin mine, in Cabarrus 

County; ^wo specimens of laminated silver have been observed by Dr. 

Asbury at the Asbury mine, in Gaston County; it has also been found 

by Hon. 0. J. Cowles, of the Charlotte Assay Office, associated with 

chalcocite, at Gap Creek mine, Ashe County, and rarely with the gold 

ores of Scott's Hill, Burke County.

PLATINUM.

The occurrence of grains of platinum among the sands of the goldwashings of Eutherford and Burke Counties was first brought to notice 

by General Clingman, who sent half a dozen grains from a mine near 

Jeanestown to Prof. C. U. Shepard. It has also been found on Brown 

Mountain, in Burke, northwest of Morgauton, on Gen. E. F. Hoke's land. 

It is reported as having been found near Burnsville, Yancey County. 

Hidden, after much searching, failed to discover platinum at any of the 

reported localities.

PALLADIUM.

General Clingman sent a specimen to Prof. C. U. Shepard, which 

came probably from Burke or Eutherford County, which the latter pronounced ''native palladium." Yery doubtful.

COPPER.

Copper is found in small quantities in several mines, principally 

near the surface, in minute distorted crystals with lirnouite at the 

McCulloch mine, in Guilford County; arborescent and in crystalline 

plates at the Union Copper mine, in Cabarrus County, near Gold Hill. 

One lump of copper, about two inches in size, much resembling that 

from the Cliff mine, Lake Superior, said to have been found in Stokes 

County, is in the museum at Ealeigh. It also occurs in quartz and epidote rock at Harris Mountain, one half mile east of Gillis mine, Person 

County, at Wolf Creek mine, Jackson County, and Ore Knob, Ashe 

County. A very interesting association is that of native copper 

in quartz crystals from lower Mecklenburg County, as observed by Mr. 

E. Bissell.

IRON.

Terrestrial native iron has been found by Mr. W. F. Page associated 

with monazite, zircon, etc., in the auriferous gravel of Burke County. 

It was in the form of small malleable grains of almost pure iron, with 

mere traces of cobalt. Apart from this, a great number of highly in-
GKNTH.] NATIVE ELEMENTS IRON. 15

terestiug meteoric masses have been found in the State. Many of them 

have been preserved through the industrious perseverance of Gen. 

Olingman, and were described by Prof. Shepard. The meteorites found 

were both irons and stones. They are:

1. The Caswell County iron, which fell on January 30, 1810; it 

weighed 3 pounds, and was described by Madison.

2. The Guilford County iron was found in 1820; weighed 28 pounds, 

and was described by C. U. Shepard in 1841. Analysis gave:

Iron............................................... 92-750

Nickel............................................. 3-145

Iron sulphide ...................................... 0750

3. The Randolph County iron was found in 1822, and weighed about 

2 pounds. It was described by C. U. Shepard. It is highly crystalline, 

distinctly foliated, and presents thin, much interlaced laminae. When 

polished and etched it shows very fine almost invisible feathery lines, 

much resembling hoar frost on a window pane. It is, according to 

Shepard, pure iron with cobalt only in traces. It has a hardness like 

the best tempered steel, and a sp. gr. 7-618.

4. The Black Mountain iron, from the head of the Swannanoa River, 15 

miles east of Asheville. It weighed 21 ounces and is evidently a fragment from a larger mass. It is highly crystalline, laminated, the laminae 

being about one-tenth of an inch in thickness and arranged parallel to 

octahedral plan.es. Sulphide of iron being inclosed between the laminae 

renders it subject to rapid weathering. The analysis by C. U. Shepard 

gave:

Iron.................................................. 96-04

Nickel, with trace of cobalt.......................... 2-52

Insoluble sulphur and loss ........................... 1-44

Sp. gr., 7-261.

It was discovered in 1835.

5. The Asheville iron, discovered in 1839 on Col. Baird's plantation, 

near the French Broad River, 6 miles north of Asheville. It weigbed 

about 30 pounds. Analysis by C. TJ. Shepard:

Iron ................................................. 96-5

Nickel............................................... 2-6

Silicon ................ .............................. 0-5

Chlorine ............................................. 0-2

99-6 

With traces of chromium, sulphur, cobalt, and arsenic.

6. The Buncombe County iron, found in 1845 and described by C. U. 

Shepard in 1846, weighed about 27 pounds.

7. The Hominy Creek iron, near the base of Pisgah Mountain, 10 

miles west of Asheville. It weighed between 5 and 6 pounds. It is 

T /sicular near the surface, and is said to contain chrysolite, and becomes 

more compact towards the central portion. The polished and etched portions of the compact meteorite show most delicate WidmannstHdtiaii
16 THE MINERALS OF NORTH CAROLINA. [BULL. 74.

figures, consisting of very minute and thickly interspersed triangles. 

Sp. gr. 7-32. The analysis by Clark gave:

Iron................................................ 93-225

Nickel (cobalt)..................................... 0-236

Iron, nickel, phosphorus,and graphite .............. 4-765

Copper and tin..................................... 0-099

Sulphur................................._........ 0-543

Silicon............................................. 0-501

Magnesium,manganese............................. traces.

99-369

8. The Madison County iron, from Jewel Hill. Several masses have 

been found. One of 8 pounds 13 ounces, described by J. L. Smith, was 

presented to him by Hon. T. L. Clingman, in 1854. It was covered 

with thick rust, and it deliquesces on account of the presence of ferrous chloride. The etched surface shows the most beautiful fine Widmannstadtian figures.

The analysis by Smith gave:

Iron ............................................... 91-12

Nickel ............................................. 7-82

Cobalt............................. ................ 0-43

Phosphorus ........................................ 0-08

Copper ............................................ trace.

99-45

Another mass, which weighed about 40 pounds, was found in 1857; 

part of it is in the collection of Ainherst College.

Still a third mass, found in 1873, is known to collectors as the Duel 

Hill iron. It weighed 25 pounds, and shows Widinannstadtian figures 

with octahedral structure, inclosing bright nickel iron. Deliquesces on 

account of inclosed ferrous chloride. Sp.gr. 7-46. The analysis by B. 

S. Burton gave:

Iron ............................................... 94-24

Nickel ............................................. 5-17

Cobalt............................................. 0-37

Copper............................................. trace.

Insoluble1 ............................. ............ 0-15

99.93

9. The Haywood County iron, described by Shepard, weighed only 

one-eighth of an ounce. It is highly crystalline. When polished and 

etched shows brilliant Widmannstadtian figures. It is also irregularly 

veined by a black mineral, which appears to be magnetite. Sp. gr. 7419- 

Contains iron, nickel, chromium, and phosphorus.

10. The Eockiugham County iron, from Smith's Mountain, 2 miles 

north of Madison; found in 1866 in an old field grown up with pines, 

but cultivated 10 or 15 years previously. It fell probably in the interval. 

The original weight was 11 pounds, the greater portion of which is preserved in the museum at Ealeigh. It is highly crystalline and on etching

'Silica, iron, nickel, chromium, and phosphorus.
OBNTH.] NATIVE ELEMENTS IRON. 17

gives fine Widmannstadtian figures, showing that it consists of probably 

three different kinds of iron. Contains also schreibersite in short, very 

minute quadratic crystals; the so-called rhabdite; and, according to J. 

L. Smith, solid chloride of iron. Sp. gr. 7-78. It has been analyzed by 

me (I) and J. L. Smith (II) as follows:

Cobalt............................................... '

I.

00-41

8-74

0-11

0-27

0-33

0-14

10000

II.

90-88

c 8-08

i 0-50

0-03

0-03

90-46

11. A second mass of iron from near Old Mansion House, on Deep' 

Spring Farm, Rockingham County, now in the State museum at Raleigh, 

has recently been analyzed by F. P. Yenable. Results as follows :

Iron ................................................ 87-01

Nickel............................................... ll-»>9

Cobalt................. ............................. 0-79

Chlorine ............................................ 0-39

Phosphorus ......................................... 0-04

Silica............................................... 0-53

100-45

12. A small meteoric iron, weighing only 428 grammes, was found on 

Linnville Mountain, in Burke County, about 1882. It came into the 

possession of Mr. Norman Spang, of Etna, Pennsylvania, from whom 

it was obtained by Mr. G-. F. Kunz, who described it. Its dimensions 

are 65 mm. long, 35 mm. high, and 38 mm. wide. It is rough on one 

side, with very shallow pittings on the other; it shows traces of a black 

crust, and although the mass has not rusted, small drops of ferrous 

chloride have collected in crevices. It contains some troilite, but does 

not show the W;.dmannstiidtian figures. A partial analysis was 

made by W. D. Weikel (I) in 1886, in the laboratory of the University 

of Pennsylvania; and later a more complete analysis was reported by 

J. E. Whitfield (II):

Cobalt.................................................

I.

85-83

13-44

 71

100-00

II.

84-56

14-95

.00

 12

99-96

Bull. 74 2
18 THE MINERALS OF NORTH CAROLINA. [BULL. 74.

The iron is now with the Kunz collection in the imperial cabinet at 

Vienna.

13. Another iron from Burke County was found by a plowman about 

2 miles from Bridgewater Station, near the McDowell County line. 

It was broken by some laborers into two pieces, weighing 10J and 18£ 

pounds respectively. Traces of crust are still visible upon its surface, 

which is very much oxidized. The iron is highly octahedral in structure, and between the plates schreibersite is visible. On the etched 

surface Widmannstadtian figures are shown similar to those on the 

Cabin Creek and Glorieta meteorites. Sp. gr. of a fragment 6-617. 

Analysis by F. P. Veiiable:

Iron ................................................ 88-90

Nickel .......... ................................... 9-94

Cobalt .............................................. 0-76

Phosphorus......................................... 0-35

Chlorine........................ .................... 0-02

99-97

For the foregoing particulars I am indebted to Mr. G. F. Kunz, the 

present owner of the meteorite.

14. In the latter part of 1880 a meteoric iron weighing 72 troy ounces 

was found on a farm near Ellenboro, in Eutherford County. Somewhat over one-half of the mass was given to Mr. S. W. Cramer, of the 

United States assay office at Charlotte, who recognized its character, 

and by him a liberal portion was given to the TJ. S. National Museum. The iron is highly crystalline, and shows Widmaunstadtian 

figures upon its polished surface even before etching. It contains 

small patches of troilite. From its description by Mr. L. G. Eakins 

the following analysis is taken:

Iron ................................................ 88-05

Nickel .............................................. 10-37

Cobalt .............................................. 0-68

Copper............ .................................. 0-04

Phosphorus ......................................... 0-21

Sulphur............................................. 0-08

Silicon....................;......................... 0-02

99-45

15. An iron from Davidson County, identified by Mr. W. E. Hidden, 

is described by him as follows:

On the 19th of July, 1879, while Mr. Gray W. Harris was prospecting for gold on 

his plantation near Lick Creek, Davidson County, he found in a ditch a nugget of 

 what appeared to him to be silver. It was covered with a thick, scaly crust of iron 

oxide; weighed 2f pounds; was pear-shaped; measured 4J by 2£ inches over its 

broadest surface, and about 1 inch in thickness. Wherever cut or hammered It 

showed a white metallic mass underlaying the red crust.
GENTII.] NATIVE ELEMENTS IRON. 19

This iron has been analyzed by Dr. J. Lawrence Smith and J. B. Mackintosh. I 

here give the average of four closely agreeing analyses:

Iron ................................................ 93-00

Nickel .............................................. 5-74

Cobalt.............................................. 0-52

Phosphorus ......................................... 0-36

99-62

Traces of sulphur, chlo::mo, and copper; carbon not determined. 

This iron does not show the customary Widmannstiidtian figures.

Apart from the meteoric irons, the following meteoric stones have 

fallen in North Carolina, and may properly be noted at this point:

16. The Cabarrus County stone fell on October 31,1849. It weighed 

18| pounds and was a,n irregularly shaped mass, resembling a truncated 

four-sided pyramid; on the base a rounded, undulatory surface, coated 

with a black, coherent crust; tough; color, dark bluish gray, mottled 

with grains and crystals of lighter color; in structure, subporphyritic. 

Sp. gr. 3-60-3-66.

According to C. U. Shepard it contains:

Nickeliferoua iron (with chrome) .................. 6-320

Sulphide of iron .................................. 3-807

Silica............................................. 56-168

Ferrous oxide..................................... 18-108

Magnesia......................................... 10-406

Alumina.......................................... 1-797

Lime, soda, potash, and loss....................... 3-394

100-000

17. The Nash County stones fell May 14, 1874, near Castalia. Perhaps a dozen or more stones fell, of which 3 have been found, 1 of over 

12 pounds, the others of 2£ and 1-& pounds. They have a dull black 

coating and consist of darker and lighter portions. Sp. gr. 2-601. The 

analysis by J. L. Smith shows that it is composed of 

Nickeliferous iron.................................. 15-21

Stony mineral...................................... 84-79

The nickoliferous iron contains:

Iron ........................................... 92.12

Nickel......................................... 6-20

Cobalt......................................... 0-41

Copper and phosphorus not determined.

98-73
20 THE MINERALS OF NORTH CAROLINA. [BULL. 74.

Tbe stony portion is partly soluble in acids, leaving 47-2 per cent 

undissolved:

Insoluble 

part.

52-61

4-80

11-91

27-31

1-38

99-31

Soluble 

part.

38-01

0-46

17 ci

41-27

1-01

98-26

The insoluble portion is mostly brouzite; the soluble, chrysolite, with 

small particles of anorthite.

18. The Haywood County stone was seen to fall by Mr. W. A. Harrison of Ferguson, about 6 p. in., July 18,1889, and was picked up 

hot. It weighed about 8 ounces, and very closely resembled the stones 

from Mocs, Transylvania. In shape it was slightly oblong, and was 

covered with a deep black crust, which, broken at one end, showed a 

perfect chondritic structure, with occasional specks of iron. It was sent 

to New York to Mr. Gr. F. Knnz, who furnishes its description j but in 

December, 1889, it was unfortunately lost.

19. A peculiar substance, consisting principally of iron and silicon, 

supposed to be of meteoric origin, has been found near Eutherfordton. 

Shepard described it and called it " ferrosilicine."

In a recent "List and Description of the Meteorites of North Carolina," by Prof. F. P. Venable, published in the " Journal of the Elisha 

Mitchell Scientific Society," three other occurrences are noted, of which 

little is known. An iron weighing 56 grammes found in Alexander 

County in about 1875, is now owned by S. C. H. Bailey, of Oscawana, 

New York. Another fragment of iron marked as being from Caldwell 

County is in the State Museum at Raleigh. Also a fragment of a meteoric stone has been reported from Ashe County, but it may be identical 

with the Grayson County, Virginia, fall.

LEAD.

A few small irregular lumps of what has been alleged to be " native 

lead" were received from Messrs. Bechtler, of Morganton. They were 

said to have been dug up 4 miles north of Morgauton, in making a road 

near the Catawba Eiver.

AHT1MONY.

A small piece of native antimony was received from Dr. Hunter. It 

is quite pure and free from arsenic, but coated with a crust of autimonic 

oxide. From a small vein in Burke County.
GKNTH.J NATIVE ELEMENTS SULPHUR, DIAMOND. 21

SULPHUR.

It is frequently mot with in minute crystals in cellular quartz, filling 

the cavities, formerly occupied by pyrite, in Cabarrus, Mecklenburg, 

Gaston, Caldwell, Surry, and Stokes Counties ; it also occurs diffused 

through the interstices of a white quartzose sandrock in Lincoln County.

«

DIAMOND.

This rare gem has been repeatedly found in North Carolina, and the 

following occurrences are well established. In every instance it was 

found associated with gold and zircons, sometimes with monazite and 

other rare minerals, in gravel beds resulting from gneissic rocks, but 

it has never been observed in the North Carolina itacolumite or any 

debris resulting from its disintegration. The first diamond was found 

in 1843 by Dr. M. F. Stephenson, of Gainesville, Georgia, at the ford 

of Brindletown Creek. It was an octahedron, valued at about $100. 

Another from the same neighborhood came into possession of Prof. G. 

W. Featherstonhau£;h, while acting as United States geologist.

The third diamond, at Twitty's Mine, Eutherford County, was observed in 1846 by Gen. Clingman, in D. J. Twitty's collection, and has 

been described by Pi of. Shepard. Its form is a distorted hexoctahedron 

and its color yellowish.

The fourth came from nea».Cottage Home, in Lincoln County, where 

it was discovered in the spring of 1852, and was recognized by Dr. C. 

L. Hunter. It is greenish and in form similar to the last, but more 

elongated.

A very beautiful diamond was found in the summer of 1852 in Todd's 

Branch, Mecklenburg County. It was nearly of the first water and 

a perfect crystal. It was in possession of the late Dr.Andrews, of 

Charlotte. Dr. Andrews informed me that a very fine diamond of 

about the size of a small chinquapin, and of a black color, had been 

found at the same locality by three persons while washing for gold. In 

their ignorance, believing that it could not be broken, they smashed 

it to pieces. Dr. Andrews tested the hardness of a fragment, which 

scratched corundum with facility, proving it to be a diamond.

A very beautiful octahedral diamond of first water was found many 

years ago at the Portis Mine, Franklin County. There is a report that 

a second one has been found at the same locality.

A small diamond was found a few years ago in McDowell County, on 

the head waters of Muddy Creek.

Dr. C. Leveuthorpe, of Patterson, North Carolina, reports that a 

small, poor diamond was found in a placer mine in Eutherford County 

a number of years ago; it was given to Prof. C. U. Shepard, who put 

it in his collection.

G. F. Kunz states that a diamond weighing 4J carats, or 873 ing., 

was found on the Alfred Bright farm, in Dysortville, McDowell County, 

in the summer of 1886. It is quite perfect, but not pure white, having a 

faint grayish green tint. In form it is a distorted hexoctahedron with
22 THE MINERALS OF NORTH CAROLINA. [BULL. 74.

partial twinning. Its specific gravity is 3-549, and it measures 10mm. 

in length and 7mm. in width.

According to W. E. Hidden another diamond was found in 1877 by 

a small boy in the same region as the one above mentioned. It weighed 

2§ carats, was shaped very much like a smooth, flat field-bean, and 

was very well polished naturally. It was white, but somewhat flawed. 

The crystal planes were very obscure. It was finally sent to New York 

and cut into a small gem.

GRAPHITE.

Graphite has been found at numerous localities. It forms large beds 

in the gneissic and micaceous schists. Sometimes very minute scales 

are disseminated through the gneissic and micaceous, and occasionally 

the limestone rocks. In most places it is impure and gritty, at others 

purer and better varieties have been obtain ed. The largest beds occur 

in Wake County, others in Lincoln, Cleveland, Catawba, Alexander, 

Stokes, Surry, Wilkes, Person, Alleghauy, Johnstou, and Yaucey 

Counties.

SULPHIDES, ETC.

SULPHIDES AND TELLURIDES OF METALS OF THE SULPHUR AND

ARSENIC GROUPS.

STIBNITE.

Pound in the northern part of Granville County, on the laud of Maj. 

N. A. Gregory.

BISMTJTHINITE.

In very minute crystals and specks in chloritic slate associated with 

gold, chalcopyrite, and pyrite at the Barnhardt vein of Gold Hill, Eowau 

County.

TETRAD YMIT.K.

This rare mineral has been found associated with gold in quartz at 

David Beck's mine, 5 miles west of Silver Hill, and at the Alien mine, 

in Davidson County; also, in minute scales in Cabarrus County, at the 

Phoenix mine, Boger mine, Cullen's mine, at the Asbury vein in Gaston 

County, at Capt. Mills's mine in Burke County, and Capt. Kirksey's, 

McDowell County.

I have analyzed the tetradymite from Davidson County and that 

from the Phoanix mine, Cabarrus County; after deducting quartz and 

gold found:

Davidson 

County.

33-84

5-27

61-35

100-40

Phoonix 

mine.

36-28

5-01

57-70

0-31

0-54

99-94
GEHTH.I SULPHIDES ARGENTITE, ETC. 23

\

MOLYBDENITE.

In granite and quartz veins, in fine scales in the neighborhood of the 

Pioneer Mills mine, Cabarrus County; also, in Guilford County, and at 

Peach Bottom mine, Alleghany County; at Haskett's, Macoii County ; 

and in many other places west of the Blue Ridge.

SULPHIDES, ETC., OP METALS OF THE IRON, GOLD, AND TIN GROUPS.

ARGENTITE.

In small grains, associated with native silver, in the ores of Silver 

Hill, Davidsou County, and the McMakin mine, in Cabarrus County; 

also in slates of Montgomery County. (Emmons.) Found also at the 

Cheek mine, Moore County, at Higdon's mine, in the Cowee Mountains, 

and in Swain County.

GALENITE.

At Silver Hill sometimes, in highly argentiferous, crystalline, bluish 

gray masses, also coarsely and finely granular. In coarse-grained 

masses at the Hoover mine and Boss mice, in Randolph County, and 

the McMakin mine, Cabarrus County; in small quantities at Miller's 

mine, Baker mine, and Little John mine, in Caldwell County; at Pax 

Hill, in Burke County; in Alexander County; at Cansler & Shuford 

mine, the Asbury mine, the King's Mountain mine, the Crowder's Mountain barite mine, and the Oliver mine, in Gaston County; highly auriferous and argentiferous galenite occurs at the Stewart mine, Lemmond 

mine, Phifer mine, Smart mine, Moore mine, and Crowell mine, and 

elsewhere in Cabarrus; and at Long mine in Union County; at the 

Cheek mine, Moore County; with copper ores it is found at the Clegg's 

and Willianis's mires, in Chatham County; the Peach Bottom mine, 

in Alleghany County; at Marshall, in Madison County; with gold at 

Murphy, Cherokee County, and in Lincoln, Macon, Swain, and Surry. 

Specimens of fine-grained galenite have also been obtained from Beech 

Mountain, in Watauga; on Elk Creek, Wilkes County; and at the 

Steele mine, Montgomery County.

ALTAITK.

This exceedingly rare mineral occurs associated with gold, nagyagite, galenite, etc., at King's Mountain mine, Gaston County.

BORNITE OR VARIEGATED COPPER ORE.

I have crystalline specimens of bornite from Guilford County, prob 

ably from the Gardner Hill mine; it is of somewhat rare occurrence in 

North Carolina, but has been found with other copper ores at Clegg's 

mine, in Chatham County; Marshall, in Madison County; Peach Bottom, Alleghany County; the Gap Creek mine, Ashe County; near 

Concord, Cabarrus County, and at Well's farm in Gaston.
24 THE MINERALS OF NORTH CAROLINA. (BULL.?*.

SPHALERITE OU ZINC BLENDE.

This mineral occurs in quantities sufficient for exploitation only at a 

few mines. The principal localities are Silver Bill and Silver Valley, 

in Davidson County, aud the McMaldn mine, in Cabarrus County, 

where it is found associated with silver ores; associated with gold ores 

at Stewart, Lemmond, Long, and Moore mines, and rarely at the Union 

mine, in Union County; in limestone at Dobson's mine, Cedar Cove, 

McDowell County, and in Macon County; in small quantities with 

other ores at King's Mountain mine in Gaston County; at Clayton, in 

Johnston County, near Marshall; in Madison County, and on Uwharie 

Eiver, Davidson County; at the Steele mine, Montgomery County; at 

Peach Bottom mine, Alleghany County; Crowder's Mountain, Gaston 

County; and the Smart mine, Union County.

CHALCOCITE.

This is also a copper ore, but rarely met with in the State. The 

massive variety has been found at the Ore Knob mine, in Ashe County; 

also associated with bornite at Gap Creek mine, Ashe County; the 

Waryhut and Wolf Creek mines, in Jackson County; the Gillis mine, 

and Mill Creek mine, in Person County; also at the Pioneer Mills 

mine, in Cabarrus; at A. Nichol's, in Swain; and in Guilford County, 

as a product of the alteration of other copper ores and rarely with silver 

ores at Silver Hill.

TROILITE.

Interlaminated with the meteoric iron from the Black Mountain, 

Buncombe County, and in other meteorites, q. v.

PYRRHOTITE.

Compact pyrrhotite is found at the bottom of the Asbury shaft in 

Gaston County; also associated with chalcopyrite at the Elk Knob 

mine, Ashe County, on East Fork and West Fork of Pigeon Eiver, 

Hay wood County, in Transylvania County, near Hickory in Catawba 

County, at Thorn Mountain mine, Macon County, and in Surry and 

Wilkes (Trap Hill).

SCHREIBERSITE (RHABDITE).

This mineral, of meteoric origin, has been observed in minute quadratic prisms of great brilliancy in the meteoric iron of Smith's Mountain, Eockingham County, and in less distinct particles in many of the 

meteoric irons.

PYRITE.

Pyrite is one of the most common minerals of North Carolina. It 

is not only found in globular and irregularly shaped crystalline masses 

in many of the marl beds of the eastern counties, but many of the 

gneissic rocks and slates and the traps contain it in considerable quan-
GENTH.] SULPHIDES CHALCOPYR1TE, BARNHAKDTITE. 25

tities, and besides it is found iu almost every mine of the State. In 

Cleveland and Rutherford it is a common constituent of the feldspathic, 

slaty gneisses, disseminated in minute grains, and its ready oxidation 

rapidly disintegrates the rocks, so that during the late war copperas 

was extensively and cheaply manufactured here by simply breaking 

and heaping the half decomposed fragments of rock in hoppers, leach 

ing and crystallizing. In the gold mines the associated pyrite is generally auriferous. Cubical crystals occur at Hickory, Catawba County ; 

Asbury mine, Gaston County; Soapstone quarry, 12 miles northeast 

of Statesville; Silver Hill, Gold Hill, and many other localities. Combinations of cubes and octahedra are found iu Clegg's mine, Chatham 

County, and ID the Guilford County gold and copper mines; the 

pyritohedron, often in combination with cubical and octahedral planes, 

is found at the Stewart mine, in Union County; ! )ainbridge mine, 

Guilford County; Long Creek mine, Gaston County; Eudesill mine, 

Mecklenburg County, etc. Large veius of compact pyrite occur in 

Gaston County,,

CHALCOPYRITE.

This is very abundant, and, indeed, is the only reliable copper ore 

in North Carolina. It has been found in fine crystals at the Gardener 

Hill mine, probably also at other copper mines of Guilford County. It 

is very abundant and largely mined at Ore Knob, Ashe County, and 

promises to be the ore of all the gold mines, which in depth change 

into copper mines in Guilford, Cabarrus, and Mecklenburg Counties; 

also at the Clegg mine, in Chatham County; the Conrad Hill and the 

Emmons and other minea in Bavidsou County; Peach Bottom and 

elsewhere, Alleighauy County; and at Gap Creek, Ashe County; Newlin's mine, Alarnance County; in Alexander; in the gold mines of Union, 

Eowan, and Gaston Counties; at Macpelah Church, in Lincoln County; 

in Granville and Chatham Counties; near Hillsboro; near Chapel Hill, 

Orange County; near Ealeigh, in Wake County; in Surry, Wilkes (Trap 

Hill), Yadkin, Watauga, and Swain counties; and some of the mica 

mines of Mitchell County; the copper mines of Macon and Jackson 

Counties in more than thirty counties, and hundreds of localities; at 

many of them it is found associated with other ores.

BARNHARDTITE.

A peculiar and rich copper ore, first noticed on Daniel Barnhardt's 

land and then at the Pioneer Mills mine, in Cabarrus County. It also 

occurs at the Cambridge mine, in Guilford County; at the Wilson mine 

and the McGinu mine, in Mecklenburg County; and at Elk Knob, Watauga County,, The true barnhardtite occurs in compact masses having, on a fresih fracture, a very pale bronze yellow color, but rapidly 

tarnishing with brownish pinchbeck, also with rose red and purplish 

colors. That from Barnhardt's land has been analyzed by W. J. Taylor (I), that from Pioneer Mills by me (II) and by P, Keyser (III).
26 THE MINERALS OP NORTH CAROLINA. [BULL. 74.

Silver.........................................

I.

47-61

22-23

29-40

90-24

II.

46.69

22-41

29-70

98-86

III.

4840

21-08

30-50

99-98

There occurs at the Pioneer Mills, associated with the barnhardtite, 

another copper ore, which appears to be uniform in composition and 

does not look like a mixture. It is paler than copper pyrites and contains, according to the analyses of W. J. Taylor (I) and Charles Froebel (II):

I.

40-2

28-4

32-9

101-5

H.

405

28-3

31-1

99-9

MAECASITE.

According to the information received from Dr. Asbury, of Charlotte, 

this mineral occurs in Iredell County.

LEUCOPYRITE.

It has been observed by the late Dr. Asbury, at the Asbury mine, in 

Gaston County ; in nodular masses almost completely altered into scorodite at Dr. Halyburton's, in Iredell County; and at Drum's farm, on 

White Plains, Alexander County.

ARSENOPYRITE OR MISPICKEL.

It occurs sparingly in North Carolina, and has been observed in minute 

crystals, associated with gold ores, at theLemmond and Stewart mines, 

Union County, and at the Barringer mine and George Ludwick's mine 

iu Cabarrus County. It has been found by Gen. Clingman in Cleveland County, and by Dr. Asbury, at Ore Knob mine in Ashe County, 

the Honeycutt vein at Gold Hill, and highly auriferous at the Asbury 

mine, in Gaston County. It also occurs near Cooke's Gap, Watauga 

County, in fine crystalline particles, disseminated through siliceous 

rock; and, according to Hidden, at Brindletown (H).

NAGYAGITE.

This exceedingly rare mineral, which previous to its discovery in 

North Carolina was known only from Translyvania, in Hungary, occurs 

sparingly in minute crystals and foliated particles at the King's Mountain mine, where it is associated with altaite, gold, etc.
GENTH.] SULPHARSENIDES, SULPHANTIMONIDES, ETC. 27

COVELLITE.

Resulting from the decomposition of chalcopyrite and associated 

with it, covellite occurs at several of the North Carolina copper mines, 

for instance at the Phoenix mine, etc., in Gruilford County; and in fine 

scales at the Gillis mine and Mill Creek mine, in Person County.

SULPHAESENIDES, SULPHANTIMONIDES, ETC.

PROUSTITE (?).

Microscopic crystals of a bright aurora red color occur with talc, 

rhodochrosite, etc., at the McMakin mine. As they are rich in silver 

they are probably proustite.

AIKINITE OR CUPREOUS COSAIJTE (?).

A mineral containing sulphur, bismuth, lead, and copper, and therefore probably aikiuite or cosalite, has been observed in small particles 

in quartz associated with chalcopyrite at Col. White's mine, Cabarrus 

County.

TETRAHEDRITE.

Two varieties of tetrahedrite are found in North Carolina, the highly 

argentiferous (freibergite), in small compact patches of subcoiichoidal 

fracture and a dark gray color, associated with silver, sphalerite, galenite, talc, raagnesite, etc., at the McMakin mine, Cabarrus County, 

and the other in the same county at George Ludwick's mine, 14 miles 

northeast of Concord, rarely crystallized, but mostly massive and of a 

dark lead-gray to iron color. It is associated with chalcopyrite, scorodite, arseniosiderite, etc., in a quartz vein.

