Corrected to Conform to Federal Register Version 

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

17 CFR Parts 200, 227, 232, 239, 240, 249, 269, and 274

[Release Nos. 33-9974; 34-76324; File No. S7-09-13]

RIN 3235-AL37

Crowdfunding

AGENCY: Securities and Exchange Commission.

ACTION: Final rule.

SUMMARY: The Securities and Exchange Commission is adopting new Regulation 

Crowdfunding under the Securities Act of 1933 and the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 to

implement the requirements of Title III of the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act. Regulation 

Crowdfunding prescribes rules governing the offer and sale of securities under new 

Section 4(a)(6) of the Securities Act of 1933. Regulation Crowdfunding also provides a 

framework for the regulation of registered funding portals and broker-dealers that issuers are 

required to use as intermediaries in the offer and sale of securities in reliance on Section 4(a)(6). 

In addition, Regulation Crowdfunding conditionally exempts securities sold pursuant to 

Section 4(a)(6) from the registration requirements of Section 12(g) of the Securities Exchange Act 

of 1934.

DATES: The final rules and forms are effective May 16, 2016, except that instruction 3 adding 

part 227 and instruction 14 amending Form ID are effective January 29, 2016.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: With regard to requirements for issuers, 

Eduardo Aleman, Julie Davis, or Amy Reischauer, Division of Corporation Finance, at (202) 551-

3460, and with regard to requirements for intermediaries, Joseph Furey, Joanne Rutkowski, 
2

Timothy White, Devin Ryan, or Erin Galipeau, Division of Trading and Markets, at (202) 551-

5550, Securities and Exchange Commission, 100 F Street, NE, Washington, DC 20549.
3

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: 

Table of Contents

I. INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................................... 6

A. Background........................................................................................................................ 6

B. Title III of the JOBS Act.................................................................................................... 8

II. Final Rules Implementing Regulation Crowdfunding............................................................. 10

A. Crowdfunding Exemption................................................................................................ 14

1. Limit on Capital Raised.................................................................................................... 14

2. Investment Limits............................................................................................................. 20

3. Transaction Conducted Through an Intermediary ........................................................... 28

4. Exclusion of Certain Issuers from Eligibility under Section 4(a)(6) ............................... 33

B. Issuer Requirements......................................................................................................... 40

1. Disclosure Requirements.................................................................................................. 40

2. Ongoing Reporting Requirements.................................................................................. 115

3. Form C and Filing Requirements................................................................................... 127

4. Prohibition on Advertising Terms of the Offering......................................................... 136

5. Compensation of Persons Promoting the Offering ........................................................ 142

6. Other Issuer Requirements............................................................................................. 146

C. Intermediary Requirements............................................................................................ 151

1. Definitions of Funding Portals and Associated Persons................................................ 151

2. General Requirements for Intermediaries...................................................................... 154

3. Measures to Reduce Risk of Fraud ................................................................................ 166

4. Account Opening............................................................................................................ 182

5. Requirements with Respect to Transactions .................................................................. 199

6. Completion of Offerings, Cancellations and Reconfirmations...................................... 236

7. Payments to Third Parties .............................................................................................. 242

D. Additional Funding Portal Requirements ...................................................................... 245

1. Registration Requirement............................................................................................... 245

2. Exemption from Broker-Dealer Registration................................................................. 269

3. Safe Harbor for Certain Activities ................................................................................ 273

4. Compliance..................................................................................................................... 306

5. Records to be Created and Maintained by Funding Portals........................................... 314

E. Miscellaneous Provisions............................................................................................... 321

1. Insignificant Deviations from Regulation Crowdfunding.............................................. 321
4

2. Restrictions on Resales................................................................................................... 324

3. Information Available to States...................................................................................... 328

4. Exemption from Section 12(g)....................................................................................... 328

5. Scope of Statutory Liability ........................................................................................... 333

6. Disqualification Provisions............................................................................................ 338

7. Secondary Market Trading............................................................................................. 347

III. ECONOMIC ANALYSIS ..................................................................................................... 349

A. Baseline.......................................................................................................................... 351

1. Current Methods of Raising up to $1 Million of Capital ............................................... 351

2. Current Sources of Funding for Startups and Small Businesses that Could Be 

Substitutes or Complements to Crowdfunding.............................................................. 358

3. Current Crowdfunding Practices.................................................................................... 368

4. Survival Rates for Startups and Small Businesses......................................................... 371

5. Market Participants ........................................................................................................ 373

B. Analysis of Final Rules.................................................................................................. 381

1. Broad Economic Considerations.................................................................................... 382

2. Crowdfunding Exemption.............................................................................................. 389

3. Issuer Requirements....................................................................................................... 400

4. Intermediary Requirements............................................................................................ 438

5. Additional Funding Portal Requirements....................................................................... 464

6. Insignificant Deviations ................................................................................................. 480

7. Relationship with State Law .......................................................................................... 481

8. Exemption from Section 12(g)....................................................................................... 482

9. Disqualification .............................................................................................................. 485

IV. PAPERWORK REDUCTION ACT ..................................................................................... 491

A. Background.................................................................................................................... 491

B. Estimate of Issuers and Intermediaries.......................................................................... 493

1. Issuers............................................................................................................................. 493

2. Intermediaries that are Registered Brokers.................................................................... 494

3. Funding Portals .............................................................................................................. 495

C. Estimate of Burdens....................................................................................................... 496

1. Issuers............................................................................................................................. 496

2. Brokers and Funding Portals.......................................................................................... 504

D. Collections of Information are Mandatory .................................................................... 527
5

E. Confidentiality ............................................................................................................... 527

F. Retention Period of Recordkeeping Requirements........................................................ 527

V. FINAL REGULATORY FLEXIBILITY ACT ANALYSIS ................................................ 528

A. Need for the Rule ........................................................................................................... 528

B. Significant Issues Raised by Public Comments............................................................. 529

C. Small Entities Subject to the Rules................................................................................ 532

D. Projected Reporting, Recordkeeping and other Compliance Requirements.................. 533

E. Agency Action to Minimize Effect on Small Entities................................................... 535

1. Issuers............................................................................................................................. 535

2. Intermediaries................................................................................................................. 538

VI. STATUTORY AUTHORITY ............................................................................................... 540

EXHIBIT A................................................................................................................................... 667
6

I. INTRODUCTION

A. Background

Crowdfunding is a relatively new and evolving method of using the Internet to raise capital 

to support a wide range of ideas and ventures. An entity or individual raising funds through 

crowdfunding typically seeks small individual contributions from a large number of people. 

Individuals interested in the crowdfunding campaign – members of the “crowd” – may share 

information about the project, cause, idea or business with each other and use the information to 

decide whether to fund the campaign based on the collective “wisdom of the crowd.” 

The Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act (the “JOBS Act”),1 enacted on April 5, 2012, 

establishes a regulatory structure for startups and small businesses to raise capital through 

securities offerings using the Internet through crowdfunding. The crowdfunding provisions of the 

JOBS Act were intended to help provide startups and small businesses with capital by making 

relatively low dollar offerings of securities, featuring relatively low dollar investments by the 

“crowd,” less costly.2

 Congress included a number of provisions intended to protect investors 

who engage in these transactions,3 including investment limits, required disclosures by issuers, 

 1 Pub. L. No. 112-106, 126 Stat. 306 (2012).

2 See, e.g., congressional statements regarding crowdfunding bills that were precursors to the JOBS Act: 157 

CONG. REC. S8458-02 (daily ed. Dec. 8, 2011) (statement of Sen. Jeff Merkley) (“Low-dollar investments 

from ordinary Americans may help fill the void, providing a new avenue of funding to the small businesses 

that are the engine of job creation. The CROWDFUND Act would provide startup companies and other 

small businesses with a new way to raise capital from ordinary investors in a more transparent and regulated 

marketplace.”); 157 CONG. REC. H7295-01 (daily ed. Nov. 3, 2011) (statement of Rep. Patrick McHenry) 

(“[H]igh net worth individuals can invest in businesses before the average family can. And that small 

business is limited on the amount of equity stakes they can provide investors and limited in the number of 

investors they can get. So, clearly, something has to be done to open these capital markets to the average 

investor[.]”).

3 See, e.g., congressional statements regarding crowdfunding bills that were precursors to the JOBS Act: 158 

CONG. REC. S1781 (daily ed. Mar. 19, 2012) (statement of Sen. Carl Levin) (“Our bill creates new 

opportunities for crowdfunding but establishes basic regulatory oversight, liability, and disclosure rules that 

will give investors the confidence to participate in this promising emerging source of money for growing 

companies.”).
7

and a requirement to use regulated intermediaries. The provisions also permit Internet-based 

platforms to facilitate the offer and sale of securities in crowdfunding transactions without having 

to register with the Commission as brokers.

In the United States, crowdfunding generally has not involved the offer of a share in any 

financial returns or profits that the fundraiser may expect to generate from business activities 

financed through crowdfunding. Such a profit or revenue-sharing model – sometimes referred to 

as the “equity model” of crowdfunding – could trigger the application of the federal securities 

laws because it likely would involve the offer and sale of a security. Under the Securities Act of 

1933 (“Securities Act”), the offer and sale of securities is required to be registered unless an 

exemption is available. Some observers have stated that registered offerings are not feasible for 

raising smaller amounts of capital, as is done in a typical crowdfunding transaction, because of the 

costs of conducting a registered offering and the resulting ongoing reporting obligations under the 

Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (“Exchange Act”) that may arise as a result of the offering. 

Limitations under existing regulations, including purchaser qualification requirements for offering 

exemptions that permit general solicitation and general advertising, have made private placement 

exemptions generally unavailable for crowdfunding transactions, which are intended to involve a 

large number of investors4 and not be limited to investors that meet specific qualifications.5

 4 In this release, “investors” includes investors and potential investors, as the context requires. See Rule 

100(d) of Regulation Crowdfunding.

5 See Eliminating the Prohibition Against General Solicitation and General Advertising in Rule 506 and Rule 

144A Offerings, Release No. 33-9415 (July 10, 2013) [78 FR 44771 (July 24, 2013)] (adopting rules to 

implement Title II of the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act) (“Rule 506(c) Adopting Release”). Title II of 

the JOBS Act directed the Commission to amend Rule 506 of Regulation D to permit general solicitation or 

general advertising in offerings made under Rule 506, provided that all purchasers of the securities are 

accredited investors. Accredited investors include natural persons who meet certain income or net worth 

thresholds. Although this rule facilitates the type of broad solicitation emblematic of crowdfunding, 

crowdfunding is premised on permitting sales of securities to any interested person, not just to investors who 

meet specific qualifications, such as accredited investors. 
8

Moreover, someone who operates a website to effect the purchase and sale of securities for 

the account of others generally would, under pre-existing regulations, be required to register with 

the Commission as a broker-dealer and comply with the laws and regulations applicable to brokerdealers.6

 A person that operates such a website only for the purchase of securities of startups and 

small businesses, however, may find it impractical in view of the limited nature of that person’s 

activities and business to register as a broker-dealer and operate under the full set of regulatory 

obligations that apply to broker-dealers.

B. Title III of the JOBS Act

Title III of the JOBS Act (“Title III”) added new Securities Act Section 4(a)(6),

7 which 

provides an exemption from the registration requirements of Securities Act Section 58 for certain 

crowdfunding transactions. To qualify for the exemption under Section 4(a)(6), crowdfunding 

transactions by an issuer (including all entities controlled by or under common control with the 

issuer) must meet specified requirements, including the following:

• the amount raised must not exceed $1 million in a 12-month period;

• individual investments in all crowdfunding issuers in a 12-month period are limited to:

o the greater of $2,000 or 5 percent of annual income or net worth, if annual income 

or net worth of the investor is less than $100,000; and

o 10 percent of annual income or net worth (not to exceed an amount sold of 

$100,000), if annual income or net worth of the investor is $100,000 or more; and

 6 Exchange Act Section 15(a)(1) generally makes it unlawful for a broker or dealer to effect any transactions 

in, or induce the purchase or sale of, any security unless that broker or dealer is registered with the 

Commission pursuant to Exchange Act Section 15(b). 15 U.S.C. 78o(a). See discussion in Section II.D.2. 

Because brokers and dealers both register as broker-dealers (i.e., there is no separate “broker” or “dealer” 

registration under Exchange Act Section 15(b)), we use the term “broker-dealer” in this release.

7 15 U.S.C. 77d(a)(6).

8 15 U.S.C. 77e.
9

• transactions must be conducted through an intermediary that either is registered as a 

broker-dealer or is registered as a new type of entity called a “funding portal.”

In addition, Title III:

• adds Securities Act Section 4A,9 which requires, among other things, that issuers and 

intermediaries that facilitate transactions between issuers and investors in reliance on 

Section 4(a)(6) provide certain information to investors and potential investors, take other 

actions and provide notices and other information to the Commission;

• adds Exchange Act Section 3(h),10 which requires the Commission to adopt rules to 

exempt, either conditionally or unconditionally, “funding portals” from having to register 

as a broker-dealer pursuant to Exchange Act Section 15(a)(1);11

• mandates that the Commission establish disqualification provisions under which an issuer 

would not be able to avail itself of the Section 4(a)(6) exemption if the issuer or an 

intermediary was subject to a disqualifying event; and

• adds Exchange Act Section 12(g)(6),12 which requires the Commission to adopt rules to 

exempt from the registration requirements of Section 12(g),13 either conditionally or 

unconditionally, securities acquired pursuant to an offering made in reliance on 

Section 4(a)(6). 

 9 15 U.S.C. 77a.

10 15 U.S.C. 78c(h).

11 15 U.S.C. 78o(a)(1).

12 15 U.S.C. 78l(g)(6).

13 15 U.S.C. 78l(g).
10

On October 23, 2013, we proposed new rules and forms to implement Title III of the JOBS 

Act.

14 We received over 485 comment letters on the Proposing Release, including from 

professional and trade associations, investor organizations, law firms, investment companies and 

investment advisers, broker-dealers, potential funding portals, members of Congress, the 

Commission’s Investor Advisory Committee,15 state securities regulators, government agencies,

potential issuers, accountants, individuals and other interested parties. We have reviewed and 

considered all of the comments that we received on the Proposing Release and on Title III of the 

JOBS Act.

16 In this release, we are adopting new rules and forms to implement Sections 4(a)(6) 

and 4A and Exchange Act Sections 3(h) and 12(g)(6). The rules are described in detail below. 

II. Final Rules Implementing Regulation Crowdfunding

Regulation Crowdfunding, among other things, permits individuals to invest in securitiesbased crowdfunding transactions subject to certain thresholds, limits the amount of money an 

issuer can raise under the crowdfunding exemption, requires issuers to disclose certain 

information about their offers, and creates a regulatory framework for the intermediaries that 

facilitate the crowdfunding transactions. As an overview, under the final rules:

 14 See Rel. No. 33-9470 (Oct. 23, 2013) [78 FR 66427 (Nov. 5, 2013)] (the “Proposing Release”), available at:

http://www.sec.gov/rules/proposed/2013/33-9470.pdf. 

15 The SEC Investor Advisory Committee (“Investor Advisory Committee”) was established in April 2012 

pursuant to Section 911 of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act [Pub. L. No. 

111-203, sec. 911, 124 Stat. 1376, 1822 (July 21, 2010)] (the “Dodd-Frank Act”) to advise the Commission 

on regulatory priorities, the regulation of securities products, trading strategies, fee structures, the 

effectiveness of disclosure, initiatives to protect investor interests and to promote investor confidence and the 

integrity of the securities marketplace. The Dodd-Frank Act authorizes the Investor Advisory Committee to 

submit findings and recommendations for review and consideration by the Commission. 

16 To facilitate public input on JOBS Act rulemaking before the issuance of rule proposals, the Commission 

invited members of the public to make their views known on various JOBS Act initiatives in advance of any 

rulemaking by submitting comment letters to the Commission’s website at 

http://www.sec.gov/spotlight/jobsactcomments.shtml. The comment letters relating to Title III of the JOBS 

Act submitted in response to this invitation are located at http://www.sec.gov/comments/jobs-title-ii/jobstitle-iii.shtml.
11

• An issuer is permitted to raise a maximum aggregate amount of $1 million through 

crowdfunding offerings in a 12-month period;

• Individual investors, over the course of a 12-month period, are permitted to invest in the 

aggregate across all crowdfunding offerings up to: 

o If either their annual income or net worth is less than $100,000, then the greater of:

 $2,000 or 

 5 percent of the lesser of their annual income or net worth.

o If both their annual income and net worth are equal to or more than $100,000, then 

10 percent of the lesser of their annual income or net worth; and

• During the 12-month period, the aggregate amount of securities sold to an investor through 

all crowdfunding offerings may not exceed $100,000.

Certain companies are not eligible to use the Regulation Crowdfunding 

exemption. Ineligible companies include non-U.S. companies, companies that already are 

Exchange Act reporting companies, certain investment companies, companies that are disqualified 

under Regulation Crowdfunding’s disqualification rules, companies that have failed to comply 

with the annual reporting requirements under Regulation Crowdfunding during the two years 

immediately preceding the filing of the offering statement, and companies that have no specific 

business plan or have indicated their business plan is to engage in a merger or acquisition with an 

unidentified company or companies.

Securities purchased in a crowdfunding transaction generally cannot be resold for a period 

of one year. Holders of these securities do not count toward the threshold that requires an issuer 

to register its securities with the Commission under Section 12(g) of the Exchange Act if the 
12

issuer is current in its annual reporting obligation, retains the services of a registered transfer agent 

and has less than $25 million in assets.

Disclosure by Issuers. The final rules require issuers conducting an offering pursuant to 

Regulation Crowdfunding to file certain information with the Commission and provide this 

information to investors and the relevant intermediary facilitating the crowdfunding offering. 

Among other things, in its offering documents, the issuer is required to disclose:

• Information about officers and directors as well as owners of 20 percent or more of the 

issuer;

• A description of the issuer’s business and the use of proceeds from the offering;

• The price to the public of the securities or the method for determining the price, the target 

offering amount, the deadline to reach the target offering amount, and whether the issuer 

will accept investments in excess of the target offering amount;

• Certain related-party transactions;

• A discussion of the issuer’s financial condition; and

• Financial statements of the issuer that are, depending on the amount offered and sold 

during a 12-month period, accompanied by information from the issuer’s tax returns,

reviewed by an independent public accountant, or audited by an independent auditor. An 

issuer relying on these rules for the first time would be permitted to provide reviewed 

rather than audited financial statements, unless financial statements of the issuer are 

available that have been audited by an independent auditor.

Issuers are required to amend the offering document during the offering period to reflect 

material changes and provide updates on the issuer’s progress toward reaching the target offering 

amount.
13

In addition, issuers relying on the Regulation Crowdfunding exemption are required to file 

an annual report with the Commission and provide it to investors.

Crowdfunding Platforms. One of the key investor protections of Title III of the JOBS 

Act is the requirement that Regulation Crowdfunding transactions take place through an SECregistered intermediary, either a broker-dealer or a funding portal. Under Regulation 

Crowdfunding, offerings must be conducted exclusively through a platform operated by a 

registered broker or a funding portal, which is a new type of SEC registrant. The rules require 

these intermediaries to:

• Provide investors with educational materials;

• Take measures to reduce the risk of fraud;

• Make available information about the issuer and the offering;

• Provide communication channels to permit discussions about offerings on the platform; 

and

• Facilitate the offer and sale of crowdfunded securities.

The rules prohibit funding portals from:

• Offering investment advice or making recommendations;

• Soliciting purchases, sales or offers to buy securities offered or displayed on its platform;

• Compensating promoters and others for solicitations or based on the sale of securities; and

• Holding, possessing, or handling investor funds or securities.

The rules provide a safe harbor under which funding portals can engage in certain activities 

consistent with these restrictions.

The staff will undertake to study and submit a report to the Commission no later than three 

years following the effective date of Regulation Crowdfunding on the impact of the regulation on 
14

capital formation and investor protection. The report will include, but not be limited to, a review 

of: (1) issuer and intermediary compliance; (2) issuer offering limits and investor investment 

limits; (3) incidence of fraud, investor losses, and compliance with investor aggregates; (4) 

intermediary fee and compensation structures; (5) measures intermediaries have taken to reduce 

the risk of fraud, including reliance on issuer and investor representations; (6) the concept of a 

centralized database of investor contributions; (7) intermediary policies and procedures; (8)

intermediary recordkeeping practices; and (9) secondary market trading practices.

A. Crowdfunding Exemption

Section 4(a)(6) provides an exemption from the registration requirements of Securities Act 

Section 5 for certain crowdfunding transactions. To qualify for this exemption, crowdfunding 

transactions by an issuer must meet specified requirements, including limits on the dollar amount 

of the securities that may be sold by an issuer and the dollar amount that may be invested by an 

individual in a 12-month period. The crowdfunding transaction also must be conducted through a 

registered intermediary that complies with specified requirements.17 Title III also provides 

limitations on who may rely on the exemption and establishes specific liability provisions for 

material misstatements or omissions in connection with Section 4(a)(6) exempt transactions. As 

discussed below, the rules we are adopting are designed to aid issuers, investors and 

intermediaries in complying with these various limitations and requirements.

1. Limit on Capital Raised

a. Proposed Rules

The exemption from registration provided by Section 4(a)(6) is available to a U.S. issuer 

provided that “the aggregate amount sold to all investors by the issuer, including any amount sold 

 17 See Section II.C for a discussion of the intermediary requirements. See also Section II.D for a discussion of 

the additional funding portal requirements.
15

in reliance on the exemption provided under [Section 4(a)(6)] during the 12-month period 

preceding the date of such transaction, is not more than $1,000,000.” Under Securities Act 

Section 4A(h), the Commission is required to adjust the dollar amounts in Section 4(a)(6) “not 

less frequently than once every five years, by notice published in the Federal Register, to reflect 

any change in the Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers published by the Bureau of 

Labor Statistics.” 

Consistent with the statute, we proposed in Rule 100(a) of Regulation Crowdfunding to 

limit the aggregate amount sold to all investors by the issuer in reliance on the new exemption to

$1 million during a 12-month period. Capital raised through other exempt transactions would not 

be counted in determining the aggregate amount sold in reliance on Section 4(a)(6). 

We also provided guidance clarifying our view that offerings made in reliance on 

Section 4(a)(6) will not be integrated18 with other exempt offerings made by the issuer, provided 

that each offering complies with the requirements of the applicable exemption that is being relied 

upon for the particular offering. 

Under Section 4(a)(6), the amount of securities sold in reliance on Section 4(a)(6) by 

entities controlled by or under common control with the issuer must be aggregated with the 

amount to be sold by the issuer in the current offering to determine the aggregate amount sold in 

reliance on Section 4(a)(6) during the preceding 12-month period. Under the proposed rules, for 

purposes of determining whether an entity is “controlled by or under common control with” the 

issuer, an issuer would be required to consider whether it has “control” based on the definition in 

 18 The integration doctrine seeks to prevent an issuer from improperly avoiding registration by artificially 

dividing a single offering into multiple offerings such that Securities Act exemptions would apply to multiple 

offerings that would not be available for the combined offering. See, e.g., Final Rule: Nonpublic Offering 

Exemption, Release No. 33-4552 (Nov. 6, 1962). 
16

Securities Act Rule 405.19 As proposed, the amount of securities sold in reliance on 

Section 4(a)(6) also would include securities sold by any predecessor of the issuer in reliance on 

Section 4(a)(6) during the preceding 12-month period. 

b. Comments on the Proposed Rules

A few commenters supported a $1 million limit on capital raised by an issuer in reliance 

on Section 4(a)(6),20 while many other commenters believed that the proposed $1 million limit 

was too low and, in some instances, recommended higher limits.21 Several commenters urged that 

the $1 million limit be net of fees charged by the intermediary to host the offering on the 

intermediary’s platform,22 while other commenters generally opposed this idea.23 

Commenters were divided on the proposed guidance that other exempt offerings should 

not be integrated when determining the amount sold during the preceding 12-month period for 

purposes of the $1 million limit, with some supporting this approach,24 and others opposing it.

25 

 19 See 17 CFR 230.405 (“The term control (including the terms controlling, controlled by and under common 

control with) means the possession, direct or indirect, of the power to direct or cause the direction of the 

management and policies of a person, whether through the ownership of voting securities, by contract, or 

otherwise.”). Exchange Act Rule 12b-2 contains the same definition. See 17 CFR 240.12b-2.

20 See, e.g., Leverage PR Letter; StartEngine Letter 1; StartEngine Letter 2; Wilson Letter.

21 See, e.g., Advanced Hydro Letter; Bushroe Letter; Cole D. Letter; Concerned Capital Letter; Hamman 

Letter; Harrison Letter; Hillside Letter; Jazz Letter; Kickstarter Coaching Letter; McCulley Letter; 

McGladrey Letter; Meling Letter; Miami Nation Enterprises Letter; Multistate Tax Service Letter; Peers 

Letter; Pioneer Realty Letter; Public Startup Letter 2; Qizilbash Letter; Rosenthal O. Letter; Sarles Letter; 

SBM Letter; Taylor R. Letter; Taylor T. Letter; Wales Capital Letter 1; Wales Capital Letter 3; WealthForge 

Letter; Wear Letter; Wilhelm Letter; Winters Letter; Yudek Letter.

22 See, e.g., Benjamin Letter; FundHub Letter 1; Hackers/Founders Letter; Joinvestor Letter; Odhner Letter; 

Omara Letter; Public Startup Letter 2; RFPIA Letter; RoC Letter; RocketHub Letter; Seed&Spark Letter; 

Thomas Letter 1; Wales Capital Letter 1; Whitaker Chalk Letter; Wilson Letter.

23 See, e.g., Arctic Island Letter 4; ASSOB Letter; Commonwealth of Massachusetts Letter; MCS Letter; 

PeoplePowerFund Letter.

24 See, e.g., AngelList Letter; Arctic Island Letter 4; Campbell R. Letter; CFA Institute Letter; CFIRA Letter 

11; EarlyShares Letter; EMKF Letter; Farnkoff Letter; Feinstein Letter; Growthfountain Letter; 

Hackers/Founders Letter; Heritage Letter; NSBA Letter; Parsont Letter; Perfect Circle Solutions Letter; 

Public Startup Letter 2; RoC Letter; RocketHub Letter; Wales Capital Letter 1; Wefunder Letter; Whitaker 

Chalk Letter; Wilson Letter.
17

c. Final Rules

We are adopting as proposed rules that limit to $1 million the aggregate amount that may 

be sold to all investors by the issuer in a 12-month period in reliance on the new exemption.26 We 

continue to believe this approach is consistent with the statute and will provide for a meaningful 

addition to the existing capital formation options for smaller companies while maintaining 

important investor protections. Moreover, Regulation Crowdfunding is a novel method of raising 

capital for smaller companies, and we are concerned about expanding the offering limit of the 

exemption beyond the level specified in Section 4(a)(6) at the outset of the adoption of final rules. 

Some commenters suggested that the $1 million limit be net of fees charged by the intermediary to 

host the offering on the intermediary’s platform,27 which would be an indirect way of increasing 

the $1 million limit. We are concerned that expanding the offering limit in this way would 

provide less certainty and could raise interpretive questions, which would make the exemption

more costly for issuers to comply with. If a funding portal’s fees are not known in advance, for 

example, this may create uncertainty for issuers about how much capital they would be able to 

raise. Therefore, we are adopting as proposed the limit on the aggregate amount sold. 

Title III provides that the $1 million limit applies to the “aggregate amount sold to all 

investors by the issuer, including any amount sold in reliance on the exemption provided under 

 25 See, e.g., AFL-CIO Letter (not integrating other exempt offerings will make crowdfunding available to larger 

companies and “crowd out” smaller companies that lack other options for raising capital); AFR Letter; 

Brown J. Letter; Consumer Federation Letter (not integrating other exempt offerings will allow issuers to 

evade regulatory requirements); Fund Democracy Letter (not integrating other exempt offerings will give 

issuers an incentive to engage in advertising in concurrent private offerings to indirectly publicly advertise 

their crowdfunding offering); IAC Recommendation; MCS Letter; NASAA Letter.

26 See Rule 100(a)(1) of Regulation Crowdfunding. There is a technical change to the rule text (“offer and sell 

securities” is changed to “offer or sell securities”) to clarify that an issuer does not have to complete a sale in 

order to rely on the Section 4(a)(6) exemption for an offering.

27 See, e.g., Benjamin Letter; FundHub Letter 1; Hackers/Founders Letter; Joinvestor Letter; Odhner Letter; 

Omara Letter; Public Startup Letter 2; RFPIA Letter; RoC Letter; RocketHub Letter; Seed&Spark Letter; 

Thomas Letter 1; Wales Capital Letter 1; Whitaker Chalk Letter; Wilson Letter.
18

[Section 4(a)(6)].” Securities Act Section 4A(g), however, provides that “[n]othing in the 

exemption shall be construed as preventing an issuer from raising capital through means other 

than [S]ection 4[(a)](6).” Considered together, these two provisions create statutory ambiguity 

because the first provision could be read to provide for the aggregation of amounts raised in all 

exempt transactions, even those that do not involve crowdfunding, while the second provision 

could be read to provide that nothing in the Section 4(a)(6) exemption should limit an issuer’s 

capital raising through other methods. We believe that the overall intent of providing the 

exemption under Section 4(a)(6) was to provide an additional mechanism for capital raising for 

startup and small businesses and not to affect the amount an issuer could raise outside of that 

exemption. Thus, we believe that only the capital raised in reliance on the exemption provided by 

Section 4(a)(6) should be counted toward the limit. Capital raised through other means should not 

be counted in determining the aggregate amount sold in reliance on Section 4(a)(6). The opposite 

approach – requiring aggregation of amounts raised in any exempt transaction – would be 

inconsistent with the goal of alleviating the funding gap for startups and small businesses because, 

by electing crowdfunding, such issuers would be placing a cap on the amount of capital they could 

raise. An issuer that already sold $1 million in reliance on the exemption provided under Section 

4(a)(6), for example, would be prevented from raising capital through other exempt methods and, 

conversely, an issuer that sold $1 million through other exempt methods would be prevented from 

raising capital under Section 4(a)(6). 

In determining the amount that may be sold in reliance on Section 4(a)(6), an issuer should 

aggregate amounts it sold (including amounts sold by entities controlled by, or under common 

control with, the issuer, as well as any amounts sold by any predecessor of the issuer) in reliance 

on Section 4(a)(6) during the 12-month period preceding the expected date of sale and the amount 
19

the issuer intends to raise in reliance on the exemption. An issuer should not include amounts sold 

in other exempt offerings during the preceding 12-month period. 

Further, in light of Section 4A(g) and for the reasons discussed above, we continue to 

believe that an offering made in reliance on Section 4(a)(6) should not be integrated with another 

exempt offering made by the issuer, provided that each offering complies with the requirements of 

the applicable exemption that is being relied upon for the particular offering. For example, an 

issuer conducting a concurrent exempt offering for which general solicitation is not permitted will 

need to be satisfied that purchasers in that offering were not solicited by means of the offering 

made in reliance on Section 4(a)(6).28 As another example, an issuer conducting a concurrent 

exempt offering for which general solicitation is permitted, for example, under Securities Act 

Rule 506(c), could not include in any such general solicitation an advertisement of the terms of an 

offering made in reliance on Section 4(a)(6), unless that advertisement otherwise complied with

Section 4(a)(6) and the final rules. As such, a concurrent offering would be bound by the more 

restrictive solicitation requirements of Regulation Crowdfunding, unless the issuer can conclude 

that the purchasers in the Regulation Crowdfunding offering were not solicited by means of the 

offering made in reliance on Rule 506(c).

The amount of securities sold in reliance on Section 4(a)(6) by entities controlled by or 

under common control with the issuer must be aggregated with the amount to be sold by the issuer 

in the current offering to determine the aggregate amount sold in reliance on Section 4(a)(6) 

during the preceding 12-month period. The statute does not define the term “controlled by or 

 28 For a concurrent offering under Rule 506(b), an issuer will have to conclude that purchasers in the 

Rule 506(b) offering were not solicited by means of the offering made in reliance on Section 4(a)(6). For 

example, the issuer may have had a preexisting substantive relationship with such purchasers. Otherwise, 

the solicitation conducted in connection with the crowdfunding offering may preclude reliance on 

Rule 506(b). See also Rel. No. 33-8828 (Aug. 3, 2007) [72 FR 45116]. 
20

under common control with” the issuer; however, the term “control” is defined in Securities Act 

Rule 405.29 Under the final rules, for purposes of determining whether an entity is “controlled by 

or under common control with” the issuer, an issuer will be required to consider whether it 

possesses, directly or indirectly, the power to direct or cause the direction of the management and 

policies of the entity, whether through the ownership of voting securities, by contract or 

otherwise, consistent with the definition of “control” in Securities Act Rule 405.

30 

Under the final rules, the amount of securities sold in reliance on Section 4(a)(6) also 

includes securities sold by any predecessor of the issuer in reliance on Section 4(a)(6) during the 

preceding 12-month period.31 We believe this approach is necessary to prevent an issuer from 

exceeding the $1 million limit by reorganizing into a new entity that would otherwise not be 

limited by previous sales made by its predecessor. 

2. Investment Limits

a. Proposed Rules

Under the exemption from registration set forth in Securities Act Section 4(a)(6)(B), the 

aggregate amount of securities sold to any investor by an issuer, including any amount sold in 

reliance on the exemption during the 12-month period preceding the date of such transaction, 

cannot exceed: “(i) the greater of $2,000 or 5 percent of the annual income or net worth of such 

investor, as applicable, if either the annual income or the net worth of the investor is less than 

$100,000; and (ii) 10 percent of the annual income or net worth of such investor, as applicable, 

 29 See note 19.

30 See Instruction to paragraph (c) of Rule 100 of Regulation Crowdfunding.

31 See Rule 100(c) of Regulation Crowdfunding (defining issuer, in certain circumstances, to include all entities 

controlled by or under common control with the issuer and any predecessor of the issuer). 
21

not to exceed a maximum aggregate amount sold of $100,000, if either the annual income or net 

worth of the investor is equal to or more than $100,000.” 

In the Proposing Release, we noted that this statutory language may present ambiguity in 

some cases about which of the two investment limits governs, because paragraph (i) applies if 

“either” annual income or net worth is less than $100,000 and paragraph (ii) applies if “either” 

annual income or net worth is equal to or more than $100,000. Accordingly, in a situation in 

which annual income is less than $100,000 and net worth is equal to or more than $100,000 (or 

vice versa), the language of the statute may be read to cause both paragraphs to apply. Paragraph 

(i) also fixes the maximum annual investment by an investor at 5 percent of “the annual income or 

net worth of such investor, as applicable” and paragraph (ii) fixes the maximum annual 

investment by an investor at 10 percent of “the annual income or net worth of such investor, as 

applicable,” but neither states when that percentage should be applied against the investor’s 

annual income and when it should be applied against the investor’s net worth. 

Under proposed Rule 100(a) of Regulation Crowdfunding, the aggregate amount of 

securities sold to any investor by any issuer in reliance on Section 4(a)(6) during the 12-month 

period preceding the date of such transaction, including the securities sold to such investor in such 

transaction, could not exceed the greater of: (i) $2,000 or 5 percent of the annual income or net 

worth of the investor, whichever is greater, if both annual income and net worth are less than 

$100,000; or (ii) 10 percent of the annual income or net worth of the investor, whichever is 

greater, not to exceed an amount sold of $100,000, if either annual income or net worth is equal to 

or more than $100,000. 

We did not propose to alter these investment limits for any particular type of investor or 

create a different exemption based on different investment limits. Under the proposal, the annual 
22

income and net worth of a natural person would be calculated in accordance with the 

Commission’s rules for the calculation of annual income and net worth of an accredited investor, 

and an investor’s annual income or net worth could be calculated jointly with the annual income 

or net worth of the investor’s spouse. An issuer would be able to rely on the efforts of an 

intermediary to determine that the aggregate amount of securities purchased by an investor will 

not cause the investor to exceed the investment limits, provided the issuer does not have 

knowledge to the contrary.

b. Comments on the Proposed Rules

Commenters were divided on the proposed investment limits. Many commenters 

supported some type of investment limit without necessarily expressing a specific opinion on the 

proposed investment limits,32 while many others generally opposed any type of investment limit.33 

A number of commenters recommended changes to the proposed limits.34 

While some commenters supported the proposal to apply the higher investment limit (10 

percent, as set forth in Section 4(a)(6)(B)(ii)) if only one of the annual income or net worth of the 

investor is equal to or more than $100,000,35 some commenters also supported the lower 

investment limit ($2,000 or 5 percent, as set forth in Section 4(a)(6)(B)(i)) unless both the annual 

income and net worth of the investor are equal to or more than $100,000.36 

 32 See, e.g., Accredify Letter; Ahmad Letter; Crowley Letter; Farnkoff Letter; Merkley Letter; Milken Institute 

Letter; Patel Letter; Saunders Letter; StartEngine Letter 1; Wales Capital Letter 1.

33 See, e.g., ASSOB Letter; Crowdstockz Letter; Hamman Letter; Holland Letter; McCulley Letter; Meling 

Letter; Qizilbash Letter; Ramsey Letter; SBM Letter; Taylor R Letter.

34 See, e.g., Crowdstockz Letter; Gill Letter; Johnston Letter; Morse Letter; Qizilbash Letter; Vossberg Letter; 

Winters Letter.

35 See, e.g., ABA Letter; CFA Institute Letter; CFIRA Letter 12; Craw Letter; Finkelstein Letter; RocketHub 

Letter; Wilson Letter.

36 See, e.g., AFL-CIO Letter; BetterInvesting Letter; Consumer Federation Letter; Fund Democracy Letter; 

IAC Recommendation; Jacobson Letter; NASAA Letter; Schwartz Letter.
23

A number of commenters supported the proposal that within each of the two levels of 

investment limits, the limits would be calculated based on the “greater of” an investor’s annual 

income or net worth,

37 while a number of other commenters preferred a “lesser of” approach.38 A 

few commenters suggested a combination of the approaches (e.g., if either annual income or net 

worth is below $100,000, the lower investment limit level ($2,000 or 5 percent) would apply, but 

within that level, the limit would be based on the greater of annual income or net worth).

39

Many commenters supported the proposal that an issuer may rely on the efforts of an 

intermediary to determine that the aggregate amount of securities purchased by an investor will 

not cause the investor to exceed the investment limits, provided that the issuer does not have 

knowledge that the investor had exceeded, or would exceed, the investment limits as a result of 

purchasing securities in the issuer’s offering.40 A few commenters recommended that an issuer be 

required to obtain a written representation from the investor that the investor has not and will not 

exceed the limits by purchasing from the issuer.41

Commenters were divided about the joint calculation of annual income and net worth with 

the investor’s spouse. Several commenters supported the proposal that an investor’s annual 

 37 See, e.g., ABA Letter; Anonymous Letter 6; CFIRA Letter 12; Craw Letter; EarlyShares Letter; Jacobson 

Letter; Omara Letter; RocketHub Letter; Wilson Letter. 

38 See, e.g., AFR Letter; BetterInvesting Letter; Consumer Federation Letter; Fund Democracy Letter; Fryer 

Letter; Growthfountain Letter; IAC Recommendation (stating that the “greater of” approach would be 

appropriate for accredited investors); Merkley Letter; NASAA Letter; Schwartz Letter; Zhang Letter 

(recommending that net worth not be used to calculate the investment limit). 

39 See, e.g., Consumer Federation Letter; Fund Democracy Letter; Jacobson Letter. 

40 See, e.g., Arctic Island Letter 4; CFA Institute Letter; Consumer Federation Letter; CrowdBouncer Letter; 

EarlyShares Letter; EMKF Letter; Finkelstein Letter; Fund Democracy Letter; Heritage Letter; Joinvestor 

Letter; Public Startup Letter 2; RoC Letter; RocketHub Letter; Vann Letter; Wefunder Letter; Whitaker 

Chalk Letter.

41 See, e.g., FundHub Letter 1; Public Startup Letter 2; RocketHub Letter.
24

income and net worth be calculated jointly with that of the investor’s spouse,42 while other

commenters generally opposed that aspect of the proposal.43 Several commenters recommended 

that if an investor’s annual income and net worth are to be calculated jointly, the Commission 

should establish higher thresholds or an aggregate investment limit applicable to both spouses.

44 

A number of commenters favored different or no investment limits for accredited and 

institutional investors. Many commenters supported exempting accredited and institutional 

investors from the investment limits,45 although a number of other commenters opposed such an 

exemption.46 A few commenters recommended allowing higher investment limits for accredited 

and institutional investors.47 One commenter stated that applying the investment limits to 

accredited and institutional investors would deter those investors from participating, but noted that 

allowing concurrent offerings under Securities Act Rule 506(c)48 may mitigate this problem.49

c. Final Rules 

Consistent with the statute, we are adopting investment limits for securities-based 

crowdfunding transactions, but with some modifications from the proposed rules. We have 

modified the final rules from the proposal to clarify that the investment limit reflects the aggregate 

 42 See, e.g., Arctic Island Letter 4; Heritage Letter; Joinvestor Letter; NSBA Letter; Omara Letter; RocketHub 

Letter; Wilson Letter.

43 See, e.g., Brown J. Letter; Consumer Federation Letter; Fund Democracy Letter; Jacobson Letter; 

Projectheureka Letter; Public Startup Letter 2.

44 See, e.g., Brown, J. Letter; Consumer Federation Letter; Fund Democracy Letter; Jacobson Letter.

45 See, e.g., ASSOB Letter; Crowdstockz Letter; Crowley Letter; EMKF Letter; FundHub Letter 1; Gibb 

Letter; Heritage Letter; Joinvestor Letter; Public Startup Letter 2; RoC Letter; RocketHub Letter; Vann 

Letter; Wales Capital Letter 1; WealthForge Letter; Wefunder Letter.

46 See, e.g., CFA Institute Letter; FundDemocracy Letter; Hackers/Founders Letter; Jacobson Letter; 

PeoplePowerFund Letter; Projectheureka Letter; Whitaker Chalk Letter; Wilson Letter.

47 See, e.g., Growthfountain Letter; RFPIA Letter; WealthForge Letter.

48 17 CFR §230.506.

49 See Arctic Island Letter 4.
25

amount an investor may invest in all offerings under Section 4(a)(6) in a 12-month period across 

all issuers. In addition, as noted above, some commenters supported a “greater of” approach to 

implementing the two statutory investment limits, while others supported a “lesser of” approach. 

After considering the comments received, we have decided to adopt a “lesser of” approach. Thus, 

under the final rules, an investor will be limited to investing: (1) the greater of: $2,000 or 5 

percent of the lesser of the investor’s annual income or net worth if either annual income or net 

worth is less than $100,000; or (2) 10 percent of the lesser of the investor’s annual income or net 

worth, not to exceed an amount sold of $100,000, if both annual income and net worth are

$100,000 or more.50

Under this approach, an investor with annual income of $50,000 a year and $105,000 in 

net worth would be subject to an investment limit of $2,500, in contrast to the proposed rules in 

which that same investor would have been eligible for an investment limit of $10,500.

51 We 

recognize that this change from the proposed rules could place constraints on capital formation. 

Nevertheless, we believe that the investment limits in the final rules appropriately take into 

consideration the need to give issuers access to capital while minimizing an investor’s exposure to 

risk in a crowdfunding transaction.

 50 See paragraph (a)(2) of Rule 100 of Regulation Crowdfunding. 

51 See Instruction 2 to paragraph (a)(2) of Rule 100 of Regulation Crowdfunding. 
26

The chart below illustrates a few examples:

Investor

Annual 

Income

Investor

Net Worth Calculation Investment Limit52

$30,000 $105,000 Greater of $2,000 or 5% of $30,000 ($1,500) $2,000

$150,000 $80,000 Greater of $2,000 or 5% of $80,000 ($4,000) $4,000

$150,000 $100,000 10% of $100,000 ($10,000) $10,000

$200,000 $900,000 10% of $200,000 ($20,000) $20,000

$1,200,000 $2,000,000 10% of $1,200,000 ($120,000), subject to $100,000 cap $100,000

A number of commenters expressed concerns about investors potentially incurring 

unaffordable losses under the proposed rule,

53 and we find these comments persuasive given the 

risks involved. The startups and small businesses that we expect will rely on the crowdfunding 

exemption are likely to experience a higher failure rate than more seasoned companies.54 

Applying the lower limit ($2,000 or 5%, rather than 10%) for investors whose annual income or 

net worth is below $100,000 and applying that formula to the lesser of annual income or net worth 

will potentially limit investment losses in crowdfunding offerings for investors who may be less 

able to bear the risk of loss. We are concerned about the number of households where there is a 

sizeable gap between net worth and annual income, and the ability of these households to 

withstand the risk of loss. According to Commission staff analysis of the data in the 2013 Survey 

of Consumer Finances, approximately 20% of U.S. households with net worth over $100,000 have 

annual income under $50,000. 

 52 This “Investment Limit” column reflects the aggregate investment limit across all offerings under Section 

4(a)(6) within a 12-month period.

53 See, e.g., AFL-CIO Letter; BetterInvesting Letter; Consumer Federation Letter; Fund Democracy Letter; 

IAC Recommendation; Jacobson Letter; Merkley Letter; NASAA Letter; Schwartz Letter.

54 For a more detailed discussion of survival rates for startups and small businesses see Section III.A, below.
27

Consistent with the proposed rules, the final rules allow an issuer to rely on efforts that an 

intermediary is required to undertake in order to determine that the aggregate amount of securities 

purchased by an investor does not cause the investor to exceed the investment limits, provided that 

the issuer does not have knowledge that the investor had exceeded, or would exceed, the 

investment limits as a result of purchasing securities in the issuer’s offering.55

We are adopting, as proposed, final rules that allow an investor’s annual income and net 

worth to be calculated as those values are calculated for purposes of determining accredited 

investor status.56 Securities Act Rule 501 specifies the manner in which annual income and net 

worth are calculated for purposes of determining accredited investor status.57 As in the proposal, 

the final rules allow spouses to calculate their net worth or annual income jointly. Although some 

commenters opposed permitting net worth or annual income to be calculated jointly, we believe 

this approach is appropriate in light of the stricter investment limits being adopted in the final 

rules. Several commenters recommended that, if the final rules permit net worth and annual 

income to be calculated jointly, we should establish an aggregate investment limit applicable to 

both spouses.58 Consistent with this recommendation, the final rules add an instruction to explain

that when such a joint calculation is used, the aggregate investment of the spouses may not exceed 

the limit that would apply to an individual investor at that income and net worth level.59 We 

believe this approach is necessary to preserve the intended protections of the investment limits. 

 55 See Instruction 3 to paragraph (a)(2) of Rule 100 of Regulation Crowdfunding. 

56 See Instruction 1 to paragraph (a)(2) of Rule 100 of Regulation Crowdfunding.

57 17 CFR 230.501. Thus, for example, a natural person’s primary residence shall not be included as an asset in 

the calculation of net worth. 17 CFR 230.501(a)(5)(i)(A). 

58 See Brown J. Letter; Consumer Federation Letter; Fund Democracy Letter; Jacobs Letter.

59 For example, if each spouse’s annual income is $30,000, the spouses jointly may invest up to an aggregate of 

5% of their joint income of $60,000. If one spouse’s annual income is $120,000 and the other’s is $30,000, 

the spouses jointly may invest up to an aggregate of 10% of their joint income of $150,000, the same 
28

While a number of commenters supported the creation of a different investment limit for 

accredited or institutional investors, or exempting them altogether, we are not making such a 

change. As noted above, crowdfunding is an innovative approach to raising capital in which the 

entity or individual raising capital typically seeks small individual contributions from a large 

number of people. As such, we believe that crowdfunding transactions were intended under 

Section 4(a)(6) to be available equally to all types of investors.60 The statute provides specific 

investment limits, and the only reference in the statute to changing those investment limits is the 

requirement that we update the investment limits not less frequently than every five years based 

on the Consumer Price Index. Further, issuers can rely on other exemptions to offer and sell 

securities to accredited investors and institutional investors. As discussed above, concurrent 

offerings to these types of investors are possible if the conditions of each applicable exemption are 

met.61 Therefore, we are not altering the investment limits for any particular type of investor or to 

create a different exemption based on different investment limits. Thus, as proposed, the 

investment limits will apply equally to all investors, including retail, institutional and accredited 

investors.

3. Transaction Conducted Through an Intermediary

a. Proposed Rules

Section 4(a)(6)(C) requires that a transaction in reliance on Section 4(a)(6) be conducted 

through a broker or funding portal that complies with the requirements of Securities Act Section 

 

investment limit that would apply for an individual investor with income of $150,000. See Instruction 2 to 

paragraph (a)(2) of Rule 100 of Regulation Crowdfunding. 

60 See 158 CONG. REC. S1689 (daily ed. Mar. 15, 2012) (statement of Sen. Mark Warner (“There is now the 

ability to use the Internet as a way for small investors to get the same kind of deals that up to this point only 

select investors have gotten that have been customers of some of the best known investment banking firms, 

where we can now use the power of the Internet, through a term called crowdfunding.”). 

61 For a discussion of integration, see Section II.A.1.c.
29

4A(a). To implement this provision, we proposed in Rule 100(a)(3) of Regulation Crowdfunding

that for any transaction conducted in reliance on Section 4(a)(6), an issuer use only one 

intermediary (that complies with the requirements of Section 4A(a) and the related requirements 

in Regulation Crowdfunding) and that the transaction be conducted exclusively on the 

intermediary’s platform. We also proposed to permit the intermediary to engage in back office62

or other administrative functions other than on the intermediary’s platform, and to define 

“platform” as “an Internet website or other similar electronic medium through which a registered 

broker or a registered funding portal acts as an intermediary in a transaction involving the offer or 

sale of securities in reliance on Section 4(a)(6).”

b. Comments on the Proposed Rules

Commenters were divided about the proposed prohibition on an issuer using more than 

one intermediary for any transaction conducted pursuant to Section 4(a)(6). Supporters of the 

proposed prohibition expressed the view that the prohibition would benefit communication 

between issuers and investors.63 One commenter stated that the prohibition also would assist in 

assessing whether investors are within their investment limits.64 Commenters who opposed the 

proposed prohibition noted that increasing the number of platforms used per transaction would 

both increase the likelihood of investors becoming informed that a transaction is taking place, as 

well as elicit information from a more diverse crowd.65 

Commenters were generally divided about the proposed requirement that transactions 

made in reliance on Section 4(a)(6) be conducted exclusively through the intermediary’s platform. 

 62 Back office personnel typically perform functions such as, but not limited to, recordkeeping, trade 

confirmations, internal accounting, and account maintenance.

63 See, e.g., CFA Institute Letter; Rockethub Letter.

64 See CFA Institute Letter.

65 See, e.g., Graves Letter. 
30

Commenters who supported66 the proposed requirement cited concerns that allowing the 

transactions to be effected through means other than the intermediary’s platform could increase 

the potential for fraudulent activity67 and prevent the leveraging of information sharing and 

crowdsourced review that are intended through crowdfunding.68 Commenters who opposed69 the 

proposed requirement expressed their view that permitting other means would allow persons who 

lack Internet access to invest through crowdfunding,70 and also would foster different types of inperson communication that are not possible to achieve online.71 One commenter expressed a 

preference for issuers to be able to host their own offerings subject to certain conditions.72 One 

commenter also suggested that intermediaries should be able to engage in certain activities other 

than on their platforms, such as physically meeting with representatives of issuers and investors, 

and hosting launch parties.73

A few commenters supported, but suggested technical revisions to, our proposed definition 

of “platform.”74 One commenter suggested deleting the phrase “an Internet website or other 

 66 See, e.g., Joinvestor Letter; RoC Letter; RocketHub Letter; Wilson Letter.

67 See, e.g., StartupValley Letter.

68 See, e.g., RocketHub Letter. 

69 See, e.g., Benjamin Letter; Omara Letter; Public Startup Letter 2.

70 See, e.g., Projecteureka Letter.

71 See, e.g., Benjamin Letter (“Without doubt, the web fosters a crowd and a convenient forum to express ideas 

and learn about the Issuer. However, small community gatherings provide similar feedback loops and often 

times serve the community and some investors better by fostering nuanced forms of communication that can 

never be achieved. Further, some SEC concerns can be assuaged regarding the loss of creating a ‘crowd’ 

online because some investors that may rely on the website to educate themselves may not be inclined to 

contribute to the ‘crowd intelligence’ online, yet would be vocal in a community gathering.”).

72 See Public Startup Letter 2. We note that Section 4(a)(6) of the Securities Act requires that, as a condition of 

the exemption, the transaction be “conducted through a broker or funding portal that complies with the 

requirements of section 4A(b).” 15 U.S.C. 77d(a)(6).

73 See Wilson Letter.

74 See, e.g., Arctic Island Letter 1, Arctic Island Letter 3; Arctic Island Letter 4; and Startup Valley Letter 

(explaining that websites, application programmable interfaces (APIs) and other electronic media are 

generally only the means to access a platform, which itself is an Internet-accessible software program).
31

similar electronic medium” and replacing the phrase with “a software program accessible via 

TCP/IP enabled applications” or to more commonly define “platform” as “a software program 

accessible via the Internet.”75

c. Final Rules

After considering the comments, we are adopting as proposed Rule 100(a)(3). We also are 

adopting the definition of “platform” with one clarifying amendment and with a change in 

location to Rule 300(c).

As stated in the Proposing Release, we believe that requiring an issuer to use only one 

intermediary to conduct an offering or concurrent offerings in reliance on Section 4(a)(6) would 

help foster the creation of a “crowd” and better accomplish the purpose of the statute. In order for 

a crowd to effectively share information, we believe it would be most beneficial to have one 

meeting place for the crowd to obtain and share information, thus avoiding dilution or 

dispersement of the “crowd.” We also believe that limiting a crowdfunding transaction to a single 

intermediary’s online platform helps to minimize the risk that issuers and intermediaries would 

circumvent the requirements of Regulation Crowdfunding. For example, allowing an issuer to 

conduct an offering using more than one intermediary would make it more difficult for 

intermediaries to determine whether an issuer is exceeding the $1 million aggregate offering limit.

We continue to believe that crowdfunding transactions made in reliance on Section 4(a)(6) 

and activities associated with these transactions should occur over the Internet or other similar 

electronic medium that is accessible to the public. Such an “online-only” requirement enables the 

public to access offering information and share information publicly in a way that will allow 

 75 See Arctic Island Letter 1; Arctic Island Letter 4 (noting that a “platform” is actually a software program that 

is accessible via the Internet and that a “website or other electronic medium” is merely a way to access the 

platform, not the platform itself).
32

members of the crowd to share their views on whether to participate in the offering and fund the 

business or idea. While we acknowledge, as one commenter observed, that there are forms of 

communication that cannot be achieved online,

76 we nevertheless believe that the requirement that 

the transaction be conducted exclusively through the intermediary’s platform will help to ensure 

transparency, provide for ready availability of information in one place to all investors, and 

promote greater uniformity in the distribution of information among investors. We also do not 

believe that funding portals should be permitted to physically meet with investors to solicit 

investments and offerings on its platform, or host launch parties, as one commenter recommended, 

because these activities likely violate the statutory prohibition on funding portals soliciting and 

providing investment advice and recommendations. However, we continue to believe that

intermediaries should be able to engage in back office and other administrative functions other 

than on their platforms. 

In a change from the proposed rules, and consistent with the suggestions of commenters,

the final rules define “platform” as “a program or application accessible via the Internet or other 

similar electronic communication medium through which a registered broker or a registered 

funding portal acts as an intermediary in a transaction involving the offer or sale of securities in 

reliance on Section 4(a)(6) of the Securities Act (15 U.S.C. 77d(a)(6))” [emphasis added].77 We 

believe that this definition is more technically accurate and also will accommodate innovation in 

the event of technological advancements. We are moving the definition of “platform” from Rule 

100 to Rule 300(c) so that it will be located alongside the other Regulation Crowdfunding 

definitions related to intermediaries. Also, in a change from the proposed rule, we are moving to

 76 See Benjamin Letter (in-person gatherings may foster more “nuanced forms of communication”).

77 Rule 300(c) of Regulation Crowdfunding.
33

the definition of platform an instruction stating that an intermediary through which a 

crowdfunding transaction is conducted may engage in back office or other administrative 

functions other than on the intermediary’s platform.

78 

4. Exclusion of Certain Issuers from Eligibility under Section 4(a)(6)

Securities Act Section 4A(f) excludes certain categories of issuers from eligibility to rely

on Section 4(a)(6) to engage in crowdfunding transactions. These are: (1) issuers that are not 

organized under the laws of a state or territory of the United States or the District of Columbia; (2) 

issuers that are subject to Exchange Act reporting requirements;79 (3) investment companies as 

defined in the Investment Company Act of 1940 (the “Investment Company Act”)80 or companies 

that are excluded from the definition of investment company under Section 3(b) or 3(c) of the 

Investment Company Act;81 and (4) any other issuer that the Commission, by rule or regulation, 

determines appropriate.

a. Proposed Rules

Rule 100(b) of Regulation Crowdfunding, as proposed, would exclude the categories of 

issuers specifically identified in Section 4A(f). In addition, the proposed rules would exclude: 

(1) issuers that are disqualified from relying on Section 4(a)(6) pursuant to the disqualification 

provision in Rule 503(a) of Regulation Crowdfunding; (2) issuers that have sold securities in 

reliance on Section 4(a)(6) if they have not filed with the Commission and provided to investors, 

to the extent required, the ongoing annual reports required by Regulation Crowdfunding during 

 78 In the final rule, this is an instruction to Rule 300(c)(4). The instruction was proposed under proposed Rule 

100(a)(3), but we believe it is more appropriate under the definition of platform because the instruction 

explains that back office activities can happen off the platform.

79 These are issuers who are required to file reports with the Commission pursuant to Exchange Act Sections 

13(a) (15 U.S.C. 78m(a)) or 15(d) (15 U.S.C. 78o(d)). 

80 15 U.S.C 80a-1 et seq. 

81 15 U.S.C. 80a-3(b) or (c). 
34

the two years immediately preceding the filing of the required new offering statement; and (3) 

issuers that have no specific business plan or that have indicated that their business plan is to 

engage in a merger or acquisition with an unidentified company or companies.

b. Comments on the Proposed Rules

Foreign Issuers, Exchange Act Reporting Companies, and Investment Companies. Several 

commenters opposed the exclusion of foreign issuers, Exchange Act reporting companies, and 

investment companies.82 Other commenters, however, supported the exclusion of investment 

companies or companies that are excluded from the definition of investment company under

Section 3(b) or 3(c) of the Investment Company Act.

83 Some commenters recommended that, 

despite the exclusion of investment companies, the Commission allow a single purpose fund, 

including LLCs and LPs, to conduct an offering in reliance on Section 4(a)(6) if such fund were 

organized to invest in, or lend money to, a single company.84 

Delinquent in Ongoing Reporting. A number of commenters supported the exclusion of 

issuers that are delinquent in their reporting obligations,85 although others opposed the exclusion 

 82 See, e.g., M.A.V. Letter (opposing the exclusion of public companies from eligibility to rely on Section 

4(a)(6)); Ritter Letter (asking for clarification regarding companies that are excluded from the definition of 

investment company pursuant to 3(b) of the Investment Company Act); TAN Letter (opposing the exclusion 

of foreign issuers over concerns that investors would not have Title III protections when investing in foreign 

issuers and that investors’ ability to invest in early opportunities would be reduced). 

83 See, e.g., Commonwealth of Massachusetts Letter; PeoplePowerFund Letter.

84 See, e.g., EMKF Letter (stating that having hundreds of direct shareholders can give startups “messy cap 

tables” that deter follow-on financing and alternatively recommending the Commission permit an 

intermediary, including a funding portal, to act as a holder of record); Fryer Letter; Growthfountain Letter; 

Martin Letter (recommending that crowdfunding be operated through a trust fund mechanism that would 

own shares of the entity seeking capital); Propellr Letter 2; Ritter Letter; Wefunder Letter.

85 See, e.g., ASSOB Letter; Commonwealth of Massachusetts Letter; Consumer Federation Letter; Fund 

Democracy Letter; Grassi Letter; Joinvestor Letter; NASAA Letter; Wefunder Letter.
35

of delinquent issuers.86 Some commenters suggested options such as disclosure of the issuer’s 

reporting delinquency in its offering documents or on its website or a cure provision.87 

We also received comments about whether the exclusion should extend to issuers that are 

delinquent in other reporting requirements (e.g., updates on the progress of the issuer in meeting 

the target offering amount, issuers whose affiliates have failed to comply with the ongoing 

reporting requirements, and issuers with an officer, director, or controlling shareholder who 

served in a similar capacity with another issuer that failed to file its ongoing reports). 

Commenters generally opposed extending the exclusion beyond issuers delinquent in their 

ongoing annual reports during the two years immediately preceding the filing of the required new 

offering statement.

88 Further, two commenters opposed the idea of excluding an issuer whose 

officer, director, or controlling shareholder served in a similar capacity with another issuer that 

failed to file its annual reports.89

Business Plans. Commenters were divided on excluding issuers that have no specific 

business plan from eligibility to rely on Section 4(a)(6).90 Commenters, however, supported the 

 86 See, e.g., ABA Letter; Parsont Letter; Projectheureka Letter; Public Startup Letter 2; RocketHub Letter.

87 See, e.g., ABA Letter (suggesting a reasonable cure period and limiting the “look-back” period to one year); 

Grassi Letter (recommending that a delinquent issuer be required to file a form with the Commission and 

publish on its website and the relevant intermediary’s platform a notice to potential investors that it has not 

met its reporting obligations); Parsont Letter (recommending the Commission treat the ongoing reporting 

requirements as a condition to the Section 4(a)(6) exemption and create a notice and cure provision in the 

proposed insignificant deviation safe harbor); RocketHub Letter (suggesting delinquent issuers be required to 

disclose their delinquent status in their offering documents); Vann Letter (recommending a grace period for 

curing the deficiency).

88 See, e.g., Grassi Letter (stating that further exclusions would impose a more onerous burden on issuers under 

Section 4(a)(6) than that placed on current registrants filing under Exchange Act Sections 13(a) or 15(d) or 

emerging growth companies); Projectheureka Letter.

89 See Grassi Letter (stating that these persons may not have the authority or responsibility to file an annual 

report); Whitaker Chalk Letter.

90 For commenters who expressed support, see, e.g., Anonymous Letter 2; CFA Institute Letter; CFIRA Letter 

7; Commonwealth of Massachusetts Letter; Consumer Federation Letter; Hackers/Founders Letter; NASAA 

Letter; ODS Letter; Traklight Letter; Whitaker Chalk Letter. For commenters who expressed opposition, 

see, e.g., ABA Letter (expressing concern that a particular business idea disclosed by a crowdfunding issuer 
36

exclusion of issuers that have business plans to engage in a merger or acquisition with an 

unidentified company.91

c. Final Rules 

We are adopting the issuer eligibility requirements as proposed, with the addition of two

clarifications. As noted above, Section 4A(f) expressly excludes foreign issuers, Exchange Act 

reporting companies and companies that are investment companies as defined in the Investment 

Company Act or companies that are excluded from the definition of investment company under 

Section 3(b) or 3(c) of the Investment Company Act from the exemption for crowdfunding 

transactions provided by Section 4(a)(6). Although some commenters expressed concerns about 

these statutory exclusions, including that such exclusions could limit the investment choices of 

crowdfunding investors, we are not creating additional exemptions for these categories of issuers. 

In reaching this determination, we have considered that the primary purpose of Section 4(a)(6), as 

we understand it, is to facilitate capital formation by early stage companies that might not 

otherwise have access to capital.92 As a general matter, we do not believe that Exchange Act 

reporting companies, investment companies and foreign issuers accessing the U.S. capital markets 

constitute the types of issuers that Section 4(a)(6) and Regulation Crowdfunding are intended to 

benefit. Moreover, we believe that certain of these issuers, such as foreign issuers or investment 

companies, may present unique risks that would make them unsuitable for the scaled regulatory 

 might be deemed after-the-fact to be too non-specific to have permitted reliance on Section 4(a)(6), thus 

exposing that issuer to a potential Section 5 violation); FundHub Letter 1; Projectheureka Letter; Public 

Startup Letter 2; RoC Letter; RocketHub Letter; SBM Letter; Wilson Letter.

91 See, e.g., ABA Letter; CFA Institute Letter; Commonwealth of Massachusetts Letter; Consumer Federation 

Letter; Grassi Letter; ODS Letter; RFPIA Letter.

92 See, e.g., 158 Cong. Rec. S1765 (daily ed. Mar. 29, 2012) (statement of Sen. Jack Reed) (“[Crowdfunding] is 

the place where we envision the smallest entrepreneurs could obtain much needed seed capital for their good 

ideas.”); 158 Cong. Rec. H1581 (daily ed. Mar. 27, 2012) (statement of Rep. Patrick McHenry 

(“Crowdfunding is the best of microfinancing and crowdsourcing. You use a wide network of individuals 

and you can raise capital for your new business, your start-up, or your small business.”). 
37

regime associated with securities-based crowdfunding transactions. Accordingly, the final rules 

exclude these categories of issuers from Regulation Crowdfunding.93

We are not creating, as suggested by some commenters,94 an exception to this exclusion 

for a single purpose fund organized to invest in, or lend money to, a single company. The statute

specifically excludes investment funds from eligibility to rely on Section 4(a)(6) and investment 

fund issuers present considerations different from those for non-fund issuers. 

In addition to these statutorily excluded categories of issuers, the final rules also exclude, 

as proposed, several additional categories of issuers. Below we discuss each of these additional 

categories:

Disqualification Provisions. As discussed further in Section II.E.6 below, the final rules

also exclude issuers that are disqualified from relying on Section 4(a)(6).95

Delinquent in Ongoing Reporting. Consistent with the proposed rules and the views of a 

number of commenters,96 the final rules exclude an issuer that has sold securities in reliance on 

Section 4(a)(6) if the issuer has not filed with the Commission and provided to investors, to the 

extent required, the ongoing annual reports required by Regulation Crowdfunding97 during the 

two years immediately preceding the filing of the required new offering statement.98 As discussed 

further in Section II.B.2 below, we believe that the annual ongoing reporting requirement will 

 93 See Rule 100(b) of Regulation Crowdfunding.

94 See, e.g., EMKF Letter; Fryer Letter; Growthfountain Letter; Martin Letter; Propellr Letter 2; Wefunder 

Letter.

95 See Rule 100(b)(4) of Regulation Crowdfunding. See also Rule 503 of Regulation Crowdfunding and 

Section II.E.6 for a discussion of the disqualification provisions. 

96 See, e.g., ASSOB Letter; Commonwealth of Massachusetts Letter; Consumer Federation Letter; Fund 

Democracy Letter; Grassi Letter; Joinvestor Letter; NASAA Letter; Wefunder Letter.

97 See Rules 202 and 203(b) of Regulation Crowdfunding and Section II.B.2 for a discussion of the ongoing 

reporting requirements. 

98 See Rule 100(b)(5) of Regulation Crowdfunding. 
38

benefit investors by enabling them to consider updated information about the issuer, thereby 

allowing them to make more informed investment decisions. If issuers fail to comply with this

requirement, we do not believe that they should have the benefit of relying on the exemption 

under Section 4(a)(6) again until they file, to the extent required, the two most recent annual 

reports.99 In addition, as discussed further in Section II.B.1 below, in a modification to the 

proposed rules, the final rules require an issuer to disclose in its offering statement and annual 

report if it, or any of its predecessors, previously failed to comply with the ongoing reporting 

requirements of Regulation Crowdfunding.

We note that some commenters read the provision requiring issuers to have filed their two 

most recent annual reports to mean that the disqualification would be triggered only after the 

issuer was delinquent for two consecutive years or that an issuer would be disqualified for two 

years.100 Instead, the final rule requires that any ongoing annual report that was due during the 

two years immediately preceding the currently contemplated offering must be filed before an 

issuer may rely on the Section 4(a)(6) exemption. For example, if more than 120 days have

passed since the issuer’s fiscal year end and the issuer has not filed the required annual report for 

that most recently ended fiscal year, the issuer will not be able to conduct a new offering of

securities in reliance on the Section 4(a)(6) exemption until the delinquent annual report has been 

filed. Similarly, if an issuer did file an annual report for the most recently ended fiscal year but 

did not file an annual report for the fiscal year prior to that, the issuer will not be able to rely on 

 99 We note that even if an issuer has regained eligibility to rely on Regulation Crowdfunding, the Commission 

could still bring an enforcement action under the federal securities laws based on the issuer’s failure to make 

the required filings. In addition, as discussed in Section II.E.4., new Rule 12g-6 provides an exemption from 

Section 12(g) conditioned, among other things, on the issuer’s compliance with the annual reporting 

requirements of Rule 202 of Regulation Crowdfunding.

100 See, e.g., Consumer Federation Letter; Fund Democracy Letter; NASAA Letter.
39

the Section 4(a)(6) exemption until the missing report has been filed. In both cases, as soon as the 

issuer has filed with the Commission and provided to investors both of the annual reports required 

during the two years immediately preceding the filing of the required offering statement, the 

issuer will be able to rely on the Section 4(a)(6) exemption. The final rule text includes an 

instruction to clarify this requirement.

101

Consistent with the proposal and the recommendations of commenters,102 we are not 

extending the exclusion to issuers that are delinquent in the progress update or termination of 

reporting requirements, nor are we excluding issuers whose officer, director, or controlling 

shareholder served in a similar capacity with another issuer that failed to file its annual reports. 

Extending the exclusion to those issuers would impose more stringent requirements than those 

faced by current reporting companies and issuers under Regulation A. 

Business Plans. The final rules also exclude an issuer that has no specific business plan or 

has indicated that its business plan is to engage in a merger or acquisition with an unidentified 

company or companies.103 We believe that the exemption under Section 4(a)(6) is intended to 

provide an issuer with an early stage project, idea or business an opportunity to share it publicly 

with a wider range of investors. Those investors may then share information with each other 

about the opportunity and use that information to decide whether or not to invest. Thus, we 

believe that an issuer engaging in crowdfunding under the exemption should give the public 

 101 See instruction to paragraph (b)(5) of Rule 100 of Regulation Crowdfunding

102 See, e.g., Grassi Letter; Projectheureka Letter; Whitaker Chalk Letter.

103 See Rule 101(b)(6) of Regulation Crowdfunding.
40

sufficient information about a particular proposed project or business to allow investors to make 

an informed investment decision.

104

As discussed in the proposal, we are cognizant of the challenges noted by some 

commenters105 in distinguishing between early-stage proposals that have information sufficient to 

support the crowdfunding mechanism and those that cannot by their terms do so. After 

considering the comments received,106 we continue to believe that the rules should exclude issuers

that have no specific business plan or whose business plan is to engage in a merger or acquisition 

with an unidentified company or companies. We understand that issuers engaging in 

crowdfunding transactions may have businesses at various stages of development in differing 

industries, and therefore, we believe that a specific “business plan” for such issuers could 

encompass a wide range of project descriptions, articulated ideas, and business models. 

Overall, we believe that the exclusions in the final rules appropriately consider the need to 

limit the potential risks to investors that could result from extending issuer eligibility to certain 

types of entities without unduly limiting the benefits of the exemption as a tool for capital 

formation. 

B. Issuer Requirements

1. Disclosure Requirements

Securities Act Section 4A(b)(1) sets forth specific disclosures that an issuer offering or 

selling securities in reliance on Section 4(a)(6) must “file with the Commission and provide to 

 104 See, e.g., Section 4A(b)(1)(C) (requiring a description of the business of the issuer and the anticipated 

business plan of the issuer). 

105 See, e.g., ABA Letter; FundHub Letter 1; Projectheureka Letter; Public Startup Letter 2; RoC Letter; 

RocketHub Letter; SBM Letter; Wilson Letter.

106 See, e.g., ABA Letter; Anonymous Letter 2; CFA Institute Letter; CFIRA Letter 7; Commonwealth of 

Massachusetts Letter; Consumer Federation Letter; FundHub Letter 1; Grassi Letter; Hackers/Founders 

Letter; NASAA Letter; ODS Letter; Projectheureka Letter; Public Startup Letter 2; RFPIA Letter; RoC 

Letter; RocketHub Letter; SBM Letter; Traklight Letter; Whitaker Chalk Letter; Wilson Letter.
41

investors and the relevant broker or funding portal, and make available to potential investors”. 

These disclosures include:

• the name, legal status, physical address and website address of the issuer;107

• the names of the directors and officers (and any persons occupying a similar 

status or performing a similar function), and each person holding more than 

20 percent of the shares of the issuer;108

• a description of the business of the issuer and the anticipated business plan 

of the issuer;109

• a description of the financial condition of the issuer;110 

• a description of the stated purpose and intended use of the proceeds of the 

offering sought by the issuer with respect to the target offering amount;111

• the target offering amount, the deadline to reach the target offering amount 

and regular updates about the progress of the issuer in meeting the target 

offering amount;112

• the price to the public of the securities or the method for determining the 

price;113 and

• a description of the ownership and capital structure of the issuer.114

 107 Section 4A(b)(1)(A).

108 Section 4A(b)(1)(B).

109 Section 4A(b)(1)(C).

110 Section 4A(b)(1)(D). 

111 Section 4A(b)(1)(E).

112 Section 4A(b)(1)(F).

113 Section 4A(b)(1)(G).
42

In addition, Section 4A(b)(1)(I) specifies that the Commission may require additional 

disclosures for the protection of investors and in the public interest.

As discussed further in Section II.B.3 below, we are requiring issuers to file these

disclosures with the Commission on Form C.115 Unless otherwise indicated in the form, 

Form C must be filed in the standard format of eXtensible Markup Language (XML). The 

XML-based fillable portion of Form C will enable issuers to provide information in a 

convenient medium without requiring the issuer to purchase or maintain additional 

software or technology. This will provide the Commission and the public with readily 

available data about offerings made in reliance on Section 4(a)(6). Other required 

disclosure that is not required to be provided in the XML-based text boxes will be filed as 

attachments to Form C. We are not mandating a specific presentation format for the 

attachments to Form C; however, the final Form C does include an optional Q&A format 

that crowdfunding issuers may use to provide disclosures that are not required to be filed 

in XML format.116 We believe that this optional format should help reduce the burden on 

crowdfunding issuers of preparing disclosures. 

By filing Form C with the Commission and providing it to the relevant 

intermediary, issuers will satisfy the requirement of Securities Act Section 4A(b) that 

 114 Section 4A(b)(1)(H). Specifically, Section 4A(b)(1)(H) requires a description of: “(i) terms of the securities 

of the issuer being offered and each other class of security of the issuer...; (ii) a description of how the 

exercise of the rights held by the principal shareholders of the issuer could negatively impact the purchasers 

of the securities being offered; (iii) the name and ownership level of each existing shareholder who owns 

more than 20 percent of any class of the securities of the issuer; (iv) how the securities being offered are 

being valued...; and (v) the risks to purchasers of the securities relating to minority ownership in the issuer, 

the risks associated with corporate actions, including additional issuances of shares, a sale of the issuer or of 

assets of the issuer, or transactions with related parties.”

115 Issuers will use Form C to provide the required disclosures about the crowdfunding transaction and the 

information required to be filed annually. See Section II.B.3.

116 See Item 1 of General Instruction III to Form C of Regulation Crowdfunding.
43

issuers relying on Section 4(a)(6) must “file with the Commission and provide to investors 

and the relevant broker of funding portal, and make available to potential investors” 

certain information. In a clarifying change from the proposal, we have moved the 

definition of “investor” from proposed Rule 300(c)(4) to Rule 100(d) to clarify that for 

purposes of all of Regulation Crowdfunding, “investor” includes any investor or any 

potential investor, as the context requires.117 In connection with this clarifying move we 

have deleted the phrase “and make available to potential investors” each time it appeared 

in the proposed Rules 201 and 203 to avoid redundancy.118

Additionally, as we clarify in the final rules, to the extent that some of the required 

disclosures overlap, issuers are not required to duplicate disclosures.

a. Offering Statement Disclosure Requirements

(1) Information about the Issuer and the Offering

(a) General Information about the Issuer, Officers 

and Directors, and Certain Shareholders

(i) Proposed Rules

To implement Sections 4A(b)(1)(A) and (B), we proposed in Rule 201 of Regulation 

Crowdfunding to require an issuer to disclose information about its legal status, directors, officers 

and certain shareholders and how interested parties may contact the issuer. Specifically, we 

proposed to require that an issuer disclose:

• its name and legal status, including its form of organization, jurisdiction in which it 

is organized and date of organization;

• its physical address and its website address; and

 117 See Rule 100(d) of Regulation Crowdfunding.

118 See Rules 201 and 203(a) of Regulation Crowdfunding.
44

• the names of the directors and officers, including any persons occupying a similar 

status or performing a similar function, all positions and offices with the issuer held 

by such persons, the period of time in which such persons served in the positions or 

offices and their business experience during the past three years, including:

o each person’s principal occupation and employment, including whether any 

officer is employed by another employer; and

o the name and principal business of any corporation or other organization in 

which such occupation and employment took place. 

We proposed to define “officer” consistent with the definition in Securities Act Rule 405 

and in Exchange Act Rule 3b-2. We further proposed to require disclosure of the business 

experience of directors and officers of the issuer during the past three years.

Section 4A(b)(1)(B) requires disclosure of “the names of . . . each person holding more 

than 20 percent of the shares of the issuer.” In contrast, Section 4A(b)(1)(H)(iii) requires 

disclosure of the “name and ownership level of each existing shareholder who owns more than 20 

percent of any class of the securities of the issuer” (emphasis added). We proposed in Rule 201(c) 

to require disclosure of the names of persons, as of the most recent practicable date, who are the 

beneficial owners of 20 percent or more of the issuer’s outstanding voting equity securities, 

calculated on the basis of voting power (“20 Percent Beneficial Owners”). Neither 

Section 4A(b)(1)(B) nor Section 4A(b)(1)(H)(iii) states as of what date the beneficial ownership 

should be calculated. We proposed in Rule 201(c) to require issuers to calculate beneficial 

ownership as of the most recent practicable date.
45

(ii) Comments on the Proposed Rules

Of the commenters that addressed the proposed issuer, officer and director disclosure 

rules, some generally supported them,119 while others opposed specific disclosure requirements. 

For example, one commenter opposed requiring issuers to disclose a website address.

120 Other 

commenters opposed requiring issuers to disclose the business experience of their officers and 

directors,121 while one commenter suggested narrowing the definition of the term “officer.”122 

Some commenters expressed opposition to any revision to the proposed rules that would require 

disclosure of any court orders, judgments or civil litigation involving any directors and officers.123

Some commenters supported the proposed three-year time period to be covered by the 

officer and director disclosure rules,124 while others recommended that officer and director 

disclosure cover the previous five years.125 Some commenters recommended we require 

additional disclosures about an issuer’s officers, directors and persons occupying a similar status 

or performing a similar function.126 

 119 See, e.g., Angel Letter 1; CCI Letter; Denlinger Letter 1; Mollick Letter; Wefunder Letter; Wilson Letter.

120 See Vann Letter (recommending that the disclosure requirement be optional or only required for businesses 

that have a website).

121 See, e.g., Public Startup Letter 2; RocketHub Letter; Schwartz Letter; Zhang Letter.

122 See RocketHub Letter (stating that only relevant officers for most companies using Regulation 

Crowdfunding would be the principal executive officer and the principal financial officer, which may be the 

same person.)

123 See, e.g., FundHub Letter 1; RocketHub Letter; Wefunder Letter.

124 See, e.g., Denlinger Letter 1; Joinvestor Letter; Wefunder Letter.

125 See, e.g., Commonwealth of Massachusetts Letter; NASAA Letter.

126 See, e.g., Angel Letter 1 (qualifications of candidates for the board of directors); Denlinger Letter 

1(educational background of the officers and directors); Mollick Letter (online identities of the officers and 

directors); ODS Letter (educational background of the officers and directors);Wilson Letter (technical and 

business skills of the officers and directors); Zeman Letter (any officer and director positions held by the 

officers and directors or their family members, as well as any 10 percent beneficial holdings they may have 

with other SEC registrants; and disputes the officers and directors had with other employers).
46

A few commenters commented on the proposed 20 Percent Beneficial Owner rules. One 

commenter supported the requirement to disclose the names of persons who are the 20 Percent 

Beneficial Owners,127 while one commenter opposed the requirement.128 One commenter 

recommended that, to provide greater certainty for investors and more guidance for issuers, the

beneficial ownership be calculated as of a specific date, rather than the most recent practicable 

date, and that the disclosure be updated when there are significant changes in beneficial 

ownership.129 Finally, one commenter recommended that the Commission keep the requirement 

as simple as possible.

130

(iii) Final Rules

We are adopting the issuer, officer and director, and 20 Percent Beneficial Owners

disclosure requirements largely as proposed.131 An issuer will be required to disclose information 

about its president, vice president, secretary, treasurer or principal financial officer, comptroller or 

principal accounting officer and any person routinely performing similar functions. As noted by 

at least one commenter,132 an issuer may not have officers serving in each of these roles. 

Accordingly, the final rules require the disclosure only to the extent an issuer has individuals 

serving in these capacities or performing similar functions.

133 The required information includes 

all positions and offices held with the issuer, the period of time in which such persons served in 

 127 See RocketHub Letter.

128 See Public Startup Letter 2.

129 See NASAA Letter.

130 See RocketHub Letter.

131 See Rule 201(a)-(c) of Regulation Crowdfunding.

132 See RocketHub Letter.

133 See Instruction to paragraph (b) of Rule 201 of Regulation Crowdfunding.
47

the position or office and their prior business experience.134 Contrary to the views of some 

commenters,135 we believe that additional disclosures about an issuer’s officers, directors and 

persons occupying a similar status or performing a similar function would be unduly burdensome 

and generally not necessary for investors to be in a position to make an informed investment 

decision. Given the diverse nature of the startups and small businesses that we anticipate will 

seek to raise capital in reliance on Section 4(a)(6), additional disclosures such as those 

recommended by some commenters may not be relevant in all instances.

The required disclosure about the business experience of the directors and officers (and 

any persons occupying a similar status or performing a similar function) must cover the past three 

years,136 which, as some commenters noted,137 is shorter than the five-year period that applies to 

issuers conducting registered offerings138 or exempt offerings pursuant to Regulation A.139 We 

believe that startups and small businesses that may seek to raise capital in reliance on 

Section 4(a)(6) generally will be smaller than the issuers conducting registered offerings or 

exempt offerings pursuant to Regulation A, and generally are likely to have a more limited 

operating history.

140 Therefore, in comparison to registered offerings and Regulation A, we 

believe the three-year period is more relevant given the stage of development of these issuers and 

 134 See Rule 201(b) of Regulation Crowdfunding.

135 See, e.g., Denlinger 1 Letter (educational background of officers); ODS Letter (educational background of 

officers, directors and similar persons); Zeman Letter (proposing that officers and directors of an issuer be 

required to disclose their (or family members) officer and director positions with other SEC registrants, and 

disclose material holdings of more than 10% with other SEC registrants).

136 See Rule 201(b) of Regulation Crowdfunding.

137 See, e.g., Commonwealth of Massachusetts Letter; NASAA Letter.

138 See Item 401(e) of Regulation S-K [17 CFR 229.401(e)].

139 See Item 8(c) of Form 1-A [17 CFR 239.90].

140 There is no limit on the amount of proceeds that may be raised in a registered offering, and Regulation A 

permits offerings of up to $50 million of securities annually.
48

should help to reduce compliance costs for issuers conducting offerings pursuant to Section 

4(a)(6) while still providing investors with sufficient information about the business experience of 

directors and officers of the issuer to make an informed investment decision. 

Notwithstanding the suggestion of one commenter, and consistent with the statute, the 

final rules require disclosure of an issuer’s website.

141 Given the Internet-based nature of 

Crowdfunding, we anticipate that every issuer will have a website or be able to create one at a 

minimal cost.

We also are adopting the 20 Percent Beneficial Owner disclosure requirement as proposed 

with one modification.142 Instead of requiring issuers to disclose the name of each 20 Percent 

Beneficial Owner as of the most recent practicable date, we are requiring such disclosure as of the 

most recent practicable date, but no earlier than 120 days prior to the date the offering statement

or report is filed. We believe that this change should address commenter concerns143 about the 

discretion afforded by the proposed “most recent practicable date.” While we are not adding to 

Rule 201(c) a specific requirement that the disclosure be updated when there are significant 

changes in beneficial ownership, as requested by one commenter,144 to the extent a material 

change in beneficial ownership takes place during the offering, an issuer would be required to file 

an amended offering statement on Form C/A: Amendment.

As stated in the Proposing Release, we believe that the universe of 20 Percent Beneficial 

Owners should be the same for the disclosure requirements and the disqualification provisions145

 141 See Rule 201(a) of Regulation Crowdfunding.

142 See Rule 201(c) of Regulation Crowdfunding.

143 See NASAA Letter.

144 Id.

145 See Rule 503 of Regulation Crowdfunding and Section II.E.6 for a discussion of the disqualification 

provisions. 
49

because this would ease the burden on issuers by requiring them to identify only one set of 

persons who would be the subject of these rules. We continue to believe that assessing beneficial 

ownership based on total outstanding voting securities is consistent with Section 4A(b)(1)(B). 

Section 4A(b)(1)(B) is not limited to voting equity securities, but we believe the limitation is

necessary to clarify how beneficial ownership should be calculated since issuers could potentially 

have multiple classes of securities with different voting powers. 

(b) Description of the Business

(i) Proposed Rules

Consistent with Section 4A(b)(1)(C), we proposed in Rule 201(d) of Regulation 

Crowdfunding to require an issuer to disclose information about its business and business plan. 

The proposed rules did not specify the disclosures that an issuer would need to include in the 

description of the business and the business plan.

(ii) Comments on the Proposed Rules

While several commenters expressed concerns about requiring an issuer to disclose a 

description of its business and business plan,146 most commenters supported this proposed 

requirement.

147 Some commenters recommended that the disclosure include specific items, such 

as disclosure of any material contracts of the issuer, any material litigation or any outstanding 

court order or judgment affecting the issuer or its property;148 the issuer’s business value 

proposition, revenue model, team, regulatory issues and executive compensation;149 how the 

 146 See, e.g., ABA Letter; ASSOB Letter; Public Startup Letter 2; Traklight Letter.

147 See, e.g., Anonymous Letter 2; Arctic Island Letter 5; Benjamin Letter; CFIRA Letter 7; Consumer 

Federation Letter; EMKF Letter; Hackers/Founders Letter; Mollick Letter; NFIB Letter; RocketHub Letter; 

Saunders Letter; Wefunder Letter.

148 See, e.g., Arctic Island Letter 4 (referencing only pending litigation); Arctic Island Letter 5 (referencing only 

threatened or pending litigation); FundHub Letter 1; Wilson Letter.

149 See, e.g., Arctic Island Letter 5.
50

issuer will build value for the shareholders;150 and plans for implementation, concrete next steps, 

outside recommendations about the validity of the business, backgrounds of the individuals 

involved and prototypes or concept drawings.151 One commenter recommended that the 

disclosure requirement be scaled to match the size of the offering.152

Some commenters recommended that the Commission provide a non-exclusive list of the 

types of information an issuer should consider disclosing, templates, examples or other guidance 

to assist the issuer in complying with this disclosure requirement.153 One commenter 

recommended that the Commission not specify the information to be included in the description of 

the business or the business plan.154 Commenters also opposed revising the proposed business 

description requirement to require the description to include the information requirements of Items 

101(a)(2) and 101(h)155 of Regulation S-K.156

(iii) Final Rules

Consistent with the proposal, Rule 201(d) requires an issuer to disclose information about 

its business and business plan. We are not modifying the proposed rule, as some commenters 

recommended,157 to specify the disclosures that an issuer must include in the description of the 

business and the business plan or to provide a non-exclusive list of the types of information an 

 150 See, e.g., Hackers/Founders Letter. 

151 See, e.g., Mollick Letter.

152 See Consumer Federation Letter.

153 See, e.g., ABA Letter; Benjamin Letter; CFIRA Letter 7; Commonwealth of Massachusetts Letter; FundHub 

Letter 1 (recommending a safe harbor list of requirements); Traklight Letter; Wilson Letter (recommending a 

checklist or prescribed list of questions).

154 See RocketHub Letter.

155 17 CFR 229.101.

156 See, e.g., Hamilton Letter; Public Startup Letter 2; RocketHub Letter.

157 See, e.g., ABA Letter; Arctic Island Letter 4; Arctic Island Letter 5; Benjamin Letter; CFIRA Letter 7; 

Commonwealth of Massachusetts Letter; FundHub Letter 1; Hackers/Founders Letter; Mollick Letter; 

Traklight Letter; Wilson Letter.
51

issuer should consider disclosing. We anticipate that issuers engaging in crowdfunding 

transactions may have businesses at various stages of development in different industries, and 

therefore, we believe that the rules should provide flexibility for these issuers regarding what 

information they disclose about their businesses. This flexible approach is consistent with the 

suggestion of one commenter that the business plan requirements be scaled to match the size of 

the offering.158 We also are concerned that a non-exclusive list of the types of information an 

issuer should consider providing would be viewed as a de facto disclosure requirement that all 

issuers would feel compelled to meet and would, therefore, undermine the intended flexibility of 

the final rules.

(c) Use of Proceeds

(i) Proposed Rules

Consistent with Section 4A(b)(1)(E), we proposed in Rule 201(i) of Regulation 

Crowdfunding to require an issuer to provide a description of the purpose of the offering and 

intended use of the offering proceeds. We expected that such disclosure would provide a 

sufficiently detailed description of the intended use of proceeds to permit investors to evaluate the 

investment. Under the proposed rules, if an issuer did not have definitive plans for the proceeds, 

but instead had identified a range of possible uses, then the issuer would be required to identify 

and describe each probable use and factors affecting the selection of each particular use. In 

addition, if an issuer indicated that it would accept proceeds in excess of the target offering 

amount,159 the issuer would be required to provide a separate, reasonably detailed description of 

the purpose and intended use of any excess proceeds with similar specificity.

 158 See Consumer Federation Letter.

159 See Section II.B(1)(d) below for a description of the final rule’s disclosure requirements with respect to 

target amounts.
52

(ii) Comments on the Proposed Rules

Most commenters supported the requirement that issuers disclose the intended use of the 

offering proceeds.160 One commenter recommended that we prescribe the use of proceeds 

disclosure or provide a list of examples that issuers should consider when providing such 

disclosures.161 Others recommended a variety of circumstances under which an issuer should be 

required to update the use of proceeds disclosure.162 

(iii) Final Rules

We are adopting the use of proceeds disclosure requirement substantially as proposed in 

Rule 201(i). An issuer will be required to provide a reasonably detailed description of the purpose 

of the offering, such that investors are provided with enough information to understand how the 

offering proceeds will be used.163 While one commenter164 recommended that we prescribe this 

disclosure or provide a list of examples, we believe a more prescriptive rule would not best 

accommodate a diverse range of issuers. Instead, below we provide several examples of the 

disclosures issuers should consider making with respect to various uses of proceeds. 

The disclosure requirement is designed to provide investors with sufficient information to 

evaluate the investment. For example, an issuer may intend to use the proceeds of an offering to 

acquire assets or businesses, compensate the intermediary or its own employees or repurchase 

 160 See, e.g., ABA Letter; ASSOB Letter; Consumer Federation Letter; Joinvestor Letter; Saunders Letter; 

Traklight Letter; Whitaker Chalk Letter; Wilson Letter. But see, Public Startup Letter 2.

161 See Commonwealth of Massachusetts Letter.

162 See, e.g., ASSOB Letter (five percent change); CFIRA Letter 7 (material deviations in the offering statement 

and any deviations in the annual report); Commonwealth of Massachusetts Letter (material change); 

Joinvestor Letter (substantial change); RocketHub Letter (significant change); Traklight Letter (material 

deviations); Whitaker Chalk Letter (material change); Wilson Letter (any deviation). See also Section II.B.3 

for discussion of when an amendment to the offering statement may be required.

163 See Instruction to paragraph (i) of Rule 201 of Regulation Crowdfunding.

164 See Commonwealth of Massachusetts Letter.
53

outstanding securities of the issuer. In providing its description, an issuer would need to consider 

the appropriate level of detail to provide investors about the assets or businesses that the issuer 

anticipates acquiring, based on its particular facts and circumstances, so that the investors could 

make informed decisions. If the proceeds will be used to compensate existing employees or to 

hire new employees, the issuer should consider disclosing whether the proceeds will be used for 

salaries or bonuses and how many employees it plans to hire, as applicable. If the issuer will 

repurchase outstanding issuer securities, it should consider disclosing its plans, terms and purpose 

for repurchasing the securities. An issuer also should consider disclosing how long the proceeds 

will satisfy the operational needs of the business. If an issuer does not have definitive plans for 

the proceeds, but instead has identified a range of possible uses, then the issuer should identify 

and describe each probable use and the factors the issuer may consider in allocating proceeds 

among the potential uses.

165 If an issuer indicates that it will accept proceeds in excess of the 

target offering amount, the issuer must provide a reasonably detailed description of the purpose, 

method for allocating oversubscriptions, and intended use of any excess proceeds with similar 

specificity.166

(d) Target Offering Amount and Deadline

(i) Proposed Rules

Consistent with Section 4A(b)(1)(F), we proposed in Rule 201(g) of Regulation 

Crowdfunding to require issuers to disclose the target offering amount and the deadline to reach 

the target offering amount. In addition, we proposed in Rule 201(h) to require an issuer to 

disclose whether it would accept investments in excess of the target offering amount, and, if it 

 165 See Instruction to paragraph (i) of Rule 201 of Regulation Crowdfunding.

166 See Instruction to paragraph (i) of Rule 201 of Regulation Crowdfunding.
54

would, we proposed to require the issuer to disclose, at the commencement of the offering, the 

maximum amount it would accept. The issuer also, under proposed Rule 201(h), would be 

required to disclose, at the commencement of the offering, how shares in oversubscribed offerings 

would be allocated. We further proposed in Rule 201(j) to require issuers to describe the process 

to cancel an investment commitment or to complete the transaction once the target amount is met, 

including a statement that:

• investors may cancel an investment commitment until 48 hours prior to the 

deadline identified in the issuer’s offering materials;167

• the intermediary will notify investors when the target offering amount has been 

met;

• if an issuer reaches the target offering amount prior to the deadline identified in its 

offering materials, it may close the offering early if it provides at least five 

business days’ notice prior to that new deadline (absent a material change that 

would require an extension of the offering and reconfirmation of the investment 

commitment);168 and

• if an investor does not cancel an investment commitment before the 48-hour period 

prior to the offering deadline, the funds will be released to the issuer upon closing 

of the offering and the investor will receive securities in exchange for his or her 

investment.

In addition, proposed Rule 201(k) would require issuers to disclose that if an investor does 

not reconfirm his or her investment commitment after a material change is made to the offering, 

 167 Section II.C.6 further discusses the cancellation provisions. 

168 Id. 
55

the investor’s investment commitment will be cancelled and committed funds will be returned. 

Proposed Rule 201(g) also would require issuers to disclose that if the sum of the investment 

commitments does not equal or exceed the target offering amount at the time of the offering 

deadline, no securities will be sold in the offering, investment commitments will be cancelled and 

committed funds will be returned.169

(ii) Final Rules

Commenters were supportive of the proposed rules, and we are adopting the target offering 

amount and deadline disclosure rules as proposed.170 As an example of how the final rules will 

apply, if an issuer sets a target offering amount of $80,000 but is willing to accept up to $650,000, 

the issuer will be required to disclose both the $80,000 target offering amount and the $650,000 

maximum offering amount that it will accept.171 In an instance where an issuer reaches the target 

offering amount prior to the deadline identified in its offering materials, it may close the offering 

early if it provides at least five business days’ notice about the new offering deadline as set forth 

in Rules 201(j) and 302(d) of Regulation Crowdfunding. Accelerating the deadline would not

require an extension of the offering and reconfirmation of the investment commitment; however, 

issuers would need to consider whether any material change occurred that would require an 

extension and reconfirmation from investors.

172 

 169 See Section 4A(a)(7) (requiring intermediaries to “ensure that all offering proceeds are only provided to the 

issuer when the aggregate capital raised from all investors is equal to or greater than a target offering 

amount....”) and discussion in Section II.C.6. 

170 See Rules 201(g), 201(h), 201(j) and 201(k) of Regulation Crowdfunding.

171 The issuer in this case also will need to disclose the intended use of the additional proceeds. See Instruction 

to paragraph (i) of Rule 201 of Regulation Crowdfunding. See also Section II.B.1.a.i(c) above. In addition, 

the issuer in this case will be required to provide financial statements reviewed by an independent public 

accountant (rather than certain tax return information for the most recently completed fiscal year and 

financial statements certified by the principal executive officer). See Section II.B.1.a.ii for a discussion of 

the financial statement requirements.

172 Section II.B.1.c discusses the amendment and reconfirmation requirements. 
56

We do not believe it is necessary for us to prescribe how oversubscribed offerings must be 

allocated if the issuer is required to disclose, at the commencement of the offering, how shares in 

oversubscribed offerings will be allocated. Commenters were supportive of this approach,173 and 

we believe this disclosure should provide investors with important information while maintaining

flexibility for issuers to structure the offering as they believe appropriate. 

We believe that investors in a crowdfunding transaction will benefit from clear disclosure 

about their right to cancel, the circumstances under which an issuer may close an offering early 

and the need to reconfirm the investment commitment under certain circumstances, as they will be 

more aware of their rights to rescind an investment commitment. Therefore, we are adopting 

disclosure requirements covering these points, as proposed.

(e) Offering Price

Consistent with Section 4A(b)(1)(G), we proposed in Rule 201(l) of Regulation 

Crowdfunding to require an issuer to disclose the offering price of the securities or, in the 

alternative, the method for determining the price, so long as before the sale each investor is 

provided in writing the final price and all required disclosures.

Commenters were supportive of the proposed disclosure174 and we are adopting the 

offering price disclosure rules as proposed.175 We believe that disclosure of the price or the 

methods used for determining the price, coupled with investors’ rights to cancel their investment 

upon determination of the final price, provide sufficient opportunity for investors to evaluate the 

price.

 173 See, e.g., CFA Institute Letter; RoC Letter; RocketHub Letter; Wilson Letter.

174 See, e.g., CFA Institute Letter; Wilson Letter. As discussed below, however, a few commenters 

recommended that the Commission require a fixed price at the commencement of an offering. See, e.g., 

Joinvestor Letter; RocketHub Letter. We address those comments in Section II.B.6. 

175 See Rule 201(l) of Regulation Crowdfunding.
57

(f) Ownership and Capital Structure

(i) Proposed Rules

Consistent with Section 4A(b)(1)(H), we proposed in Rule 201(m) of Regulation 

Crowdfunding to require an issuer to provide a description of its ownership and capital structure. 

This disclosure would include:

• the terms of the securities being offered and each other class of security of the 

issuer, including the number of securities being offered and those outstanding, 

whether or not such securities have voting rights, any limitations on such voting 

rights, how the terms of the securities being offered may be modified and a 

summary of the differences between such securities and each other class of security 

of the issuer, and how the rights of the securities being offered may be materially 

limited, diluted or qualified by the rights of any other class of security of the issuer;

• a description of how the exercise of the rights held by the principal shareholders of 

the issuer could affect the purchasers of the securities;

• the name and ownership level of persons who are 20 Percent Beneficial Owners;

• how the securities being offered are being valued, and examples of methods for 

how such securities may be valued by the issuer in the future, including during 

subsequent corporate actions;

• the risks to purchasers of the securities relating to minority ownership in the issuer 

and the risks associated with corporate actions including additional issuances of 

securities, issuer repurchases of securities, a sale of the issuer or of assets of the 

issuer or transactions with related parties; and

• a description of the restrictions on the transfer of the securities.
58

As proposed, the rules would require disclosure of the number of securities being offered 

and those outstanding, whether or not such securities have voting rights, any limitations on such 

voting rights and a description of the restrictions on the transfer of the securities.

(ii) Comments on the Proposed Rules

A number of commenters supported the proposed ownership and capital structure 

disclosure rules,176 while two commenters opposed them as burdensome.

177 One of these 

commenters suggested that issuers should only be required to disclose the price of a share and the 

percentage ownership represented by a share, and noted that the principals of an issuer conducting 

a crowdfunding offering may not consider the issuer’s capital structure or whether its

shareholders will have voting rights.178

(iii) Final Rules

We are adopting the ownership and capital structure disclosure rules as proposed, with the 

addition of language specifying that beneficial ownership must be calculated no earlier than 120 

days prior to the date of the filing of the offering statement or report,

179 consistent with the 

treatment of beneficial ownership elsewhere in the rule.

180 Investors in crowdfunding transactions 

will benefit from clear disclosure about the terms of the securities being offered and each other 

class of security of the issuer. The final rules require disclosure of the number of securities being 

offered and those outstanding, whether or not such securities have voting rights, any limitations on 

 176 See, e.g., CFA Institute Letter; Commonwealth of Massachusetts Letter; Hackers/Founders Letter; Joinvestor 

Letter; NASAA Letter; RocketHub (supporting only to the extent that such disclosures do not require 

additional form submission or accountant or legal work); Saunders Letter; Wilson Letter.

177 See Campbell R. Letter; Schatz Letter. 

178 Schatz Letter.

179 See Rule 201(m) of Regulation Crowdfunding.

180 See Rule 201(c) of Regulation Crowdfunding.
59

such voting rights181 and a description of the restrictions on the transfer of securities.182 Although 

Section 4A(b)(1)(H) does not specifically call for all aspects of this disclosure, we believe that

such disclosure is necessary to provide investors with a more complete picture of the issuer’s 

capital structure than would be obtained solely pursuant to the statutory requirements. This 

should help investors better evaluate the terms of the offer before making an investment decision.

(g) Additional Disclosure Requirements

(i) Proposed Rules

We also proposed to require the following additional disclosures:

183

• disclosure of the name, SEC file number and Central Registration Depository 

number (“CRD number”) (as applicable)184 of the intermediary through which the 

offering is being conducted;

• disclosure of the amount of compensation paid to the intermediary for conducting 

the offering, including the amount of any referral or other fees associated with the 

offering;

• certain legends in the offering statement;

• disclosure of the current number of employees of the issuer;

• a discussion of the material factors that make an investment in the issuer 

speculative or risky;

 181 Id.

182 See Rule 501 of Regulation Crowdfunding and Section II.E.2 for a discussion of restrictions on resales.

183 Section 4A(b)(1)(I) provides us with discretion to require crowdfunding issuers to provide additional 

information for the protection of investors and in the public interest.

184 The Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, Inc. (“FINRA”) issues CRD numbers to registered brokerdealers.
60

• a description of the material terms of any indebtedness of the issuer, including the 

amount, interest rate, maturity date and any other material terms;

• disclosure of any exempt offerings conducted within the past three years; and

• disclosure of related-party transactions since the beginning of the issuer’s last fiscal 

year in excess of five percent of the aggregate amount of capital raised by the 

issuer in reliance on Section 4(a)(6) during the preceding 12-month period, 

inclusive of the amount the issuer seeks to raise in the current offering.

(ii) Comments on the Proposed Rules

Identity of the Intermediary. Several commenters supported the proposed requirement that 

issuers identify the intermediary through which the offering is being conducted.185 Two

commenters opposed such a requirement as unnecessary.

186 

Compensation Paid to the Intermediary. Some commenters supported the proposed 

requirement that issuers disclose the amount of compensation paid to the intermediary for 

conducting the offering, including the amount of any referral or other fees associated with the 

offering.187 One commenter noted that to the extent components of the intermediary’s fee are 

percentage based, the exact amount of the compensation may not be calculable at the onset of an 

 185 See, e.g., Commonwealth of Massachusetts Letter; Joinvestor Letter; Schwartz Letter; Wilson Letter 

(recommending that issuers also disclose whether the intermediary specializes in offerings based on criteria 

such as industry size or type).

186 See Public Startup Letter 2; RocketHub.

187 See, e.g., ASSOB Letter; Commonwealth of Massachusetts Letter; RocketHub Letter; Startup Valley Letter; 

Wilson Letter. But see, e.g., Grassi Letter (opposing the requirement unless offering proceeds will be used to 

compensate the intermediary); Public Startup Letter 2; Schwartz Letter.
61

offering.188 A few commenters recommended that issuers also should disclose all payments and 

fees, if any, they make to the intermediary.189

Legends. Comments were mixed as to the proposed requirement that issuers include

specified legends in the offering statement about the risks of investing in a crowdfunding 

transaction and the required ongoing reports. Some commenters supported such a requirement,190

while others opposed the requirement.191

Current Number of Employees. While several commenters supported the proposed 

requirement that issuers disclose their current number of employees,192 two commenters opposed 

such a requirement.193 One commenter opposed this requirement, noting that the number of 

employees is not useful for investors in evaluating early-stage startups, and is likely to increase 

during the course of a crowdfunding offering conducted concurrently with an offering pursuant to 

Rule 506(c).194 This commenter also noted that many early-stage startups spend the majority of 

their initial funds on consultants.195 Another commenter noted that it may be unreasonably costly, 

relative to the benefit gained, to accurately count the number of employees in instances where 

 188 See RocketHub Letter.

189 See, e.g., ASSOB Letter (recommending disclosure of all payments); RocketHub Letter (recommending 

disclosure of fees paid for compliance and overhead to enhance transparency for investors).

190 See, e.g., ABA Letter; CFA Institute Letter; Commonwealth of Massachusetts Letter; Jacobson Letter; 

Schwartz Letter; Wilson Letter.

191 See, e.g., Grassi Letter (recommending that general risks be disclosed on the intermediaries’ platforms rather 

than in each issuer’s offering statement); Hackers/Founders Letter (noting that crowdfunding issuers will 

tend to be smaller and lack the resources of large companies, and intermediaries should be required to 

provide examples of risks associated with crowdfunding offerings); Public Startup Letter 2; Startup Valley 

Letter (stating that a legend by the issuer about the risks of investing in a crowdfunding transaction is not 

needed because it is the responsibility of the intermediary to educate the public about this information).

192 See, e.g., NASAA Letter; Wilson Letter; Zhang Letter.

193 See Schwartz Letter; Wefunder Letter.

194 See Wefunder Letter.

195 Id.
62

businesses engage many contract workers, or have workers on arrangements such as “flex-time” 

or “half-time.”196

Risk Factors. Commenters were divided as to the proposed requirement that issuers 

discuss the material factors that make an investment in the issuer speculative or risky. A number 

of commenters supported this proposed requirement,197 while a number of others opposed it.198 

Some commenters recommended that we provide examples of, or develop standard disclosures 

for, issuer risk factor discussions.199

Indebtedness. Commenters supported the proposed requirement that issuers describe the 

material terms of any indebtedness of the issuer.200 Two commenters recommended that we 

clarify that this disclosure requirement could be satisfied if the issuer includes such disclosure in 

its financial statements.201 Another recommended that we require issuers to disclose the identities 

of their creditors.202

Prior Exempt Offerings. Commenters supported the proposed requirement that issuers 

disclose their prior exempt offerings.203 One commenter recommended that we require additional 

 196 See Schwartz Letter.

197 See, e.g., ASSOB Letter; CFA Institute Letter; Commonwealth of Massachusetts Letter; Consumer 

Federation Letter; EMKF Letter; Jacobson Letter; McGladrey Letter; STA Letter; StartupValley Letter; 

Wilson Letter.

198 See, e.g., ABA Letter; Campbell R. Letter; Cole A. Letter; Grassi Letter; Hackers/Founders Letter; 

RocketHub Letter (recommending that a generic 500-word statement suffice); Schwartz Letter; Scruggs 

Letter.

199 See, e.g., Commonwealth of Massachusetts Letter; EMKF Letter; Heritage Letter (recommending also that 

the Commission define “material”); Jacobson Letter; SBA Office of Advocacy Letter. But see, 

StartupValley Letter (opposing such a recommendation).

200 See, e.g., Consumer Federation Letter; ODS Letter; Schwartz Letter; Wilson Letter.

201 See Grassi Letter; EY Letter.

202 See ODS Letter.

203 See, e.g., CFA Institute Letter (recommending a brief statement about prior capital raising transactions); 

Commonwealth of Massachusetts Letter; Grassi Letter; Joinvestor Letter; ODS Letter; Parsont Letter; RoC 

Letter (supporting the disclosure covering the past three years); RocketHub Letter (recommending disclosure 
63

disclosure to help non-accredited investors understand how well aligned their interests are with 

earlier accredited investors,

204 while other commenters suggested scaling back this disclosure in 

order to contain costs.

205 

Related-Party Transactions. Commenters generally supported our proposal to require 

disclosure of certain related-party transactions between the issuer and any director or officer of the 

issuer, any person who is a 20 Percent Beneficial Owner, any promoter of the issuer (if the issuer 

was incorporated or organized within the past three years) or immediate family members of the 

foregoing persons.206 Rather than using the definition of “immediate family member” contained 

in Item 404 of Regulation S-K,

207 one commenter recommended that we use a common definition 

for “immediate family member” in the related-party transactions context and “member of the 

family of the purchaser or the equivalent” in the resale restrictions context.208

One commenter supported the proposal to limit the disclosure of related-party transactions 

to transactions since the beginning of the issuer’s last fiscal year.

209 Other commenters 

recommended that the related-party transaction disclosure cover the period for which financial 

 

of successful prior offerings only); Whitaker Chalk Letter (recommending that the disclosure exclude the 

target amount of any offerings made in reliance on Section 4(a)(6) and whether such target was reached); 

Wilson Letter. But see, e.g., Heritage Letter; Public Startup Letter 2; Schwartz Letter; Wefunder Letter.

204 See Parsont Letter.

205 See, e.g., Grassi Letter (recommending disclosure of only the date, amount raised, type of securities sold and 

a link to a website where more information on such prior offerings can be found); Wefunder Letter 

(recommending disclosure of only the aggregate capital raised in all prior exempt transactions, as well as the 

date, terms, valuation of and types of securities issued in the most recent exempt offering).

206 See, e.g., AICPA Letter (recommending disclosure of transactions between the issuer and 10 percent 

beneficial owners); Commonwealth of Massachusetts Letter; Grassi Letter (also recommending disclosure of 

transactions between the issuer and employees or affiliated entities with common ownership or control); 

NASAA Letter; RocketHub Letter; Wilson Letter. But see, Public Startup Letter 2; Schwartz Letter.

207 17 CFR 229.404. 

208 See Brown J. Letter. See also, Section II.E.2 for a discussion of the restrictions on resales.

209 See RocketHub Letter.
64

statements are required.210 In addition, one commenter supported the proposal to limit disclosure 

of related-party transactions based on the size of the offering,211 while a few commenters 

suggested alternatives to such proposal.212

Other Disclosures. Several commenters specifically recommended that we not require any 

additional disclosures.213 One commenter pointed out that there was no “catch-all” clause 

requiring any other material information not specifically enumerated in Rule 201 of Regulation 

Crowdfunding.

214

Other commenters recommended that we require issuers to disclose general 

information;

215 executive compensation;216 zoning issues and issues with the Environmental 

Protection Agency or Food and Drug Administration;217 a copy of their articles of 

incorporation;218 the extent to which they are affected by market risk, material contracts, business 

 210 See AICPA Letter; Grassi Letter.

211 See AICPA Letter.

212 See, e.g., Grassi Letter (recommending disclosure of all related-party transactions not deemed de minimis); 

NASAA Letter (recommending a lower percentage threshold); RocketHub Letter (recommending a fixed 

threshold).

213 See, e.g., ABA Letter; Public Startup Letter 2; RocketHub Letter; Schwartz Letter.

214 See CrowdCheck Letter 1.

215 See, e.g., ODS Letter; STA Letter; Tiny Cat Letter. Such general information may include the issuer’s 

contact information; agent for service; information about the manner in which ownership interests will be 

evidenced; who will be providing record keeping services; where records of ownership will be maintained; 

and/or statements that the issuer may not provide account statements and that investors will have the 

responsibility of monitoring their investments, communicating with the record keeper and updating their 

information with the record keeper. 

216 See, e.g., Arctic Island Letter 4; Denlinger Letter 1 (recommending disclosure of deferred compensation, 

stock options or warrants, contingent payments for services, shareholder and other related-party loans and 

contingent liabilities); Grassi Letter (recommending separate amounts for base salary, bonus and an “other” 

category for the three highest paid individuals and the number and type of equity instruments granted); 

NASAA Letter; RFPIA Letter (recommending inclusion of owners’ compensation).

217 See, e.g., Arctic Island Letter 4.

218 See, e.g., Hackers/Founders Letter. 
65

backlogs and the names of, and number of shares being sold by, existing shareholders;219 and the 

credit history of the business and the business owners.220 

As discussed in Section II.B.2 below in connection with ongoing annual reports, a number 

of commenters recommended ways to make it easier for investors to locate an issuer’s annual 

reports.221

(iii) Final Rules

We are adopting the additional disclosure requirements as proposed in Rule 201 with 

several modifications. As discussed below, we have added a requirement to disclose any material 

information necessary in order to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under 

which they were made, not misleading.222 We also have modified the rule to require disclosure of 

the compensation to be paid to the intermediary so that it could be disclosed either as a dollar 

amount or percentage of the offering amount or as a good faith estimate if the exact amount is not 

available at the time of the filing.

223 We also have added a requirement to disclose the location on 

the issuer’s website where investors will be able to find the issuer’s annual report and the date by 

which such report will be available on the issuer’s website.

224 In addition, we have added a 

requirement to disclose whether the issuer or any of its predecessors previously has failed to 

comply with the ongoing reporting requirements of Regulation Crowdfunding.

225

 219 See, e.g., CFA Institute Letter.

220 See, e.g., SBM Letter.

221 See, e.g., Arctic Island Letter 5; CFA Institute Letter (recommending advance notice as to when and where 

annual reports will be available); RocketHub Letter.

222 See Rule 201(y) of Regulation Crowdfunding.

223 See Rule 201(o) of Regulation Crowdfunding.

224 See Rule 201(w) of Regulation Crowdfunding.

225 See Rule 201(x) of Regulation Crowdfunding.
66

We agree with the suggestion by some commenters that issuers should not be required to 

disclose in multiple places the information required to be provided to investors.226 As a result, to 

avoid duplicative disclosure, an issuer will not be required to repeat what is already provided 

elsewhere in the issuer’s disclosure, including the financial statements.

227 Issuers may crossreference within the offering statement or report, including to the location of the information in 

the financial statements. 228

Identity of the Intermediary. Despite the suggestion of one commenter that this disclosure 

is unnecessary,

229 we believe requiring an issuer to identify the name, SEC file number and CRD 

number (as applicable) of the intermediary through which the offering is being conducted should 

assist investors and regulators in obtaining information about the offering and use of the 

exemption.230 It also could help investors obtain background information on the intermediary, for 

instance, through filings made by the intermediary with the Commission, as well as through the 

Financial Industry Regulatory Authority’s (“FINRA”) BrokerCheck system for broker-dealers231

or a similar system, if created, for funding portals. 

Compensation Paid to the Intermediary. Requiring an issuer to disclose the amount of 

compensation paid to the intermediary for conducting the offering, including the amount of any 

referral or other fees associated with the offering, will permit investors and regulators to 

determine how much of the proceeds of the offering is used to compensate the intermediary. 

 226 See, e.g., EY Letter (noting that certain required disclosure would be included in an issuer’s financial 

statements); Grassi Letter (same).

227 See Instruction to Item 201 of Regulation Crowdfunding.

228 Id.

229 See RocketHub Letter.

230 See Rule 201(n) of Regulation Crowdfunding.

231 See FINRA, FINRA BrokerCheck, available at http://www.finra.org/Investors/ToolsCalculators/

BrokerCheck/P015175.
67

Based on a comment received,232 we understand that in some instances the exact amount of 

compensation and fees to be paid to the intermediary will not be known at the time the Form C is 

filed, and we have modified the rule from the proposal to address this issue. Consistent with this 

understanding, and to avoid suggesting that only amounts certain and paid to date must be 

disclosed, the final rules require disclosure of all compensation paid or to be paid to the 

intermediary for conducting the offering, which may be disclosed as a dollar amount or as a 

percentage of the offering amount. If the exact amount of the compensation paid or to be paid is 

not available at the time of the filing, issuers are permitted to provide a good faith estimate.233 

In addition, we are modifying the rule text from the proposal to require issuers to disclose 

any other direct or indirect interest in the issuer held by the intermediary, or any arrangement for 

the intermediary to acquire such an interest.234 The proposed rules would have prohibited an 

intermediary from holding any financial interest in the issuers conducting offerings on its 

platforms. However, as discussed in Section II.C.2.b below, the final rules permit intermediaries 

to hold such interests. We believe that, similar to the amount of compensation paid to the 

intermediary, an intermediary’s interests in an issuer and the issuer’s transaction could be material 

to an investment decision in the issuer. Therefore, we believe that issuers should disclose such 

interests to investors.

Legends. We are adopting this requirement as proposed. 235 The requirement for an issuer 

to include in the offering statement specified legends about the risks of investing in a 

crowdfunding transaction is intended to help investors understand the general risks of investing in 

 232 See RocketHub Letter.

233 See Rule 201(o)(1) of Regulation Crowdfunding. 

234 See Rule 201(o)(2) of Regulation Crowdfunding.

235 See Item 2 of General Instruction III to Form C. 
68

a crowdfunding transaction. We continue to believe, despite the suggestions of some 

commenters,236 that requiring legends in each issuer’s offering statement, regardless of any 

general warnings available on an intermediary’s platform, will provide additional investor 

protection with minimal costs. For example, the requirement that an issuer include in the offering 

statement certain legends about the required ongoing reports, including how those reports will be 

made available to investors and how an issuer may terminate its ongoing reporting obligations, 

will help investors understand an issuer’s ongoing reporting obligations and how they will be able

to access those reports.

Current Number of Employees. Consistent with the proposal and the recommendation of 

several commenters,

237 the final rules require disclosure of the current number of employees.238

We believe this disclosure is important to investors in evaluating a crowdfunding transaction 

because it will give investors a sense of the size of the issuers using the exemption. We expect 

that the early-stage issuers who are likely to use securities-based crowdfunding will not have

many employees, so we do not believe this requirement will be unreasonably burdensome.

Risk Factors. We are adopting this disclosure requirement as proposed.239 While some 

commenters expressed concerns about potential expenses or confusion associated with risk 

disclosure,240 we agree with those commenters who indicated that disclosure of the material 

factors that make an investment in the issuer speculative or risky is important to help investors 

 236 See, e.g., Grassi Letter; Hackers/Founders Letter; Public Startup Letter 2; Startup Valley Letter.

237 See, e.g., NASAA Letter; Wilson Letter; Zhang Letter.

238 See Rule 201(e) of Regulation Crowdfunding.

239 See Rule 201(f) of Regulation Crowdfunding.

240 See, e.g., Campbell R. Letter; Cole A. Letter; Grassi Letter; Hackers/Founders Letter; RocketHub Letter; 

Schwartz Letter; Scruggs Letter.
69

understand the risks of investing in a specific issuer’s offering.

241 To help investors to better 

understand these risks, we believe that risk factor disclosure should be tailored to the issuer’s 

business and the offering and should not repeat the factors addressed in the required legends.242

For similar reasons, we are not providing examples of, or developing standard disclosure for, 

issuer risk factor discussions, as we believe issuers will be in the best positions to articulate the 

risks associated with their business and offerings in light of their particular facts and 

circumstances. 

Indebtedness. Consistent with the proposal, we are adopting the requirement to provide a 

description of the material terms of any indebtedness of the issuer.243 We believe disclosure of 

the material terms of any indebtedness of the issuer, including, among other items, the amount, 

interest rate and maturity date of the indebtedness, is important to investors because servicing debt 

could place additional pressures on an issuer in the early stages of development. We expect that 

for many issuers this information will be included in the financial statements, which will satisfy 

this reporting requirement.244

While one commenter recommended that we require issuers to disclose the identities of 

their creditors,245 we do not believe, as a general matter, that such disclosure would provide 

 241 See, e.g., ASSOB Letter; CFA Institute Letter; Commonwealth of Massachusetts Letter; Consumer 

Federation Letter; EMKF Letter; Jacobson Letter; McGladrey Letter; STA Letter; StartupValley Letter; 

Wilson Letter.

242 See Item 2 of General Instruction III to Form C.

243 See Rule 201(p) of Regulation Crowdfunding.

244 See Instruction to Rule 201 of Regulation Crowdfunding; Items 1 and 3 of General Instruction III to Form C.

245 See ODS Letter.
70

meaningful information to investors. Accordingly, under the final rules, such disclosure is

required only to the extent the creditor’s identity is a material aspect of the indebtedness.246

Prior Exempt Offerings. Consistent with the proposal and with commenters’ 

recommendations, we are requiring issuers to provide disclosure about the exempt offerings that

they conducted within the past three years.247 For each exempt offering within the past three 

years, issuers must describe the date of the offering, the offering exemption relied upon, the type 

of securities offered and the amount of securities sold and the use of proceeds.248 We believe that

information about prior offerings will better inform investors about the capital structure of the 

issuer and will provide information about how prior offerings were valued.