The tetrahedrite from the McMakin mine has been analyzed by myself (I) and by Mr. J. S. de Benneville (II) in ray laboratory. The second sample was very pure, and was collected about twenty years ago, 

and twenty years after the first.

- Sp.gr. ...................................................

I.

25-48

17-76

11 '55

30 '73

1-42

2-53

10-53

100-00

II.

4-776

26-55

6-09

13-49

37-46

2-05

<vft7

647

0-45

99-12
28 THE MINERALS OF NORTH CAROLINA. [BULL. 74.

There is probably an occasional small admixture of argentiferous 

tetrahedrite with the minerals associated with the native silver of Silver 

Hill, as they sometimes give before the blowpipe incrustations of antimony.

COMPOUNDS OF CHLORINE, ETC. 

HALITK OB COMMON SALT.

Found in the waters of the Atlantic Ocean, from which it can be 

obtained by evaporation, and in wells and springs at several points in 

tbeTriassicbeds, e. g.,in Chatham, Orange, and Eockingham Counties.

CERARGYRITE.

In some of the gold ores of Scott's Hill, in Burke County, silver is 

found after roasting; a specimen, which I had an opportunity to examine, makes it probable that it is present as chloride of silver or 

cerargyrite.

FERROUS CHLORIDE.

It has been observed in the meteoric irons from Asheville and from 

Jewel Hill, Madison County, which are wet from the deliquescence of 

this salt. In the Eockingham County iron it has been found in the 

solid state.

FLUORINE COMPOUNDS.

FLUORITE.

According to Gen. Clingman, fluorite occurs at Brown Mountain, 

Burke County; also in Watauga; with barite and hematite below Marshal], Madison County, and at King's Mountain, Gaston County. In 

pseudomorphs after apatite rarely at Eay's mine, Tancey County.

YTTROCERITE (?). 

%

A few minute, deep violet-blue spots were observed in association 

with pyrochlore, black tourmaline, orthoclase, quartz, etc., at Hay's 

mica mine, Hurricane Mountain, Yancey County, which, are probably 

yttrocerite.

OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. 

OXIDES. 

CUPRITE.

Cuprite or the red oxide of copper occurs near the surface in some of 

the copper mines. It is rarely found in small cubical crystals at Cullen's 

mine and in octahedra upon native copper at the Union Company copper 

mine in Cabarrus County. It has beeo observed at Ulegg's mine, Cliat-
BBMTH.J OXIDES MELACONITE, COEUNDUM. 29

ham County; at Silver Hill, at the Harris mine, in Person County; in 

Caldwell, Lincoln, Alleghany, and Ashe Counties, and upon the gossan 

of the Waryhut mine, Jackson County. At the McGinn mine, in Mecklenburg County, and several of the Guilford County copper mines, cuprite 

in acicular and capillary crystals f so-called chalcotrichite) was formerly 

found in beautiful specimens.

MELACONITE.

It is found occasionally as a black coating or a powder associated with 

cuprite at the McGinn mine, and with zincblende, etc., sparingly at Silver 

Hill; also at Cullowhee mine, Jackson County.

CORUNDUM.

One of the most interesting minerals, which occurs in the State of 

North Carolina in a great many varieties, is corundum. In was first 

noticed when, in the spring of 1847, a large mass of a dark blue cleavable variety was found 3 miles below Marshall, in Madison County. 

Gen. Clingman's attention having been called to it, he searched for 

more, and obtained in 1848 a second piece of about half the size. It 

has since been found 2£ miles north of Marshall, at Haynie's, associated 

with margarite and rutile. It was afterward found by Dr* C. L. Hunter, 

in small quantity, in reddish and bluish masses, sometimes crystallized, 

at Crowder's Mountain, aud alterward at Clubb's Mountain and King's 

Mountain, Gaston County. About 20 years ago large beds of corundum 

were discovered by Hiram Crisp, near Franklin, in Macon County, at 

Culsagee or Corundum Hill. Here it is from 10 to 14 feet thick, embedded in prochlorite, between chrysolite and hornblenclic gneiss. The 

corundum itself presents many varieties. Beautiful hexagonal pyramids 

with basal and rhombohedral planes aud of many shades of color, from 

almost colorless to yellow aud deep red, rarely to green, have been found. 

Some of the crystals are very large, one, for instance, measured 5 feet 

2 inches in length. Usually it occurs massive, often in large cleavage 

masses, frequently of variable colors; some are red and semitransparent 

and in small fragments even transparent and form a fair ruby; other 

specimens of reddish or gray corundum have disseminated through the 

mass the most beautifully colored azure-blue sapphire. Unfortunately 

the particles of the red and blue are usually ttfo small to have any value 

as gems. A very peculiar variety is that consisting of white and blue 

bands. At this locality corundum is associated with prochlorite, black 

and greenish black spinel, tourmaline, small quantities of rutile, etc., 

and where it occurs in the mica schist, with muscovite and margarite.

Other localities in Macon County where corundum is mined are 

Jacob's and Haskett's mines, on Ellijay Creek, and at Eobiuson's mine, 

on Sugartown Fork. It is also found at Houston's mine, and at Moore 

& Higdon's. At West's mine "ruby" corundum occurs in small, irregular crystals and crystalline masses associated with cyauite.
30 THE MINERALS OF NORTH CAROLINA. [BULL. 74.

At the Hogback mine, in Jackson County, corundum associated with 

muscovite, margarite, and tourmaline is embedded in chlorite. At the 

hanging wall feldspar with crystals of corundum is met with. A small 

quantity, not exceeding a few ounces, of corundum has been found near 

the chrysolite outcrop at Webster, Jackson County, and also on Scott's 

Creek. At Cullakenee mine, in Clay County, a grayish white and blue 

corundum is found associated with margarite, zoisite, actinolite, etc., 

and a red variety, sometimes of a deep ruby color, associated with zoisite, smaragdite, cyanite, and a feldspar.

At Penland's, on Shooting Creek, in Clay County, corundum is found 

associated with margarite and willcoxite. It also occurs in Cherokee 

County, on Valley Eiver.

In Haywood County, 2 miles northeast of the Pigeon Eiver, where 

the Asheville road crosses it near a serpentine outcrop, a small quantity 

of corundum has been found, also on the west fork of Pigeon. About 2 

miles north of this is located the Presley mine, which has furnished the 

most beautiful specimens of blue and grayish blue corundum largely 

altered into muscovite and albite.

About 20 miles northeast of this mine, in Madison County, is the 

Carter mine, which yields a white and pink variety of corundum, both 

in crystals and laminated masses. It is associated with greenish bhick 

spinel and prochlorite. Very rarely crystals of asteriated sapphire, 

implanted on a micaceous rock, are found at this locality.

Corundum is found also in Mitchell County, near Bakersville, iu 

chrysolite.

In the broad-bladed cyanite of Wilkes County, corundum is met with 

in small reddish brown particles, and in the cyanite of the Swannanoa 

Gap, in Buncombe County, blue, bluish, white, and reddish corundum. 

Also at N. P. Watkins's, in the same county.

It is found in the gravel 2 miles west of Statesville, in Iredell 

County, associated with cyanite, but rarely imbedded in it. Highly 

interesting crystals and crystalline masses of grayish white corundum 

more or less altered into muscovite and tourmaline have lately been 

found by Mr. J. A.D. Stephenson, at Belt's Bridge, and beautiful hexagonal prisms of a pale brownish corundum, with a partial alteration 

into soda margarite, at Heudrick's farm near Belt's Bridge, Iredell 

County.

Above Lock's Bridge, on the south side of the South Yadkiii River, 

red corundum occurs largely altered into greenish fibrous and compact 

muscovite ; at the Chipley Farm and Austin's Farm, 3£ miles above 

Lock's Bridge, gray corundum partly altered into margarite; at Liberty 

Hill, 3 miles above Austin's Farm, it is altered into margarite and prochlorite; and at Hunting Creek, north of Statesville, blue corundum is 

partly altered into the rhaetizite variety of cyanite.

Crystals of corundum surrounded by fibrolite occur at Shoup's 

Ford in Burke County, and Hidden reports corundum of three colors,
OBHTII.] OXIDES HEMATITE, MENACCANITE. 31

including the "ruby" variety, from Brindletown. It is also reported 

from Stokes County. In the neighborhood of Morganton corundum is 

found in muscovite schist, and in the gravel deposits of Burke, MeDowell, and Eutherford Counties small grains and crystals, often partly 

altered into muscovite, are frequently met with. The granular variety 

of corundum, " emery," has been observed at Crowder's Mountain and 

also in the titaniferous iron ore belt near Friendship, Guilford County. 

At Brackettstown, McDowell County, massive grayish white corundum has been found, and in Mitchell County, at Plum Tree Creek, well 

developed crystals of a brownish color. Barely small remnants of 

corundum are found in the pyrophyllite slates of Chatham County. 

The associated minerals of corundum are mostly the result of the alteration of corundum, which latter has furnished the alumina necessary for their formation.

HEMATITE.

Bed oxide of iron or hematite is one of the most important iron ores 

of North Carolina. The compact ore, sometimes more or less mixed 

with the specular variety, forms large beds in Chatham County, at 

Evaiis's and Kelley's ore beds, Ore Hill, Buckhoru, etc.; also in Moore 

County, 12 miles east of Carthage, in Orange County, at Chapel Hill, 

6 miles south of Hillsboro; and at J. Woods's, Knap of Beeds; and 

in Macon, Swain, Buncombe, and many other counties. Foliated and 

micaceous hematite occurs at Buckhorn, Ore Hill, 7 miles west of Lockville, in Chatham County; Snow Creek, Stokes County; 4 miles south 

of Salem, in Forsyth County; at Mount Tirzah, in Person County; 

near Gudger's, 9 miles below Marshall, on the French Broad Biver, 

and near Franklinville, Bandolph County, and elsewhere. A very 

fine variety of slaty hematite with crystals of magnetite is found at 

Cooke's Gap, Watauga County; and both here and at Bichlands, in 

Caldwell County, and near Fisher's Peak, in Surry County, martite 

occurs. Other localities are: Smith's Biver, 2 miles east of Morehead's 

factory, in Bockinghani County; a granular variety 1 mile east of Gaston, at House's mill, Cabarrus County; at Hickory, Catawba County; 

in Lincoln, Gaston, and Mecklenburg Counties, etc. The ocherous 

variety has been observed in Buncombe County, 4 or 5 miles west of 

Asheville, at Valley Town, on Peachtree Creek, Cherokee County, and 

in a great many gold mines. Hexagonal scales of hematite in crystals 

of quartz occur at King's mill, Iredell County.

MENACCANITE.

Many of the titaniferous iron ores are mixtures of true magnetite and 

menaccanite, others belong to this species, and others again are really 

magnetites, in which a portion of the iron is replaced by titanium. 

Our present knowledge of these ores is too limited to put all the varieties occurring in the State with certainty in the place where they belong.
32 THE MINERALS OF NOKTH CAROLINA. [BULL. 74.

Those from the following localities appear to belong under this head: 

Franklin, in Macon County; Big Laurel, in Madison County; on Ivy, 

Yancey County; Crab Orchard, Cane Creek, Flat Eock, and Grassy 

Creek, in Mitchell County; Damascus, Iredell County; Old Harris 

mine, 12 miles southeast of Charlotte, south end of Crowder's Mountain, and at Wills's, Gaston County; Yadkin Eiver, near Patterson, in 

Caldwell County, and the neighborhood of Ealeigh. Menaccanite in 

quartz occurs at Fisher Hill, Guilford County. Iserite is frequent in 

the gold sands of Eutherlord, Burke, and McDowell Counties, etc. 

Menaccanite also occurs at Shoup's Ford, Burke County; at Huffman's, 

Catawba County; at Culsagee, Macon County; at Haynie's, Madison 

County, and in Person, Watauga, and Lincoln Counties.

Associated with oligoclase, forming cross fissures in the corundum 

vein at the Carter's mine occur two varieties of menaccanite (ilmenite): 

(1) of a brownish black' color with a somewhat purplish hue, in small 

masses with indistinct crystalline structure and basal cleavage; (2) in 

rounded nodules, 1£ to 2 inches in diameter, irregular shape, very 

fragile, and breaking into small fragments without regular form, and a 

subconchoidal fracture, resembling the slag-like magnetite from Unkel 

on the Ehiiie. Neither variety is magnetic. Mr. Harry F. Keller has 

analyzed them (1) and (II). I have also analyzed a variety of black, 

somewhat granular menaccanite (ilmenite) from near Franklin, Macon 

County (III):

Sp.gr........................................

I.

1-67

52-73

8-08

33-08

5-33

0-14

99-30

II.

4-68

52-04

1007

31-11

5-33

99-15

III.

48-61

9-7C

40-22

1-38

100-00

Menaccanite is also named by Hidden among the minerals occurring 

at Brindletown.

SPINEL.

The only spinel which has been found in North Carolina is that 

which results from the alteration of corundum, and it is usually a mixture, in variable proportions, of the varieties pleonaste and hercyuite, 

sometimes with an admixture of that called picotite. In the chlorites 

of the Culsagee mine it is found in octahedral crystals with dodecahedral planes, but usually massive, coarsely to finely granular. Its color 

is black, but by an incipient alteration on the surface it generally 

becomes of a peculiar greenish gray color and satin-like luster. Some 

varieties are blackish green, but so dark that the green can be observed
GENTII.] OXIDES GAHNITE, MAGNETITE. 33

only in thin splinters; it is rarely found at the Cullakenee mine in 

Clay County, but frequently met with at the Carter mine in Madison 

County, where it is mostly of a very dark green color. Several varieties 

from the Culsagee mine have been analyzed. (I) A fine grained variety of 3-766 sp. gr., by G. A. Koenig; (II) a coarser grained variety of 

3-797 sp. gr., by the same; and (III) the coarse grained crystallized dark 

green, of 3-695 sp. gr., by myself. IV is an analysis of a greenish black 

spinel from the Carter mine, sp. gr. 3-77, made by Mr. J. S. de Benneville in my laboratory. In I, II, and III some mechanical admixtures 

have been deducted:

I.

54-32

390

11-51

11-16

19-05

100-00

II.

56-58

2-28

9-60

14-60'

16-88

100-00

III.

66-63

1-80

11-35

IQ-fifi

0-11

0-25

100-00

IV.

RT-U

13-38

Ifl'IW

99-54

Black octahedral crystals of vitreous luster from the Tibbets mine, in 

Macon County, are probably pleonaste.

GAHNITE.

Gahnite, or automolite, is mentioned by Gen. Olingman as occurring 

in Cleveland County; also in Mitchell County, at the Deake mine, 

where it occurs in small, compact, dark green masses, in part altered 

into and surrounded by fibrous muscovite.

I have made an examination of it and found:

Copper oxide........................................ 0-30

Zinc oxide .......................................... 38'05

Manganese oxide.................................... 0-29

Magnesia ........................................... 0-79

Ferrous oxide ....................................... 1-14

Ferric oxide ........................................ 4-50

Alumina ............................................ 54-86

99-93

Sp.gr.. 4-576

MAGNETITE.

This is the most abundant arid most valuable iron ore in North 

Carolina. It occurs in small octahedral crystals in the granite at Dunn's 

Mountain, in Rowan, and in the granites and gneisses and (especially) 

the syenites very commonly in many counties, and in the slates at 

Fisher's Peake and Chestnut Mountain, in Surry County; also at Bull's 

Head, in Alleghany County, in quartzose saudrock and hematite at 

Cooke's Gap, Watauga County; at Capp'sHill, in Mecklenburg County; 

Bull. 74 3
34 THE MINERALS OF NORTH CAROLINA. [BULL. 74.

and Fisher Hill, in Guilford. It occurs in its granular variety, mixed 

with muscovite, manganiferous garnet, etc., at Buckhorn, in Chatham 

County, and mixed with inenaccanite and occasionally with corundum, 

in a succession of beds, passing through the gneissic rocks of Davidson, Guilford, Forsyth, and Rockinghain Counties. There appear to be 

several isolated outcrops northwest of this band and between it and the 

Dan Eiver, and also in Randolph and Montgomery Counties. A band of 

granular magnetite, free from titanic acid, mixed with actinolite, tremolite, and a little epidote, passes from near Danbury in Stokes County, 

and also from Surry County, through Tadkin, Forsyth, Davie, Lincoln, 

and Gaston Counties. It contains some of the most valuable ore beds. 

It is also found in large beds near Newton, in Catawba County; at 

Comb's farm, Summer's farm, and Thomas Payne's farm, in Iredell 

County} also in Orange, Mecklenburg, and Cabarrus Counties. Some 

very valuable ore beds of crystalline magnetite occur in Swain, Madison, Macou, Hay wood, Burke, Alexander, Wilkes, Orange, Mitchell, and 

other counties, the most extensive probably at Cranberry. A granular 

ore, similar to the ores of Surry County, has been worked at the north 

fork of New River, near the mouth of Helton Creek, and on Horse 

Creek, in Ashe County. There are many other localities in which magnetite occurs, but they are of less importance than those enumerated.

CHROMITE.

Occurs in the chrysolite beds, which form lenticular masses in the 

hornblende slates, etc.; in minute octahedral crystals and granular 

masses at Culsagee; also at Higdon's, Ellijay's Creek, and at Moore's 

mine, in Macon County; near Webster, at Hogback, at Ainslie's, 

and on Scott's Creek, in Jackson County; on Mining Creek, near Hampton's, in Yancey County; atCullakenee, in Clay County; Carter's mine, 

in Madison County; in small quantities near Bakersville, Mitchell 

County; on South Toe River, on Rich Mountain, Watauga County, 

and in Ashe County. Where it is found in abundance, it may become 

a valuable ore when it can be brought to market at a low freight. A 

small admixture of chromite is found in the titaniferous magllfititG belt 

of Guilford, Rockingham, and other counties. Crystals of chromite are 

frequently met with in the gold sands of Burke, McDowell, Rutherford, etc.

The analysis which I have made of a compact variety of chromite 

from near Franklin, Macon County, gave:

Chromic oxide ...................................... 44-15

Alumina............................................ 22'41

Ferric oxide......................................... 5-78

Ferrous oxide....................................... 11-76

Magnesia ........................................... 15-67

99-77 

Sp. gr., 4-319.
GENTH.] OXIDES CASSITERITE, UKANINITE. 35

The pure octahedral crystals of chromite washed out of gravel at 

Culsagee, Macon County, have been analyzed in my laboratory by Mr. J. 

S. de Benneville. Sp. gr. 4-79. Deducting 2-70 per cent of silica, the 

mineral contains:

Chromic oxide ...................................... 56*60

Alumina............................................ 5-31

Ferric oxide ............... ........................ 10-98

Ferrous oxide............................ .......... 19-91

Magnesia ........................................... 7'20

100-00

CASSITERITE.

Found in 1882, near King's Mountain, Gaston County, by Mr. K. T. 

Clay well. It was first recognized as cassiterite by Hidden, and the 

mineral was afterward more fully investigated by Prof. 0. W. Dabney, 

jr. It generally occurs in irregular cryptocrystalline and massive lumps 

of a dark brown color, but also in many shades from colorless to black. 

The largest piece yet found weighed about 14 ounces. Specific gravity, 

G-G to 6-9. According to Hidden, the ore is sparsely disseminated over 

a very considerable area in and about King's Mountain Village, but no 

paying deposits have yet been discovered. Analyses by Dr. Dabney 

gave for two varieties:

Light 

grayish.

94-70

n.no

1-76

97-38 

74-41

Dark 

brown.

82'99

1-14

0-46

O.Qfi

86-95 

65-21

URANINITE.

It was found by Prof. Kerr at the Flat Eock mine, Mitchell County, 

in 1877, in small nodules of gummite and uranotil, forming the nucleus 

of these minerals, both of which are resulting from its decomposition. 

It has since been found at one or two other mines in Mitchell, especially 

at the Deake mine, in cubes and cubo-octahedrons, of sp. gr. S'9G8 to 

9-218; color, iron-black to brownish, according to the extent of the 

alteration. The uraninite from the Flat Bock mine has lately been
36 THE MINERALS OF NOETH CAROLINA. [BULL.74.

analyzed by W. F. Hillebrand in the laboratory of the U. S. Geological 

Survey, as follows:

Uranic oxide....................................... 50'83

Uranous oxide...................................... 39-31

Thoria. ............................................ 2-78

Cerous oxide....................................... 0-26

Lanthana and didymia ...........................'.. 0-50

Eibia and yttria. .................................. 0-20

Lead oxide......................................... 4'20

Ferrous oxide...................................... trace

Lime .............................................. 0-85

Magnesia and alkalies .............................. 0-30

Water............................................. 1-21

Silica .............................................. 0-08

Phosphoric acid.................................... ?

Nitrogen........................................... 0-37

Insoluble .......................................... 0-10

100-99 

Sp. gr., 9-086.

The material, which was received from Mr. W. E. Hidden, was 

slightly altered, containing minute crevices filled with gum mite.

RUTILK.

In beautiful crystals at Crowder's and Clubb's Mountains, Gaston 

County; also granular at the same localities; rarely in small grains or 

crystals with the corundum of the Culsagee mine in Macon County 

and the Hogback mine in Jackson County; in acicular crystals, sometimes over 1 inch in length, near Beattie's Ford; Mecklenburg County; 

in long crystals in quartz on a hill near Buckhorn Falls, in Chatbam 

County, at the head of Cane Creek, Mitchell County; in beautiful 

acicular crystals at Mrs. Daniel's farm near Mount Pisgah, at Mrs. 

Jordan's near King's mill, at Alex. Lackley's, Misses Benuett's, Thomas 

Adams's, and Mrs. Smith's farm, all in Iredell County; acicular crystals in limonite and quartz on John Lackey's farm near Liberty Church, 

and Wilson's near Poplar Springs; geniculated crystals at White 

Plains, at Crouch's, and at Milholland's mills, all hi Alexander County. 

The first-named locality furnishes the most magnificent crystals, sometimes 3 or 4 inches in length, fully developed, with numerous brilliant 

planes, often geniculated and transparent, with a beautiful red color. 

According to Hidden, Alexander County must be credited with having 

produced the most beautiful rutile crystals known to science. He says:

Rutile is found there in a similar situation to the gems and quartz crystals, i. e., 

in open pockets; in fact, it is found intimately associated with and implanted upon 

the gems, and often preponderates over all the other crystal contents. The particular points of difference over the same product from other regions are their mode of 

occurrence, beautiful natural polish, and crystallographic features. Their color ranges 

from jet black to clear ruby red and pale yellow. They range from those of minute 

sizes to rare examples 3 inches long and one-half inch diameter. Their luster m seme
OXIDES ANATASE, BROOKITE, PYROLUSITE. 37

cases approaches that of polished steel. Gems have been cut from the most solid 

crystals and the result compares favorably with the rare black diamonds from Brazil, 

Only experts could tell them apart.

Curiously jointed, initered, and reticulated crystals and also masses of crystals thus 

united have been commonly met with ; all of which are found to follow certain arbitary twinning laws and are not accidentally brought together into such strange shapes 

as a cursory examination might seem to indicate.

This description applies in particular to crystals found in or near 

the emerald and hiddenite mine. Butile is also abundant in coarse 

crystals near Bryson City, Swain County; in acicular crystals in brownish amethyst, at the head of Honey Creek, Wilkes County ; in dark, 

almost black, crystals in Clay County; in quartz in Yancey County,; 

in small grains and crystals in the gold sands of Burke, McDowell, 

Eutherford, and Polk Counties; acicular crystals in quartz at Dietz's, 

Van Horn's, and Hildebrand's, and in large crystals also at the latter 

point, Burke County; in large crystals at E. Batch's, H. Balch's, Widow 

Balch's, Huffman^, and D. Lutz's, and in amethyst at the last two 

points all in Catawba County; in amethyst in Cabarrus near Concord, and in Eandolph near Pilot Mountain; penetrating corundum 

near Bakersville, Mitchell County; at Eay's mine, and elsewhere in 

Yaucey County; in reticulated acicular crystals in the northwest corner of Lincoln County (Hunter).

Under the name of edisonite, Hidden describes a supposed fourth 

form of titanic oxide t from the Whistnant gold mine in Polk County. 

It has been shown by Mttgge to be only a variety of rutile.

ANATASE.

Anatase has been found in small, brilliant, tabular crystals, in the 

gold sands of Burke County, by myself and Mr. Hidden. The latter 

also reports it from Alexander County, in quartz, and from McDoweli 

and Eutherford Counties. At Briudletown, in Burke County, the crystals were of unusual size; some were highly modified, and a few were 

transparent and glassy, and of a pale green or blue color.

BROOKITE.

In the gold sands of Eutherford, McDowell, and Burke Counties, 

brookite occurs in small, short, slender, rhombic prisms. At Brindletown Hidden found it varying in color from dull yellow to brown, a few 

crystals being of a fine red with highly modified terminations.

PYROLUSITE.

It is found near Murphy, Cherokee County; also 2 miles north of 

Hickory, Catawba County, and with silver ores at the McMakin mine, 

Cabarrus County; also in fine crystalline masses at Beck's ore bank, 3 

miles from Ellison's ore bank, Gaston County; near Danbury, Stokes 

County; near Webster, Jackson County; in Surry County, near Dob-
38 THE MINERALS OF NORTH CAROLINA. [BULL. 74.

son; and in Alexander, Swain, and Mitchell. No large deposits have 

yet been discovered in North Carolina.

BRAUNITE (?).

Found in quartz near Hillsboro, Orange County. K.

HAUBMANNITE (?).

Eecently reported from near Dobson, Surry County, by H. C. Lewis; 

and it also occurs in Chatham. K.

DIASPORE.

Gen. Clingman observed this rare mineral associated with blue 

corundum from near Marshall, Madison County. I have not been able 

to distinguish it with certainty from any other of the corundum localities, but it was observed in very minute but beautiful acicular crystals 

of the usual form in a cavity of massive corundum from Culsagee, by 

John C. Trautwine, of Philadelphia.

GOETHITE AND LIMONITE.

I put these two species of hydrated sesquioxide of iron together, as 

without fuller examination it is impossible to distinguish the majority 

of the specimens. Large beds of hydrated sesquioxide of iron are 

found at Ore Hill and elsewhere in Chatham County, and in Johnston, 

5 miles west and northwest of Smithtielcl; near the High Shoals, in 

Gaston County; in Lincoln and Catawba Counties; near Murphy and 

along Valley River and Notteley, in Cherokee; in Mitchell, Buncombe, 

Watauga, McDowell, Burke, Caidwell, Alexander, Wilkes, Surry, Haywood, Macon, Henderson, Transylvania, Davidson, Wake, and other 

counties; and superficial beds of it are also frequently found in the 

eastern counties Nash, New Hanover, Fender, Jones, Duplin, etc. 

Brown hematites accompany in small'quantities many of the magnetite 

and hematite beds, and form the upper part of many of the gold and 

copper mines; they are often the result of the alteration of siderite and 

pyrite, and show frequently the form of the original mineral: for instance, at Conrad Hill, in Davidson County; Cabarrus County, Guilford County, Gaston County, and at Beam's farm, near Center Point, 

Iredell County.

GUMMITE.

Discovered by Prof. Kerr in 1877, at Flat Eock, Mitchell County. 

Sometimes found in distinct cubical crystals with octahedral planes, 

usually in amorphous, compact, nodular masses of a faint resinous 

luster and of shades between reddish yellow and deep orange red. 

Fracture uneven to subconchoidal. Sp. gr. 4«840. The mean of three 

analyses which I have made gives its composition as follows:
GEN .] OXIDE PSILOMELANE, WAD. 39

Silica............................................... 4-63

Alumina............................................ 0-53

Baryta.............. ................................ 0'98

Strontia ............................................ 0'05

Lime ............................................... 2*05

Plumbic oxide ...................................... 5*57

Uranic oxide ............ ............ ...... .......... 75-20

Phosphoric acid..................................... 0'12

Water .............................................. 10-54

99-77

These analyses show that the so-called gummite is not a distinct mineral species but a mechanical mixture, the North Carolina variety 

being 

Per cent. 

Uranic hydrate...................................... 40-10

Uranotil............................................ 33-38

Lead uranate ....................................... 22-66

Barium uranate ..................................... 4-26

100-40

Eesults from the alteration of uraninite. Found also at the Deake 

and Lewis mines, Mitchell County. A similar mineral is found in small 

quantity at Buchanan mine, Mitchell County.

The largest mass of gummite with uraninite found in the State 

weighed 6 pounds 6 ounces. The nodules often contain black uraninite at the center.

PSILOMELANE.

It is often an associate of gold and iron ores in coatings of the quartz 

at Scott's Hill, Burke County, together with pyrolusite at Beck's ore 

bank, on the High Shoals, Gaston County, and in botryoidal masses in 

a vein, said to be 4 feet wide, near Leuoir, in Caldwell County, near 

Bakersville, at Gillespie's Gap, in Mitchell County, on Cove Creek, and 

Eichmond Creek, Hay wood County, and at Buckhorn in Chatham. In 

Gaston County at the Long Creek mine, on Cross Mountain, Ormond 

ore bank, etc., a variety occurs, which contains a small quantity of 

cobalt and nickel. Also found in McDowell and Lincoln Counties.

WAD.

There is often an imperceptible change from pyrolusite into psiloinelane and wad, so that, without analysis, it is often difficult to know to 

which a specimen may belong. The earthy varieties are generally 

called wad. A brownish black, earthy wad occurs near Murphy, Cherokee County, also near Frankliu, in Macon County, and Webster, in 

Jackson County, at Gillespie Gap, Mitchell, in Burke, Catawba, Surry 

and Mecklenburg, and at the Ormond ore bank in Gaston County.
40 THE MINERALS OF NORTH CAROLINA. [BULL. 74.

SENARMONTITE OR VALENTINITE.

The incrustation upon the native antimony of Burke County, which 

does not show any crystalline planes, belongs to either one or the other 

of these species.

BISMITE.

An earthy, greenish yellow and straw yellow mineral has been ob* 

served at the King's Mountain mine and the Asbury vein in Gaston 

County. It is probably bismite.

MOLYBDITE.

Found associated with molybdenite as a yellow, earthy powder, near 

Pioneer Mills, Cabarrus County.

QUARTZ.

As a constituent of most of the rocks of North Carolina, and the 

gangue'rock of almost every vein, it occurs nearly everywhere throughout the State. Several of its varieties, however, are of more than usual 

interest. Eock crystal is found in numerous most beautifully modified 

forms on the farms of the Lackey family and others near Mahoffey's 

mill, Alexander County. These have been the subject of a highly important crystallographic investigation by Prof. Gerhard vom Eath, of 

Bonn. Unusually large masses of rock crystal from near Jefferson, 

Ashe County, were sent to New York in 1887. One perfect crystal 

 weighed 20£ pounds; another crystal weighed 188 pounds, and a third 

weighed 285 pounds. The last named was 29 inches long, 18 wide, and 

13 thick. Some of the masses found would yield perfectly pellucid 

crystal balls of 5 inches in diameter. This occurrence has been described by G. F. Kunz.