Related-Party Transactions. We are adopting this disclosure requirement substantially as 

proposed.249 Related-party transactions create potential conflicts of interest that may result in 

actions that benefit the related parties at the expense of the issuer or the investors. After 

considering the comments received, we continue to believe the related-party transactions 

disclosure will assist investors in obtaining a more complete picture of the financial relationships 

between certain related parties and the issuer and provide additional insight as to potential uses of 

the issuer’s resources, including the proceeds of the offering. The final rule differs from the 

proposal in that an issuer is required to disclose transactions with any person who is, as of the 

most recent practicable date but no earlier than 120 days prior to the date the offering statement or 

report is filed, the beneficial owner of 20 percent or more of the issuer’s outstanding voting equity 

securities. Limiting the relevant period to 120 days prior to the date of the offering statement or 

 246 See Rule 201(y) of Regulation Crowdfunding.

247 See Rule 201(q) of Regulation Crowdfunding.

248 See Instruction to paragraph (q) of Rule 201 of Regulation Crowdfunding.

249 See Rule 201(r) of Regulation Crowdfunding. 
71

report is consistent with the treatment of beneficial ownership elsewhere in Regulation 

Crowdfunding.

250 We also believe this limitation and the consistency it provides will help limit 

compliance costs for issuers.

The final rule also includes an instruction to clarify that, for purposes of Rule 201(r), a 

transaction includes, but is not limited to, any financial transaction, arrangement or relationship 

(including any indebtedness or guarantee of indebtedness) or any series of similar transactions, 

arrangements or relationships.251 This instruction is consistent with Item 404 of Regulation SK.252

Given the early stage of development of the small businesses and startups that we expect 

will seek to raise capital pursuant to Section 4(a)(6), as well as the investment limits prescribed by 

the rules, we believe that limiting the disclosure of related-party transactions to transactions 

occurring since the beginning of the issuer’s last fiscal year, as proposed, will help to limit

compliance costs for issuers while still providing investors with sufficient information to evaluate 

the relationship between related parties and the issuer.253 In addition, we are requiring issuers to 

disclose only related-party transactions that, in the aggregate, are in excess of five percent of the 

aggregate amount of capital raised by the issuer in reliance on Section 4(a)(6) during the 

preceding 12-month period, inclusive of the amount the issuer seeks to raise in the current offering 

under Section 4(a)(6). We also have added an instruction to clarify that any series of similar 

transactions, arrangements or relationships should be aggregated for purposes of determining 

 250 See, e.g., Rules 201(c) and 201(m) of Regulation Crowdfunding.

251 See Instruction 2 to Rule 201(r) of Regulation Crowdfunding. 

252 See Instruction 2 to Item 404(a) of Regulation S-K [17 CFR 229.404(a)].

253 We note, however, that financial statements covering the two most recently completed fiscal years will 

include disclosure of related-party transactions, as required by U.S. GAAP, for each of the years presented.
72

whether related-party transactions should be disclosed. 254 For example, an issuer seeking to raise

$1 million will be required to disclose related-party transactions that, in the aggregate, are in 

excess of $50,000, which is the same dollar threshold required in Form 1-A255 for offerings of any 

size made pursuant to Tier 1 of Regulation A,

256 and an issuer that raises $250,000 will be 

required to disclose such transactions in excess of $12,500. We believe that, in light of the sizes 

and varieties of issuers that may make offerings in reliance on Section 4(a)(6), this approach could 

mitigate the potential for the requirement to be disproportionate to the size of certain offerings and 

issuers. While one commenter suggested we use a percentage threshold less than five percent, we 

believe this threshold appropriately takes into consideration the need to provide investors with 

relevant information about the issuer’s activities involving related parties during this crucial early 

stage of development.

As suggested by one commenter,

257 in a change from the proposal, we are adopting a 

definition for “member of the family” in the related-party transactions context that is consistent 

with the definition of “member of the family of the purchaser or the equivalent” in the resale 

restrictions context.

258 The final rule defines “member of the family” as a “child, stepchild, 

grandchild, parent, stepparent, grandparent, spouse or spousal equivalent, sibling, mother-in-law, 

father-in-law, son-in-law, daughter-in-law, brother-in-law, or sister-in-law, [including] adoptive 

relationships” of any of the persons identified in Rules 201(r)(1), (r)(2) or (r)(3).

259 This 

 254 See Instruction 1 to Rule 201(r) of Regulation Crowdfunding.

255 17 CFR 239.900

256 17 CFR 230.251 through 230.263

257 See Brown J. Letter.

258 See Rule 501(a) of Regulation Crowdfunding;

259 See Rule 201(r)(4) of Regulation Crowdfunding.
73

definition tracks the definition of “immediate family” in Exchange Act Rule 16a-1(e),260 but with 

the addition of “spousal equivalent,” which the final rule defines to mean “a cohabitant occupying 

a relationship generally equivalent to that of a spouse.”261 We believe a common definition of 

“member of the family” that is consistent with our disclosure rules in other contexts262 will 

provide certainty for issuers in identifying the persons covered by the rule.

Other Disclosures. We are adopting this provision as proposed but with the addition of 

three issuer disclosure requirements in response to comments received.

The first is a requirement that an issuer disclose the location on its website where investors 

will be able to find the issuer’s annual report and the date by which such report will be available 

on its website.

263 We believe this requirement addresses the concern expressed by commenters 

that investors may not know where to find an issuer’s annual report. We do not believe physical 

delivery of the annual report is necessary due to the electronic nature of the crowdfunding 

marketplace, nor do we believe that e-mail delivery of the annual report is practical because the 

issuer may not have access to e-mail addresses of its investors. Instead, we are requiring issuers 

to disclose this information in the offering statement, which will assist investors in locating the 

information while limiting the compliance costs for issuers.

The second additional disclosure requirement, as suggested by a commenter,

264 is a 

requirement that the disclosure include any material information necessary in order to make the 

 260 17 CFR 240.16a-1(e).

261 See Rule 201(r)(4) of Regulation Crowdfunding.

262 See, e.g., Exchange Act Rule 16a-1(e).

263 See Rule 201(w) of Regulation Crowdfunding. See also, Section II.B.2 for a discussion of the requirement 

on issuers to post their annual reports on their websites.

264 See CrowdCheck Letter 1.
74

statements made, in light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading.265 

This provision should help ensure that investors have all of the material information they need on 

which to base their investment decisions. 

The third additional requirement, similar to suggestions from some commenters,266

requires the issuer to disclose whether it or any of its predecessors previously failed to comply 

with the ongoing reporting requirements of Regulation Crowdfunding.

267 While we continue to 

believe, and the final rules provide, that only those issuers that have failed to file their two most 

recent annual reports should be prohibited from relying on the exemption available under Section 

4A(6), we also believe that any history of non-compliance with ongoing reporting obligations 

would provide important information to investors about the issuer.

Although we appreciate that commenters made various suggestions for additional issuer 

disclosure requirements, such as those relating to executive compensation, market risk and 

material contracts, we are not mandating further disclosures. In adopting issuer requirements for 

Regulation Crowdfunding, we have been mindful of the limited resources and start-up operations 

of issuers likely to use security-based crowdfunding and have sought to consider the need to 

provide investors with relevant information to make an informed investment decision while 

limiting the compliance costs for issuers. We believe the issuer disclosure requirements we are 

adopting along with other protections, such as investment limits, achieve this goal.

(2) Financial Disclosure

Section 4A(b)(1)(D) requires “a description of the financial condition of the issuer.” It 

also establishes a framework of tiered financial disclosure requirements based on aggregate target 

 265 See Rule 201(y) of Regulation Crowdfunding.

266 See Grassi Letter; RocketHub Letter.

267 See Rule 201(x) of Regulation Crowdfunding.
75

offering amounts of the offering and all other offerings made in reliance on Section 4(a)(6) within 

the preceding 12-month period. 

(a) Financial Condition Discussion

(i) Proposed Rules

Consistent with Section 4A(b)(1)(D), we proposed in Rule 201(s) of Regulation 

Crowdfunding to require an issuer to provide a narrative discussion of its financial condition. 

(ii) Comments on the Proposed Rules

Commenters generally supported the proposed requirement that issuers provide a narrative 

discussion of their financial condition.268 One commenter expressed concern that the requirement 

could be challenging for issuers at an early stage of development and result in duplicative 

disclosure.269 The same commenter suggested that issuers be encouraged, rather than mandated, 

to discuss material historical operating results.270

(iii) Final Rules

We are adopting this requirement as proposed, with a few technical modifications.

271 

Rule 201(s) clarifies that the description must include, to the extent material, a discussion of 

liquidity, capital resources and historical results of operations. Rule 201(s) also includes an 

instruction noting that issuers will be required to include a discussion of each period for which 

financial statements are provided and a discussion of any material changes or trends known to 

management in the financial condition and results of operations of the issuer subsequent to the 

 268 See, e.g., ABA Letter; CFA Institute Letter; CFIRA Letter 5; Commonwealth of Massachusetts Letter; 

Grassi Letter; Jacobson Letter; Joinvestor Letter; Saunders Letter. But see, e.g., EY Letter; Public Startup 

Letter 2; RocketHub Letter.

269 See EY Letter.

270 Id.

271 See Rule 201(s) of Regulation Crowdfunding.
76

period for which financial statements are provided.272 In connection with this instruction, an 

issuer will need to consider whether more recent financial information is necessary to make the 

disclosure in the offering document not misleading. The instruction in final Rule 201(s) was 

included in proposed Rule 201(t) as an instruction to the financial statement requirements, but we 

have moved this instruction to Rule 201(s) because it elicits narrative disclosure that we believe is

more appropriately presented as part of the discussion of the issuer’s financial condition. In 

addition, another instruction clarifies that references to the issuer in Rule 201(s) refer to the issuer 

and its predecessors, if any.273

We expect that the discussion required by the final rule and instructions will inform 

investors about the financial condition and results of operations of the issuer by providing 

management’s perspective on the issuer’s operations and financial results, including information 

about the issuer’s liquidity and capital resources and any known trends or uncertainties that could 

materially affect the company’s results. Because issuers seeking to engage in crowdfunding 

transactions will likely be smaller, less complex and at an earlier stage of development than

issuers conducting registered offerings or Exchange Act reporting companies, we expect that the 

discussion generally will not, contrary to the concern of at least one commenter,274 need to be as 

lengthy or detailed as the management’s discussion and analysis of financial condition and results 

of operations of those issuers. Accordingly, we are not prescribing a specific content or format for 

this information, but instead set forth general principles for making this disclosure.275 The 

discussion should address, to the extent material, the issuer’s historical results of operations in 

 272 See Instruction 1 to Rule 201(s) of Regulation Crowdfunding.

273 See Instruction 4 to Rule 201(s) of Regulation Crowdfunding.

274 See EY Letter.

275 See Instructions 1 and 2 to Rule 201(s) of Regulation Crowdfunding.
77

addition to its liquidity and capital resources. If an issuer does not have a prior operating history,

the discussion should focus on financial milestones and operational, liquidity and other 

challenges. If an issuer has a prior operating history, the discussion should focus on whether 

historical earnings and cash flows are representative of what investors should expect in the future. 

An issuer’s discussion of its financial condition should take into account the proceeds of the 

offering and any other known or pending sources of capital. Issuers also should discuss how the 

proceeds from the offering will affect their liquidity, whether these funds and any other additional 

funds are necessary to the viability of the business and how quickly the issuer anticipates using its 

available cash. In addition, issuers should describe the other available sources of capital to the 

business, such as lines of credit or required contributions by principal shareholders. To the extent 

these items of disclosure overlap with the issuer’s discussion of its business or business plan, 

issuers are not required to make duplicate disclosures.276 While we are not mandating a specific 

presentation, we expect issuers to present the required disclosures, including any other 

information that is material to an investor, in a clear and understandable manner.

(b) Financial Disclosures

(i) Proposed Rules

Proposed Rule 201(t) of Regulation Crowdfunding would have established financial 

statement disclosure requirements that are based on aggregate target offering amounts within the 

preceding 12-month period:

• issuers offering $100,000 or less would be required to file with the Commission and

provide to investors and the relevant intermediary income tax returns filed by the issuer for 

 276 See Instruction to Rule 201 of Regulation Crowdfunding.
78

the most recently completed year (if any) and financial statements that are certified by the 

principal executive officer to be true and complete in all material respects; 

• issuers offering more than $100,000, but not more than $500,000, would be required to file 

with the Commission and provide to investors and the relevant intermediary financial 

statements reviewed by a public accountant that is independent of the issuer; and 

• issuers offering more than $500,000 would be required to file with the Commission and

provide to investors and the relevant intermediary financial statements audited by a public 

accountant that is independent of the issuer. 

Under proposed Rule 201(t), issuers would be permitted to voluntarily provide financial 

statements that meet the requirements for a higher aggregate target offering amount.

The proposed rules also would have set forth the following requirements for the financial 

statements:

• Basis of Accounting. All issuers would be required to file with the Commission and

provide to investors and the relevant intermediary a complete set of their financial 

statements (balance sheets, income statements, statements of cash flows and statements of 

changes in owners’ equity), prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted 

accounting principles (“U.S. GAAP”).

• Public Accountant Requirements. To qualify as independent of the issuer, a public 

accountant would be required to comply with the Commission’s independence rules, 

which are set forth in Rule 2-01 of Regulation S-X.277 

 277 17 CFR 210.2-01. 
79

• Periods Covered in the Financial Statements. The financial statements would be required 

to cover the shorter of the two most recently completed fiscal years or the period since 

inception of the business.

• Age of Financial Statements. During the first 120 days of the issuer’s fiscal year, an issuer 

would be able to conduct an offering in reliance on Section 4(a)(6) and the related rules 

using financial statements for the fiscal year prior to the most recently completed fiscal 

year if the financial statements for the most recently completed fiscal year are not 

otherwise available or required to be filed. 

• Review and Audit Standards. Reviewed financial statements would be required to be 

reviewed in accordance with the Statements on Standards for Accounting and Review 

Services (“SSARS”) issued by the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants 

(“AICPA”). Audited financial statements would be required to be audited in accordance 

with the auditing standards issued by either the AICPA or the Public Company Accounting 

Oversight Board (“PCAOB”).

• Review and Audit Reports. Issuers would be required to file with the Commission and

provide to investors and the relevant intermediary a copy of the public accountant’s review 

or audit report. An issuer that received an adverse opinion or disclaimer of opinion in its 

audit report would not be in compliance with the audited financial statement requirements.

• Exemptions from the Financial Statement Requirements. The proposed rules would not 

exempt any issuers from the financial statement requirements.
80

(ii) Comments on the Proposed Rules

Commenters were divided on the proposed financial statement requirements,278 although

commenters generally supported allowing issuers to voluntarily provide financial statements that 

meet the requirements for a higher aggregate target offering amount.279

Offerings of $100,000 or less. In general, commenters supported requiring issuers to 

provide financial statements certified by the principal executive officer to be true and complete in 

all material respects.

280 Further, several recommended that all issuers relying on the 

Section 4(a)(6) exemption be required to provide such certification.281

Commenters were divided on the requirement that issuers offering $100,000 or less file 

and provide to investors their federal income tax returns. Supporters of the tax return requirement 

noted that income tax returns would be a source of credible information for investors that should 

be readily available without requiring issuers to bear significant additional preparation 

expenses.282 On the other hand, opponents of the tax return requirement raised concerns about

 278 For an example of those who generally supported the proposed financial disclosure requirements, see, e.g.,

ABA Letter (recommending some modifications); CFA Institute Letter; Commonwealth of Massachusetts 

Letter; Consumer Federation Letter (the financial information is critical to an informed evaluation of the 

investment opportunity); Denlinger Letter 1; Funderbuddies Letter; NASAA Letter. 

For an example of those who generally opposed, see, e.g., AEO Letter; Joinvestor Letter (recommending that 

only issuer-generated documents produced in good faith be required); Marsala Letter; RocketHub (stating 

that “requirements are excessive in cost and misguided in intent”); Traklight Letter (recommending that 

instead of pre-raise and ongoing financial statement reviews or audits, issuers only be required to have a 

limited review engagement on the use of proceeds after the raise); Zhang Letter.

279 See, e.g., AICPA Letter; Denlinger Letter 1; Grassi Letter; Heritage Letter; RocketHub Letter; Wilson Letter. 

But see Public Startup Letter 2.

280 See, e.g., AICPA Letter; Zeman Letter.

281 See, e.g., AICPA Letter; Denlinger Letter 1; Grassi Letter; Jacobson Letter. But see Public Startup Letter 2.

282 See, e.g., Angel Letter 1 (“tax returns are even more credible than audited financial statements, as companies 

are highly unlikely to exaggerate profitability to the IRS.”); Fund Democracy Letter; NPCM Letter; Zeman 

Letter (“the small risk for these investors does not meet the consideration of audited financial statements.”).
81

privacy,283 identity theft and tax fraud.284 One commenter expressed concern that small issuers 

may not be adequately prepared to consider the patchwork of state and federal privacy laws that 

might apply to the disclosure of tax returns.285

Several commenters suggested approaches to allow access by investors to the information 

available from a tax return,286 including permitting issuers to digitally submit the data from their 

tax return in a standardized format.287 Supporters of digital submission suggested that approach 

would provide a standardized format and protect issuers from accidental disclosure of confidential 

information. Commenters generally supported the proposal to require issuers to redact personally 

identifiable information from their tax returns,288 although some requested clarifications.289 

Two commenters recommended that the timing of financial statement disclosures 

correspond to any extended tax filing deadlines,290 while two other commenters opposed such 

 283 See, e.g., AICPA Letter (disclosing an issuer’s tax return “...has the potential to cause serious problems. 

Tax returns are intended to be confidential and should remain so.”); Public Startup Letter 2; RocketHub 

Letter; SBM Letter; Wilson Letter (personal income tax information should be on a voluntary basis only); 

Zhang Letter.

284 See AICPA Letter. 

285 See AICPA Letter.

286 See, e.g., Arctic Island Letter 5 (recommending that only the two primary pages and not the schedules be 

made public); CrowdBouncer Letter (recommending the Commission allow issuers to disclose electronic 

transcripts of filed tax returns to investors through the intermediary platforms); NPCM (expressing concern 

that unless tax returns are filed as a PDF stamped by the IRS, there is no way to know if the posted document 

is a true reflection of the tax return); RocketHub Letter.

287 See, e.g., RocketHub Letter (suggesting digital submission “will protect the issuers from accidental 

disclosure of confidential information, and will allow investors to view the information in a structured and 

consistent manner. For example, if each issuer were to upload their version of a financial statement, the 

responsibility of learning to understand each format would fall to the investor. Standardized formats for 

financial projections, financial statements, and business plans will allow investors to quickly compare 

issuances and more readily evaluate investment opportunities.”); Zhang Letter.

288 See, e.g., ABA Letter; AICPA Letter; Fund Democracy Letter; Whitaker Chalk Letter.

289 See, e.g., ABA Letter (recommending the Commission provide a non-exhaustive list of the specific types of 

information that may be redacted); AICPA Letter (recommending that if the tax return requirement is 

adopted, the Commission define “personally identifiable information” and clarify that the redaction includes 

third-party information).

290 See EY Letter; Grassi Letter.
82

application.291 Further, a few commenters supported the proposal to permit an issuer that has not 

yet filed its tax return for the most recently completed fiscal year to use the tax return filed for the 

prior year and update the information after filing the tax return for the most recently completed 

fiscal year.292 One commenter recommended that at least one tax return be available,293 and 

another recommended that the Commission provide guidance for issuers who have not filed a U.S. 

tax return.294 One commenter supported requiring issuers to describe any material changes that 

are expected in the tax returns for the most recently completed fiscal year,295 while another 

recommended that such disclosure be permitted, but not required.296

A number of commenters recommended raising the maximum offering amount for issuers 

that provide this level of financial information.

297

Offerings of more than $100,000 but not more than $500,000. Some commenters 

supported the requirement in the proposed rules that offerings of more than $100,000 but not more 

than $500,000 include financial statements reviewed by an independent public accountant,298

while other commenters opposed such requirement.299 A number of commenters recommended a

 291 See, e.g., ASSOB Letter (recommending that issuers should provide their tax accounts within three months 

of the end of the reporting period); Fund Democracy Letter. 

292 See, e.g., Grassi Letter; RocketHub Letter.

293 See Fund Democracy Letter.

294 See AICPA Letter.

295 See Grassi Letter.

296 See RocketHub Letter (also recommending that the Commission define what qualifies as a material change).

297 See, e.g., Hackers/Founders Letter ($500,000); Kickstarter Coaching Letter ($250,000); RocketHub Letter 

($500,000); Zeman Letter (recommending that offerings under $500,000 require two years of tax returns and 

unaudited balance sheets).

298 See, e.g., Denlinger Letter 1; Leverage PR Letter (stating that the industry will evolve to provide lower cost 

reviews); StartEngine Letter 1 (stating that the industry will evolve to provide lower cost reviews, such as in 

the $1,500-$10,000 range for smaller, newer companies).

299 See, e.g., Angel Letter 1 (recommending requiring audited financial statements if they are available and tax 

returns if they are not); Arctic Island Letter 5 (recommending only for issuers that have greater than $15 
83

different range of offering amounts or methods for determining when an issuer is required to file 

and provide reviewed financial statements.300

Offerings of more than $500,000. We received extensive comments on our proposal that 

issuers offering more than $500,000 be required to file with the Commission and provide to 

investors and the relevant intermediary financial statements audited by an independent public 

accountant. A significant number of those commenters opposed the proposed requirement,301

although some commenters expressed support.302 Some commenters recommended the 

elimination of the audit requirement,

303 and others recommended that we consider additional 

criteria for determining when an issuer would be required to provide audited financial 

statements.304 A number of commenters opposed the proposed $500,000 threshold as being too 

 

million in annual revenue); Johnston Letter; McGladrey Letter (recommending only after the issuer meets 

certain revenue and operational thresholds); NACVA Letter; Public Startup Letter 2; Zeman Letter.

300 See, e.g., ABA Letter; CIFRA Letter 5 (noting the financial disclosure standards of the SBA’s Section 8(a) 

program require reviewed financial statements for companies with gross annual receipts for $2 million to $10 

million); Grassi Letter ($300,000 to $700,000); Kickstarter Coaching Letter ($250,000 to $1 million).

301 See, e.g., AEO Letter; Angel Letter 1; AWBC Letter; CFIRA Letter 5; CfPA Letter; CrowdFundConnect 

Letter; EarlyShares Letter; EMKF Letter; EY Letter; Finkelstein Letter; FundHub Letter 1; Generation 

Enterprise Letter; Fryer Letter; Grassi Letter; Graves Letter; Guzik Letter 1; Hakanson Letter; Holland 

Letter; Johnston Letter; Kickstarter Coaching Letter; McGladrey Letter; Milken Institute Letter; NACVA 

Letter; NFIB Letter; NPCM Letter; NSBA Letter; PBA Letter; Reed Letter; RocketHub Letter; Saunders 

Letter; SBA Office of Advocacy Letter; SBEC Letter; SBM Letter; Seyfarth Letter; WealthForge Letter; 

Wefunder Letter; Woods Letter; Zeman Letter.

302 See, e.g., AICPA Letter; Consumer Federation Letter; CSTTC Letter; Denlinger Letter 2; FundDemocracy 

Letter; Leverage PR; NASAA Letter; StartEngine Letter 1.

303 See, e.g., CrowdFundConnect Letter; FundHub Letter 1; Johnston Letter; SBEC Letter; StartupValley Letter 

(for issuers less than two years old); Woods Letter.

304 See, e.g., Angel Letter 1 (only if such financial statements are available); Arctic Island Letter 5 (only apply 

to issuers that have greater than $15 million in revenue); EY Letter (only if issuer has raised $5 million in 

equity securities in crowdfunding transactions unless audited financial statements are otherwise available); 

McGladrey Letter (eliminate the audit requirements until the issuer meets certain revenue and operational 

thresholds); Reed Letter (if an audit is required, the requirement only apply to issuers that reach a certain size 

in investment or investors); RocketHub Letter ($5 million offering amount and the issuer has been in 

operation for more than two years). But see AICPA Letter (additional criteria would add complexity without 

any additional benefit).
84

low,

305 and a number recommended alternative thresholds.306 A number of commenters stated 

that funding the upfront cost of an audit would be particularly difficult for issuers raising capital 

for the first time.307

We received a number of comments expressing concern about the anticipated costs 

associated with audited financial statements.308 Other commenters noted that costs would be 

lower than those estimated in the Proposing Release or in other comment letters.309 

 305 See, e.g., ABA Letter; CCA Letter; CFIRA Letter 5; CfPA Letter; CrowdFundConnect Letter; EarlyShares 

Letter; EMKF Letter; EY Letter; FundHub Letter 1; Generation Enterprise Letter; Grassi Letter; Graves 

Letter; Guzik Letter 1; Kickstarter Coaching Letter; Milken Institute Letter; NFIB Letter; PBA Letter; 

RocketHub Letter; SBA Office of Advocacy Letter; SBM Letter; Seyfarth Letter; WealthForge Letter; 

Wefunder Letter; Woods Letter. But see AICPA Letter; Denlinger Letter 1; Fund Democracy Letter; Zeman 

Letter.

306 See, e.g., ABA Letter ($750,000); EarlyShares Letter ($1 million); EMKF Letter ($800,000); EY Letter ($5 

million, unless audited financial statements are otherwise available); Grassi Letter ($700,000); Graves Letter 

($900,000); Guzik Letter 1 ($700,000); Kickstarter Coaching Letter ($1 million); PBA Letter ($1 million); 

RocketHub Letter ($5 million and the issuer has been in operation for more than two years); Seyfarth Letter 

($1 million); WealthForge Letter ($1 million).

307 See, e.g., AEO Letter (expressing concern that start-up businesses with no revenue to date, and raising capital 

for the first time, would find it difficult or impossible to fund the cost of an audit); AWBC Letter; CFIRA 

Letter 5 (stating that the proposed level of financial disclosure for capital raises over $500,000 would be an

impediment for small business when many will have limited financial resources to absorb the expense prior 

to raising capital using crowdfunding); CfPA Letter (suggesting the Commission determine an alternate audit 

threshold because “the costs of an audit must necessarily be incurred prior to an offering, and in the 

numerous expected cases of unsuccessful offerings, would lead to substantial net losses to the businesses that 

Crowdfunding is supposed to help”); EMKF Letter (stating that many of the issuers looking to raise capital 

through crowdfunding will be startups with little or no revenue to afford audited financial statements); 

Generation Enterprise Letter; Grassi Letter; Graves Letter; Holland Letter; McGladrey Letter; NSBA Letter; 

Reed Letter (noting that few start-ups could afford auditing fees); RocketHub Letter (stating that the filing 

and audit requirements establish an upfront cost that is too high for small businesses to accept); SBM Letter

(noting that many startups do not have the resources to obtain audited financials); Seyfarth Letter (stating 

that the audit requirement will deny access to issuers who do not have the necessary upfront capital); 

WealthForge Letter; Wefunder Letter.

308 See, e.g., AEO Letter; CfPA Letter; CFIRA Letter 5; CrowdCheck Letter 4; ErrandRunner Letter; 

Finkelstein Letter; FundHub Letter 1 (stating that the difference in cost for reviewed versus audited financial 

statements could easily run into tens of thousands of dollars); Graves Letter (stating that a partner from a 

leading accounting firm predicted the cost to small businesses of providing audited financial statements 

could be upwards of $18,000 to $25,000); Grassi Letter (stating that audits take more time than companies 

seeking capital may have); NFIB Letter; RocketHub Letter; SBA Office of Advocacy Letter; SBEC Letter; 

SBM Letter; Seyfarth Letter; StartupValley Letter (stating that audits for small startups with no financials 

can cost $10,000 and that GAAP audits typically cost 25-50% more than other comprehensive basis of 

accounting audits); Stephenson Letter; Traklight Letter (stating that audit costs have been cited as low as 

$5,000 and as high as $20,000 for a startup; also stating that review costs are estimated at about 60% of the 

cost of an audit); WealthForge Letter.
85

Basis of Accounting. Commenters generally were divided on whether issuers relying on 

Section 4(a)(6) should be required to prepare financial statements in accordance with U.S. 

GAAP.310 Commenters in support of requiring U.S. GAAP noted the benefit to investors of 

having a single standard to facilitate comparison of different issuers,

311 and also that U.S. GAAP

would be more likely to provide investors with a fair representation of an issuer’s financial 

position and results of operations than financial statements using a comprehensive basis of 

accounting other than U.S. GAAP.

312 

A number of commenters recommended that, as a less expensive alternative to requiring 

U.S. GAAP, the Commission allow financial statements prepared in accordance with a 

 309 See, e.g., CCA Letter (analyzing regulatory costs borne by Title II issuers); CrowdFranchise Letter 1; 

CrowdFunding Network (stating that projected costs are already decreasing through market forces); 

D’Amore Letter; ddbmckennon Letter (noting that the majority of issuers will be newly formed with limited 

historical operations and that an audit for such companies may range from $4,000-$9,000 in year one); 

Denlinger Letter 1 (citing a study that found that about half of the cost of an audit is made up for in interest 

rate savings on bank loans); Denlinger Letter 2 (the market will evolve for small issuers such that audit costs 

may be in the range of $2,000-$4,000); FundHub Letter 2 (noting the emergence of CPA firms willing to do 

a complete audit for a startup business for $2,500 or less); Holm Letter (stating that new providers are 

offering compliance services at much lower costs than anticipated); JumperCard Letter; Kemp Letter; 

Leverage PR Letter; Sfinarolakis Letter; StartEngine Letter 1 (noting that reviews and audits will be in the 

range of $1,500-$10,000 for smaller, newer companies); StartEngine Letter 2 (noting the emergence of thirdparty service providers); tempCFO Letter; Upchurch Letter (stating that the market will adjust for costs).

310 For supporters, see, e.g., AICPA Letter (for offerings over $100,000); CFA Institute Letter; EY Letter (for 

offerings over $100,000 for only the most recent year); Hackers/Founders Letter; Heritage Letter 

(recommending for issuers with assets over $100,000, that if financial statements are not prepared in 

accordance with U.S. GAAP, the issuer be required to note any variance from U.S. GAAP and state the 

reason for such variance); NASAA Letter; RocketHub Letter; Whitaker Chalk Letter (for offerings over 

$500,000 until such time as the Commission accepts IFRS for U.S. domestic issuers). 

For opponents, see, e.g., ABA Letter (noting that the benefits associated with GAAP-compliant financial 

statements do not outweigh the burdens that mandatory application of GAAP would impose); CrowdCheck 

Letter 4; EarlyShares Letter; Graves Letter (recommending that U.S. GAAP only be required for issuers with 

$5 million in revenue); Milken Institute Letter (recommending that U.S. GAAP only be required for issuers 

with $5 million in revenue, the threshold at which the IRS requires a switch to accrual accounting); Public 

Startup Letter 2; SBEC Letter (noting the AICPA’s release of new guidelines in June 2013 for small and 

mid-size businesses); Tiny Cat Letter; U.S. Chamber of Commerce Letter; Wilson Letter (recommending 

that the Commission consider the stage of the business in determining whether to require compliance with 

U.S. GAAP); Zhang Letter.

311 See, e.g., NASAA Letter.

312 See, e.g., EY Letter.
86

comprehensive basis of accounting other than U.S. GAAP.313 Other commenters recommended 

that if financial statements prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP are required, they only be 

required in certain circumstances.314 

A few commenters recommended that issuers relying on Section 4(a)(6) be permitted to 

take advantage of the extended transition period applicable to private companies for complying 

with new or revised accounting standards.315 A few commenters expressed concern that 

Section 4(a)(6) issuers may be viewed as “public business entities” by FASB.316 One commenter 

recommended that the Commission provide an exemption from this definition for such issuers.317

Periods Covered in the Financial Statements. While two commenters generally supported 

requiring two years of financial statements,318 a number of commenters generally opposed the 

 313 See, e.g., ABA Letter (for offerings of $100,000 or less, but stating that the Commission could require 

providing U.S. GAAP financial statements if available); AICPA Letter; CFIRA Letter 5; CFIRA Letter 7; 

CrowdCheck Letter 4; EarlyShares Letter; EY Letter (for offerings of $100,000 or less, unless U.S. GAAP 

financial statements are available); Grassi Letter; Graves Letter (for issuers with less than $5 million in 

revenue); Mahurin Letter (stating that simple Excel spreadsheets accompanied by bank records should meet 

the financial statement requirements); Milken Institute Letter (for early-stage issuers); NFIB Letter; SBEC 

Letter; StartupValley Letter; Tiny Cat Letter (for offerings of less than $500,000); Whitaker Chalk Letter 

(for offerings of less than $500,000 if the issuer has an asset or income level below a certain level).

314 See, e.g., ABA Letter (suggesting that: (i) in offerings of $100,000 or less, the certifying principal executive 

officer could be required to represent that the issuer is unable to prepare financial statements in accordance 

with U.S. GAAP without unreasonable effort or expense; (ii) in offerings of more than $100,000, but not 

more than $500,000, the exception could also require the principal executive officer representation and be 

limited to issuers that have not prepared U.S. GAAP-compliant financial statements for any other purpose 

and who have no operating history, no revenues and/or a minimal amount of assets (e.g., $500,000); and (iii) 

in offerings of more than $500,000, the exception could require the principal executive officer 

representation, including a representation that the other comprehensive basis of accounting methodology 

selected is acceptable under AICPA standards, and be limited to issuers with no operating history or revenue 

and minimal assets).

315 See, e.g., EY Letter; U.S. Chamber of Commerce Letter.

316 See, e.g., ABA Letter; EY Letter (noting also the definition of “public entity” under the Accounting 

Standards Codification).

317 See EY Letter.

318 See ASSOB Letter; Zeman Letter.
87

proposal, recommending one year of financial statements instead.319 Many commenters opposed 

requiring interim financial statements,320 while several supported such a requirement.321 Several 

commenters recommended that if interim financial statements are required, they not be subject to 

audit or review,

322 while another commenter recommended that they not be filed with the 

Commission, but only be provided to investors.323

Age of Financial Statements. Several commenters opposed our proposal that financial 

statements be dated within 120 days of the start of the offering,324 while one commenter supported 

it.325 Some commenters opposed our proposal to permit an issuer, during the first 120 days of the 

issuer’s fiscal year, to conduct an offering in reliance on Section 4(a)(6) using financial statements 

for the fiscal year prior to the most recently completed fiscal year,326 while two others supported 

 319 See, e.g., Denlinger Letter 1; EY Letter; Grassi Letter; Joinvestor Letter; Public Startup Letter 2; RFPIA 

Letter (as it relates to audited financial statements); RocketHub Letter; Verrill Dana Letter.

320 See, e.g., CFIRA Letter 7; EMKF Letter; EY Letter; FundHub Letter 1; Grassi Letter; Public Startup Letter 

2; RocketHub Letter; Traklight Letter; Wefunder Letter; Whitaker Chalk Letter.

321 See, e.g., AICPA Letter; Consumer Federation Letter (recommending supplementing the proposed financial 

statement requirements with unaudited CEO-certified financial statements through the end of the month 

ending no more than two months before the offering begins); Denlinger Letter 1 (recommending quarterly 

basic financial reporting, including a balance sheet, income statement and statement of cash flows); Fund 

Democracy Letter.

322 See, e.g., CFIRA Letter 7; Consumer Federation Letter; Denlinger Letter 1; Fund Democracy Letter; 

Traklight Letter.

323 See RocketHub Letter.

324 See, e.g., Grassi Letter; Public Startup Letter 2; RocketHub Letter.

325 See Denlinger Letter 1.

326 See, e.g., Consumer Federation Letter (stating that the proposal allows for the provision of stale and limited 

financial information because it “would allow issuers to submit financial statements that are more than a year 

out of date and that cover only a very limited portion of the issuer’s existence.”); EY Letter (recommending 

this time period be extended to 180 days if an issuer presents interim financial statements certified by the 

principal executive officer that cover the first six months of the issuer’s most recently completed fiscal year); 

Fund Democracy Letter (noting that financial statements could be 16-months stale); Merkley Letter 

(recommending that the Commission not permit financial statements “to be so thoroughly out of date”); 

Public Startup Letter 2.
88

such accommodation.327 One commenter recommended that, to provide “truly current financials”

for large offerings, the Commission could require unaudited financial statements through the end 

of the month that ends no more than two months before the month in which the offering begins 

(e.g., an offering any day in March would require financials up to January 31); for smaller 

offerings, the commenter indicated a modified standard for providing current information might 

be appropriate.328 

Public Accountant Requirements. We received several comments on standards for audit 

firms.329 Commenters supported not requiring audits to be conducted by a PCAOB-registered 

firm.330 Some commenters supported our proposal to require the public accountant reviewing or 

auditing an issuer’s financial statements to comply with the independence requirements set forth 

in Rule 2-01 of Regulation S-X,331 while other commenters recommended allowing the public 

accountant to comply by meeting the independence requirements of the AICPA.332 Some 

commenters noted that many startups and early-stage small businesses require assistance in the 

preparation of financial statements, and that complying with the independence standards of 

 327 See, e.g., Grassi Letter (noting that the material change disclosure requirements should be sufficient to keep 

investors updated); RocketHub Letter.

328 See Fund Democracy Letter.

329 See, e.g., Grassi Letter (recommending no audit be accepted that has been performed by a firm that is not 

subject to, or that has received a fail report under, the AICPA peer review standards); ASSOB Letter 

(recommending the rules not place restrictions on the type of accountant an issuer is required to use to 

review or audit its financial statements); Multistate Tax Letter (an issuer should not be required to obtain 

accounting services).

330 See, e.g., AICPA Letter; ASSOB Letter (recommending the rules not place restrictions on the type of 

accountant an issuer is required to use to review or audit its financial statements); Denlinger Letter 1; 

Funderbuddies Letter; EY Letter; Grassi Letter; Heritage Letter; Multistate Tax Letter (an issuer should not 

be required to obtain accounting services); Public Startup Letter 2; RocketHub Letter; Traklight Letter. See 

also RFPIA Letter (recommending the public accountants conducting an audit be required to be members of 

the AICPA or the PCAOB for one year.).

331 See, e.g., ABA Letter; Commonwealth of Massachusetts Letter; RocketHub Letter.

332 See, e.g., AICPA Letter; Denlinger Letter 1; EY Letter; Grassi Letter; McGladrey Letter.
89

Regulation S-X would require such issuers to engage two external accountants – one to assist in 

preparing the financial statements and another to audit or review them.

333 One commenter asked

the Commission not to create new independence standards.334

Review and Audit Standards. With respect to review standards, commenters supported 

requiring reviewed financial statements to be reviewed in accordance with the SSARS issued by 

the AICPA.335 Commenters also opposed creating a new set of review standards.336

With respect to audit standards, several commenters supported our proposal to require that

financial statements be audited in accordance with the auditing standards issued by either the 

AICPA or the PCAOB,337 while several others opposed it.

338 Two commenters recommended that 

audits be required to be conducted in accordance with the auditing standards issued by the 

PCAOB.339 Commenters generally opposed creating a new set of audit standards,340 although one 

commenter recommended that if the Commission were to create a new set of audit standards, it 

“should be designed as an ultra-low-cost procedure.”341

 333 See, e.g., AICPA Letter; EY Letter; Grassi Letter.

334 See AICPA Letter (recommending that the Commission not create new independence, review, or auditing 

standards or that the definition of “a complete set of financial statements” be different than under U.S. 

GAAP because doing so would result in confusion, further complexity and increased costs). 

335 See, e.g., ABA Letter; AICPA Letter; Denlinger Letter 1; EY Letter; Fund Democracy Letter; Grassi Letter. 

But see Public Startup Letter 2.

336 See, e.g., AICPA Letter; Denlinger Letter 1; Grassi Letter; Traklight Letter.

337 See, e.g. AICPA Letter; Denlinger Letter 1; EY Letter; Grassi Letter.

338 See, e.g., Consumer Federation Letter; Fund Democracy Letter; Public Startup Letter 2; RocketHub Letter; 

Rucker Letter (stating that GAAS fit poorly with the kinds of businesses Title III is intended to 

accommodate).

339 See Consumer Federation Letter; Fund Democracy Letter.

340 See, e.g., AICPA Letter; Grassi Letter (recommending that the Commission require issuers to use the same 

standards used in the offering or higher standards, with the PCAOB standards deemed to be the higher 

standard, when complying with the ongoing reporting requirements); Heritage Letter; Traklight Letter.

341 RocketHub Letter.
90

Review and Audit Reports. With respect to review reports, two commenters supported our 

proposal that a review report that includes modifications would satisfy the reviewed financial 

statement requirement,342 while one commenter opposed it.

343 With respect to audit reports, 

commenters supported our proposal that a qualified audit opinion would satisfy the audited 

financial statement requirements,344 although one commenter opposed it.

345 One commenter 

requested clarification as to the requirements that may be applicable to the issuer and the public 

accountant when an issuer intends to include a previously issued audit or review report in an 

offering statement.346

Exemptions from Financial Statement Requirements. While the proposed rules did not 

exempt any issuers from the financial statement requirements, a number of commenters 

recommended exempting issuers with no operating history or issuers that have been in existence 

for fewer than 12 months from the requirement to provide financial statements,347 although a few 

commenters opposed such a concept.348 A number of commenters recommended that if an 

exemption for such issuers is allowed, the exempted issuers should provide certain basic 

 342 See AICPA Letter; Heritage Letter (for going concern opinions).

343 See Grassi Letter.

344 See, e.g., AICPA Letter; Arctic Island Letter 5 (noting that most small business audit opinions are likely to 

include a going concern clause); Denlinger Letter 1 (noting, however, that a going concern opinion is not a 

qualified opinion); EY Letter; Heritage Letter (noting that a majority of crowdfunding issuers should receive 

going concern opinions but should not be disqualified); RocketHub Letter; Traklight Letter (recommending 

that going concern opinions and noncompliance with U.S. GAAP should be allowed); Whitaker Chalk 

Letter.

345 See Grassi Letter.

346 See EY Letter.

347 See, e.g., Arctic Island Letter 5 (supporting only an exemption from the audit requirement); CFIRA Letter 5; 

CFIRA Letter 7; CrowdFundConnect Letter; Crowdpassage Letter 2; EY Letter; Grassi Letter; 

Hackers/Founders Letter; Joinvestor Letter; McGladrey Letter; PBA Letter; PeoplePowerFund Letter; 

RocketHub Letter (recommending that the audit requirements should only apply to issuers that have been in 

operation for more than two years and are raising more than $5 million); StartupValley Letter (supporting an 

exemption from the audit requirements); Wefunder Letter; Whitaker Chalk Letter.

348 See, e.g., AICPA Letter; Denlinger Letter 1; Wilson Letter.
91

disclosures,349 and two commenters specifically recommended that if an exemption for such 

issuers is allowed, the exempted issuers should still provide a balance sheet.350

(iii) Final Rules

We are adopting financial disclosure requirements for Title III issuers in Rule 201(t) with a 

number of changes from the proposal. As described in more detail below, the final requirements

are based on the amount offered and sold in reliance on Section 4(a)(6) within the preceding 12-

month period, as follows:

• For issuers offering $100,000 or less: disclosure of the amount of total income, taxable 

income and total tax as reflected in the issuer’s federal income tax returns certified by the 

principal executive officer to reflect accurately the information in the issuer’s federal 

income tax returns (in lieu of filing a copy of the tax returns), and financial statements 

certified by the principal executive officer to be true and complete in all material 

respects.

351 If, however, financial statements of the issuer are available that have either 

been reviewed or audited by a public accountant that is independent of the issuer, the 

issuer must provide those financial statements instead and need not include the information 

reported on the federal income tax returns or the certification of the principal executive 

officer.

• Issuers offering more than $100,000 but not more than $500,000: financial statements 

reviewed by a public accountant that is independent of the issuer.

352 If, however, financial 

 349 See, e.g., ASSOB Letter; CFIRA Letter 5; Denlinger Letter 1; Grassi Letter; McGladrey Letter; PBA Letter; 

PeoplePowerFund Letter; RocketHub Letter; Wefunder Letter; Whitaker Chalk Letter; Zhang Letter.

350 See EY Letter; PBA Letter.

351 See Rule 201(t)(1) of Regulation Crowdfunding.

352 See Rule 201(t)(2) of Regulation Crowdfunding.
92

statements of the issuer are available that have been audited by a public accountant that is 

independent of the issuer, the issuer must provide those financial statements instead and 

need not include the reviewed financial statements.

• Issuers offering more than $500,000:

o For issuers offering more than $500,000 but not more than $1 million of securities 

in reliance on Regulation Crowdfunding for the first time: financial statements 

reviewed by a public accountant that is independent of the issuer. If, however,

financial statements of the issuer are available that have been audited by a public 

accountant that is independent of the issuer, the issuer must provide those financial 

statements instead and need not include the reviewed financial statements.

o For issuers that have previously sold securities in reliance on Regulation 

Crowdfunding: financial statements audited by a public accountant that is 

independent of the issuer.353

Content of Financial Statements. We are adopting substantially as proposed the 

requirement that all issuers file with the Commission and provide to investors and the relevant 

intermediary a complete set of their financial statements, which includes balance sheets, 

statements of comprehensive income, statements of cash flows, statements of changes in 

stockholders’ equity and notes to the financial statements.

354 In order to avoid potential confusion 

as to the presentation of financial statements, and consistent with Tier 1 offerings under 

Regulation A,355 the final rule adds an instruction that financial statements that are not audited 

 353 See Rule 201(t)(3) of Regulation Crowdfunding. See also discussion below under “Offerings of more than 

$500,000.”

354 See Instruction 3 to paragraph (t) of Rule 201 of Regulation Crowdfunding.

355 See Paragraph (b) of Part F/S of Form 1-A.
93

must be labeled as unaudited.

356 Consistent with the proposal, the final rules do not exempt any 

issuers from the financial statement requirements. Although some commenters expressed 

concerns about the costs of the financial statement requirements for issuers with no operating 

history or issuers that have been in existence for fewer than 12 months,357 we believe that 

financial statements are important information for investors and that the changes from the 

proposed rules described below will help reduce the costs associated with preparing financial 

statements for many of those issuers. 

The final rule also includes an instruction to clarify that references to the issuer in 

Rule 201(t) refer to the issuer and its predecessors, if any. 

Offerings of $100,000 or less. Consistent with Securities Act Section 4A(b)(1)(D)(i), we 

are adopting as proposed the requirement in Rule 201(t)(1) that an issuer offering $100,000 or less 

provide financial statements of the issuer that are certified by the principal executive officer of the 

issuer to be true and complete in all material respects.358 While we believe it will be beneficial for 

investors to have an independent accountant review financial statements in offerings over 

$100,000, we believe that for offerings of $100,000 or less this certification is sufficient and will 

contribute to the integrity of the issuer’s financial reporting process. It will affirm for investors 

that, although the financial statements have not been reviewed or audited by an independent 

public accountant, there has been senior executive attention paid to the financial statements. We 

are not requiring this certification for reviewed or audited financial statements, as some 

 356 See Instruction 3 to paragraph (t) of Rule 201 of Regulation Crowdfunding.

357 See, e.g., Arctic Island Letter 5; CFIRA Letter 5; CFIRA Letter 7; CrowdFundConnect Letter; Crowdpassage 

Letter 2; EY Letter; Grassi Letter; Hackers/Founders Letter; Joinvestor Letter; McGladrey Letter; PBA 

Letter; PeoplePowerFund Letter; RocketHub Letter; StartupValley Letter; Wefunder Letter; Whitaker Chalk 

Letter. But see AICPA Letter; Denlinger Letter 1; Wilson Letter.

358 See Rule 201(t)(1) of Regulation Crowdfunding.
94

commenters suggested, because we believe the certification is intended as an added measure of 

assurance that is not needed in offerings of this size when an independent accountant reviews or 

audits the financial statements. We also are adopting the form of the certification that must be 

provided by the issuer’s principal executive officer as proposed with one change relating to the 

information from the issuer’s tax return.

359

Instead of mandating that issuers offering $100,000 or less provide copies of their federal

income tax returns as proposed, the final rules require an issuer to disclose the amount of total 

income, taxable income and total tax, or the equivalent line items from the applicable form,

exactly as reflected in its filed federal income tax returns, and to have the principal executive 

officer certify that those amounts reflect accurately the information in the issuer’s federal income 

tax returns.

360 As noted by commenters,361 requiring that issuers provide tax returns may present

a significant risk of disclosure of private information. While the proposed rule would require

personally identifiable information to be redacted, we are persuaded by commenters that such a 

requirement might not provide an adequate safeguard against inadvertent disclosure of this type of 

information in some instances. The consequences for an issuer and an intermediary of such 

disclosure, including the potential violation of applicable privacy laws, could be severe. 

Specifying the information from the tax return that is required without requiring submission of the 

tax return itself will provide standardized disclosure for investors and help protect against the 

accidental disclosure of personally identifiable or confidential information. Requiring that these 

amounts be certified by the principal executive officer will provide investors additional assurance

 359 See Instruction 7 to paragraph (t) of Rule 201 of Regulation Crowdfunding.

360 See Rule 201(t)(1) of Regulation Crowdfunding.

361 See, e.g., AICPA Letter; Public Startup Letter 2; RocketHub Letter; SBM Letter; Wilson Letter; Zhang 

Letter.
95

of the accuracy of those amounts in lieu of providing the underlying tax returns.362 At the same 

time, because the principal executive officer will be certifying only that the amounts are as 

reported on the applicable income tax return, we do not expect this requirement to impose any 

significant new burdens on principal executive officers, who will already be certifying as to the 

truth and completeness of the financial statements themselves. We believe the alternative 

approach we are adopting provides a similar benefit to investors as the proposal while addressing

the privacy concerns raised by commenters. 

As we stated in the Proposing Release, it remains unclear to us to what extent all of the 

information presented in a tax return would be useful for an investor evaluating whether to 

purchase securities from the issuer. We believe, however, that certain information such as total 

income, taxable income and total tax could be informative and would likely be available to the 

issuer in tax documentation. The final rules, therefore, provide that an issuer must disclose its 

total income, taxable income and total tax, or the equivalent line items from its federal income tax 

documentation and have the principal executive officer certify that those amounts reflect 

accurately the information in the issuer’s federal income tax returns.

363 

Under the final rules, an issuer that offers securities in reliance on Section 4(a)(6) before 

filing its tax return for the most recently completed fiscal year will be allowed to use information 

from the tax return filed for the prior year. An issuer that uses information from the prior year’s 

tax return will be required to provide tax return information for the most recently completed fiscal 

year when filed with the U.S. Internal Revenue Service (if the tax return is filed during the 

offering period). An issuer that has requested an extension from the U.S. Internal Revenue 

 362 We note that any intentional misstatements or omissions of facts may constitute federal criminal violations

by the certifying principal executive officer. See 18 U.S.C. 1001.

363 See Rule 201(t)(1) of Regulation Crowdfunding.
96

Service would not be required to provide the information until the date when the return is filed, 

which is consistent with the concept of not requiring tax information until that information has 

been filed with the U.S. Internal Revenue Service. If an issuer has not yet filed a tax return and is 

not required to file a tax return before the end of the offering period, then the tax return 

information does not need to be provided.364 

We are adding to Rule 201(t)(1) a requirement that if financial statements of the issuer are 

available that have either been reviewed or audited by a public accountant that is independent of 

the issuer, the issuer must provide those financial statements instead, and need not include the 

information reported on the federal income tax returns or the certification of the principal 

executive officer.365 This approach was suggested by two commenters,366 and we believe it will 

benefit investors by providing access to audited or reviewed financial statements that were already 

prepared for other purposes. Unlike audit reports in a registered offering,367 we are not requiring 

that review or audit reports be accompanied by a formal consent or acknowledgment letter. 

Rather, the final rules clarify that review and audit reports must be signed and that the issuers 

must notify the public accountants of their intended use in an offering in reliance on Section 

4(a)(6).

368 

Offerings of more than $100,000 but not more than $500,000. Consistent with Section 

4A(b)(1)(D)(iii) and the proposed rules, issuers must file and provide reviewed financial 

 364 See Instruction 6 to paragraph (t) of Rule 201 of Regulation Crowdfunding.

365 See Rule 201(t)(1) of Regulation Crowdfunding.

366 See Angel Letter 1; EY letter.

367 See Securities Act Rule 436; Item 601 of Regulation S-K.

368 See Instructions 8 and 9 to paragraph (t) of Rule 201 of Regulation Crowdfunding.
97

statements when offering more than $100,000 but not more than $500,000.

369 Similar to the 

addition to Rule 201(t)(1) discussed above, we have added to Rule 201(t)(2) a requirement that if 

financial statements of the issuer are available that have been audited by a public accountant that

is independent of the issuer, the issuer must provide those financial statements instead.370 The 

approach of providing audited financial statements that are otherwise available is consistent with 

what the Commission adopted for issuers undertaking Tier 1 offerings under Regulation A.371 We 

believe the benefits to investors of having access to these audited financial statements justify any 

additional burden imposed on issuers to provide these statements, which were already prepared for 

other purposes.

Offerings of more than $500,000. As proposed, Rule 201(t)(3) provides that issuers 

offering more than $500,000 are required to provide audited financial statements. In a change 

from the proposal, the final rule includes an accommodation for issuers offering more than 

$500,000 but not more than $1 million that have not previously sold securities in reliance on 

Section 4(a)(6).

372 Under Rule 201(t)(3), those first-time issuers are permitted to provide 

reviewed rather than audited financial statements, unless audited financial statements are 

otherwise available.

 369 See Rule 201(t)(2) of Regulation Crowdfunding.

370 Id.

371 See Paragraph (b) of Part F/S of Form 1-A. While Regulation Crowdfunding incorporates a number of 

requirements that are consistent with Regulation A, it is important to note that Regulation Crowdfunding and 

Regulation A are different exemptions with distinct requirements. For example, unlike offerings under 

Regulation Crowdfunding, Tier 1 offerings under Regulation A are subject to state registration requirements 

and are required to be “qualified” by Commission staff.

372 For purposes of determining whether an issuer has previously sold securities in reliance on Section 4(a)(6), 

“issuer” includes all entities controlled by or under common control with the issuer and any predecessors of 

the issuer. See Rule 100(c) of Regulation Crowdfunding.
98

We are adding this accommodation for first-time issuers in response to commenters’ 

concerns about the expense of obtaining audited financial statements. While some commenters 

expressed support for the proposed audit requirement,

373 many others noted that the proposed 

audit requirement would be too costly and burdensome for issuers in comparison to the size of the 

offering proceeds.

374 A number of commenters expressed particular concern that issuers would 

need to incur the expense of an audit before having proceeds or even an assurance of proceeds

from the offering.

375 After considering the comments, we are persuaded that for issuers 

undertaking a first-time crowdfunding offering of more than $500,000 but not more than $1 

million, the benefits of requiring audited financial statements are not likely to justify the costs. 

Accordingly, consistent with applicable standards,376 for these first-time issuers, we are adopting 

instead a requirement that those selling securities in reliance on Section 4(a)(6) in these 

circumstances provide reviewed financial statements. Commenters stated that reviewed financial 

 373 See, e.g., AICPA Letter; Consumer Federation Letter; CSTTC Letter; Denlinger Letter 2; FundDemocracy 

Letter; Leverage PR; NASAA Letter; StartEngine Letter 1.

374 See, e.g., AEO Letter; Angel Letter 1; AWBC Letter; CFIRA Letter 5; CfPA Letter; CrowdFundConnect 

Letter; EarlyShares Letter; EMKF Letter; EY Letter; Finkelstein Letter; FundHub Letter 1; Generation 

Enterprise Letter; Grassi Letter; Graves Letter; Guzik Letter 1; Hakanson Letter; Holland Letter; Johnston 

Letter; Kickstarter Coaching Letter; McGladrey Letter; Milken Institute Letter; NACVA Letter; NFIB 

Letter; NPCM Letter; NSBA Letter; PBA Letter; Reed Letter; RocketHub Letter; Saunders Letter; SBA 

Office of Advocacy Letter; SBEC Letter; SBM Letter; Seyfarth Letter; Verrill Dana Letter; WealthForge 

Letter; Wefunder Letter; Woods Letter; Zeman Letter.

375 See, e.g., AEO Letter; AWBC Letter; CFIRA Letter 5; CfPA Letter; EMKF Letter; Generation Enterprise 

Letter; Grassi Letter; Graves Letter; Holland Letter; McGladrey Letter; NSBA Letter; Reed Letter; 

RocketHub Letter; SBM Letter; Seyfarth Letter; WealthForge Letter; Wefunder Letter.

376 See Securities Act Section 28 [15 U.S.C. 77z-3].
99

statements would cost less than audited financial statements,377 and one commenter noted that the 

cost of an accounting review is approximately 60% of the cost of an audit.

378 

Basis of Accounting. We are adopting as proposed the requirement that all issuers provide 

financial statements prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP.379 As discussed in the Proposing 

Release, financial statements prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP are generally self-scaling to 

the size and complexity of the issuer, which we believe can reduce the costs of preparing financial 

statements for many early stage issuers. We would not expect that the required financial 

statements would be long or complicated for issuers that are recently formed and have limited 

operating histories. Although we acknowledge, as some commenters observed, that other bases of

accounting may be less expensive than U.S. GAAP, we believe the benefit of a single standard 

that will facilitate comparison among issuers relying on Section 4(a)(6) justifies any incremental 

expenses associated with U.S. GAAP. In addition, we are concerned that it may be difficult for 

investors to determine whether the issuer complied with another comprehensive basis of 

accounting. For these reasons, we continue to believe that financial statements prepared in 

accordance with U.S. GAAP will be the most useful for investors in securities-based 

crowdfunding transactions, particularly when presented along with the required description of the 

issuer’s financial condition.380 

 377 See, e.g., Crowdcheck Letter 4; CfPA Letter (noting that many offerings made in reliance on Rule 506 that 

involve companies further along in their business development include reviewed but not audited financial 

statements); Graves Letter (discussing the “thorough” nature of a CPA review and the cost differential 

between reviewed and audited financial statements); NFIB Letter; Traklight Letter.

378 See Traklight Letter.

379 See Instruction 3 to paragraph (t) of Rule 201 of Regulation Crowdfunding.

380 See Rule 201(s) of Regulation Crowdfunding.
100

Additionally, as suggested by one commenter,381 in order to be consistent with the 

treatment of emerging growth companies382 and offerings relying on Regulation A,383 Rule 201(t)

permits issuers, where applicable, to delay the implementation of new accounting standards to the 

extent such standards provide for delayed implementation by non-public business entities.384 In 

this regard, if the issuer chooses to take advantage of this extended transition period, the issuer:

• Must disclose such choice at the time the issuer files the offering statement; and

• May not take advantage of the extended transition period for some standards and not 

others, but must apply the same choice to all standards.

However, consistent with the treatment of emerging growth companies and offerings 

relying on Regulation A,385 issuers electing not to use this accommodation must forgo this 

accommodation for all financial accounting standards and may not elect to rely on this 

accommodation in any future filings.386

On December 23, 2013, after we proposed rules for Regulation Crowdfunding, the 

Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) and Private Company Council (PCC) issued a 

guide for evaluating financial accounting and reporting for non-public business entities.387 The 

PCC was created in 2012 by the FASB and the Financial Accounting Foundation to improve the 

standard-setting process, and provide for accounting and reporting alternatives, for non-public 

 381 See EY Letter. 

382 See Securities Act of 1933 Section 7(a)(2)(B) [15 USC 77g(a)(2)(B)].

383 See paragraph (a)(3) of Part F/S of Form 1-A.

384 See Instruction 5 to paragraph (t) of Rule 201 of Regulation Crowdfunding.

385 See paragraph (a)(3) of Part F/S of Form 1-A. See also JOBS Act, Section 107(b)(1) and (3).

386 See Instruction 5 to paragraph (t) of Rule 201 of Regulation Crowdfunding.

387 The Private Company Decision-Making Framework: A Guide for Evaluating Financial Accounting and 

Reporting for Private Companies (the “PCC Guide”), available at: 

http://www.fasb.org/cs/ContentServer?c=Document_C&pagename=FASB%2FDocument_C%2FDocumentP

age&cid=1176163703583. 
101

business entities under U.S. GAAP.388 As the standards for non-public business entities are new, 

there are currently very few distinctions between U.S. GAAP for public and non-public business 

entities. Over time, however, more distinctions between non-public business entity and public 

company accounting standards could develop.