Good doubly terminated crystals occur at Sugar Mountain, Burke 

County. Eock crystals are also found in Eutherford County; near 

Morganton, Burke County ; near Hickory, Caldwell County j Catawba 

County, Iredell County; Mountain mine, in Cleveland County; at Hampton's, on Mining Creek, Yancey County; Stokesburg, in Stokes County; 

Macon County, Swain County, Eich Mountain, head of Cove Creek, in 

Watauga County; Mitchell and Transylvania, in Wilkes, Guilford, 

Lincoln, Gaston, Burke, Anson, Grauville, Wake, Moore, Warren, and 

other counties. Quartz crystals, inclosing liquid (hydrolite, Humphreys), in beautiful specimens, are found on Isaac Price's farm, White 

Plains, Alexander County, also found by Prof. Humphreys, in pockets 

and drift veins in Catawba County, and in the South Mountains, Burke 

County, one with a bubble which moves nearly 2 inches, and a group of 

13 crystals having 50 bubbles. He also found crystals With the basal 

plane in Burke, Catawba, and Alexander Counties. At the emerald 

locality, in Alexander County, some 7 years ago, Mr. Hidden discovered 

a remarkable " pocket" which yielded over 400 pounds of crystals,
OENTH.] OXIDES QUARTZ. 41

many of them containing water bubbles of unusual size. Nearly all of 

these were destroyed by freezing, which shattered the crystals to fragments. Eutilated quartz crystals of great beauty are met with at 

several localities in Randolph, Catawba, Burke, Iredell, and Alexander 

Counties (enumerated under Rutile). Quartz crystals with scaly crystals 

of hematite occur at King's Mill, Iredell County. Quartz between 

laminae of muscovite, occurs at the Deake mine, on Toe River, Mitchell 

County. Radiated quartz is found at Dillahay's gold mine, in Person 

County and in Wake County. Amethyst, in very fine crystals and 

clusters of crystals, and of a good violet or pink color, but mostly of a 

dark, smoky color, is found at Randleman's, Lincoln County, also at the 

lead mine, Alexander County, at Hickory, Catawba County, in Rutherford, Chatham, and Wake Counties; amethyst of a deep purple color 

with rutile occurs in Catawba County, and a smoky amethyst with 

rutile, at the head of Honey Creek, Wilkes County. Rose quartz is 

found at Highlands, in Macon, near Franklinville, in Randolph (with 

acicular rutile), White Plains, Alexander County, and near Concord, 

Cabarrus County, likewise penetrated with rutile. Smoky quartz is 

found 3 miles from Taylorsville, Alexander County, on Cavin's and also 

on Pritchard's and. Patterson's farms; it also occurs in large crystals 

on Brush Creek, Mitchell County, in the drift of Brindletowu, Burke 

County, at the mouth of Beaver Dam Creek, Cherokee County, and in 

Alleghany County.

Milky quartz is found at Roseman's farm, Alexander County, at the 

forks of the Laurel, Madison County, and at War Hill, Snrry County; 

opalescent quartz atDanRiver, Stokes County. Quartz pseudoraorphous 

after calcite, both crystallized and fibrous, is found 2 or 3 miles northwest of Rutherfordton, Rutherford County; the irregularly shaped fragments frequently contain water. Similar pseuclotnorphs occur at Crawford's farm, 5 miles east of Statesville, in Iredell County; and a peculiar 

variety of pseudomorphous quartz, after feldspar perhaps, occurs at 

Shooting Creek, Clay County. Concerning the quartz at Crawford's 

farm, Hidden says:

From a carefnl study of the rock in situ and of many specimens from the localities, 

I am forced to conclude that these forma of quartz are pseudomorphs of the interstices between crystals of some mineral that crystallized in thiu, flat, tabular forms.

Sections of these water-bearing Ibrius present an interior of bright transparent 

crystals, or of mammillary chalcedony, while the structure of the walls is semiradiated from the exterior. Careful examination of the surfaces shows a series of triangular markings (angles 60°) on all sides. Now these markings are exactly what we 

would expect by the slow deposition of quartz on the basal pinacoid of a uuiaxal 

crystal (rhombohedral), or of the deposition of quartz from solution in a vein rilled 

up with meshed and netted crystals, which being thin, presented only basal planes 

for contact surfaces. What the original mineral was is not shown by the specimens. 

The casts of crystal cavities in the larger masses show an unmistakable hexagonal 

prism with a large development of the basal pinacoid (these two planes identified by 

striations on the quarlz), and this characteristic is persistent.

Chalcedony is found near Franklin, Macon County; near Webster, 

Jackson County; at Hampton's Mining Creek, Yancey County; at
42 THE MINERALS OF NORTH CAROLINA. [BULL. 74.

Martin's limestone quarries, in Stokes County; on Alamance Creek, 

Alamance County; and in Lincoln, Iredell, and Chatham Counties. 

Hornstorie occurs at Martin's quarry, Stokes County; near Asheville, 

Buncombe County; in Madison County and Iredell County; and in 

Montgomery, Eandolph, and elsewhere. Drusy quartz is frequently 

found on the decomposed outcrops of the chrysolite beds in Macon, Jackson, Clay, Buncombe, and Madison Counties. Itacolumite or flexible 

sandstone forms a stratum in the quartzite at Linville, Burke County; 

Sauratown Mountains, in Stokes County, and Bending Eock Mountain, 

in Wilkes County. Fossil wood is abundant in the Triassic beds in 

Anson County, and near Germanton, in Stokes County; near Cheek's 

Creek, in Montgomery County, and in Johnston County; and in the 

quaternary gravels of Halifax, Moore, Cumberland, Wayne, and other 

counties. Agate is found in many places; at D. Caldwell's, Mecklenburg County; near Harrisburg and near Concord, Cabarrus County; 

in Granville, Orange, and elsewhere. Jasper occurs banded (red and 

black) in Person County, in Granville (Knap of Eeeds Creek), in 

Madison County (near Warm Springs and on Shut In Creek), in Moore 

County, in Wake, and elsewhere.

A peculiar purplish brown variety of quartz from Uwharie, Montgomery County, partially analyzed by me, gave:

Ignition .......................°................... 0-70

Silica............................................. 91-53

Ferric oxide ...................................... 5'16

Magnesia......................................... 0-14

Lime............................................. 0-66

Undetermined .................................... 1-81

100-00 

Sp gr., 2-663.

OPAL.

The only variety of opal which has come to my notice from North Carolina is "hyalite" in bluish white mammilary coatings upon the quartz 

of gold veins in Cabarrus County, and at the Culsagee mine, Macon 

County. It is rarely found in beautiful, colorless, and white botryoidal 

incrustations upon foliated chlorite. A peculiar yellowish to brownish 

hyalite, incrusting quartz, was collected by F. W. Clarke in 1883, at 

Foster's mica mine, near Jefferson, Ashe County.

TERNARY OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. 

SILICATES.

ANHYDROUS SILICATES. 

ENSTATITE.

Forms beds at the corundum mine of Culsagee, in Macon County, 

in coarsely crystalline masses of a brownish gray, yellowish color; in 

coarsely granular masses with chrysolite, at Webster, Jackson County;
SILICATES PYROXENE, SPODUMENE. 43

also in small crystalline particles, disseminated through chrysolite, at 

Hampton's, Mining Creek, Yancey County, and 2£ miles south of Bakersville, in Mitchell County. Bronzite is found at Bald Creek, Yaucey 

County, and near Kernersville, Forsyth County. I had this mineral 

from the Culsagee mine analyzed in the laboratory of the University of 

Pennsylvania by Frank Julian, who found:

Water............ .................................. 1-21

Silica............................................... 57-30

Alumina ....... .................................... trace

Ferrous oxide....................................... 7-45

Magnesia............................................ 34-64

100-60

PYROXENE.

Black and brownish black, cleavable masses, with magnetite, at 

Cranberry, Mitchell County, and of pale greenish color, with magnetite, 

on Ivy River, Madison County, and on Horse Creek, Ashe County; in 

" traps " at Greensboro, Guilford County ; green coccolite, in calcite, 2 

or 3 miles from the mouth of Bear Creek, in marble, at Walnut Creek, 

1 mile from French Broad Ki ver, Madison County, and at Goshen, Macon, 

County. Dark brownish black and black pyroxene is one of the constant constituents of the numerous " trap " rocks found in North Carolina.

SPODUMENE.

Occurs in Sharpe's Township, in Alexander County. The first crystals 

obtained were pale yellowish green, and were thought to be diopside. 

They had been found loose in the surface soil by some children living 

on a farm near Salem Church, and were shown to Mr. William Earl 

Hidden by Mr. J. A. D. Stephensou, of Statesville. The former gentleman sent specimens to Dr. J. Lawrence Smith, who, by analysis, 

proved them to be spodumene. The mineral has since been extensively 

mined under the direction of Mr. Hidden; and the new emerald green 

variety of spodumene has received the name of hiddenite. As a gem 

it ranks equal in beauty and value to the emerald, which latter stone 

occurs with the hiddenite. In color it ranges from fine emerald green 

through yellow to nearly white. It occurs almost invariably implanted upon the walls of open pockets, associated with a number of 

other minerals of considerable beauty. The emerald green variety has 

been analyzed by Dr. J. L. Smith (I) and myself (II), as follows:
44 THE MINERALS OP NORTH CAROLINA. [BULL. 74.

Sp.gr............................................'......

I.

3-14

64-5

27-0

1-9

7-5

100-9

II.

3-166

63-95

26-58

0-18

l-ll

G-82

1-54

0-07

100-25

The sp. gr. of the yellowish hiddenite I found to be 3-177; that of the 

darkest green variety was determined by Smith to be 3-191 to 3.194.

AMPHIBOLE.

Amphibole is represented in North Carolina by numerous varieties. 

We find white and gray tremolite associated with talc at Marble Creek 

and Murphy, Cherokee County; also on the Tennessee Creek, Jackson 

County, in talc and chrysolite; at Webster, Jackson County; the Whiteside Mountains, Sugartown, 8£ miles from Franklin; at the Culsagee 

mine, Macon County, 2£ miles south of Bakersville, in Mitchell County; 

at Hampton's Mining Creek, Yancey County; on Toe Eiver ; at the 

Carter mine, Madison County; gap of Black Mountain, and the southeast slope of Three Top Mountain, in Ashe County. Gray and brownish grammatite occurs near the Tennessee Creek; anthophyllite occurs at Culsagee mine and at Gregory Hill, in Macon County; actinolite has been observed in talc near Belt's Bridge, Iredell County; at 

Shooting Creek, Clay County; Swannanoa Eiver, near Ashevilie; and 

with chrysolite at Webster, Jackson County; Hampton's Mining Creek, 

in Yancey County, 2£ miles south of Bakersville, Mitchell County; in 

talcose rocks near Tennessee Creek, on the East Fork of Tuckasege 1£ 

miles from its mouth, Mecklenburg County; Eich Mountain, Watauga County; Franklin, in Macon County; at Bolejack's limestone 

quarry, in Stokes County; at Eogers's ore bank, near Daubury, in Stokes 

County; near Morganton, Burke County; and Ellison's, in Gaston 

County. Asbestos has been found at Webster, and at the head of Cullowhee Creek, Jackson County; on Sugartown Creek, near Franklin; at 

the JTantehaleh Eiver, in Macon County; the Brushy Mountains; at 

Baker mine and on John's Eiver and on King's Creek, Caldwell County; 

and on Smith's Eiver, Eockingham County, in Franklin and Wilkes 

Counties; at Hampton's Mining Creek, in Yancey County; at Buchaiian's and Cane Creek, near Bakersville, in Mitchell County; also in quartz 

crystals at J. W. Warren's farm, White Plain's, Alexander County. 

Black and greenish black hornblende is abundant throughout the State 

in the hornblende slates, hornblende rocks, syenite, and diorite. It has 

been found in rather large cleavage pieces 23 miles below Franklin, 

on the Swannanoa Eiver, near Asheville; at the Cullowhee and Savan-
GKNTH.] SILICATES SMARAGDITE, ARFVEDSONITE. 45

nali mines, in Jackson County; at Jarrett's, on the Nantehaleh, in Cherokee County; and at Polecat Creek and near Greensborougb, in Guilford County.

True orthorhombic anthophyllite, well crystallized and transparent, 

has been described by Penfield from the Jenks corundum mine at 

Franklin, Macon County. Sp. gr. 3.093. Analysis (Penfield) as follows:

Silica ...1.......................................... 57-98

Ferrous oxide ....................................... 10-39

Manganese oxide.................................... 0-31

Magnesia ........................................... 28'69

Liine................................................ 0-20

Alumina ............................................ 0-63

Water .............................................. 11-67

Lossat 100.......................................... 0-12

99-99

SMARAGDITE (?); KQKSCHAROWITE.

A beautiful mineral, which may be a variety of hornblende, occurs 

at the Cullakeuee mine, Clay County. It has a bright color between 

emerald and grass green, gradually passing into grayish green and 

greenish gray. Sp. gr. of the grass-green variety, 3-120. It is associated with pink and ruby corundum and a feldspathic mineral. The 

analysis of the pure material gave Thomas M. Chatard 

Silica............ ................................... 45-14

Alumina............................................ 17*59

Chromic oxide ...................................... 0-79

Ferrous oxide................................ ...... 3-45

Nickelous oxide..................................... 0'21

Magnesia ................................. .......... 16-69

Lime ............................................... 12-51

Soda................................................ 2-J5

Potash.............................................. 0-36

Ignition (water) .................................... 1-34

100-33

ARFVEDSONITE.

A brownish black or greenish black hornblende-like mineral, is found 

associated with the andesite, zoisite, and corundum of the Cullowhee 

mine and Shooting Creek, Clay County, and rarely at Culsagee, Macou 

County. It is easily fusible and gives a strong yellow flame, and is 

therefore probably arfvedsonite. An analysis of a black variety by 

J. L. Smith places it rather under the aluminous hornblende. He

found:

Silica............................................... 45-90

Alumina............................................ 13-34

Ferric oxide ........................................ 11-46

Lime ............................................... 12-20

Magnesia ........................................... 12'53

Soda................................................ 3-39

Water.............................................. 0-66

99-48
46 THE MINERALS OF NORTH CAROLINA. [BULL. 74.

CROCIDOLITE (?)

This mineral I have received from Col. Joseph Willcox, and it is said 

to come from one of the western counties of North Carolina. The physical properties and the chemical tests which I have made indicate that it 

is crocidolite. It consists of long, delicate fibers of a blue color, is 

insoluble in acids, and fuses easily to a black glass, coloring the flame 

yellow.

BERYL.

Found in six-sided prisms, sometimes doubly terminated, from about 

half an inch to 4 inches in thickness, and from 1 to 6 inches in length; 

color yellowish and bluish green, small pieces of the latter color sometimes transparent enough to be cut for gems (aquamarine), associated 

with orthoclase, muscovite, tourmaline, etc., at Bay's mine, on Hurricane Mountain, Yancey County. Yellowish green crystals have been 

found at Buchanan mica mine, and.elsewhere in Mitchell County. 

Clear green crystals occur at Balsam Gap mine, Buncombe County. 

Found also at the Carter mine, Madison County; Thorn Mountain mine, 

Macou; Casher's Yalley, Jackson; on Green Eiver, Hendersou County; 

at E. Batch's, Catawba; Fort Defiance, Caldwell; at Well's, Gaston 

County. Some very large crystals were found (one 2 feet long and 7 

inches in diameter), 4 miles south of Bakersville, and at Grassy Creek 

mine of still larger size. Green crystals appear at Point Pizzle mine 

and elsewhere in this county, and on Green Eiver, Henderson County. 

The most beautiful varieties, similar to occurrences in Siberia, are found 

in Sharpe's Township, near Salem Church, at White Plains, Alexander 

County, also in pale green or bluish green modified hexagonal prisms 

and pale bluish crystals. This is the locality of the emerald and hiddenite mine, and here for 8 years past have been found most magnificent 

crystals of emerald as regards color, perfection of form, and crystallographic interest. Beryl in yellowish green, hexagonal prisms is also 

found at Lackey's farm, near Liberty Church, and Isaac Price's farm, 

White Plains, Alexander County. It also occurs in yellowish green 

crystals in Catawba County; one bluish green, transparent crystal, implanted in quartz, has been found at Gapt. Mills's gold mine, in Burke 

County, and another of 1 inch diameter and 4 inches length, with 

a tourmaline crystal of the same length embedded in it. In greenish 

yellow and deep green crystals, similar to Siberian, in the South Mountains, 9 miles southeast of Morgan ton, Burke County, and in the Sugar 

Mountains; also at Shoup's Ford, at Dietz's, Huffman's, and Hildebrand's. In smaller crystals it is found in Jackson County.

I have analyzed a rounded, water worn, greenish pebble of beryl exhibiting an uncommonly perfect basal cleavage (for this species) from 

Alexander County, with the following results:
GKNTH.] SILICATES CHKYSOLITE. 47

Silica............. ................................. 66-28

Alumina ............ ............................... 18.60

Glucina............................................ 13-61

Ferrous oxide...................................... 0-22

Alkalies............................................ undet.

Ignition ........................................... 0-83

99-54

Sp. gr., 2-703.

CHRYSOLITE.

This is one of the most interesting minerals of North Carolina, where 

it forms large beds between the hornblende and granite rocks. It is 

unnecessarily called dunyte, from the Dun Mountains in New Zealand, 

where it occurs under like circumstances. It is generally of a yellowish green color, but also greenish white, gray, and brownish green, 

mostly finely granular, rarely foliated, occasionally in larger grains disseminated through the fine-grained mass. Associated with chromite, 

enstatite, actinolite, trernolite, asbestus, talc, chromite, and corundum, 

at Culsagee mine, near Franklin, Macon County; in Hay wood County; 

near Webster and Hogback, in Jackson County; at Bald Creek and 

at Hampton's, Jack's Creek, and South Toe Eiver, 7 miles from Burnsville, Yancey County; 2£ miles south of Bakers ville, in Mitchell County, 

at Shooting Creek and Cullakenee mine, Clay County; at Eich Mountain, Watauga County; at the Carter mine, in Madison County; on 

Ivy, Buncombe County; near the forks of New Eiver, Ashe County; 

on Little Eiver, Alleghany County; and 4 miles south of Morgauton, 

Burke County. It is also found with bronzite, in hornblende rock, in 

Guilford County, and near Ealeigh, Wake County. I have analyzed 

two specimens from Webster, Jackson County, one (I) which was finely 

granular and of a pale greenish color, with a sp. gr., 3-280, the other 

(II) of a yellowish olive green color, and 3-252 sp. gr., and Thomas M. 

Chatard one from the Culsagee mine (III):

Silica........................................

I.

0-82

0-58

41-89

7-39

0-35

49-13

0-06

100-22

II.

0-76

1-83

40-74

7-20

0-39

49-18

0-02

100-18

III.

1 *79

41-58

0-14

7"49

0'34

49-28

0-11

100-66

The chrysolite is subject to extensive alterations, forming serpentine 

and talc with their usual associates.
48 THE MINERALS OF NORTH CAROLINA. [BULL. 74.

GARNET.

Widely distributed through the State, and a constant constituent of 

many of the mica and hornblende slates, in which it occurs in minute 

dodecahedral and trapezohedral crystals of a brownish or brownish red 

color; it also occurs in many of the talcose and chloritic slates; larger 

trapezohedral crystals of a brownish red color, and sometimes almost 

black, are frequently met with iii the mica mines of Mitchell and Yancey counties; imperfect dodecahedral crystals at Weaver's, Jeaustowu, 

Rutherford County, and in talcose slate, in Eockingham, Cher'okee, 

Madison, Surry, and many other counties. The most beautiful and 

perfect crystals are large trapezohedra, of a brownish red color, from 

Burke, Caldwell, and Catawba counties. A very excellent locality is 

about 8 miles southeast of Morganton, in Burke County, where very 

bright red crystals are found, some weighing nearly 10 pounds. Several 

tons of garnet from this locality have been crushed into different grades 

of fineness and sent to market for the manufacture of " sand-paper."

Another good location is 4 miles from Marshall, where large crystals 

are found embedded in chlorite slate. Some of these garnets are nearly 

transparent, and when cut show a peculiar play of colors.

In Alexander County, on Marshall's farm and elsewhere, garnets are 

found several inches in diameter. Large crystals and crystalline masses 

of a reddish brown garnet are found near Franklin, Macon County, and 

on Toe River, Mitchell County. Of good red color it has been observed 

in the sands from gold washings in Burke, McDowell and Warren 

counties. The massive manganese garnet or spessartite is abundant 

at Jeanstown, Rutherford County; atBuckhorn, Chatham County; near 

Mooro's mills, Stokes County; near Gold Hill, in Cabarrus County; near 

Brevard's forge, 1£ miles from the Vesuvius furnace; near Macpelah 

church, Lincoln County; near the High Shoals, and at Clubb's Mountain and Crowder's Mountain, Gaston County; near Madison, Rockingham County; near Salem, Forsythe County; on Horse Creek, Ashe 

County; Linville Mountains and Bridgewater, Burke County; in Guilford County; at Thorn-Mountain mine, Macon County; near Marion, 

McDowell County; at Buchanan mine, Mitchell County; on Pacolet 

River, Polk County; at Weaver's, Rutherford County, and near Dobson, Surry County.

Mr. G. A. Koenig has analyzed a variety of manganese garnet or 

spessartite from Yancey County (I), and I that from near Salem, Forsyth County (II), which contain:

Sp. gr., 4'14.

I.

35-80

19 '06

6-25

28-64

4-49

o-co

99-84

II.

36-74

16-55

2580

14-26

9-^fi

409

100-00
OKNTH.I SILICATES ZIECON, VESUVIANITE. 49

ZIRCON.

Abundant with the gold sands of Burke, McDowell, Polk, Eutherford, Caldwell, Mecklenburg, Xash, Warren, and other counties, in very 

minute yellowish brown and brownish white, sometimes amethystine 

and pink crystals with many planes; large grayish brown crystals of 

zircons are found so abundant on the south side of the Blue Eidge near 

Green Eiver, Henderson County, that Gen. Clingman easily obtained 

in a few weeks in 1869,1,000 pounds of crystals. More recently, a commercial demand for zircons having arisen, over 30 tons of the mineral 

have been taken from this region. It is found here embedded in feldspathic gneiss, and also in a similar association at the Jones's mine, near 

Coleman's station. Found also by Dr. Hunter at Well's farm, Gaston 

County. It is rarely found at Eay's mine, Hurricane Mountain, Yancey 

County, and the Flat Eock mine, Mitchell County. It has been observed in dark red brown crystals in the magnetite beds of the Unaka 

Mountains; an irregular large crystal of about 2 inches in length and 

a pale brownish gray color has been found by J. A. D. Stephenson near 

States ville, Iredell County; and by the same, small crystals embedded 

in allanite, near Bethany church.

Peculiar dark brown crystals from l-3mm. in size are found at Low's 

and Tibbet's mine, in Macon County, which may be zircon. They 

need fuller investigation. Hidden reports, from the gold sands of 

Brindletown, good crystals of the variety malacone. The latter are 

jet black, with occasionally, a grayish crust, and are larger than, and of 

different form from, the zircons directly associated with them. Sp. gr. 

4-087. The same authority reports the variety cyrtolite from several 

places, namely:

Masses and distinct crystals having curved faces and gray brown color have been 

mot with at the Wiseman mica mine iu Mitchell County, associated with autunite, 

fergusonite, and samarskite. Also at Mill's mine, near Brindletown, and at the xenotime and polycrase locality on the Davis land, near Green Eiver, iu Heuderson 

County.

With the monazite at Mars Hill, Madison County, zircon crystals of 

considerable size are sometimes found. One such crystal, sp. gr. 4*507, 

 was analyzed by me as follows:

Loss on ignition..................................... 1-20

Silica............................................... 31-83

Zirconia ............................................ 63-42

Ferric oxide.............. .......................... 3-23

99-68

VESUVIANITE.

A mineral resembling vesuvianite occurs in brownish green, indistinct, crystalline masses, intermixed with quartz, and associated with 

reddish brown garnet, in Macon County. 

Bull. 74 4
50 THE MINERALS OF NORTH CAROLINA.

EPIDOTE.

Bpidote is found abundantly in North Carolina, although fine crystals are exceedingly rare. The finest specimen which I have seen, is 

a crystal, in the cabinet of the University of Pennsylvania, from the 

gold washings of Eutherford County ; it is strongly pleochroic, like the 

so called "Puschkinite," from the auriferous sands of Katharinenburg, 

in the Ural Mountains. Fine crystals have been lately obtained by 

Hidden, at Hampton's, Yancey County. Yellowish and brownish green 

crystalline masses, sometimes with indistinct crystals, have been found 

near White's mill, Gaston County, and near Franklin, in Macon County. 

At the latter place occurs also a variety in short, stout crystals of a 

dark brown or greenish brown color (analysis below). In Mitchell 

Coun ty it is found in dark brownish green crystals and radiating masses. 

Crystals and crystalline masses in quartz at White Plains, Alexander 

County. Fragments of epidote in greenish crystals, also a granular 

variety, are frequently met with in the gold sands of Burke, McPowell, 

and Eutherford Counties.

Epidote of olive green or grayish and brownish green color occurs 

massive as a frequent admixture of hornblende slate (notably in Mitch- 

~ell County) or diorite, sometimes forming pure masses of epidosite, 

as at the foot of Grandfather Mountain, head of Watauga River, Watauga County. It occurs also abundantly and conspicuously, ae bright 

green*amygdules in the chloritic amygdaloidal gneisses on Watauga 

Eiver. It constitutes, with a reddish feldspar, the so-called unakyte 

rock, which may be seen at Marshall, Madison County, and down the 

French Broad in occasional seams and thin beds for several miles. It 

has also been found in many of the magnetic iron ore beds, as at Cranberry, Mitchell County, at Smith's ore bed on Ivy, Madison County, 

in the beds on Horse Creek, Ashe County, at Buckhorn, Chatham 

County, etc.

I have analyzed the brown epidote from Macou County, and found 

the sp. gr. 3-269, and its composition:

Silica............................................... 36-95

Alumina ............................................ 25-82

Ferric oxide......................................... 9-97

Ferrous oxide ....................................... 1*34

Manganous oxide ................................... 0-56

Magnesia........................................... 0-56

Lime ............................................... 21-86

Ignition (water)..................................... 3-02

100-08

ALLANITE.

Allanite is found in jet black or brownish black, slender crystals, 

sometimes of 6 to 12 inches in length, and also in crystalline masses in 

a granite vein at Balsam Gap, Buncombe County. Also under similar 

circumstances at the Buchauan mine and Wiseman's mine, Mitchell
GENTIT.] SILICATES ZOISITE.- 51

County, in unusually perfect crystals 2cm. long by 1cm. thick. At 

the Hiddenite mine it occurs in small, well polished prisms. In massive form it occurs near Bethany church, Iredell County, in large 

quantities, with small crystals of zircon imbedded in it.

Another promising locality is near Democrat P. 0., Madison 

County. It has also been identified by Hidden among the minerals 

from Brindletown, and from the Heuderson County zircon mines. At 

some of the localities the allanite undergoes an alteration and changes 

into a pale brownish or brownish yellow mineral which has not been 

further examined. A mineral of an orange color from the Buchanan 

mine, resembling gumuiite, may be the so-called yttro-gum mite; the 

quantity at hand was too small and impure for analysis, but it contains 

uranic oxide and some of the rare earths of the cerium or yttrium groups.

I have analyzed the allanite from Balsam Gap (I), and the Hiddenite 

mine (II); Dr. J. W. Mallet has examined the pitchy black variety 

from Wisernan's mine (III), and Mr. Harry F. Keller that from Bethany 

Church (IV). The analyses are as follows:

Sp.gr............................

"Potash

I.

3-400

19-7Q

18-10-

1-64

10-08

6-07

14-40

1-84

1-23

0-15

3095

0-33

012

1-89

99-75

II.

3-005

32-05

2293

11-04

14-81

0-85

1-99

1-28

9-43

0-54

0-20

3-04

98.76

III.

qn.flq

14-33

7-10

5-22

1-53

8-20

' 4-29

17-47

2-78

99-95

IV.

3-63

01 .ftQC

17-Q9A

7-052

10-110

18-990

1-120

1-025

0.540

10-785

0.210

1-460

100-307

ZOISITE.

The beautiful variety of zoisite, " thulite," has been found in slender, 

rose-red crystals iu-the feldspars at the Flat Eock mine, Mitchell County. 

At the Cullakenee mine it is found as one of the products of the alteration of corundum. Some of the pink as well as the bluish gray corundum is changed into compact and cleavable columnar masses of zoisite 

of a grayish, greenish, and brownish white color. G. A. Koenig has 

analyzed the slightly greenish white cleavable variety (I), which has 

resulted from the alteration of pink corundum. I have made an analysis
52 THE MINERALS OF NORTH CAROLINA. [BULL. 74.

of the white, slightly grayish zoisite (II), containing still nuclei of unaltered bluish gray corundum:

Silica..................................................

I.

o-ooft

40-70

33-86

0-81

0-22

24-05

0-C3

100-27

II.

Q'9<M

39-86

33-84

1-62

0-18

23-82

n-90

009

0-78

100-41

Some 40 years ago, about half a mile southwest of Silver Hill, while 

searching for the continuation of the vein, a grayish white, foliated and 

columnar mineral was found which had the appearance of zoisite. No 

further examination of it was made, and there is probably no specimen 

preserved. Dr. Hunter reports zoisite from Alleghany County, and it 

also occurs in Swain County.

PHLOGOPITE.

Small brownish scales of it have been found in the granular limestone of Bolejack's quarry, near Germantown, and at Martin's quarry on 

Snow Creek, Stokes County, on Walnut Creek, one mile from the French 

Broad River, in Madison County, on Valley River, in Cherokee County, 

and at Judge Pearson's, near the Yadkin Eiver, Yadkiu. County. It is 

found also near Coleman's Station, in Henderson County.

BIOTITK.

Biotite is a constituent of many of the granites, gneisses, and mica 

schists of North Carolina. It is found only in small black or brownish black plates or scales. The localities are too numerous for particular mention. It occurs in large plates and in very regular crystals in 

the mica mines of Mitchell, Haywood, Yancey and especially Macon, 

notably at Lytle and Thorn Mountain mines.

MUSCOVITE.

The mica of .the gneiss and mica schist is mostly muscovite, hence 

it is one of the commonest minerals of North Carolina. In a few 

localities it is found in beautiful crystals, for instance, with magnetite, 

at Buckhorn, in Chatham County, with quartz, at Hickory, Catawba 

County, and with pyrite, in Stokes County. The most remarkable 

crystals of muscovite are associated with the minerals of the Emerald 

and Hiddeuite mine in Alexander County. They are hexagonal plates 

implanted edgewise on the walls of pockets, and are dusted over with a 

chloritic coating, possibly of hisiugerite (q. v.), which gives the mica
GENTU.] SILICATES MUSCOVITE. 53

a peculiar bronzy appearance. An analysis by F. W. Clarke is given 

below.

Since the year 1868 mica has been mined in many places and has 

been obtained in large plates, at times over 3 feet in diameter, generally of a brownish color, in masses or large crystals, associated with 

gray, smoky, or yellowish brown quartz, orthoclase, albite, etc., in numerous localities in Macon, Jackson, Haywood, Buncombe, Ashe, MeDowell, Mitchell, Yancey, Alexander. Cleveland, aud other counties. A 

pink colored muscovite in fine scales, much resembling lepidolite, for 

which it was mistaken, occurs with mica at Bay's, mine in Yancey 

County, and at the Flat Rock mine in Mitchell County.

A compact variety of this species, often in very fine cryptocrystalline 

scales or fibrous, radiating masses, frequently resulting from the alteration of corundum and other minerals, was formerly, under the impression that it was distinct hydrous mineral, designated as damourite.

Very fine white and yellowish white pearly scales are found with the 

cyanite at Crowder's and Clubb's mountains, which result from alteration of the cyanite. Under similar circumstances it is found in Yancey, 

Cherokee, and Iredell counties. A slaty variety, much resembling the 

pyrophyllite slates of Chatham and Moore Counties, occurs near Warm 

Springs, Madison County. The most interesting occurrence of muscovite is that resulting from the alteration of corundum. In this connection it is found in many varieties. It is sometimes in compact 

masses, with a crystalline structure and a yellowish white color, surrounding the corundum as at the Haskett mine, Macon County, or it 

envelops the nodules of corundum, as at Belt's Bridge, Iredell County, 

and has a very fine fibrous structure with delicate silky luster, the fine 

particles gradually assuming a scaly structure and large size. At 

Crowder's and Clubb's mountains and Culsagee mine, Macon County, 

the muscovite, surrounding corundum, occurs in the form of small silver 

white scales, usually discolored by a thin coating of oxide of iron. At 

the Hogback mine, in Jackson, and especially in flaywood County, it 

occurs in a similar manner, but it frequently surrounds large masses of 

corundum with a compact or semi-fibrous coating with silky luster, 

which towards the margin becomes more crystalline and scaly; at the 

Presley mine, Haywood County, it is found in very fine scales, gradually increasing to plates of an inch in diameter, aud sometimes directly 

into large hexagonal crystals of 3 to 4 inches in diameter, still inclosing nuclei of the original mineral.

The following have been analyzed in the laboratory of the University 

of Pennsylvania, I to IV:

I. The finely fibrous from Belt's Bridge, by Miss Mary T. Lewis.

II. The tine scales from Crowder's Mountain, by Thos. M. Chatard.

III. The fine scales from Culsagee, by Geo. A. Koenig.

IV. Plates of about 1 inch in diameter from the Presley mine, by 

myself.
54 THE MINERALS OP NORTH CAROLINA. ' [BULL. 74.

V. Carefully purified crystals from the Emerald and Hiddenite mine, 

analyzed by F. W. Clarke in the laboratory of the U. S. Geological 

Survey. 

The following are the results:

Lithia .............................

Soda...............................

I.

45-96

38-22

0.61

0-37

0-74

9 .01

4-89

100-00

II.

2860

43-51

£ 37-85

0-31

0-42

1-04

11-35

7-73

102-21

III.

2-867

45-62

35-93

2-93

0-34

0-71

9-40

4-93

99-86

IV.

44-89

38-02

1-96

0']4

0-30

0-60

10-26

4-50

100-67

V.

45-40

1-10

33-66

2-36

1-86

1.41

8-33

0.69

5-46

100-27 

0-29

99-98

The soft, pseudomorphous crystals in the form of staurolite from 

Cherokee County are probably muscovite.

LABRADORITE.

A white, and in some portions colorless, very lustrous, cleavable variety with very few triclinic striae, occurs at the Cullakenee mine, in Clay 

County. It has a sp. gr. of 2-62. I had it analyzed in the laboratory 

of the University of Pennsylvania by Mr. W. H. Jarden, who found:

Silica ............................................... 55-61

Alumina ............................................ 26-90

Lime ............................................... 9-60

Soda................................................ 6-97

Potash.............................................. 0-55

Ignition (water)..................................... 0'35

99-98

It has been found in gray, granular, cleavabie masses, but only at a 

few localities.

Near the road, 6 miles north of Burnsville, in Yancey County, it is 

associated with mica, garnet, etc., as one of the constituents of a stratified rock 5 it occurs in a trap near the Tuckasegee Ford, half a mile 

from the Catawba Eiver, on the road to Charlotte, in Mecklenburg 

County; also at Shiloh Church in Granville County, and in large crystals in the heavy trap on Toe Eiver below Bakersville, Mitchell County. 

The latter locality furnishes specimens which show slightly the play of 

bluish colors. It is one of the constituents of the cryptocrystalline traprock found throughout the State.
QENTH.] SILICATES ANDESITE, OLIGOCLASE. 55

ANPESITE.

In snow white and bluish white, cleavable masses, showing finestrisB 

upon the cleavage planes, associated with black hornblende or arfvedsonite at the Oullakenee mine, Clay County; and from the same locality as a very fine-grained, white feldspar associated with zoisite and margarite, and like the latter, resulting from the alteration of corundum. 

Both have been analyzed the first by G. A. Koenig (I), the latter by 

T. M. Chatard (II):

Sp.gr..................................................

Soda................................. .................

I.

2-611

57-29

26-52

0-21

0-15

7-80

6-75

0-33

1-43

100-48

II.

2-610

58-41

25-93

0-38

0-18-

5-82

6-45

2-,0

0.93

110-20

There are similar white feldspars at the Hogback mine in Jackson 

County, and at the Culsagee mine in Macon County, which may belong 

here. No others have been analyzed.

OLIGOCLASE.

A fine-grained, grayish white feldspar, through which minute particles of black tourmaline are disseminated, occurs in considerable quantities at Culsagee, Macon County, and at the Carter mine, in Madison 

County. In 1887, at the Hawk mica mine near Bakersville, a peculiar 

transparent oligoclase was discovered. It was of a faint greenish tint, 

and clear enough to cut small gems; in fact, it resembled glass more 

than it did feldspar, especially as it contained stellate tufts of microiiths. 

Analyses as follows:

I. From Culsagee, by J. L. Smith.

II. From Culsagee, by Harry M. Keller.

III. From Bakersville, by F. W. Clarke.

IV. From Bakersville, by E. S. Sperry.

I.

64-12

24-20

0-14

2-80

9-28

100-54

II.

63-32

25-19

5-01

8-02

0-25

101-79

III.

62-92

25-32

4-03

6-18

0-96

0-25

99-66

IV.

62.60

23-52

0-08

4-47

8-62

0-56

o-io

99-95

Sp. gr. of the Bakeraville mineral, 2-651.
56 THE MINERALS OF NORTH CAROLINA. [BULL. 74.

A beautiful variety of " sunstone" oligoclase has been found by Mr. 

J. A. D. Stephenson near Statesville, Iredell County, associated with 

yellowish white titanite.

ALBITE.

It is found in large, cleavable masses of a white color, at Point Piz 

zle, Mitchell County, showing upon the cleavage planes more or less 

distinct striation. I had it analyzed in the laboratory of the University 

of Pennsylvania by Frank Julian (I), (see below). Sp. gr. 2-638. There 

are probably many of the white and grayish or brownish white striated 

feldspars from mica mines, such as from the Gibbs mine, South Toe 

Eiver, Yancey County; the Plat Eock mine and the Buchanan mine, in 

Mitchell County; Ainslie's, in Jackson County; and Thorn Mountain 

mine, in Macon; and many others, which belong to this species or to 

oligoclase, which can be distinguished only by analysis. An interesting occurrence is that at the Presley mine, Haywood County, where 

it, together with muscovite, results from the alteration of corundum. 

Small white granular cleavable albite, and also compact masses, have 

been found at the Steele mine, Montgomery County, associated with 

prochlorite, gold, pyrite, sphalerite, etc. Finely crystallized at the 

Emerald mine, in Alexander County.

Some of the granitic rocks 3 miles west of Leasburg, Gas well County, 

contain small grains of a triclinic feldspar, which may be albite.

The compact grayish white variety from the Steele mine has been 

analyzed by Geo. J. Pbpplein (II):

Silica................. .................................

Soda...................................................

I.

67-51

HO-46

0-34

3-08

9-15

100-54

II.

flft.OQ

19-66

4-63

0-23

1-83

9-90

1-71

1-20

99-45

ORTHOCLASE.

This is one of the most widely distributed minerals in the State, 

forming an essential constituent of all the granite, gneiss, etc. It is 

found in beautiful crystals in a band of porphyritic granite, near Salisbury, Eowan County; the High Shoals and White's mill, in Gaston 

Countyj and on Hitchcock's Creek, and elsewhere in Eichmond 

County; also in the "chesterlite" form at Silver Hill, associated with 

pyromorphite and quartz. Cleavable masses of orthoclase are found
 C.ENTH.] SILICATES TOURMALINE. 57

at Houp's farm, near Statesville, and near Belt's Bridge, Iredell 

County. A peculiar variety with satiny luster upon the cleavage planes 

occurs in Clay County, near Cullakenee. Large lamellar masses of a 

white, grayish or reddish color occur at Bay's mine, Yancey County; 

at Flat Bock, Blalock's, and near Bakersville, in Mitchell County ; also 

in Caldwell County; at Hampton's Mining Creek, near Burnsville, 

Yancey County; on Sugartown Turnpike, 10 miles from. Franklin; at 

the Whiteside Mountain-, in Macon County; on French Broad Biver, 

in Madison County; and in the mica mines everywhere. The Burnet 

mica mine, Buncombe County, furnished the museum with a crystal 

weighing 800 pounds. The peculiar compact variety of orthoclase 

which is spotted with hydrated sesquioxide of manganese, the so-called 

"leopardite," is found near Charlotte, Mecklenburg County, and also 

in Gaston County. It is a variety of porphyry with crystals of quartz 

disseminated in it. I have made an analysis of the feldspathic constituent, which has a yellowish white color and a cryptocrystalline 

structure (I). Miss Mary T. Lewis has analyzed in the laboratory of the 

University of Pennsylvania the orthoclase from Houp's farm, Iredell 

County (II).

I.

75-92

14-47 >

0-88 J

0-09

0-02

4-98

4-01

100-01

n.

64-56

20-60

0'36

14-85

100-37

TOURMALINE.

The tourmalines, found in many localities in North Carolina, are 

mostly of the black variety. A small, well terminated, transparent green 

crystal was found by Col. Mills on Silver Creek, Burke County; also 

a black crystal 4 inches long, embedded in a green beryl crystal. Crystals of from 1 to 2 inches in size have been found near Mountain mine, 

Cleveland County; on Upper Little Biver, Caldwell County ; at Hanging Dog Creek, in Cherokee; and in Butherford, Mecklenburg, Yaucey, 

Mitchell, Macon, Haywood, Transylvania, Polk, Buncombe, Caldwell, 

Stokes, Johuston, Wake, Granville, and other counties. In beautiful, 

well terminated crystals of 2 to 3 inches in length it is found in the South 

Mountains 16 miles southeast of Morganton, in Burke County; also 

near King's mill, Tredell County; and at Warren's, near Salem Church; 

and at John Lackey's and Isaac Price's, on the White Plains, Ale*xander County. In slender black crystals, often radiating and needleshaped, frequently flattened between the plates of muscovite, it is
58 THE MINERALS OP NORTH CAROLINA. | BULL. 74.

found at Ray's mine, near Burnsville, where also a greenish and yellowish green, fibrous, and finely columnar variety occurs. It is frequently 

and in large masses associated with the corundum of Culsagee raine, 

in Macou County. At the Cullakenee mine, Clay County, it is found 

in small quantity; also at the Hogback mine, Jackson County, and with 

the corundum and inuscoyite at Belt's Bridge, in Iredell County. A 

large outcrop of fibrous and granular tourmaline, with quartz, is found 

about two hundred yards northeast of the Ellison mine, on the High 

Shoals property, in Gaston County, and a peculiar finely striated variety, with quartz, at Clubb's Mountain; similar finely fibrous, woodlike masses occur at Leasburg, Caswell County, and in Wake. It has 

also been observed in the gold bands from Burke County. Tourmaline 

rock and slate have been noticed at Kernersville, Guilford County; at 

Bee Rock, head of Turkey Creek, in McDowell County j at Jeanstown, 

Rutherford County, 6 miles south of Asheville, on the Hendersonville 

road, and in Cleveland County.

At the Emerald and Hiddenite mine, in Alexander County, Mr. W. 

E. Hidden found some brilliant black crystals of tourmaline with fine, 

polished terminations. An analysis of this tourmaline, made by K. B. 

Riggs in the laboratory of the IT. S. Geological Survey, gave results as 

follows:

Silica............................................... 35-56

Alumina............................................ 33-38

Ferrous oxide........................................ 8'49

Titanic oxide........................................ 0-55

Manganousoxide..................... .............. 0-04

Litne....................... ......................... 0*53

Magnesia............................................ 5*44

Soda................................................ 2-16

Potash.............................................. 0-24

Water............................................... 3-63

Boric oxide ......................................... 10-40

100-42 

Sp. gr., 3-13.

FIBROLITE.

A reddish white, finely fibrous mineral, with silky luster, from Macon County, probably belongs to this species. 

A very interesting occurrence of fibrolite has lately been discovered

near Shoup's ford, in Burke County, where it is the result of the alteration of corundum and envelops a core of the original mineral. The

fibrolite may, in part, have been changed into muscovite, as it occurs 

in the micaschist of the neighborhood in small, needle-shaped crystals. 

A mineral resembling fibrolite is found in quartz in the gold gravel of 

Burke and McDowell Counties.

CYANITE.

This is one of the characteristic accessories in many of the mica and 

hornblende schists of Macon, Hay wood, Transylvania, Yancey, Mitchell,
GENT1I.] SILICATES TOPAZ, EUCLASE. 59

Caldwell, Catawba, Gaston, and other counties, and is generally of a 

grayish white or gray color, and in imperfect crystals. Fine crystals 

occur at Clubb's and Crowder's Mountains, Gaston County ; coarsely 

bladed masses of a blue and greenish color at Swannanoa Gap, Buncombe County; also near Bay's mica mine, on Hurricane Mountain, and 

elsewhere in Yancey County j Mitchell, Cherokee, and Wilkes counties; 

six miles east of Danbury, in Stokes County; and near Davidson College, 

Mecklenburg County. In blue and white bladed crystals in quartz at 

Hoover's farm, 6 miles southwest of Statesville; also in gravel near 

Statesville, Iredell County. A grayish white, radiating cyanite is 

found at Ararat Kiver, 4 miles southeast of Mount Airy,, in Surry 

County, and a white cyanite at the foot of Barnett's Mountain, in Person County. Cyauite also occurs on Valley Eiver, in Cherokee; at 

Tiptou's, in Clay County ; in quartz at the head of Jonathan's Creek, in 

Hay wood County; on Bear Creek, in Madison County; at the Buchauan 

mine, Mitchell County; in the northwest corner of Wake County, and 

in Moore and elsewhere. At Hunting Creek, north of Statesville, 

rhetizite in columnar and radiating masses is found, resulting from the 

alteration of corundum. On Yellow Mountain, near Bakersville, cyanite occurs in very deep blue crystals, equal in color to the finest sapphire. Fine gems have been cut from this mineral.

The white cyanite associated with the lazulite of Clubb's Mountain 

has been analyzed by Smith and Brush (I); and a brownish white 

variety from the gravel near Statesville (II) was analyzed by myself:

I.

37-60

CO -40

1-60

99-60

II.

ivta

36-85

63-15

100-38

At many localities, notably in Cherokee County, cyanite occurs 

largely altered into a fine, scaly muscovite.

TOPAZ.

Topaz is reported as occurring at Orowder's Mountain, but it is very 

doubtful; crystals from there, which were considered topaz, are cyanite. The variety pycnite occurs in finely columnar aggregations of a 

yellowish and brownish yellow color, associated with garnets, near 

White's mill, Gaston County.

EUCLASE.

Gen. Clingman mentions a very handsome crystal of this rare mineral 

from the gold mine of the late Morril Mills, in the eastern part of Polk 

County.
60 THE MINERALS OF NORTH CAROLINA. [BULL.74.

TITANITE.

Gen. Clingman mentions titanite, or sphene, as occurring in Buncombe County. I have observed it at Morganton Springs, Burke 

County, in minute brown crystals; in hornblende slate and in granite 

at "White's mills, in Gaston County; at Eogers's ore bank, near Danbury, in Stokes County; and on Hurricane Mountain, Yancey County, 

To this species probably belongs Prof. Shepard's very doubtful species, 

pyromelane, from the gold washings of McDowell County. Hidden reports titanite also in Alexander County.

Shepard's xanthitane (q. v.) is an alteration of titanite from Green 

River, in Henderson County. It often contains unaltered titanite as a 

nucleus.

I have analyzed a yellowish white titanite which occurs near Statesville, Iredell County, in mica schist, associated with sunstone oligoclase. 

The crystal was 15mm. broad and 2mm. thick. Sp. gr., 3'477. It contained 

Silica .............................._............. 29-45

Titanic oxide....................................... 38-33

Ferric oxide........................................ 1-61

Manganous oxide.................................. trace

Magnesia .......................................... trace

Lime .............................................. 29-11

Loss by ignition.................................... 0-60

99-10

STAUROLITE.

Very large, brownish red crystals, from 2£ to 3 inches in length and 

1 to 1£ inches wide, single individuals as well as twins, occur at tue 

Parker mine, in Oherokee County. There are many other localities in 

Cherokee and Macon Counties where it occurs abundantly in argillaceous and talcose slates, as on Persimmon Creek and Hanging Dog 

Creek; on Bear Creek, Madison County, and Tusquittah Creek, in Clay 

County. It is found in very small quantity with corundum and chlorite 

in small, reddish brown grains of vitreous luster, but without distinct 

form, at the Culsagee mine, Macon County. They have a sp. gr. of 

3'711. An analysis which I have made gave 

Silica .............................................. 27-91

Alumina ........................................... 52-92

Ferric oxide........................................ 6-87

Ferrous oxide...................................... 7-80

Magnesia .......................................... 3-28

Lime and mangauous oxide......................... traces

Ignition (\yater) ................................... 1*59

100-37 

HYDROUS SILICATES.

CHRYSOCOLLA.

Inferior specimens, generally much mixed with other copper ores, 

have been observed at many of the copper mines; for instance, at the
GBXT1I.] SILICATES CALAMINE, TALC, 61

Gardner Hill and Cambridge mines in Guilford County, tbe Pioneer 

Mills in. Cabarrus County, the Gillis mine and at Mill Creek in Person 

County, Northington's daui in Haruett County, Wolf Creek mine in 

Jackson County, at Welch's in Moore County, at Grupy mine and elsewhere in Eowau County, near Elkin in Surry County, the Hopewell in 

Mecklenburg County, at the Clegg mine and at Snipes' iron mine in 

Chatham County, Gap Creek mine in Ashe County, and many other 

places.

CALAMINE,

The only specimen of calamine which I have observed came from 

Silver Hill, Davidsou County, where it occurs sparingly as au incrustation of fibrous and radiating structure upon argentiferous galeuite.

TALC.

Resulting from the alteration of chrysolite, foliated talc of a white 

or greenish white color is found in many of the chrysolite beds west 

of the Blue Ridge j at Shooting Creek, Clay County; Culsagee, Macon 

County; Webster, Jackson County; Hampton's, Mining Creek, and 

Young's, on South Toe River, Yancey County; near Bakersville, Mitchell County, and other localities; in sheets of three-quarters to one inch 

in thickness and of a somewhat columnar structure near Pilot Mountain, and near Dobson, Surry County; fibrous talc with silky luster 

and of a white or green color, also compact crystalline white talc with 

a splintery structure, on Valley River, Cherokee County, and in Macon 

County. Talcose slate and coarse soapstone are found in many localities throughout the State; it has been noted in some thirty counties : for instance, near Belt's Bridge, Iredell County; in the South 

Mountains of Burke County; in Caldwell; in Hay wood County; near 

Waynesville; in the north of Wake County, etc. I have analyzed a specimen from Webster, Jackson County (I), and Mr. J. B. Adger has analyzed a compact, faintly greenish variety found 8 miles from the mouth 

of the Nantahala River (II), as follows:

"

Sp.gr..................................................

~Waif*f

I.

 34

64-44

 48

1 *30

.00

33-19

100-07

II.

O.QO

6-01

57-72

2-52

 64

3<*-7ft

100 -65
62 THE MINERALS OF NOKTH CAROLINA. [BULL. 74.

PYROPHYLLITK.

In white, yellowish, greenish, and brownish white, stellate aggregations, and in fibrous and radiated masses at Cotton Stone Mountain, 

Montgomery County; also at Pilot Knob, Randolph County; Davidson College, Mecklenburg County; Hillsboro, Orange County; on Bowlings Mountain, in southern Granville County, in great abundance; 

Crowder's and Clubb's Mountains, in Gaston County; and on Linville 

Mountain, McDowell County. The slaty variety forms large beds of 

yellowish white or greenish color in Chatham, Moore, and Orange 

Counties.

A schistose imperfectly lamellar variety from the Deep River has been 

analyzed by Samuel T. Tyson (I), and a similar one, of a somewhat 

whiter color, from Carbonton, by O. D. Alien (II):

"WTpfor

I.

I 29-54

5-40

100-87

II.

2-82

06-25

27-91

1-08

5-25

100-49

STILPNOMELANE (?).

A mineral, similar to stilpnomelane, has been found in compact 

greenisk black masses at the Cosby mine, Cabarrus County.

GLAUCONITE.

The green grains forming one of the constituents of many of the so» 

called marl beds in the eastern part of the State are glauconite, It 

occurs in most of the counties of that section south of Tar Eiver.

SERPENTINE.

The massive varieties are found in many localities. The best appears 

to come from the neighborhood of Patterson, Caldwell County. It 

has a dark, greenish black color, contains fine veins of the yellowish 

green, fibrous and silky chrysotile, and admits of a fine polish; greenish 

gray, massive serpentine, also with seams of greenish and grayish white 

chrysotile, is found at the Baker mine in Caldwell County, at which 

place are also found the varieties marmolite and picrolite; this last also 

occurs abundantly in the Buck Creek corundum mine, Clay County. 

Dark green serpentine has been observed in the neighborhood of Asheville in Buncombe County, and in Forsythe and Wake Counties. A 

grayish or yellowish green serpentine occurs in Caldwell, Wilkes, Surry, 

Tancey, Stokes, Orange, and Wake Counties, and in the chrysolite 

beds of Macou, Jackson, Yancey, Mitchell, Watauga, Burke, and other
GKNTII ] SILICATES DEWEYLITE, CEROLI'IE, ETC. 63

counties; it results from the decomposition of the chrysolite, which, 

however, is not always complete and gives rise to intermediate stages, 

in which we have to deal with mixtures of both species. Such a mixture from the Cullakenee mine, Clay County, has been analyzed by me 

(1), also a compact massive serpentine resembling the variety williamsite, from the chrysolite beds of Webster (II).

The picrolite from Buck Creek has been recently analyzed by Dr. E. 

A. Schneider, of the Geological Survey (III), who has also analyzed an 

alleged deweylite from Corundum Hill (IV),.which proves to be only 

serpentine:

I.

35-19

0-64

Q-7ft

40-99

13-48

100-00

II.

43-87

A. 01

7-17

ft'97

38-62

0-02

9-55

A.C7

100-38

III.

42-94

1 -79

3'33

1 -flft

O'Cl

OC.RO

13-21

100-22

IV.

41-90

0-71

0-91

O'lO

40-10

16-16

99-94

DEWEYLITE.

This mineral is found in all the chrysolite beds of the western counties, in yellowish and greenish masses, in thin veins or seams through 

the decomposed rocks.

For the supposed deweylite of Corundum Hill see serpentine.

CEROLITE.

In small veins or seams in decomposed chrysolite at Culsagee mine, 

Macon County, forming white or yellowish masses. It has not been 

analyzed.

GENTHITE.

In amorphous apple-green coatings upon decomposing chrysolite, at 

Webster, Jackson County, sparingly at the Culsagee mine, Macon 

County, and also on Ivy River, Buncombe County.

KAOLINITE.

Snow-white kaolin is found as the result of the decomposition of 

orthoclase at most of the mica mines in Mitchell, Yaucey, Macon, Ashe, 

and other counties. Good qualities are found 6 or 7 miles from 

Newton, Catawba County; also in Lincoln, Burke, and many other 

counties. Cla,y for firebricks and earthenware occurs in many localities throughout the State.
64 THE MINERALS OF NORTH CAROLINA. [nuu,.74.

SAPONITE.

Found in Mitchell County, near Bakersville, in the cavities of the 

cellular hornstone of the chrysolite; popularly known as mountain tallow. Has not been analyzed.

HALLOYSITE.

Found near Salem, lorsyth County ; is of an olive green color and 

waxy luster. The variety lithomarge occurs in Burke County.

A white, compact h alloy site from Chatham County, analyzed by myself, gave:

Water .............................................. 17-78

Silica...........................................:... 44-40

Alumina ............................................ 36-88

Ferric oxide......................................... 0'95

100-01

FINITE.

This mineral is found as a light gray to pale or dull greenish coating 

in the joints and seams and between the laminae of the couglomeritic 

and felsitic slates of the Huronian series in the middle counties, and 

also in the granulites of the Blue Kidge. Has not been analyzed.

PARAGONITE.1

Is found in the so-called talcoid and talco-micaceous schists of the 

Piedmont section, especially in Burke, Caldwell, and Catawba; it is a 

common constituent of the soft brown and purple schists so common 

as to be characteristic of the region. It is also to be seen at Bound 

Knob, in McDowell, in the altered schists and slates exposed in the 

railroad cuts, in similar rocks in Wake County, near Raleigh, and in 

many other localities. Has not been analyzed.

HISINGEKITE (?).

The chloritic dust which coats the mica and dolomite of the Emerald 

and Hiddenite mine, in Alexander County, probably belongs to this 

species. Partial analysis by F. W. Clarke:

Ignition .............I............................... 20-50

Silica............................................... 31-16

Alumina............................................ 8'06

Ferric oxide .........'............................... 35-86

Magnesia........................................... 5-43

101-01

The iron is undoubtedly present chiefly, but not wholly, as ferrous 

oxide; and the alumina is due to admixed mica. Very little material 

was available for the analysis.

»The species saponite, pinite, aud paragonite are inserted upon the authority of the late Prof. "W, 

C. Kerr. They need further investigation.
GENT11.] SILICATES CULSAGEEITE, KEKRITE. 65

CULSAGEEITE.

The mineral which I had described as jefferisite from Culsagee, has 

been distinguished by Prof. Josiah P. Cooke, jr., as culsageeite. It 

occurs in broad laminne or plated masses of a yellowish brown color, 

sometimes 4 or 5 inches in diameter, which when heated exfoliate in a 

remarkable manner. It is also found at the same locality in greenish, 

or brownish, yellow scales, not o\7 er one-eighth of an inch in diameter. 

Both varieties have been analyzed, the former by Geo. A. Koenig (I), 

the latter by Thos. M. Chatard (II).. J. P. Cooke, jr., has also analyzed 

the large plates, but his analyses represent the mineral after having 

been dried at 100° C. (212° F.) by which operation it lostiroin 10-19 to 

10-27 per cent of water.

Sp.gr......................................

Water .....................................

1.

33 '93

17-38

5-42

0-50

0-35

23-43

19'17

100-18

11.

34-00

20-36

4-91

0-42

0-57

21-71

18-50

10047

III (dried).

o.ooc

37-58

10-71

ivr.a

25-13

11-09

100-06

It likewise occurs on Ivy Kiver near Carter's, Buncombe County, 

at Carter's mine, Madison County, and in Henderson County, at Coleman's Station.

KERRITB.

Consists of innumerable fine scales of pale greenish yellow color and 

pearly luster. Exfoliates when heated, but less so than culsageeite. 

From the Culsagee mine.

Analyses (I) by T. M. Chatard, mean of two; and (II) by E. A. 

Schneider:

Sp.gr.................................................

I.

2-303

QQ.nn

11-41

1 *0^

n-qo

ft 9^

20-40

01 'O^i

09-87

n.

38-13

1 1 *9*>

O.OQ

A. is

0-48

97.0n

20-47

100-15

Bull. 74 5
66 THE MINERALS OF NORTH CAROLINA. [BULL. 74.

M ACONITE.

Closely resembles fine, scaly culsageeite. Dark brown, with pearly 

luster, inclining to submetallic. Largely exfoliating, when heated. 

Numerous fragments of bluish gray corundum are embedded in it.

The carefully selected pure scales were analyzed by Thos. M. Chatard, 

who found as the mean result of two analyses:

Silica....................--..........-......... . 34-22

Alumina........................................... 21-53

Ferric oxide ....................................... 12-41

Ferrous oxide...................................... 0-32

Nickel oxide....................................... 0-12

Magnesia.......................................... 14-46

Lithia......'.............................%......... trace

Soda .............................................. 0-51

Potash ............................................ 5-70

Water............................................. 11-85

101-12 

Sp. gr., 2-827.

LUCAS1TE.

Similar to culsageeite in appearance, yellowish brown in color, and 

made up of small foliae, not over 2mm. in diameter; also compact and 

disseminated; basal cleavage eminent; luster submetallic, somewhat 

greasy; exfoliates much on ignition; found associated with grass-green 

actinolite at Corundum Hill, Macon County; described by Dr. T. M. 

Chatard, whose analysis is as follows:

Water, expelled at 110° C .......................... 3*78

Water, at red heat.................................. 6-95

Silica ............................................. 31-81

Alumina ........................................... 12-99

Chromic oxide ..................................... 0-54

Ferric oxide ....................................... 5-29

Ferrous oxide...................................... O'll

Mangauous oxide.................................... 0*05

Magnesia .......................................... 24'83

Lime .............................................. 0-14

Soda............................................... 0-20

Potash............................................. 5-76

100-48

PENNINITE.

The variety kammererite, in violet and peach-blossom red scales,

is associated with chromite at Culsagee in Macon County, Webster in 

Jackson County j Hampton's, Mining Greek, Yancey County ; Rich

Mountain, Watauga County, etc.; three-sided and six-sided plated 

crystals of a dark greenish and purplish color, associated with talc, 

etc., in the chrysolite beds at the same localities; also at Bakersville, 

Mitchell County, and Scott's Creek, Jackson County.
GESTH.] SILICATES PROCHLORITE AND CHLORITE. 67

PROCHLORITE (AND CHZ.ORITE).