Issuers that offer securities pursuant to Regulation Crowdfunding will be considered 

“public business entities” as defined by the FASB389 and, therefore, ineligible to rely on any 

alternative accounting or reporting standards for non-public business entities.390 Even though 

issuers of securities in a Regulation Crowdfunding offering fit within the definition of “public 

business entity,” the Commission retains the authority to determine whether or not such issuers 

would be permitted to rely on the developing non-public business entity standards.

391 

Commenters generally expressed concern about the costs associated with requiring issuers relying 

on Section 4(a)(6) to follow public company U.S. GAAP accounting standards.392 

The final rules do not allow Regulation Crowdfunding issuers to use the alternatives 

available to non-public business entities under U.S. GAAP in the preparation of their financial 

statements. One of the significant factors considered by the FASB in developing its definition of 

“public business entity” was the number of primary users of the financial statements and their 

 388 For a brief history behind the creation of the PCC, see: 

http://www.fasb.org/cs/ContentServer?c=Page&pagename=FASB%2FPage%2FSectionPage&cid=13510272

43391. 

389 Criterion (a) of FASB’s Accounting Standards Update 2013-12, Definition of a Public Business Entity, states 

that an entity that “is required by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) to file or furnish 

financial statements, or does file or furnish financial statements (including voluntary filers), with the SEC 

(including other entities whose financial statements or financial information are required to be or are 

included in a filing)” is a Public Business Entity. 

390 See numbered paragraph 12 of the PCC Guide, p. 3.

391 Id.

392 See, e.g., ABA Letter; CFIRA Letter 5; Grassi; EY Letter; U.S. Chamber of Commerce Letter.
102

access to management.393 As the FASB noted, “users of private company financial statements 

have continuous access to management and the ability to obtain financial information throughout 

the year.”394 As the number of investors increases and their ability individually to influence 

management decreases, it is important that all investors receive or have timely access to 

comprehensive financial information. As a result, although commenters generally expressed 

concern about the costs associated with requiring issuers relying on Section 4(a)(6) to follow 

public company U.S. GAAP accounting standards,395 because crowdfunding investors will likely 

not have the access to management that the FASB envisions, the Commission believes that 

investor protection will be enhanced by requiring Regulation Crowdfunding issuers to provide

financial statements prepared in the same manner as other entities meeting the FASB’s definition 

of “public business entity.”

Periods Covered in the Financial Statements. We are adopting substantially as proposed 

the requirement that financial statements cover the shorter of the two most recently completed 

fiscal years or the period since the issuer’s inception.

396 While a number of commenters 

recommended only one year of financial statements,397 we believe that requiring a second year 

will provide investors with a basis for comparison against the most recently completed period, 

without substantially increasing the costs for the issuer.

 393 See PCC Guide, p. 6. 

394 Id.

395 See, e.g., ABA Letter; CFIRA Letter 5; Grassi; EY Letter; U.S. Chamber of Commerce Letter.

396 See Instruction 3 to paragraph (t) of Rule 201 of Regulation Crowdfunding.

397 See, e.g., Denlinger Letter 1; EY Letter; Fryer Letter; Grassi Letter; Joinvestor Letter; Public Startup Letter 

2; RFPIA Letter; RocketHub Letter. But see, e.g., ASSOB Letter; Zeman Letter.
103

In addition, consistent with the proposal and with the views of many commenters,398 the 

final rules do not require interim financial statements. While we recognize the needs of investors 

for current financial information, we are also cognizant of the anticipated costs of obtaining 

interim financial statements. We believe that the required discussion of any material changes or 

trends known to management in the financial condition and results of operations of the issuer 

since the period for which financial statements are provided will help provide investors with the 

necessary information.399

Age of Financial Statements. We are adopting substantially as proposed rules providing 

that during the first 120 days of the issuer’s fiscal year, an issuer may conduct an offering in 

reliance on Section 4(a)(6) using financial statements for the fiscal year prior to the most recently 

completed fiscal year if the financial statements for the most recently completed fiscal year are not 

otherwise available.

400 For example, if an issuer that has a calendar fiscal year end conducts an 

offering in April 2016, it would be permitted to include financial statements for the fiscal year 

ended December 31, 2014 if the financial statements for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2015 

are not yet available. Once more than 120 days have passed since the end of the issuer’s most 

recently completed fiscal year, the issuer would be required to include financial statements for its 

most recently completed fiscal year.401 Regardless of the age of the financial statements, an issuer 

would be required to include in the narrative discussion of its financial condition a discussion of 

any material changes or trends known to management in the financial condition and results of 

 398 See, e.g., CFIRA Letter 7; EMKF Letter; EY Letter; FundHub Letter 1; Grassi Letter; Public Startup Letter 

2; RocketHub Letter; Traklight Letter; Wefunder Letter; Whitaker Chalk Letter.

399 See Instruction 1 to paragraph (s) of Rule 201 of Regulation Crowdfunding.

400 See Instruction 4 to paragraph (t) of Rule 201 of Regulation Crowdfunding. The final rule incorporates 

instructions consistent with other SEC rules explaining that if the 120th day falls on a Saturday, Sunday, or 

holiday, the next business day shall be considered the 120th day.

401 Id. 
104

operations of the issuer during any time period subsequent to the period for which financial 

statements are provided to inform investors of more recent developments.

402

While some commenters expressed concern that this accommodation would not provide 

investors with sufficiently current financial information,

403 we believe that this risk will be 

mitigated by the requirement that the issuer include a narrative discussion of any material changes 

or trends known to management in the financial condition and results of operations during any 

time period subsequent to the period for which financial statements are provided.

404 Further, we

believe this accommodation is needed because otherwise issuers would not be able to conduct 

offerings for a period of time between the end of their fiscal year and the date when the financial 

statements for that period are available. 

We are not adopting the alternative proposed by one commenter to require unaudited 

financial statements through the end of the month that ends no more than two months before the 

month in which the offering began.405 Such a requirement would require an issuer to prepare a set 

of financial statements at a time when it would not otherwise be doing so and would be a more 

onerous requirement than applies to registered or Regulation A offerings.406

Public Accountant Requirements. In a change from proposed Rule 201(t), in response to 

commenters’ suggestions, the final rules provide that to qualify as independent of the issuer, a 

 402 See Rule 201(s) of Regulation Crowdfunding and Instruction 1 to paragraph (s) of Rule 201.

403 See, e.g., Consumer Federation Letter; Fund Democracy Letter; Merkley Letter.

404 See Rule 201(s) of Regulation Crowdfunding and instruction 1 to paragraph (s) of Rule 201.

405 See Fund Democracy Letter.

406 See Rule 3-12(a) of Regulation S-X [17 CFR 210.3-12(a)] (requires that the latest balance sheet be as of a 

date no more than 134 days for non-accelerated filers (or 129 days for accelerated and large accelerated 

filers) before the effective date of a registration statement (or date a proxy statement is mailed)); Paragraph 

(b) of Part F/S of Form 1-A (Tier 1 and Tier 2 issuers are required to include financial statements in Form 1-

A that are dated not more than nine months before the date of non-public submission, filing, or qualification, 

with the most recent annual or interim balance sheet not older than nine months).
105

public accountant would be required to either: (1) comply with the Commission’s independence 

rules, which are set forth in Rule 2-01 of Regulation S-X,

407 or (2) comply with the independence 

standards of the AICPA. 408 Allowing the AICPA independence standards as an alternative to the 

Commission’s independence standards is consistent with the recommendations of a number of 

commenters409 and the treatment of Tier 1 issuers under Regulation A.410 We believe that 

providing issuers with this flexibility is appropriate in light of the potential costs to issuers that 

would otherwise be required to engage an accountant who was independent under Rule 2-01 of 

Regulation S-X. 

Consistent with the recommendation of one commenter,411 in addition to meeting the 

independence standards of Rule 2-01 of Regulation S-X or the AICPA, we are requiring that a 

public accountant that audits or reviews the financial statements provided by an issuer must meet

the standards for public accountants of Rule 2-01(a) of Regulation S-X. The Commission will not 

recognize as a public accountant any person who: (1) is not duly registered and in good standing 

as a certified public accountant under the laws of the place of his residence or principal office; or 

(2) is not in good standing and entitled to practice as a public accountant under the laws of the 

place of his residence or principal office.412 We believe these standards will promote the use of 

qualified accountants that are in compliance with the requirements for their profession for the 

review or audit of the financial statements with respect to all offerings, including offerings in 

reliance on Section 4(a)(6).

 407 17 CFR 210.2-01. 

408 See Instruction 9 to paragraph (t) of Rule 201 of Regulation Crowdfunding.

409 See, e.g., AICPA Letter; Denlinger Letter 1; EY Letter; Grassi Letter; McGladrey Letter.

410 See Paragraph (b)(2) of Part F/S of Form 1-A. See also, supra, note 371.

411 See AICPA Letter.

412 See 17 CFR 210.2-01(a). 
106

Consistent with the proposal and recommendations in response to our request for 

comments, we are not requiring audits to be conducted by a PCAOB-registered firm. We believe 

the final rules will result in a greater number of public accountants being eligible to audit the 

issuers’ financial statements, which may reduce issuers’ costs. 

Review and Audit Standards. In line with the general support received from 

commenters,413we are adopting as proposed the requirement that reviewed financial statements be 

reviewed in accordance with the SSARS issued by the AICPA.414 We also are adopting as 

proposed the requirement that audited financial statements, to the extent they are otherwise 

available, be audited in accordance with either the auditing standards of the AICPA (referred to as 

U.S. Generally Accepted Auditing Standards or GAAS) or the standards of the PCAOB.415 We

expect that this provision will provide issuers with more flexibility to file audited financial 

statements that may have been prepared for other purposes. 

We believe that audits conducted in accordance with U.S. GAAS will provide sufficient 

protection for investors in these offerings, especially in light of the requirement that auditors must 

be independent under Rule 2-01 of Regulation S-X or AICPA independence standards. Moreover, 

we believe that the flexibility adopted in the final rules is appropriately tailored for the different 

types of issuers that are likely to conduct offerings under Regulation Crowdfunding. 

Because issuers under Regulation Crowdfunding are not “issuers” as defined by 

Section 2(a)(7) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 nor broker-dealers registered with the 

Commission under Section 15(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, AICPA rules would 

require the audit to be compliant with U.S. GAAS even if the auditor has conducted the audit in 

 413 See, e.g., ABA Letter; AICPA Letter; Denlinger Letter 1; EY Letter; Fund Democracy Letter; Grassi Letter. 

414 See Instruction 8 to paragraph (t) of Rule 201 of Regulation Crowdfunding.

415 See Instruction 9 to paragraph (t) of Rule 201 of Regulation Crowdfunding.
107

accordance with PCAOB standards. Staff of the Commission consulted with the AICPA on this 

issue and has been advised that an audit performed by its members of an issuer conducting an 

offering under Regulation Crowdfunding would be required to comply with U.S. GAAS in 

accordance with the AICPA’s Code of Professional Conduct.416 As a result, an auditor for such 

an issuer who is conducting its audit in accordance with PCAOB standards also will be required to 

comply with U.S. GAAS, and the auditor will be required to comply with the reporting 

requirements of both the AICPA standards and the PCAOB standards. Commission staff also 

consulted with the AICPA on whether an auditor can currently comply with both sets of standards 

when issuing its auditor’s report. In August 2015, the Auditing Standards Board of the AICPA 

proposed an amendment417 to its auditing standards for situations when the auditor plans to refer 

to the standards of the PCAOB in addition to U.S. GAAS in the auditor’s report. To comply with

the reporting requirements of both sets of standards in those situations, the proposed amendment 

would require the auditor to use the report layout and wording specified by the auditing standards 

of the PCAOB, amended to indicate that the audit was also conducted in accordance with U.S. 

GAAS.

Review and Audit Reports. We are adopting, with changes from the proposal, the 

requirement that issuers file with the Commission and provide to investors and the relevant 

intermediary a signed review or audit report on the issuer’s financial statements by an independent 

 416 The AICPA Code of Professional Conduct is available at: 

http://pub.aicpa.org/codeofconduct/ethicsresources/et-cod.pdf.

417 Proposed Statement on Auditing Standards, Amendment to Statement on Auditing Standards No. 122, 

Statement on Auditing Standards: Clarification and Recodification, section 700, Forming an Opinion and 

Reporting on Financial Statements. The proposed amendment would be effective for audits of financial 

statements for periods ending on or after December 15, 2015.
108

public accountant.

418 The issuer must notify the public accountant of the issuer’s intended use of 

the report in the offering.

419

We are adopting as proposed the provision that an audit report that includes an adverse 

opinion or disclaimer of opinion will not be in compliance with the audited financial statement 

requirements.420 In a change from the proposal, as suggested by one commenter,421 the final rules 

do not permit a qualified audit report.

422 As noted above, under the final rules an issuer is not 

required to provide audited financial statements for first-time crowdfunding offerings of more 

than $500,000 but not more than $1 million unless otherwise available. We believe that this 

change reduces the cost and burden for issuers generally of providing audited financial statements,

and that an accommodation to permit qualified audit reports is not necessary. 

The final rules also provide that a review report that includes modifications will not satisfy

the requirement for reviewed financial statements.

423 Although two commenters expressed that a 

review report with modifications should be sufficient to satisfy the reviewed financial statement 

requirement,424

one commenter opposed permitting modifications to review reports, noting that it 

considers certain departures from U.S. GAAP to be “unacceptable” and that it would not be 

feasible to develop a model of all allowable and disallowable modifications.

425 After considering 

 418 See Instructions 8 and 9 to paragraph (t) of Rule 201 of Regulation Crowdfunding.

419 Id.

420 See Instruction 9 to paragraph (t) of Rule 201 of Regulation Crowdfunding.

421 See Grassi Letter.

422 See Instruction 9 to paragraph (t) of Rule 201 of Regulation Crowdfunding. Accordingly, a qualified audit 

opinion would not be considered an audit opinion that is “available” for purposes of Rule 201(t) and 202(a).

423 See Instruction 8 to paragraph (t) of Rule 201 of Regulation Crowdfunding. Accordingly, a modified review 

report would not be considered an audit opinion that is “available” for purposes of Rule 201(t) and 202(a).

424 See AICPA Letter; Heritage Letter.

425 See Grassi Letter.
109

the comments, we are persuaded that permitting modifications could result in financial statements 

that depart materially from U.S. GAAP, and, therefore, are not permitting modifications to review 

reports under the final rules. In response to concerns expressed by some commenters, however, 

we note that a review report or audit opinion that includes explanatory language pertaining to the 

entity’s ability to continue as a going concern is not, under current auditing standards, a modified 

report or a qualified opinion.426 

Exemptions from Financial Statement Requirements. Consistent with the proposal, the 

final rules do not exempt any issuers from the financial statement requirements. While we 

appreciate the concerns identified by commenters about the costs of the financial statement 

requirements for issuers with no operating history or issuers that have been in existence for fewer 

than 12 months,

427 we believe that financial statements are important information for all issuers 

and that other changes from the proposed rules such as raising the threshold at which audited 

financial statements are required will help reduce those costs.

b. Progress Updates

(1) Proposed Rules

Consistent with Securities Act Section 4A(b)(1)(F), proposed Rule 201(v) and Rule 

203(a)(3) of Regulation Crowdfunding would require an issuer to file with the Commission and 

provide investors and the relevant intermediary regular updates on the issuer’s progress in meeting 

the target offering amount no later than five business days after each of the dates that the issuer 

reaches particular intervals – i.e., 50 percent and 100 percent – of the target offering amount. If 

 426 See, e.g., Public Company Accounting Oversight Board AU sec. 508, Reports on Audited Financial 

Statements. 

427 See, e.g., Arctic Island Letter 5; CFIRA Letter 5; CFIRA Letter 7; CrowdFundConnect Letter; Crowdpassage 

Letter 2; EY Letter; Grassi Letter; Hackers/Founders Letter; Joinvestor Letter; McGladrey Letter; PBA 

Letter; PeoplePowerFund Letter; RocketHub Letter; StartupValley Letter; Wefunder Letter; Whitaker Chalk 

Letter. 
110

the issuer will accept proceeds in excess of the target offering amount, the issuer also would be 

required to file with the Commission and provide investors and the relevant intermediary a final 

progress update, no later than five business days after the offering deadline, disclosing the total 

amount of securities sold in the offering. If, however, multiple progress updates are triggered 

within the same five business-day period (e.g., the issuer reaches 50 percent of the target offering 

amount on November 5, 100 percent of the target offering amount on November 7, and the 

maximum amount of proceeds it will accept in excess of the target offering amount on November 

9), the issuer could consolidate such progress updates into one Form C-U, so long as the Form CU discloses the most recent threshold that was met and the Form C-U is filed with the 

Commission and provided to investors and the relevant intermediary by the day on which the first 

progress update would be due. The proposed rules also would require the intermediary to make 

these updates available to investors through the intermediary’s platform.

(2) Comments on the Proposed Rules

Commenters were generally opposed to the progress update requirements, noting that 

progress updates filed with the Commission would be duplicative of what is available from the 

intermediary’s website and generate unnecessary costs.

428 Based on that same rationale, a number 

of commenters supported the concept of exempting issuers from the requirement to file progress 

updates with the Commission so long as the intermediary publicly displays the progress of the 

issuer in meeting the target offering amount.429

 428 See, e.g., ASSOB Letter; EarlyShares Letter; Public Startup Letter 2; RFPIA Letter; RocketHub Letter. But 

see CFIRA Letter 7.

429 See, e.g., Arctic Island Letter 5 (stating that intermediaries can display both text (e.g. “$125,000 of $500,000 

raised thus far”) and graphics (e.g. a status bar graph) of the offering progress); ASSOB Letter; 

PeoplePowerFund Letter; RFPIA Letter; RocketHub Letter (noting that portals already list progress for 

perks-based crowdfunding); Wefunder Letter. But see CFIRA Letter 7 (stating that the issuer should file 
111

(3) Final Rules

The final rules maintain the proposed progress update requirements, with a significant

modification. Based on concerns expressed by commenters, the final rules permit issuers to 

satisfy the progress update requirement by relying on the relevant intermediary to make publicly 

available on the intermediary’s platform frequent updates about the issuer’s progress toward 

meeting the target offering amount.

430 However, if the intermediary does not provide such an 

update, the issuer would be required to file the interim progress updates. In addition, as described 

in more detail below, an issuer relying on the intermediary’s reports of progress must still file a 

Form C-U at the end of the offering to disclose the total amount of securities sold in the 

offering.

431 

As stated in the proposal, we continue to believe that the information available in progress 

updates will be important to investors by allowing them to gauge whether interest in the offer has 

increased gradually or whether it was concentrated at the beginning or at the end of the offering 

period. We believe that these same benefits can be achieved through information available on the 

intermediary’s platform about the progress toward the target offering amount. Whether an issuer 

provides the required progress update report or relies on the intermediary’s reporting, we believe

investors will benefit by being able to stay informed during the offering of an issuer’s progress.

Under the final rules, all issuers must file a Form C-U to report the total amount of 

securities sold in the offering. For issuers that are offering only up to a certain target offering 

amount, this requirement will be triggered five business days from the date they reach the target 

 

progress updates with the Commission on a regular basis to allow for consistency across all issuers and 

intermediaries.).

430 See Rules 201(v) and 203(a)(3) of Regulation Crowdfunding. 

431 See Rule 203(a)(3)(iii) of Regulation Crowdfunding. 
112

offering amount.432 For issuers accepting proceeds in excess of the target offering amount, this 

requirement will be triggered five days after the offering deadline.433 We believe that requiring a 

report of the total amount of securities sold in the offering is necessary to inform investors about 

the ultimate size of the offering, especially in cases where an issuer may have sold more than the 

target offering amount. Further, this requirement will result in a central repository of this 

information at the Commission – information that otherwise might no longer be available on the 

intermediary’s platform after the offering terminated. Finally, we note that requiring a final report

will make data available to the Commission and the general public that could be used to evaluate 

the effects of the Section 4(a)(6) exemption on capital formation.

c. Amendments to the Offering Statement

(1) Proposed Rules

Proposed Rule 203(a)(2) of Regulation Crowdfunding would require that an issuer amend 

its disclosure for any material change in the offer terms or disclosure previously provided to 

investors. The amended disclosure would be filed with the Commission on Form C-A: 

Amendment and provided to investors and the relevant intermediary. Material changes would 

require reconfirmation by investors of their investment commitments within five business days. 

In addition, an issuer would be permitted, but not required, to file amendments for changes that 

are not material.

 432 See Rule 203(a)(3)(i) of Regulation Crowdfunding.

433 See Rule 203(a)(3)(ii) of Regulation Crowdfunding.
113

(2) Comments Received on Proposed Rules

Commenters were mixed on the proposed rules relating to amendments to the offering 

statement, with those opposed citing the burden on issuers.

434 Some commenters recommended 

that the Commission specify a filing deadline for amendments reflecting a material change,

435 and

some recommended we require that investors be notified of the amendment.

436 Two commenters 

supported our view that the establishment of the final price should be considered a material 

change that would always require an amendment to Form C,437 while one commenter opposed 

such an approach.

438 One commenter recommended that the Commission define “material 

change” in this context.439

(3) Final Rules

We are adopting requirements for the amendment to the offering statement as proposed. 

The final rules require that an issuer amend its disclosure for any material change in the offer 

terms or disclosure previously provided to investors.440 While we recognize commenters’ 

concerns about the costs that requiring one or more additional filings may impose on issuers, we 

 434 For commenters generally in support, see, e.g., CFA Institute Letter; CrowdCheck Letter 1 (recommending 

that only a final amendment prior to the offering deadline be required, provided there is a five day 

reconfirmation period between filing and the sale of securities); EMKF Letter; Wefunder Letter. 

For commenters generally opposed, see, e.g., ASSOB Letter (suggesting a supplement could suffice in 

certain instances); Public Startup Letter 2; RocketHub Letter (suggesting that not all amendments be filed 

with the Commission so long as the information was made available through the intermediary).

435 See, e.g., Commonwealth of Massachusetts Letter; Grassi Letter; Hackers/Founders Letter; RocketHub 

Letter. 

436 See, e.g., Arctic Island Letter 5; CFA Institute Letter; Grassi Letter; Joinvestor Letter; RoC Letter; 

RocketHub Letter. But see Public Startup Letter 2.

437 See Grassi Letter (recommending that reconfirmation not be required if the initial price is established in the 

offering documents and does not vary more than within a reasonable range established in such documents); 

Joinvestor Letter.

438 See Public Startup Letter 2.

439 See ODS Letter.

440 See Rule 203(a)(2) of Regulation Crowdfunding. See also Section II.C.6 for discussion of the requirement 

that investors reconfirm their investment commitments following a material change. 
114

note that an amendment will be required only in instances in which there was a material change. 

In such circumstances, we believe the additional efforts required of an issuer to file an amendment 

will be justified in order to provide investors with the information they need to make an informed 

investment decision. 

The amended disclosure must be filed with the Commission on Form C and provided to 

investors and the relevant intermediary. Under the final rules, the issuer is required to check the 

box for “Form C/A: Amendment” on the cover of the Form C and explain, in summary manner, 

the nature of the changes, additions or updates in the space provided.441 

With respect to what constitutes a “material change,” as we stated in the Proposing 

Release, information is material if there is a substantial likelihood that a reasonable investor 

would consider it important in deciding whether or not to purchase the securities.442 For example, 

we believe that a material change in the financial condition or the intended use of proceeds 

requires an amendment to an issuer’s disclosure. Also, in those instances in which an issuer has 

previously disclosed only the method for determining the price, and not the final price, of the 

securities offered, we believe that determination of the final price is a material change to the terms 

of the offer and must be disclosed. These are not, however, the only possible material changes 

that require amended disclosure. We are not providing additional guidance on what constitutes a 

“material change,” as requested by one commenter,

443 because, consistent with our historical 

approach to materiality determinations, we believe that an issuer should determine whether 

changes in the offer terms or disclosure are material based on the facts and circumstances.

 441 See Form C.

442 See Basic Inc. v. Levinson, 485 U.S. 224 (1988) (quoting TSC Indus., Inc. v. Northway, Inc., 426 U.S. 438 

(1976)). 

443 See ODS Letter.
115

In addition, as discussed further in Section II.C.6 below, if any change, addition or update 

constitutes a material change to information previously disclosed, the issuer must check the box 

on the cover of Form C indicating that investors must reconfirm their investment commitments. 

A number of commenters recommended that we specify a filing deadline for amendments 

reflecting a material change,444 and that we require investors be notified in some manner of the 

amendment.445 We are not, however, amending the requirement as suggested by those 

commenters. We appreciate the need for investors to know this information in a timely fashion, 

but we believe that with the requirement that investors reconfirm their commitments, it will be in 

an issuer’s interest to file an amendment as soon as practicable and to notify investors so that it 

will be in a position to close the offering. Therefore, we do not believe further procedural

requirements are necessary.

Issuers will be permitted, but not required, to amend the Form C to provide information 

with respect to other changes that are made to the information presented on the intermediary’s 

platform and provided to investors.446 If an issuer amends the Form C to provide such 

information, it is not required to check the box indicating that investors must reconfirm their 

investment commitments.

2. Ongoing Reporting Requirements

a. Proposed Rules

Securities Act Section 4A(b)(4) requires, “not less than annually, [the issuer to] file with 

the Commission and provide to investors reports of the results of operations and financial 

 444 See, e.g., Commonwealth of Massachusetts Letter; Grassi Letter; Hackers/Founders Letter; RocketHub 

Letter. 

445 See, e.g., Arctic Island Letter 5; CFA Institute Letter; Grassi Letter; Joinvestor Letter; RoC Letter; 

RocketHub Letter. But see Public Startup Letter 2.

446 See Instruction to paragraph (a)(2) of Rule 203 of Regulation Crowdfunding. 
116

statements of the issuer, as the Commission shall, by rule, determine appropriate, subject to such 

exceptions and termination dates as the Commission may establish, by rule.” 

To implement the ongoing reporting requirement in Section 4A(b)(4), we proposed in 

Rules 202 and 203 of Regulation Crowdfunding to require an issuer that sold securities in reliance 

on Section 4(a)(6) to file a report annually, no later than 120 days after the end of the most 

recently completed fiscal year covered by the report. To implement the requirement that issuers 

provide the report to investors, we proposed in Rule 202(a) to require issuers to post the annual 

report on their websites. Under proposed Rule 202(a), the issuer would be required to disclose 

information similar to that required in the offering statement, including disclosure about its 

financial condition that meets the highest financial statement requirements that were applicable to 

its offering statement. 

We also proposed in Rule 202(b) to require issuers to file the annual report until one of the 

following events occurs: (1) the issuer becomes a reporting company required to file reports 

under Exchange Act Sections 13(a) or 15(d); (2) the issuer or another party purchases or 

repurchases all of the securities issued pursuant to Section 4(a)(6), including any payment in full 

of debt securities or any complete redemption of redeemable securities; or (3) the issuer liquidates 

or dissolves in accordance with state law. 

b. Comments on the Proposed Rules

Commenters expressed a range of views on the proposed ongoing reporting 

requirements.447 

 447 For commenters generally supporting the proposed ongoing reporting requirements, see, e.g., CfPA Letter; 

Commonwealth of Massachusetts Letter; Grassi Letter; Jacobson Letter; Leverage PR Letter; StartEngine 

Letter 1. 
117

Frequency. With respect to frequency, a number of commenters supported the proposed 

requirement of annual reporting,448 while a few recommended quarterly reporting.449 Some 

commenters supported requiring issuers to file reports to disclose the occurrence of material 

events on an ongoing basis,450 and several recommended that the Commission provide a list of 

events that would trigger such disclosure.451 Two other commenters opposed such a 

requirement.452

Provision of Reports. Generally, commenters supported requiring issuers to post the 

annual report on their websites,453 although some commenters favored a more limited

distribution.454 Similarly, a number of commenters supported requiring issuers to file the annual 

report on EDGAR,455 while two commenters opposed such requirement.456 In addition, most 

 

For commenters generally opposing the proposed ongoing reporting requirements, see, e.g., ABA Letter; 

Campbell R. Letter; EMKF Letter; Guzik Letter 1; NFIB Letter; Public Startup Letter 2; RocketHub Letter; 

SeedInvest Letter 1; Stephenson, et al Letter.; Traklight Letter; WealthForge Letter; Winters Letter.

448 See, e.g., AICPA Letter; CFIRA Letter 7; EY Letter; Grassi Letter; RoC Letter; RocketHub Letter; Traklight 

Letter.

449 See, e.g., ASSOB Letter; CCI Letter; Denlinger Letter 1 (recommending quarterly reporting to provide 

investors and the secondary market timely information).

450 See, e.g., ABA Letter (recommending amending Form C-AR within 15 calendar days of the material event); 

Angel Letter 1 (recommending prompt disclosure through postings on the issuer’s website or social media); 

Denlinger Letter 1; EY Letter (recommending disclosure within 30 days of the end of the month in which the 

material event occurred, with such disclosure scaled for different tiers of issuers); Hackers/Founders Letter 

(recommending quarterly updates); RocketHub Letter (recommending quarterly updates).

451 See, e.g., Denlinger Letter 1; EY Letter; Grassi Letter; RocketHub Letter.

452 See Heritage Letter; Public Startup Letter 2.

453 See, e.g., ABA Letter; Angel Letter 1; CFA Institute Letter; Commonwealth of Massachusetts Letter; Grassi 

Letter; Jacobson Letter; Joinvestor Letter; RFPIA Letter; Traklight Letter.

454 See, e.g., Crowdpassage Letter 3 (opposing the public availability of ongoing financial statements and 

recommending they be distributed through a password protected website accessible to investors); Frutkin 

Letter (recommending the annual report be provided to investors via e-mail, on a password-protected website 

accessible to investors or by mailing the report first-class to investors); Public Startup Letter 2.

455 See, e.g., Commonwealth of Massachusetts Letter; Frutkin Letter; Grassi Letter; RocketHub Letter; Traklight 

Letter.

456 See Crowdpassage Letter 3 (opposing public availability of ongoing financial statements); Public Startup 

Letter 2.
118

commenters opposed requiring physical delivery of the report directly to investors,457 although 

some commenters supported requiring direct delivery in some form458 or directly notifying 

investors of the availability of the annual report.459

Financial Statements. Commenters expressed differing views about the proposed ongoing 

financial statements requirements, particularly the level of public accountant involvement 

required. While a few supported requiring certain issuers to provide audited or reviewed financial 

statements on an ongoing basis,460 a substantial number opposed an ongoing audit or review 

requirement.461 Further, a number of commenters recommended that if ongoing financial 

statements are to be required for some issuers, the level of review be based on a higher offering 

amount threshold than the threshold used to determine the level of involvement of the accountant 

in the offering.462 

Other Content. A number of commenters recommended that the ongoing annual reports 

require a more limited set of disclosure than the information required in the offering statement.463 

Exceptions/Termination of Ongoing Reporting Requirement. A number of commenters 

recommended that there be exceptions to the ongoing reporting requirements for certain issuers,464

 457 See, e.g., CFIRA Letter 7; CFIRA Letter 8; CfPA Letter; Crowdpassage Letter 3; Grassi Letter; Jacobson 

Letter; Public Startup Letter 2; Traklight Letter.

458 See, e.g., Arctic Island Letter 5; CCI Letter; RocketHub Letter.

459 See, e.g., Arctic Island Letter 5; CFA Institute Letter (recommending advance notice as to when and where 

annual reports will be available); RocketHub Letter.

460 See, e.g., ABA Letter; Denlinger Letter 1; Grassi Letter.

461 See, e.g., AEO Letter; Arctic Island Letter 5; AWBC Letter; CrowdCheck Letter 4; EarlyShares Letter; 

EMKF Letter; Frutkin Letter; Graves Letter; Guzik Letter 1; iCrowd Letter; McGladrey Letter; Milken 

Institute Letter; NFIB Letter; PBA Letter; Peers Letter; RocketHub Letter; SeedInvest Letter 1; Seyfarth

Letter; StartupValley Letter; Stephenson, et al. Letter; Traklight Letter; WealthForge Letter. 

462 See, e.g., Arctic Island Letter 5;CrowdCheck Letter 4; EarlyShares Letter; EY Letter; Grassi Letter; Graves 

Letter; iCrowd Letter; Milken Institute Letter; PBA Letter; Seyfarth Letter; Traklight Letter.

463 See, e.g., EarlyShares Letter; EMKF Letter; McGladrey Letter; Milken Institute Letter; PBA Letter; 

RocketHub Letter.
119

expressing concern that the ongoing reporting obligations were too costly and could potentially 

extend indefinitely.465 Others were opposed to such exceptions.466 

We also received a range of comments about when the ongoing reporting requirements 

should terminate, with two supporting requiring issuers to file an annual report until one of the 

enumerated events occurs,467 and others suggesting alternatives to such requirement.468 

Some commenters recommended that the ongoing reporting requirements be a condition to 

the Section 4(a)(6) exemption469 while several others generally opposed such concept.470

c. Final Rules

After considering the comments received, we are adopting the ongoing reporting 

requirements generally as proposed, with a substantial modification to the level of public 

 464 See, e.g., Heritage Letter (issuers raising $100,000 or less); RocketHub Letter (issuers raising $250,000 or 

less, although recommending that intermediaries be permitted to require ongoing reports on their platform 

even if exempted by the Commission); SeedInvest Letter 1 (recommending excepting issuers from ongoing 

reporting when: (1) raising less than $350,000; (2) securities are structured such that there can be no 

investment decisions; (3) an institutional investor, venture capitalist, or angel investor is leading the deal for 

investors; or (4) all investors have contractually waived the right to receive ongoing reports with informed 

consent); SeedInvest Letter 4. See also form letters designated as Type A (supporting SeedInvest Letter 1). 

465 See SeedInvest Letter 1 (noting that the ongoing reporting obligations were an “obstacle to making 

crowdfunding a viable option for startups and small businesses” as the cost structure would be “out of 

proportion with the amounts proposed to be raised.”) 

466 See, e.g., Commonwealth of Massachusetts Letter; Denlinger Letter 1; Grassi Letter; Public Startup Letter 2.

467 See, e.g., Grassi Letter; Whitaker Chalk Letter.

468 See, e.g., ABA Letter; EY Letter (recommending the ongoing reporting obligations terminate after a certain 

amount of time if the issuer has 300 or fewer security holders); Grassi Letter; PBA Letter (recommending the 

reporting obligations terminate after three consecutive annual reports or after an issuer repurchases twothirds of the outstanding securities issued in reliance on Section 4(a)(6), so long as the issuer made a bona 

fide offer to repurchase all of such securities); Public Startup Letter 2; RocketHub Letter (recommending the 

reporting obligations terminate after three annual reports).

469 See, e.g., Parsont Letter (with a notice and cure provision); RocketHub Letter (recommending the ongoing 

reporting requirements be a condition for a minimum of three years).

470 See, e.g., Public Startup Letter 2; Wefunder Letter; Whitaker Chalk Letter (recommending that (i) a 

condition, if any, apply only to the first annual report; (ii) that the failure to file the annual report restrict an 

issuer’s ability to raise capital in the future; or (iii) issuers, certain officers, directors and shareholders have 

the option to escrow their shares for up to 24 months, with certain penalties for failure to file the annual 

report).
120

accountant involvement required and another modification to provide for termination of the 

ongoing reporting obligation in two additional circumstances. 

Frequency. The final rules require an issuer that sold securities in reliance on 

Section 4(a)(6) to file an annual report with the Commission, no later than 120 days after the end 

of the fiscal year covered by the report.471 We believe that this ongoing reporting requirement 

should benefit investors by enabling them to consider updated information about the issuer, 

thereby allowing them to make more informed investment decisions. 

We recognize the view of some commenters472 that there may be major events that occur 

between annual reports about which investors would want to be updated, and we note that some 

commenters also recommended quarterly reporting. 473 However, we agree with those 

commenters474 who said an annual requirement is sufficient. We believe a more frequent filing 

requirement would require an allocation of resources to the reporting function of Regulation 

Crowdfunding issuers that we do not believe is justified in light of the smaller amounts that will 

be raised pursuant to the exemption. We note that under Tier 1 of Regulation A, issuers can raise 

significantly more money – up to $20 million – without any ongoing reporting requirement other 

than to file a Form 1-Z exit report upon completion or termination of the offering. While not 

required, nothing in the rules prevents an issuer from updating investors when major events occur. 

Nor do our rules prevent intermediaries from requiring more frequent reporting. However, we do 

 471 See Rule 202(a) of Regulation Crowdfunding.

472 See, e.g., ABA Letter; Angel Letter 1; Denlinger Letter 1; EY Letter; Grassi Letter; Hackers/Founders Letter; 

RocketHub Letter.

473 See, e.g., ASSOB Letter; CCI Letter; Denlinger Letter 1.

474 See, e.g., AICPA Letter; CFIRA Letter 7; EY Letter; Grassi Letter; RoC Letter; RocketHub Letter; Traklight 

Letter.
121

not believe that it is necessary in the final rules to require reporting on a more frequent basis than 

the annual ongoing reporting directly contemplated by the statute.

Provision of Reports. We also are adopting as proposed the requirement that an issuer post 

the annual report on its website.475 Consistent with the proposal, the final rules do not require 

delivery of a physical copy of the annual report. As discussed in the Proposing Release and as 

supported by a number of commenters, we believe that investors in this type of Internet-based 

offering will be familiar with obtaining information on the Internet and that providing information 

in this manner will be cost efficient. While some commenters

476 suggested that limiting 

distribution of the annual report to investors through use of a password-protected website would 

help protect an issuer’s commercially-sensitive information, we believe such a requirement would 

add complexity for issuers and investors without providing significant protection of 

commercially-sensitive information since the reports could still be accessed by the public on 

EDGAR. 

Consistent with the proposal, the final rule does not require an issuer to provide direct 

notification via e-mail or otherwise of the posting of the report, as was suggested by some 

commenters.

477 As discussed above in Section II.B.1.a.(i)(g), however, we are revising the final 

rules to require an issuer to disclose in the offering statement where on the issuer’s website 

investors will be able to find the issuer’s annual report and the date by which the annual report 

will be available on the issuer’s website.

478 We believe these changes will help investors to locate 

the annual report. As discussed in the Proposing Release, we believe that many issuers may not 

 475 See Rule 202(a) of Regulation Crowdfunding.

476 See, e.g., Crowdpassage Letter 3; Frutkin Letter.

477 See, e.g., Arctic Island Letter 5 (intermediary should notify); Frutkin Letter; RocketHub Letter.

478 See Rule 201(w) of Regulation Crowdfunding.
122

have e-mail addresses for investors, especially after the shares issued pursuant to Section 4(a)(6) 

are traded by the original purchasers. Nonetheless, to the extent e-mail addresses for investors are 

available, an issuer could refer investors to the posted report via e-mail. 

Financial Statements. After considering the comments, we are persuaded by the

commenters that opposed requiring that an audit or review of the financial statements be included 

in the annual report.479 Therefore, instead of requiring financial statements in the annual report

that meet the highest standard previously provided, the final rules require financial statements of 

the issuer certified by the principal executive officer of the issuer to be true and complete in all 

material respects.

480 However, issuers that have available financial statements that have been 

reviewed or audited by an independent certified public accountant because they prepare them for 

other purposes must provide them and will not be required to have the principal executive officer 

certification.

481 

Many commenters expressed concerns with the costs associated with preparing reviewed 

and audited financial statements on an ongoing basis. Commenters also noted the absence of 

comparable ongoing reporting requirements under Tier 1 of Regulation A and other offering 

exemptions.482 While we recognize that Regulation Crowdfunding is different in many respects 

from Regulation A, we believe that crowdfunding issuers should not have more onerous ongoing 

 479 See, e.g., AEO Letter; Arctic Island Letter 5; AWBC Letter; CrowdCheck Letter 4 (“ongoing audit 

requirement will create an unpredictable on-going burden”); EarlyShares Letter; EMKF Letter (“audited 

financial statements, particularly for ongoing reporting requirements, are so cost-prohibitive for startups that 

they make absolutely no sense as an appropriate use of funds.”); Frutkin Letter; Graves Letter; Guzik Letter 

1; iCrowd Letter; McGladrey Letter; Milken Institute Letter; NFIB Letter; PBA Letter; Peers Letter; 

RocketHub Letter; SeedInvest Letter 1; Seyfarth Letter; StartupValley Letter; Stephenson, et al. Letter; 

Traklight Letter; WealthForge Letter. 

480 See Rule 202(a) of Regulation Crowdfunding.

481 Id.

482 See, e.g., CrowdCheck Letter 4; EMKF Letter; EY Letter; 
123

reporting compliance costs than issuers that use another public offering exemption that permits

higher maximum offering amounts. The changes to the ongoing reporting requirements in the 

rules we are adopting today will alleviate some of the costs on crowdfunding issuers. At the same 

time, we also believe, consistent with the views of at least one commenter,

483 that investors still 

will be provided with sufficient ongoing financial information about the issuer under the final 

rules. 

Other Content. With the exception of the financial statement requirement described above,

the final rule adopts as proposed the requirement that the annual report include the information 

required in the offering statement. Although an issuer will not be required to provide the offeringspecific information that it filed at the time of the offering (because the issuer will not be offering or 

selling securities),484 it will be required to disclose information about the company and its 

financial condition, as required in connection with the offer and sale of the securities.485 While 

we appreciate the recommendations of commenters for a more limited set of disclosure in the 

annual report, we believe that the disclosure costs of ongoing reporting for issuers will be less 

than in the initial offering statement, because they will be able to use the offering materials as a 

 483 See CrowdCheck Letter 4 (“While the on-going audit requirement is designed to provide investors and 

potential secondary purchasers of the company’s securities with updated information about the company, it is 

unnecessary given the other, less burdensome, on-going disclosure requirements contained in the statute and 

proposed regulation.”).

484 See Rule 202(a) of Regulation Crowdfunding. An issuer will not be required to provide information about: 

(1) the stated purpose and intended use of the proceeds of the offering; (2) the target offering amount and the 

deadline to reach the target offering amount; (3) whether the issuer will accept investments in excess of the 

target offering amount; (4) whether, in the event that the offer is oversubscribed, shares will be allocated on a 

pro-rata basis, first come-first served basis, or other basis; (5) the process to complete the transaction or 

cancel an investment commitment once the target amount is met; (6) the price to the public of the securities 

being offered; (7) the terms of the securities being offered; (8) the name, SEC file number and CRD number 

(as applicable) of the intermediary through which the offering is being conducted; and (9) the amount of

compensation paid to the intermediary. 

485 See Rule 202(a) of Regulation Crowdfunding. Issuers will be required to provide disclosure about its 

directors and officers, business, current number of employees, financial condition (including financial 

statements), capital structure, significant factors that make an investment in the issuer speculative or risky, 

material indebtedness and certain related-party transactions.
124

basis to prepare the annual reports. We believe investors will benefit from the availability of

annual updates to the information they received when making the decision to invest in the issuer’s 

securities, since these updates will allow them to be informed about issuer developments as they 

decide whether to continue to hold or sell, or how to vote, the securities. Under the statute and the 

final rules, the securities will be freely tradable after one year. Therefore, this information also 

will benefit potential future holders of the issuer’s securities and help them to make more 

informed investment decisions.

Exceptions/Termination of Ongoing Reporting Requirement. After considering the 

comments, we are providing for termination of the ongoing reporting obligation in the three 

circumstances that we proposed as well as the following two additional circumstances: (1) when 

the issuer has filed at least one annual report and has fewer than 300 holders of record; and 

(2) when the issuer has filed at least three annual reports and has total assets that do not exceed 

$10 million. Accordingly, under Rule 202(b), issuers will be required to file the annual report 

until the earliest of the following events occurs: 

(1) the issuer is required to file reports under Exchange Act Sections 13(a) or 15(d); 

(2) the issuer has filed at least one annual report and has fewer than 300 holders of record; 

(3) the issuer has filed at least three annual reports and has total assets that do not exceed 

$10 million; 

(4) the issuer or another party purchases or repurchases all of the securities issued pursuant 

to Section 4(a)(6), including any payment in full of debt securities or any complete redemption of 

redeemable securities; or 

(5) the issuer liquidates or dissolves in accordance with state law. 
125

We believe the addition of the two termination events, which are generally consistent with 

the suggestions of commenters,486 should help alleviate commenters’ concerns about related costs 

for certain issuers that may not have achieved a level of financial success that would sustain an 

ongoing reporting obligation. The 300 shareholder threshold reflected in Rule 202(b)(2) is 

consistent with the threshold used to determine whether an Exchange Act reporting company is 

eligible to suspend its Section 15(d)487 or terminate its Section 13488 reporting obligations. The 

option for an issuer to conclude ongoing reporting after three annual reports as reflected in 

Rule 202(b)(3) should help address concerns raised by some commenters that the reporting 

obligation could potentially extend indefinitely, while still requiring larger issuers with more than 

$10 million in total assets to continue reporting. We chose the $10 million threshold in order to 

be consistent with the total asset threshold in Section 12(g)(1) of the Exchange Act.

489 Under that 

provision, a company that has total assets exceeding $10 million and a class of securities held of 

record by a certain number of persons must register that class of securities with the Commission. 

As proposed, Rule 203(b)(3) provides that any issuer terminating its annual reporting 

obligations will be required to file with the Commission, within five business days from the date 

on which the issuer becomes eligible to terminate its reporting obligation, a notice that it will no 

longer file and provide annual reports pursuant to the requirements of Regulation Crowdfunding. 

 486 See, e.g., ABA Letter; EY Letter (recommending the reporting obligations terminate after a certain amount 

of time if the issuer has 300 or fewer security holders); PBA Letter; RocketHub Letter (recommending the 

reporting obligations terminate after three consecutive annual reports).

487 See 17 CFR 240.12h-3.

l

488 15 U.S.C. 78m.

489 15 U.S.C. 78l(g)(1).
126

The issuer also must check the box for “Form C-TR: Termination of Reporting” on the cover of 

Form C. 490 

We are not persuaded by the suggestion of one commenter491 that ongoing reports should 

be a condition to the Section 4(a)(6) exemption. As two commenters noted at the pre-proposal 

stage, under such an approach, compliance with the exemption would not be known at the time of 

the transaction.492 This, in turn, would create substantial uncertainty for issuers because there 

would be an indefinite possibility of a potential future violation of the exemption. We have 

modified the final rules from the proposal to clarify that the availability of the crowdfunding 

exemption is not conditioned on compliance with the annual reporting, progress update or 

termination of reporting obligations.493 Nevertheless, issuers offering and selling securities in 

reliance on Section 4(a)(6) remain obligated to comply with these reporting requirements. 

Moreover, as discussed in Section II.A.4 above, the final rules deny issuers the benefit of relying 

on the exemption under Section 4(a)(6) for future offerings until they file, to the extent required, 

the two most recently required annual reports.494 In addition, the final rules require the issuer to 

disclose in its offering statement and annual report if it, or any of its predecessors, previously 

failed to comply with the ongoing reporting requirements of Regulation Crowdfunding. 

 490 See cover page of Form C.

491 See Parsont Letter

492 See Letter from Andrea L. Seidt, Comm’r, Ohio Div. of Sec. available at 

http://www.sec.gov/comments/jobs-title-iii/jobstitleiii-199.pdf; Letter from John R. Fahy, Partner, Whitaker 

Chalk Swindle Schwartz, available at http://www.sec.gov/comments/jobs-title-iii/jobstitleiii-175.htm.

493 See Rule 100(b)(4) of Regulation Crowdfunding. 

494 See Rule 100(b)(5) of Regulation Crowdfunding. 
127

3. Form C and Filing Requirements

a. Proposed Rules

Securities Act Section 4A(b)(1) requires issuers who offer or sell securities in reliance on 

Section 4(a)(6) to “file with the Commission and provide to investors and the relevant broker or 

funding portal, and make available to potential investors” certain disclosures. The statute does not 

specify a format that issuers must use to present the required disclosures and file these disclosures 

with the Commission. We proposed in Rule 203 of Regulation Crowdfunding to require issuers to 

file the mandated disclosure using new Form C, which would require certain disclosures to be 

presented in a specified format, while allowing the issuer to customize the presentation of other 

disclosures required by Section 4A(b)(1) and the related rules. 

We proposed to require issuers to use an XML-based fillable form to input certain 

information. Information not required to be provided in text boxes in the XML-based fillable 

form would be filed as attachments to Form C. 

Under the proposed rules, Form C would be used for all of an issuer’s filings with the

Commission related to the offering made in reliance on Section 4(a)(6). The issuer would check 

one of the following boxes on the cover of the Form C to indicate the purpose of the Form C 

filing: 

• “Form C: Offering Statement” for issuers filing the initial disclosures required for 

an offering made in reliance on Section 4(a)(6);

• “Form C-A: Amendment” for issuers seeking to amend a previously-filed Form C 

for an offering;

• “Form C-U: Progress Update” for issuers filing a progress update required by

Section 4A(b)(1)(H) and the related rules; 
128

• “Form C-AR: Annual Report” for issuers filing the annual report required by 

Section 4A(b)(4) and the related rules; and 

• “Form C-TR: Termination of Reporting” for issuers terminating their reporting 

obligations pursuant to Section 4A(b)(4) and the related rules.

EDGAR would automatically provide each filing with an appropriate tag depending on which box 

the issuer checks so that investors could distinguish among the different filings.495 

Section 4A(b)(1) requires issuers to file the offering information with the Commission, 

provide it to investors and the relevant intermediary and make it available to potential investors.496 

Under the proposed rules, issuers would satisfy the requirement to file the information with the 

Commission by filing the Form C: Offering Statement, including any amendments and progress 

updates, on EDGAR. To satisfy the requirement to provide the disclosures to the relevant 

intermediary, we proposed that issuers provide to the relevant intermediary a copy of the 

disclosures filed with the Commission. To satisfy the requirement to provide the disclosures, or 

make them available, as applicable, to investors, we proposed that issuers provide the information 

to investors electronically by referring investors, such as through a posting on the issuer’s website 

or by e-mail, to the information on the intermediary’s platform. The proposed rules would not 

require issuers to provide physical copies of the information to investors. 

 495 EDGAR would tag the offering statement as “Form C,” any amendments to the offering statement as “Form 

C-A,” progress updates as “Form C-U,” annual reports as “Form C-AR” and termination reports as “Form CTR.” 

496 Section 4A(b)(4) requires issuers to file with the Commission and provide to investors, not less than 

annually, reports of the results of operations and financial statements of the issuer. As discussed above in 

Section II.B.2, to satisfy this requirement, the rules require an issuer to post the annual report on its website 

and file it with the Commission.
129

b. Comments on the Proposed Rules

Commenters generally supported the proposed Form C requirement.497 Two commenters 

supported the proposal to use one form with different EDGAR tags for each type of filing,498

while another commenter recommended creating multiple forms in order to minimize the length 

of the form.499 Two commenters recommended that the Commission modify Form C and its 

variants to require an issuer to indicate the jurisdictions in which the securities will be or are sold, 

with one of those commenters recommending ongoing disclosure of the amount sold in each 

state.500

Commenters were divided on the EDGAR filing requirement. Some commenters 

supported the filing requirement, with a few of those specifically supporting the proposal that 

issuers file the Form C in electronic format only.501 Some commenters generally opposed the 

filing requirements or opposed specific aspects of the requirements.502 

A few commenters requested clarification whether all offering material made available on 

the intermediary’s platform must be filed on Form C.503 Two commenters recommended that not 

 497 See, e.g., Angel Letter 1 (specifically supporting the XML requirements); CFIRA Letter 7; Consumer 

Federation Letter; Grassi Letter; Hackers/Founders Letter; Traklight Letter; RocketHub Letter.

498 See Grassi Letter; RocketHub Letter.

499 See CFIRA Letter 7.

500 See, Commonwealth of Massachusetts Letter (recommending Form C require an issuer to check boxes 

indicating the jurisdictions in which securities will be sold); NASAA Letter (recommending Form C-U 

(offering update form) and Form C-AR (annual report form) require disclosure of the states where interests 

in the offering have been sold and the amount sold in each state).

501 For commenters supporting the EDGAR filings requirement generally, see, e.g., CFIRA Letter 7; Traklight

Letter. For those specifically supporting the electronic filing proposal, see, e.g., Arctic Island Letter 5; 

CFIRA Letter 7; RocketHub Letter; Wilson Letter.

502 See, e.g., Angel Letter 1; CFIRA Letter 1; CrowdCheck Letter 1; Mollick Letter; Public Startup Letter 2; 

RocketHub Letter; WealthForge Letter (recommending that the Commission require the filing of a Form C 

within 15 days of the offering first receiving an investment and at the completion of the offering).

503 See, e.g., CrowdCheck Letter 1; Grassi Letter; Stephenson Letter.
130

all materials be required to be filed as exhibits.504 A number of commenters noted that issuers 

would likely use various types of media for their offerings, some of which cannot be filed on 

EDGAR.505 A number of commenters recommended that the Commission adopt other disclosure 

formats, such as a question-and-answer format.506 

A number of commenters generally supported the proposal to refer investors to 

information on the intermediary’s platform.507 With respect to the proposed methods (website 

posting or e-mail), one commenter stated that issuers would not have investors’ e-mail 

addresses,508 and another commenter noted that maintaining investors’ email addresses would 

require significant resources.509

 504 See, e.g., CFIRA Letter 1 (recommending that only “those documents most suited to police against fraud” be 

filed with the Commission because the intermediary serves as the primary repository of the offering 

materials); CrowdCheck Letter 1 (recommending the Commission permit issuers to use “free writing” 

disclosure materials in certain circumstances without having to file them with the Commission).

505 See, e.g., CFIRA Letter 6; CFIRA Letter 7; CrowdCheck Letter 1; Grassi Letter; Hackers/Founders Letter; 

RocketHub Letter; Wefunder Letter; Wilson Letter.

506 See, e.g., Guzik Letter 1; Guzik Letter 2; Guzik Letter 3 (encouraging the Commission to provide an optional 

simplified disclosure format, perhaps in a question and answer format); Hackers/Founders Letter 

(encouraging the Commission to require a standard format and to allow issuers to provide additional 

information); Hamilton Letter (suggesting the Commission provide prototypes of Form C and sample 

disclosures); RocketHub (seeking a simple, standardized general form other than U-7 or A-1 to provide legal 

certainty); Saunders Letter (proposing that Form C be completed by selecting from a database of stock 

responses); SBA Office of Advocacy Letter (describing recommendations from its roundtable attendees to 

adopt a simple question and answer format similar to that previously used in Regulation A or to provide 

“standard boilerplate disclosures for some of the more complicated nonfinancial disclosures, such as risk 

factors,” that are not required by the JOBS Act).

We also received several comments prior to the Proposing Release on whether the Commission should 

require a specific format for the required disclosure. Several commenters recommended that the 

Commission require the disclosure on a form modeled after, or require the use of NASAA’s Small Company 

Offering Registration Form (U-7). See, e.g., Coan Letter; Liles Letter 1; Vim Funding Letter; NASAA 

Letter. One commenter suggested modeling the required disclosure format after then-current Form 1-A, 

which is used for securities offerings made pursuant to Regulation A, but which has since been modified as a 

result of recently adopted amendments to Regulation A. See 17 CFR 230.251 et seq.; Amendments to 

Regulation A, Release No. 33-9741 (March 25, 2015) [80 FR 21805 (April 20, 2015)] Regulation A 

Adopting Release”); Commonwealth of Massachusetts Letter 

507 See, e.g., Grassi Letter; Joinvestor Letter; PeoplePowerFund Letter; Public Startup Letter 2; Wefunder 

Letter; Wilson Letter.

508 See Wefunder Letter.

509 See Grassi Letter.
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c. Final Rules

We are adopting Form C and the related filing requirements510 with a few modifications 

from the proposed rules.

511 

First, the final rules will amend Regulation S-T to permit an issuer to submit exhibits to 

Form C in Portable Document Format (“PDF”) as official filings.

512 We appreciate the views of 

commenters that issuers would likely use various types of media for their offerings,513 and believe 

that permitting these materials to be filed in PDF format will allow for more diverse presentations 

of information to be reasonably available to investors through a standardized, commonly available 

media. Under the final rules, issuers may customize the presentation of their non-XML 

disclosures and file those disclosures as exhibits to the Form C. For example, an issuer may

provide the required disclosures by uploading to EDGAR, as an exhibit to Form C, a PDF version 

of the relevant information presented on the intermediary’s platform, including charts, graphs, and 

a transcript or description of any video presentation or any other media not reflected in the PDF. 

 510 An issuer that does not already have EDGAR filing codes, and to which the Commission has not previously 

assigned a user identification number, which we call a “Central Index Key (CIK)” code, will need to obtain 

the codes by filing electronically a Form ID [17 CFR 239.63; 249.446; 269.7 and 274.402] at 

https://www.filermanagement.edgarfiling.sec.gov. The applicant also will be required to submit a notarized 

authenticating document as a Portable Document Format (PDF) attachment to the electronic filing. The 

authenticating document will need to be manually signed by the applicant over the applicant’s typed 

signature, to include the information contained in the Form ID and to confirm the authenticity of the Form 

ID. See 17 CFR 232.10(b)(2). 

511 See Rule 203 of Regulation Crowdfunding. We have made some technical changes in the final rules that do 

not affect their substantive requirements. To maintain consistency with other Commission rules and to keep 

electronic filing requirements consolidated in Regulation S-T, we have deleted from proposed Rules 201, 

202 and 203 the phrase “on EDGAR” where it appeared after “file with the Commission.” We also have 

deleted the instruction to proposed Rule 203(a)(1) as the list of information set forth in that instruction was 

duplicative of the XML-based portion of Form C itself.

512 See Rule 101(a)(1)(xvii) of Regulation S-T. Regulation S-T generally allows PDF documents to be filed 

only as unofficial copies. See Rule 104 of Regulation S-T. However, Rule 101 provides for certain 

exceptions to this restriction. See, e.g., Rule 101(ix)(allowing a PDF attachment to Form ID); Rule 

101(a)(xiv)(requiring the filing of Form NRSRO and related exhibits in PDF as official filings). 

513 See, e.g., CFIRA Letter 6; CFIRA Letter 7; CrowdCheck Letter 1; Grassi Letter; Hackers/Founders Letter; 

RocketHub Letter; Wefunder Letter; Wilson Letter.
132

This approach should provide key offering information in a standardized format and give issuers 

flexibility in the presentation of other required disclosures. We believe this flexibility is important 

given that we expect that issuers engaged in offerings in reliance on Section 4(a)(6) would 

encompass a wide variety of industries at different stages of business development. 

We are adopting the XML-based fillable form as proposed with a few modifications.

514 

As suggested by some commenters,515 the XML-based portion of Form C will require issuers to 

indicate by checkbox the jurisdictions in which securities are intended to be offered. We also are 

changing the name of proposed Form C-A to Form C/A to be consistent with the naming 

convention of our other amendment forms and adding Form C-AR/A to allow, and facilitate 

identification of, the amendment of an issuer’s Form C-AR annual report. In addition, we are 

adding an instruction to clarify that the issuer should mark the appropriate box on the cover of 

Form C to indicate which form it is filing. We also are splitting the “Form, jurisdiction and date 

of organization” field into three fields to facilitate more accurate tracking of this data. We also 

inserted the statement required by paragraph (g) of Rule 201 immediately following the data 

required by that paragraph, so that statement appears together with the relevant data. Finally, we 

are modifying certain other field names and the General Instructions to Form C to clarify them or 

to reflect applicable changes to the disclosure requirements discussed above.

 514 As discussed in Section II.B.1, issuers will input in the proposed XML-based filing the following 

information: name, legal status and contact information of the issuer; name, SEC file number and CRD 

number (as applicable) of the intermediary through which the offering will be conducted; the amount of 

compensation paid to the intermediary to conduct the offering, including the amount of referral and other 

fees associated with the offering; any other direct or indirect interest in the issuer held by the intermediary, or 

any arrangement for the intermediary to acquire such an interest; number of securities offered; offering price; 

target offering amount; whether oversubscriptions will be accepted and, if so, how they will be allocated; 

maximum offering amount (if different from the target offering amount); deadline to reach the target offering 

amount; current number of employees of the issuer; selected financial data for the prior two fiscal years; and 

the jurisdictions in which the issuer intends to offer the securities.