Pine-grained, scaly prochlorite, of a dark green color, rarely in wormlike aggregations, is found associated with an albitic rock, from an 

alteration of which it has resulted, -at the Steele mine, Montgomery 

County. At the Culsagee mine, procblorite occurs as the result of the 

alteration of corundum, often showing the form and containing yet a 

core of the original mineral. Frequently the corundum has first 

changed into spinel and the latter has subsequently been altered into 

prochlorite, but in either case, where it touches the original mineral, 

it is frequently of a fine, scaly, pseudo-fibrous structure and becoming 

more laminated at a greater distance. But this is not always the case, 

as very often broadly foliated prochlorite is in immediate contact with 

corundum. Both the laminated and fine scaly form beds of considerable size. Under similar circumstances it is found at the Hogback 

mine in Jackson County, at Shooting Creek in Clay County, near Marshall, at the Carter mine in Madison County, and at many other corundum mines.

The so called corundophilite of Shepard, which was established by 

him on the prochlorite of Marshall, has no existence in North Carolina. Chlorite in scales and scaly aggregations is found in many of 

the gold and copper mines in the State, and chloritic slate at many 

localities throughout the whole slate belt, and in many counties outside of it, both in the Huronian and Montalban rocks.

I have analyzed the broadly foliated dark green variety (I), and the 

fine scaly variety diverging from corundum (II), both from Culsagee; 

and the fine scaly prochlorite from the Steele mine (III):

I.

27-56

22-75

2-56

5-43

0-30

13-80

. 100-87

II.

90.40

22-22

5-30

0-11

0-17

11-63

100-60

III.

24-90

21-77

4-60

24-21

1-15

12-78

10-59

100-00

Analyses of other specimens from Culsagee, made by Thos. M. Chatard and J. L. Smith, gave similar results. It will be seen from these 

analyses that they are varieties in which a large portion of the ferrous 

oxide is replaced by magnesia.

A massive chloritic mineral in aggregations of minute scales, much 

resembling thuringite, has been found at Mount Pisgah, Iredell County. 

I have made an analysis of it, but as it was too much oxidized, the 

amount of ferrous oxide could not be ascertained with accuracy, and
68 THE MINERALS OF NORTH CAROLINA. [BULL. 74.

therefore a doubt exists as to the species to which it belongs. The 

analysis gave:

Silica.............................................. 24-22

Alumina ........................................... 19-34

Ferric oxide........................................ 17-77

Ferrous oxide ...................................... 20-98

Manganous oxide................................... 0-07

Magnesia ............ .............................. 5-72

Water............................................. 12-22

« - __^_

100-32

Several other chloritic minerals from Corundum Hill have been analyzed by Dr. T. M. Chatard in the laboratory of the U. S. Geological 

Survey, but microscopic examination would be necessary to establish 

identity of species.

CHLOR1TO1D.

In small scales of a greenish black color, disseminated through slaty 

pyrophyllite, from Evans's mill, in Chatham County. I have made an 

analysis of the carefully purified scales:

Silica.............................................. 26-13

Alumina ........................................... 40-11

Ferric oxide ........................ ............... 3-44

Ferrous oxide...................................... 23-01

Mauganous oxide .................................. trace

Magnesia .......................................... 0-94

Water ............................................. 691

Sp. gr., 3-353.

100-54

WILLCOXITE.

Greenish and grayish white fine scales of a pearly luster, much resembling talc, occur occasionally as the result of the alteration of corundum. One specimen from Shooting Creek, Clay County, is a fragment 

of a semi-globular mass with a core of white corundum; it also occurs 

in small quantity at Cullakenee, Clay County, and probably at Culsagee, 

Macon County.

Both, that from Shooting Creek (I) and that from Cullakenee (II), 

have been analyzed by George A. Koenig:

Lithia .................................................

Water..................................................

I.

28-96

37*<1Q

1-26

2-44

17. OK

6-73

2-46

4-00

100-C9

II.

29-6t>-

37-56

1-40

17-20

6-24

2-42

3-32

100-02
GENTH.1 SILICATES MARGARITE, DUDLEYITE. 69

MARGABITE.

In small foliated masses of silver-white color and pearly luster, some 

of the folia showing planes of crystals associated with the corundum 

at the Culsagee mine (I); it has also been found with the mass of blue 

corundum found at Marshall, Madison County ; but the most beautiful 

varieties are found at Cullakeuee, Clay County, where it occurs in groups 

of laminated crystals, sometimes 2 inches long, 1£ wide, and five-eighths 

inches thick, of a slightly pinkish white color and pearly luster (II). 

These groups contain sometimes a nucleus of corundum, from which 

they are derived. The second variety from the same locality occurs in 

the form of broad laminae of a pinkish color, intermixed with corundum 

and associated with zoisite (III); a third variety from Cullakenee is 

found in thin seams of a grayish green color, which are an aggregate 

of minute pearly scales of a. greenish white and sea green color (IV). 

It is found rarely in Hogback mine, Jackson County. The gray corun. 

durn from Penland's. Clay County, is surrounded by a white and yellowish white cryptocrystalline and pseudofibrous margarite, and a similar 

incrustation is found upon the blue corundum at Crowder's Mountain.

A peculiar variety of soda margarite, of a compact and cryptocrystalline structure, surrounds the hexagonal corundum crystals from 

Bendrix's farm, near Belt's Bridge, Iredell County. It has been analyzed in the laboratory of the University of Pennsylvania by Frank 

Julian (V). I have analyzed the margarite from Culsagee (I) j Thos. 

M. Chatard the first variety (II), and I the second (III) and third (IV) 

varieties from. Cullakenee:

_Sp.gr.............. ..............

\\l rtf m»

I.

3-087

28-11

49-16

0-43

0-45

11-08

0-45

0-67

0-22

C-43

3-31

100-31

II

2-990

29-34

48-73

0-78

0-78

11-32

2-Gl

o-io

C-55

100-21

III.

3-055

30-72

49-83

0-84

0-76

10-84

2-19

0-2C

fi-91

101-65

IV.

3-064

2963

51-19

0-13

0-59

1-09

11-28

1-22

0-20

4-73

100-06

V.

52-20

2-59

4-fiS

101-18

DUDLEYITE.

Found in small quantity in soft, bronze colored or brownish yellow 

scales with pearly luster, slightly exfoliating when heated. They are 

probably the result of the alteration of margarite, and are found with 

it rarely at the Cullakenee mine, Clay County.
70 THE MINERALS OF NORTH CAROLINA. [BULL. 74.

URANOTIL.

About one-third of the so-called tl gummite" is an admixture of 

uranoti), but this mineral is also obtained in a nearly pure state by the 

further decomposition of the uraninite or rather gummite. It is then 

found in apparently amorphous, compact masses, without or with a 

waxy luster, and a pale straw or lemon yellow color; opaque and of 

uneven fracture; sp. gr. 3.834; incrusting the gummite, but sometimes 

the whole mass of the nodules changed into uranotil.

The mean result of two analyses which I made is:

Silica..................... ........................ 13-72

Uranic oxide....................................... 66'67

Plumbic oxide ..................................... 0-60

Baryta ............................................ 0-28

Sfrontia ............................................ 0-13

Lime ............ .................................. 6-67

.Phosphoric acid.................................... 0'29

Water............................................. 12-02

100-38

From the Flat Rock mine, Mitchell County. Found also with gummite at the Deake, Lewis & McHone mines.

The late Prof. W. G. Kerr also reported " uranochre " as a yellow to 

orange incrustation from Gibbs's mine, Yancey County, and the Flat 

Rock and Buchanan mines in Mitchell County. " Zippeite " is given 

by him on the authority of Julien as occurring at the Higdon mine, 

Macon County. Both species are extremely doubtful, and may be only 

varieties of uranite and phosphoranylite.

THORITE.

Identified by Penfield both microscopically and chemically as a mechanical admixture in the mouazite sands of Brindletown, Burke 

County.

AUERLITK.

A new species discovered by Hidden and Mackintosh at the Zircon 

mine, in Henderson County, and also at Price's farm, 3 miles south west 

of the first-named locality. Color, pale yellow to orange and brownish 

red. Hardness, 2-5 to 3; sp. gr. 4-4 to 4-766. Very brittle and easily 

crumbled. Form like zircon, and the crystals, simple in habit, are 

often attached to zircon in parallel position. Twins, like those of zircon, have been observed.
GENTH.I TANTALATES, COLUMBATES.

Analyses by Mackintosh:

71

Wit tor..... ..................................

I.

9 '88

1-00

II.

>11 21

764

7-46

70-13

1-38

0-49

0-29

1-10

99-70

III.

8-25

7-59

The lemon yellow variety found on the Price laud has a sp. gr. of 

4-03 to 4-08, and is richer in phosphoric acid and poorer in silica than 

the foregoing mineral. The data are water, 10-64; phosphoric acid, 

8-58; silica, 6-84. The thoria determination was lost.

XANTHITANE.

Although not a silicate this mineral may best be placed here. It 

occurs abundantly in the Zircon mine at Green Kiver, Henderson 

County, and is a yellow, earthy pseudomorph after titanite. The 

crystalline form is often well shown, and the xanthitane frequently 

contains an unaltered core of titanite, from which mineral it has been 

derived. Analysis by L. G. Eakins:

Water lost at 100° C ................................ 6-02

Wateriest at reel heat............................... 9-92

Silica................................................ 1-64

Titanic oxide ....................................... 57'46

Alumina............................................ 16*41

Ferric oxide ........................................ 4-16

Lime................................................ 0'84

Magnesia........................................... trace

Phosphoric acid..................................... 3-89

100-34 

Sp. gr., 2.941 at 24° C.

The mineral is evidently an aluminous clay, containing titanium in 

place of silicon.

TANTALATES, COLUMBATES. 

PYROCHLORE OR MICROLITE.

Microscopic brownish yellow or honey yellow grains, and crystals 

which appear to be octahedra with dodecahedral planes, are associated 

with orthoclase, tourmaline, etc., at Bay's mica mine, on Hurricane 

Mountain, Yancey County, and are probably pyrochlore or perhaps 

microlite. Larger octahedra are reported to have been found at the 

Flat Kock mine in Mitchell County, and were called microlite. I have 

never seen any:; those sent to me as microlite were garnet.
72 THE MINERALS OF NOETH CAEOLINA.

HATCHETTOLITE.

[BULL. 74.

In octahedral crystals with cubical planes, of a yellowish brown color, 

with grayish opalescence, resinous luster, and subconchoidal fracture. 

Hardness, 5; sp. gr., 4.851.

Three analyses of it have been made by J. L. Smith, the mean results 

of which I give (I), and one by O. D. Alien (II):

Yttria.. ............................................. 3

Soda...................................................

Potash.................................................

I.

67-04

0-75

16-61

2-24

1-17

7-31

0-86

4-87

99-85

II.

29-83

<U-94

1-61

0-30

15-50

2-19

0-15

8 '87

1-37

4.49

98.55

Found with samarskite at Wiseman's mine, Mitchell County.

TANTALITE.

A massive variety of tantalite, weighing a few ounces, has been collected by the late Prof. F. H. Bradley, in Yancey County. It had a black 

color and a specific gravity of 6-88; and has been analyzed by W. J. 

Comstock, who found:

Tantalic oxide .. ............................... 59-92

Columbic oxide .................................... 23-63

Ferrous oxide........................................ 12-86

Manganous oxide................................... 3-06

Magnesia .......................................... (K34

99-81

COLTJMB1TE.

It occurs in crystals and crystalline masses of a black color embedded in the samarskite of Wiseinan's mine, Mitchell County. It has 

also been found at the Deake mine and other localities in the same 

county, at Ray's mine in Yancey County, near Burnsville; at Balsam 

Gap mine in Buncombe, and near Franklin, in Macon County. One 

crystal of it was kindly sent me by Mr. J. A. D. Stephenson, of Statesville, which he had found at Isaac Price's farm, White Plains, Alexander 

County. I have a crystal of about 2 inches in length, 1£ in width and
GENTH.] TANTALATES, COLUMBATES. 73

£ in thickness, from Oapt. Mills's mine, Burke County, which appears 

to belong to this species.

J. L. Smith has analyzed the crystals (I) and massive varieties (II) 

from Wiseman'u mine, and I that from Isaac Price's farm (III):

Sp.gr........................................

I.

5-562

80-06

1-21

14-14

5-2j

100-62

II.

5-485

80-82

1-02

8-73

860

99-17

ni.

5-758

79-90

0-56

1514

509

10092

YTTROTANTALITE (?) .

According to Gen. Clingman, grains of this mineral have been found 

in several localities in the western counties. It is probably fergusouite 

or samarskite.

SAMARSKITE.

It has been found in the gold sands of Eutherford County, in small 

black grains and pebbles, sometimes weighing one-fourth of an ounce, 

which, when broken, had a vitreous resinous luster and a brownish 

black color, and a sp. gr. of 5-69. It is found also in the gold sands of 

Burke (at Capt. Mills's) and McDowell Counties. It has been analyzed 

by T. S. Hunt (I).

About 5 years ago large masses, one of them weighing more than 20 

pounds, were found at Wiseman's mine, Mitchell County; usually in 

irregularly shaped pieces, sometimes coarsely crystallized, rarely in 

distinct modified rhombic prisms. The color is deep velvet black, 

in thin edges brown, the luster resinous, and the fracture conchoidal. 

Sp.gr., 5-72.

It has been analyzed by Miss Ellen H. Swallow (now Mrs. E. H. 

Eichards) (II), J. L. Smith (III), and O. D. Alien (IY):

9

YM,ri.i.. ................:..........

J.

54-81

17-03

14-07

3-95

11-11

0-24

101-21

II.

54-96

0-16

9-91

14-02

0-91

5-17

12-84

o-ra

0-66

1-25

100-40

III.

55-13

0-31

10-96

11-74

1-53

4-24,

14-49

0-72

99-12

IV.

37-20

18-60

0-08

12-46

10-90

0-75

4-25

14-45

0-55

1-12

100-36
74 THE MINERALS OF NOETH CAROLINA. [BULL. 74.

Dr. Smith expresses his doubts about the true nature of the cerous 

oxide, etc., separated from the samarskite. This mineral has lately 

been the subject of investigation by numerous chemists, and several 

new elements, samarium, etc., have been discovered in it. The nature 

of these has not yet been sufficiently established to understand their 

exact relations. Samarskite has also been found in small pieces of 1 to 

3 ounces at the Grassy Creek mine, Mitchell County, and in McDowell 

County.

A mineral associated with samarskite, and probably a product of its 

decomposition, has erroneously been called euxenite.

It occurs in reddish brown and,hair-brown masses, translucent in thin 

fragments and with irregular to subconchoidal fracture, a yellowish 

brown streak, and a resinous to subadamantine luster. Hardness, 5'5 

It has been analyzed by J. L. Smith (I) and M. H. Seaman (II):

Sp.gr..................................................

Tttria ...............................................)

Water.................................................

I.

t 4-593 

] to

( 4-642

54-12

0-21

24-10

953

0-31

0-08

5-53

5-70

99-58

H.

4-33

47-09

0-40

13-46

1-40

4-00

15-15

7-09

1-53

9-55

99-67

RUTHERFORDITB.

In monoclinic crystals and. grains of a blackish brown color and 

vitreo-resinous luster and conchoidal fracture. Sp. gr., 5-55-5-69. 

A partial analysis by T. S. Hunt gave:

Titanic oxide ........................................ 58'5

Lime ................................................ 10-0

Not determined ...................................... 31'5

100-0

In the gravel deposits of Eutherford and Burke Counties. 

These data give no clue to the identity of the mineral. It may be 

the same as the following.

FERGUSONITE.

Found by Hidden in July, 1879, at Mills's gold mine, Brindletown, 

Burke County. It occurs in small, reddish brown to brownish black, 

tetragonal, very acute pyramids, with basal and hemihedral planes,
GENTH.] TANTALATES, COLUMBATES. 75

generally covered with a gray crust. Also found by Hidden at the 

Wiseman mine, in Mitchell County, in fine crystals, but with nothing 

new as to form.

The Brindletown fergusonite has been analyzed by J. L. Smith (I) and 

J. W. Mallet (II), as follows:

Sp.gr..................................................

Water..................................................

*

I.

5-87

48-12

,

I 40-20

5.81

2-75

1-50

98-38

II.

43-78

4-08

0-76

37-21

0-60.

3.49

5-81

1-81

0-C5

1-62

99-87

POLYCRASE.

Discovered by Hidden in decomposing granite on the Davis land, not 

far from the zircon mine in Henderson County. It occurs in separate 

crystals, associated with zircon, monazite, xenotime, cyrtolite, and magnetite. More or less altered at the surface to a mineral resembling 

xauthitane or gum mite; color, nearly coal black; sp. gr., 4-78. A partial analysis by Mackintosh gave as follows:

Columbi.c oxide .................................... )

Tantalic oxide ..................................... >48-97

Titanic oxide ...................................... f

Yttria, etc .......................................... 27-55 *

Ferric oxide ........................................ 3-19

Uranic oxide........................................ 13-77

Ignition ............................................ 5-18

98-66

Additional experiments gave columbic oxide, 28-52, and titanic oxide, 

20-27. The same mineral also occurs near Marietta, South Carolina, 

which is in the same general region.

ROGERSITE.

In white mammillary crusts and little pearly beads upon samarskite 

at the Wiseman mine, Mitchell County. Sp. gr., 3-313. 

It has been partially analyzed by J. L. Smith, who found:

Tttria, etc... ..........................................

Water .................................................

I.

18-10

CO -12

17-41

II.

20-21

16'34
76 THE MINERALS OF NORTH CAROLINA. [BULL.74. 

PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, ETC.

XENOTIME.

In minute tetragonal pyramids, in the sands from gold washings in 

Polk, McDowell, Burke, and Eutherford Counties. In some sauds which 

I have received from Capt. Mills's gold mine, in Burke County, there 

were a few peculiar crystals of a pale grayish or yellowish white color. 

They were tetragonal pyramids, but were irregular and rough on the 

planes, and appeared to inclose some foreign substance, perhaps zircon. 

One had a nucleus of a greenish yellow color and resinous luster, which 

resembled monazite. A few tests which have been made with a fragment of a crystal, which appeared pretty uniform in composition, gave 

reactions resembling those of zirconia, yttria, and phosphoric acid, with 

a minute trace of cerous oxide.

Some very fine crystals of xenotime have also been found by Hidden 

at a locality about 3 miles from the Emerald mine, in Alexander County; 

sp. gr., 4-52. He also verifies the Brindletown mineral, and reports it 

from the Davis land on Green Eiver, in Henderson County. At both 

the latter localities the xenotime crystals are sometimes symmetrically 

compounded with zircon, like the crystals from Norway described by 

Zschau.

APATITE.

This is rather a rare mineral in this State. I have observed it in imperfect crystals of a grayish and reddish green color in orthoclase, etc., 

at Kay's mine, Hurricane Mountain, Yancey County, and in small 

granular patches of a greenish color in granite; found 3 miles south 

of the Blue Kidge, 16 to 17 miles from Jefferson, on the road to Wilkesborough; found also in greenish white crystals, often inclosing quartz, 

sometimes from 2 to 3 inches in length and nearly 1 inch in thickness, 

implanted in albite, at Point Pizzle and at Cox's mine, Mitchell County, 

and at the Presnel and Gugenheim mines, Yancey County.

Minute crystals of apatite of highly interesting forms, with many 

planes, are found at the Emerald and Hiddenite mine in Alexander 

Countyj and opaque, minute, hexagonal prisms with pyramidal and 

basal planes are found in cavities of orthoclase, associated with tllfl 

zircons of Green Eiver, Henderson County.

Prof. W. B. Phillips has described phosphatic deposits similar to 

those of South Carolina, but nowhere in sufficient amount to give full 

assurance of economic importance, in eastern North Carolina in the 

counties of Duplin, Brunswick, Pender, and others. The best deposits 

opened occur 4 to 8 miles northeast of Magnolia, in Duplin County, 

where they form thin, irregular beds from 8 to 12 inches in thickufiSS ID 

sand deposits from 3 to 5 feet below the ground.
GEKT1I.] PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, ETC. 77

PYKOMORPIIITJS.

This is one of the most beautiful minerals found in North Carolina, 

and formerly was quite abundant at the Silver Hill mine, which 

furnished very handsome specimens of hexagonal prisms and crystalline aggregations of different shades from colorless to almost black, also 

honey and wax yellow, green, brown, etc.; less abundant, and mostly 

of a yellowish green color, it is found at Silver Valley, Davidsoii 

County. In green and yellowish green crystals at the Troutinan and 

McMakin mines, in Cabarrus County; also at the Stewart mine, in 

Union County, and in minute green crystals in the gold veins of the 

Baker and Miller mines, Caldwell Couuty.

MONAZITE.

It is found in considerable quantities in small, brown, greenish, or 

yellowish brown monoelinic crystals in the gold sands of Eutherford, 

Polk, Alexander, Burke, and McDowell Counties; also in the neighborhood of Crowder's Mountain, Gaston County, and at Todd's Branch, in 

Mecklenburg County, where it occurs in association with diamond, zircon, etc.

Very fine crystals over an inch long were found by Hidden in Mitchell County. It is also found in mica-schist at the Deake mine, Mitchell 

County ; in feldspar at Ray's mine, Yancey County, and in large cleavable masses, sometimes 3 to 4 inches across and of a yellowish brown 

color, from Mars Hill, Madison County.

Monazite is especially abundant in the gold sands at Brindletown, 

Burke County. About 15 tons of a sand containing from 60 to 92 per 

cent of small crystals have been found, the color varying from wax 

yellow to cinnamon brown; sp.gr. 5-10. Analyzed by Penfield, in triplicate, as follows:

Silica.........................................

I.

29-45

31-38

| 30-67

6-68

1-40

0-20

99'78

II.

29-20

31'94

30'SO

6-24

0'20

III.

OQ.OA

qA»77

31-17

6-56

The thoria is due to admixed thorite. About 3 miles east of the 

Alexander Couuty emerald mine some exceptionally fine crystals of 

mouazite were found, says Hidden, associated with smoky quartz, 

rutile, and xenotime. They were mostly transparent, highly polished, 

and of a fine essonite-red color. They varied from one fourth to one-
78 THE MINERALS OF NORTH CAROLINA. [BULL. 74.

half an inch wide and from one-third to three-fourths of an inch long; 

sp. gr., 5*203. Penfield found in this monazite only 1-48 per cent of 

thoria.

VIVIANITE.

Found in dark bluish green, slender crystals, in a compact nodule of 

tertiary marl, in Edgecombe County ; analyzed by W. B. Phillips, of 

the agricultural chemical station. It is a new and unnamed variety, 

resembling anglarite and ludlamite in its percentages of water (14) and 

iron oxide (56), but differing from both and occupying an intermediate 

position between them in containing equal percentages of both forms 

of the oxide protoxide 28-05, sesquioxide 28-35. The normal ferrous 

oxide of vivianite is here, as usual, oxidized in part to the ferric form.

OLIVENITE.

Minute green crystals and brownish green, fibrous masses, associated 

with tetrahedrite, scorodite, etc., at George Ludwick's mine, in Cabarrus County, appear to belong to this species.

PSEUDOMALACHITE.

In reniform and fibrous masses, of a dark emerald green color, at 

the McGinn and Wilson mines, in Mecklenburg County; Cullen's mine, 

in Cabarrus County; Fisher Hill mine, in Guilford County ; at Clegg's 

mine, in Chatham County, and about 1 mile from the Soapstone quarry, 

in Moore County;' also at the Peach Bottom mine, in Alleghany County.

I have analyzed the pseudomalachite from the McGinu mine, which 

contains:

Phosphoric acid..................................... 24-58

Cupric oxide........................................ 68-60

Water..............................:............... 6-86

100-04

LAZULITE.

In dark blue crystals and crystalline masses, in quartz, and associated with cyanite and muscovite at Crowder's and Clubb's Mountains, 

in Gaston County; also in quartz, and with very little muscovite, at 

Coffee Gap, in the Sauratown Mountains, Stokes County. That from 

Clubb's Mountain has been analyzed by Smith and Brush, who found in 

two analyses:

Sp.gr..................................................

\4fntAl*

I.

3-122

43-18

31-22

8-29

10-06

5-68

107

99-70

II.

44-15

32-17

8-05

30-02

5-50

1-07

100-96
Gram] PHOSPHATES, AKSENATES, ETC. 79

SCOBODITK.

In small, leek green and yellowish green crystals, associated with 

tetrahedrite, quartz, etc., at George Ludwick's mine, in Cabarrus 

County. It is found in finely granular masses of a brownish or yellowish 

green color, associated with lencopyrite, from the oxidation of which it 

is formed, at Drum's farm on the White Plains, Alexander County, and 

at Dr. Halyburton's, in Iredell County.

WAVELLITB.

Globular and hemispherical aggregations of white and grayish white 

wavellite, associated with silver, galenite, pyrite, etc., are rarely met 

with at Silver Hill, Davidson County.

PHAKMACOSIDERITE.

Exceedingly minute crystals of this mineral, of a brownish green 

color, are associated with the scorodite of George Ludwick's mine, 

Cabarrus County.

DUFRENITE.

It is rarely met with in grayish green tufts of silky luster with the 

so-called " black band " iron at Egypt, Chatham County.

PHOSPHUBANYL1TE.

In microscopic rectangular pearly scales or in pulverulent incrustations upon quartz, muscovite, and feldspar. Deep lemon yellow in 

color.

I have made an analysis of a specimen, which appears to have been 

slightly contaminated with cerussite, and found the composition, after 

deducting the plumbic oxide, as follows :

Uranic oxide........................................ 76-71

Phosphoric acid..................................... 12-08

Water .............................................. 11-21

Associated with autunite and other uranium minerals at the Flat 

Kock mine and Buchanan mine, Mitchell County.

AUTUNITE.

In beautiful nearly square scales or small crystals of a greenish, 

yellow or yellowish green color, upon quartz and feldspar at the Flat 

Eock and other mines, Mitchell County. Hidden also reports it from 

Alexander County.

NITER.

Crystalline crusts on mica slate at Nantahaleh Eiver, in Cherokee 

County.
80 THE MINERALS OF NOETH CAROLINA. [BULL. 74. 

TUNGSTATES, MOLYBDATES, ETC.

WOLFRAMITE.

In laminated masses with cuproscheelite and scheelite at the Cosby 

mine, and with barite at the Flowe mine, both in Cabarrus County; 

also, according to Gen. Clinginan, frequently iii Eutherford and Burke 

Counties.

I have made an analysis of the wolfram, which forms the nuclei in 

the rhombic tuugstate of lime and found:

Ferrous oxide 1 ...................................... 19*60

Mauganous oxide .................................. 5-35

Lime .............................................. 0-32

Stannic oxide ...................................... trace

Tuugstic oxide..................................... 75-79

101-26 

Sp. gr., 7-496.

RHOMBIC TUNGSTATE OF LIME.

Associated with wolframite, in barite, at the Flowe mine, in Cabarrus County, in small crystals and laminated masses of a yellowish and 

grayish color, which frequently contain a nucleus of wolfram.

SCHEELITE.

Orange-colored tetragonal pyramids are found at the Flowe mine; 

yellowish brown and grayish imperfect crystalline masses at the Cosby 

mine; also at Cullen's mine, Cabarrus County, in rounded granular 

patches of a grayish-yellow color, with auriferous pyrite in quartz. I 

have analyzed the latter and found them composed of:

Stannic oxide ..................... .................. 0-13

Timgstic oxide ...................................... 79-52

Cupric oxide........................................ 0-08

Ferric oxide......... ...... ........ .......... ........ 0-18

Lime ............................................... 19-13

99-22

CUPROSCHEELITE.

In yellowish green and siskin green pulverulent coatings upon scheelite at the Cosby mine, Cabarrus County.

8TOLZITE.

A few small tetragonal pyramids of a bluish gray, and one small, 

somewhat barrel-shaped crystal of a grayish yellow color of this very 

rare mineral have been found in a lump of quartz, associated with 

sphalerite, at Silver Hill, Davidson County.
GENTII.] SULPHATES, CHEOMATES, ETC. ' 81 

SULPHATES, CHROMATES, ETC,

BARITE.

In small white tabular crystals, with pyromorphite and manganese 

ores at the McMakiu mine, Phceuix mine, and White's mine, Cabarrus 

County. The laminated and coarsely granular white variety at the 

Flowemine and Orchard vein, in Cabarrus County; a vein of the coarsely 

laminated, grayish white barite, at the Latta mine, near Hillsboro', 

Orange County. It occurs coarsely granular, and has the appearance 

of white marble, at Col. Walkup's, Union County. A vein of very 

white compacti and granular barite of from 7 to 8 feet in width has been 

found at Crowder's Mountain, Gastou County; west of the Blue Eidge, 

a vein of 8 feet in width exists at Chandler's, 9 miles below Marshall, 

in Madison County, where it is white and grayish white in color,, and 

of a granular structure, containing small patches of laminated barite; 

also on Elkin Creek, in Wilkes County.

ANGLESITE.

In small, tabular, rhombic prisms, with very few additional planes, 

in the brown, granular zincbleudeof Silver Hill, Davidson County; also, 

according to Gen. Clingman, at the Baker mine, in Caldwell County.

CROCOITE.

I have observed this rare mineral associated with gold and small 

quantities of galenite in small cavities of saccharoidal quartz from 

Nash County, in very minute, dark hyacinth red crystals.

MELANTERITE.

As the result of the decomposition of pyrite, disseminated through 

many of the mica slates, etc., of Rutherford, Cleveland, and other counties, inelanterite or copperas is formed, but no good crystallized specimens have come to my notice.

, GOSLAKITE.

In the water of the Silver Hill mine; also in fine, fibrous, crystalline 

masses upon sphalerite, formerly at the McMakin mine, Cabarrus 

County.

CHALCANTHITE.

Very fine crystals, with granular and fibrous crystalline masses of 

sulphate of copper, were formerly obtained from the upper works of 

the Silver Hill mine, Davidsou County, principally at the 60-foot level. 

Bull. 7<t 6
82 ' THE MINERALS OF NORTH CAROLINA. [BULL.74.

ALUNOGEX.

I have once seen a beautiful specimen of fibrous, silky alunogen from 

the western counties, but could not learn the exact locality from which 

it came. It is found abundantly associated with melanterite, in Kutherford, Cleveland, and other 'counties, but not in good specimens; also 

in Iredell and Catawba Counties.

MI8Y.

This mineral has been observed in association with galenite and pyrite, 

in pulverulent greenish yellow masses, at Flint Knob, Wilkes County.

MONTANITB.

This very rare tellurate of bismuth has been found with tetradymite 

at David Beck's mine in Davidson County, and at Captain Mills's, in 

Burke County. The yellow " oxide of bismuth," observed by Dr. 

Asbury at the Asbury vein, in Gastou County, may belong to this 

species.

An analysis which I have made of that from Davidson County gave:

Ferric oxide ........................................ 1-26

Cupric oxide........................................ 1-04

Bismuthic oxide .................................... 68'78

Telluric acid........................................ 25-45

Water ....................... .... ... .............. 3-47

100-00 

CARBONATES.

CALCITE.

Perfect crystals are found at Whiteville, Columbus County, in marl, 

in the Clegg mine, Chatham County, and at the Emerald and Hiddenite mine, in Alexander County. It occurs coarsely granular in a 

vein at Hoover's mine, about C miles from Silver Hill; at Moore's mine, 

10 miles southeast of Lexiugton j in Ore Knob mine, Ashe County; and 

rarely at Silver Hill, in Davidson County, and the Steele mine, Montgomery County. Small quantities of granular calcite were found in 

digging a well at Morrisville, Wake County. The granular varieties, 

which constitute marble, are sometimes found associated with the compact varieties of limestone in the baud which passes through North 

Carolina, from Stokes County through Catawba, Lincoln, and Gastou 

Counties; as, for instance, at the quarries of Martin on Snow Creek; of 

Bolejack, near German ton, in Stokes County; Pfaff in Forsy th; Hooper, 

in Catawba; and Stowe, in Lincoln County, and in the Eocene limestone of New Hanover County. A coarse, granular limestone occurs 

also at Goshen and at Haskett's, on Ellijay Creek, Macon County, 

and on Cullowhee Creek, Jackson County, again on Bear Creek and 

Walnut Creek and at Marshall, in Madison County. A veined gray
GENTH.] CARBONATES DOLOMITE, MAGNESITE, ETC. 83

and white marble is found at PowelFs quarry, near Catawba station, 

Catawba County. Very beautiful varieties of white, pink, and gray 

marble are found abundantly at the Nantahaleh River, Marble Creek, 

Valley River, and other places in Cherokee County. A band of compact limestone, sometimes finely granular, is found in Turkey Cove 

and Cedar Cove and on Liiinville Mountain and Graveyard Mountain, 

in McDowell County; also in Jackson, Transylvania, aud Henderson 

Counties, and at Warm Springs aud on Shut In Creek and Laurel 

River, Madison County. It is also found in small seams and crystalline grains, replacing in part the orthoclase of a massive granite gneiss 

in Harnett County.

DOLOMITE.

.Dolomite of a grayish white color, resembling marble, is found on 

Valley River, 10 miles from Murphy, Cherokee County; and in magnificent rhombohedral crystals, often coated with hisingerite, at the 

Emerald and Hiddeuite mine in Alexander County.

MAGNESITE.

The lamellar white and grayish variety, from which distinct cleavage^ 

crystals can be obtained, is found at McMakin's mine, Cabarrus County; 

also, with chrysolite at Webster, Jackson County, and Hampton's, 

Mining Creek, Yancoy County. At the latter locality are also found 

the white compact, and at Webster the white earthy and pulverulent 

varieties. Breunnerite occurs in serpentine, 4 miles south of Morganton, Burke County, and near Dobsou, Surry County.

SIDERITE.

Iii fine rliombohedral crystals at the Emerald and Hiddenite mine, 

and also formerly at the McCulloch, the North Carolina, and several 

other mines in Guilford County, where it occurred in considerable 

masses in the vein. In the same manner it is of frequent occurrence 

in many of the gold veins of the State, especially in those which carry 

copper. It often forms almost the whole mass of the veins, frequently, 

however, decomposed into liinonite, which still retains its rhombohedral form ', for instance, at Conrad Hill in Davidson County, in Gaston County, at some of the mines in Randolph County, and at the 

Cosby mine in Cabarrus county. In smaller quantities it has been 

observed in Stokes County and in some of the mines in Mecklenburg 

and Alexander Counties. A white cleavable variety occurs at the 

Rudisill mine, near Charlotte. The earthy and argillaceous varieties 

of siderite form large beds in the Triassic coal strata and constitute the 

so-called black band or ball ore at Farmville, Egypt, the Gulf, etc., in 

Chatham County. It is also found in compact, grayish brown nodules 

in Halifax: and Granville Counties.
84 - THE MINERALS OF NORTH CAROLINA. lBULL.74.

RHODOCHROSITE.

In small globular pink and rose-red concretions, with earthy manganese, near Franklin, in Macon County; also mixed with magnesite, 

talc, etc., in compact and granular masses, at the McMakiu mine, Cabarrus County.

CERUSSITE.

The most beautiful crystallizations, single individuals as well as 

twins, were found at Silver Hill, immediately after the discovery of 

of the mine ; also white, yellowish, and greenish white, compact varieties, frequently highly argentiferous. A very interesting occurrence 

at the same mine is cerussite, pseudomorphous after pyrite. Yellowish white columnar cerussite occurs in Gastoii County. Ehombic 

prisms with pyramidal planes, together with imperfect crystallizations 

and earthy masses, are found at Clegg's mine, Chatham County. At 

Elk Creek, in Wilkes County, earthy cerussite has been observed coating galenite. It is also found at Baker mine in Caldwell County, and 

at Murphy, Cherokee County.

 MALACHITE.

Malachite, in its varieties, fibrous, compact, and earthy, being the result of the decomposition of other copper ores, is found in association 

with the latter in almost every copper mine in the State. The Guilford, Cabarrus, and Mecklenburg County copper mines contain it. I 

have observed the fibrous variety at Silver Hill and Conrad Hill, in 

Davidson County; the Gillis mine, in Person County; the Cheek mine, 

in Moore County, and both the fibrous and earthy malachite at Clegg's 

mine, in Chatham County. It has been found in the Brushy Mountains, Alexander County; the Peach Bottom mine, Alleghany County ; 

the Ore Knob mine, in Ashe County ; the Gap Creek mine, in Watauga 

County; the Cullowhee, Savannah, and Waryhut mines, in Jackson 

County; near Sassafras Fork, in Granville County, and at many other 

localities too numerous to be mentioned. Pseudoinorphs of malachite, 

after cubical cuprite, have been found at Cullen's mine, Cabarrus 

County.

AZURITE.

This variety of carbonate of copper is far less frequently met with. 

Small but very beautiful and perfect crystals are found at Clegg's 

mine and at Snipes's (iron) mine, in Chatham County, and at the Cheek 

mine, in Moore County. It is rare at the Cullen and Boger mine in 

Cabarrus County, the Wilson mine in Mecklenburg County, and at 

Wells's, Gaston County.

BISMUTITE.

In yellowish white concretions, often of a pearly luster, or white incrustations upon gold-bearing quartz, at the Asbury mine, in Gaston 

County, where it was discovered by Dr. Asbury.
GENTH.l MINERAL COAL, ORGANIC COMPOUNDS. 85

Bismutite has also been found in a narrow vein in Casher Valley, Jackson County, in small masses, the largest of the size of a pigeon's egg, of 

a light apple-green or dark gray, through yellow to light gray masses 

which are chalky white in the amorphous parts. Laminated, sometimes 

almost columnar. Sp. gr., 74 to 7-5. The analyses by Dr. A. H. Chester 

gave:

Water .................................................

I.

86-30

7-79

2-02

O.fl

99-80

IT (the 

pure).

89-80

8-10

2-10

100-00

Quite recently (January, 1888) I have received the same mineral from 

Eev. C. D. Smith, from Highlands, Macon County, where it occurs in 

amorphous, grayish white masses, associated with beryl, muscovite, etc.

MINERAL COAL. 

ANTHRACITE.

A very interesting occurrence of anthracite is that of masses with 

conchoidal fracture in the vein rock at the Clegg mine in Chatham 

County. The bituminous coal, both of the Deep and Dan Rivers, is 

frequently, especially near trap dikes, almost deprived of its hydrocarbons, often approaching true anthracite,

BITUMINOUS COAL.

The greater portion of the coal in the Deep Eiver beds is bituminous 

coal, the volatile matter varying from about 8 to 32 per cent. The Dan 

Eiver coal, which I had opportunity to examine, is so-called semibituminous, coal, that from near Stokesburg, Stokes County, containing 

about 10 per cent of volatile matter.

LIGNITE OR BROWN COAL.

Frequently met with in the marl beds of the eastern counties, and 

in the Tria.s of Granville County, on Tar Eiver, and on Brown's Creek, 

Anson County.

ORGANIC COMPOUNDS. 

SUCCINITE (AMBER).

Found in lumps of several ounces weight in Pitt County and elsewhere, in the Tertiary marl beds of the eastern counties.
SYNOPSIS OF MINERALS AND MINERAL LOCALITIES, BY COUNTIES.

ALAMANCE.

Graham. Me Aden mine: Gold; pyrite; actinolite. 

Newlirts. Gold; pyrite; chalcopyrite. 

Holt mine. Gold; also at Anthony mine.

Dixon's mine. Gold on both sides of Haw Biver, in placers; Boyd 

mine, in placers.

Cane Creek Mountains. Gold; epidote; chalcedony; magnetite. 

Near Cane Greek Factory. Pyrophyllite; halloysite.

ALEXANDER.

White Plains. Scorodite; columbite; tourmaline (Lackey's and 

Price's); beryl (at Warren's, Lackey's, and Price's); rose quartz; smoky 

quartz, also near Taylorsville; rutile in geniculated crystals, and acicular crystals in limonite and in quartz; the latter also near Poplar 

Springs; spodumene, in emerald and yellowish green crystals (hiddenite), in Sharpe's township.

Barrett Mountain. Graphite.

Price and Keever place. Beryl; tourmaline; columbite; autunite; 

muscovite.

Lead mine. Amethyst.

Eoseman's farm. Milky quartz.

Little Eiver. Tourmaline.

Hiddenite Post-office. (The Emerald and Hiddenite mine) Emerald (!); beryl (!); monazite in fine crystals (!); spodumene, transparent, 

green, and yellowish crystals (!); apatite; calcite; dolomite (!); siderite; 

rutile (!); muscovite (!); hisingerite; tourmaline.

Taylorsville. Three miles distant, smoky quartz; rock crystal; tourmaline; beryl.

Headwaters of Snow Greek. Foliated talc; hematite.

Bend of Catawba River. Pyrope garnets.

Marshall's farm. Garnets.

Brushy Mountains. Malachite; chalcopyrite; graphite; asbestus; 

tabular quartz.

Elsewhere. Green, brown, and black tourmaline; graphite; magnetite; tantalite; beryl, yellow, blue, green; quartz crystals with basal 

86 o
GBNTH.] SYNOPSIS OF MINERALS AND LOCALITIES. 87

plane, also with other singular modifications, also smoky, yellow, and 

milky; monazite, var. turnerite; asbestus; pyrite; magnetite; chalcopyrite; pyrolusite; limonite, pseudomorphous after siderite; siderite; 

kaolinite; orthoclase, large crystals (one of 40 pounds); biotite; rnuscovite; rutile, very fine at Milhollaud's mill and at Robt. Johnson's; 

tourmaline at B. Lyon's, with unusual terminal angles (Hidden).

ALLEGKEANY.

Peach Bottom mine. Pyrite; chalcopyrite; malachite; galenite; cuprite; sphalerite; molybdenite.

Roaring Qap. A\> H. Harris's, chalcopyrite (auriferous); bornite.

T. Bryan's. Pyrite.

Bullhead Mountain. Cyanite; magnetite; garnet.

Elsewhere. Graphite; chrysolite; gold, in placers; martite; pyrite; 

calcite; zoisite; smoky quartz.

ANSON.

Boggarts Cut. Gal cite; serpentine; rock crystal and cellular quartz; 

lignite.

Mill Greek. Muscovite, 

Peedee Station. Orthoclase.

Farm of T. J. Pack. SLderite; chalcopyrite; quartz. 

WadesboroJ . Two miles south, gold in vein. 

Elsewhere. Quartz crystals of considerable size, at several points.

ASHE.

Blue Ridge, south of Jefferson. Muscovite; black tourmaline.

Horse Greek. At Hampton's: epidote; magnetite; manganese garnet. 

At Graybill's: magnetite; epidote.

Helton Greek, near mouth. Magnetite at Ballou's.

Ore Knob mine. Pyrite; calcite; chalcocite; arsenopyrite; malachite; metallic copper.

Jefferson. Ohalcopyrite, 2, 3, and 6 miles distant, and at Mulatto 

Mountain; graphite in gneiss; chlorite at Willis's mine; hyalite at 

Foster's mica mine; muacovite, beryl, and garnet at Little Phosnix 

mica mine; kaolin; tourmaline, 7 to 8 miles southeast; chrysolite, 6 

miles east on New River.

Three Top Mountain. Tremolite.

 New River (South Fork, near mouth). Chrysolite; chalcopyrite, magnetite.

Gap Creek (Copper Knob mine). Gold; silver; hematite; epidote; 

bornite; chalcocite; chalcopyrite; chrysocolla; malachite. On Gap 

Creek: cyauite; hornblende.

Shady Spring. Asbestus.

Elk Knob. Ghalcopyrite; epidote.
88 THE MINERALS OF NOKTH CAROLINA. [BULL. 74.

Phcenix Mountain. Rock crystal (!). 

Witherspoon mine. Asbestiform actinolite.

Elsewhere. Azurite; cuprite; actinolite; talc; chlorite; asbestus; 

graphite.

BEAUFORT.

Siderite, in nodules; calcite in marl beds, and in the Eocene (bottom 

of Pamlico Eiver, and on Blount's farm); pyrite.

BERTIE.

Calcite, in marl beds.

BLADEN.

Oalcite, in marl beds.

BRUNSWICK.

Oalcite, in marl beds; glauconite, in green sand; phosphatic nodules.

BUNCOMBE.

Asheville. Meteoric iron (!); garnet; magnetite, at L. W. Sams's; ferrous chloride (!), in the meteorite; ochreous hematite; hornstone; serpentine; barite (!), granular, on Fox Branch, 10 miles below Asheville; 

on road to Burnsville, 14 miles north, chrysolite; 17£ miles north, hornblende; 19 to 20 miles north, pyrrhotite; magnetite; hematite; corundum with hornblende and culsageeite; serpentine; prochlorite; asbestus; actiuolite: kaolin; jefferisite.

Big fyj/.-r-Genthite, with chrysolite.

Black Mountain. Almandite garnet; cyanite at Bowlen's Pyramid.

Flat Creek. Foliated gmphite in gneiss.

New Found Mountains. Biotite.

Balsam Gap mine. Allanite(I); beryl; muscovite; biotite; albite; 

black garnet; columbite; tourmaline.

Cane Creek. Calcite; gold ; hematite ; limonite.

Ivy River. Chrysolite; chromite; hornstone; genthite; talc; asbestus; tremolite.

Brushy Mountain mine. Muscovite; kaolinite; orthoclase ; albite.

Ream's Creek. Garnet, large crystals.

Burnet mine. Muscovite; orthoclase crystals, large (100 to 1,000 

pounds).

N.P. Watkins's. Corundum; cyanite; muscovite: tourmaline; garnet.

French Broad River. Six miles north of Asheville, meteoric iron (!). 

Hominy Creek. Biotite.

Pisgah Mountain. Ten miles southwest of Asheville, meteoric iron (I). 

Turkey Creek. Limonite; magnetite; chlorite; talc.
GBNTII.] SYNOPSIS OF MINERALS AND LOCALITIES. 89

Swannanoa Gap. Corundum in cyanite (!); muscovite; 2 miles southwest from gap, limonite; hornblende, one-quarter mile northwest; 

tourmaline, one-quarter mile west.

Swannanoa' River. !$~ear Asheville, meteoric iron (!) with troilite ; 

actiuolifce; black hornblende; beryl; 7 miles above Asheville, hematite; 9 miles east of Aisheville, serpentine.

George Alexander's. At mica mine: beryl; muscovite; kaolinite.

Elsewhere. Gold; tourmaline; massive, 6 miles south of Asheville 

and on French Broad, near Buck Shoal; garnet; hematite; galenite, 

at L. Fortune's; muscovite in many mica mines; beryl, blue; talc; 

columbite; garnet; menaccanite; b,£d of limonite, at Blackwell's, 12 

miles west of Asheville; chrysolite \ graphite.

BURKE.

Brindletown. At Mills's gold mine, crystallized gold; tetradymite; 

montanite; brookite; anatase; rutile; zircon; malacon; cyrtolite; inonazite; xenotime; sainarukite; columbite; fergusonite; hydrofergusonite; 

adelpholite (?); menaccanite; hematite; magnetite; chromite; limonite; 

pyrite; titanite; cyanite; fibrolite; corundum; muscovite; vermiculite; enstatite; hornblende, green and black; steatite; tourmaline, 

green and black; orthoclase; albite; zoisite (?); garnet; actinolite; 

beryl; talc; asbestus; quartz, clear, smoky, and amethystine; psilomelane; arsenopyrite (?); allanite; thorite; diamond. (This list is furnished by W. E.'Hidden, and includes all discoveries to the close of 

1889.)

Bear's Knob. Corundum with muscovite, 4 miles southeast.

Brown Mountain. Platinum, on Gen. Hoke's farm; fluorite; limonite; magnetite; albite>; kaolinite; gold, in placers.

Linnmlle Mountain. Menaccanite; hematite; itacolumite(l); radiated 

pyrophyllite; limouite; graphite; meteoric iron.

Bridgeicater. Manganese garnet; gold.

Morganton. Lead, 4 miles north; graphite, at Morganton and 6 miles 

south; corundum altered to muscovite; quartz crystals; titanite at 

Morganton Springs; pyrite; garnetj magnetite; chlorite(?).

Pax Hill Gold (!):; galenite.

Scott's Hill. Gold; silver; cerargyrite; psilomelane; zircon; pyrite.

tihoup's Ford. Beryl; garnet; corundum, in part altered to fibrolite (!); gold; magnetite; menaccanite; cyanite; tourmaline.

South Mountains. Quartz crystals, inclosing liquid (!); garnet in 

trapezohedral crystals (!); granular hornblende; graphite, 8 miles southeast of Morganton; at Col. Gaither's 12miles south of Morganton, goldin 

veins and placers; beryl (!), yellowish green anddeep green (aquamarine), 

9 miles southeast of Morganton; tourmaline (!), 16 miles southeast of 

Morganton; 4 to 6 miles south of Morgan ton, serpentine; talc; chlorite; 

actinolite; hematite; magnetite; asbestus; magnesite; breunnerite; 

chrysolite; garnet; tremolite; corundum, on hinds of North Carolina 

State Company; arsenopyrite.
90 THE MINERALS OF NORTH CAROLINA. [BULL. 74.

Piedmont Springs. Four miles west, tourmaline.

Glen Alpine Springs, Talc.

White's Knob. One mile south, yellow ocher.

Sugar Mountains. Quartz crystals, with double terminations, etc. ; 

asbestus; gold; rutile; magnetite; beryl.

E. Havenar's farm. Tourmaline; muscovite.

J. Huffman's farm. Beryl; epidote; actinolite.

Laurel road. Nine miles from Morganton; garnets, large.

J. London's farm. Epidote; garnet; pyrite; gold.

Tale's farm. Gold in placers.

0. Deltas farm. Beryl; tourmaline; albite; sagenite.

Hildebr and's farm. Sagenite; beryl; asbestus; rutile.

Van Horn's farm. Quartz crystals, inclosing fluid; quartz crystals, 

with basal plane; quartz crystals, smoky; sagenite; garnet.

(The last eight localities are furnished by Humphreys.)

Elsewhere. In the gold gravel and sands of the county occur gold; 

palladium (?); corundum; meuaccanite; chromite; rutile; anatase; 

brookite(I); pyrope; zircon (!); epidote; tourmaline, black and green; 

fibrolite; xenotime(!); monazite(l); wolframite (?); limonite; magnetite; hematite.

OABARRUS.

Gold in many veins and placers; meteoric stone; sulphur; chalco 

pyrite; magnetite; limonite.

Daniel Bar nhardfs farm. Barnhardtite.

Barringer's mine. Gold; arsenopyrite.

Bogerjs mine. Tetradymite(l); chalcopyrite; azurite.

Concord. Eose quartz; hyalite; agate (also at Harrisburg); chalcopyrite; malachite; gold; bornite; asbestus, in rose quartz; tourmaline; magnetite; galenite.

Gosbtfs mine. Stilpnomelane (?); wolframite; scheelite (!); cuproscheelite; siderite; barite.

Cullen's mine. Tetradymite (!); cuprite in cubes (!); pseudomalachite; scheelite (!); malachite, in part pseudomorphous after cuprite (!); 

azurite.

Flowers mine. Wolframite (!); rhombic tungstate of lime (!); scheelite (!); barite.

Near Gold Hill. Manganese garnet; magnetite.

House's mill. Hematite.

George LudwicK's mine. Gold; arsenopyrite (!); tetrahedrite(!); scorodite(!); pharmacosiderite; olivenite; pyrite; chalcopyrite.

McMakin's mine. Silver; argentite; galenite; sphalerite; proustiteC?); tetrahedrite, var. freibergite (!!); pyrolusite; pyromorphite; 

barite; goslarite; rhodochrosite; magnesite; calcite; wad; barite; 

talc.

, Quartz crystals; agate.
OENTH.] SYNOPSIS OF MINERALS AND LOCALITIES. 91

Phoenix mine. Gold ; tetradymite (!); in Orchard vein, barite ; pyrite; chalcopyrite.

Love mine, North Barrier, Furness, Elwood, and No. 3, a group of 

mines around Phcenix,. Gold; pyrite; chalcopyrite.

Long's mine. Gold; pyrite j chalcopyrite; galenite.

CroweWs mine. Gold; pyrite; galenite.

Newell mine. Gold; pyrite; chalcopyrite,

Pharr mine. Gold, in veins and placers ; pyrite; chalcopyrite.

Fisher mine. Near Concord : gold ; pyrite ; chalcopyrite.

Blackwelder mine. Gold.

Barrier mines. North, Middle and South Barrier: Gold ; pyrite.

California mine. Gold; pyrite.

Pioneer mills. Molybdenite; chalcocite; chalcopyrite; barnhardtite; 

inolybdite; chrysocolla.

Reed's mine. Gold (!!).

Troutman's mine. Sphalerite; pyromorphite.

Union mine. Copper in arborescent crystals (!) and plates; chalcocite; chalcopyrite; cuprite (!), in octrahedra; malachite, fibrous.

White's mine. Chalcopyrite; aikinite (?).

Elsewhere. Gold; pyrite; agate; barite; galeuite; sphalerite; magnetite; steatite.

CALDWELL.

Baiter's mine. Galenite; serpentine; picrolite; chrysotile(!); chrysolite; pyromorphite; anglesite; cerussite; asbestus; marmolite; psilomelane; chromite.

Buffalo River. At Patterson's mill: pyrite in quartz.

Lenoir. Magnetite; native sulphur in quartz (!); psilomelane, 4 

miles west; asbestus, 6 miles east; hornblende, 6 miles west; amianthus, 

15 miles northwest.

King's Greek. Asbestus ; authophyllite; steatite.

Puett's. Kaolinite.

Little John mine. Gold (!); galenite; graphite.

Miller's mine. Gold; galenite; pyromorphite.

Fort Defiance. Tourmaline; beryl; graphite; garnet.

Patterson. Magnetite; hematite; menaccanite ; compact serpentine.

Wilson's Greek, near mouth. Serpentine; talc.

Upper Greek. Gold; tourmaline; limonite.

Near Grandmother Mountain. Gold in placers; pyrite; quartz.

Turtle's mine. Gold in placers.

Richlands. Magnetite; hematite; chlorite; serpentine; talc; martite.

Middle Little River. Limonite; paragonite (?); inuscovite; hematite.

Lower Creek. Gold, in the gravel of most of its tributaries below 

Lenoir.

Elsewhere.r-'Gold, in placers and veins; sulphur; cuprite; pyrite; 

quartz crystals; epidote; muscovite; orthoclase; cyanite; malachitej
92 THE MINERALS OF NORTH CAROLINA. [BULI. 74.

tourmaline; paragonite (?), common in schists; muscovite; hematite; 

limonite; chlorite; tremolite.

CAMDEN.

Calcite in marl beds.

CAKTEKET.

Calcite in marl beds.

CASWELL.

Meteoric iron (!); garnet; magnetite; pyrite.

Leasburg. Albite (?), 3 miles west ot'Leasburg'; fibrous tourmaline (!); 

chlorite; epidote.

CATAWBA.

Ball Creek mine. Magnetite; kaolinite.

Roberson mine. Magnetite.

Abernathy mine. Magnetite.

liittlejohn's mine. Limonite; hematite.

Hickory. Graphite, crystallized; pyrite(!); alunogen; wad; amphibole; hematite; pyrolusite; limonite; quartz crystals; amethyst(!); 

garnet(I); muscovite; pyrrhotite; magnetite; chalcopyrite; calciteand 

pyrrhotite near Hickory; graphite, 2 miles southwest.

Hooper's quarry. Granular calcite; pyrite; gold; graphite; tremolite.

Newton. Kaolin; magnetite, at the Barringer mines; pyrite; tabular 

quartz, 6 miles west and 10 miles northeast of Newton.

Keeversville. Quartz crystals; muscovite.

Ramscur's. Muscovite.

PoweWs quarry. Calcite, granular (!); pyrite.

ShuforcPs mine. Gold; pyrite.

ShuforcPs quarry. Calcite; magnetite; rose quartz; amethyst.

South Mountains. Graphite; cyanite; garnet.

Anderson's Mountain. Magnetite; calcite; atAvery Shuford's, actinolite.

Forney's mine. Magnetite.

Beard's mine. Magnetite.

PoweWs factory. Manganese garnet.

Elsewhere. Gold, in placers and veins; graphite; rutile, in acicular 

crystals in amethyst(!); rock crystal(!); quartz crystals inclosing 

liquid(!);, beryl(!); garnet(!); cyanite; kaolinite; alunogen; wad; rutile 

in quartz (sagenite), at D. Lutz's; beryl; paragonite (?), common in 

the schistose rocks.

E. Baldi's farm. Muscovite; garnets; amethyst; smoky quartz 

crystals containing liquid ; crystals of quartz with basal plane; graphite ; black and brown tourmaline; rutile (acicular); beryl (blue, green, 

yellow); feldspar.
GHNTH.] SYNOPSIS OF MINERALS AND LOCALITIES. 93

H. Balch'sfarm. Liquid-bearing quartz crystals ; gold ; sagenite.

Widow Batch's farm. Sagenite; liquid-bearing quartz crystals, with 

basal plane ; tourmaline; rose quartz.

Rev. Huffman's farm. Tessellated quartz crystals; same, liquid bearing; inenaccanite; sageuite.

Spencer's farm. Quartz crystals doubly terminated ; same, liquidbearing ; same, inclosing mica; same, with asbestus; same, with pyrite; 

rutile in quartz crystals; amethyst; cyanite; tourmaline; magnetite.

Near Cariova. Srnoky quartz crystals, large; crystals of amethyst, 

doubly terminated, inclosing rutile (yellow).

CHATHAM.

Buckhorn. Hematite, foliated, granular, and micaceous; magnetite; 

rutile in quartz; manganese garnet; muscovite; psilomelane; liinouite; epidote.

Carbonton. Pyrophyllite slate (!)

Clegg's mine. Galenite; bornite; chalcopyrite; pyrite in cubo-octahedra; cuprite; chrysocolla; pseudomalachite (!); cerussite(I); malachite (!), fibrous and earthy; azurite; anthracite; calcite; galenite; 

prochlorite (?) 

Deep River. Pyropby llite slate (!); anthracite; bituminous coal.

Egypt. Siderite (black band and ball ore); dufrenite (!)

Evans1 s mine. Hematite; chloritoid in pyrophyllite slate.

TJntliarik's mine. Magnetite.

Farmville. Siderite (!) (black band and ball ore); bituminous coal.

Gulf. Siderite (black band and ball ore); bituminous coal; limonite.

Lockville. One-half mile above Lockville, hornstone; 7 miles west 

of Lockville, foliated and micaceous hematite; 6 miles southeast of 

Lockville, fine granular and compact hematite; 4 miles southeast, 

garnet.

Kellfs ore led. Hematite (!)

Glass's mine. Magnetite.

Pittsboro. One-half mile west, kaolin; 6 miles south, on Rock Creek) 

chalcopyrite (!); at Gum Spring, limonite, pseudoinorphous after pyrite; 

7 miles west, kaolin; 10 miles southwest, micaceous hematite; 16 miles 

west (B. J. Powell's), hematite; magnetite.

Fearringtotfs mill. Three miles west, hematite.

Lindley's mine. Gold ; pyrite; chalcopyrite.

Harper's Cross-Roads. Kaolin.

Healy's Bridge. One mile east, wad.

Ore Hill. Hematite, compact, foliated, and micaceous; limonite (!) j 

magnetite.

Cane Creek. Gold, in veins; pyrite.

William!$ mine. Galenite; chalcopyrite.

Battle's Z>aw.--Rose quartz j hematite; garnet; psilomelane,
94 THE MINERALS OF NORTH CAROLINA. [BULL. 74.

Snipes's mine. Magnetite; epidote; chrysocolla; azurite. 

Danelly's Creek. Gold; pyrite; chlorite.

Elsewhere. Gold, in placers and veins; chalcopyrite, mouth of Rocky 

River; pinite; halite in brine; amethyst; kaolin; halloysite.

CHEROKEE.

Hanging Dog Greek. Tourmaline; limonite; staurolite.

Marble Creek. Tremolite; talc; calcite, (granular), white, pink, 

gray (!).

Murphy. Galenite; pyrolusite; limonite (!); wad ; tremolite; talc (!); 

cerussite; at Number Six mine, calcite; tremolite; gold; galenite (argentiferous).

Nantehaleh River, Niter in slates; calcite (!), granular, white, and 

pink; talc, massive white.

Parker mine. Staurolite (!); gold; garnet.

Peachtree Creek. Hematite; garnet; biotite; limonite; asbestus; red 

ocher; talc.

Valley River. Hematite; phlogopite; talc; calcite (granular); dolomite; yellow ocher; limonite; gold, in placers; staurolite; corundum in cyanite, half way between Murphy and Valleytowu.

Brasstown Creole. Gold in veins and placers; calcite; limonite.

Notteley River. Limonite; calcite; talc; staurolite; garnet.

Valleytown. Rutile; at Whittaker's, brown ocher.

Number Six mine. Tremolite; calcite.

Beaverdam Greek. Smoky quartz (at mouth of Creek).

Elsewhere. Gold in placers; cyanite, more or less altered to muscovite; staurolite (!); pseudomorphs of muscovite after staurolite. The 

staurolite localities are 11£, lo£, and 17 miles west of Murphy, and 11 

miles from Ducktown, on the Morganton road.

CHOWAN. 

Calcite, in marl beds.

CLAY.

Cullakenee mine, Buclc Greek. Corundum (!), white, gray, pink, and 

ruby, frequently altered iutoother minerals; spinel (!), rare; chromite(I) 

drusy quartz; black hornblende or arfvedsonite (!); smaragdite; chrysolite (!); zoisite (!); andesite (!); labradorite (!); orthoclase (!) tourmaline; 

serpentine, massive and variety picrolite(!); willcoxite; margarite (!!.); 

talc; albite; cyanite; enstatite; augite (?); prochlorite.

Brasstown. Micaceous hematite.