515 See, e.g., Commonwealth of Massachusetts Letter; NASAA Letter.
133

We believe that requiring certain information to be submitted in XML format will support 

the assembly and transmission of those required disclosures to EDGAR on Form C.516 It also will 

make certain key information about each offering available to investors and market observers in 

electronic format and allow the Commission to observe the implementation of the crowdfunding 

exemption under Section 4(a)(6). Information will be available about the types of issuers using 

the exemption, including the issuers’ size, location, securities offered and offering amounts and 

the intermediaries through which the offerings are taking place. We believe the addition of the 

requirement to indicate the jurisdictions in which the issuer intends to offer the securities, as 

suggested by several commenters, will facilitate oversight by state regulators, who retain antifraud 

authority over crowdfunding transactions, while imposing only minimal costs on issuers.

In addition, in a change from the proposed rules, the final Form C includes an optional 

Question and Answer (“Q&A”) format that issuers may elect to use to provide the disclosures that 

are not required to be filed in XML format.517 Issuers opting to use this format would prepare 

their disclosures by answering the questions provided and filing that disclosure as an exhibit to the 

Form C. A number of commenters noted that an optional format such as this would be less 

burdensome for small issuers while still providing the Commission and investors with the required 

information.518 We believe that this option may help to facilitate compliance and ease burdens on 

by providing a mechanism by which issuers can easily confirm that they have provided all 

required information. 

 516 The Commission will make the information available via EDGAR both in a traditional text-based format for 

reading and as downloadable XML-tagged data for analysis. 

517 See Item 1 of General Instruction III to Form C of Regulation Crowdfunding.

518 See, e.g., Guzik Letter 1; Guzik Letter 2; Guzik Letter 3; Hackers/Founders Letter; Hamilton Letter; 

RocketHub Letter; Saunders Letter; SBA Office of Advocacy Letter.

.
134

Consistent with the proposal, we are adopting a single Form C for all filings under 

Regulation Crowdfunding.519 We believe that the use of one form will be more efficient than 

requiring multiple forms, will not result in unduly lengthy forms, and will simplify the filing 

process for issuers and their preparers. EDGAR will automatically provide each filing with an 

appropriate tag depending on which box the issuer checks so that investors can distinguish 

among the different filings.

We also are adopting, largely as proposed, the requirements to provide the offering 

information to investors and the relevant intermediary and make it available to potential investors 

under Section 4A(b)(1).

520 In addition, as discussed above in Section II.B., we moved the 

definition of “investor” from proposed Rule 300(c)(4) to Rule 100(d) to clarify that for purposes 

of all of Regulation Crowdfunding, “investor” includes any investor or any potential investor, as 

the context requires.521 In connection with this clarifying change, we have deleted the phrase 

“and make available to potential investors” each time it appeared in the rule text to avoid 

redundancy.522

The final rules provide that issuers will satisfy the requirement to file the offering 

information with the Commission and provide it to the relevant intermediary by filing the Form C: 

Offering Statement and any amendments and progress updates and providing to the relevant 

intermediary a copy of the disclosures filed with the Commission.

523 The initial offering 

 519 See Rule 203 of Regulation Crowdfunding.

520 See Rule 203(a) of Regulation Crowdfunding.

521 See Rule 100(d) of Regulation Crowdfunding.

522 See Rule 203(a) of Regulation Crowdfunding.

523 See Instructions 1 and 2 to paragraph (a) of Rule 203 of Regulation Crowdfunding. We anticipate that issuers 

seeking to engage in an offering in reliance on Section 4(a)(6) may likely work with an intermediary to 

prepare the disclosure that would be provided on the intermediary’s platform and filed with the Commission. 
135

statement should include all of the information that is provided on the intermediary’s website.524 

We also are adopting as proposed the requirements to file with the Commission and provide, or 

make available, as applicable, to investors and the relevant intermediary an amendment to the 

offering statement to disclose any material changes, additions or updates to information provided to 

investors through the intermediary’s platform.525 Issuers may, but are not required to, file an 

amendment to reflect other changes, additions or updates to information provided to investors 

through the intermediary’s platform that it considers not material. 

To satisfy the requirement to provide the disclosures, or make them available, as 

applicable, to investors, the final rules allow issuers to provide the information to investors 

electronically by referring investors to the information on the intermediary’s platform through a

posting on the issuer’s website or by e-mail.

526 As discussed in the proposal and noted by 

commenters, many issuers may not have e-mail addresses for investors. Accordingly, the final 

rules permit issuers to provide this information to investors through a website posting.527 

However, to the extent e-mail addresses for investors are available to issuers, issuers may

contact investors via e-mail to direct them to the posted information. We continue to believe 

that investors in this type of Internet-based offering will be familiar with obtaining information

on the Internet and that providing the information in this manner will be cost-effective for 

issuers. As discussed in the Proposing Release, we believe Congress contemplated that 

crowdfunding would, by its very nature, occur over the Internet or other similar electronic media

 

In some cases, intermediaries may offer, as part of their service, to file the disclosure with the Commission 

on behalf of the issuer.

524 See Rule 203(a)(1) of Regulation Crowdfunding.

525 See Rule 203(a)(2) of Regulation Crowdfunding.

526 See Instruction 2 to Rule 203(a) of Regulation Crowdfunding.

527 See, e.g., Grassi Letter; Wefunder Letter.
136

that is accessible to the public.

528 Therefore, consistent with the proposed rules, the final rules

do not require issuers to provide physical copies of the information to investors.

4. Prohibition on Advertising Terms of the Offering

a. Proposed Rules

Securities Act Section 4A(b)(2) provides that an issuer shall “not advertise the terms of the 

offering, except for notices which direct investors to the funding portal or broker.” Consistent 

with the statute, proposed Rule 204 of Regulation Crowdfunding would allow an issuer to publish 

a notice advertising the terms of an offering in reliance on Section 4(a)(6) so long as the notice 

includes the address of the intermediary’s platform on which additional information about the 

issuer and the offering may be found. The proposal did not impose limitations on how the issuer 

distributes the notices. As proposed, the notice could include no more than: (1) a statement that 

the issuer is conducting an offering, the name of the intermediary through which the offering is 

being conducted and a link directing the investor to the intermediary’s platform; (2) the terms of 

the offering; and (3) factual information about the legal identity and business location of the 

issuer, limited to the name of the issuer of the security, the address, phone number and website of 

the issuer, the e-mail address of a representative of the issuer and a brief description of the 

business of the issuer. Under the proposed rules, “terms of the offering” would include: (1) the 

amount of securities offered; (2) the nature of the securities; (3) the price of the securities; and (4) 

 528 We note that Section 301 of the JOBS Act states that “[Title III] may be cited as the ‘Capital Raising Online 

While Deterring Fraud and Unethical Non-Disclosure Act of 2012’.” See Section 301 of the JOBS Act. See 

also 158 Cong. Rec. S1689 (daily ed. March 15, 2012) (statement of Sen. Mark Warner) (“There is now the 

ability to use the Internet as a way for small investors to get the same kind of deals that up to this point only 

select investors have gotten..., where we can now use the power of the Internet, through a term called 

crowdfunding.”); id. at S1717 (Statement of Sen. Mary Landrieu) (“this crowdfunding bill—which is, in 

essence, a way for the Internet to be used to raise capital...”).
137

the closing date of the offering period. The proposed rules would not, however, restrict an 

issuer’s ability to communicate other information that does not refer to the terms of the offering.

The proposed rules also would allow an issuer to communicate with investors about the 

terms of the offering through communication channels provided by the intermediary on the 

intermediary’s platform, so long as the issuer identifies itself as the issuer in all communications.

b. Comments Received

Commenters were mostly supportive of these provisions. Several commenters expressed 

support for the proposed content of advertising notices529 and the definition of “terms of the 

offering.”530 A number of commenters also supported the proposal’s absence of a restriction on 

an issuer’s ability to communicate information that does not refer to the terms of the offering.

531

Several commenters requested clarification on various aspects of the proposal.532 

Several commenters recommended that, consistent with the proposal, the Commission not 

restrict the media or format that may be used for advertising notices,533 with some pointing to the 

changing nature of social media and potential new user interfaces.534 Two commenters, however, 

stated that communications about the offering should always be conducted through the 

intermediary.535 A number of commenters also supported allowing an issuer to communicate with 

 529 See, e.g., CFIRA Letter 6; Commonwealth of Massachusetts Letter; RocketHub Letter.

530 See, e.g., Arctic Island Letter 5; CFIRA Letter 6; Heritage Letter; Joinvestor Letter; RocketHub Letter.

531 See, e.g., ABA Letter; CFIRA Letter 6; Consumer Federation Letter; Hackers/Founders Letter; Public 

Startup Letter 2; RocketHub Letter.

532 See, e.g., ABA Letter (recommending the rule text include a safe harbor for regularly released factual 

business information so long as it does not refer to the terms of the offering); CIFRA Letter 6 (requesting 

more guidance on advertising formats and content and the definition of “terms of the offering”).

533 See, e.g., Arctic Island Letter 5; Joinvestor Letter; Public Startup Letter 2; RoC Letter; RocketHub Letter.

534 See, e.g., Arctic Island Letter 5; Public Startup Letter 2; RocketHub Letter.

535 See Hackers/Founders Letter (supporting the issuer being able to repost the communications elsewhere so 

long as it first appeared through the intermediary); Joinvestor Letter. 
138

investors about the terms of the offering through communication channels provided by the 

intermediary on the intermediary’s platform, so long as the issuer identifies itself in all 

communications.536

Some commenters opposed the proposed advertising rules, with some stating that the 

advertising restrictions are unnecessary because sales must occur through an intermediary’s 

platform, which would contain all of the relevant disclosures and investor acknowledgments.537 

One commenter asked that an issuer be given broader leeway to publicize its business or offering 

on its own website or social media platform so long as the specific terms of the offering can be 

found only through the intermediary’s platform.538 One commenter recommended allowing 

advertising notices to have a section for supplemental information highlighting certain intangible 

purposes such as a particular social cause.

539 

Two other commenters recommended that any advertising notices be filed with the 

Commission and/or the relevant intermediary.

540 Several other commenters supported the 

proposed approach of not having advertising notices filed with the Commission or the 

intermediary, citing concerns about various formats of the communications, inability to capture all 

third-party communications, and the costs associated with trying to capture the data.541

 536 See, e.g., ASSOB Letter; CFIRA Letter 6; Commonwealth of Massachusetts Letter; Consumer Federation 

Letter; Hackers/Founders Letter; Odhner Letter; Public Startup Letter 2; RoC Letter; RocketHub Letter; 

Wefunder Letter. Some of these commenters also recommended that all interested persons, such as officers, 

directors and other agents, should identify themselves in all communications on the intermediary’s platform. 

See CIFRA Letter 6; Hackers/Founders Letter.

537 See, e.g., FundHub Letter 1; Seed&Spark Letter (noting the proposed advertising restrictions will restrict the 

ability of filmmakers to market and raise money for their films); Arctic Island Letter 5; PeoplePowerFund 

Letter.

538 See Fryer Letter. 

539 See RocketHub Letter.

540 See, e.g., Commonwealth of Massachusetts Letter; CFIRA Letter 6.

541 See, e.g., Arctic Island Letter 5; ASSOB Letter; Public Startup Letter 2; RocketHub Letter.
139

c. Final Rules

We are adopting the prohibition on advertising terms of the offering substantially as 

proposed, with minor changes to the rule text for clarity.

542 Under the final rules, an advertising 

notice that includes the terms of the offering can include no more than: (1) a statement that the 

issuer is conducting an offering, the name of the intermediary through which the offering is being 

conducted and a link directing the investor to the intermediary’s platform; (2) the terms of the 

offering; and (3) factual information about the legal identity and business location of the issuer, 

limited to the name of the issuer of the security, the address, phone number and website of the 

issuer, the e-mail address of a representative of the issuer and a brief description of the business of 

the issuer. Consistent with the proposal, the final rules define “terms of the offering” to include: 

(1) the amount of securities offered; (2) the nature of the securities; (3) the price of the securities; 

and (4) the closing date of the offering period.543 

The permitted notices will be similar to “tombstone ads” under Securities Act Rule 134,544

except that the notices will be required to direct an investor to the intermediary’s platform through 

which the offering is being conducted, such as through a link directing the investor to the 

platform. 

Although at least one commenter recommended allowing advertising notices to have a 

section for supplemental information highlighting certain intangible purposes such as a particular 

social cause,545 we do not believe a separate section is necessary. Instead, this type of information 

may be included as part of the “brief description of the business.”

 542 See Rule 204 of Regulation Crowdfunding.

543 See Instruction to Rule 204 of Regulation Crowdfunding.

544 17 CFR 230.134.

545 See RocketHub Letter.
140

Two commenters

546 expressed concern that the proposed rule would not allow enough 

flexibility for brief, informal social media communications, but we disagree. A notice cannot 

include more than the enumerated matters, but an issuer has the flexibility not to include each of 

the enumerated matters in the notice, which may facilitate certain types of social media 

communications. For example, an issuer would be able to note on its own website or on social 

media that it is conducting an offering and direct readers to the materials on the intermediary’s 

platform. There is no requirement for legends on these notices because the issuer will be directing 

investors to the materials on the intermediary’s platform that will include those required legends.

We believe that this approach will provide flexibility for issuers while protecting investors 

by limiting the advertising of the terms of the offering to the information permitted in the notice 

and directing them to the intermediary’s platform where they can access the disclosures necessary 

for them to make informed investment decisions.

Consistent with the recommendation of several commenters,547 the final rules do not 

impose limitations on how the issuer distributes the notices. For example, an issuer could place 

notices in newspapers or post notices on social media sites or the issuer’s own website. We 

believe the final rules will allow issuers to leverage social media to attract investors, while at the 

same time protecting investors by limiting the ability of issuers to advertise the terms of the 

offering without directing them to the required disclosure. We are not adopting a requirement that 

all notices be filed with the Commission or relevant intermediary, as requested by some 

commenters.

548 Other commenters expressed concerns about the costs that would be associated 

 546 See FundHub Letter 1; Fryer Letter (“a rigid tombstone approach is inconsistent with the structure and 

informality of modern social media communication tools.”)

547 See, e.g., Arctic Island Letter 5; Joinvestor Letter; Public Startup Letter 2; RoC Letter; RocketHub Letter.

548 See, e.g., Hackers/Founders Letter; Joinvestor Letter. 
141

with such a requirement, and given that investors will be directed to the required disclosure on the 

intermediary’s platform, we believe the final rules appropriately take these factors into account.

549

Further, the final rules allow an issuer to communicate with investors about the terms of 

the offering through communication channels provided by the intermediary on the intermediary’s 

platform, so long as the issuer identifies itself as the issuer in all communications. We believe 

that one of the central tenets of the concept of crowdfunding is that the members of the crowd 

decide whether or not to fund an idea or business after sharing information with each other. As 

part of those communications, we believe it is important for the issuer to be able to respond to 

questions about the terms of the offering or even challenge or refute statements made through the 

communication channels provided by the intermediary. Therefore, the final rules do not restrict 

issuers from participating in those communications so long as the issuer identifies itself as the 

issuer in all communications.

Based on the suggestion of a few commenters,550 we are clarifying in the final rules that 

the prohibition on advertising the terms of the offering and related requirements apply to persons 

acting on behalf of the issuer.551 For example, persons acting on behalf of the issuer are required 

under Rule 204(c) to identify their affiliation with the issuer in all communications on the 

intermediary’s platform.552

In addition, the final rules do not restrict an issuer’s ability to communicate other 

information that might occur in the ordinary course of its operations and that does not refer to the 

terms of the offering. As stated in the Proposing Release, we believe that this is consistent with 

 549 See, e.g., ASSOB Letter; RocketHub Letter.

550 See, e.g., CIFRA Letter 6; Hackers/Founders Letter.

551 See Rule 204 of Regulation Crowdfunding.

552 See also Section II.B.5 for disclosures required by persons promoting the offering. 
142

the statute because Section 4A(b)(2) restricts the advertising of the terms of the offer. The 

Commission has interpreted the term “offer” broadly, however, and has explained that “the 

publication of information and publicity efforts, made in advance of a proposed financing which 

have the effect of conditioning the public mind or arousing public interest in the issuer or in its 

securities constitutes an offer...”553 In this regard, we also note that Securities Act Rule 169554

permits non-Exchange Act reporting issuers engaged in an initial public offering to continue to 

publish, subject to certain exclusions and conditions, regularly released factual business 

information that is intended for use by persons other than in their capacity as investors. 

While one commenter requested a safe harbor for regularly released factual business 

information so long as it does not refer to the terms of the offering,

555

we do not believe that a safe 

harbor is necessary. Ultimately, whether or not a communication is limited to factual business 

information depends on the facts and circumstances of that particular communication. However,

issuers may generally look to the provisions of Rule 169 for guidance in making this 

determination in the Regulation Crowdfunding context. 

5. Compensation of Persons Promoting the Offering

a. Proposed Rules

Consistent with Securities Act Section 4A(b)(3), proposed Rule 205 of Regulation 

Crowdfunding would prohibit an issuer from compensating, or committing to compensate, 

directly or indirectly, any person to promote the issuer’s offering through communication 

channels provided by the intermediary, unless the issuer takes reasonable steps to ensure that the 

 553 Securities Offering Reform, Release No. 33-8591 (July 19, 2005) [70 FR 44722 (Aug. 3, 2005)] at 44731. 

The term “offer” has been interpreted broadly and goes beyond the common law concept of an offer. See, 

e.g., Diskin v. Lomasney & Co., 452 F.2d 871 (2d. Cir. 1971). 

554 17 CFR 230.169. 

555 See ABA Letter.
143

person clearly discloses the receipt (both past and prospective) of compensation each time the 

person makes a promotional communication. Further, a founder or an employee of the issuer that 

engages in promotional activities on behalf of the issuer through the communication channels 

provided by the intermediary would be required to disclose, with each posting, that he or she is 

engaging in those activities on behalf of the issuer. 

Under the proposed rules, an issuer would not be able to compensate or commit to 

compensate, directly or indirectly, any person to promote its offerings outside of the 

communication channels provided by the intermediary, unless the promotion is limited to notices 

that comply with the proposed advertising rules.

b. Comments Received

Commenters were generally supportive of promoter disclosure and the proposed rule.556 A 

number of commenters supported the broad applicability of the proposed rules to persons acting 

on behalf of the issuer.557 Some commenters recommended that the issuer or intermediary bear 

more responsibility for ensuring that the identity of the promoters be prominently disclosed.

558

A number of commenters also supported the requirement in the proposal that an issuer not 

compensate or commit to compensate, directly or indirectly, any person to promote its offerings 

outside of the communication channels provided by the intermediary, unless the promotion is 

limited to notices that comply with the proposed advertising rules.559

 556 See, e.g., CFA Institute Letter; Consumer Federation Letter (supporting proposal but generally questioning 

the wisdom of allowing paid promoters to participate in the communication channels at all); NASAA Letter; 

NFIB Letter; Public Startup Letter 2.

557 See, e.g., CFA Institute Letter; CFIRA Letter 6; Commonwealth of Massachusetts Letter; Consumer 

Federation Letter; Hackers/Founders Letter; Joinvestor Letter; RocketHub Letter; MCS Letter.

558 See, e.g., ASSOB Letter; Commonwealth of Massachusetts Letter; Joinvestor Letter; MCS Letter; RoC 

Letter; RocketHub Letter.

559 See, e.g., ASSOB Letter; Consumer Federation Letter; Joinvestor Letter; Public Startup Letter 2; RoC Letter; 

RocketHub Letter. 
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c. Final Rules

We are adopting, as proposed, final rules about the compensation of persons promoting the 

offering, with one clarifying change.

560 We anticipate that communication channels provided by 

the intermediary will provide a forum through which investors could share information to help the 

members of the crowd decide whether or not to fund the issuer. We believe that it will be 

important for investors to know whether persons using those communication channels are persons 

acting on behalf of the issuer or persons receiving compensation from the issuer (or from persons 

acting on behalf of the issuer), to promote the issuer’s offering because of the potential for selfinterest or bias in communications by these persons. 

A number of commenters supported the broad applicability of the proposed rules to 

persons acting on behalf of the issuer.561 The text of the proposed rule included a sentence stating 

that the disclosure obligation would apply to “a founder or an employee of the issuer that engages 

in promotional activities on behalf of the issuer through the communication channels.” Based on 

comments received, we are removing that sentence and adding an instruction to clarify that the 

requirement applies broadly to all persons acting on behalf of the issuer, regardless of whether or 

not the compensation they receive is specifically for the promotional activities. The change is 

intended to clarify that the disclosure requirement applies to persons hired specifically to promote 

the offering as well as to persons (including, but not limited to, founders, employees and directors) 

who are otherwise employed by the issuer or who undertake promotional activities on behalf of 

the issuer.

 560 See Rule 205 of Regulation Crowdfunding.

561 See, e.g., CFA Institute Letter; CFIRA Letter 6; Commonwealth of Massachusetts Letter; Consumer 

Federation Letter; Hackers/Founders Letter; Joinvestor Letter; RocketHub Letter; MCS Letter.
145

While we appreciate the views of commenters who suggested that we impose additional 

requirements on issuers or intermediaries to ensure that the identity of promoters is prominently 

disclosed, we believe the requirement that the issuer take reasonable steps to ensure that 

promoters clearly disclose the receipt of compensation for communications is sufficient to achieve 

the objectives of this provision without being overly prescriptive. There are a number of 

reasonable steps the issuer can take to ensure compliance. An issuer could, for example, 

contractually require any promoter to include the required statement about receipt of 

compensation, confirm that the promoter is adhering to the intermediary’s terms of use that 

require promoters to affirm whether or not they are compensated by the issuer, monitor 

communications made by such persons and take the necessary steps to have any communications 

that do not have the required statement removed promptly from the communication channels, or 

retain a person specifically identified by the intermediary to promote all issuers on its platform. 

As proposed, the final rules also specify that the issuer shall not compensate or commit to 

compensate, directly or indirectly, any person to promote its offerings outside of the 

communication channels provided by the intermediary, unless the promotion is limited to notices 

that comply with the advertising rules discussed above in Section II.B.4.

562 This prohibition 

should prevent issuers from circumventing the restrictions on advertising by compensating a third

party to do what the issuer cannot do directly.

 562 See Rule 205(b) of Regulation Crowdfunding.
146

6. Other Issuer Requirements

a. Oversubscriptions

The proposed rules would not limit an issuer’s ability to accept investments in excess of 

the target offering amount, subject to the $1 million annual limit.563 Issuers would be required to 

disclose how much they would be willing to accept in oversubscriptions, how the 

oversubscriptions would be allocated, and the intended purpose of those additional funds. 

Commenters were generally supportive of this approach to oversubscriptions.564 Some 

commenters supported the proposed flexibility to allow issuers to determine how to allocate 

oversubscribed offerings, 565 while other commenters recommended that the Commission require 

issuers to allocate oversubscriptions using a prescribed method. 566 Two commenters 

recommended that the Commission limit the maximum oversubscription amount to a certain 

percentage of the target offering amount,567 while two other commenters opposed such a limit.

568 

One commenter recommended that the Commission revise the proposed rules to clarify that 

issuers would be required to disclose the “other” basis upon which oversubscriptions would be 

allocated.569

 563 See proposed Rule 201(h) and Instruction to paragraph (i) of Rule 201 of Regulation Crowdfunding, and 

cover page of Form C.

564 See, e.g., CFA Institute letter; EMKF letter; Jacobson letter; Wefunder letter.

565 See, e.g., ASSOB Letter; CFA Institute Letter; EMKF Letter; Public Startup Letter 2; RocketHub Letter; 

Wefunder letter.

566 See, e.g., Fund Democracy Letter (pro-rata); Consumer Federation Letter (same as Fund Democracy); 

Joinvestor letter (first-come, first-served or algorithmic random selection); PeoplePowerFund Letter (firstcome, first-served).

567 See Joinvestor Letter (10%); RFPIA Letter (20%).

568 See Jacobson Letter; Public Startup Letter 2.

569 See Fund Democracy Letter.
147

We are adopting the rule relating to oversubscriptions as proposed, with one clarifying 

change.570 We do not believe, as some commenters suggested, that it is necessary to limit the 

maximum oversubscription amount. Nor do we believe it is necessary to prescribe how to allocate

oversubscribed offerings so long as the issuer discloses, at the commencement of the offering, 

how securities in such offerings will be allocated, and the intended purpose of those additional 

funds. This disclosure should provide investors with information they need to make informed 

investment decisions while providing issuers flexibility to structure the offering as they believe 

appropriate. In response to a comment received,571

we are clarifying in the final rules that, 

regardless of the structure, the issuer must describe how securities in oversubscribed offerings will 

be allocated. 

b. Offering Price

As discussed above in Section II.B.1.a.i.(e), proposed Rule 201(l) would require an issuer 

to disclose the offering price of the securities or, in the alternative, the method for determining the 

price, provided that prior to any sale of securities, each investor is provided in writing the final 

price and all required disclosure. The proposed rules would not require issuers to set a fixed price 

or prohibit dynamic pricing. 

We received a few comments supporting the proposed approach or expressing opposition

to requiring a fixed price,572 while another commenter suggested the Commission require issuers 

to set a fixed price.

573 

 570 See Rule 201(h) to Regulation Crowdfunding.

571 See Fund Democracy Letter.

572 See, e.g., CFA Institute Letter (stating that disclosure of changes and methods used to determine share prices, 

along with investors’ rights to cancel their investment commitments, provide reasonable safeguards); Wilson 

Letter; Public Startup Letter 2.

573 See RocketHub Letter.
148

We are adopting the final rules as proposed.574 While we appreciate the view of at least 

one commenter575 that a fixed price may be simpler for investors to understand, we believe that

the statute contemplated flexible pricing by providing that issuers may disclose the method for 

determining the price, provided that the final price and required disclosures are provided to each 

investor prior to any sales. We also believe the cancellation rights in the final rules576 will provide

investors a reasonable opportunity to cancel their investment commitment if they wish to do so 

after the price is fixed. 

c. Types of Securities Offered and Valuation

The proposed rules would not limit the type of securities that may be offered in reliance on 

Section 4(a)(6) nor prescribe a method for valuing the securities. Issuers would be required to 

describe the terms of the securities and the valuation method in their offering materials.

A number of commenters generally supported not limiting the types of securities that may 

be offered and sold in reliance of Section 4(a)(6).

577 Comments were more varied on valuation 

methodology. Some commenters recommended that the Commission neither require nor prohibit 

a specific valuation methodology,578 while others recommended that the Commission prescribe a 

set of valuation standards that have universal application for startups. 579 Two commenters 

recommended that the Commission require issuers to base the valuation of their securities on the 

 574 See Rule 201(l) of Regulation Crowdfunding. See also Section II.C.6 for a discussion of cancellation 

provisions.

575 See RocketHub Letter.

576 See Rules 201(j) and 201(k) of Regulation Crowdfunding.

577 See, e.g., CFA Institute Letter; Concerned Capital Letter; Crowdstockz Letter; Hackers/Founders Letter; 

Joinvestor Letter; Public Startup Letter 2; RocketHub Letter; Tiny Cat Letter; Wilson Letter. 

578 See, e.g., Hackers/Founders Letter; Heritage Letter; PeoplePowerFund Letter; Public Startup Letter 2; 

RocketHub Letter; Wilson Letter.

579 See, e.g., 11 Wells Letter; Active Agenda Letter; Borrell Letter; Ellenbogen Letter; Greer Letter; Mountain 

Hardwear Letter; Moyer Letter; NaviGantt Letter; Vidal Letter.
149

price at which the issuer previously sold securities,580 and another commenter recommended that 

the Commission consider whether additional standards are needed to ensure that securities are 

fairly valued and that approaches to valuation that put investors at a disadvantage be prohibited.581 

One commenter generally supported requiring issuers to describe how securities being offered are 

being valued,582 while another commenter generally opposed such requirement.583

We are adopting, as proposed, final rules that neither limit the type of securities that may 

be offered in reliance on Section 4(a)(6) nor prescribe a method for valuing the securities.584 We 

noted in the proposal that the statute refers to “securities” and does not limit the type of securities 

that could be offered pursuant to the exemption. Issuers are required to describe the terms of the 

securities and the valuation method in their offering materials.585 We believe this approach is 

consistent with the statute and will provide flexibility to issuers to determine the types of 

securities that they offer to investors and how those securities are valued, while providing 

investors with the information they need to make an informed investment decision. 

While some commenters suggested that the Commission should provide specific valuation 

methods or standards for securities-based crowdfunding transactions, we are not persuaded that 

there would be sufficient benefits to being prescriptive in this regard. Methods and valuations of 

early stage companies vary significantly, and any attempt to choose a particular valuation 

methodology could limit flexibility and have the result of endorsing one approach over another 

 580 See, e.g., Public Startup Letter 3; Wefunder Letter.

581 See Consumer Federation Letter.

582 See CFIRA Letter 7.

583 See Thomas Letter 2 (recommending that if issuers are required to describe the valuation method in their 

offering materials, the rule should provide “safe harbor” language that issuers can use in providing such 

description.)

584 See Rule 201(m) of Regulation Crowdfunding. 

585 See Rule 201(m)(1) and (4) of Regulation Crowdfunding. 
150

without necessarily having a sound basis for doing so. We believe the requirement that issuers 

describe the methods they use to value their securities in their offering materials, including the 

requirement that they describe examples of methods for how such securities may be valued by the 

issuer in the future, will provide investors with the information they need to make an informed 

investment decision.

The final rules do not limit the types of securities that may be offered in reliance on 

Section 4(a)(6), and thus debt securities may be offered and sold in crowdfunding transactions. 

As we stated in the Proposing Release, in general, the issuance of a debt security raises questions 

about the applicability of the Trust Indenture Act of 1939 (“Trust Indenture Act”).586 Although 

the Trust Indenture Act applies to any debt security sold through the use of the mails or interstate 

commerce, including debt securities sold in transactions that are exempt from Securities Act 

registration, Trust Indenture Act Section 304(b) provides an exemption for any transaction that is 

exempted by Securities Act Section 4 from the provisions of Section 5 of the Act.

587 An issuer 

offering debt securities in reliance on Section 4(a)(6), therefore, would be able to rely on this 

exemption.588 Based on the availability of this exemption, we are not adopting a specific 

exemption from the requirements of the Trust Indenture Act for offerings of debt securities made 

in reliance on Section 4(a)(6).

 586 15 U.S.C. 77aaa et seq. 

587 15 U.S.C. 77ddd(b). 

588 Trust Indenture Act Section 304(a)(8) [15 U.S.C. 77ddd(a)(8)] and Rule 4a-1 [17 CFR 260.4a-1] also 

provide an exemption to issue up to $5 million of debt securities without an indenture in any 12-month 

period. 
151

C. Intermediary Requirements

1. Definitions of Funding Portals and Associated Persons

a. Proposed Rules

Securities Act Section 4(a)(6)(C) requires a crowdfunding transaction to be conducted 

through a broker or funding portal that complies with the requirements of Securities Act Section 

4A(a). The term “broker” is generally defined in Exchange Act Section 3(a)(4) as any person that 

effects transactions in securities for the account of others. Exchange Act Section 3(a)(80) defines 

the term “funding portal” as any person acting as an intermediary in a transaction involving the 

offer or sale of securities for the account of others, solely pursuant to Securities Act Section 

4(a)(6), that does not: (1) offer investment advice or recommendations; (2) solicit purchases, sales 

or offers to buy the securities offered or displayed on its website or portal; (3) compensate 

employees, agents or other persons for such solicitation or based on the sale of securities 

displayed or referenced on its website or portal; (4) hold, manage, possess or otherwise handle 

investor funds or securities; or (5) engage in such other activities as the Commission, by rule, 

determines appropriate.589

In the Proposing Release, we explained that because a funding portal would be engaged in 

the business of effecting securities transactions for the accounts of others through crowdfunding, it 

would be a “broker” within the meaning of Section 3(a)(4) of the Exchange Act.590 Accordingly, 

proposed Rule 300(c)(2) of Regulation Crowdfunding would define “funding portal” consistent 

with the statutory definition of “funding portal,” with the substitution of the word “broker” for the 

word “person.” 

 589 Congress in the JOBS Act inadvertently created two Sections 3(a)(80) in the Exchange Act, the other being 

the definition of “emerging growth company” (added by Section 101(b) of Title I of the JOBS Act).

590 See Proposing Release at 78 FR 66458. See also discussion in Section II.D.2.
152

We also stated in the Proposing Release that the proposed rules would apply not only to 

funding portals, but also to their associated persons in many instances. The terms “person 

associated with a broker or dealer” and “associated person of a broker or dealer” are defined in 

Exchange Act Section 3(a)(18).591 Proposed Rule 300(c)(1) of Regulation Crowdfunding would 

similarly define the term “person associated with a funding portal or associated person of a 

funding portal” to mean any partner, officer, director or manager of a funding portal (or any 

person occupying a similar status or performing similar functions), any person directly or 

indirectly controlling or controlled by a funding portal, or any employee of a funding portal, other 

than persons whose functions are solely clerical or ministerial. The proposed rules would provide, 

however, that persons who are excluded from the definition of associated person of a funding 

portal because their functions are solely clerical or ministerial would remain subject to our 

sanctioning authority under Exchange Act Sections 15(b)(4) and 15(b)(6).592 This definition is 

consistent with, and modeled on, the language of Exchange Act Section 3(a)(18).593

In proposed Rule 300(c)(4), we also defined “investor” as any investor or any potential 

investor, as the context requires.

b. Comments on the Proposed Rules

The Proposing Release requested comments on whether there were funding portal 

activities, other than those in Exchange Act Section 3(a)(80), that we should prohibit, and whether 

 591 15 U.S.C. 78c(a)(18).

592 Section 15(b)(4) (15 U.S.C. 78o(b)(4)) authorizes the Commission to bring administrative proceedings for 

the imposition of sanctions, up to and including the revocation of a broker’s registration, when the broker 

violates the federal securities laws (and for other misconduct). Section 15(b)(6) (15 U.S.C. 78o(b)(6)) 

provides similar sanctioning authority with respect to persons associated with a broker, including the ability 

to bar such persons from associating with any Commission registrant. 

593 We note, however, that the definition in proposed Rule 300(c)(1) does not include persons under common 

control with the funding portal, unlike the definition in Exchange Act Section 3(a)(18) which includes such 

persons as associated persons of broker-dealers.
153

any prohibitions should be modified or removed. We also requested comments about whether 

further guidance was necessary on the provisions of the Exchange Act and the rules and 

regulations thereunder that would apply to funding portals. 

Some commenters stated that the Commission should not provide any further guidance or 

prohibitions on funding portal activity in addition to those required by statute.

594 One of these 

commenters stated that the proposed regulations for funding portal activities are “sufficient for 

investor protection and proper regulatory oversight.”595 Another commenter opposed removing or 

modifying the statutory limitations on funding portal activities, stating that if funding portals wish 

to engage in the prohibited activities, they could do so by registering, and being appropriately 

regulated as, broker-dealers.596 

c. Final Rules

After considering the comments, we are adopting, as proposed, the definitions of

“associated person of a funding portal or person associated with a funding portal” and “funding

portal” in Rules 300(c)(1) and(2), respectively. In particular, we believe that, at the present time,

the statutory prohibitions on a funding portal in Exchange Act Section 3(a)(80), as reflected in the 

final rule definition of a funding portal, provide appropriate investor protections. 

We also are adopting the definition of “investor” from the proposed rules but have moved 

the definition to Rule 100(d), and made a modification to clarify that the definition applies to all 

 594 See, e.g., RocketHub Letter; Tiny Cat Letter (stating that the proposed regulations provide a “healthy level of 

investor protection, but are not overly burdensome and we wholeheartedly appreciate the [C]ommission’s 

general attitude of restraint”). Another commenter also opposed additional prohibitions, stating that “to add 

prohibitions would be an illegal Rule not authorized by the JOBS Act legislation.” See Public Startup Letter 

2. This commenter made a similar argument with respect to various aspects of the rule. We note, however, 

that the JOBS Act provides the Commission the authority to provide other requirements for the protection of 

investors and in the public interest. See, e.g., Securities Act Section 4A(a)(12); 4A(b)(5).

595 See Tiny Cat Letter.

596 See Consumer Federation Letter.
154

of Regulation Crowdfunding.597 Although commenters did not address the definition of 

“investor,” we are making this change to address any potential confusion about whether the 

definition is applicable to all of Regulation Crowdfunding.

2. General Requirements for Intermediaries

a. Registration and SRO Membership

(1) Proposed Rules

Securities Act Section 4A(a)(1) requires that a person acting as an intermediary in a 

crowdfunding transaction register with the Commission as a broker or as a funding portal.598 

Proposed Rule 300(a)(1) of Regulation Crowdfunding would implement this requirement by 

providing that a person acting as an intermediary in a transaction involving the offer or sale of 

securities made in reliance on Section 4(a)(6) must be registered with the Commission as a broker 

under Exchange Act Section 15(b), or as a funding portal pursuant to Section 4A(a)(1) and 

proposed Rule 400 of Regulation Crowdfunding. As discussed below, we also proposed to make 

the information that a funding portal provides on the proposed registration form (i.e., Form 

Funding Portal), other than personally identifiable information or other information with a 

significant potential for misuse, accessible to the public.599

Securities Act Section 4A(a)(2) requires an intermediary to register with any applicable 

self-regulatory organization (“SRO”), as defined in Exchange Act Section 3(a)(26).600 Exchange 

 597 See Section II.B.1. 

598 As we noted in the Proposing Release, facilitating crowdfunded transactions (which involve the offer or sale 

of securities by an issuer and not secondary market activity) alone would not require an intermediary to 

register as an exchange or as an alternative trading system (i.e., registration as a broker-dealer subject to 

Regulation ATS). See Proposing Release at 78 FR 66459 (discussing secondary market activity and 

exchange or ATS registration).

599 See Section II.D.1 (discussing registration requirements).

600 15 U.S.C. 78c(a)(26). Exchange Act Section 3(a)(26) defines an “SRO” to include, among other things, a 

“registered securities association.” Id. 
155

Act Section 3(h)(1)(B) separately requires, as a condition of the exemption from broker 

registration, that a funding portal be a member of a national securities association that is registered 

with the Commission under Exchange Act Section 15A. Proposed Rule 300(a)(2) would

implement these provisions by requiring an intermediary in a transaction involving the offer or 

sale of securities made in reliance on Section 4(a)(6) to be a member of FINRA or any other 

national securities association registered under Exchange Act Section 15A. Currently, FINRA is 

the only registered national securities association.

We also proposed definitions for the terms “intermediary” and “SRO” in proposed Rules 

300(c)(3) and 300(c)(5) of Regulation Crowdfunding, respectively. As proposed, intermediary 

would mean a broker registered under Section 15(b) of the Exchange Act or a funding portal 

registered under proposed Rule 400 of Regulation Crowdfunding and would include, where 

relevant, an associated person of the registered broker or registered funding portal. SRO was 

proposed to have the same meaning as in Section 3(a)(26) of the Exchange Act. 

(2) Comments on the Proposed Rules

Commenters generally supported FINRA being the appropriate SRO and national 

securities association for intermediaries.601 In the Proposing Release, we asked if we were to 

approve the registration of another national securities association under Exchange Act Section 15A 

in the future, in addition to FINRA, whether it would it be appropriate for us to require 

membership in both the existing and new association. Commenters urged that intermediaries be 

required to register with only one such national securities association.602

 601 See, e.g., Joinvestor Letter; RocketHub Letter. One commenter stated that funding portals should not be 

required to register with the Commission or become FINRA members because, unlike brokers, they serve 

only as an “information delivery service.” See Perfect Circle Letter. We note, however, that registration is a 

statutory requirement under Securities Act Section 4A(a)(1).

602 See, e.g., Joinvestor Letter; Public Startup Letter 2; RocketHub Letter; Vann Letter.
156

Certain commenters expressed concern about potential competitive advantages of 

registered broker-dealers over funding portals, suggesting that the Commission should prohibit 

brokers from engaging in transactions conducted pursuant to Section 4(a)(6) until funding portals 

can become registered,603 or provide funding portals a grace period so they may be able to operate 

before their registration becomes effective.604 Another commenter, however, suggested that 

licensed broker-dealers should be immediately authorized to provide services associated with a 

“registered crowdfunding portal” to any issuer looking to self-host or to an issuer that has “an 

offline mechanism available for crowdfunding.”605 

In response to our requests for comment in the Proposing Release, commenters were also

divided on whether the Commission should require minimum qualification, testing and licensure 

requirements for funding portals and their associated persons. 606

(3) Final Rules

After considering the comments, we are adopting Rule 300(a) generally as proposed but 

deleting specific references to FINRA in the final rule, as well as the rest of Regulation 

Crowdfunding and Form Funding Portal, when referring to a registered national securities 

association. Although we recognize that FINRA is currently the only registered national 

securities, we believe it is redundant to specifically include its name when referring to registered 

national securities associations in the rule text and Form Funding Portal. 

 603 See, e.g., RocketHub Letter.

604 See, e.g., Joinvestor Letter.

605 Public Startup Letter 2.

606 Comments in support included Hakanson Letter; Reichman Letter; RocketHub Letter. See also CrowdCorp 

Letter (stating that the Commission should establish a separate licensing scheme for persons who help 

prepare issuer disclosure documents and advise issuers, but who are not brokers or funding portals). 

Comments opposed included Public Startup Letter 2; Startup Valley Letter.
157

We are cognizant of the fact that funding portals must register with the Commission and 

become compliant with an entirely new set of rules. The effective date for the final rules (which 

is 180 days after publication in the Federal Register, except for § 227.400, Form Funding Portal,

and the amendments to Form ID, which are effective January 29, 2016) is designed to provide a 

sufficient amount of time for funding portals to register and establish the necessary infrastructure 

to comply with other requirements being imposed in Regulation Crowdfunding before any 

intermediaries – either broker-dealers or funding portals – may engage in crowdfunding activities. 

We believe this should address commenters’ concerns that broker-dealers otherwise may gain a 

competitive advantage if they were able to engage in crowdfunding activities before funding 

portals are able to comply with the requirements needed to begin operation.607

 While FINRA is the only registered national securities association at present, we 

recognize that a new national securities association or associations could register with us in the 

future. At that time, a funding portal could choose to become a member of the new association(s)

instead of, or in addition to, its FINRA membership. As we noted above, we requested comment 

on whether we should require membership in both the existing national securities association 

(FINRA) and a new national securities association, if we were to approve another national 

securities association in the future. We have considered commenters’ views and have determined 

not to require that funding portals be members of multiple securities associations (should new

associations be registered in the future). Because all registered national securities associations 

must satisfy the same statutory standards set forth in Exchange Act Section 15A, we do not 

 607 We note that broker-dealers may nonetheless have a competitive advantage to the extent that they are able to

provide a wider range of services than those permitted funding portals under the statute. However, we 

believe this competitive advantage is balanced to a significant degree by a strong regulatory regime tailored 

to that wider range of services. 
158

believe at this time that requiring membership in additional associations would add significant 

investor protections. 

After considering comments, we have determined not to impose any licensing, testing or 

qualification requirements for associated persons of funding portals. We believe that a registered 

national securities association is well-positioned, given the requirements for registration as a 

national securities association, as well as the statutory and regulatory requirements that apply to 

such a registered entity, to determine whether to propose additional requirements such as 

licensing, testing or qualification requirements for associated persons of funding portals.

608

We also are adopting as proposed the definitions for the terms “intermediary” in Rule 

300(c)(3). However, we are removing the definition of “self-regulatory organization” and “SRO” 

from the final rules because the term is already defined in Exchange Act Section 3(a)(26). 

b. Financial Interests

(1) Proposed Rules

Securities Act Section 4A(a)(11) requires an intermediary to prohibit its directors, officers 

or partners (or any person occupying a similar status or performing a similar function) from 

having any financial interest in an issuer using its services. In the Proposing Release, we 

proposed to use our discretion to extend the prohibition to the intermediary itself. Thus, proposed 

Rule 300(b) of Regulation Crowdfunding would prohibit the intermediary, as well as its directors, 

officers or partners (or any person occupying a similar status or performing a similar function), 

from having: (1) a financial interest in an issuer using its services; and (2) from receiving a 

financial interest in the issuer as compensation for services provided to, or for the benefit of, the 

 608 All SROs are required to file proposed rules and rule changes with us under Exchange Act Section 19(b) and 

Rule 19b–4. In general, the Commission reviews proposed SRO rules and rule changes and publishes them 

for comment. The Commission then approves or disapproves them, or the rules become effective 

immediately or by operation of law. 
159

issuer, in connection with the offer and sale of its securities. Proposed Rule 300(b) defined “a 

financial interest in an issuer” to mean a direct or indirect ownership of, or economic interest in, 

any class of the issuer’s securities.

(2) Comments on the Proposed Rules

In general, commenters supported the Commission’s proposed financial interest 

prohibition as it applies to an intermediary’s directors, officers or partners (or any person 

occupying a similar status or performing a similar function),609 as well as the proposed definition 

of financial interest.610 In contrast, however, many commenters opposed the Commission’s 

proposed prohibition on an intermediary itself having or receiving a financial interest in the 

issuer,611 while some supported this proposed prohibition.612 

Commenters who supported our proposal to extend the prohibition on financial interests to 

the intermediary suggested that such prohibitions may help to mitigate conflicts of interests.613 

One commenter stated that an intermediary having a financial interest in the issuer would skew

 609 See, e.g., CFA Institute Letter; Consumer Federation Letter; Jacobson Letter.

610 See, e.g., Hackers/Founders Letter; Joinvestor Letter; Tiny Cat Letter. See also Consumer Federation Letter 

(stating that the Commission should “monitor practices in this area once rules are adopted to ensure that the 

intended limits appropriate to intermediaries’ gatekeeper functions are not being circumvented through the 

use of other types of payments or financial arrangements”).

611 See, e.g., AngelList Letter; Anonymous Letter 3; Arctic Island Letter 6; EMKF Letter; Growthfountain 

Letter; Guzik Letter 1; Hackers/Founders Letter; Heritage Letter; Milken Institute Letter; Propellr Letter 1; 

Public Startup Letter 2; RoC Letter; RocketHub Letter; Seyfarth Letter; Thomas Letter 1.

612 See, e.g., CFA Institute Letter; Clapman Letter; Consumer Federation Letter; Jacobson Letter; Joinvestor 

Letter.

613 See, e.g., CFA Institute Letter; Consumer Federation Letter (“An intermediary that is compensated through 

receipt of a financial interest in an issuer may have an incentive to take steps to ensure that the issuer reaches 

its funding target so that the offering can move forward or engage in other practices designed to artificially 

inflate the value of its securities.”); Jacobson Letter.
160

the incentives of the intermediary toward its own interests rather than the integrity of the 

transaction, and also stated its view that disclosure of this interest could not cure this problem.614

Several commenters who opposed the prohibition on an intermediary having a financial 

interest in the issuer suggested that the prohibition would reduce the number and types of 

intermediaries that might otherwise participate in crowdfunding activities.615 These commenters

asserted that allowing an intermediary to take this financial interest would provide an option 

through which issuers could provide payment to the intermediary for its services, and also permit 

co-investments, which would ultimately benefit investors.616 These commenters also asserted that 

such a financial interest could align the interests of intermediaries with those of investors.617 One 

commenter suggested that “by removing an upfront cost and incentivizing an ongoing relationship 

between the intermediary and the issuer, equity compensation for intermediaries fulfils the 

Commission’s twin aims of efficient capital markets and investor protection.”618 Another 

commenter noted that permitting the intermediary to take a financial interest in the issuer would 

encourage the development of funding portals that are sponsored by or affiliated with Community 

 614 See Jacobson Letter. 

615 See, e.g., Hackers/Founders Letter (“Furthermore, rules that preclude the [i]ntermediary from holding any 

financial interest would overly restrict the [i]ntermediary environment; for example, such restrictions might 

prevent a diverse set of platforms from developing that serve the specific needs of different communities. 

The impact of which might disproportionately impact certain communities, such as the not‐for‐profit 

community.”).

616 See, e.g., EMKF Letter (“The current proposed rules with a fee-based system is a recipe for disaster. No 

credible startups that have viable alternatives would choose to pay 5-15% of their fundraising round in cash 

to an intermediary.”). 

617 See, e.g., AngelList Letter (“So long as the program was consistently applied without judgment by the 

intermediary, the net effect would purely be to align the interests of the intermediary with the investor.”). 

See also EMKF Letter; Hackers/Founders Letter; Heritage Letter; Milken Institute Letter; RoC Letter; 

Thomas Letter 1.

618 Seyfarth Letter.
161

Development Financial Institutions (“CDFIs”).619 Yet another commenter suggested that 

permitting the intermediary to take a financial interest in the issuer would incentivize

intermediaries to screen potential issuers for possible fraud or wrongdoing.620 Other commenters 

supported permitting the intermediary to take a financial interest in the issuer so long as the terms 

of the financial interests taken by the intermediary are the same as or not more favorable than 

those taken by investors in the offering.621 Commenters suggested additional measures, such as 

adequate disclosure,622 a five percent interest limitation,623 and restrictions on the ability of an 

intermediary to transfer its interests in the issuer, could help to address any conflicts of interest 

concerns.

624

(3) Final Rules

After considering the comments, we are adopting Rule 300(b), as proposed, with respect to 

an intermediary’s directors, officers or partners (or any person occupying a similar status or 

 619 See Concerned Capital Letter (suggesting the Commission broaden the definition of intermediaries to 

encourage portals sponsored by and/or affiliated with U.S. Treasury-recognized CDFIs and exempt such 

portals from the prohibitions against having a financial interest in issuers). See also City First Letter 

(suggesting that the Commission allow CDFIs to act as co-lenders). 

The Community Development Financial Institutions Fund, which was established by the Riegle Community 

Development and Regulatory Improvement Act of 1994, is a government program that promoted access to 

capital and local economic growth by, among other things, investing in, supporting and training CDFIs that 

provide loans, investments, financial services and technical assistance to underserved populations and 

communities. See generally http://www.cdfifund.gov/what_we_do/programs_id.asp?programID=9. A 

certified Community Development Financial Institution (“CDFI”) is a specialized financial institution that 

works in market niches that are underserved by traditional financial institutions. CDFIs provide a unique 

range of financial products and services in economically distressed target markets, such as mortgage 

financing for low-income and first-time homebuyers and not-for-profit developers, flexible underwriting and 

risk capital for needed community facilities, and technical assistance, commercial loans and investments to 

small start-up or expanding businesses in low-income areas. CDFIs include regulated institutions such as 

community development banks and credit unions, and non-regulated institutions such as loan and venture 

capital funds. 

620 See Anonymous Letter 3.

621 See, e.g., Hackers/Founders Letter; Propellr 1 Letter; Public Startup Letter 2; RocketHub Letter.

622 See, e.g., Growthfountain Letter; Hackers/Founders Letter; Propellr Letter 1; RoC Letter; RocketHub Letter.

623 See RocketHub Letter.

624 See Hackers/Founders Letter.
162

performing a similar function). Rule 300(b), as adopted, prohibits an intermediary’s directors, 

officers or partners (or any person occupying a similar status or performing a similar function) 

from having any financial interest in an issuer using its services. Rule 300(b) also specifically 

prohibits these persons from receiving a financial interest in the issuer as compensation for 

services provided to, or for the benefit of, the issuer, in connection with the offer and sale of its 

securities. Consistent with the proposal, Rule 300(b), as adopted, defines “a financial interest in 

an issuer” to mean a direct or indirect ownership of, or economic interest in, any class of the 

issuer’s securities. 625

We are not adopting, however, the proposed complete prohibition on the intermediary 

itself having or receiving a financial interest in an issuer using its services. Although 

intermediaries are generally prohibited under the rule as adopted from having such a financial 

interest, as discussed below, in response to comments, we have amended the rule to permit an 

intermediary to have a financial interest in an issuer that is offering or selling securities in reliance 

on Section 4(a)(6) through the intermediary’s platform, provided that: (1) the intermediary 

receives the financial interest from the issuer as compensation for the services provided to, or for 

the benefit of, the issuer in connection with the offer or sale of such securities being offered or 

sold in reliance on Section 4(a)(6) through the intermediary’s platform; and (2) the financial 

interest consists of securities of the same class and having the same terms, conditions and rights as 

 625 As we explained in the Proposing Release, the prohibition is intended to protect investors from the conflicts 

of interest that may arise when the persons facilitating a crowdfunding transaction have a financial stake in 

the outcome. 78 FR at 66461. The prohibition extends to “any person occupying a similar status or 

performing a similar function,” and applies with respect to both direct or indirect ownership of, or economic 

interest in, any class of the issuer’s securities. In addition, we note that Section 15(b) of the Securities Act 

creates liability for persons who aid and abet violations of the Securities Act or the rules and regulations 

thereunder, such as would occur if a third person knowingly or recklessly provided substantial assistance to a 

director, officer or partner (or any person occupying a similar status or position), for example, by accepting 

and holding, on the officer’s behalf, a financial interest in the issuer in circumvention of the prohibition.
163

the securities being offered or sold in reliance on Section 4(a)(6) through the intermediary’s 

platform.

We are mindful of concerns raised by commenters that a prohibition could have a chilling 

effect on the ability of small issuers to use the crowdfunding exemption. These issuers may be 

small businesses or neighborhood establishments that may not have the liquid capital to 

compensate intermediaries for services. As commenters noted, allowing an intermediary to have 

or receive a financial interest in the issuer could provide a method for the issuer to pay an 

intermediary for its services, which may facilitate capital formation. This may, in turn, encourage 

the development of funding portals that are, for example, affiliated with CDFIs, as one commenter 

suggested.626 As commenters further noted, permitting such a financial interest may also help to 

align the interests of intermediaries and investors, and provide an additional incentive to screen 

for fraud. We believe at this time the interest of promoting capital formation for small businesses, 

and developing a workable framework for securities-based crowdfunding, counsels against 

extending the prohibition on financial interests to the intermediary itself. 

However, we are cognizant of the potential conflicts of interest that may arise, and 

therefore we are placing certain conditions on the ability of intermediaries to have a financial 

interest in an issuer that is offering or selling securities in reliance on Section 4(a)(6) through the 

intermediary’s platform.627 First, the intermediary must receive the financial interest from the 

issuer as compensation for the services provided to, or for the benefit of, the issuer in connection 

with the offer or sale of such securities being offered or sold in reliance on Section 4(a)(6).628 We 

 626 See Concerned Capital Letter.

627 See notes 613-614 and accompanying text.

628 As noted above in Section II.C.2, an intermediary must be either a registered funding portal or a registered 

broker-dealer, and must be a member of a registered national securities association. FINRA rules currently 
164

believe that this limitation, which will allow intermediaries to receive securities as payment for 

services but not otherwise permit them to invest in the offering, addresses commenters’ concerns 

that a prohibition could have a “chilling effect” on the ability of small issuers to use the 

crowdfunding exemption, while serving to mitigate concerns relating to intermediaries taking 

steps to “artificially inflate” the value of securities in the offerings.629 Second, we have

considered the comments in support of limiting an intermediary’s financial interest by requiring 

that such interest be the same as or not more favorable than those taken by investors in the 

offering,

630 and have determined to prohibit intermediaries from receiving a financial interest 

unless it is in securities that are of the same class, and that have the same terms, conditions and 

rights as the securities in the offering. We believe that this limitation will further serve to mitigate 

any potential conflicts by helping to align the interests of the intermediary with those of the 

investors in the offering.631

We are persuaded that the disclosures otherwise required by Regulation Crowdfunding

also will help to address any potential conflicts of interest arising from an intermediary having or 

receiving a financial interest in an issuer. Among other things, Rule 302(d) requires an 

intermediary to clearly disclose the manner in which it will be compensated in connection with 

 

require that its broker-dealer members charge reasonable fees for their services and observe just and 

equitable principles of trade in the conduct of their business. FINRA has also filed a proposed rule change 

with the Commission to apply certain rules to funding portals, including requiring them to observe high 

standards of commercial honor and just and equitable principles of trade in the conduct of their businesses. 

See Proposed Rule Change to Adopt the Funding Portal Rules and Related Forms and FINRA Rule 4518, 

SR-FINRA-2015-040 (Oct. 9, 2015).

629 See Consumer Federation Letter.

630 See note 621.

631 The rule does not preclude an intermediary from receiving securities as compensation for services from the 

same issuer for a subsequent offering conducted by the issuer in reliance on Section 4(a)(6) as long as the 

securities received are compensation for services provided during the subsequent offering and are of the 

same class and have the same terms, conditions and rights as the securities being offered in the subsequent 

offering. 
165

offerings and sales of securities made in reliance on Section 4(a)(6) at account opening and Rule 

303(f) requires disclosure of remuneration received by an intermediary (including securities 

received as remuneration) on confirmations.632 We believe that these disclosures will provide 

investors with relevant information concerning any intermediary’s financial interests (including 

whether such interest was acquired on the same terms that are available to investors), which, in 

turn, will help investors to make better informed investment decisions. In addition, the 

intermediary must comply with all other applicable requirements of Regulation Crowdfunding, 

including the statutory limitations on a funding portal’s activities.633 

Commission staff expects to review the compensation structure of intermediaries during 

the study of the federal crowdfunding exemption it plans to undertake no later than three years 

following the effective date of Regulation Crowdfunding.

634

 632 See Sections II.C.4.d and II.C.5.f. See also Rule 302(c) of Regulation Crowdfunding (requiring 

intermediaries to inform investors, at the time of account opening, that promoters must clearly disclose in all 

communications on the platform the receipt of compensation and the fact that he or she is engaging in 

promotional activities on behalf of the issuer).

633 See Exchange Act Section 3(a)(80) (defining “funding portal” and establishing certain limitations on their 

activities consistent with the statute, such as prohibiting a funding portal from offering investment advice or 

recommendation; soliciting purchases, sales or offers to buy securities offered or displayed on its website or 

portal; or holding, managing, possessing, or otherwise handling investor funds or securities). In this regard, 

compliance with disclosures required by Regulation Crowdfunding generally would not cause a funding 

portal to provide investment advice or recommendations. Nonetheless, a funding portal should seek to 

ensure that disclosure of its financial interest(s) in an issuer is not inconsistent with the statutory prohibition 

on providing investment advice or recommendations. For example, a funding portal must not present its 

financial interest in an issuer as a recommendation or endorsement of that issuer. See Section II.D.3. We 

also note that if a funding portal holds, owns or proposes to acquire securities issued by an issuer, or multiple 

issuers, that individually or in aggregate exceed more than 40% of the value of the funding portal’s total 

assets (excluding government securities and cash items) on an unconsolidated basis, the funding portal may 

fall within the definition of investment company under Section 3(a)(1)(C) of the Investment Company 

Act. We generally would expect, however, that such funding portal would seek to rely on the exclusion from 

the definition of investment company in Section 3(c)(2) of the Investment Company Act for (among other 

things) a person primarily engaged in the business of acting as a broker.

634 See Section II.
166

3. Measures to Reduce Risk of Fraud

Securities Act Section 4A(a)(5) requires an intermediary to “take such measures to reduce 

the risk of fraud with respect to [transactions made in reliance on Section 4(a)(6)], as established 

by the Commission, by rule, including obtaining a background and securities enforcement 

regulatory history check on each officer, director, and person holding more than 20 percent of the 

outstanding equity of every issuer whose securities are offered by such person.” As discussed 

below, after considering the comments, we are adopting Rule 301 of Regulation Crowdfunding

substantially as proposed, with a few changes to Rule 301(c)(2).

a. Issuer compliance

(1) Proposed Rule 

We proposed in Rule 301(a) of Regulation Crowdfunding to require that an intermediary 

have a reasonable basis for believing that an issuer seeking to offer or sell securities though the 

intermediary’s platform complies with the requirements of Section 4(a)(6) and the related 

requirements of Regulation Crowdfunding. For this requirement, we proposed that an 

intermediary may reasonably rely on an issuer’s representations about compliance unless the 

intermediary has reason to question the reliability of those representations.

(2) Comments on Proposed Rule 

Commenters generally agreed that intermediaries play a significant role in preventing and 

detecting fraud and should take measures to reduce potential fraud. Some commenters, however,

expressed concerns about the proposed “reasonable basis” standard for an intermediary’s belief
167

about an issuer’s compliance with applicable laws stating that the standard should be higher.

635 

Others commenters supported the standard.

636 

A number of commenters expressed concern about the proposed reliance on issuer 

representations.637 Some commenters suggested an intermediary should be required to conduct 

some type of due diligence on the issuer, as opposed to relying on issuer representations.

638 

Another commenter went further by suggesting that an intermediary should also have an ongoing 

obligation to monitor communications by issuers during the course of the offering to detect and 

prevent violations of the securities laws and the regulations thereunder.