Shooting Creek. Corundum (!); pseudomorphous quartz after feldspar (?); actinolite; chrysolite; talc; prochlorite; willcoxite (!); margarite ; rock crystal; magnetite; cyanite; muscovite; gold in placers; 

rutile in black crystals; garnet; pyrite; chalcopyrite; micaceous hematite; limoiiite; prochlorite (?).
OENTH.J SYNOPSIS OF MINERALS AND LOCALITIES. 95

Tusquittah Greek. Gold in placers and veins; staurolite; rutile. 

Tiptori's. Corundum; cyanite (greeu); muscovite.

CLEVELAND.

Whiteside mine. Gold in placers.

Mountain mine. Rock crystal (!); tourmaline(!); garnets; gold in 

placers; graphite; arseuopyrite; galenite; muscovite (!); rnelauterite; 

alunogen; pyrite, abundant in gneiss and mica schists; tourmaline.

Cleveland Mills. Two miles distant, limouite.

Shelby. Within a few miles, muscovite in large plates; magnetite; 

actinolite; tourmaline.

Double Shoals. Arseuopyrite.

COLUMBUS. 

Calcite, in marl beds; near Whiteville, in crystals.

CRAVEN. 

Calcite, in marl beds; glauconite, in greensand.

CUMBERLAND.

Petrified wood, Fay etteville; calcite, in marl bed; lignite, limonite.

CURRITUCK.

Calcite, in marl beds.

DARE (None.)

DAVIDSON.

Cid mine. Chalcoclte.

David Beck's mine. Tetradymite (!); montanite (!).

Boss's mine. Galer.ite, coarse grained.

Conrad Hill. Chalcopyrite; hematite; limonite; siderite; malachite; barite.

Alien mine. Gold; pyrite; chalcopy rite; arsenopy rite; tetradymite.

Emmons's mine. Chalcopyrite; pyrite.

Loftin mine. Chalcopyrite; pyrite.

Miller's mine. Sphalerite; Chalcopyrite.

Harris's wine. Gold; pyrite; Chalcopyrite.

Moore's mine. Galenite; pyrite; .calcite.

Silver Hill. Silver (!); argentite; highly argentiferous galenite (!); 

sphalerite(!); chalcocite; pyrite; Chalcopyrite; cuprite; inelaconite; 

zoisite(H); orthoclase(l); calamine; pyromorphite(!!); greeu, yellow, 

brown, black, and colorless; wavellite(I); stolzite(I); anglesite(I); goslarite; chalcanthite(l); calcite; cerussite(!!) in tine crystals, massive 

and in pseudomorphe. after pyrite; malachite.
96 THE MINERALS OF NORTH CAROLINA. [DULL. 74.

Thomasville. Epidote; inuseovite; biotite; magnetite; augite. 

Silver Valley. Galeuite; sphalerite; pyromorphite. 

,' Uharrie River. Sphalerite. 

Russell mine. Gold; pyrite.

Ward's mine. Gold; electrum(!); pyrite; chalcopyrite. 

Delk mine. Gold; limonite; hematite; pyrite. 

Lauglilin mine. Gold; limonite; hematite; pyrite. 

Miller mine. Gold; pyrite; limonite; hematite. 

Brown mine. Gold; pyrite.

Midway. Gold; pyrite; chalcopyrite; chalcedony; hornstone. 

LicJc Creek. Meteorite. 

Elsewhere. Gold, in veins and placers; titaniferous magnetite.

DAVIE.

Magnetite; hematite, in several localities in beds; calcite, granular, 

on Yadkin river.

DUPLIN.

Calcite, in marl beds; limonite; glauconite; pyrite; lignite. 

Near Magnolia, pliosphatic«beds.

DURHAM.

Durham. Pyrite.

Near Knap of Reeds. At James Woods's hematite (!); inagnetite(I); 

steatite. 

Red Mountain. Epidote.

EDGECOMBE.

Yivianite, in marl; limonite; glaucouite; pyrite; lignite; kaolinite, 

near Battleboro ; calcite in marl beds; radiated and tabular quartz at 

Rocky Mount.

FORSYTH.

Piaffes quarry. Calcite, granular.

Near Salem. Magnetite, four miles south; manganese garnet; halloysite; hematite; micaceous hematite; graphite; emery variety of 

corundum; wad; halloysite.

Old Town. Orthoclase; halloysite; asbestus; hematite; kaolin; 

talc.

Near Kernersville. Enstatite, var. bronzite; chrysolite; tourmaline; 

magnetite; hematite; chlorite; pyrite.

BrooJcstown. Calcite; tremolite.

Elsewhere. Tifanifwow magnetite (!); gold; also pure magnetite (!) j 

eerpeutiue.
GENTH.] SYNOPSIS OF MINEEALS AND LOCALITIES. 97

FEANKLIN.

Portis mines. Gold in placers (!); diamond (!); muscovite, in large 

plates ; magnetite; asbestus; tabular quartz. 

Franklin. Kaolin.

Near Louisburg. Halloysite; asbestus; tabular quartz. 

Mann Arrington mine. Franklinite (?). 

Laurel. Muscovite.

GASTON.

Asbury's mine. Silver; tetradymite; galenite; pyrrhotite; pyrite; 

leucopyrite; auriferous arsenopyrite; bismite; scorodite; montauite(^; 

cerussite; bismutite (!).

Gamier and Shuford mine. Gold (!); galenite.

ClubVs Mountain. Corundum, red and blue (!), also marnmilary (Dr. 

Hunter); rutile(!!); tourmaline, granular and fibrous; leopardite; 

cyanite(!); pyrophyllite (!); muscovite (!); lazulite (!); talc; quartz 

crystals ; niargarite; hematite; muscovite; manganese garnet; magnetite ; gold; iron garnet.

Clear Mountain. Lazulite.

Crowder's Mountain, Corundum, red and blue (!), also variety emery; 

rutile (!); in crystals and granular; gold; ineuaccauite; cyanite(!); 

topaz ("?); pyrophyllite (!); muscovite (!); monazite; lazulite (!); barite, 

with galenite (argentiferous); hematite; limonite; sphalerite; tourmaline; pyrite; chalcopyrite; manganese garnet; pyromorphite.

Yellow Ridge. Magnetite.

Stowe's Factory, Magnetite.

Sloan mine. Gold:, pyrite.

Beck's. Pyrolusite; manganese garnet; psilomelane.

High Shoals. One mile above, granular calcite.

Ellison ore bank. Hematite; magnetite; chlorite; orthoclase; epidote ; tourmaline.

Ormond ore bank. Limonite, compact and fibrous: psilomelane, nickeliferous.

Mountain mine. Hematite, mammilary and cellular; pyrolusite; 

quartz.

King's Mountain. Gold; galenite; altaite; chalcopyrite; sphalerite; 

tetrahedrite ; nagyagite; magnetite; bismite; calcite; dolomite; pyr 

rhotite; chalcopyrite; limouite ; barite; pyrite; graphite; cassiterite.

Long Creek mine. Nickeliferous psilomelane (!); gold; pyrite; fluorite; sphalerite; mispickel; galenite.

Duffie mine. Gold ; pyrite; chalcopyrite; also at B. Wells's mine.

Oliver mine. Gold; silver; galenite.

White's mills. Epidote; biotite; orthoclase (!); pycnite; titanite.

Wells's farm. Magnetite; hematite; pyrite; rutile ; garnet; zircon (H); 

beryl; tourmaline; monazite; asbestus ; menaccanite; azurite; bornite (?).

Bull. 74 7
98 THE MINERALS OF NORTH CAROLINA. [BULL. 74.

Rhodes's mine. Epidote; actinolite; gold.

Ferguson mine. Magnetite ; pyrite.

All-Healing Springs. Barite.

Elsewhere. Sulphur; pyrite; magnetite; calcite; siderite; gold in 

placers and veins, at the Dew, Smith, Farrar, Beattie, McLean, High 

Shoals, and Cannon mines.

GATES.

Calcite, in marl beds.

GRAHAM.

Gold; calcite, granular, white, and flesh-colored; talc; pyrite.

GRANV1LLE.

Young's Cross Roads. Gold; pyrite; two miles southeast, malachite.

Near Oxford. Magnetite; limonite; epidote; hematite; gold; lignite 

on Tar Kiver, near Crews's.

Patterson mine. Native copper.

Grissom. Eustatite.

Bowling's Mountain. Eadiated pyrophyllite.

Sassafras Fork. Gold; pyrite; a few miles north, malachite; tourmaline; quartz crystals; agate.

Near Shiloli Church. Epidote; labradorite; calcite.

Elsewhere. Stibnite, in the northern part of the county, on land of 

N. A. Gregory.

GREENE.

Limonite; siderite; glauconite; calcite in marl.

GTTILFORD.

Cambridge mine. Chalcocite; pyrite (!); chalcopyrite; barnhardtite; 

chrysocolla; malachite.

Fisher Rill. Gold; pyrite; chalcopyrite; magnetite; hematite; menaccauite; limonite; pseudoinalachite; siderite.

Beard mine. Gold.

Friendship. Granular corundum (emery); titaniferous magnetite.

Gardner Hill. Bornite (?); chalcopyrite; chrysocolla; malachite.

Greensboro. Hornblende, at Polecat Creek; pyroxene; pyrite; five 

miles west, gold; pyrite; chlorite; nine miles south, kaolinite, and also 

six miles west.

High Point. Graphite; talc; chalcopyrite; orthoclase.

McLeansville. Asbestus (?) in green quartz.

Near Alamance Church. Kaolinite.

McCulloh mine. Copper; cuprite in acicular crystals (!); pyrite; 

chalcopyrite; siderite; malachite.

Near Jamestoivn. Gold; pyrite; steatite.
GENTH.] SYNOPSIS OF MINERALS AND LOCALITIES. 99

North Carolina (Fentress) mine. Cuprite ill acicular crystals (!); py« 

rite; chalcopyrite; siderite; malachite.

Phcenix mine. Chalcopyrite; covellite.

Elsewhere.-r-Gtolft. in veins; meteoric iron; molybdenite; liraonitej 

rock crystal; pyrite; manganese garnet; magnetite; asbestus in green 

quartz (!), (Humphrey's); titaniferous magnetite, with hematite and 

limouite, xjhlorite, in a double range of outcrops of 20 miles length 

across the northwest section of the county, from the head of Deep Eiver, 

on the Forsyth line, to the Rockingham line, near the Piedmont railroad at Haw Eiver; kaolin at C. S. Leonard's, in the southern ^>art of 

the county.

HALIFAX.

Near Ransom's Bridge. Gold in placers; pyrite.

Fishing Greek. Magnetite crystals an4 cubical pyrite in slate.

Oaston. Hematite, micaceous and granular; magnetite; chloritej 

limonite; 6 miles south, Hines's place, hematite; magnetite.

Elsewhere. Petrified wood.; epidote; zircon and garnet, 4n gold 

gravels; calcite and glauconitein marl; apatite; epidote.

HARNETT.

Harrington. Calcite, granular.

NearBuckhorn. Hematite:; rutilein quartz; epidote; prochlorite("?), 

Northington's Dam. Chrysocolla; calcite, in gneiss rock. 

Little River. Magnetite, several places. 

Douglass ore bed. Magnetite. 

Chalk Level. Limonite (bog ore). 

Hector's Creek. Smoky qua,rtz.

Elsewhere. Talc*; magnetite; kaolin, abundant at Spout Springs and 

at several other places.

HAYWOOD.

Big Ridge mine. Muscovite; biotite; tourmaline; apatite; menaccanite; albite; autunite; kaolin.

Waynesville. Corundum; two miles above, talc; asbestus; tremolite; 

on Eichland creek, 2 miles below, psilomelane; garnet; limonite; muscovite; cyanite; 4 miles south, menaccanite.

HalVs mine. Chrysolite; corundum; talc; chlorite; tremolite.

Presley mine. Corundum, blue and gray, altered into muscovite and 

albite; albite; muscovite in large crystals, also in scales cryptocrystalliue and compact.

WilMns's Creelc. Magnetite with limonite; chalcopyrite; pyrite.

Cove Creek. Psilomelane; lirnonite.

Pigeon River, east for lc. Corundum ; pyrrhotite; wad.

Pigeon River, west fork. At Sorrell's mine,, nickeliferous (?) pyrrbotite..
100 THE MINERALS OF NORTH CAROLINA. [BULL. 74.

Upper Pigeon Valley. Graphite.

Ground Hog Greek. Galenite.

Jonathan's Greek. Cyanite; pyrrhotite; graphite; garnet.

Rucds mine. Opalescent quartz; pyrite; garnet. »

Springdale. Melanterite; pyrite.

HENDERSON.

Coleman's Station. Zircon ; phlogopite; jefferisite.

Greeji River. On south side of Blue Bidge, at Freeman's, zircon j 

xanthitane; calcite, granular; titaniferous garnet at Jones's mine; 

auerlite; on Price's farm, zircon; auerlite; on the Davis land, polyerase; zircon; monazite; xenotime; cyrtolite; magnetite.

Elsewhere. Beryl; limonite; hematite; vermiculite; meteoric iron.

HERTFORD.

Calcite, in marl beds.

HYDE (None.)

IREDELL.

Belt's Bridge. Pyrite in soapstone; corundum (!) in globular masses, 

partly altered into muscovite, etc.; near Belt's Bridge, limonite; Hendrick's farm, corundum in hexagonal crystals (!) partly altered into rnarga.rite; orthoclase; tourmaline; muscovite (!) soda-margarite at Hendrick's farm.

Center Point. At Beam's farm; limonite (!) pseudomorphous after 

nodular pyrite.

Crawford's farm. Quartz pseudomorphous after calcite.

Damascus. Menaccanite.

Dr. Halt/burton's. Leucopyrite (!); scorodite.

King's Mill. Graphite (!); hematite in hexagonal plates in quartz; 

rutile (!), in quartz, at Mrs. Jordan's, Alex. Lackey's, Misses Bennett's, 

Thomas Adams's and Mrs. Smith's farms; rock crystal (!): quartz crystals inclosing liquid (!); chalcedony ; tourmaline (!).

Mount Pisgah. Eutilated quartz (!) at Mrs. Daniel's farm; chloritic 

mineral resembling thuringite.

Rocky Greek. Graphite.

Spring Mountain. Graphite (!).

Statesville. Near Statesville, titanite in gneiss; quartz crystals; 6 

miles north, allanite; 8 miles southeast, on road to Salisbury, tremolite; 

2 miles west, corundum (!), rarely altered into cyanite (!); orthoclase (!) 

on Houp's farm; cyanite (!), 2 miles west and 6 miles south west of Statesville on Hoover's farm, with muscovite (!); 4 miles distant, goethite in 

thin scales, in light red feldspar (sunstone); 5 miles west, on John 

Sumpter's farm, rutile; zircon; cyanite; transparent ripidolite. 7 miles 

north, on farm of G. W. Chipley, near South Yadkin Kiver, gray corun-
GENTS.] SYNOPSIS OF MINERALS AND LOCALITIES. 101

dum in crystals* At Statesville rock quarry, sunstone; titanite 5 hornblende in large crystals.

Bethany Church. Allanite, with small crystals of zircon; above 

Lock's.Bridge, corundum altered into prochlorite and margarite.

Hunting Creek. Albite; blue corundum altered into rhaetizite. On 

Sale's farm, near Gampbell's Mill, large bowlders of cyanite inclosing 

crystals of blue corundum.

Near Shiloh Church. Bed ocher.

Near Holland Springs. Quartz crystals.

Davidson Township. Quartz, inclosing transparent red goethite.

Rockwell. Smoky quartz.

Elsewhere,- 'Marcasite; magnetite near Comb's, and on South Yadkin Biver.

JACKSON.

Casher's Valley.- Bismutite; talc; muscovite; amethyst; rock crystal ; gold ; pyrite; chalcopyrite.

Cullowhee mine. Chalcocite; pyrite 5 melaconite; chalcopyrite (!); 

hornblende; malachite.

Hogback mine. Corundum (!); rutile in corundum, rare; chromite; 

drusy quartz; chrysolite (!); andesite (!); tourmaline; rauscovite (!); 

dudleyite; margarite (!).

Savannah mine. Chalcopyrite; hornblende; tourmaline; malachite.

Horse Cove. Muscovite; beryl.

Tennessee Creels Tremolite; grammatite; chlorite; actinolite; talc; 

asbestus; prochlorite (?).

Whiteside Mountain. Garnet; orthoclase; tremolite; actinolite; 

chalcopyrite; magnetite; asbestus; muscovite; biotite; wad.

Balsam Mountain. Tourmaline; pyrolusite; chalcopyrite.

Waryhut mine. Chalcocite; chalcopyrite; cuprite; malachite.

Georgetown and Fairfield. Gold in placers.

Webster. Corundum; chromite; pyrolusite; wad; chalcedony; drusy 

quartz; enstatite (!); tremolite \l); actinolite (!); asbestus; chrysolite(!); 

talc (!); serpentine; marmolite; deweylite; geuthite; peuninite (!); 

magnesite (!), crystalline and earthy; magnetite; kaolin; kamrnererite; 

C miles north, chrysolite and enstatite; 10 miles west, hornblende.

Wolf Creek mine. Chalcocite; native copper; chrysocolla; chalcopyrite; malachite.

Ainslie's. Chrysolite; chromite; talc; chlorite; enstatite; smaragdite(?); asbestus; tremolite; garnet; actinolite; albite.

Scott's Creek. Chrysolite; chromite; talc; penninite (var. kammererite); enstatite; chlorite; corundum (blue and pink).

Toxaway River. Calcite, granular,

Elsewhere. Gold in placers; psilomelane; calcite; asbestus; talc; 

limonite; muscovibe in many mica mines; galenite; at Bryson's and 

in Hogback Yalley, hematite; at Dr. Morgan's, psilomelane.
102 THE MINERALS OV NORTH CAROLINA. [flULL. 74.

JOHNSTON.

Elevation. Clay ironstone; pyrite. 

Leechburg. Limomtei.

Near Clayton. Chloritic talc slate; graphite; kaolin. 

Near Princeton ^-Epidote. 

Near Smithfield. Liraonite in many places.

Elsewhere.^-Fossil wood; kaolinite ; magnetite; pyrite; tourmaline; 

graphite; epidote; tnuscovite; quartz crystals; hematite.

JONES. 

Oalcite, in marl beds; limonite.

LENOIR.

Oalcite, in marl beds; glauconite, in green sand marl.

LINCOLN.

Lincolnton. Oalcite; 12 miles northwest, reticulated acicular rutile; 

halloysite; kaoliuite; graphite; limonite, 7 miles northwest and 2 miles 

east; on land of S. W. Childs, arsenopyrite.

Brevard's Forge. One and one half miles from Vesuvius furnace, 

magnetite (!); manganese garnet; quartz crystals.

Cottage Home. Diamond (!); gold; chalcopyrite. 

. Macpelah Church. Manganese garnet; psilomelane; pyrite and chalcopyrite, 2 miles east.

Graham mine. Chalcopyrite; gold.

McBee's. Psilomelane.

Eeener's quarry. Chalcopyrite ; bornite.

Iron station. Vivianite.

Randlemari's. Quartz crystals; amethyst (!).

Stowe's quarry. Calcite, granular and compact.

Elsewhere. Gold in placers and veins; sulphur; graphite; hematite; 

magnetite; limonite; muscovite; kaolinite; epidote ; pyrite; calcite, 

near Lincolnton (!); asbestus; chalcedony; garnet; psilomelane; talc; 

cuprite; cyauite, blue and red; galenite; graphite; limonite; menaccanite; actinolite.

MACON.

Houston's mine. Muscovite; corundum': talc; tremolite; chlorite; 

tourmaline.

Lylds mine. Muscovite; biotite; kaolinite.

J. Moore's. Chromite; corundum.

Thorn Mountain mine. Muscovite; biotite; manganese garnet; 

albitej uranochre(?); zippeite(?); beryl; pyrrhotite; chalcopyrite.
SYNOPSIS OF MINERALS AND LOCALITIES. 103

Culsagce mine or Corundum Hill. Corundum (!) in beautiful varieties 

crystallized and massive, and frequently in part altered into other minerals ; chroinite(!); spinel (!) in crystals and granular; rutile (!), rare; 

diaspore (!), one specimen only known; drusy quartz (!) and quartz 

crystals; chalcedony; hyalite (!); eustatite(I); tremolite; arfvedsonite (!); chrysolite (!); andesite (?); oligoclase; tourmaline (!); talc; 

serpentine(!); deweylite(!); cerolite; genthite(!); culsageeite (!); lucasite.; kerrite(!); maconite(!); penninite (!); prochlorite(!); willcoxite(!); margarite(!); anthophyllite; actinolite; magnetite.

Bryson's mines. Muscovite (!); labradorite; almandite garnet; orthoclase; albite; biotite.

NearFranklin. Sphalerite; chalcopyrite; menaccanite(!); wad; garnet (!); epidote (!); fibrolite (!); cyanite (!); staurolite (!); kaoiinite (!); 

rhodochrosite; corundum; pyrite; 7 miles south, chromite, chlorite; 9 

miles south, chrysolite; 11J miles south, prochlorite; 14 miles south, 

corundum and talc in chrysolite.

Highlands. Bismutite; beryl.

Hasketfs. Limestone quarry; magnetite; corundum (!), in part 

altered into muscovite; tourmaline; calcite; garnet; molybdenite.

Jacob's mine. Corundum; asbestus; tremolite; chrysolite.

Sugartown Creek. Chromite; tremolite: actinolite; asbestus: chrysolite; garnet; biotite; orthoclase; magnetite; hematite; Smiles 

from Franklin, prochlorite; talc; asbestus.

Nantehaleh River. Asbestus; talc(!); compact limestone (!); niter; 

at mouth of river, orthoclase.

Tennessee River, below Franklin. Garnet; staurolite; cyanite; muscovite; columbite.

Tibbefs mine. Pleonaste; zircon.

West's mine. Kuby corundum with cyanite.

Gregory Hill. Chrysolite; anthophyllite; bronzite; foliated talc; 

prochlorite; asbestus.

Hall mine. Muscovite(!); biotite; granular quartz; orthoclase; garnet; albite.

Rocky Face. Garnet; muscovite; biotite.

Jarrett's. Steatite; chalcedony; fibrous talc.

Potato Knob mine. Mucovite; biotite.

West's Mills. Psilomelane.

Ellijay Creek. Near Higdon's: corundum ; chlorite; asbestus; chromite; magnetite; hematite; garnet; chrysolite. At Goshen, calcite, 

granular; coccolite; graphite; spessartite.

Highlands. Gold; rose quartz.

Catoogajay Creek. Magnetitej at Sloan's.

Elsewhere. Graphite; garnet; chalcopyrite; magnetite; hornblende, 

23 miles below Franklin; beryl; rose quartz; magnetite; muscovite 

and biotite in numerous mica mines; gold and galenite in Cowee 

Mountains.
104 THE MINERALS OF NORTH CAROLINA. [BULL. 74.

r*

MADISON.

Bear Creek. Magnetite (!), 2 miles from mouth; green coccolite, in 

granular calcite; chlorite; epidote; cyanite; staurolite; talc; garnet, 

(large crystals); L mile from mouth, tremolite; hornblende 5 1£ miles 

from mouth, chrysolite; magnetite.

Mars Hill. Monazite; zircon.

Big Laurel. Magnetite (!); menaccanite (!); milky quartz; pyrite; 

calcite, granular, and massive.

Carter's mine. Corundum (!!) iu peculiar white and pink varieties; 

spinel (!); chromite; hornstone; drusy quartz; tremolite; chrysolite (!); 

andesite(I); prochlorite(!); culsageeite;. menaccanite; beryl (!).

French Broad River. Orthoclase; calcite, with coccolite; limonite, in 

a heavy bed, near State line.

Duel or Jewell Hill. Meteoric iron (!); ferrous chloride in meteorite; 

hematite.

Near Marshall. Calcite; pyrite; rutile; limonite; magnetite (!); galenite; bornite; chalcopyrite; epidote; talc; fluorite; hematite, near 

Gudger's, 9 miles below Marshall; corundum (!), 3 miles below Marshall; 

diaspore (?); prochlorite (!); margarite; barite, at Chandler's, 9 miles 

below Marshall; 4 miles west of Marshall, smoky quartz, in doubly 

terminated crystals; 1 mile below Marshall, agate; hornblende; 3 

miles below, augite (?); C miles below, penninite; orthoclase; 8 miles 

below, epidote; orthoclase; 9£ miles below, penninite; orthoclase; 4 

miles up Ivy Creek, hornblende.

Walnut Creek, near French Broad River. Green coccolite, in calcite; 

phlogopite.

Hot Springs. Cryptocrystalliue muscovite (!); calcite; red jasper; 

pyrite; psilomelane; gold, in veins and placers; garnet.

Shut In Creek. Calcite; jasper.

Spring Creek. Magnetite, in large bed, massive.

Ivy River, two miles from mouth. Smith mine: magnetite; pyroxene. 

At Radford's, hematite and magnetite.

Brush Creek. Magnetite, at Freeman's and Sikes's; coccolite in calcite; barite.

Paint Creek. Pyrrhotite.

Hayniemine. Blue corundum; rutile; margarite; green crystals of 

hornblende; magnetite; chlorite; meuaccanite.

MARTIN.

Calcite, in marl beds.

M'DOWELL.

Cave of Tantalus. Stalactitic calcite. 

Humpback Gave. -Stalactitic calcite.

Cedar Cove, at Dodson's mine. Sphalerite; calcite, granular and compact.
GBNTH.] SYNOPSIS OF MINERALS AND LOCALITIES. 105

Kirksetfs mine. Tetradymite.

Linville Mountains. Itaeolumite; radiated pyrophyllite; lirnonite, in 

many places; hematite; calcite, granular and compact, several places; 

meteoric iron.

Peter's Cove. Stalactitic calcite; magnetite; limonite.

Turkey Cove. Oalcite, granular and compact.

Turkey Creek. Bee Rock: epidote (!); tourmaline.

In the gold placers. Gold; corundum; menaccanite; rutile; chromite; 

brookite; pyrope; zircon (!); epidote; fibrolite; xenotime (!); monazite (!); diamond; anatase.

Marion. Within a few miles, limonite; manganese garnet; psilorneUne; calcite.

Raccoon Gave. Stalactitic aragonite.

Hound Knob. Cyanite; garnet; paragonite.

Graveyard Mountain. Hematite; limonite; calcite.

Head of Tom's Creek. Magnetite; muscovite; kaolinite.

Elsewhere. Limouite; calcite; samarskite; dolomite, one-half mile 

east of Yancey's mine.

MECKLENBURG.

Beattie's Ford. Eutile (!) in acicular crystals.

Gapfl's Hill. Magnetite; gold; pyrite; chalcopyrite.

Charlotte. Orthoclase var. leopardite (!); at the Eudisill mine, goldbearing pyrite; chalcopyrite; white siderite; 2 miles from Charlotte, 

pyrite; chalcopyrite; magnetite, fine granular; at new cemetery, epidote.

Davidson College. Radiated cyanite; pyrophyllite; gold; agate, 6 

miles south at D. Caldwell's; hematite at Gibson's, 5 miles from 

Davidson College; 7 miles «outh, fine crystals of rutile; 12 miles southwest, granular hematite.

Eopewell mine. Chalcopyrite; chrysocolla; pyrite; gold.

McOinn mine. Gold; pyrite; chalcopyrite; barnhardtite; cuprite in 

acicular crystals; melaconite; pseudomalachite (!).

Old Harris mine. Hematite; menaccanite.

Providence. Twelve miles south of Charlotte, chalcopyrite; gold 

pyrite; magnetite.

Todd's JBmwc/t. Gold; diamond (!); zircon(!); garnet; monazite(l).

Tuckasegee Ford. Epidote; labradorite near Tuckasegee Ford.

Stephen Wilson's mine. Gold; pyrite; chalcopyrite; siderite.

Oibson mine. Gold; also at Jordan mine, Brown mine, Carson mine, 

Icyhour mine, Burnett mine, Neal mine, Brawley's mine. '

Roswellmine. Gold; pyrite; also at Stearne's mine, Roger's mine, 

Stinson mine, Crosby mine,, Johnson mine, Juggernaut mine, Frazer 

mine, Taylor mine, Maxwell mine, Nolen mine, Crump mine, Bane 

mine, McCorcle mine, Hunter mine, Heuderson mine, Alexander mine, 

J. Alexander's mine, Caldwell mine, Davidson and Blake mine.
106 THE MINERALS OF NORTH CAROLINA. {BULL. 74.

Sugar Creek. Magnetite.

Faire's mine. Gold; py rite cbalcopy rite.

Frederick mine. Gold; pyrite; chalcopyrite; chrysocolla; malachite.

Maxwell mine. Gold; pyrite; chalcopyrite; also at Glark's mine, Ray 

mine, Hipp mine, Trotter mine, Harris mine, Hendersou mine, Kern 

mine, Cathey mine, G. G. Gathey's mine, Sloan mine, McLean mine, 

Charlotte mine, and Queen mine.

Steele Creek. Pyrolusite.

Elsewhere. Gold, in placers and veins; copper in quartz crystals; 

sulphur; magnetite, near Steele Creek Church; foliated hematite at 

Sol. Eeid's; tourmaliue.

MITCHELL.

Bailey mine. Orthoclase; hyalite.

Toe River Ford. Actinolite, large crystals in talc; muscovite.

Bakersville. Muscovite; chalcopyrite; pyrite; 2| miles south, pyrophyllite; chromite(!); saponite; quartz crystals; chalcedony (!); enstatite(!); tremolite; actinolite; chrysolite(!); talc; futile, penetrating 

corundum; serpentine; deweylite: penniuite(!); magnesite; 1£ miles 

southeast, asbestus; talc; limonite; corundum; 2 miles southeast, limouite; psilomelane; 3£ miles north, apatite; at Hawk mine, oligoclase(!); on Yellow Mountains, cyauite(l).

Blalock's. Garnet; muscovite(!); orthoclase (!); kaolinite; columbite.

Buchanan mine. Gummite; yttroguminiteC?); asbestus; beryl; 

anauite(l); muscovite(!); albite (!); phosphuranylite(l); cyanite; graphitej manganese ganietj fola.Qk garnetj magnetite, limonite; apatite; 

orthoclase.

Cane Creek. Menaccanite (!); actinolite; talc; asbestus; near head, 

graphite; rntile; garnet; samarskite. f)

Crab Orchard. Menaccanite (!).

Autretfs. On Brush Creek: quartz crystals, smoky; black garnet; 

kaoliuite.

Cranberry. Magnetite(!); pyroxene; epidote; picrolite; 1 mile west, 

hematite; orthoclase.

Plum Tree Greek. Corundum crystals; hyalite.

Roan Mountain. Hornblende.

Near White Plains. Gummite with uraninite in a mica mine.

Deake mine. Quartz, flattened out between muscovite; muscovite (I); 

columbite (!); gummite; albite; gahnite; raonazite.

Flat Rock. Menaccanite (!); uraninite (!); gummite (!); zircon; garnet; epidote; zoisite, var. thulite (!); muscovite (!); pink muscovite (!); 

albite (!); orthoclase (!); uranotil (!); phosphuranylite (!); autuuite (!).