639 Another commenter 

stated that an issuer’s representation should not suffice unless it is detailed enough to evidence a 

reasonable awareness by the issuer of its key obligations and the ability to comply with those 

obligations.640

One commenter argued that the language of the proposed rule was contradictory because 

relying on representations made by the issuer is not the same as establishing a reasonable basis for 

believing the issuer is in compliance.641 

 635 See, e.g., AFR Letter; ASTTC Letter; Computershare Letter; Consumer Federation Letter; CSTTC Letter; 

Grassi Letter; Merkley Letter; NYSSCPA Letter.

636 See, e.g., RocketHub Letter; STA Letter.

637 See, e.g., AFR Letter; Computershare Letter; Consumer Federation Letter; Merkley Letter.

638 See, e.g., CSTTC Letter; Grassi Letter; NYSSCPA Letter; Consumer Federation Letter (stating that an 

intermediary’s responsibility is rendered meaningless without establishing specific standards that require due 

diligence in order to reasonably conclude the issuer is in compliance).

639 See AFR Letter (“[T]he Commission’s proposal to allow intermediaries to rely on self-certification by 

issuers makes a mockery of its proposed requirement that intermediaries have ‘a reasonable basis for 

believing that an issuer seeking to offer and sell securities in reliance on Section 4(a)(6), through the 

intermediary’s platform, complies with the requirements in Securities Act Section 4A(b) and the related 

requirements in Regulation Crowdfunding.’”).

640 See STA Letter.

641 See ABA Letter.
168

One commenter recommended that the Commission “consider a tiered approach to 

compliance obligations” where, as the size of the offering or other risk factors increased, 

intermediaries would be required to conduct more rigorous compliance reviews.

642 Under such an 

approach, this commenter stated that for small offerings that cap investments at a low level, $500 

for example, and where there is no participation by individuals with a history of security law 

violations, the intermediary would be permitted to rely on representations by issuers to satisfy its

obligation to ensure compliance. As the size of the offering, the size of permitted investments, or 

other risk factors increase, the commenter stated that the Commission should consider requiring 

intermediaries to conduct more rigorous compliance reviews.

(3) Final Rule 

Rule 301(a), as adopted, requires that an intermediary have a reasonable basis for 

believing that an issuer seeking to offer and sell securities in reliance on Section 4(a)(6) through 

the intermediary’s platform complies with the requirements in Securities Act Section 4A(b) and 

the related requirements in Regulation Crowdfunding. While some commenters argued for higher 

or different standards, such as requiring intermediaries to conduct due diligence on issuers or 

monitor communications by issuers during the course of the offering, we believe that a reasonable 

basis standard is appropriate, particularly in view of the issuer’s own obligation to comply with 

the requirements in Section 4A(b) and the related requirements in Regulation Crowdfunding. We 

are mindful as well of the associated costs of a potentially higher standard. Consistent with the 

proposal, Rule 301(a) also permits intermediaries to reasonably rely on representations of the 

issuer, unless the intermediary has reason to question the reliability of those representations.

 642 See IAC Recommendation; see also BetterInvesting Letter.
169

In satisfying the requirements of Rule 301(a), we emphasize that an intermediary has a 

responsibility to assess whether it may reasonably rely on an issuer’s representation of compliance 

through the course of its interactions with potential issuers.643 We agree with comments that an 

intermediary seeking to rely on an issuer representation should consider whether the 

representation is detailed enough to evidence a reasonable awareness by the issuer of its 

obligations and its ability to comply with those obligations. The specific steps an intermediary 

should take to determine whether it can rely on an issuer representation may vary, but should be 

influenced by and tailored according to the intermediary’s knowledge and comfort with each 

particular issuer. We believe this approach is generally consistent with the view of one 

commenter that suggested a tiered approach to compliance obligations where intermediaries 

should conduct more rigorous compliance reviews and background checks as risk factors 

increase.644 

b. Records of Securities Holders

(1) Proposed Rule 

We proposed in Rule 301(b) of Regulation Crowdfunding a requirement that an 

intermediary have a reasonable basis for believing that an issuer has established means to keep 

accurate records of the holders of the securities it would offer and sell through the intermediary’s 

platform. We proposed that an intermediary may reasonably rely on an issuer’s representations 

 643 In addition, an intermediary’s potential liability under Securities Act Section 4A(c), as added by the JOBS 

Act, may encourage intermediaries to develop adequate procedures to fully assess whether reliance on an 

issuer’s representation is reasonable. We also note that Congress provided a defense to any such liability if 

an intermediary did not know, and in the exercise of reasonable care could not have known, of the untruth or 

omission. Therefore, and as identified in the Proposing Release, we continue to believe that there are 

appropriate steps that intermediaries might take in exercising reasonable care in light of this liability 

provision. See Section II.E.5 (discussing scope of statutory liability).

644 We also emphasize that when an intermediary seeks to rely on the representations of others to form a 

reasonable basis, the intermediary should have policies and procedures regarding under what circumstances 

it can reasonably rely on such representations and when additional investigative steps may be appropriate. 

See Section II.D.4.
170

about compliance unless the intermediary has reason to question the reliability of those 

representations. We did not propose a particular form or method of recordkeeping of securities, 

nor did we propose to require that an issuer use a transfer agent or other third party.645 We noted, 

however, that requiring a registered transfer agent to be involved after the offering could introduce 

a regulated entity with experience in maintaining accurate shareholder records,

646 and we asked in 

the Proposing Release whether we should require an issuer to use a regulated transfer agent to 

keep such records and whether there were less costly means by which an issuer could rely on a 

third party to assist with the recordkeeping.647

(2) Comments on Proposed Rule 

Commenters agreed that an intermediary should have a basis for believing that an issuer 

has established a means to keep accurate records.648 Commenters were divided, however,

between those who supported649 and those who opposed650 any requirement mandating the use of 

a registered transfer agent. Commenters supporting the required use of registered transfer agents 

cited potential benefits, including reducing internal costs and providing corporate transparency;651

having the transfer agent serve as the issuer’s paying agent, proxy agent, exchange agent, tender 

 645 Proposing Release, 78 FR at 66462

646 Id.

647 Id. at 66464.

648 See, e.g., Arctic Island Letter 5; ASTTC Letter; CFIRA Letter 8; Computershare Letter; CST Letter; CSTTC 

Letter; FAST Letter; Grassi Letter; Joinvestor Letter; Public Startup Letter 2; RocketHub Letter; STA Letter; 

Tiny Cat Letter.

649 See, e.g., ASTTC Letter; ClearTrust Letter; CST Letter; CSTTC Letter; Empire Stock Letter; Equity Stock 

Letter; FAST Letter; Sharewave Letter; Stalt Letter.

650 See, e.g., Arctic Island Letter 5; CapSchedule Letter; CFIRA Letter 8; Computershare Letter; Grassi Letter; 

Joinvestor Letter; NYSSCPA Letter; Public Startup Letter 2; RocketHub Letter; Tiny Cat Letter.

651 See CST Letter.
171

agent and mailing agent for ongoing reports;652 providing a back-up and recovery system for 

records;653 and conducting internal audits to protect against theft.654 Some commenters also

highlighted potential problems when non-registered transfer agents or the issuer maintains 

records, including improper registration of multiple owners, duplicate records, missing certificate 

numbers, inability to trace ownership, and inability to maintain records;655 and incorrect handling 

of corporate actions, failure to observe restrictions on transfers, and failure to follow abandoned 

property reporting requirements.656 One commenter suggested that the Commission should 

identify specific areas for an intermediary to consider about an issuer’s recordkeeping capabilities 

when determining whether or not to provide access to that issuer.657 This commenter also urged 

the Commission to create a safe harbor whereby an intermediary would be deemed to have met 

the recordkeeping requirement if the issuer has retained a registered transfer agent or registered 

broker-dealer.

658 

Commenters that opposed the mandatory use of a registered transfer agent pointed to cost 

concerns.

659 Some of these commenters stated that alternatives to transfer agents will develop, 

 652 See Empire Stock Letter.

653 See FAST Letter. 

654 Id.

655 See, e.g., ClearTrust Letter; STA Letter; Stalt Letter.

656 See STA Letter. 

657 Id. 

658 Id. The commenter also stated that such a safe harbor would encourage third-party recordkeepers to register 

as transfer agents and thereby enhance protection to investors. The commenter further stated that the safe 

harbor should not apply if a community bank is utilized because it would not have similar recordkeeping 

experience. See also Computershare Letter (stating that a safe harbor should apply if another regulated 

entity, such as a broker-dealer or a bank, is engaged to perform the services, which in turn may encourage 

the use of professional regulated recordkeepers, thus enhancing overall protection in the crowdfunding 

market).

659 See, e.g., AICPA Letter; Arctic Island Letter 5; CapSchedule Letter; CFIRA Letter 8; Computershare Letter; 

Grassi Letter; Joinvestor Letter; RocketHub Letter; STA Letter; Tiny Cat Letter.
172

including CPA firms,660 registered broker-dealers661 and software applications or other potential 

low-cost alternatives.662 Some commenters stated that intermediaries should be permitted to 

provide the relevant recording services to issuers.

663 One commenter suggested funding portals 

should only be permitted to do so with respect to securities purchased on their platform or 

transferred among platforms, such that they would not be permitted to act as “full-fledged

[b]rokerage firms or transfer agents.”664

(3) Final Rules

After considering the comments, we are adopting Rule 301(b), as proposed, with one 

modification. Rule 301(b) as adopted requires an intermediary to have a reasonable basis for 

believing that an issuer has established means to keep accurate records of the holders of the 

securities it would offer and sell through the intermediary’s platform, and provides that in 

satisfying this requirement, an intermediary may rely on the representations of the issuer

concerning its means of recordkeeping unless the intermediary has reason to question the 

reliability of those representations. We also are adding a provision to Rule 301(b) as adopted 

stating that an intermediary will be deemed to have satisfied this requirement if the issuer has 

engaged the services of a transfer agent that is registered under Section 17A of the Exchange 

Act.665 As we noted in the Proposing Release, we believe that the recordkeeping function may be 

provided by the issuer, a broker, a transfer agent or some other (registered or unregistered) person. 

 660 See, e.g., Grassi Letter; NYSSCPA Letter.

661 See Public Startup Letter 2.

662 See Arctic Island Letter 5.

663 See, e.g., Joinvestor Letter; RocketHub Letter.

664 See RocketHub Letter.

665 15 U.S.C. 78q-1(c). We also note that an issuer’s exemption from Section 12(g) is conditioned on, among 

other things, that issuer engaging a registered transfer agent. See Section II.E.4.
173

We recognize that, as a commenter explained, recordkeeping functions can be extensive and could 

include, for example, the ability to (1) monitor the issuance of the securities the issuer offers and 

sells through the intermediary’s platform, (2) maintain a master security holder list reflecting the 

owners of those securities, (3) maintain a transfer journal or other such log recording any transfer 

of ownership, (4) effect the exchange or conversion of any applicable securities, (5) maintain a 

control book demonstrating the historical registration of those securities, and (6) countersign or 

legend physical certificates of those securities. While the use of a registered transfer agent could 

introduce a regulated entity with experience in maintaining accurate shareholder records, as noted 

in the Proposing Release, we believe the issuer should have flexibility in establishing such means, 

and that such flexibility may allow for competition among service providers that could reduce 

operating costs for funding portals. We continue to believe that accurate recordkeeping can be 

accomplished by diligent issuers or through a variety of third parties. We note also that, for 

investors to have confidence in crowdfunding, issuers and intermediaries must have a shared 

interest in ensuring stability and accuracy of records. Therefore, intermediaries should consider 

the numerous obligations required of a record holder when determining whether an issuer has 

established a reasonable means to keep accurate records of the security holders being offered and 

sold securities through the intermediary’s platform. 

At the same time, mindful of the role that may be played by registered transfer agents in 

maintaining accurate shareholder records, we are providing a safe harbor for compliance with 

Rule 301(b) for those issuers that use a registered transfer agent. While we do not intend to 

provide regulated entities with a competitive advantage over other recordkeeping options that 

comply with the rule’s requirements, we believe it is appropriate to provide certainty as to Rule 
174

301(b) compliance in instances in which an issuer has engaged the services of a transfer agent that 

is registered under Section 17A of the Exchange Act. 

c. Denial of Platform Access

(1) Proposed Rule 

We also proposed in Rule 301(c)(1) of Regulation Crowdfunding a requirement that an 

intermediary deny access by an issuer to its platform if it has a reasonable basis for believing that

an issuer, or any of its officers, directors or any person occupying a similar status or performing a 

similar function, or any 20 Percent Beneficial Owner is subject to a disqualification under 

proposed Rule 503.666 In satisfying this requirement, we proposed to require an intermediary to, 

at a minimum, conduct a background and securities enforcement regulatory history check on each 

issuer whose securities are to be offered by the intermediary and on each officer, director or 20 

Percent Beneficial Owner. 

We further proposed in Rule 301(c)(2) to require an intermediary to deny access to its 

platform if the intermediary believes the issuer or offering presents the potential for fraud or 

otherwise raises concerns about investor protection. In satisfying this requirement, the proposed 

rule would require that an intermediary deny access if it believes that it is unable to adequately or 

effectively assess the risk of fraud of the issuer or its potential offering. In addition, we proposed 

in Rule 301(c)(2) that if an intermediary becomes aware of information after it has granted access 

that causes it to believe the issuer or the offering presents the potential for fraud or otherwise 

raises concerns about investor protection, the intermediary would be required to promptly remove 

the offering from its platform, cancel the offering, and return (or, for funding portals, direct the 

return of) any funds that have been committed by investors in the offering.

 666 See Section II.E.6 (discussing Rule 503 of Regulation Crowdfunding, which describes disqualification). 
175

(2) Comments on Proposed Rule 

Commenters generally supported proposed Rule 301(c).

667 Commenters noted with 

approval the discretion the proposed rules would provide intermediaries.668 The “reasonable 

basis” standard in proposed Rule 301(c)(1) also garnered comments. One commenter suggested 

that the reasonable basis standard was not strong enough.

669 One commenter stated that having a 

reasonable basis standard in the disqualification determination would be “difficult to imagine” 

unless the Commission maintains a database for intermediaries to search.670 

Commenters had varied views on the proposed requirement in Rule 301(c)(1) for an 

intermediary to perform a background check on the issuer and certain of its affiliated persons. 

Several commenters supported the requirement, but a few commenters suggested ways to decrease 

costs.671 One commenter stated that only low-cost, minimum requirements should be 

implemented,

672 while another commenter suggested that the background checks be required only 

after an issuer has met its target offering amount so as to prevent unnecessary expense to the 

intermediary.673 Representing a different view, one commenter opposed a requirement for 

background checks to be conducted on all persons related to an issuer.674 Another commenter 

noted that the checks would be appropriate, but did not support the requirement.675 

 667 See, e.g., CFA Institute Letter; StartupValley Letter. 

668 Id.

669 See NYSSCPA Letter (opposing the use of two different standards within Rule 301(c) as it could lead to 

confusion and presents vulnerability for fraud to occur through the “weakest link,” and suggesting instead 

that a “prudent care” standard should be used for both requirements).

670 See Public Startup Letter 2.

671 See, e.g., AFR Letter; CFA Institute Letter; Grassi Letter; Joinvestor Letter; NYSSCPA Letter.

672 See RocketHub Letter.

673 See Anonymous Letter 4.

674 See Zhang Letter.

675 See Public Startup Letter 2.
176

Commenters were divided as to whether we should set specific requirements for 

background checks. One commenter stated that the proposal “fails to set even the most general of 

standards for these checks” and “instead relies on intermediaries to use their experience and 

judgment to reduce the risk of fraud.”676 The same commenter stated that the proposed approach 

is flawed and as such the checks are likely to be ineffective, especially because many 

intermediaries are likely to be inexperienced.677 Several commenters requested further 

clarification and specification about required checks.

678 However, other commenters stated that 

the Commission should not specify steps for an intermediary to take in conducting checks.679 

With respect to our request for comment on whether intermediaries should be required to 

make the results of background checks public, several commenters opposed the requirement,680

while some supported it.681 Another commenter stated its view that the results should not be 

made public unless a regulator called them into question.682 Another commenter explained that 

issuers should be able to publish the results if they choose, but no such requirement should be 

 676 See Consumer Federation Letter.

677 Id.

678 See, e.g., BetterInvesting Letter; Heritage Letter; IAC Recommendation; Jacobson Letter; NSBA Letter. See

also RocketHub Letter (stating that intermediaries “should be allowed to satisfy their obligations by 

checking commonly used databases for criminal background, bankruptcy filings, and tax liens, as well as 

cross check against the Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) sanctions lists, and Specially Designated 

Nationals (SDN) and Blocked Persons lists”); Bullock Letter (recommending fingerprinting for key issuer 

personnel and noting that most sheriff’s departments in most U.S. counties can take fingerprints for a small 

fee).

679 See, e.g., StartupValley Letter; Vann Letter.

680 See, e.g., Grassi Letter; Joinvestor Letter; NYSSCPA Letter; Public Startup Letter 2; StartupValley Letter.

681 See, e.g., AFR Letter; Consumer Federation Letter.

682 See Joinvestor Letter.
177

placed on intermediaries.683 One commenter urged us to “require that a summary of the sources 

consulted as part of the background check be posted on the [portal’s] website.”684

As to proposed Rule 301(c)(2) requiring a funding portal to deny access if the intermediary 

believes the issuer or offering presents the potential for fraud or otherwise raises concerns

regarding investor protection, one commenter stated that the proposed requirement conflicts with 

the restrictions on a funding portal’s ability to limit the offerings on its platform in proposed Rule 

402(b)(1).

685 

Regarding the standard for denial based on potential fraud or investor protection concerns 

in the proposed rule, one commenter suggested a stronger standard,686 while another suggested a 

weaker standard.687 Other commenters suggested that the standard for an intermediary to deny 

access to its platform is unclear.688 One commenter urged the Commission to require that a 

funding portal post on its website a description of its standards for determining which offerings 

present a risk of fraud.”689

 683 See Public Startup Letter 2.

684 IAC Recommendation (suggesting that “[r]equiring posting of information about the sources consulted in 

compiling the reports would better enable investors to evaluate the thoroughness of the background check, 

thus creating an incentive for intermediaries to conduct thorough reviews in the absence of clear Commission 

guidelines”); see also BetterInvesting Letter. 

685 See Guzik Letter 1 (noting that under the proposed rules, an intermediary which is not a broker-dealer is 

prohibited from, at least in that commenter’s view, “curating,” that is, “excluding companies from its 

platform based upon qualitative factors, such as quality of management, valuation of the company, market 

size, need for additional capital, pending litigation, or other qualitative factors which increase the risk to an 

investor”).

686 See note 669 (discussing the NYSSCPA Letter, which suggested a “prudent care” standard for denying 

issuers under Rule 301(c)).

687 See Grassi Letter (stating that an intermediary “should not be required to vet issuers for potential fraud other 

than would be done through the normal course of assessing whether they wish to do business with a 

particular issuer”).

688 See, e.g., BetterInvesting Letter; Heritage Letter; IAC Recommendation; Jacobson Letter; NSBA Letter.

689 See IAC Recommendation; see also BetterInvesting Letter.
178

One commenter stated the intermediaries should be required to report denied issuers, 

noting that it would not only help prevent fraud but also assist other intermediaries in excluding 

issuers already discovered to be disqualified.690 Other commenters disagreed with this 

suggestion,

691 while one commenter stated that reporting should be required only if the 

Commission or another agency created a database for such information.692 One of these 

commenters suggested that intermediaries should be required to notify a potential issuer when the 

intermediary uses information from a third party to deny the issuer.693

(3) Final Rules

After considering the comments, we are adopting Rule 301(c)(1) as proposed. Rule 

301(c)(1) requires an intermediary to deny access to its platform if the intermediary has a 

reasonable basis for believing that an issuer, or any of its officers, directors (or any person 

occupying a similar status or performing a similar function), or any 20 Percent Beneficial Owner 

is subject to a disqualification under Rule 503 of Regulation Crowdfunding. We believe that a 

“reasonable basis” standard for denying access is an appropriate standard for Rule 301(c)(1), in 

part because this requirement on an intermediary is buttressed by the fact that an issuer 

independently is subject to the disqualification provisions under Rule 503, as discussed below.694 

In addition, Rule 301(c)(1) implements the requirement of Section 4A(a)(5) that an intermediary 

conduct a background and securities enforcement regulatory history check on each issuer whose 

securities are to be offered by the intermediary, as well as on each of its officers, directors (or any 

 690 See Joinvestor Letter. See also ASSOB Letter and Vann Letter.

691 See, e.g., Public Startup Letter 2 (opposing the requirement but suggesting that the Commission maintain a 

database of known bad actors).

692 See StartupValley Letter.

693 See Vann Letter.

694 See Section II.E.6 (discussing issuer disqualification). 
179

person occupying a similar status or performing a similar function) and 20 Percent Beneficial 

Owners. 

While we understand commenters’ concerns about the cost of the requirement that

intermediaries conduct background checks on issuers and certain affiliated persons, we are not 

eliminating or limiting the requirement as suggested by commenters because we believe the 

requirement is an important tool for intermediaries to employ when determining whether or not 

they have a reasonable basis to allow issuers on their platforms. Even though a number of 

commenters requested that the Commission provide specific requirements for background and 

securities enforcement regulatory history checks, we are not establishing specific procedures in 

the final rules. As we indicated in the Proposing Release, we believe that the better approach is to 

allow an intermediary to be guided by its experience and judgment to design systems and 

processes to help reduce the risk of fraud in securities-based crowdfunding.695 We also believe 

that such flexibility could mitigate cost concerns related to conducting the background and 

securities enforcement regulatory history checks. 

We are not developing a database of denied issuers as suggested by some commenters 

because we do not believe it would significantly increase investor protection. The requirement to 

deny an issuer access to a crowdfunding platform under the final rules based on fraud or other 

investor protection concerns is important to the viability of crowdfunding, and the legitimacy of 

the intermediary. This obligation is the responsibility of each intermediary, which must make a 

determination about whether to deny access to an issuer. While a third party may decide to create 

 695 We disagree with the commenter that suggested that this method is ineffective because intermediaries lack 

experience. See Consumer Federation Letter. Crowdfunding is a new form of capital formation. We believe 

broker-dealers and funding portals will gain the relevant experience that will appropriately position them to 

develop requirements for conducting background checks required by the rule. In addition, we believe that an 

intermediary’s interest in developing a successful platform will motivate it to conduct rigorous background 

checks.
180

a database of denied issuers at some point and an intermediary could use such a database to help 

make its determination as to whether it was required to deny access to an issuer, such a database 

could not be used as a substitute for an intermediary making its own determination. 

We also are not requiring an intermediary to make publicly available the results of the 

background checks or the sources consulted. We believe that the goal of the background check is 

sufficiently served by the exclusion of an issuer from the intermediary’s platform. We do not 

believe that making the results or sources publicly available adds a significant degree of investor 

protection under these circumstances, given the potential problems that could arise from such 

public disclosure of the results, such as the risk of disclosing personally identifiable information 

or other information with significant potential for misuse. In addition, we are concerned that such 

requirements could add to the cost of administration and could expose the individuals at the issuer 

that are subject to a background check to harm, for example, if there were errors in the 

information made publicly available. 

We are adopting Rule 301(c)(2) substantially as proposed, but with certain revisions. As 

adopted, Rule 301(c)(2) now contains a “reasonable basis” standard as opposed to the initially 

proposed “believes” standard. Rule 301(c)(2) requires denial of access to its platform when the 

intermediary has a reasonable basis for believing that the issuer or offering presents the potential 

for fraud or otherwise raises concerns about investor protection.696 In a conforming change, Rule 

301(c)(2) also requires (i) an intermediary deny access to an issuer if it reasonably believes that it 

is unable to adequately or effectively assess the risk of fraud of the issuer or its potential offering, 

and (ii) if the intermediary becomes aware of information after it has granted the issuer access to 

 696 See Section II.D.2. (discussing modified Rule 402(b)(1), which relates to a funding portal’s ability to deny 

access to an issuer). 
181

its platform that causes it to reasonably believe that the issuer or the offering presents the potential 

for fraud or otherwise raises concerns regarding investor protection, the intermediary must 

promptly remove the offering from its platform, cancel the offering and return to investors any 

funds they may have committed.

We believe that a “reasonable basis” standard is appropriate for Rule 301(c)(2) because it 

is a more objective standard.

697 Under this standard, an intermediary may not ignore facts about 

an issuer that indicate fraud or investor protection concerns such that a reasonable person would 

have denied access to the platform or cancelled the offering. Rule 301(c)(2) is intended to give an 

intermediary an objective standard regarding the circumstances in which it must act to protect its 

investors from potentially fraudulent issuers or ones that otherwise present red flags concerning 

investor protection. This objective standard also will make it easier for an intermediary to assess 

whether it would be compliant with Rule 301(c)(2) when deciding if it should deny an issuer 

access or cancel its offering.

698 Thus, we believe these measures likely will promote compliance 

and help to reduce the risk of fraud with respect to crowdfunding transactions, as required by 

Section 4A(a)(5). This standard also will provide the Commission with a clear basis to review 

whether an intermediary’s decision not to deny access to its platform or cancel an offering was 

reasonable given the facts and circumstances. 

 697 Adding the reasonable basis standard to Rule 301(c)(2) also provides a consistent standard across Rule 301, 

including Rules 301(a), (b) and (c)(1).

698 Aside from the requirement to deny access to issuers under Rule 302(c)(2), it is important to note that 

intermediaries are permitted to determine whether and under what terms to allow an issuer to offer and sell 

securities in reliance on Section 4(a)(6) of the Securities Act (15 U.S.C. 77d(a)(6)) through their platforms. 

See Rule 402(b)(1) and Section II.D.3. The objective standard under Rule 301(c)(2) also helps to clarify that 

a funding portal would not be providing investment advice or recommendations, if it denies access to or 

cancels an offering because it has a reasonable basis for believing that there is a potential for fraud or other 

investor protection concerns. See Rule 402(b)(10) of Regulation Crowdfunding and Section II.D.3.i. 
182

We are not requiring that an intermediary report the issuers that have been denied access to 

its platforms, as some commenters suggested, or that the intermediary post a summary of the 

sources consulted as part of the background check on its platform along with a description of the 

intermediary’s standards for determining which offerings present a risk of fraud. We also are not 

adopting a requirement, as suggested by a commenter, that an intermediary notify a potential 

issuer when the intermediary utilizes third-party information to deny access to the issuer. As with 

background checks, discussed above, we believe that the investor protection goal is sufficiently 

served by the exclusion of an issuer from the intermediary’s platform. In addition, we are 

concerned that such requirements could add to the cost of administration and could expose the 

issuers in question to harm, for example, if there were errors in the information made publicly 

available. Likewise, we do not believe that requiring an intermediary to post to its website a 

summary of the sources consulted as part of the background check and a description of the 

intermediary’s standards for determining which offerings present a risk of fraud would sufficiently

increase investor protection to justify the burdens, such as those outlined above, that would be

associated with imposing such requirements. We also note that providing this information on an 

intermediary’s website may give potentially fraudulent issuers or those that otherwise present 

investor protection concerns a roadmap to an intermediary’s proprietary procedures for screening 

for fraud that could assist such issuers with impeding or obstructing intermediaries from detecting

offerings that present a risk of fraud. 

4. Account Opening

a. Accounts and Electronic Delivery

(1) Proposed Rule

Proposed Rule 302(a)(1) of Regulation Crowdfunding would prohibit an intermediary or 

its associated persons from accepting an investment commitment in a transaction involving the 
183

offer or sale of securities in reliance on Section 4(a)(6) unless the investor has opened an account 

with the intermediary, and the intermediary has obtained from the investor consent to electronic 

delivery of materials. Proposed Rule 302(a)(2) would require an intermediary to provide all 

information required by Subpart C of Regulation Crowdfunding, including, but not limited to, 

educational materials, notices and confirmations, through electronic means. 

Proposed Rule 302(a)(2) also would require an intermediary to provide such information 

through an electronic message that either contains the information, includes a specific link to the 

information as posted on the intermediary’s platform, or provides notice of what the information 

is and that it is located on the intermediary’s platform or the issuer’s website. As proposed, Rule 

302(a)(2) stated that electronic messages would include, but not be limited to, messages sent via 

e-mail.

(2) Comments on the Proposed Rule

One commenter suggested that intermediaries who are brokers should not be required to 

open new accounts for persons who are existing customers of the broker.699 In response to our 

request for comments on whether an intermediary should be required to obtain specific 

information from investors, and if so what type of information should be required, some 

commenters generally supported requiring an intermediary to gather specific information from 

investors, particularly identifying information that could help prevent duplicate or fraudulent 

accounts and information about other intermediary accounts and investments.700 A few of these 

commenters supported the Commission requiring intermediaries to collect investors’ social 

 699 See Arctic Island Letter 2.

700 See, e.g., Consumer Federation Letter; Jacobson Letter; RocketHub Letter.
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security numbers.701 One commenter opposed the Commission requiring intermediaries to obtain 

particular information from investors.702 

With respect to electronic delivery, some commenters urged that it should be sufficient for 

the intermediary simply to make Subpart C materials, such as educational materials, notices and 

confirmations, available on the intermediary’s platform for investors to access.703 Other 

commenters broadly opposed permitting intermediaries to satisfy their information delivery 

requirement by providing an electronic message that informs an investor that information can be 

found on the intermediary’s platform or an issuer’s website.704 One commenter suggested that 

investors may not actually receive required disclosures because they will not spend the time to 

find the information.705 Another commenter suggested that the Commission should “continue to 

rely instead on the strong and effective policy for electronic delivery of disclosure adopted by the 

Commission in the mid-1990s.”706 The same commenter noted that it would be “a simple matter 

to require that any electronic message through which disclosures are delivered include, at a 

minimum, the specific URL where the required disclosures can be found.”707 

One commenter stated it was concerned that earlier Commission policies on electronic 

delivery might be read as implying that paper delivery might be permitted in certain 

 701 See, e.g., Consumer Federation Letter; RocketHub Letter.

702 See Public Startup Letter 3.

703 See, e.g., ASSOB Letter; CrowdCheck Letter 1; RocketHub Letter; Wefunder Letter; Vann Letter. 

704 See, e.g., BetterInvesting Letter; AFR Letter; IAC Recommendation; Consumer Federation Letter (“The 

definition of electronic delivery must be revised to ensure the disclosures themselves, and not just notices of 

the availability of disclosures, are delivered to investors.”). 

705 See Consumer Federation Letter. See also Clapman Letter (suggesting that all issuers and their materials 

must be “publicly accessible for all investors to have the same opportunity to invest” and stating that “no 

clubs, or paid to view investment style platforms would therefore be allowed”).

706 IAC Recommendation; see also BetterInvesting Letter. 

707 IAC Recommendation; see also BetterInvesting Letter. 
185

circumstances.708 This commenter did agree, however, that any electronic message through which 

disclosures are delivered include, at a minimum, the specific URL where the required disclosures 

can be found.709 

In response to our request for comments on whether exceptions to the consent to electronic 

delivery should be allowed, one commenter stated that account creation and delivery of 

communication should be completed digitally and that there should be no exemption to allow 

paper delivery as a substitute.710 Another commenter stated that investors should be allowed to 

waive these delivery requirements entirely.711

(3) Final Rules

After considering the comments, we are adopting as proposed the account opening and 

electronic delivery requirements in Rule 302(a). We are not prescribing particular requirements 

for account opening. Rather, we believe that the final rule provides flexibility to intermediaries 

given that intermediaries are better positioned than the Commission to determine what 

information and processes it will require, both as a business decision and to ensure compliance 

with all applicable regulatory requirements. Therefore, for example, an intermediary can decide 

whether or not to open a new account for an existing customer. We also are not prescribing under

the final rule, as a commenter suggested, that an intermediary be required to collect identifying 

information that could help prevent duplicative or fraudulent accounts. We believe that even 

without prescribing particular account opening requirements intermediaries should be able to 

 708 See CFIRA Letter 12.

709 Id.

710 See RocketHub Letter.

711 See Public Startup Letter 3.
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identify, by collecting basic account opening information, those accounts that appear to be

duplicative or present red flags of potential fraud. 

However, the final rules do not permit investors to waive the electronic delivery 

requirements entirely, as one commenter suggested.

712 We believe that electronic delivery of 

materials in connection with crowdfunding offerings serves an important and basic investor 

protection function by conveying information, such as offering materials, that will help investors 

to make better informed investment decisions and by a method that is appropriately suited to the 

electronic and Internet-based nature of crowdfunding transactions. 

As explained in Section II.A.3, Rule 100(a)(3) of Regulation Crowdfunding requires that 

crowdfunding transactions be conducted exclusively through an intermediary’s platform. Rule

302(a) implements this requirement by requiring that investors consent to electronic delivery of 

materials in connection with crowdfunding offerings.

713 This requirement applies to all investors, 

including an existing customer of a registered broker that has not already consented to electronic

delivery of materials. Therefore, this requirement will prohibit intermediaries from accepting an 

investment commitment in a Section 4(a)(6) offering from any investor that has not consented to

electronic delivery. 

We are adopting substantially as proposed Rule 302(a)(2), which requires that all 

information required to be provided by an intermediary under Subpart C be provided through 

electronic means. We have considered the comments but do not believe that it would be sufficient 

– or consistent with our previous statements about electronic media – for the intermediary simply 

 712 Id.

713 Certain requirements of Regulation Crowdfunding that require timely actions by issuers and investors will be 

facilitated by requiring consent to electronic delivery of documents. See, e.g., Section II.C.6 (discussing the 

five-day periods for investor reconfirmations based on material changes and issuer cancellation notices). 
187

to make Subpart C materials, such as educational materials, notices and confirmations, available 

on the intermediary’s platform for investors to access.714 Rather, unless otherwise indicated in the 

relevant rules of Subpart C,

715 the intermediary must provide the information either through (1) 

an electronic message that contains the information, (2) an electronic message that includes a 

specific link to the information as posted on the intermediary’s platform, or (3) an electronic 

message that provides notice of what the information is and notifies investors that this information

is located on the intermediary’s platform or on the issuer’s website.716 We have added to the rule 

text other examples of electronic messages that are permissible in addition to e-mail messages –

specifically text, instant messages, and messages sent using social media.

b. Educational Materials

(1) Proposed Rules

Securities Act Section 4A(a)(3) states that an intermediary must “provide such disclosures, 

including disclosures related to risks and other investor education materials, as the Commission 

shall, by rule, determine appropriate,” but it does not elaborate on the scope of this requirement. 

As described in further detail below, proposed Rule 302(b)(1) of Regulation Crowdfunding would 

require intermediaries to deliver to investors, at account opening, educational materials that are in 

 714 See Use of Electronic Media, Release No. 34-42728 (Apr. 28, 2000) [65 FR 25843, 25853 (May 4, 2000)] 

(discussing the “access equals delivery” concept and citing Use of Electronic Media for Delivery Purposes, 

Release No. 34-36345 (Oct. 6, 1995) [60 FR 53548, 53454 (Oct. 13, 1995)]).

715 For example, Rule 303(a) separately requires that an intermediary must make issuer information publicly 

available on its platform, and so we do not believe that it is necessary to further require intermediaries to 

send an electronic message regarding the posting of issuer materials.

716 As noted above, this electronic message could include a specific link to the information as posted on the 

intermediary’s platform. However, we are not requiring intermediaries to provide a link to direct investors to 

the intermediary’s platform or the issuer’s website where the information is located. We believe that the 

final rule provides some flexibility to intermediaries when providing required information through electronic 

messages given that intermediaries are well-positioned to determine how best to ensure compliance with all 

applicable regulatory requirements. We also believe that, because of the widespread use of the Internet, as 

well as advances in technology that allow funding portals to send various electronic messages, our final rule

requires sufficient notice to investors.
188

plain language and otherwise designed to communicate effectively and accurately certain 

specified information. Proposed Rules 302(b)(1)(i)-(viii) would require the materials to include: 

• the process for the offer, purchase and issuance of securities through the intermediary;

• the risks associated with investing in securities offered and sold in reliance on Section 

4(a)(6); 

• the types of securities that may be offered on the intermediary’s platform and the risks 

associated with each type of security, including the risk of having limited voting power 

as a result of dilution;

• the restrictions on the resale of securities offered and sold in reliance on 

Section 4(a)(6); 

• the types of information that an issuer is required to provide in annual reports, the 

frequency of the delivery of that information, and the possibility that the issuer’s 

obligation to file annual reports may terminate in the future; 

• the limits on the amounts investors may invest, as set forth in Section 4(a)(6)(B);

• the circumstances in which the issuer may cancel an investment commitment; 

• the limitations on an investor’s right to cancel an investment commitment; 

• the need for the investor to consider whether investing in a security offered and sold in 

reliance on Section 4(a)(6) is appropriate for him or her; and

• that following completion of an offering, there may or may not be any ongoing 

relationship between the issuer and intermediary.

Proposed Rule 302(b)(2) would further require intermediaries to make the current version of the 

educational materials available on their platforms, and to make revised materials available to all 
189

investors before accepting any additional investment commitments or effecting any further 

transactions in securities offered and sold in reliance on Section 4(a)(6). 

(2) Comments on Proposed Rules

Commenters generally supported distribution of educational materials through 

intermediaries.717 Some stated that intermediaries should be required to submit educational 

materials to the Commission or to FINRA because oversight and review is needed for materials 

that will be used by unsophisticated investors, 718 while others stated that intermediaries should 

not be required to submit educational materials to the Commission or to FINRA because it would 

be cumbersome and expensive.719 One commenter stated that the proposed requirements should 

be modified to state that education must be done prior to an investor’s first investment in a Section 

4(a)(6) offering, not at account opening.

720 

Some commenters suggested that additions be made to the scope of information proposed 

to be required in an intermediary’s educational materials,721 to include information about exit 

strategies;722 principles of investing in crowdfunding and how to evaluate investment

 717 See, e.g., Arctic Island Letter 6; CFA Institute Letter; Cole Letter; Consumer Federation Letter; Gimpelson 

Letter 2; Heritage Letter; Jacobson Letter; NSBA Letter; Patel Letter; RocketHub Letter; STA Letter; 

StartupValley Letter; Wefunder Letter.

718 See, e.g., Consumer Federation Letter; Gimpelson Letter 2; Jacobson Letter. See also RocketHub Letter 

(stating that “if educational materials are submitted to the Commission for approval, such approval should 

act to limit liability of the Portal under the Act”).

719 See, e.g., Arctic Island Letter 6; Joinvestor Letter; StartupValley Letter; Wefunder Letter.

720 See Arctic Island Letter 6. The commenter also stated that the educational material requirements should only 

apply to unaccredited investors, but we note that the requirement under Section 4A(a)(4) runs to “each 

investor.” As discussed above, we believe that Congress intended for crowdfunding transactions under 

Section 4(a)(6) to be available equally to all types of investors. Consistent with that approach, we do not 

believe at this time it would be appropriate to tailor the educational requirements for any particular type of 

investor or to create an exemption for accredited investors. Further, issuers can rely on other exemptions to 

offer and sell securities to accredited investors or institutional investors.

721 See, e.g., Anonymous Letter 1; Gimpelson Letter 2; RocketHub Letter; STA Letter; Angel Letter 1.

722 See Anonymous Letter 1.
190

opportunities in privately held companies;723 the risks associated with crowdfunding 

investments;724 and reasons for investors to maintain their own personal records concerning 

crowdfunding investments.725 One commenter suggested that educational materials “should 

include an industry standard disclosure document on the benefits and risks of crowdfunding 

investments.”726 This commenter indicated that “having these generic risk factors in the industry 

standard educational materials will help focus the company specific disclosure on the factors that 

are most important.”727

Some commenters suggested that intermediaries should be required to design 

questionnaires to increase investor knowledge and to monitor whether investors actually access 

materials. 728 One commenter suggested that in addition to an “interactive questionnaire,” the 

Commission should also “require that investors reaffirm each time they invest that they 

understand the risks associated with crowdfunding, can afford to lose their entire investment, and 

do not expect to need the funds being invested in the near term.”729

Some commenters stated that we should develop model educational materials for investors 

or specify the content for intermediaries.

730 One commenter suggested that the Commission, state 

 723 See Gimpelson Letter 2.

724 See RocketHub Letter.

725 See STA Letter.

726 See Angel Letter 1. 

727 Id. (suggesting an issuer-specific disclosure document). 

728 See, e.g., AFR Letter; BetterInvesting Letter; Consumer Federation Letter; IAC Recommendation. One 

commenter also suggested requiring intermediaries to post a list of previous offerings on their web sites with 

information about the offerings. See Angel Letter 1.

729 IAC Recommendation; see also BetterInvesting Letter.

730 See, e.g., CFA Institute Letter; Guzik Letter 1; Heritage Letter;Jacobson Letter; Joinvestor Letter; NSBA 

Letter; STA Letter. See also CfPA Letter (stating that guidance on the requirements for educational 

materials and certification of compliance should be created and administered by an industry-related body 

with approval and oversight by the Commission).
191

securities regulators, and FINRA, together, should develop “a sample guide” designed to alert 

investors to the risks of crowdfunding including, among other things, “the high failure rate of 

small startup companies, the fact that shares will not be set based on market data and may 

therefore be mispriced, the lack of liquidity, and the risk that, absent appropriate protections, the 

value of their shares could be diluted.”731 This commenter also suggested that the guide “should 

include explicit warnings that investors should not invest in crowdfunding unless they can afford 

to lose the entire amount of their investment or if they expect to have an immediate need for the 

funds.”732 This commenter also stated that regulators should test the materials with investors to 

ensure their effectiveness.733

One commenter stated that we should not limit or specify the type of electronic media 

being used to communicate educational material.734 Finally, one commenter opposed all the 

educational requirements for intermediaries, and suggested instead that the Commission itself, 

rather than intermediaries, should provide investor educational materials to both investors and 

issuers with funding portals linking to, for example, the SEC webpage or an open source website 

containing any Commission drafted educational materials.

735

(3) Final Rules

After considering the comments, we are adopting Rule 302(b) relating to educational 

materials substantially as proposed, but adding one further requirement as to the content of the 

 731 IAC Recommendation; see also BetterInvesting Letter. 

732 Id.

733 Id. (suggesting that the Commission should take additional steps “to strengthen requirements with regard to 

content and delivery of educational materials in order to increase the likelihood both that they will be read 

and that they will clearly convey the essential information”); see also CFIRA Letter 12 (agreeing with IAC’s 

suggestion that the Commission “could establish a set of standard educational requirements for the industry 

that could be adopted by intermediaries”).

734 See Gimpelson Letter 2.

735 See Public Startup Letter 3.
192

materials. We believe that, consistent with Section 4A(a)(3) it is appropriate that intermediaries, 

rather than the Commission (as a commenter suggested), be required to provide such disclosures, 

including disclosures related to risks and other investor education materials as the Commission 

determines to be appropriate. We believe that intermediaries are better equipped and positioned, 

as compared to the Commission, to provide educational materials to investors that are reasonably 

tailored to an intermediary’s offerings and investors, particularly in light of their access to and 

interactions with investors. 

We further believe that the scope of information that we are requiring to be included in an 

intermediary’s educational materials is appropriate. In the Proposing Release we discussed our 

rationales for requiring the different types of disclosures in the educational materials. As we 

noted in the Proposing Release, we generally drew upon the statutory provisions when including 

disclosures required in the educational materials relating to the risks of investing in securities 

offered and sold in reliance on Section 4(a)(6), investors’ cancellation rights, resale restrictions 

and issuer reporting.736 The circumstances in which an investor can cancel an investment 

commitment and obtain a return of his or her funds are particularly important to an investor’s 

understanding of the investment process and may affect an investor’s decision to consider any 

offerings made pursuant to Section 4(a)(6). The items required to be included, pursuant to Rule 

302(b)(1)(i) through (viii), in the educational materials are basic terms, relevant to transactions 

conducted in reliance on Section 4(a)(6), of which all investors should be aware before making an 

investment commitment. Furthermore, information on the various types of securities that can be 

available for purchase on the intermediary’s platform, any applicable resale restrictions, and the 

risks associated with each type of security, including the risk of having limited voting power as a 

 736 See Securities Act Sections 4A(a)(4), 4A(a)(7), 4A(e), and 4A(b)(4). 
193

result of dilution can affect an investor’s decision to consider any offerings made pursuant to 

Section 4(a)(6). In addition, we are adding Rule 302(b)(1)(ix) to require the educational materials 

to indicate that under certain circumstances an issuer may cease to publish annual reports and, 

therefore, an investor may not continually have current financial information about the issuer. We 

are adding this requirement because we believe that it is important for investors to be able to 

consider the ongoing availability of information about an issuer’s financial condition when they

assess whether to invest in that issuer. 

The final rule provides each intermediary with sufficient flexibility to determine: (1) the 

content of the educational materials, outside of the minimum specified information required to be 

included under Rule 302(b)(1)(i)-(viii), and (2) the overall format and manner of presentation of 

the materials. We believe this flexibility will allow the intermediary to prepare and present 

educational materials in a manner reasonably tailored to the types of offerings on the 

intermediary’s platform and the types of investors accessing its platform. While we have 

determined not to provide model educational materials, impose additional content (beyond those 

proposed) or format requirements, mandate particular language or manner of presentation, or 

require that an intermediary design an investor questionnaire, as suggested by commenters, the 

final rules do not prohibit an intermediary from providing additional educational materials if they 

choose. For example, because the final rules do not require an intermediary to design a 

questionnaire, intermediaries maintain the flexibility in meeting the rule’s requirements to

determine whether such a disclosure format would be cost effective and appropriate particularly in 

light of that intermediary’s particular business model. We further note the suggestion by some 

commenters that we require additional information in the educational materials, including, for 

example, requiring an intermediary to discuss exit strategies, how to evaluate investment 
194

opportunities in privately held companies, and the reasons for investors to maintain their own 

personal records concerning crowdfunding investments. Although these suggestions may provide 

investors with some useful information, we are not persuaded that imposing such additional 

requirements in the final rule is necessary at this time as it is unclear that those suggestions would

significantly strengthen the investor protections that will result from Rule 302(b) as adopted. We 

also believe that adding such requirements may overly complicate these educational materials and 

increase the costs associated with preparing them. Therefore, we have determined to allow 

intermediaries the flexibility to prepare educational materials reasonably tailored to their offerings 

and investors, provided the materials meet the standards and include the information required to 

be provided under Rule 302(b).

737 

We also recognize that FINRA or any other registered national securities association may 

implement additional educational materials requirements. We are not, however, as one 

commenter suggested,738 requiring at this time that intermediaries submit their educational 

materials to the Commission or to a registered national securities association for review and 

approval. We note, however, that a registered national securities association could propose such a 

requirement as its oversight of intermediaries in this new market evolves. Any such proposed 

requirement would be considered by the Commission, and subject to public notice and opportunity 

for comment, pursuant to Exchange Act Section 19(b) and Rule 19b-4.

Rule 302(b)(2) requires an intermediary to keep its educational materials accurate.

Accordingly, an intermediary must update the materials as needed to keep them current. In 

 737 We note that educational materials may be subject to examination and inspection. See Section II.D.5. 

(describing the recordkeeping obligations of funding portals).

738 See RocketHub Letter (stating that “if educational materials are submitted to the Commission for approval, 

such approval should act to limit liability of the Portal under the Act”).
195

addition, if an intermediary makes a material revision to its educational materials, the rule requires 

that the intermediary make the revised educational materials available to all investors before 

accepting any additional investment commitments or effecting any further crowdfunding 

transactions. An intermediary will also be required to obtain a representation that an investor has 

reviewed the intermediary’s most recent educational materials before accepting an investment 

commitment from the investor.

739 

We believe that these requirements will benefit investors by helping to ensure that they 

receive information about key aspects of investing through the intermediary’s platform, including 

aspects that may have changed since the last time they received the materials, prior to making 

investment commitments, as that information can influence their investment decisions. We also

believe that requiring intermediaries to update materials on an ongoing basis, rather than at certain 

specified intervals, will help to ensure that those materials are updated as circumstances warrant, 

which, in turn, will provide investors with more current information and increase investor 

protection.

c. Promoters

(1) Proposed Rule

Securities Act Section 4A(b)(3) provides that an issuer shall “not compensate or commit to 

compensate, directly or indirectly, any person to promote its offerings through communication 

channels provided by a broker or funding portal, without taking such steps as the Commission 

shall, by rule, require to ensure that such person clearly discloses the receipt, past or prospective, 

of such compensation, upon each instance of such promotional communication.” Under Rule 205

of Regulation Crowdfunding, as discussed above, an issuer can compensate persons to promote its 

 739 See Rule 303(b)(2)(i) of Regulation Crowdfunding.
196

offerings through communications channels provided by the intermediary on its platform, where 

certain conditions are met.

740 

We separately proposed in Rule 302(c) of Regulation Crowdfunding to require the 

intermediary to inform investors, at the account opening stage, that any person who promotes an 

issuer’s offering for compensation, whether past or prospective, or who is a founder or an 

employee of an issuer that engages in promotional activities on behalf of the issuer on the 

intermediary’s platform, must clearly disclose in all communications on the platform the receipt of 

the compensation and the fact that he or she is engaging in promotional activities on behalf of the 

issuer. 

(2) Comments on Proposed Rules

Some commenters suggested that the promoter disclosures should not be made at account 

opening where they may be ignored.741 One commenter proposed that the disclosures should be 

made “prior to any participant on the platform being able to post comments, reviews, ratings, or 

other promotional activities.”742 

(3) Final Rules

We are adopting, as proposed, Rule 302(c) requiring intermediaries to inform investors, at 

the time of account opening, that promoters must clearly disclose in all communications on the 

platform the receipt of the compensation and the fact that he or she is engaging in promotional 

activities on behalf of the issuer. As noted in the Proposing Release, in addition to the 

information required under Rule 302(c), promoters will also be required to comply with Section 

17(b) of the Securities Act, which requires promoters to fully disclose to investors the receipt, 

 740 See Rule 205 of Regulation Crowdfunding and the discussion in Section II.B.5. 

741 See, e.g., Arctic Island Letter 6; Wefunder Letter.

742 See Arctic Island Letter 6.
197

whether past or prospective, of consideration and the amount of that compensation.

743 We believe 

that the disclosures required by Rule 302(c) will help alert investors at the outset, rather than after

the account is opened, of the fact that information about the promotional activities of issuers or 

representatives of issuers will be disclosed at a later time on the platform, pursuant to Rule 

303(c)(4). We believe that the account opening is the appropriate time for this disclosure because

it gives investors notice of potential promotional activities by issuers and their representatives 

prior to making investment commitments. As discussed below, Rule 303(c)(4) separately 

mandates that intermediaries require any person, when posting a comment in the communication 

channels, to clearly disclose with each posting whether he or she is a founder or an employee of 

an issuer engaging in promotional activities on behalf of the issuer, or receives compensation, 

whether in the past or prospectively, to promote an issuer’s offering. We believe that the 

disclosure requirements of Rule 302(c), when coupled with the additional disclosure requirements 

in Rule 303(c)(4), will promote a transparent information sharing process whereby investors are 

able to discern the sources of information that they are receiving and any potential conflicts of 

interest by those sources.

d. Compensation Disclosure

(1) Proposed Rule

Proposed Rule 302(d) of Regulation Crowdfunding would require that intermediaries, 

when establishing an account for an investor, clearly disclose the manner in which they will be 

compensated in connection with offerings and sales of securities made in reliance on Section 

4(a)(6). This requirement would help to ensure investors are aware of any potential conflicts of 

interest that may arise from the manner in which the intermediary is compensated. Rule 201(o) of 

 743 See Proposing Release at 78 FR 66467-68. See also Section 17(b) of the Securities Act (15 U.S.C. 77q(b)). 
198

Regulation Crowdfunding, which is discussed in Section II.B.1, separately requires an issuer to 

disclose in its offering materials, among other things, the amount of compensation paid to the 

intermediary for conducting a particular offering, including the amount of referral and any other 

fees associated with the offering.

(2) Comments on Proposed Rule

Several commenters supported the disclosure of intermediary compensation.744 One 

commenter stated that the account opening is not an appropriate time to mention compensation, 

asserting that the account opening stage should be dedicated to discussing the risk of startup 

investing.745 One commenter suggested that the best way for an intermediary to disclose 

compensation is through a “Costs and Fees” page on its website.746 Another commenter requested 

that the Commission define compensation as any fees or compensation collected by the 

intermediary in connection with a Section 4(a)(6) transaction, subject to Commission and FINRA 

rules.747

(3) Final Rules

We are adopting Rule 302(d) as proposed. We believe that requiring intermediaries to 

provide information to investors about the manner in which they will be compensated at account 

opening, rather than at a subsequent time, will provide investors with notice of how the 

intermediary is being compensated at a threshold stage in the relationship (i.e., account opening),

which, in turn, will help investors make better-informed decisions. We note that the final rules –

unlike the proposed rules – allow intermediaries to receive a financial interest in the issuer as 

 744 See, e.g., Arctic Island Letter 6; ASSOB Letter; CFA Institute Letter; Commonwealth of Massachusetts 

Letter; Joinvestor Letter; StartupValley Letter; Wefunder Letter.

745 See Wefunder Letter.

746 See StartupValley Letter.

747 See CFIRA Letter 4.
199

compensation, subject to certain limitations.

748 Therefore, an intermediary that receives or may 

receive a financial interest in an issuer in the future as compensation for its services is required to 

disclose that compensation at account opening. We also note that Rule 201(o), which is discussed 

in Section II.B.1 and separately requires an issuer to disclose in its offering materials a description

of the intermediary’s interests in the issuer’s transaction, including the amount of compensation 

paid or to be paid to the intermediary for conducting a particular offering, the amount of referral 

and any other fees associated with the offering. We are not defining compensation as one 

commenter suggested, as we believe the final rule’s requirement to clearly disclose the manner in 

which an intermediary will be compensated in connection with offerings and sales of securities 

made in reliance on Section 4(a)(6) is sufficiently clear, and because we are also concerned that a 

definition of compensation could be both under- and over-inclusive in a new and evolving 

crowdfunding market. 

5. Requirements with Respect to Transactions

a. Issuer Information

(1) Proposed Rule

Securities Act Section 4A(a)(6) requires each intermediary to make available to the 

Commission and investors, not later than 21 days prior to the first day on which securities are sold 

to any investor (or such other period as the Commission may establish), any information provided 

by the issuer pursuant to Section 4A(b).749 Accordingly, we proposed Rule 303(a) of Regulation 

Crowdfunding to implement this provision by requiring each intermediary in a transaction 

involving the offer or sale of securities in reliance on Section 4(a)(6) to make available to the 

 748 See Section II.C.2.b. 

749 As discussed in Section II.B, Securities Act Section 4A(b) establishes the requirements for an issuer that 

offers or sells securities in reliance on Section 4(a)(6).
200

Commission and to investors any information required to be provided by the issuer under Rules 

201 and 203(a) of proposed Regulation Crowdfunding. As proposed, Rule 303(a) would require 

that this information: (1) be publicly available on the intermediary’s platform, in a manner that 

reasonably permits a person accessing the platform to save, download or otherwise store the 

information; (2) be made publicly available on the intermediary’s platform for a minimum of 21 

days before any securities are sold in the offering, during which time the intermediary may accept 

investment commitments; and (3) remain publicly available on the intermediary’s platform until 

the offer and sale of securities is completed or cancelled (including any additional information 

provided by the issuer). In addition, under Proposed Rule 303(a)(4), an intermediary would be 

prohibited from requiring any person to establish an account with the intermediary in order to 

access this information. 

(2) Comments on the Proposed Rule

Several commenters suggested that so long as issuer information is made available on the 

intermediary’s platform, the rules should not mandate the delivery of this information, in addition 

to or in lieu of, making the information available on the intermediary’s platform.750 

One commenter stated that having information about a deal publicly available on the 

intermediary’s website will increase the potential for fraud—specifically, potential fraud 

involving “data scraping” from websites (i.e., copying data from these websites in order to use 

 750 See, e.g., Arctic Island Letter 6 (suggesting that an electronic copy of the signed subscription agreement and 

risk disclosures should be sent to the investor via email, and that “[e]verything else can be referenced by the 

investor online at any time”); ASSOB Letter; CrowdCheck Letter (suggesting that the Commission remove 

the requirement in the proposed rules that would effectively limit the presentation of information to only 

formats that can be saved and downloaded by prospective investors); RocketHub Letter; Wefunder Letter; 

Vann Letter (stating that no particular means of delivery to investors should be required because 

“technologies may change” and intermediaries should be allowed to use whatever means “appropriate”). 
201

that data for fraudulent purposes).751 This same commenter suggested that that there should be 

two levels of disclosure: the first, would be available to all and would contain certain general 

information about the issuer and the terms of deal, and the second would be made available only 

after investors proceed through a membership registration process and would contain disclosure 

documents, financial information, legal disclosures and further information.752 

As to the amount of time that an intermediary should display issuer materials prior to the 

first day on which securities are sold to any investor, some commenters supported the 21-day time 

frame as a sufficient minimum period that offering information should be made available through 

the intermediary’s platform.753 

Although one commenter objected to intermediaries displaying any issuer materials,754

several commenters supported requiring intermediaries to continue to display issuer materials for 

some period of time after completion of the offering.755 One commenter, however, stated that 

intermediaries should not be required to display issuer materials for closed offerings.756 Another 

 751 See StartupValley Letter.

752 Id. See also Early Shares Letter (suggesting a permission-based system for the disclosure of certain 

“sensitive” information about the offering). 

753 See, e.g., ASSOB Letter; RocketHub Letter.

754 See Public Startup Letter 3.

755 See, e.g., Arctic Island Letter 6 (stating that an issuer’s offering materials should be permanently displayed 

so it can easily be referenced in the future); ASSOB Letter (suggesting a period of at least two years after 

receiving funding from the offering); Jacobson Letter (suggesting a period of at least six years after an 

offering closes); RocketHub Letter (recommending that issuer materials should remain displayed for an 

additional 30 days after completion of the offering and further suggesting that “[i]ntermediaries should have 

the right, at their own discretion, to continue to display the entire offering, or parts of it, for as long as they 

see fit”).

756 See Whitaker Chalk Letter (stating that removing such materials from the intermediary’s platform would 

prevent the public from relying on “stale” information and opposing the requirement that intermediaries keep 

public any such “stale” information so long as the information remain subject to the intermediary’s 

recordkeeping requirements).
202

commenter stated that “[o]nce an offering is complete, an issuer should have the right to limit 

publicly available information.” 757 

We also requested comments as to whether an intermediary should make efforts to ensure 

that an investor has actually reviewed the relevant issuer information. A few commenters 

expressed concern with requiring intermediaries to ensure that an investor has reviewed the 

relevant issuer information.758 Another commenter suggested that an investor “should 

demonstrate, through a representation of acknowledgment, that they have reviewed all relevant 

issuer information.”759 

(3) Final Rules

After considering the comments, we are adopting, as proposed, Rule 303(a). As stated in 

the Proposing Release, we believe that the requirement in Rule 303(a) that the information must 

be made publicly available on the intermediary’s website satisfies the requirement under Section 

4A(d) for the Commission to “make [available to the states], or . . . cause to be made [available] 

by the relevant broker or funding portal, the information” issuers are required to provide under 

Section 4A(b) and the rules thereunder. Moreover, this approach should help investors, the 

Commission, FINRA (and any other applicable registered national securities association) and 

other interested parties, such as state regulators, to access information without impediment. 

Therefore, we believe that this rule is not only consistent with the statute but that it also enhances 

investor protection by having issuer information about a crowdfunding security publicly available 

on the intermediary’s website. While we considered the concern expressed by one commenter 

 757 See RocketHub Letter.

758 See, e.g., Arctic Island Letter 6 (stating that such a requirement “could make things incredibly messy and 

expensive”); Wefunder Letter.

759 RocketHub Letter.
203

that having such information available on the intermediary’s website would increase the potential 

for “data scraping,”760 we believe the expected benefits of the requirement to investors and other 

interested persons, as discussed above, justifies the risk of potential harm from such potential 

activities.

We note that commenters who addressed the issue generally supported a 21-day time 

frame as the minimum period that offering information should be made available through the 

intermediary’s platform prior to the first day on which securities are sold to any investor. Under 

the final rules, the information must remain available on the platform until the offering is 

completed or canceled. While some commenters suggested that the rule should require 

intermediaries to continue to display issuer materials for some period of time after completion of 

the offering, we are not prescribing such a requirement nor are we prohibiting intermediaries from 

doing so if they so choose. Although we appreciate that historical issuer information may provide 

helpful background for investors generally, we are concerned that imposing such a requirement 

could potentially result in persons relying on potentially stale issuer information particularly given 

the nature of the crowdfunding market (i.e., we assume that each issuer generally will conduct 

only one offering per year).

761 We note that intermediaries nonetheless are required to retain the 

information in accordance with their obligation to make and preserve for a period of time records 

with respect to any written materials that are used as part of an intermediary’s business, including 

issuer materials made available on their platforms.

762 

 760 See StartupValley Letter.

761 As discussed in Section IV.B.1, we assume, for purposes of the Paperwork Reduction Act, that each issuer 

will conduct one offering per year.

762 Registered brokers would have to maintain records pursuant to Exchange Act Section 17 and the rules 

thereunder. See e.g., 15 U.S.C. 78q and 17 CFR 240.17a-3 and 17a-4. Funding portals would be subject to 

the recordkeeping requirements of proposed Rule 404 of Regulation Crowdfunding. See Section II.D.5 

(discussing the recordkeeping requirements we are adopting for funding portals).
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While the intermediary plays an important gatekeeper function, the investor has 

responsibility for his or her actions as well. To that end, we are not requiring that an intermediary 

ensure that an investor has actually reviewed the relevant issuer information. We believe that the 

requirements of Rule 303(a) provide an investor with the relevant issuer information and an 

adequate period of time in which to evaluate the investment opportunity before investing. We are 

not at this time imposing additional requirements on the intermediary in this regard.

b. Investor Qualification

(1) Compliance with Investment Limits

(a) Proposed Rule

Securities Act Section 4(a)(6)(B) limits the aggregate amount of securities that can be sold 

by an issuer to an investor in reliance on Section 4(a)(6) during a 12-month period. Securities Act 

Section 4A(a)(8) requires that intermediaries “make such efforts as the Commission determines 

appropriate, by rule” to ensure that no investor has made purchases in the aggregate, from all 

issuers, that exceed the limits in Section 4(a)(6). 

Proposed Rule 303(b)(1) of Regulation Crowdfunding would implement this latter 

provision by requiring that, each time before accepting an investment commitment on its platform

(including any additional investment commitment from the same person), an intermediary must 

have a reasonable basis for believing that the investor satisfies the investment limits established by 

Section 4(a)(6)(B). The proposed rule would allow an intermediary to rely on an investor’s 

representations concerning annual income, net worth and the amount of the investor’s other 

investments in securities sold in reliance on Section 4(a)(6) through other intermediaries unless 

the intermediary has a reasonable basis to question the reliability of the representation. 
205

(b) Comments on the Proposed Rule

A number of commenters supported the proposed requirements for enforcing investment 

limits and intermediary responsibility for investor compliance,

763 while a few commenters 

opposed the requirements.764 Several commenters suggested ways to strengthen the 

requirements, such as by: requiring that an intermediary conduct more stringent checks,765 having 

the Commission maintain a registry of those who have purchased crowdfunding securities,

766

requiring that investors electronically upload financial documents for verification of income or net 

worth,767 requiring notices detailing investment limits and highlighting their importance,768 and 

precluding an investor who violates the investment limits from bringing a cause of action against 

an issuer.769 Some commenters suggested that the Commission require intermediaries to create a 

tool for investors to use, such as a questionnaire, to assemble the underlying data on which 

investment limits are calculated and to perform those calculations electronically.770 However, 

 763 See, e.g., BetterInvesting Letter; CFA Institute Letter; CFIRA Letter 12; Finkelstein Letter; IAC 

Recommendation; Milken Institute Letter. See also NAAC Letter (stating that unsophisticated investors 

might not comply with the investment limits or be targets for fraudulent schemes, and recommending 

“verified and stringent determinations as to the income and net worth qualifications of any potential 

investors.”).

764 See, e.g., Moskowitz Letter (stating that select investors on the secondary market could purchase shares in 

excess of the investment limit and suggesting that the limits be removed altogether); Phillips Letter.

765 See, e.g., Moskowitz Letter; NAAC Letter.

766 See Clapman Letter. See also CFA Institute Letter (suggesting that the Commission require intermediaries to 

“cross check each investor’s information against other files on record with the Commission to ensure 

compliance with the law’s limitations”).

767 See, e.g., Consumer Federation Letter; Finkelstein Letter.

768 See Milken Institute Letter.

769 Id.

770 See, e.g., CFA Institute Letter (suggesting that “investors be required to complete online questionnaires 

denoting the different classes of asset holdings permitted by the law, with a specific and prominent 

notification that the value of one’s primary residence is excluded”); IAC Recommendation (stating that the 

tool, such as an electronic work sheet, would assist investors in identifying categories of assets and liabilities 

such as bank accounts, investment accounts, and house value, for purposes of the net worth calculation, and 

prompt them to deduct outstanding liabilities and exclude the value of principle residence). See also

BetterInvesting Letter. 
206

another commenter disagreed with this suggestion.771 One commenter suggested intermediaries’

platforms be required to provide to investors prior to accepting an investment commitment a 

detailed statement of the investment limits that are applicable to investors that also includes a 

penalty of perjury certification by the investor.

772 A few commenters emphasized a need to warn 

investors that the value of their primary residence should be excluded for purposes of the net 

worth calculation.773 Commenters also suggested that the Commission adopt an approach similar 

to that under the capital gains tax rules that would limit benefits and loss recovery for investors 

who invest outside of their limits.774

Several commenters opposed the proposal to allow an intermediary to rely on the 

representations of an investor.775 Some urged the Commission to provide for verification through 

either a third-party service or through the intermediaries themselves in lieu of reliance on investor 

representations.

776 Other commenters suggested that intermediaries should be required to take 

certain affirmative steps to verify investor representations.777 One commenter stated that the 

 771 See CFIRA Letter 12 (disagreeing with IAC’s suggestion “that portals create a ‘tool’ to walk investors 

through the creation of what is essentially a personal balance sheet”).

772 See Milken Institute Letter (“This would underscore the importance of the investor caps . . . and properly 

place the burden of compliance on the actor who can verify income or wealth at the lowest cost -- the 

investor.”).

773 See, e.g., Brown J. Letter; CFA Institute Letter; Consumer Federation Letter. 

774 See, e.g., Milken Institute Letter (supporting the proposed investment caps, but agreeing with precluding loss 

recovery); Phillips Letter. 

775 See, e.g., Accredify Letter (stating that self-certifications are not an effective way to implement the 

investment limit requirements and suggesting that intermediaries be required to use existing services to 

check individuals’ investment limits); AFL-CIO Letter; AFR Letter; Brown J. Letter; Commonwealth of 

Massachusetts Letter; Consumer Federation Letter; Farnkoff Letter; Letter Finkelstein Letter; Jacobson 

Letter; Merkley Letter (noting that permitting self-certification would expose investors to precisely the risks

that the statute aimed to prevent, and should not be permitted for investments over $2,000); Saunders Letter; 

Verinvest Letter.

776 See, e.g., Accredify Letter; Commonwealth of Massachusetts Letter; Farnkoff Letter (“A third-party 

verification regime overseen by the SEC or FINRA would provide the safest protection from fraudsters and 

reduce risks of liability for funding portals.”); Saunders Letter; Verinvest Letter.

777 See, e.g., AFL-CIO Letter; Jacobson Letter. 
207

strongest possible approach to a verification requirement should be imposed for investments 

beyond $2,000.778 Another commenter suggested that the Commission create penalties for 

intermediaries who fail to meet their duties regarding investment limits.779 One commenter 

suggested the Commission should require crowdfunding portals to collect enough data from 

investors to avoid the most likely errors in calculating the investment limit and to prevent evasion 

of those limits. This commenter also suggested that the Commission should require portals to 

collect social security numbers to help prevent individuals from evading limits by opening 

multiple accounts under false names.780

Other commenters supported the proposal to allow an intermediary to rely on the 

representations of an investor.781 Some of these commenters warned against costly compliance

requirements such as, for example, requiring verification of investment limits by both the issuer 

and the intermediary,

782 or burdening a broker-dealer with a vetting requirement for someone who 

may only want to invest a small amount, such as $25.783

Several commenters supported requiring an intermediary to confirm investment limits 

compliance using a centralized database, should one become established.784 A number of these 

 778 See Merkley Letter (suggesting that the Commission could reconsider possible options to relax any strict 

initial approach after the first few years of the final rules being in effect, and stating that “it would be 

incredible if the verification requirements for ordinary investors in crowdfunding were permitted to be less 

than for accredited investors under Rule 506(c)”).

779 See Commonwealth of Massachusetts Letter.

780 See AFR Letter.

781 See, e.g., Arctic Island Letter 6; ASSOB Letter; CFA Institute Letter; Greenfield Letter; Heritage Letter; 

Joinvestor Letter; Patel Letter; Public Startup Letter 3; RocketHub Letter.

782 See Heritage Letter.

783 See Arctic Island Letter 6.

784 See, e.g., BetterInvesting Letter; Arctic Island Letter 6; Consumer Federation Letter; Finkelstein Letter; IAC 

Recommendation; Merkley Letter; Verinvest Letter. See also CFA Institute Letter (suggesting that “the 

Commission require such intermediaries to cross check each investor’s information against other files on 

record with the Commission to ensure compliance with the law’s limitations”).
208

commenters suggested the database be created and managed by the Commission with mandatory 

intermediary participation785 to allow intermediaries to check an investor’s total year to date 

purchases across all platforms.786 One commenter stated that the statute “contemplates” the 

development of a central data repository and suggested that it could be established at the relevant 

national securities association.787 Another commenter suggested, in connection with its support 

for the use of a centralized database, imposing a three-to-five year time limit, after which 

intermediaries would no longer be permitted to rely on investor representations about their 

investments on other platforms.788 One commenter suggested the Commission incentivize the 

private creation of a centralized database.789 Another opposed the Commission imposing any 

obligation on intermediaries until after such a centralized database is established.790 Another 

commenter, supporting the creation of a single, centralized database, warned that “competing 

databases” would be incomplete.791 

Others commenters expressed concern that the proposed rule included no mechanism to 

prevent investors from registering with multiple platforms and investing far in excess of the 

 785 See, e.g., Arctic Island Letter 6; Consumer Federation Letter; Finkelstein Letter. See also CFA Institute 

Letter.

786 See Finkelstein Letter.

787 See Merkley Letter (noting that the proposal “does not establish such a repository or set forth any path 

towards its establishment and thus fails to implement the plain meaning of the statutory language” and 

suggesting that “[t]esting, supervisory oversight, and other mechanisms to ensure investors are protected . . . 

be more fully considered”).

788 See Consumer Federation Letter.

789 See IAC Recommendation (suggesting the Commission create such an incentive by monitoring the 

effectiveness of the proposed reasonable reliance approach and to end that approach if a cost-effective and 

suitable cross-portal monitoring system is developed); see also BetterInvesting Letter.

790 See Wefunder Letter.

791 See CFIRA Letter 12.
209

statutory limits.

792 Commenters who addressed the issue supported requiring intermediaries to 

request information about any other intermediary accounts prior to accepting an investment 

commitment.793 One of these commenters suggested requiring intermediaries to add a text box to 

their site that requires the investor to input the total dollar amount invested on other platforms.

794

The other commenter stated that an intermediary should only be required to request additional 

information if there are doubts about the investor’s self-certification.795

(c) Final Rules

After considering the comments, we are adopting Rule 303(b)(1) as proposed. As a 

threshold matter, we note that a number of commenters supported the proposed approach for 

establishing compliance with investment limits. Although we appreciate some of the additional 

suggestions provided by commenters, as outlined above, we believe the approach in Rule 

303(b)(1) for establishing compliance with investment limits is an appropriate means of 

implementing the provisions of Section 4A(a)(8), which is designed to help ensure that an investor 

has not made purchases, in the aggregate from all issuers, that exceed those limits during a 12-

month period. We note, however, that intermediaries can, in their discretion, take additional 

measures for evaluating investors’ compliance with investment limits, including those suggested 

by commenters, such as: using a centralized data repository, to the extent that one is created;

requiring verification of income or net worth electronically by uploading financial documents; or

creating a tool for investors to use, such as a questionnaire, to assemble the underlying data. 

 792 See, e.g., Finkelstein Letter; Vann Letter (stating that intermediaries should be required to “make it clear that 

the aggregate limits apply across all such platforms, not just their own”).

793 See, e.g., ASSOB Letter; Wefunder Letter.

794 See Wefunder Letter.

795 See ASSOB Letter.
210

While several commenters opposed permitting an intermediary to rely on the 

representations of an investor about investment limits and some suggested requiring 

intermediaries to take certain affirmative steps to verify compliance, we believe that it would be 

difficult for intermediaries to monitor or independently verify whether each investor remains 

within his or her investment limits where the investor may be participating in offerings on 

multiple platforms. We note, however, that reliance on investor representations must be 

reasonable. At a minimum, it would not be reasonable, and therefore would be a violation of the 

rule and potentially subject to an enforcement action by the Commission, for an intermediary to 

ignore investments made by an investor in other offerings on the intermediary’s platform, to not 

obtain information and take into account investments made by an investor in other offerings 

(made in reliance on Section 4(a)(6)) on platforms that are controlled by or under common control 

with the intermediary, or to ignore other information or facts about an investor within its 

possession. 

Under the final rules, an intermediary will be permitted to reasonably rely on a centralized 

data repository of investor information, should one be created in the future. We are not mandating 

the creation of such a database at this time, in part to help to minimize the obstacles that

intermediaries may face in getting this newly formed marketplace up and running.

796 We note, in 

response to one commenter,797 that it is the Commission’s normal practice to review the 

effectiveness of all of its rules, particularly in light of market developments, and consider changes 

as the Commission deems appropriate. Commission staff expects to review the need for a 

 796 We do not believe that the statute requires the establishment of a centralized database or repository of

investor information as one commenter suggested. See Merkley Letter. Instead, the statute calls for 

intermediaries to “make such efforts as the Commission determines appropriate, by rule” to ensure that no 

investor exceeds the investment limits set forth in Section 4(a)(6).

797 See IAC Recommendation; see also BetterInvesting Letter.
211

centralized database during the study of the federal crowdfunding exemption that it plans to 

undertake no later than three years following the effective date of Regulation Crowdfunding.

798

(2) Acknowledgment of Risk

(a) Proposed Rule

Securities Act Section 4A(a)(4) requires an intermediary to ensure that each investor: (1) 

reviews educational materials; (2) positively affirms that the investor understands that he or she is 

risking the loss of the entire investment and that the investor could bear such a loss; and (3) 

answer questions demonstrating an understanding of the level of risk generally applicable to 

investments in startups, emerging businesses and small issuers, the risk of illiquidity and such 

other matters as the Commission determines appropriate. As discussed above, Rule 302(b) of 

Regulation Crowdfunding requires an intermediary to provide to investors certain educational 

materials in connection with the opening of an account. In addition, proposed Rule 303(b)(2) of 

Regulation Crowdfunding would require an intermediary, each time before accepting an 

investment commitment, to obtain from the investor a representation that the investor has 

reviewed the intermediary’s educational materials, understands that the entire amount of his or her 

investment may be lost and is in a financial condition to bear the loss of the investment. 799 The 

proposed rule would also require that an intermediary obtain from the investor answers to

questions demonstrating the investor’s understanding that there are restrictions on the investor’s 

ability to cancel an investment commitment and obtain a return of his or her investment, that it 

may be difficult for the investor to resell the securities, and that the investor should not invest any 

 798 See Section II. Further, we anticipate that, because of the electronic nature of crowdfunding, many of the 

books and records maintained by intermediaries will be in electronic format. We expect this will enable the 

Commission to analyze data across the crowdfunding industry as part of its ongoing oversight. We note that 

Commission staff also expects to review the books and records practices of intermediaries as part of its 

planned three-year review.

799 See Section II.C.4.b. (discussing Rule 302(b)(2) of Regulation Crowdfunding).
212

funds in a crowdfunding offering unless he or she can afford to lose the entire amount of his or her 

investment. 

(b) Comments on the Proposed Rule

Several commenters supported the requirement that intermediaries obtain investor 

acknowledgments.800 Some of these commenters, however, opposed requiring investors to reacknowledge or to re-certify for each investment commitment.801 

One commenter stated that investors should be required to complete and sign “subscription 

forms” that set forth, in addition to what the proposed rules would require, additional information 

concerning the investor’s level of investment experience, the identity of any person from whom 

the investor acquired any information about the investment and the percentage of the investor’s 

liquid net worth represented by the proposed investment.802

One commenter supported the Commission providing recommended forms of questions 

and representations, noting that “any material examples provided by the Commission will be 

helpful to both the investor and the intermediary.”803 However, another commenter stated that it 

would be opposed to the Commission providing recommended forms of questions as a “starting 

point” because such recommended forms could be seen as a safe harbor and constrain 

 800 See, e.g., Arctic Island Letter 6; CFA Institute Letter; Greenfield Letter; Joinvestor Letter; RocketHub Letter; 

STA Letter; Wefunder Letter.

801 See Wefunder Letter; RocketHub Letter (suggesting that once an account has been created on an 

intermediary platform, an investor should be able to invest in multiple offerings on the same intermediary 

platform without having to re-certify and review the educational materials).

802 See Greenfield Letter. See also STA Letter (stating that investors should be required to acknowledge that 

they are aware that “they may need to be diligent in notifying the issuer, or its designee, of any changes that 

would affect their ability to receive communications from the issuer”). We note, however, that issuers are 

not obligated to contact investors directly. 

803 See Joinvestor Letter.
213

effectiveness.804 In contrast, a different commenter stated that Commission-provided questions 

and representations should serve as a safe harbor so there is an incentive for issuers to use them.

805

(c) Final Rules

After considering the comments, we are adopting Rule 302(b)(2) as proposed. 

As noted in the Proposing Release, this rule is intended to help ensure that investors engaging in 

transactions made in reliance on Section 4(a)(6) are fully informed and reminded of the risks 

associated with their particular investment before making any investment commitment. While an 

intermediary cannot ensure that all investors understand the risks involved, the rule requires

intermediaries to confirm that an investor: (1) has reviewed the intermediary’s educational 

materials delivered pursuant to Rule 302(b); (2) understands that the entire amount of his or her 

investment may be lost, and is in a financial condition to bear the loss of the investment; and (3) 

has completed a questionnaire demonstrating an understanding of the risks of any potential 

investment and other required statutory elements. In addition, the questionnaire required under 

the rule may help to address, at least in part, the concerns expressed by some commenters that 

Section 4A(a)(4) requires more than a mere self-certification.806 We note, however, that the plain 

language of Section 4A(a)(4)(B) seemingly requires only that the investor positively affirms his or 

her understanding of the risk of loss. 

Our final rule does not provide a model form of acknowledgment or questionnaire. 

Rather, the rule permits an intermediary to develop the representation and questionnaire in any 

format that is reasonably designed to demonstrate the investor’s receipt of the information and 

 804 See Wefunder Letter.

805 See Public Startup Letter 3.

806 See, e.g., Accredify Letter; Commonwealth of Massachusetts Letter; Farnkoff Letter; Saunders Letter; 

Verinvest Letter.
214

compliance with the other requirements under the final rules. As with the educational material 

requirements, we continue to believe that rather than providing sample content or a model form of 

acknowledgment or questionnaire, intermediaries should be provided with sufficient flexibility to 

choose both the content, within the requirements of Rule 302(b), and the format used to present 

the required materials. Likewise, we also believe that an intermediary’s familiarity with its 

business and likely investor base make it best able to determine the format in which to present the 

required materials. We note that any format used must be reasonably designed to demonstrate 

receipt and understanding of the information. There are many ways, especially on a web-based 

system, to convey information to, and obtain effective acknowledgment from, investors. As 

explained in the Proposing Release, the requirements of the rule would not be satisfied if, for 

example, an intermediary were to pre-select answers for an investor. 

Further, an intermediary in its discretion may require additional information, such as 

information concerning the investor’s level of investment experience, the identity of any person 

from whom the investor acquired any information about the investment and the percentage of the 

investor’s liquid net worth represented by the proposed investment, or impose additional 

requirements on prospective investors, such as imposing express acknowledgments of the 

investor’s responsibilities with respect to compliance.

Finally, although several commenters suggested that once an account has been created on 

an intermediary’s platform, an investor should be able to invest in multiple offerings on the same 

intermediary platform without having to re-certify and review the educational material, we 

continue to believe that, in order to realize the statute’s investor protection goals, it is prudent to 

require an intermediary to obtain an investor representation and completed questionnaire each 

time an investor seeks to make an investment commitment. Accordingly, under Rule 303(b), an 
215

intermediary will be required to obtain these items each time an investor seeks to make an 

investment commitment.

c. Communication Channels

(1) Proposed Rule

Proposed Rule 303(c) of Regulation Crowdfunding would require an intermediary to 

provide, on its platform, channels through which investors can communicate with one another and 

with representatives of the issuer about offerings made available on the intermediary’s platform. 

An intermediary that is a funding portal would be prohibited from participating in 

communications in these channels.

807 Proposed Rule 303(c) also would require the intermediary 

to: (1) make the communications channels publicly available; (2) permit only those persons who 

have opened accounts to post comments; and (3) require any person posting a comment in the 

communication channels to disclose whether he or she is a founder or an employee of an issuer 

engaging in promotional activities on behalf of the issuer, or is otherwise compensated, whether in 

the past or prospectively, to promote the issuer’s offering.

(2) Comments on the Proposed Rule

We received comments both supporting808 and opposing the proposed rules on 

communications channels.809 Several commenters agreed that posting in communication channels 

should be limited to registered investors on an intermediary’s platform.810 

 807 See Rule 303(c)(1) (an intermediary that is a funding portal cannot “participate in these communications, 

other than to establish guidelines for communication and remove abusive or potentially fraudulent 

communications”). See also Exchange Act Section 3(a)(80) (defining the term “funding portal” as any 

person acting as an intermediary in a transaction involving the offer or sale of securities for the account of 

others, solely pursuant to Securities Act Section 4(a)(6), that does not, among other things, “offer investment 

advice or recommendations”).

808 See, e.g., PeoplePowerFund Letter; RocketHub Letter; Vann Letter (stating that intermediaries should be 

allowed to decide who may post on the channels).
216

Some commenters stated there should be more privacy or control in the manner in which 

comments are posted to the communications channels, such as submitting comments to 

intermediaries to review prior to posting or restricting the publicly viewable comments.811 One 

commenter stated that he interprets the proposed rule to permit issuers to post videos and other 

promotional content (similar to marketing content used on non-securities-based crowdfunding 

sites like Kickstarter), and that he supported this approach as it would permit the issuer to 

“communicate freely and creatively . . . while giving the crowd a forum to ask questions or offer 

criticism.”812 Another commenter encouraged the Commission “to provide an investor ‘hotline’, 

where investors can report concerns relating to crowdfunding communications or transactions, and 

that intermediaries be required to provide notice on their platforms of how to access this 

hotline.”813 

Several commenters generally supported the disclosure requirement on communications 

by issuers or intermediaries and agreed that these communications should be made transparent to 

investors.814 

 809 See, e.g., Cromwell Letter (claiming that “[a]s [a] venture investor, you cannot judge the abilities of the 

management team over the Internet. Real venture capitalists do not make their investments over the Internet 

-- they spend hours and hours interviewing the founders / management team, in person. Small investors 

cannot successfully invest over the Internet, either.”); Public Startup Letter 3; Moskowitz Letter (stating that 

the proposed rules do not prevent an accredited investor from, for example, posting a solicitation within the 

communication channels for more securities than he or she could purchase in the offering within his or her 

investment limits).

810 See, e.g., PeoplePowerFund Letter; RocketHub Letter; Wefunder Letter.

811 See, e.g., ASSOB Letter (stating that “random unmoderated comments” in communication channels should 

not be permitted, because it would allow for unacceptable solicitations or claims of return on investment); 

RocketHub Letter (expressing concern that certain confidential information may be disclosed between 

registered investors and the issuer, which would not be suitable for a public forum).

812 See Odhner Letter.

813 See CFA Institute Letter. 

814 See, e.g., CFA Institute Letter; RocketHub Letter (suggesting that intermediaries should be able to assist 

posters in disclosing their relationship to issuer).
217

One commenter generally supported the proposed rule requiring each promotional 

communication to be accompanied by disclosure of the receipt of past or prospective 

compensation.815 Another commenter suggested that the proposed rules should be amended to 

require that intermediaries prominently post the online identities of the issuer’s paid promoters in 

the communication channels.816 One commenter, however, stated that the Commission should not 

mandate the exact methods by which an intermediary achieves compliance with the requirement 

for promoters to disclose their relationship with an issuer.

817

In response to our request for comments, several commenters supported requiring

intermediaries to keep the communication channels available to investors post-offering.818 

Another commenter, however, stated that the communication channels should be closed after 

stock certificates are issued and received by investors.819 This commenter further noted that the 

continued maintenance of a communication channel after the end of a campaign would be an 

unnecessary cost. The same commenter suggested that the issuer’s website is a better place for 

communication between investors and issuers.

820

 815 See CFA Institute Letter. 

816 See MCS Letter.

817 See Wefunder Letter (suggesting that the disclosures at the account opening stage are better devoted to the 

discussion of the risk of startup investing). 

818 See, e.g., PeoplePowerFund Letter (suggesting that the posting forum should be live and accessible to all 

website members not less than 30 days after the issue has been completed); RocketHub Letter; StartupValley 

Letter (suggesting that intermediaries should open a private channel of communication between investors 

and issuers for the post offering period and not use the same public channel that was used for the pre-offering 

and funding periods). 

819 See RFPIA Letter. 

820 Id. See also CfPA Letter (stating that ongoing communication between issuers and investors should be an 

obligation of issuers alone).
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(3) Final Rule

After considering the comments, we are adopting Rule 303(c) as proposed. We considered 

commenters’ suggestions that the issuer’s website is a better place for communication between 

investors and issuers and that ongoing communication between issuers and investors should be an 

obligation of issuers alone. We believe, however, that communication channels on the 

intermediary’s platform will provide a centralized and transparent means for members of the 

public that have opened an account with an intermediary to share their views about investment 

opportunities and to communicate with representatives of the issuer to better assess the issuer and 

investment opportunity.821 While the JOBS Act does not impose this requirement, we believe it is 

consistent with the legislative intent that such a mechanism be in place for offerings made in 

reliance on Section 4(a)(6).822 Also, though communications among investors may occur outside 

of the intermediary’s platform, communications by an investor with a crowdfunding issuer or its 

representatives about the terms of the offering are required to occur through these channels823 on 

the single platform through which the offering is conducted.824 This requirement is expected to 

provide transparency and accountability, and thereby further the protection of investors.

Although one commenter stated that it interpreted the proposed rule to permit issuers to 

post videos and other promotional content, aside from Rule 303(c)(4) and its requirements for

promotional activity, Rule 303(c) itself does not address the content or form used by issuers when 

 821 See also discussion in Section II.B.5.

822 See 158 CONG. REC. S2231 (daily ed. Mar. 29, 2012) (statement of Sen. Scott Brown) (“In addition to 

facilitating communication between issuers and investors, intermediaries should allow fellow investors to 

endorse or provide feedback about issuers and offerings, provided that these investors are not employees of 

the intermediary. Investors’ credentials should be included with their comments to aid the collective wisdom 

of the crowd.”). 

823 See Rule 204 of Regulation Crowdfunding and discussion in Section II.B.4.

824 See Rule 100(a)(3) of Regulation Crowdfunding and discussion in Section II.A.3. 
219

communicating with investors through the channels provided on an intermediary’s platform. 

Rather, Rule 204 of Regulation Crowdfunding sets forth the advertising requirements for issuers

and, as explained above, Rule 204 allows an issuer to communicate with investors about the terms 

of the offering through communication channels provided by the intermediary on the 

intermediary’s platform, so long as the issuer identifies itself as the issuer in all 

communications.825 

We are requiring intermediaries to make the communications on the channels publicly 

available for viewing. We believe that this requirement is consistent with the concept of 

crowdfunding, as it provides for transparent crowd discussions about a potential investment 

opportunity. We also are requiring in Rule 303(c)(3) that intermediaries limit the posting in 

communication channels to those individuals who have opened an account with the intermediary 

on its platform. As stated in the Proposing Release, while we recognize that this requirement 

could narrow the range of views represented by excluding posts by anyone who has not opened an 

account with the intermediary, we believe that it will help to establish accountability for 

comments made in the communication channels. We continue to believe that, without this 

measure, there would be greater risk of the communications including unfounded, potentially 

abusive or biased statements intended to promote or discredit the issuer and improperly influence 

the investment decisions of members of the crowd. 

With respect to one commenter’s suggestion that the Commission provide an investor 

“hotline” where investors can report concerns relating to crowdfunding communications or 

transactions, we note that the Commission has an existing “Tips, Complaints and Referrals Portal” 

 825 See Section II.B.4 (discussing Rule 204). 
220

available on its website,

826 where the public may provide the Commission with information about 

potential fraud or wrongdoing involving alleged violations of the securities laws.

We are mindful of the cost associated with the communications channel, and, therefore, we 

are not requiring that intermediaries keep the communication channels available to investors postoffering, as suggested by some commenters.

827 However, an intermediary in its discretion can 

choose to maintain the communication channels post-offering.828

Consistent with the prohibition on a funding portal offering investment advice or 

recommendations,829 the rule as adopted will prohibit an intermediary that is a funding portal from 

participating in any communications in these channels, apart from establishing guidelines for 

communication and removing abusive or potentially fraudulent communications. A funding 

portal can, for example, establish guidelines pertaining to the length or size of individual postings 

in the communication channels and can remove postings that include offensive or incendiary 

language. Also, although we understand the reasons for commenters’ suggestions that there 

should be more privacy or control in the manner in which comments are posted, we believe that 

aside from intermediaries removing abusive or potentially fraudulent communications, investor 

protection is better served by providing the opportunity for uncensored and transparent crowd 

discussions about a potential investment opportunity.

 826 See Enforcement Tips and Complaints, available at https://www.sec.gov/complaint/tipscomplaint.shtml.

827 See, e.g., PeoplePowerFund Letter; RocketHub Letter; StartupValley Letter. 

828 It is important to note that an intermediary would still have to maintain records of such communications to 

satisfy the books and records requirements of the crowdfunding rules. See Rule 404(a)(3).

829 See Rule 300(c)(2)(i). Exchange Act Section 3(a)(80) defines the term “funding portal” as any person acting 

as an intermediary in a transaction involving the offer or sale of securities for the account of others, solely 

pursuant to Securities Act Section 4(a)(6), that does not, among other things, “offer investment advice or 

recommendations.” 
221

Finally, under the rule as adopted an intermediary must require any person posting on the 

communication channel to clearly and prominently disclose with each posting whether he or she is 

a founder or an employee of an issuer engaging in promotional activities on behalf of the issuer, or 

is otherwise compensated, whether in the past or prospectively, to promote the issuer’s offering. 

This disclosure will apply to officers, directors and other representatives of the issuer, and also 

will be required of an intermediary that is a broker and its associated persons. We continue to 

believe that intermediaries, as the hosts of the communication channels, are well placed to take 

measures to ensure that promoters clearly identify themselves in their communication channels, in 

accordance with Securities Act Section 4A(b)(3). 

d. Notice of Investment Commitment

(1) Proposed Rule

Proposed Rule 303(d) of Regulation Crowdfunding would require an intermediary, upon 

receipt of an investment commitment from an investor, to promptly give or send to the investor a 

notification disclosing: (1) the dollar amount of the investment commitment; (2) the price of the 

securities, if known; (3) the name of the issuer; and (4) the date and time by which the investor 

may cancel the investment commitment. Pursuant to proposed Rule 302(a)(2) of Regulation 

Crowdfunding, this notification would be provided by e-mail or other electronic media, and would 

be documented in accordance with applicable recordkeeping rules.830

 830 See Section II.C.4 (discussing Rule 100(a)(3)) and Section II.D.5 (discussing the recordkeeping rules 

applicable to funding portals). See also note 1114 (discussing the recordkeeping rules applicable to brokers 

and intermediaries). 
222

(2) Comments on the Proposed Rule

Commenters generally supported the requirement that intermediaries send these 

notifications to investors.831 One of these commenters stated that, in its view, the notice should be 

submitted twice: first, when an investor has made a commitment, and again when the cancellation 

period is over.832 One commenter stated that, in its view, investors also should be notified of 

whether a campaign has been successful or not, both when the campaign is near completion and 

when the campaign has been closed.833 However, one commenter opposed all notice 

requirements.

834

(3) Final Rules

After considering the comments, we are adopting Rule 303(d) as proposed. As stated in the 

Proposing Release, the notification is intended, among other things, to provide the investor with a 

written record of the basic terms of the transaction, as well as a reminder of his or her ability to 

cancel the investment commitment. We believe that the adopted notification requirements will be 

useful to investors and provide transparency. We also believe that requiring that this notification 

be sent once—promptly upon receipt of an investment commitment from an investor—rather than 

multiple times as commenters suggested—will help to minimize the costs associated with 

providing additional notification, while still providing the investor with, among other things, an 

important reminder about the ability to cancel the investment commitment. Although an 

intermediary can decide, in its discretion, to provide additional notifications to its customers as a 

 831 See, e.g., CFA Institute Letter; Joinvestor Letter; RocketHub Letter.

832 See RocketHub Letter.

833 See Joinvestor Letter.

834 See Public Startup Letter 3.
223

business decision, we believe at this time that adopting additional notification requirements could 

hamper flexibility in the evolving crowdfunding market and potentially impair the development of 

best practices that are tailored to this unique form of raising capital. 

e. Maintenance and Transmission of Funds

(1) Proposed Rule

Securities Act Section 4A(a)(7) requires that an intermediary “ensure that all offering 

proceeds are only provided to the issuer when the aggregate capital raised from all investors is 

equal to or greater than a target offering amount, . . . as the Commission shall, by rule, determine 

appropriate.” Proposed Rule 303(e)(1) of Regulation Crowdfunding would implement this 

provision and address the maintenance and protection of investor funds, pending completion of a 

transaction made in reliance on Section 4(a)(6), by requiring an intermediary that is a registered 

broker to comply with established requirements in Exchange Act Rule 15c2-4835 for the 

maintenance and transmission of investor funds. 

Proposed Rule 303(e)(2) would establish separate requirements for an intermediary that is 

a funding portal. Because a funding portal cannot receive any funds, it would be required to direct 

investors to transmit money or other consideration directly to a “qualified third party” that has 

agreed in writing to hold the funds for the benefit of the investors and the issuer and to promptly 

transmit or return the funds to the persons entitled to such funds. Proposed Rule 303(e)(2) would 

define “qualified third party” to mean a bank836 that has agreed in writing to either: (i) hold the 

funds in escrow for the persons who have the beneficial interests in the funds and to transmit or 

return the funds directly to the persons entitled to them when the appropriate event or contingency 

 835 17 CFR 240.15c2-4.

836 See Exchange Act Section 3(a)(6) [15 U.S.C. 78c(a)(6)] (defining “bank”). 
224

has occurred; or (ii) establish a bank account (or accounts) for the exclusive benefit of investors 

and the issuer. 

Proposed Rule 303(e)(3) would require an intermediary that is a funding portal to 

promptly direct transmission of funds from the qualified third party to the issuer when the 

aggregate amount of investment commitments from all investors is equal to or greater than the 

target amount of the offering and the cancellation period for each investor has expired, provided 

that in no event may the funding portal direct this transmission of funds earlier than 21 days after 

the date on which the intermediary makes publicly available on its platform the information 

required to be provided by the issuer under Rules 201 and 203(a) of proposed Regulation 

Crowdfunding. 

(2) Comments on the Proposed Rule

Several commenters generally supported the proposed fund maintenance and transmission 

requirements.

837 One commenter suggested that intermediaries be allowed to reject an investor’s 

investment commitment if that investor does not have a correlating balance in an account with the 

intermediary.838 Another commenter suggested that the Commission require that such accounts 

be interest bearing and that either (1) the investors’ funds be returned to them with their pro rata 

portion of the interest in the event the offering is canceled, or (2) the funds and the accrued 

interest be dispersed to the issuer upon the offering’s successful closing.839 Another commenter 

suggested that qualified third parties should be registered and verified for “reputations [of]

 837 See, e.g., Arctic Island Letter 6; ASTTC Letter; CSTTC Letter; Greenfield Letter (suggesting that the issuer 

should be required to certify in writing under penalty of perjury to the escrow bank that the offering has been 

completed pursuant to the terms in the offering statement and that there have been no material changes of 

circumstances that would render the representations in the offering statement false or misleading); Joinvestor 

Letter; STA Letter. 

838 See Zhang Letter. 

839 See MCS Letter.
225

integrity”; complaints against those entities should be made public; and “drawdown” schedules 

should be submitted at the onset of projects and subsequently control issuer access to “project 

funds.”840

In the Proposing Release, we requested comment on various alternatives to the proposed 

rules. As to whether the proposed rules should prohibit any variations of a contingency offering, 

such as minimum-maximum, offerings, one commenter stated that the target amount of a 

crowdfunding campaign “should represent the minimum to avoid investor confusion” and that 

“oversubscription should be allowed.”841 This commenter noted that these conditions would 

allow companies to “choose to set their own minimum and maximum range.”842 Another 

commenter suggested that we permit contingency offers based on a maximum amount of funds 

being raised or other benchmarks if the maximum is not met or, alternatively, permit “all-or-none” 

offerings.843 

As to whether other types of custody arrangements should be permitted, one commenter 

requested clarification that a carrying broker would not be deemed to accept any part of the sale 

price of any security for purposes of Exchange Act Rule 15c2-4 under specific circumstances.844 

As to whether there should be a fixed deadline for transmission of funds (such as three 

business days), one commenter stated that “fixed deadlines should be set to protect investor and 

 840 See Otherworld Letter. 

841 See Joinvestor Letter. 

842 Id.

843 See PeoplePowerFund Letter (suggesting also that any oversubscribed issues be allocated on a “first come 

first served” basis in connection with “all-or-none” offerings).

844 See FOLIOfn Letter. Although this commenter stated its belief that the proposed procedure is consistent 

with Rule 15c2-4 on the basis that the carrying broker would not be “accept[ing] any part of the sale price” 

until closing, at which time funds would be promptly transferred to the issuer, it stated that additional clarity 

would be helpful to ensure that the Proposing Release does not introduce confusion if read by some as 

containing an implication to the contrary.
226

issuer interests.” This commenter suggested that “one week (7 days) should be sufficient to 

disburse collected funds.”845 Another commenter suggested a three-day deadline.

846

As to whether SRO and staff guidance on Exchange Act Rule 15c2-4 should be expressly 

incorporated into the rules, one commenter suggested that there was no need for incorporation of 

prior guidance about Rule 15c2-4 into the proposed rules.

847 

As to whether the definition of “qualified third party” should be expanded to include 

entities other than a bank, one commenter stated that the Commission should “consider 

[permitting] non-bank custodians, such as internet services that specialize in escrow and payment 

transfer.”848 Another commenter suggested that “qualified third parties” should include credit 

unions, savings and loans and other institutions that offer similar protections to banks.849 

Similarly, another commenter suggested that credit unions should be included.850 One commenter 

suggested that banks should not be a qualified third party.851 One commenter suggested that the 

definition of “qualified third party” be expanded to include certain broker-dealers that “hold funds

and securities on behalf of customer accounts pursuant to [Exchange Act] Rule 15c3-3 and 

 845 See Joinvestor Letter.

846 See Public Startup Letter 3.

847 See Arctic Island Letter 6. 

848 See Joinvestor Letter.

849 See Growthfountain Letter.

850 See Vann Letter. 

851 See Public Startup Letter 3 (claiming that “[b]anks are unable to serve as the ‘qualified third party’” and that 

no entities other than registered broker-dealers should serve this function in connection with Regulation 

Crowdfunding sales.). But see Computershare Letter (supporting the “inclusion of a requirement that 

Funding Portals use a qualified third party, which is a bank, to hold investor funds as escrow agent and 

transmit the funds to the issuer once the offering requirements are met”); ASTTC Letter (stating that it 

“strongly supports the Proposed Rule’s requirement that Funding Portals be required to utilize qualified 

escrow agents to hold the investor assets prior to transmittal to issuers and that “[q]ualified escrow agents are 

generally regulated banks”); STA Letter (stating that “[it] is pleased that the Proposed Rules contain a 

requirement that Funding Portals transmit investor assets to qualified escrow agents, which are banks, prior 

to their release to the issuer.”).
227

maintain net capital pursuant to [Exchange Act] Rule 15c3-1(a)(2)(i)”.

852 The commenter also 

suggested that funding portals and other brokers should be able to utilize these brokers “to the 

identical degree they would be able to utilize banks under Rule 15c2-4.”853 

Commenters generally agreed with our proposed approach not to require funding portals to 

maintain net capital, noting among other things that imposing “net capital requirements would 

increase the cost of starting a new funding portal and reduce the potential number of 

intermediaries, while providing little additional protection to investors and issuers.”854

As to whether certain methods of payment for the purchase of securities should either be 

required or prohibited, one commenter suggested that the types of payment methods not be limited 

in any way.855 However, some commenters stated, generally, that credit cards should be 

prohibited as a form of payment for securities in connection with crowdfunding.856

(3) Final Rule

After considering the comments, we are adopting Rule 303(e) substantially as proposed, 

but with certain revisions in response to comments. Rule 303(e)(1), as adopted, requires an 

 852 See FOLIOfn Letter. See also Arctic Island Letter 8 (suggesting that the rules permit a $250,000 net capital 

broker-dealer to act as trustee for an omnibus escrow account at an FDIC insured bank); Ex 24 Letter. 

853 See FOLIOfn Letter (stating also its belief that the brokers “should be distinguished from other brokerdealers in the context of Regulation Crowdfunding and not be subject to the requirements of SEC Rule 15c2-

4(b)”).

854 See Tiny Cat Letter (stating that “[f]unding portals are already prohibited from handling funds and securities, 

and are also subject to a fidelity bond in the proposed regulations”). See also Joinvestor Letter (suggesting 

that since funding portals will not be monetary custodians, there should be no net capital requirement 

instituted); Vann Letter (stating that a “capital requirement would unnecessarily restrict competition”).

855 See Public Startup Letter 3.

856 See, e.g., Arctic Island Letter 6 (suggesting that, given the chargeback periods for credit cards, broker-dealers 

should only be permitted to accept credit card payments from investors if the broker-dealer “directly and 

unconditionally guarantees the amounts obtained thereby to both the issuer and the escrow agent”); 

Consumer Federation Letter (suggesting that allowing payment via credit card increases the risk that 

investors will make crowdfunding investments that they cannot afford); Joinvestor Letter; RocketHub Letter 

(stating that “[p]ermitting debt-based payment vehicles, such as credit cards, which have their own rescission 

policies, (i.e., charge backs) is problematic”).
228

intermediary that is a registered broker-dealer to comply with established requirements in 

Exchange Act Rule 15c2-4 for the maintenance and transmission of investor funds. Rule 15c2-4 

requires, in relevant part, that in connection with a contingency offering of a security, any money 

or other consideration received by a broker-dealer participating in the distribution must be 

promptly deposited in a separate bank account, as agent or trustee for the persons who have the 

beneficial interest therein, until the appropriate event or contingency has occurred, and thereafter 

promptly transmitted or returned to the persons entitled thereto;857 or alternatively, that all such 

funds must be promptly transmitted to a bank that has agreed in writing to hold such funds in 

escrow for the persons who have the beneficial interests therein and to transmit or return such 

funds directly to the persons entitled thereto when the appropriate event or contingency has 

occurred.858 When the Commission adopted Rule 15c2-4, the Commission explained that the rule 

was designed to prevent fraud by a broker-dealer “either upon the person on whose behalf the 

distribution is being made or upon the customer to whom the payment is to be returned if the 

distribution is not completed.”859 As such, consistent with Securities Act Section 4A(a)(7), the 

intermediary may transmit the proceeds to the issuer only if the target offering amount is met or 

exceeded. 

Rule 303(e)(2) as adopted establishes separate requirements for an intermediary that is a 

funding portal (as compared to an intermediary that is a broker-dealer) because a funding portal 

 857 See Exchange Act Rule 15c2-4(b)(1). We note, however, that any broker-dealer seeking to hold such 

investor funds in a separate bank account as agent or trustee for the persons who have a beneficial interest 

therein are still subject to net capital requirements pursuant to Exchange Act Rule 15c3-1. 

858 See Exchange Act Rule 15c2-4(b)(2). 

859 Adoption of Rule 15c2-4 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, Release No. 34-6737 (Feb. 21, 1962) 

[27 FR 2089 (Mar. 3, 1962)].
229

cannot, by statute, hold, manage, possess, or otherwise handle investor funds or securities.860 

Therefore, Rule 303(e)(2) requires a funding portal to direct investors to transmit money or other 

consideration directly to a qualified third party that has agreed in writing861 to hold the funds for 

the benefit of the investors and the issuer and to promptly transmit or return the funds to the 

persons entitled to such funds.862 

We are revising the definition of a “qualified third party” to include for purposes of the 

final rule: a registered broker or dealer that carries customer or broker or dealer accounts and 

holds funds or securities for those persons,

863 a bank, or a credit union insured by the National 

Credit Union Administration (“NCUA”).

864 We had proposed to define “qualified third party” to 

mean a bank865 because investors, as well as intermediaries and issuers, would then be afforded 

the protections of existing regulations that apply to banks, in particular those pertaining to the 

 860 See Exchange Act Section 3(a)(80)(D).

861 This written agreement is required to be maintained by the funding portal pursuant to proposed Rule 404 of 

Regulation Crowdfunding. See Section II.D.5.

862 In the crowdfunding context, we expect that the intermediary will make the determination as to whether the 

contingency (i.e., the target offering amount) has been met. See Securities Act Section 4A(a)(7) (requiring 

that an intermediary “ensure that all offering proceeds are only provided to the issuer when the aggregate 

capital raised from all investors is equal to or greater than a target offering amount, . . . as the Commission 

shall, by rule, determine appropriate.”). 

863 Broker-dealers that may serve as qualified third parties under Rule 303(e) include only those broker-dealers 

that are required to maintain minimum net capital of $250,000 or a higher minimum amount depending on 

their status under Appendix E of Rule 15c3-1 under the Exchange Act. See Exchange Act Rules 15c3-

1(a)(2)(i) and 15c3-1(a)(7)(i).

864 The NCUA was established by the Federal Credit Union Act of 1934. See Federal Credit Union Act of 1934, 

as amended, 12 U.S.C. 1752 et seq. The NCUA administers the National Credit Union Share Insurance 

Fund (“NCUSIF”), which is backed by the full faith and credit of the U.S. government. NCUSIF protection 

covers the deposits in federal credit unions, as well as a majority of state-chartered credit unions. See NCUA 

Share Insurance Fund Information, Reports, and Statements, Frequently Asked Questions, NATIONAL 

CREDIT UNION ADMINISTRATION, http://www.ncua.gov/DataApps/Pages/SI-FAQs.aspx. 

865 See Proposing Release, at 182-83 [78 FR 66427, at 66473]. See also Exchange Act Section 3(a)(6) [15 

U.S.C. 78c(a)(6)] (defining “bank”). 
230

safeguarding of customer funds.866 However, after considering the comments, we agree with 

those commenters who suggested that the definition of “qualified third party” should be expanded 

to include entities other than a bank and should include, as one commenter suggested, credit 

unions provided that these entities offer similar protections to banks.867 We also made a 

corresponding change to the language of the rule text to indicate that a qualified third party 

arrangement may involve either a bank or credit union account (or accounts) established for the 

exclusive benefit of investors and the issuer.

After considering the comments, we further believe that the definition of “qualified third 

party” should be expanded to include certain types of registered broker-dealers. We are 

expanding the definition to include registered broker-dealers that carry customer or broker or 

dealer accounts and holds funds or securities for those persons. We believe such brokers-dealers 

are appropriate entities to serve as qualified third parties as they are subject to various regulatory 

obligations, which are designed to provide enhanced protection of investor funds through the 

imposition of capital and other requirements.

868 We note that we are not amending the 

requirements of Rule 15c2-4 through this release and not distinguishing broker-dealers that 

participate in offerings made in reliance on Securities Act Section 4(a)(6), either as a qualified 

 866 For example, bank deposit accounts at FDIC-insured banks are protected by FDIC deposit insurance. See 

Federal Deposit Insurance Corp., Deposit Insurance FAQs, available at

http://www.fdic.gov/deposit/deposits/faq.html. 

867 We do not believe that the definition of qualified third party should be extended to include Internet service 

providers that specialize in escrow and payment transfer, as suggested by one commenter, because we do not 

believe that such entities are governed by a regulatory scheme designed to provide similar protections as the 

other entities that we are defining as qualified third parties under Rule 303(e). We note that another 

commenter suggested the addition of savings and loan associations. We believe that certain savings and loan 

associations are covered by the definition of “bank” under Exchange Act Section 3(a)(6), and as such, are 

qualified third parties under Rule 303(e). We note that the Federal Deposit Insurance Corp. extended its 

authority to cover savings and loan associations in 1989. See Financial Institutions Reform, Recovery, and 

Enforcement Act of 1989 (FIRREA) (creating the Savings Association Insurance Fund (SAIF)). 

868 See, e.g., Exchange Act Rule 15c3-1 and Rule 15c2-4. 
231

third party or an intermediary, from broker-dealers in any other contingency offerings. As such, 

broker-dealers participating in offerings made in reliance on Section 4(a)(6), either as an 

intermediary or as a qualified third party, are still subject to Rule 15c2-4.869 Further, we believe 

that existing Commission and staff guidance on Rule 15c2-4 is extensive and clear and does not 

warrant incorporation into the final rule or clarification. 

The statute does not limit or require a particular payment mechanism, and we are not 

imposing such a restriction because we believe that the rules should provide reasonable flexibility 

regarding the payment mechanisms intermediaries employ. We believe that restrictions on 

particular payment mechanisms would not serve to significantly increase investor protection, 

particularly in light of the established investment limits. We note, however that an intermediary 

can, in its discretion, decline to accept certain payment methods, such as credit cards, or accept 

them only in certain circumstances.870 

We also are not adopting additional requirements that would, for example, (1) prohibit 

variations of a contingency offering, such as minimum-maximum offerings; (2) establish a fixed 

deadline for transmission of funds as compared to the proposed requirement to transmit funds 

“promptly”; or (3) require funding portals to maintain a certain amount of net capital. We believe

that additional restrictions, such as prohibiting variations of a contingency offering or establishing 

 869 Under existing Rule 15c2-4, the qualified third party broker-dealer will be required to promptly deposit the 

funds in a separate bank account, as agent or trustee for the persons who have the beneficial interest therein, 

until the appropriate event or contingency has occurred, and thereafter promptly transmit or return the funds 

to the persons entitled thereto. See Rule 15c2-4(b)(1). 

870 We note, for example, that an intermediary can, in its discretion, decline to accept credit cards given that, as 

at least one commenter suggested, an investor’s use of his or her right to dispute credit card charges can 

inhibit the ability of an issuer to meet its target or to provide accurate disclosures to investors and the 

Commission regarding the progress it has made toward, and whether it has, reached the target offering 

amount. This potential impact will affect offerings conducted through brokers and funding portals alike. We 

also note that pursuant to Exchange Act Section 3(a)(80)(D) (15 U.S.C. 78c(a)(80)(D)), a funding portal is 

statutorily prohibited from extending credit or margin to customers. 
232

a fixed deadline for the transmission of funds could hamper flexibility in the nascent 

crowdfunding market and prohibit the development of best practices specifically tailored to this 

unique form of capital raising. Finally, we are not requiring in the final rule net capital standards 

for funding portals. As noted above, funding portals are prohibited from handling, managing or 

possessing investor funds or securities.871 We continue to believe that the requirements relating, 

in particular, to transmission of proceeds under the final rules will help ensure that investor funds 

are protected, without requiring funding portals to maintain net capital. 

f. Confirmation of Transactions

(1) Proposed Rule

As proposed, Rule 303(f)(1) of Regulation Crowdfunding would require that an 

intermediary, at or before the completion of a transaction made pursuant to Section 4(a)(6), give 

or send to each investor a notification disclosing: (1) the date of the transaction; (2) the type of 

security that the investor is purchasing; (3) the identity, price and number of securities purchased 

by the investor, as well as the number of securities sold by the issuer in the transaction and the 

price(s) at which the securities were sold; (4) certain specified terms of the security, if it is a debt 

or callable security; and (5) the source and amount of any remuneration received or to be received 

by the intermediary in connection with the transaction, whether from the issuer or from other 

persons. This notification would be required to be provided by e-mail or other electronic 

media,872 and to be documented in accordance with applicable recordkeeping rules.873 Pursuant to 

 871 See Exchange Act Section 3(a)(80)(D) [15 U.S.C. 78c(a)(80)(D)] and discussion in Section II.C.1.

872 See proposed Rule 302(a)(2) (requiring an intermediary to provide all information electronically). See also

Section II.C.4.a (discussing electronic delivery requirements).

873 Intermediaries that are brokers are subject to the recordkeeping requirements of Exchange Act Rules 17a-3 

and 17a-4, and intermediaries that are funding portals are subject to recordkeeping requirements under Rule 

404 of Regulation Crowdfunding. See note 1114 (discussing the recordkeeping rules applicable to brokers 

and intermediaries). See also Section II.D.5. 
233

proposed Rule 303(f)(2), an intermediary that gives or sends to each investor the notification 

described above would be exempt from the requirements of Exchange Act Rule 10b-10874 for the 

subject transaction. 

(2) Comments on the Proposed Rule

Commenters generally supported the proposed confirmation requirements.875 One 

commenter, however, stated its view that permitting intermediaries to satisfy the delivery 

requirement for transaction confirmations through delivery of a message that contains a notice that 

the information is available on the intermediary’s website would not be sufficient.

876

(3) Final Rule

After considering the comments, we are adopting Rule 303(f), as proposed, but with one 

clarifying change. As proposed, Rule 303(f)(1)(vi) would have required an intermediary to give 

or send to each investor a notification disclosing: “[t]he source and amount of any remuneration 

received or to be received by the intermediary in connection with the transaction, including the 

amount and form of any remuneration that is received, or will be received, by the intermediary 

from persons other than the issuer. We are revising Rule 303(f)(1)(vi) to require disclosure as 

well of the form of any remuneration received or to be received by the intermediary in connection 

with the transaction, including any remuneration received or to be received by the intermediary 

from persons other than the issuer. This edit is intended to clarify the rule by placing “source, 

form and amount” together, rather than having “form” listed out separately as proposed. 

 874 See note 882 (discussing Exchange Act Rule 10b-10 (17 CFR 240.10b-10) generally). 

875 See, e.g., CFA Institute Letter; Joinvestor Letter.

876 See Consumer Federation Letter (stating that “[w]hile most if not all intermediaries would be likely to 

deliver the actual confirmation to investors, the rule would not guarantee this”).
234

As explained in the Proposing Release, we believe that transaction confirmations serve an 

important and basic investor protection function by, among other things, conveying information 

and providing a reference document that allows investors to verify the terms of their transactions, 

acting as a safeguard against fraud and providing investors a means by which to evaluate the costs 

of their transactions.877 Each of the required items of information is intended to assist investors in 

memorializing and assessing their transactions. Furthermore, the requirement that an intermediary 

disclose to an investor the source, form and amount of any remuneration received or to be received 

is designed to help to highlight potential conflicts of interest if, for example, an intermediary has a 

financial interest in an issuer using its services. 878 

As for the concern raised by one commenter about the delivery requirements for 

transaction confirmations,879 we note, as we did in the Proposing Release, that the confirmation is 

required to be provided by e-mail or other electronic media, consistent with the Commission’s

long-standing policies on the use of electronic media for delivery purposes.880 This is also 

consistent with the requirement for an intermediary to provide all information electronically. We 

believe that this delivery requirement is appropriate for crowdfunding transactions and satisfies 

our obligation that requirements under Securities Act Section 4A(a)(12) be for the protection of 

investors and in the public interest. As to the same commenter’s view that the rule would not 

 877 See Proposing Release at 78 FR 66475. See also Confirmation of Transactions, Release No. 34-34962 (Nov. 

10, 1994) [59 FR 59612, 59613 (Nov. 17, 1994)].

878 Although Securities Act Section 4A(a)(11) requires an intermediary to prohibit its directors, officers or 

partners (or any person occupying a similar status or performing a similar function) from having any 

financial interest in an issuer using its services, the final rules do not include a complete prohibition on the 

intermediary, itself, having a financial interest in an issuer using its services. The intermediary may have a 

financial interest in an issuer using its services, subject to certain limitations. See Rule 300(b). See also

Section II.C.2.b.

879 See Consumer Federation Letter.

880 See Proposing Release, at 189 [78 FR 66427, at 66475]. See also Use of Electronic Media, note 714 at 

25853 (discussing the “access equals delivery” concept and citing Use of Electronic Media for Delivery 

Purposes, Release No. 34-36345 (Oct. 6, 1995) [60 FR 53548, 53454 (Oct. 13, 1995)])).
235

guarantee delivery of a confirmation to investors,881 although we acknowledge that statutes and 

rules cannot guarantee compliance, there is a robust regulatory scheme in place that is designed to

promote compliance and that is coupled with supervision and enforcement by both the 

Commission and the registered national securities association. 

In addition, under Rule 303(f)(2) as adopted, an intermediary that gives or sends to each 

investor the notification described above is exempt from the requirements of Exchange Act Rule 

10b-10 for the subject transaction.882 The confirmation terms under Rule 303(f)(2) are similar to, 

but not as extensive as, those broker-dealers are subject to under Rule 10b-10. We believe that 

this difference is appropriate given the more limited scope of an intermediary’s role in 

crowdfunding transactions. Rule 10b–10, for example, requires disclosure about such matters as 

payment for order flow, riskless principal transactions, payment of odd-lot differentials and assetbacked securities. These items generally would not be relevant to crowdfunding securities 

transactions or an intermediary’s participation in such transactions, and their inclusion in a 

crowdfunding securities confirmation may be confusing to investors. Therefore, we believe that if 

 881 See Consumer Federation Letter.

882 Exchange Act Rule 10b-10 (17 CFR 240.10b-10) generally requires a broker-dealer effecting a customer 

transaction in securities (other than U.S. savings bonds or municipal securities) to provide a notification to its 

customer, at or before completion of a securities transaction, that discloses certain information specific to the 

transaction. Specifically, Rule 10b-10 requires the disclosure of the date, time, identity, prices and number 

of securities bought or sold; the capacity in which the broker-dealer acted (e.g., as agent or principal); yields 

on debt securities; and under specified circumstances, the amount of remuneration the broker-dealer will 

receive from the customer and any other parties. With regard to the specified circumstances mentioned 

above, the remuneration disclosures of Rule 10b-10 generally are required, but certain exclusions apply. For 

example, the remuneration disclosures are generally required where a broker or dealer is acting as agent for a 

customer or some other person. In the case where remuneration is received or to be received by the broker 

from such customer in connection with the transaction, the disclosures are not required where the 

remuneration paid by such customer is determined pursuant to written agreement with such customer, 

otherwise than on a transaction basis. 17 CFR 240.10b-10(a)(2)(i)(B). In contrast, the remuneration 

disclosure requirements of Rule 303(f)(2)(vi) are required across all crowdfunding transactions where

remunerations are received or are to be received. Given the limits on the dollar amount of securities that can 

be offered, as well as the limits on individual investment amounts, in transactions relying on Section 4(a)(6), 

we do not expect investors to negotiate individualized compensation agreements.
236

an intermediary satisfies the notification requirements of the final rules, the intermediary will have 

provided investors with sufficient relevant information about the crowdfunding security, and so 

should not be required to meet the additional requirements of Rule 10b–10.

6. Completion of Offerings, Cancellations and Reconfirmations

a. Proposed Rule

Under Securities Act Section 4A(a)(7), an intermediary is required to allow investors to 

cancel their commitments to invest as the Commission shall, by rule, determine appropriate. 