Grassy Creek. Samarskite; meuaccanite; kaolinite; beryl, large 

muscovite; autunite; hyalite; columbite.

Point Pizzle. Albite (!); apatite (!); pyrophyllite; actinolite; beryl; 

garnet; manganese garnet j muscovite.
GBNTH.] SYNOPSIS OF MINEEALS AND LOCALITIES. 107

Old Fields of Toe. Miller's Gap: epidote; talc; chlorite.

Unaka Mountains. Magnetite (!); zircon (!); epidote; hematite.

Wiseman mine. Muscovite (!); kaolinite; hatchettolite(!); columbite(!); samarskite (!); altered sarnarskite; rogersite; epidote; garnet.

Gillespie Gap. Psiloinelane; monazite; epidote; chalcopyrite; onehalf mile west, prochlorite; psiloinelane.

Burnsville. Six, 13, and 14 miles north, labradorite in trap; 14J miles 

north, prochlorite; culsageeite(?); asbestus; actinolite; tremolite.

Pumpkin Patch Mountain. Magnetite; labradorite; garnets.

Burlison's. Asbestus; actiuolite; talc.

Lick Ridge mine Muscovite; albite; garnet, red and black; biotite; 

pyrite; chalcopyrite; hyalite.

Cox mine. Smoky quartz; manganese garnet; albite; autunite; 

muscovite; biotite; apatite; labradorite; pyrite; orthoclase (?).

EagleMine. Kyauite; muscovite; orthoclase; albite.

Gibbs's Mine. Muscovite.

North Toe River. Orthoclase; muscovite; chrysolite; talc; chrysotile; asbestus; prochlorite; wad; garnet; serpentine; 2£ miles northeast, kaolin; chalcedony.

Young's. On South Toe Eiver; serpentine; garnet; talc; chrysolite; 

prochlorite; tremolite; pyrite.

Elsewhere. Galenite (!); rutilc; garnet; epidote; fergusonite; actinolite (S. Blalock's); rock crystal; muscovite; kaoliuite in numerous 

mica mines; corundum, 1 mile from Stewart's.

MONTGOMERY.

Cheek's Greek. Fossil wood.

Cottonstone Mountain. Pyrophyllite (!!)

Crump Mine. Gold (!) in placers.

Christian mine. Same as Swift Island.

Steelemine. Gold (!!); galenite; sphalerite; chalcopyrite; albite; 

prochlorite j calcite.

Burnett Mountain. Gold in placers.

Swift Island mine. Gold (!!) in fine crystals.

Beaver Dam mine. Gold in placers.

.Elseichere. Gold in viens and placers; argentite in slates; magnetite; 

5 miles above mouth of Uwharie Kiver, hematite; ferruginous quartz.

MOORE.

Carthage. Twelve miles east: hematite.

Cheek mine. Chalcopyrite; malachite; azurite; galenite; red jasper; 

epidote; talc; calcite; argentite; pyroxene; limonite. 

Jonesooro. Two miles south, on Oaue Creek; malachite. 

Swarfs Station. Kaolin. 

Sanford. Pyrite; gold.
108 THE MINERALS OF NORTH CAROLINA. [BULL. 74.

Johnson's mills. Tourmaline; acicular horneblende in quantity.

Soapstone Quarry. Slaty pyrophyllite (!); pseudomalachite.

Upper Little River. Cyanite. 

. Welch's. Chrysocolla; chlorite.

Elsewhere. Gold in veins and placers; pyrite; fossil wood ; at B. 

Kelly's, limonite5 magnetite; enstatite; wad; at P. Martin's, agate; 

at J. Dunlap's, quartz crystals; at Johnson's mill.

NASH.

Battlebord1 . Kaolin.

Tom Arrington mine. Gold in placers.

Mann mine. Gold in placers ; psilomelane.

Elsewhere. Gold in placers; meteoric stone, near Castalia; crocoite (!); hematite; limonite; calcite, in placers; in Stony Creek township, chalcedony.

NEW HANOVER.

Calcite (!), granular and crystalline; lignite; glauconite ; limonite; 

phosphatic nodules (!) in limestone at Castle Hayne.

NORTHAMPTON.

Calcite, in marl beds.

ONSLOW.

Calcite and phosphatic nodules (!) in marl.

ORANGE.

Aaron's Creek. Jaspery quartz; radiated pyrophyllite (!).

Chapel Hill. Hematite (!); limonite; epidote; near Chapel Hill, 

chalcopyrite; pyrite; magnetite; serpentine; hematite, pseudomorphous after pyrite; 4 miles west, limonite after pyrite; 7 miles west; 

pyrophyllite.

Hillsboro. Pyrite, in cubes; wad; limonite; hematite; pyrophyllite (!); 

chlorite in fine scales; epidote; barite (!), at Latta urine; braunite(?); 

hematite, 6 miles south; pyrite; chalcopyrite; 5 miles southeast, magnetite.

Eno River. Serpentine; steatite.

University Junction. Hornblende; hematite.

Elsewhere. Halite in brine; micaceous hematite at Flat Eiver and 

Elleby Creek; epidote; hematite, pseudomorphous after pyrite; serpentine ; moss agate, slaty pyrophyllite.

PAMLICO. 

Calcite, in marl beds.

PASQUOTANK (None).
GENTH.J SYNOPSIS OF MINERALS AND LOCALITIES. 109

FENDER.

Calcite; glauconite; limonite; phosphatic beds; at Eocky Point, 

phosphatic nodules in limestone.

PERQUIMANS (None).

PERSON.

Mount Tirzali. Hematite, micaceous; rnenaccaiiite.

Barnett Mountain. White cyanite (!).

Dillahay's mine. Gold; radiated quartz.

Oillis mine. Ohalcocite; pyrite; covellite; micaceous hematite; 

chrysocolla; cuprite; malachite; calcite; garnet; quartz; epidote.

Leasburg. Tourmaline; 3 miles north, albite (H).

Hico. Felsite; graphite.

Roxboro. Epidote in granite.

Mill Greek. Chalcocite; chrysocolla.

Harris's mine. Copper in epidote.

Woodsdale. Gold in vein; pyrite.

Elsewhere. Graphite, on Cane Creek; lioionite; steatite; talc; hematite; magnetite ; on W. A. Gillis's farm, chrysolite.

PITT.

Calcite; glauconite; siderite; lirnonite, in beds near Tranter's Creek ; 

succinite.

POLK.

Sandy Plains. At Davis's mine: gold; limonite; pyrite. At Morris's 

mine: gold; monazite; pyrite; epidote; asbestus; tourmaline. At 

Prince mine: monazlte; rutile; zircon.

Morrill Mills's gold mine. Euclase (?).

Hungary River. G old, in placers.

Pacolet River. Gold, in placers.

Tryon Station. Garnet; tourmaline.

Tryon Mountain. Asbestus.

Elsewhere. Gold in placers; raonazite; xenotime; rutile; epidote; 

quartz crystals; manganese garnet; turgite.

RANDOLPH.

Near Ashboro. Pyrophyllite.

Franklinsville. Five to 7 miles west-north west, leucopyrite. 

Pilot Klob. Pyrophyllite (!); gold, in placers; acicular rutile in 

quartz.

Hoover Hill mine. Gold; galenite; calcite. 

Kinley mine. Gold; pyrite. 

Jones mine. Gold; pyrite; limouite.
110 THE MINERALS OF NORTH CAROLINA. [BULL. 74.

Parish mine. Gold; talc; tremolite ; actinolite. 

Elsewhere. Gold in veins and placers; meteoric iron (!); magnetite ; 

siderite; hematite (micaceous).

RICHMOND.

»

RocMngham. Eight miles southeast: kaolin. 

Hitchcock Creek. Orthoclase (I); oligoclase. 

Hamlet. Kaolinite.

Elsewhere. Pyrophyllite, in quartz schists; chlorite; on Yadkin 

Eiver, 7 miles above mouth of Little Biver, calcite and shell limestone.

ROBESON. 

Calcite, in marl beds; near Maxton, kaolin.

ROCKINGHAM.

Madison. Chalcopyrite at W. Lindsay's; manganese garnet.

Leaksville. Semi-bituminous coal.

Meadows. Bog iron ore.

Smith's Biver. Two miles east of Morehead's factory: hematite; gold; 

asbestus.

Troublesome Creek. Magnetite; hematite; limonite.

Smith's Mountain. Meteoric iron (!!) with schreibersite and ferrous 

chloride. Also on Deep Spring farm.

Reidsville. Muscovite; near Eeidsville, halloysite; 6 miles north, 

magnetite. «

Wenticorth. Asbestus; near Went worth, tourmaline; one-half mile 

south, pyroxene and tourmaline.

Elsewhere. Halite in brine; titaniferous magnetite (!); garnet; cyanite; on Dan Eiver, 4 miles above Town Fork, hornblende.

ROWAN.

Gold Rill. Gold(!); bistnuthinite; pyrite; chalcopyrite; arseuopyrite (!) at Honeycutt's; magnetite.

Salisbury. Orthoclase (!); 7 miles south, Gold Hill road, pyrite; chalcopyrite; chrysocolla; talc.

Jadlcin mine. Gold; pyrite.

Dunn Mountain mine. Gold; pyrite; chlorite.

Snider mine. Gold ; pyrite.

Grupy mine. Chalcopyrite; pyrite; chrysocolla.

Cope mine. Gold; also at Haynes mine, Cady mine, Bringle mine, 

Trexler mine, Yadkin mine, Bane mine, Eoseman mine, Earnhardt mine, 

Holtshauser mine, in veins and placers.

Rhymer mine. Gold; pyrite; hematite.

Elsewhere. Orthoclase, in large and twin crystals; gold; pyrite*.
GBNTH.] SYNOPSIS OF MINERALS AND LOCALITIES. Ill

EUTHERFOBD.

Brindletown Creek. Diamond (!).

Jeanstown. Plati nuin ; palladium (?); at Weaver's, garnet; epidote; 

tourmaline; gold; manganese garnet.

Laurel Springs. Garnets.

Rutherfordton. Quartz, pseudomorphous after calcite (!).

Shemwell mine. Arborescent gold (!).

Second Broad River. Head of it, gold in veins and placers; pyrite.

Twitty's mine. Diamond (!).

At the gold placers generally. Gold; corundum in grains and crystals; 

inenaccanite; rutile; chroinite; brookite; rock crystal; garnet; zircon (!); epidote; ssunarskite; fergusonite; xenotime (!); monazite; 

wolframite (?).

Elsewhere. Amethyst; melanterite; alunogen; fergusonite; anatase; corundum; fibrolite; tourmaline; gold; pyrite; meteoric iron.

SAMPSON.

Calcite in marl beds; lignite.

STANLEY.

Hearnemine. Gold; pyrite; chalcopyrite; calcite; chlorite; serpentine.

Growell mine. Gold.

Elsewhere. Gold in veins and placers.

STOKES.

Bolejacltfs quarry. Calcite (!); phlogopite; actinolite.

Coffee Gap. Lazulite (!) with muscovite in quartz.

Danbury. Magnetite (!); pyrolusite; cyanite; actinolite; at Roger's 

ore bank, titanite; sulphur (!) in a limonite quartz geode; asbestus; 

hornblende; pyrite in muscovite; 7 miles east of Danbury, hornblende.

Dan River. Opalescent quartz; anthracite and bituminous coal; 

prochlorite; hematite; magnetite.

Oermanton. Fossil wood(!); 2 miles east, serpentine; calcite; garnet.

Moore's Mill. Manganese garnet.

Peter's Creek. Sulphur (!).

Sauratown Mountain. Itacolumite (!); asbestus.

Snoiv Creek. Hematite, at Martin's quarry ; chalcedony; hornstone; 

phlogopite; granular calcite; agate; amethyst; hyalite; jasper; hematite; albite; 6 miles east, pyrolusite.

Stokesburg. Rock crystal; anthracite and bituminous coal.

Elsewhere. Copper j graphite; chalcopyrite; muscovite in pyrite ; 

gold in pyrite; siderite; tourmaline; talc; muscovite (large plates); 

epidotej limonite; calcite, granular, on Little Yadkin and Dan Rivers..
112 THE MINERALS OF NORTH CAROLINA. [BULL. 74.

SURRY.

Dobson. Ten miles, north, manganese garnet; pyrolusite; talc in 

green crystals; serpentine: steatite; actinolite; breunuerite; magnesite; magnetite; chlorite; hausmannite (?); wad; nearDobson, magnetite in prochlorite.

Ararat River. Four miles southeast of Mount Airy, pyrite (!); 

magnetite (!); garnet; white cyauite (!).

Chestnut Mountain. Octahedral magnetite (!).

Fisher's Pealc. Octahedral magnetite.

Pilot Mountain. Talc (!).

Tom's Creek. Magnetite.

Rockford. Steatite.

War Hill. Milky quartz.

Williams's mine. Magnetite.

Ellcin. Barite; galenite; pyrite; chalcopyrite; 2 miles east, chalcopyrite; 10 miles north, limonite; hematite; 5 miles northeast, pyrite; 

chalcopyrite; chrysocolla.

Elsewhere. Graphite; tourmaline; garnets; magnetite; liuiouite; 

chalcopyrite; sulphur; galenite; pyrrhotite; pyrite; psilomelane; 

asbestus.

SWAIN.

Bryson City. Kutile; zoisite; limonite after pyrite. 

Oconaluftee River. Gold; galenite, argentiferous; pyrite; chalcopyrite.

A. Nichols's. Pyrolusite; shalcocite; tourmaline. 

Quallatown. Gold, in placers. 

Elsewhere. Itacolumite; magnetite; hematite; limonite; talc.

TRANSYLVANIA.

Boyston jRMMf. Gold, in placers j granular calcite; limonite. 

Davidson River. Chalcopyrite; pyrite; flinty quartz. 

Mills^s River. Calcite.

Brevard. Chlorite; graphite; limouite after pyrite; kaolin. 

Elsewhere. Pyrite; chalcopyrite; rose quartz; pyrrhotite; tourmaline ; graphite; near mouth of Looking-glass Creek, kaolin.

TYRRELL (None.)

UNION.

Lemmond mine. Gold(!); electrum(!); galenite; sphalerite; pyritej 

arsenopyrite; pyromorphite. 

Long mine. Gold; galenite.

Moore's mine. Gold; sphalerite; pyrite; chalcopyrite; galenite. 

Pewter mine. Electrum.
ORNTH.] SYNOPSIS OF MINERALS AND LOCALITIES. 113

Phifer mine. Gold; silver; galenite; also at Lewis mine and Washton mine.

Stewart mine. Gold(!); electrum(!); galenite; sphalerite; pyrite; 

arsenopyrite; pyroinorphite.

Union mine. Gold; also at Davis mine, Duliu mine, Fox Hill mine, 

Crump mine, Curetoii mine.

Walkup's mine. Barite (!), granular.

Smart mine. Gold; pyrite; chalcopyrite; galeuite; sphalerite.

Elsewhere. Gold, in veins and placers.

VANCE.

Near Eenderson. Pyrite; chalcopyrite; talc; calcite. 

JLittrelVs. Chalcedony.

WAKE.

Forestville. Seven miles west, magnetite; menaccanite; prochlorite.

Barton Creek. Pyrite, large cubes; hematite, pseudoniorphous after 

pyrite; tourmaline; chlorite.

Brassfields. Calcite; chalcedony.

Witherspoon's. Granular calcite.

Wyatt's. Limpnite.

Gary. Pyrite; hematite; martite; sulphur.

Northwest corner of county. Serpentine; asbestus; actinolite; steatite; cyanite.

Soapstone Church. Talc; asbestus; serpentine.

Morrisville. Granular calcite.

Raleigh. Meuaccanite(I); epidote; hematite; magnetite; chrysolite (?); malachite in granite; muscovite; paragonite(?); nearEaleigh, 

pyrite; chalcopyrite; graphite; smoky quartz; garnet; biotite; Smiles 

west, orthoclase; 4 miles northwest, amethyst; 4£ miles west, pyrite; 

chalcopyrite; psilomelauo; 8 miles west, pyrite and limonite after 

pyrite.

Elsewhere. Graphite (!), at Tucker's Mill; pyrite; magnetite; amethyst; tourmaline; calcite; at mill on Cliffton's Branch, vermicular 

quartz; in Little Eiver Township, halloysite.

AVAR KEN.

Middleburg. Micaceous hematite; quartz crystals.

Warrenton. Eight miles south, limonite after pyrite; 9 miles south, 

asbestus.

Ransom's Bridge. Gold; garnet.

Elsewhere. Quartz crystals; magnetite; epidote; gold, in placers; 

garnets.

WASHINGTON.

Calcite, in marl bedu. 

Bull. 74 8
114 THE MINERALS OF NOKTH CAROLINA. [BULL.74.

WATAUGA.

Beech Mountain. Fine-grained galenite(!); pyrite; magnetite; hematite; at Pogie, galenite.

Cooke's Gap. Arseiiopyrite; hematite (!); magnetite (!); itacolumite (!); limonite; martite.

Cove Creek. Magnetite; limonite.

Rich Mountain. Head of Cove Creek; chromite; quartz crystals; actinolite; chrysolite; epidote; penninite; tremolite.

Beaver Dam Creek. Magnetite.

Elk Knob. Pyrite; chalcopyrite; pyrrhotite; epidote; liinonitb; 

garnet.

Flannery mine. Argentiferous galenite.

Miller mine. Pyrite; chalcopyrite; limonite; epidote; chrysolite.

Watauga River. Calcite; epidote; chlorite.

Elk River. Jasper; epidote; chlorite; calcite; at L. Banner's, prochlorite; pyrite; quartz.

Hardin mine. Gold, in placers.

Boone Fork. Quartz crystals (fine).

Near Boone. Actinolite; cyanite.

Elsewhere. Gold in placers; galenite; fluorite; epidote; limonite; 

magnetite; cyauite; talc; chromite; chlorite; menaccanite; asbestus.

WATNE. 

Fossil wood; lignite; pyrite; calcite, in marl beds.

WILKES.

Wilkesboro. Two miles north, serpentine; talc; garnet.

Mulberry River. Magnetite.

Blue Ridge. Three miles south, on road to Jefferson, garnet; orthoclase; apatite.

Bending Rock Mountain. Itacoluniite.

Brushy Mountains. Asbestus.

Roaring River. Magnetite.

Elk Creek. Galenite; cerussite.

Flint Knol). Galeuite (argentiferous); pyrite,

Elkin Creek. Barite; limonite; galenite; cerussite.

Honey Creek. Eutile (!) in acicular crystals in brownish amethyst

Stony Hill Chalcopyrite; muscovite.

Trap Sill mine. Galenite; pyrrhotite; chalcopyrite (auriferous); 

pyrite; rutile; garnet; tourmaline; magnetite.

Redditfs River. Serpentine.

Elsewhere. Graphite; corundum (!), mostly altered into cyauite; 

pyrite; cyauite (!); mixture of muscovite, margarite, etc., resulting 

from the alteration of cyanite.
GENTH.I SYNOPSIS OF MINERALS AND LOCALITIES. 115

WILSON.

Contentnea Creek. Orthoclase; biotite. 

Stantonsburg. Pyrite. 

Turkey Creek. Amethystine quartz. 

Elsewhere. Cakite in marl beds; liraonite.

YADKIN.

Near Yadkinvilk. Gold.

Hoyden's quarry,, Calcite. compact and granular. 

Campbell mine. Magnetite.

Hobson's mine. Magnetite; tremolite; magnetite (!) at East Bend 

and elsewhere.

Near Fortes of Yadlcin River. Calcite. 

Jonesville. Pyrite in cubes in slate; chalcopyrite.

YANCEY.

Grassy Knob (Blade Mountains).-^Gy unite; muscovite.

Black Mountain. Graphite.

Bald Mountain. Grayish green actinolite; magnetite.

Burnsmlle. Platinum (?); labradorite (!) 6 miles north of Burnsville; 

tourmaline at Parrot's Ford, 3 miles from Burnsville; tantalite (!); 4 

miles north of Burnsville, chromite and talc; .1. mile west, kaolin; 3£ 

miles west, rnargarite.

Hampton"1 s. Mining Creek. Chromite(!); chalcedony; enstatite; tremolite (!); actinolite; asbestus; chrysolite (!); orthoclase; talc (!); 

serpentine; deweylite; penuinite; magnesite; epidote, in fine green 

crystals ; bronzite ; hornblende; prochlorite (?).

Hurricane Mountain. Cyanite (!); titanite; muscovite.

Bald Creelc. Chrysolite; talc; asbestus ; serpentine; tremolite; 

chlorite; pyrite; actinolite; epidote.

Ivy River. Menaccanite.

Ray's mica mine. Fluorite (!); pseudomorphous after apatite; yttrpcerite(?); beryl (!); garnet; zircon; rutile; muscovite (!), also a scaly 

pink variety; orthoclase; tourmaline (!), black and yellowish green; 

kaolinite; coluinbito; apatite ; monazite, very rare; autuuite; amazon 

stone; cyanite; albite; smoky quartz; quartz crystals; actinolite; 

talc; glassy feldspar.

MitchelVs Pealc. Cyanite; fibrolite; garnet; biotite; tourmaline.

South Toe River. Uranochre (?) ; muscovite; garnet; hyalite ; gummite; autunite; garnet.

Projffifs. Corundum ; muscovite; asbestus; garnet; penninite (?); 

talc; near Profit's, cbrysotile; fibrous talc.

Young's mine. Enstatite; chlorite; serpentine; chrysolite; chromite; talc; asbestus; tremolite; pyrite; manganese garnet, and garnet crystals; bronuite; tourmaline; muscovite.
116 THE MINERALS OF NORTH CAROLINA. [HULL.T4.

Westall mine. Cyauite.

Presnell (Young's] mine. Muscovite; albite; apatite; autunite.

GibVs mine. Muscovite; albite; garnet; glassy feldspar.

Giiggenheiiri's mine. Muscovite; albite; manganese garnet; apatite; 

hyalite; tourmaline; autnnite.

Rocky Creek. Muscovite ; pyrite; graphite.

Elsewhere. Graphite; allauite; cyanite; colucnbite ; magnetite ; on 

Crabtree Creek, massive reddish garnet; rutile; muscovite; in many 

inica mines, pyrite.
INDEX.

A.

Page.

Adger, J.B.,analysis by ................... 01

Aikinito ................................... 27

Albite ..................................... 50

AUauite ................................... 60-51

Alien, O.D., analyses by .................62,72,73

Altaito..................................... 23

Aluuogen .................................. 82

Amber...................................... 85

Ampbibole................................. 44-45

Armtaso ................................... 37

Andesite................................... 56

Anglesite.................................. 81

Anthracite.coal............................ 85

Antimony.................................. 20

Apatite.................................... 76

Arfvedsonite .............................. 45

Argentite.................................. 23

Arsenopyrite ............................... 26

Aaheville meteorite......................... 15

Auerlite................................... 70

Autunite ............._.................. 79

Azurite.................................... 84

B.

Barito...................................... 81

Barnanlite............. .................... 25

Beuneville, J. S. de, analyses by..........27,33, 35

Beryl ...................................... 46

Biotite..................................... 52

Bismite.................................... 40

Bismuthinite............................... 22

Bismutite................................... 84-85

Biasell, E., native copper associated w:.th

quartz observed by ................ 14

Black Mountain meteorite................. 15

Bornite .................................... 23

Braunite (?)................................ 38

Broofcite................................... 37

Brush, .analysis by.............._... 59

Burton, B. S,, analysis of meteorite by..... 16

Cplamine................................... 61

Calcite...................................... 82-83

Cassiterite. 35

Cerargyrite................................ 28

Cerollte.................................... 03

Page. 

Cernssite ......................... ..... 84

Chalcanthito............................... 81

Chnlcocite ................................. 24

Cbalcopyrite............................... 25

Chatard, T. M., analyses by .............. 46,47,

63,54, 55,65,66,67,69 

Chester, A. H., analysis by ................. 85

Chlorite.................. ................. 67,68

Chloritoid.................................. 68

Chromite................................... 34

Chrysocolla................................ 60,61

Chrysolite.... ............................ 47

Clark, , analysis by.................... 10

Clarke, F. ~W., analyses by ...............54,55,64

Clingman, , specimens furnished by.... 14

Coal,anthracite ............................ 85

bituminous ........................... 85

brown ............ ................... 85

Columbite ................................. 72

Comstock, "W. J., analysis by............... 72

Cooke, J. P., jr., analysis by ............... 65

Copper............................... ... 14

Corundum ................................. 29-31

Cosalite, cupreous ......................... 27

Covellite................................... 27

Crooidolite.-t .............................. 40

Crocoite ................................... 81

Culsageeite........... ................. 65

Cupreous cosalite.......................... 27

Cuprite.................................... 28

Cuproscheelite............................. 80

Cyanite.................................... 58-59

D.

Dabney, analyses by....................... 36

Deweylite ................................. 63

Diamond .................................. 21

Diaspore................................... 38

Dolomite .................................. 83

Dudleyite.................................. 69

Duel Hill meteorite........................ 10

Dufrenite.................................. 7»

E.

Eakins, L.G.,analyses by ................. 18,71

Edisonite.................................. 37

Enstatite.................................. 42

Epidote.................................... 50

Euclaee.................................... 59

117
118 INDEX.

F.

Fergnsonite................................ 74-75

Ferrosilicine............................... 20

Ferrous chloride........................... 28

Fibrolite................................... 58

Fluorite.................................... 28

Froebel, Chas.,analysis by ................ 26

G.

Gahnite..................................

Garnet...................................

Genthite........................ ........

Glauconi te...............................

Goethite.................................

Gold.....................................

Goslarite.................................

Graphite................................... 22

Guminite ...............-.....--.. .- - - 38, 70

H.

nalite............. ...................... 28

Halloysite ................................. 64

Hanua, G.B.,acknowledgments to ......... 11

Hatchettolite.............................. 72

Hausmannile (?) ........................... 38

Hematite .................................. 31

Hidden, William Earl, acknowledgments to. 11

Meteorite described by ................ 18

Cited on rntile from Alexander County. 36-37

Cited on quartz from Iredell County.. - 41

Hillebrand, W. F., analysis by.............. 36

Hisingerite (?) ............................. 64

Holmes, J. A., acknowledgments to ........ 11

Humphreys, J. T., acknowledgments to.... 11

Hunt, T.S., analyses by.................... 73,74

.Hunter, Ci L., acknowledgments to ........ 11

I. 

Iron ....................................... 14-20

J.

Jarden, "W. H., analyses by................. 54

Julian, Frank, analyses by................. 43,69

K. 

Kaolinite.................................. 63

Keller, H. F., analysis by .................. 51

Keller, H. M., analysis by.................. 55

Keyser, P., analysis by..................... 25-26

Koenig, G. A., analyses by...... 33,48, 53,54,65, 68

Kokscharowite ............................ 45

Kunz.G. F.,acknowledgments to .... ..... 11

Kunz, G. F., meteorites described by....... 17,20

L. 

Labradorite................. .............. 54

Lazulite ................................... 78

Lead....................................... 20

Leucopyrite ............................... 26

Lewis,Mary T., analyses by .............53-54, 57

Lignite ..................................... 85

Limonite................................... 38

Lucasite................................... 66

M.

Pace. 

Mackintosh, J. B., analyses by ........... 19,71,75

Maconite .................................. 66

Magnesito ................................. 83

Magnetite ................................. 33

Malachite.................................. 84

Mallet, J. W.,analyses by.................. 51,75

Marcasite.................................. 26

Margarite.................................. C9

Melaconite................................. 29

Melanterito................................ 81

Menaccanite............................... 31

Meteorites................................. 15-20

Microlite................................... 71

Hi spi ckel.................................. 26

Misy........................ .............. 82

Molybdenite ......._..................... 23

Molybdite ................................. 40

Monazite .................................. 77-78

Montanite ................................. 82

Muscovite................................. 52-53

N.

Nagyagite ................................. 26

Niter ...................................... 79

O. 

Oligoclase.................................. 55

Olivcnite .................................. 78

Opal....................................... 42

Orthoclase ................................. 56-57

P.

Page, "W". F., native iron found by ......... 14

Palladium (?)............................... 14

Paragonite ................................ 04

Penfield, analyses by ...................... 45,77

....... 66

....... 79

....... 52

....... 79

....... 64

....... 14

....... 75

....... 56

Penuinite.....................

Pharmacosiderite.............

Phlogopite....................

Phospliurauylite..............

Finite.........................

Platinum .....................

Polycrase.....................

Popplein, Geo. J., analysis by.

Prochlorite ................................ 67,68

Proustite .................................. 27

Psendomalachito........................... 78

Psilomelane................................ 39

Pyrite..................................... 24

P.yrochlore................................. 71

Pyrolusite. ................................ 37

Pyromorphito.............................. 77

Pyrophyllite............................... 62

Pyroxene.................................. 43

Pyrrotite .................................. 24

Quartz. 40

Uh ab dite .........................

Kbodochrosite ....................

Richards, Mrs. E. H., analysis by.
INDEX. 119

Riggs, R. B., analysis by ...............

Rogers! to .................................. 75

Rutherfordite...........................

Rutile ..................................

Salt (common) ..........................

Satnarskite .............................

Saponite................................

Scheelite........... ...................

Schueider, E. A.,analyses by .............. 63

Sehreibersite ...........................

Scorodite ...............................

Seaman, M. H., analysis by..............

Senarmontite ...........................

Serpentine................................. 62-

Sphalerite ..............................

Spinel ..................................... 32,

Spodumone ................................

Staurolite...................................

Stephenson, J.A.D., acknowledgments to.

Stepheuson, J. A. D., furnishes specimens 

for analysis........................

Stibnito....................................

Stilpnomelane .......................;.....

Stolzite ................................'....

Succinite..................................

Shepard, C. W., analyses and determinations by ......................... 14,15,

Siderite....................................

Silver......................................

Smaragdite (!).............................

Smith, J.L., analyses and descriptions by, 16, 

19, 20, 44,45, 55, 59, 67, 72, 73, 74,

Spang,Norman,specimen furnished by....

Sperry, E. S., analysis by...................

Sulphur....................................

Swallow, Ellen H., analysis) by.............

T.

Talc

go.

58

75

74

30

Jo

1O

64

oU

!,C5 

24

70

74

40 

-03 

24 

!,33

43

60

11

72

22 

(52 

80

85

>, 19 

83

14

45 

17, 

1,75

17

55 

21 

73

01

Thorite..................................

Troilite ..................................

U.

V. 

Tenable, F. P., analyses of meteorites by .

W. 

Wad. ....................................

Wikel, "W. D., analysis of meteorite by. . . 

\Vhitfield, 3. E., analysis of meteorite by.

X.

Y.

Vtf pnpArii'A {1'\

z.

Zoisite. ...................................

Page. 

. 25-20

22

27

70

60

59

. 57 58

24

80

62

OC

70

. 17,18 

49

78

10

79

17 

17 

68

80

71

76

28

73

70

49

. 51-52