Securities Act Section 4A(b)(1)(G) requires an issuer, prior to sale, to provide investors “a 

reasonable opportunity to rescind the commitment to purchase the securities.” We proposed, 

therefore, in Rule 304(a) of Regulation Crowdfunding, to give investors an unconditional right to 

cancel an investment commitment for any reason until 48 hours prior to the deadline identified in 

the issuer’s offering materials. Under this approach, an investor could reconsider his or her 

investment decision with the benefit of the views of the crowd and other information, until the 

final 48 hours of the offering. Thereafter, an investor would not be able to cancel any investment 

commitments made within the final 48 hours of the offering (except in the event of a material 

change to the offering, as discussed below).883

We also proposed in Rule 304(b) that if an issuer reached the target offering amount prior 

to the deadline identified in its offering materials, it could close the offering once the target 

offering amount was reached, provided that: (1) the offering had been open for a minimum of 21 

days; (2) the intermediary provided notice about the new offering deadline at least five business 

days prior to the new offering deadline; (3) investors would be given the opportunity to reconsider 

their investment decision and to cancel their investment commitment until 48 hours prior to the 

 883 See proposed Rule 304(c). 
237

new offering deadline; and (4) at the time of the new offering deadline, the issuer continued to 

meet or exceed the target offering amount. 

In addition, we proposed in Rule 304(c) that if there was a material change884 to the terms 

of an offering or to the information provided by the issuer about the offering, the intermediary 

would be required to give or send to any investors who have made investment commitments 

notice of the material change, stating that the investor’s investment commitment will be cancelled 

unless the investor reconfirms his or her commitment within five business days of receipt of the 

notice.885 As proposed, if the investor failed to reconfirm his or her investment within those five 

business days, the intermediary would be required, within five business days thereafter, to: (1) 

provide or send the investor a notification disclosing that the investment commitment was 

cancelled, the reason for the cancellation and the refund amount that the investor should expect to 

receive; and (2) direct the refund of investor funds.886 This notification, like other notifications 

from an intermediary, would be required to be provided by e-mail or other electronic media, and 

to be documented in accordance with applicable recordkeeping rules.887 

 884 In the Proposing Release, we noted that in those instances where an issuer had previously disclosed in its 

offering materials only the method for determining the price of the securities offered and not the final price 

of those securities, setting of the final price would be considered a material change. We also noted that if the 

change involved closing the offering once the target offering amount is reached, which would be prior to the 

deadline identified in the offering materials, then the procedures required under proposed Rule 304(b), and 

not those in Rule 304(c), would apply. 

885 The proposed rules also required that an issuer extend an offering to allow for a five business day period in 

instances where material changes to the offering or to the information provided by the issuer occurred within 

five business days of the maximum number of days that an offering was to remain open. See proposed Rule 

304(c)(2) of Regulation Crowdfunding. See also Rule 302(a)(2) (requiring that notification be provided by 

email or through other electronic media). 

886 See proposed Rule 304(c)(1) of Regulation Crowdfunding.

887 Intermediaries that are brokers would be subject to the recordkeeping requirements of Exchange Act Rules 

17a-3 and 17a-4, and intermediaries that are funding portals would be subject to recordkeeping requirements 

under proposed Rule 404 of Regulation Crowdfunding. See note 1114 (discussing the recordkeeping rules 

applicable to brokers and intermediaries). See also Section II.D.5; Section II.C.4. (discussing an 

intermediary’s electronic delivery requirements and Rule 302(a)(2)).
238

Finally, we proposed in Rule 304(d) that if an issuer did not complete an offering, for 

example, because the target was not reached or the issuer decided to terminate the offering, the 

intermediary would be required, within five business days, to: (1) give or send to each investor 

who had made an investment commitment a notification disclosing the cancellation of the 

offering, the reason for the cancelation, and the refund amount that the investor should expect to 

receive; (2) direct the refund of investor funds; and (3) prevent investors from making investment 

commitments with respect to that offering on its platform. This notification, like other 

notifications from an intermediary, would be required to be provided by e-mail or other electronic 

media, and to be documented in accordance with applicable recordkeeping rules.888 

b. Comments on the Proposed Rule

One commenter supported the unconditional right of investors to cancel an investment 

commitment for any reason until 48 hours prior to the close of an offering.889 Other commenters, 

however, expressed concern over the potential for misconduct regarding cancellations,890 such as 

scenarios where investors commit and then withdraw at the last minute.891

 888 See note 1114 (discussing the recordkeeping rules applicable to brokers and intermediaries). 

889 See CFA Institute Letter.

890 See, e.g., Joinvestor Letter (suggesting the lock-in-date should be fourteen days prior to the closing date to 

prevent any misconduct surrounding the approach of a target, or the limit of oversubscription, near to the 

close of the round); Consumer Federation Letter; RocketHub Letter.

891 See, e.g., RocketHub Letter (recommending a 24-hour cancellation period in order to protect investors from 

“‘pump & rescind’ schemes” and minimize an issuer’s exposure to the risk of “‘short fall’ situations”); 

Consumer Federation Letter (noting the risk that “individuals associated with the issuer will commit money 

to the offering early in the process in order to stimulate interest and create a sense of urgency about 

investing, only to withdraw at the last minute”). The same commenter suggested that potential 

gamesmanship by investors associated with the issuer has the potential to discredit crowdfunding and 

recommended that the Commission consider more meaningful restrictions on issuer participation. 
239

One commenter stated that the rule on early closure of an offering should be more 

narrowly defined.892 This commenter requested that the Commission clarify whether, under such 

circumstances, an offering should be closed from accepting more funds or keep accepting 

commitments until the end of the five business day period, even if this puts an offering over set 

limits.893

Some commenters supported the proposal that existing disclosure materials can be 

modified in the event of a material change, with the original offering remaining open,894 while one 

commenter also suggested that no changes should be allowed within 21 days of the close date.895 

Several commenters generally agreed that an investor should have to reconfirm the commitment 

to invest when a material change occurs.896 One commenter stated that many investors would 

prefer not to have to re-confirm their investments and recommended allowing investors to decide 

how to handle material changes.897 Another commenter opposed any reconfirmation requirement

because it believed there should be a presumption that any changes made would be in the best 

interest of the issuer and all of its stakeholders.

898 

Some commenters supported the proposed five-day reconfirmation period for investors.899 

Some commenters, however, stated that five business days is not enough time for an investor to 

 892 See RFPIA Letter (stating that “[i]f the issuer reaches the target offering amount prior to the deadline the 

current proposed regulation require[s] a funding portal to give a 5 day notice to investors of the new closing 

date. Since funding portals have no crystal balls, this process needs to be more narrowly defined”). 

893 Id. 

894 See, e.g., Arctic Island Letter 6; Joinvestor Letter; Wales Capital Letter 2.

895 See Joinvestor Letter.

896 See, e.g., CFA Institute Letter; Wales Capital 2 Letter.

897 See Wefunder Letter.

898 See Public Startup Letter 3.

899 See, e.g., CFA Institute Letter; Wales Capital 2 Letter. 
240

decide whether to reconfirm an investment commitment after a material change is made by the 

issuer.900 One commenter suggested a shorter reconfirmation time period.901 Another 

commenter recommended that the Commission clarify when the five-day reconfirmation period 

begins.902 One commenter suggested material revisions made to the offering should restart the 

21-day minimum period for the campaign, though generally agreed that a five-business day 

notification is sufficient in the event that an offering is cancelled.903 

c. Final Rules

We are adopting Rule 304 as proposed, with a technical change to correct a cross-cite in 

the rule text. We believe that the final rule appropriately takes into consideration the needs of 

investors to be able to consider material changes to the terms of the offering and new views 

expressed by the crowd, while allowing issuers to have certainty about their ability to close an 

offering at the end of the offering period. We have considered the comments outlined above 

about concerns with cancellation generally and those suggesting other types of cancellation or 

lock-in periods. However, we continue to believe that allowing investors to cancel any investment 

commitments for any reason until 48 hours prior to the deadline identified in the issuer’s offering 

materials is an appropriate cancellation period because it is consistent with the requirement of 

Section 4A(b)(1)(G) that investors have a “reasonable opportunity” to rescind investment 

commitments, while also providing issuers with certainty within a reasonable amount of time 

 900 See, e.g., Arctic Island Letter 6 (advocating that the time period be “indefinite” so as to give investors more 

time to consider the changes and to give issuers more time to answer questions of individual investors and 

provide clarifications or make subsequent changes as needed); CfPA Letter (recommending that any change 

in offering documents on a website after initial posting restart the 21-day period (or at least half of that) 

during which offerings cannot close and prospective or pledged investors can reconsider and rescind their 

commitments).

901 See RFPIA Letter (suggesting eliminating the requirement or reducing it to 72 hours).

902 See ODS Letter.

903 See Wales Capital Letter 2.
241

about whether they have indeed received investment commitments. Although we acknowledge 

commenters’ concerns about potential misconduct in connection with cancellations of investment 

commitments, we note that issuers and investors, including investors associated with the issuer,

are subject to the antifraud provisions of the securities laws. We also note that, as we discussed 

above, an intermediary is required to promptly remove an offering from its platform if it becomes 

aware of information that causes it to believe that the issuer or the offering presents the potential 

for fraud or otherwise raises concerns about investor protection.904

In regards to one commenter’s request for clarification as to whether an intermediary may 

continue to receive investment commitments during the five business day period prior to an early 

closure of an offering (even if the commitment may be oversubscribed), we note that 

intermediaries are permitted to continue to receive investment commitments during that time 

period, provided that the intermediary informs investors about the continuation of such acceptance 

in accordance with Rule 304(b).

905 

In addition, we believe that when material changes arise during the course of an offering, 

an investor who had made a prior investment commitment should have a reasonable period during 

which to review the new information and to decide whether to invest by reconfirming the 

investment commitment. Despite some commenters’ concerns outlined above, we continue to 

believe that a five business day period is appropriate because it reasonably reflects the need to 

allow an investor sufficient time to consider material changes to the terms of the offering while

 904 See Section II.C.3.

905 However, the issuer will still have to comply with the rules regarding oversubscriptions. See Section 

II.B.6.a. This same commenter expressed uncertainty about how an issuer will communicate early closure to 

a funding portal so that the funding portal can provide appropriate notice to investors about the new offering 

deadline. The final rules do not prescribe the mechanics for how funding portals must communicate with 

issuers as we believe the better course is to provide for flexibility in this regard so that intermediaries and 

issuers can arrive at efficient working arrangements. 
242

giving issuers certainty about their ability to close an offering. For the same reasons noted above, 

we also believe that five business days is a sufficient amount of time for intermediaries to notify 

investors about offerings that are not completed or terminated. Finally, we believe that requiring 

an investor to reconfirm his or her investment commitment within five business days of receipt of 

the notice of a material change is sufficiently clear as to when the reconfirmation period begins 

and provides additional investor protection and is therefore an appropriate requirement for the 

final rule. 

7. Payments to Third Parties

a. Proposed Rule

Securities Act Section 4A(a)(10) provides that an intermediary in a transaction made in 

reliance on Section 4(a)(6) shall not compensate “promoters, finders, or lead generators for 

providing the broker or funding portal with the personal identifying information of any potential 

investor.” 

We proposed in Rule 305(a) of Regulation Crowdfunding to prohibit an intermediary from 

compensating any person for providing it with the “personally identifiable information”906 of any 

investor. As explained in the Proposing Release, we believe that any person compensated for 

providing the personally identifiable information of investors would be acting as a promoter, 

finder or lead generator within the meaning of Securities Act Section 4A(a)(10). 

 906 As proposed, the term “personally identifiable information” would mean any information that can be used to 

distinguish or trace an individual’s identity, either alone or when combined with other personal or identifying 

information that is linked or linkable to a specific individual. See proposed Rule 305(c) of Regulation 

Crowdfunding. As explained in the Proposing Release, personally identifiable information could include any 

information that can be used to identify an individual, such as name, social security number, date or place of 

birth, mother’s maiden name or biometric records, as well as any other information that is linked directly to 

an individual, such as financial, employment, educational or medical information. 
243

Proposed Rule 305(b), however, would permit an intermediary to compensate a person for 

directing issuers or investors to the intermediary’s platform if: (1) the person does not provide the 

intermediary with the personally identifiable information of any investor, and (2) the 

compensation, unless it is paid to a registered broker or dealer, is not based, directly or indirectly, 

on the purchase or sale of a security offered in reliance on Securities Act Section 4(a)(6) on or 

through the intermediary’s platform.907 

b. Comments on the Proposed Rule

Some commenters generally supported the portion of the proposed rule that allows

intermediaries to compensate third parties for directing investors to the platform.908 Some of 

these comments also agreed that intermediaries should be permitted to compensate third parties 

for general business advertising including, for example, web search engine direction or other 

standard Internet marketing techniques.

909 In response to our request for comment as to whether 

disclosures should be required when an intermediary compensates third parties for directing 

investors to its platform, one commenter suggested the Commission should not require disclosure 

of “standard Internet marketing [practices]” that “inform investors of companies they may be 

interested in.”910 Another commenter stated that compensation should only be allowed under 

limited circumstances, albeit without providing examples of those limited circumstances.

911 We 

 907 We note that the receipt of direct or indirect transaction-based compensation would strongly indicate that the 

recipient is acting as a broker. As such, the party receiving the compensation in the scenario described needs 

to consider whether it would be required to register as a broker. 

908 See, e.g., RoC Letter; RocketHub Letter; Wefunder Letter.

909 See, e.g., RocketHub Letter; Wefunder Letter. See also ABA Letter (discussing the practice of so-called 

“passive bulletin boards”).

910 Wefunder Letter.

911 See Joinvestor Letter (“We believe such compensation should be allowed under extremely limited 

circumstances, as promotion will be a central issue to these campaigns.”). 
244

did not receive comments related to the definition of the term “personally identifiable 

information” as proposed in Rule 305(c). 

c. Final Rules

We are adopting Rule 305 with modifications. Rule 305(a), like the proposed rule, states 

that an intermediary may not compensate any person for providing the intermediary with the 

personally identifiable information of any investor in securities offered and sold in reliance on 

Section 4(a)(6) of the Securities Act. However, we are not including in the final rule what was 

proposed in paragraph (b), which stated that an intermediary may compensate a person for 

directing issuers to the intermediary’s platform, provided that unless the compensation is made to 

a registered broker or dealer, the compensation is not based, directly or indirectly, on the purchase 

or sale of a security offered in reliance on Section 4(a)(6) of the Securities Act on or through the 

intermediary’s platform. Upon further consideration, we believe this provision would be

duplicative of Rule 402(b)(6), which addresses referral payments that funding portals are 

permitted to pay to third parties.912 In addition, registered broker-dealers are already subject to 

limitations on the types of compensation that they may pay to third parties, and as we explained in 

the Proposing Release, are subject to an established regulatory and oversight regime that provides 

important safeguards for investors. 

We agree with those commenters who believe intermediaries should be permitted to 

compensate third parties for general business advertising including, for example, web search 

engine direction or other standard Internet marketing techniques so long as that compensation is 

not based, directly or indirectly, on the purchase or sale of a security offered in reliance on 

 912 See Section II.D.3.
245

Securities Act Section 4(a)(6).913 We believe permitting compensation for these types of general 

business advertising does not raise the same privacy concerns as those implicated by the provision 

of personally identifiable information and is generally consistent with the statutory scheme for 

crowdfunding promotional activities. Therefore, under the rules, an intermediary may pay a 

person a flat fixed fee914 to direct persons to the intermediary’s platform through, for example, 

hyperlinks or search term results or make payments to a person to advertise its existence.915 The 

intermediary, however, cannot pay to receive personally identifiable information in under any 

circumstances pursuant to the prohibition in Rule 305(a). 

Finally, we are adopting as proposed the definition of personally identifiable information, 

which will be renumbered as Rule 305(b).

D. Additional Funding Portal Requirements

1. Registration Requirement

a. Generally

(1) Proposed Rules

Securities Act Section 4A(a)(1) requires that an intermediary facilitating a transaction 

made in reliance on Securities Act Section 4(a)(6) register with the Commission as a broker or a 

funding portal. The statute does not, however, prescribe the manner in which a funding portal 

 913 See, e.g., 158 Cong. Rec. S5474-03 (daily ed. July 26, 2012) (statement of Sen. Jeff Merkley) (“[T]he 

limitation on off-platform advertising is intended to prohibit issuers—including officers, directors, and 20 

percent shareholders—from promoting or paying promoters to express opinions outside the platform that 

would go beyond pointing the public to the funding portal.”).

914 A flat fixed fee is one that is not based on the success of the offering, and so would not be transaction-based 

compensation. We note that the receipt of direct or indirect transaction-based compensation would strongly 

indicate that the recipient is acting as a broker. As such, the party receiving this kind of compensation needs 

to consider whether it would be required to register as a broker. 

915 See also Rule 402 of Regulation Crowdfunding and discussion in Section II.D.3 (discussing advertising and 

marketing activities in which a funding portal may engage under the Regulation’s safe harbor).
246

would register with the Commission.916 Securities Act Section 4A(a)(12) requires intermediaries 

to comply with requirements as the Commission may, by rule, prescribe for the protection of 

investors and in the public interest. Exchange Act Section 3(h)(1)(C) also permits the 

Commission to impose, as part of its authority to exempt funding portals from broker registration, 

“such other requirements under [the Exchange Act] as the Commission determines appropriate.”

We proposed to establish a streamlined registration process under which a funding portal 

would register with the Commission by filing a form with information consistent with, but less 

extensive than, the information required for broker-dealers on the Uniform Application for 

Broker-Dealer Registration (“Form BD”).

917 Under proposed Rule 400(a), a funding portal would 

register by completing a Form Funding Portal, which would include information concerning the 

funding portal’s principal place of business, its legal status and its disciplinary history, if any; 

business activities, including the types of compensation the funding portal would receive; control 

affiliates of the funding portal and disclosure of their disciplinary history, if any; FINRA 

membership or membership with any other registered national securities association; and the 

funding portal’s website address(es) or other means of access.918 Proposed Rule 400(a) also 

would require a funding portal to become a member of FINRA or another applicable national 

securities association registered under Exchange Act Section 15A. As proposed in Rule 400(a), 

the funding portal’s registration would become effective the later of: (1) 30 calendar days after the 

 916 Compare Exchange Act Section 15(b) [15 U.S.C. 78o(b)] (prescribing the manner of registration of brokerdealers). 

917 Brokers currently register with the Commission using Form BD. Information on that form regarding the 

broker’s credentials, including current registrations or licenses and employment and disciplinary history, is 

publicly available on FINRA’s BrokerCheck. 

918 We discuss in Section II.D.1.b the information required to be included in Form Funding Portal.
247

date that the registration is received by the Commission; or (2) the date the funding portal is 

approved for membership in FINRA or any other registered national securities association. 

Proposed Rule 400(b) would require a funding portal to file an amendment to Form 

Funding Portal within 30 days of any of the information previously submitted on the form 

becoming inaccurate for any reason. 

In addition, proposed Rule 400(c)(1) would permit a funding portal that succeeds to and 

continues the business of a registered funding portal to also succeed to the registration of the 

predecessor on Form Funding Portal. As proposed in Rule 400(c)(1), the registration would 

remain effective as the registration of the successor if the successor, within 30 days after such 

succession, files a registration on Form Funding Portal and the predecessor files a withdrawal on 

Form Funding Portal.919 Proposed Rule 400(c)(1), therefore, would not apply where the 

predecessor funding portal intends to continue to engage in funding portal activities. 

In certain circumstances, proposed Rule 400(c)(2) would allow the successor to file an 

amendment to the predecessor’s Form Funding Portal rather than requiring the successor and 

predecessor, respectively, to follow the registration filing and withdrawal process under Rule 

400(c)(1) described above. Specifically, proposed Rule 400(c)(2) provides that, if the succession 

is based solely on a change of the predecessor’s date or state of incorporation, form of 

organization or composition of a partnership, the successor may, within 30 days after the 

succession, amend the notice registration of the predecessor on Form Funding Portal to reflect 

these changes. Successions by amendment would be limited to those successions that resulted 

 919 Under the proposed rules, the registration of the predecessor funding portal would be deemed withdrawn 45 

days after the notice registration on Form Funding Portal was filed by the successor. See proposed Rule 

400(c)(1). A similar process exists for registered broker-dealers under Exchange Act Rule 15b1-3 (17 CFR 

240.15b1-3).
248

from a formal change in the structure or legal status of the funding portal but did not result in a 

change in control. 

The instructions to the proposed Form Funding Portal would limit the term “successor” to 

an entity that assumed or acquired substantially all of the assets and liabilities of the predecessor 

funding portal’s business. 

We also proposed in Rule 400(d) to require a funding portal to promptly file a withdrawal 

of registration on Form Funding Portal upon ceasing to operate as a funding portal. The 

withdrawal would be effective on the later of 30 days after receipt by the Commission, after the 

funding portal was no longer operational, or within a longer period of time consented to by the 

funding portal or that the Commission, by order, determined as necessary or appropriate in the 

public interest or for the protection of investors.920

Proposed Rule 400(e) would provide that each application for registration, amendment 

thereto, successor registration or withdrawal would be considered filed when a complete Form 

Funding Portal was submitted with the Commission or its designee. Proposed Rule 400(e) also 

would require duplicate originals of the application to be filed with surveillance personnel 

designated by the registered national securities association of which the funding portal is a 

member. 

(2) Comments on the Proposed Rule

We received some comments generally supporting the proposed registration method,921

while one commenter generally opposed the proposed registration method, stating the 

 920 A similar process exists for registered broker-dealers under Exchange Act Section 15(b)(5) (15 U.S.C. 

78o(b)(5)) and Rule 15b6-1 (17 CFR 240.15b6-1) thereunder. 

921 See, e.g., Joinvestor Letter; DreamFunded Letter (favoring the proposed rules which provide a “high barrier 

to entry” to funding portals, as it will “stop anyone from potentially creating a funding portal over a 

weekend”). 
249

Commission is requiring too stringent a registration process and financial overhead for funding 

portals.922 One commenter encouraged the Commission to require broker-dealers to register on 

the same form as funding portals.923 

In the Proposing Release, we requested comments on whether we should impose other 

restrictions or prohibitions on affiliations of the funding portal, such as affiliation with a registered 

broker-dealer or registered transfer agent. Some commenters opposed the imposition of other

restrictions or prohibitions on affiliations of the funding portal.924 One of these commenters 

stated that affiliations and partnerships with brokers or transfer agents should be optional.925

(3) Final Rules

We are adopting Rule 400(a) – (e) generally as proposed with one change. We are 

deleting from Rule 400(e) as proposed the language stating that Form Funding Portal may be filed 

with a Commission designee, as we have determined not to designate this function. Rather, these

filings will be made through the EDGAR system as explained in more detail below. 

Rule 400 establishes a streamlined registration process for a funding portal to register with 

the Commission. We have considered the general comment suggesting that the registration 

requirement for funding portals is too stringent and creates financial overhead. We believe, 

however, that the rules as adopted provide a reasonable approach to funding portal registration –

they are based on broker-dealer registration requirements, which we believe have been effective in 

 922 See PeoplePowerFund Letter (suggesting that the Commission should consider, “a simple registration 

detailing the owners and operators of a web portal, the legal domicile and registration contact information 

etc. and the portals [sic] commitment to adherence of the rules of the [C]ommission”).

923 See RocketHub Letter. The commenter also stated that it has “a serious concern with [broker-dealers] having 

an unfair advantage in the market, by already being regulated and registered with the Commission as well as 

FINRA. Therefore, they may be able to service the market well ahead of [funding] [p]ortals.”

924 See, e.g., Joinvestor Letter; Tiny Cat Letter.

925 See Tiny Cat Letter.
250

providing investor protection and allowing the Commission to perform its oversight function. At 

the same time, the registration requirement takes into account the more limited activities of 

funding portals as compared to broker-dealers. As such, the registration requirements we are 

imposing on funding portals are generally consistent with those imposed on broker-dealers, while

not as extensive in every aspect. As we note in Section III.B.5, we have considered the costs of 

funding portal registration and believe that the anticipated costs to funding portals are justified in 

light of the expected benefits investors will receive from utilizing funding portals that are subject 

to registration requirements, which include public disclosure of registration information on Form 

Funding Portal in EDGAR, as described in more detail in Section II.D.1.b below. We believe that 

having such a registration system will promote investor confidence in this new and emerging

market, while providing us and FINRA (and any other applicable national securities association

registered pursuant to Exchange Act Section 15A) with information integral to effective oversight.

Finally, consistent with the proposal, we are not imposing additional restrictions or 

prohibitions on affiliations of the funding portal in the final rules. We note, however, that Form 

Funding Portal, which will be publicly available, requires a funding portal to disclose information 

about its control relationships and the disciplinary history of associated persons.

926 

 926 See Item 4 - Control Relationship of Form Funding Portal and Item 5 – Disclosure Information of Form 

Funding Portal. “Control” is defined for the purposes of Form Funding Portal as “[t]he power, directly or

indirectly, to direct the management or policies of the funding portal, whether through contract, or

otherwise. A person is presumed to control a funding portal if that person: (1) is a director, general 

partner or officer exercising executive responsibility (or has a similar status or functions); (2) directly or

indirectly has the right to vote 25 percent or more of a class of a voting security or has the power to sell or

direct the sale of 25 percent or more of a class of voting securities of the funding portal; or (3) in the case

of a partnership, has contributed, or has a right to receive, 25 percent or more of the capital of the funding

portal.” See Instructions to Form Funding Portal. 
251

b. Form Funding Portal

(1) Proposed Rules

As noted above, proposed Rule 400(a) requires a funding portal seeking to register with 

the Commission, through an initial application, to file a completed Form Funding Portal with the 

Commission. As proposed, Rule 400(b) – (d) would have also required funding portals to use 

proposed Form Funding Portal to amend any part of the funding portal’s most recent Form 

Funding Portal, including certain successor registrations, or to withdraw from registration as a 

funding portal with the Commission.927 We proposed to make a blank Form Funding Portal 

available through the Commission’s website or such other electronic database, as determined by 

the Commission in the future. 

As proposed, Form Funding Portal appropriately considered the need to provide efficiency 

in completing the form while requesting sufficient information from funding portals to allow for 

effective regulatory oversight. The proposed form would have consisted of eight sections, 

including items related to: identifying information, form of organization, successions, control 

persons, disclosure information, non-securities related business, escrow, compensation 

arrangements, and withdrawal. These items would require an applicant to provide certain basic 

identifying and contact information concerning its business; list its direct owners and executives; 

identify persons that directly or indirectly control the funding portal, control the management or 

policies of the funding portal and persons the funding portal controls; and supply information 

about its litigation and disciplinary history and the litigation and disciplinary history of its 

 927 As noted in Section II.D.1.a., a successor funding portal may amend the registration of its predecessor on 

Form Funding Portal, within 30 days after succession, if the succession is based solely on a change of the 

predecessor’s date of incorporation, state of incorporation, form of organization, or composition of a 

partnership. Otherwise, a successor must file a registration statement on Form Funding portal within 30 days 

after succession and a predecessor must file a withdrawal on Form Funding Portal. See Rule 400(c). 
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associated persons.928 Under proposed Form Funding Portal, a funding portal would be able to 

operate multiple website addresses under a single funding portal registration, provided the funding 

portal disclosed on Form Funding Portal all the websites and names under which it did 

business.929 In addition, the proposed form would have required an applicant to describe any nonsecurities related business activities and supply information about its escrow arrangements, 

compensation arrangements with issuers and fidelity bond. 

Upon a filing to withdraw from registration, a funding portal would be required to provide 

certain books and records information. In addition, as discussed in detail in Section II.D.1.d.

below, applicants that are incorporated in or organized under the laws of a jurisdiction outside of 

the United States or its territories, or whose principal place of business is not in the United States 

or its territories, would have been required to complete Schedule C to Form Funding Portal, which 

would require information about the applicant’s arrangements to have an agent for service of 

process in the United States, as well as a certification and an opinion of counsel addressing the 

ability of the applicant to provide the Commission and the national securities association of which 

it is a member with prompt access to its books and records and to submit to onsite inspection and 

examination by the Commission and the national securities association. 

 928 This information would be used to determine whether to approve an application for registration, to decide 

whether to revoke registration, to place limitations on the applicant’s activities as a funding portal and to 

identify potential problem areas on which to focus during examinations. If an applicant or its associated 

person has a disciplinary history, then the applicant could be required to complete the appropriate Disclosure 

Reporting Page (“DRP”), either Criminal, Regulatory, Civil Judicial, Bankruptcy, Bond or Judgment on 

proposed Form Funding Portal.

929 See proposed Form Funding Portal, Item 1; 17 CFR 249.2000.
253

We also proposed that a person duly authorized to bind the funding portal be required to 

sign Form Funding Portal in order to execute the documents.930 As proposed, the funding portal 

also would have been required to consent to service of process to its contact person on the form.931

Finally, we proposed to make all current Forms Funding Portal, including amendments and 

registration withdrawal requests, immediately accessible and searchable by the public, with the 

exception of certain personally identifiable information or other information with significant 

potential for misuse (including the contact employee’s direct phone number and e-mail address

and any IRS Employer Identification Number, social security number, date of birth, or any other 

similar information).932 

(2) Comments on Proposed Rules

We received one comment in support of using EDGAR for all funding portal filing and 

registration requirements.933 Some commenters also generally supported allowing a funding 

portal to file one registration application to operate multiple websites.934 One commenter, 

however, expressed concern about allowing funding portals to file one registration form for 

multiple websites. This commenter suggested the Commission “clearly address Portals that 

 930 See execution statement of proposed Form Funding Portal. We proposed requiring a person executing Form 

Funding Portal and Schedule C (if applicable) to represent that the person has executed the form on behalf 

of, and is duly authorized to bind, the funding portal; the information and statements contained in the form 

and other information filed are current, true and complete; and if the person is filing an amendment, to the 

extent that any information previously submitted is not amended, such information is currently accurate and 

complete. 

931 See execution statement of proposed Form Funding Portal. Specifically, we proposed requiring the funding 

portal to consent that service of any civil action brought by, or notice of any proceeding before, the 

Commission or any national securities association of which it is a member, in connection with the funding 

portal’s investment-related business, may be given by registered or certified mail to the funding portal’s 

contact person at the main address, or mailing address, on the form.

932 See proposed Instructions to Form Funding Portal.

933 See Public Startup Letter 3.

934 See, e.g., Joinvestor Letter; Tiny Cat Letter (stating that requiring new applications for each website would 

be unnecessary as it “would not provide any new information for either the commission or the public” so 

long as the expansion involves no material changes to information in the initial application).
254

register with the Commission, and then subsequently license out or sell their registration.”935 The 

same commenter stated that “[s]ome entrepreneurs have indicated that they intend to operate a 

‘parent’ funding [p]ortal, which allows other sites to operate under its umbrella, (leveraging the 

parent’s systems, architecture, design, infrastructure, etc.).”936

(3) Final Rules

We are adopting Form Funding Portal generally as proposed,

937 with the following 

changes:

• The final rules amend Regulation S-T to permit a funding portal to file PDF 

exhibits and attachments to Form Funding Portal on EDGAR as “official 

filings.”938 

• The following has been added to the title of the form: “Application or 

Amendment to Application for Registration or Withdrawal from Registration as 

Funding Portal” to clarify that the form will be used for all funding portal 

registration applications, amendments and withdrawals;

• Amendments to Form Funding Portal will require a narrative explaining the 

amendment, which we believe will clarify to investors and potential investors the 

particular information being amended by the funding portal in its filing;

 935 RocketHub Letter.

936 Id.

937 We also made minor non-substantive technical changes and changes to increase the clarity of the information 

being requested in the form. 

938 See Rule 101(a)(1)(xviii) of Regulation S-T. As we noted in Section II.B.3, Regulation S-T generally allows 

PDF documents to be filed only as unofficial copies. See Rule 104 of Regulation S-T. However, Rule 101 

provides for certain exceptions to this restriction. The PDF documents must be in the format required by the 

EDGAR Filer Manual, as defined in Rule 11 of Regulation S-T.
255

• Form Funding Portal will not require information about fidelity bonds since we are 

not adopting the fidelity bond requirement in the proposed rules;

939 

• Item 1 also will require information about website URL changes on the most 

recent Form Funding Portal, title of the contact employee and the month the 

applicant funding portal’s fiscal year ends; 

• The title of Item 4 is changed from “Control Persons,” as proposed, to “Control 

Relationships,” as adopted, to clarify that Item 4 may capture information not 

being captured in Schedules A and B;

• The language in Item 5 “to determine whether to approve an application for

registration” has been deleted;940

• Item 7, as adopted, references “qualified third party arrangements” rather than 

“escrow arrangements,” as proposed, to indicate that, in addition to holding the 

funds in escrow, a qualified third party may also hold investor funds in an account 

for the benefit of investors and the issuer;941

• “G – Other (general partner, trustee, or elected member)” has been added as an 

ownership code in Schedule A;

• Schedules A and B have been changed from the proposal to clarify that the 

Schedules are collecting information about whether direct owners and executive 

officers are “control” persons; 

 939 See Section II.D.1.c.

940 We note, however, that failure to answer a question in Item 5 will result in an incomplete application for 

registration. 

941 See Section II.C.5.e. 
256

• The language to Schedule C of Form Funding Portal has been changed to track 

more closely the requirements of Rule 400(f) for nonresident funding portals and 

to add an execution section for these entities; and

• Withdrawal information for funding portals proposed to be collected under Item 8 

will instead be collected in a new “Schedule D”.

942

We continue to believe that the information required by Form Funding Portal is important 

for our oversight of funding portals and to allow us to assess a funding portal’s application for 

registration and perform examinations of funding portals. We also note that the information 

required by the Form will be available to investors and potential investors and will provide 

transparency regarding intermediaries. Although we generally modeled Form Funding Portal on 

Form BD, we have tailored the questions to the activities of funding portals. For example, Form

Funding Portal, in contrast to Form BD, does not include any questions about holding customer 

funds and securities because funding portals are statutorily prohibited from holding or maintaining 

customer funds or securities. We also included questions in Form Funding Portal to address 

specific restrictions that are imposed upon funding portals but not upon broker-dealers. For 

example, Form Funding Portal requires specific information about a funding portal’s qualified 

 942 There have been no substantive changes to the withdrawal information to be collected on Schedule D. The 

instructions to Form Funding Portal have been modified from the proposal to (1) include IRS Tax 

Identification Number and the contact employee’s fax number as information that will be redacted on Form 

Funding Portal by the Commission and, therefore, not disseminated to the public by the form; and (2) inform 

funding portals that they should manually redact certain personally identifiable information or other 

information with significant potential for misuse (including the contact employee’s direct phone number, fax 

number and e-mail address and any IRS Employer Identification Number, IRS Tax Identification Number, 

social security number, or any other similar information) from any PDF attachments they file as part of their 

Form Funding Portal submission due to privacy concerns. The instructions have also been modified to 

amend the definition of SRO to delete the reference to Section 3 of the Exchange Act and clarify that the 

phrase “any national securities association registered with the Commission” in the definition encompasses 

any national securities association registered under Section 15A of the Exchange Act, in order to alleviate 

any confusion by funding portals when completing the form. 
257

third party arrangements because a funding portal is prohibited from holding and maintaining 

customer funds. 

In developing these requirements, we have taken into account that funding portals are 

limited purpose brokers that are conditionally exempt from registration as broker-dealers, and 

accordingly have sought to require appropriate information from these entities, while, at the same 

time, not making the process of completing and filing the required form inappropriately 

burdensome for funding portals. 

As noted above, we proposed to make a blank Form Funding Portal available through our 

website or another electronic database. At the time of the Proposing Release, we had not yet 

determined the appropriate database through which to access and electronically file Form Funding 

Portal. We requested comments in the Proposing Release on the type of web-based registration 

that funding portals should use for accessing and filing Form Funding Portal, and as noted above, 

received one comment in support of using EDGAR for funding portal filing and registration 

requirements.943 We have determined to require funding portals to access and file Form Funding 

Portal through the Commission’s EDGAR system. Before a funding portal will be able to access 

EDGAR and electronically file Form Funding Portal, it will have to obtain EDGAR access codes 

and a central index key (“CIK”) by creating and submitting a Form ID with the Commission for 

authorization to access EDGAR. The applicant will be required to fill out general user 

information fields on Form ID, including filer type name, address, phone number, e-mail address, 

organization name and employer identification number and file a signed, notarized version of the 

document. To facilitate this process, we are amending Form ID to add “Funding Portal” as a filer 

type and are also revising the instructions to the form to include the definition of “funding portal” 

 943 See Public Startup Letter 3.
258

(as defined by Rule 300(c)(2)). Once the application has been accepted by the Commission, the 

funding portal will receive an e-mail with a CIK, which it can use (along with a passphrase that it 

has previously created) to generate EDGAR access codes, and access the system and Form 

Funding Portal. 

As proposed, a funding portal will be required to check a box indicating the purpose for 

which the funding portal was filing the form:

• to register as a funding portal with the Commission, through an initial application;

• to amend any part of the funding portal’s most recent Form Funding Portal, 

including a successor registration; or 

• to withdraw from registration as a funding portal with the Commission. 

The funding portal will receive an SEC file number after it files its Form Funding Portal

initial application, and thereafter must provide us that file number when submitting an amendment 

or withdrawal from registration on Form Funding Portal. We will use this number to crossreference amendments and withdrawals to the original registration.

When a funding portal’s registration becomes effective, the information on Form Funding 

Portal will be made available to the public through EDGAR, with the exception of certain 

personally identifiable information or other information with significant potential for misuse

(including the contact employee’s direct phone number, fax number and e-mail address and any 

IRS Employer Identification Number, IRS Tax Identification Number, social security number, 

date of birth or any other similar information). In addition to current versions of Form Funding 

Portal, investors and potential investors also will be able to access historical versions of a funding 

portal’s filings on EDGAR. We believe that making these documents publicly available and 
259

searchable will provide the public with information about the registration process and the funding 

portal industry, thereby increasing transparency into this developing market. 

The final rule permits a funding portal to operate multiple website addresses under a single 

funding portal registration. As we noted in the Proposing Release, we believe that allowing a funding 

portal to utilize more than one website address, if it chooses to do so, may allow the portal to minimize 

its regulatory costs while having the flexibility to customize each website to fit its specific needs, such 

as appealing to certain industries or investors. We have considered one commenter’s concern about 

funding portals licensing or selling their registrations, and note that registrations are not 

transferrable among entities; rather, each funding portal is required to register with the 

Commission, pursuant to Rule 400(a). As explained above, an entity may succeed to and continue

the business of a registered funding portal, but the successor must file a registration on Form 

Funding Portal within 30 days after any succession resulting in a change of control.

944 

c. Fidelity Bond

(1) Proposed Rule

Proposed Rule 400(f) would have required that funding portals, as a condition of 

registration, have in place, and thereafter maintain for the duration of such registration, a fidelity 

bond that: (1) has a minimum coverage of $100,000; (2) covers any associated person of the 

funding portal unless otherwise excepted in the rules set forth by FINRA or any other registered 

national securities association of which it is a member; and (3) meets any other applicable 

requirements set forth by FINRA or any other registered national securities association of which it 

is a member. While fidelity bond coverage was not mandated by statute, the proposed 

requirement was intended to help insure against the loss of investor funds that might occur if a 

 944 See Section II.D.1.a.
260

funding portal were to violate the express prohibition set forth in Exchange Act Section 3(a)(80) 

on holding, managing, possessing or otherwise handling investor funds or securities. 

(2) Comments on Proposed Rule

We received comments both in support of,

945 and opposition to,946 the proposed 

requirement for funding portals to maintain fidelity bonds. One commenter stated its view that a 

fidelity bond may be necessary as a preventative measure to protect the interests of investors and 

issuers.947 Another commenter noted that although fidelity bond coverage may be “indirect” to 

customers, they are protected under such coverage because the insured entity may recover its 

losses due to theft or embezzlement by its employees and meet the obligations of its customers.948 

The same commenter, however, suggested that the Commission may find a surety bond more 

appropriate in the crowdfunding context than a fidelity bond because investors would be able to 

make a direct claim under it for losses due to a funding portal’s violation of the rules, and the 

insurer would be able to seek indemnity for that amount from the funding portal.949 One 

commenter stated that it is not appropriate to require that the fidelity bond cover associated 

persons, and that the requirement is a “hangover from a non-transparent financial services sector,” 

unlike the transparent crowdfunding model.950 Another commenter noted that a fidelity bond 

would protect a funding portal from employee theft or embezzlement, and suggested that there is a 

low risk of this occurring since a funding portal not does hold cash or customer funds.951 The 

 945 See, e.g., Joinvestor Letter; Public Startup 3 Letter; RocketHub Letter; SFAA Letter.

946 See, e.g., ASSOB Letter; Heritage Letter; PeoplePowerFund Letter; RoC Letter.

947 See Joinvestor Letter. 

948 See SFAA Letter.

949 See id.

950 See ASSOB Letter.

951 See Heritage Letter
261

commenter further stated that “[o]btaining a bond is simply one more expense that the portal must 

incur and it is necessary to control compliance costs if crowdfunding is to be a success.”952 

(3) Final Rules

After taking into account the comments and upon further consideration, we have 

determined not to adopt a fidelity bond requirement for funding portals. We have been persuaded 

by the comments that such a requirement may not be appropriate. We believe that the statutory 

protections and prohibitions set forth in Exchange Act Section 3(a)(80) on holding, managing, 

possessing or otherwise handling investor funds or securities provide substantial protections to 

investors. We recognize, as some commenters observed, that there may be potential risks to 

investors if a funding portal were to violate the prohibitions in Regulation Crowdfunding, 

including the potential loss of investor funds. As we discussed in the Proposing Release, funding 

portals will not be members of the Securities Investor Protection Corporation (“SIPC”) and their 

customers, therefore, will not receive SIPC protection.953 Furthermore, consistent with the 

proposed rules, the final rules also do not subject funding portals to minimum net capital 

requirements. Despite these vulnerabilities, we note that the potential burden associated with the 

requirement of a fidelity bond (or any bond) may not be justified by the benefits that could be 

derived from requiring that a funding portal obtain such a bond. In particular, we are concerned

that a fidelity bond requirement could create a potential barrier to entry for some funding portals 

that could be detrimental to our mission of capital formation, as well as the feasibility of 

crowdfunding. At the same time, we are mindful of the potentially limited benefits of requiring 

such bonds to be obtained by funding portals, when taking into account the statutory restrictions 

 952 Id. 

953 See Proposing Release at 78 FR at 66482. Membership in SIPC applies only to persons registered as brokers 

or dealers under Section 15(b) of the Exchange Act. See 15 U.S.C. 78ccc(a)(2).
262

on funding portals’ permissible activities. Instead, we believe at this time that the prohibition on a 

funding portal from handling customer funds and securities as well as the general anti-fraud 

provisions of our statutes and rules provide significant investor protections that do not need to be 

supplemented by a fidelity bond requirement. This decision is consistent with our approach 

generally to the regulation of funding portals in which we have sought to structure rules tailored to 

the business of funding portals that address the risks posed by such activities while considering 

the impact that our rules may have on this emerging market. 

d. Requirements for Nonresident Funding Portals

(1) Proposed Rules

Under proposed Rule 400(g), registration pursuant to Rule 400 of Regulation 

Crowdfunding by a “nonresident funding portal”954 would be first conditioned upon there being 

an information sharing arrangement in place between the Commission and the competent 

regulator in the jurisdiction under the laws of which the nonresident funding portal is organized or 

where it has its principal place of business that is applicable to the nonresident funding portal. 

The proposed rule would further require a nonresident funding portal registered or applying for 

registration to: (1) obtain a written consent and power of attorney appointing an agent for service 

of process in the United States (other than the Commission or a Commission member, official or 

employee), upon whom may be served any process, pleadings, or other papers in any action;955 (2) 

furnish the Commission with the name and address of its agent for services of process on 

Schedule C of Form Funding Portal;956 and (3) certify on Schedule C of Form Funding Portal and 

 954 See proposed Rule 400(g)(1) of Regulation Crowdfunding (defining “nonresident funding portal” as “a 

funding portal incorporated in or organized under the laws of any jurisdiction outside of the United States or 

its territories, or having its principal place of business in any place not in the United States or its territories”).

955 See proposed Rule 400(g)(2)(i) of Regulation Crowdfunding.

956 See proposed Rule 400(g)(2)(ii) of Regulation Crowdfunding.
263

provide an opinion of counsel that it can, as a matter of law, provide the Commission and any 

national securities association of which it is a member with prompt access to its books and records 

and can, as a matter of law, submit to onsite inspection and examination by the Commission and 

such national securities association.957 

Proposed Rule 400(g)(2)(iv) would require a registered nonresident funding portal to 

promptly appoint a successor agent if it discharges its identified agent for service of process or if 

its agent for service of process is unwilling or unable to accept service on its behalf. In addition,

proposed Rule 400(g)(2)(iii) would require a registered funding portal to promptly amend 

Schedule C to its Form Funding Portal if its agent, or the agent’s name or address, changes. 

Finally, proposed Rule 400(g)(2)(v) would require the registered nonresident funding portal to 

maintain, as part of its books and records, the agreement with the agent for service of process for 

at least three years after termination of the agreement.

In addition, we proposed in Rule 400(g)(3)(ii) to require a registered nonresident funding 

portal to re-certify, on Schedule C to Form Funding Portal, within 90 days after any changes in the

legal or regulatory framework that would affect: (1) its ability to provide (or the manner in which 

it provides) the Commission, or the national securities association of which it is a member, with 

prompt access to its books and records; or (2) the ability of the Commission or the national 

securities association to inspect and examine the nonresident funding portal. The re-certification 

would be accompanied by a revised opinion of counsel describing how, as a matter of law, the 

entity can continue to meet its obligations to provide the Commission and the national securities 

 957 See proposed Rule 400(g)(3)(i) of Regulation Crowdfunding. Exchange Act Section 3(h)(1)(C) permits us to 

impose, as part of our authority to exempt funding portals from broker registration, “such other requirements 

under [the Exchange Act] as the Commission determines appropriate.” 
264

association with prompt access to its books and records and to be subject to inspection and 

examination.958

(2) Comments on the Proposed Rule

One commenter stated its view that the definition of a nonresident funding portal will

create a competitive advantage for foreign intermediary platforms.

959 Another commenter stated 

its view that nonresident funding portals should be subject to the same rules as domestic funding 

portals.960 

In the Proposing Release, we requested comments about other actions or requirements that 

could address our concern that the Commission and the applicable national securities association 

be able to have direct access to books and records and be able to adequately examine and inspect 

a nonresident funding portal, if it would be impossible or impractical for such funding portal to 

obtain the required opinion of counsel. In response, a commenter suggested an arrangement 

between a nonresident funding portal and a domestic funding portal in which the nonresident 

funding portal would be required to make and keep current books and records, but the domestic 

 958 See proposed Rule 400(g)(3)(ii) of Regulation Crowdfunding.

959 See Public Startup Letter 3 (stating its view that the definition of nonresident funding portal is “flawed” 

because it believes these foreign entities could choose to act as intermediaries for U.S. issuers and U.S. 

investors in crowdfunding transactions without relying on Section 4(a)(6) and, therefore, gain a competitive 

advantage by not having to comply with the requirements of the rules under Regulation Crowdfunding in the 

same manner as domestic funding portals). But see Joinvestor Letter (stating its belief that “nonresident 

funding portal is properly defined”). 

960 See Wales Capital Letter 3. The commenter also recommended using the term “‘foreign’ funding portal” to 

be consistent with the treatment of corporations incorporated in another jurisdiction under various state laws. 

According to the commenter, a foreign corporation must file a notice of doing business in any state or nation 

in which it does substantial regular business, and must name an “‘agent for acceptance of service’” in that 

nation (or the Secretary of State as agent) to allow people doing business with a foreign corporation to be 

able bring legal actions locally. 
265

funding portal would have the ability to obtain and be responsible for the accuracy of such books 

and records.961 

One commenter suggested that nonresident funding portals be required to clearly indicate 

on their websites that they are organized and operating outside of the U.S. and indicate whether a 

U.S. or non-U.S. bank will be used to process investors’ funds.962 One commenter suggested that 

a nonresident funding portal should be required to appoint a U.S. agent for all potential 

proceedings,963 while another commenter suggested that a nonresident funding portal should be 

required to have a resident legal representative to handle any matters between issuers or investors 

and the portal.964 

(3) Final Rules

We are adopting Rule 400(g) as proposed with certain minor changes, and renumbering it 

as Rule 400(f) due to the elimination of the fidelity bond requirement proposed as 

subparagraph (f).

965 We are changing the language of the rule as adopted applicable to a

nonresident funding portal to:

• Add the term “registered” to any references to national securities association in the 

Rule to be more consistent with the terminology in the Exchange Act; and

• Require the nonresident funding portal also to certify that it “will” provide the 

Commission and any national securities association of which it “becomes” (rather 

 961 Id. 

962 See Zhang Letter.

963 Wales Capital Letter 3.

964 See Joinvestor Letter.

965 We also added “Inspections and Examinations” to the heading of Rule 400(f)(3); this modification does not 

change the requirements from those proposed. In addition, we changed a cross-cite in the rule text to reflect 

the renumbering. 
266

than “is”) a member with prompt access to the books and records and “will” submit 

to onsite inspection and examination by the Commission and such national 

securities association.

966

As we noted in the Proposing Release, the rule aims to help ensure that we and any 

applicable registered national securities association can access the books and records of, conduct 

examinations and inspections of, and enforce U.S. laws and regulations with respect to, funding 

portals that are not based in the United States, or that are subject to laws other than those of the 

United States. We believe that these rules will further our goal of promoting the ability of the 

Commission and any applicable national securities association to conduct effective regulatory 

oversight of funding portals. 

We have considered the comments and believe that the final rule appropriately takes into 

consideration the need to provide more choices for U.S. issuers seeking to use intermediaries or 

access investors outside of the United States, while meeting the challenges associated with

supervising, examining, and enforcing rules regarding activities of intermediaries based outside 

the United States. For example, as we noted in the Proposing Release, the requirement for an 

information sharing arrangement is designed to provide us with greater assurance that we will be 

able to obtain information about a nonresident funding portal necessary for our oversight of the 

funding portal. The ability to obtain information and secure the cooperation of the home country 

regulator according to established practices and protocols is expected to help to address the 

increased challenges that may arise from oversight of entities located outside of the United States. 

 966 The language in the proposed rule required a certification that the funding portal “can” meet such obligations 

but did not require a certification that it “will” meet them.
267

We note that nonresident funding portals are subject to the same registration requirements as other 

funding portals under Rule 400.

967

We have also considered the comment submitted in response to our question about the use 

of books and records arrangements in situations where it would be impossible or impractical for a 

nonresident funding portal to obtain the required opinion of counsel.968 We have determined not 

to adopt an alternative to the opinion of counsel requirement for nonresident funding portals in 

Regulation Crowdfunding. The opinion of counsel requirement is consistent with our approach to 

other nonresident registered entities and we believe it is an appropriate mechanism to use here, as 

well.

969 As we stated in the Proposing Release, we believe that the certification and supporting 

opinion of counsel requirements are important to confirm that each nonresident funding portal is 

in a position to provide the Commission and FINRA (or the applicable national securities 

association registered under Exchange Act Section 15A) with information that is necessary for us 

and the national securities association to effectively fulfill regulatory oversight responsibilities.970 

We do not believe that the books and records arrangement suggested by the commenter would 

provide assurance that we or FINRA would be able to consistently obtain such information, which 

could hinder our ability to fulfill our regulatory oversight responsibilities. 

 967 We have considered the commenter’s view that there would be a potential competitive advantage for foreign 

intermediaries choosing to operate outside of the Section 4(a)(6) exemption. See Public Startup Letter 3. 

However, we note that any entities (foreign or domestic) intermediating offerings of securities between U.S. 

issuers and investors generally will be broker-dealers, either required to register under the Exchange Act or 

to be exempt from registration. See 15 U.S.C. 78o(a). We also note that the offer and sale of securities in 

the United States or to U.S. persons must be registered unless an exemption is available.

968 See Wales Capital Letter 3.

969 We note that the opinion of counsel requirement is generally consistent with the requirement for nonresident 

security-based swap dealers and major security-based swap participants, as well as those for nonresident 

municipal advisors. See Exchange Act Rule 15Fb2-4 and Rule 15Ba1-6.

970 See Exchange Act Section 3(h)(1)(A). Failure to make this certification or re-certification or to provide an 

opinion of counsel or revised opinion of counsel will result in an incomplete application for registration. 
268

We have also considered the comment suggesting that a nonresident funding portal be 

required to clearly indicate on its website that it is organized and operating outside of the United 

States and whether it will use a U.S. or non-U.S. bank to process investors’ funds.971 However, in 

light of the other disclosure requirements we are adopting, we are not persuaded that such a 

requirement is necessary. We note that the information required to be filed on Form Funding 

Portal (and that will be publicly disclosed) will include information about the qualified third party 

for the maintenance and transmission of investors’ funds under Rule 303(e), including the name 

and address of the qualified third party. 972 In addition, a nonresident funding portal will be 

required to publicly disclose information on Schedule C to Form Funding Portal. Since Schedule 

C is required to be completed by nonresident funding portals only, investors will be able to 

discern easily whether or not the entity is a nonresident funding portal and, among other things, 

has certified (and provided an attached opinion of counsel indicating) that it is able to provide the 

Commission and any national securities association prompt access to its books and records and 

will submit to onsite inspection and examination by the same.

Finally, we have considered the comments suggesting that a nonresident funding portal 

should be required to have a U.S. agent for potential proceedings,

973 or a resident legal 

representative to handle any matters between issuers or investors, and the portal.974 We note that, 

as discussed above, we are requiring funding portals to execute a written consent and power of 

attorney appointing an agent in the United States. The agent will be the representative of the 

funding portal for service of any process, pleadings or other papers in any action to enforce the 

 971 See Zhang Letter.

972 See Form Funding Portal, Item 7 - Qualified Third Party Arrangements; Compensation Arrangements.

973 See Wales Capital Letter 3.

974 See Joinvestor Letter.
269

Exchange Act, Securities Act or any rule or regulation promulgated thereunder. As we noted 

above, we have limited the types of actions for which a nonresident funding portal will be 

required to have an agent for service of process, pleadings, or other papers in order to remain 

generally consistent with recent requirements that we have imposed on other types of nonresident 

entities. The funding portal will be required to disclose the name and address of its U.S. agent in 

Schedule C to its Form Funding Portal, and amend the Schedule promptly upon any change to the 

agent, agent’s name or agent’s address. We are not, however, requiring that nonresident funding 

portals have a resident legal representative to handle any matters between the portal and issuers or 

investors, which is consistent with our approach to other nonresident registered entities.

975 

2. Exemption from Broker-Dealer Registration

a. Proposed Rule

Exchange Act Section 3(h)(1), which was added by Section 304(a) of the JOBS Act, 

directs the Commission by rule to exempt, conditionally or unconditionally, a registered funding 

portal from the requirement to register as a broker or dealer under Exchange Act Section 15(a), 

provided that the funding portal: (1) remains subject to the examination, enforcement and other 

rulemaking authority of the Commission; (2) is a member of a registered national securities 

association; and (3) is subject to other requirements that the Commission determines appropriate. 

As explained earlier, the role contemplated by Title III of the JOBS Act for an entity 

acting as an intermediary in a crowdfunding transaction would bring that entity within the 

 975 For example, we note that requiring a U.S. agent for service of process but not requiring a U.S. legal 

representative to handle any matters between a funding portal and issuers or investors is generally consistent 

with the requirements for nonresident security-based swap dealers and major security-based swap 

participants, as well as those for nonresident municipal advisors. See Exchange Act Rule 15Fb2-4 and Rule 

15Ba1-6. 
270

definition of “broker” under Exchange Act Section 3(a)(4). 976 A funding portal would be 

“effecting transactions in securities for the account of others” by, among other things, ensuring 

that investors comply with the conditions of Securities Act Section 4A(a)(4) and (8), making the 

securities available for purchase through the funding portal, and ensuring the proper transfer of 

funds and securities as required by Securities Act Section 4A(a)(7).977 In addition, a funding 

portal’s receipt of compensation linked to the successful completion of the offering also would be 

indicative of acting as a broker in connection with these transactions. Thus, absent an exemption 

or exception, a funding portal would be required to register as a broker under the Exchange Act.

We proposed Rule 401(a) to provide an exemption for registered funding portals from the 

broker registration requirements of Exchange Act Section 15(a)(1) in connection with its activities 

as a funding portal. Consistent with the JOBS Act, the funding portal would remain subject to the 

full range of our examination and enforcement authority, even though it is not registered as a 

broker.

978 In this regard, proposed Rule 403 would require that a funding portal permit the 

examination and inspection of all of its business and business operations that related to its 

activities as a funding portal, such as its premises, systems, platforms and records, by 

 976 See Exchange Act Section 3(a)(4)(A) [15 U.S.C. 78c(a)(4)(A)] (defining “broker” as “any person engaged in 

the business of effecting transactions in securities for the account of others”). An entity acting as an 

intermediary in the offer and sale of securities pursuant to Section 4(a)(6), as contemplated in Title III of the 

JOBS Act, would not come within the meaning of “dealer,” which is defined in Exchange Act Section 

3(a)(5)(A) (15 U.S.C. 78c(a)(4)(A)), because it would not be engaging in the business of buying and selling 

securities for its own account. See also Exchange Act Section 15(a) [15 U.S.C. 15o(a)]. 

977 At the same time, there are statutory restrictions on the scope of services that a funding portal could provide. 

See Section II.C.1 (discussing Exchange Act Section 3(a)(80)).

978 See Exchange Act Section 3(h)(1)(C). See also Securities Act Section 20 [15 U.S.C. 77t] and Exchange Act 

Sections 21 and 21C [15 U.S.C. 78u and 78u-3]. In addition, we highlighted in the Proposing Release that 

Exchange Act Sections 15(b)(4) and 15(b)(6) (15 U.S.C. 78o(b)(4) and 78o(b)(6)) apply to brokers 

(including funding portals) regardless of whether or not they are registered with the Commission as brokers. 

Exchange Act Section 15(b)(4) authorizes the Commission to bring administrative proceedings against a 

broker when the broker violates the federal securities laws (and for other misconduct) and provides for the 

imposition of sanctions, up to and including the revocation of a broker’s registration. Exchange Act Section 

15(b)(6) provides similar enforcement authority against the persons associated with a broker, including 

barring persons from associating with any Commission registrant. 
271

representatives of the Commission and of the national securities association of which it is a 

member.979 Proposed Rule 404 also would impose certain recordkeeping requirements on funding 

portals.

980

We had further proposed in Rule 401(b) that, notwithstanding the exemption from broker 

registration, for purposes of Chapter X of Title 31 of the Code of Federal Regulations, a funding 

portal would be a broker or dealer “required to be registered” with the Commission under the 

Exchange Act, thereby requiring funding portals to comply with Chapter X, including certain antimoney laundering (“AML”) provisions thereunder.981

b. Comments on the Proposed Rule

Commenters generally agreed with the funding portal exemption from registration as a 

broker-dealer.982 One commenter stated that funding portals that provide no advice, make no 

warranties as to the suitability of an investment and do not handle share transfers or money, 

should not be required to register as a broker-dealer and requiring them to do so would provide no 

benefit to the public.983 

One commenter stated that the exemption from broker-dealer registration actually 

precludes funding portals from becoming members of FINRA,984 and asserted that funding portals 

 979 See Section II.D.4.

980 See Section II.D.5.

981 See 31 CFR 1010.100(h) and 1023.100(b) (defining broker or dealer for purposes of the applicability of 

AML requirements). See Currency and Foreign Transactions Reporting Act of 1970 (commonly referred to 

as the Bank Secrecy Act (“BSA”)) [12. U.S.C. 1829b, 12 U.S.C. 1951-1959, 31 U.S.C. 5311-5330]. 

982 See, e.g., Heritage Letter; Joinvestor Letter; PeoplePowerFund Letter; RocketHub Letter.

983 See, e.g., PeoplePowerFund Letter (stating that requiring funding portals “to register as broker dealers thus 

crushing the very idea of crowd sourced funding as a people driven force for the good of the ‘everyman’”).

984 See Vann Letter (reasoning that, because a funding portal is “not registered as a ‘broker dealer,’” and 

because “the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 states ‘A registered securities association shall deny 

membership to any person who is not a registered broker or dealer,’” then funding portals cannot become 

members of FINRA). 
272

should not have to comply with the same requirements as broker-dealers for purposes of Chapter 

X of Title 31 of the CFR.985 Another commenter, however, stated that it “supports the 

Commission’s interpretation of the exemption, and believes that AML compliance is 

necessary.”986

c. Final Rules

We are adopting, as proposed, paragraph (a) under Rule 401, but renumbering it as Rule 

401 as we not adopting proposed Rule 401(b). We note, however, that the exemption from broker 

registration is applicable only to funding portals that are registered under Rule 400. Therefore, a 

funding portal that ceases to be registered under Rule 400 will no longer be exempt from broker 

registration under Rule 401. In response to the comment that this exemption precludes funding 

portals from becoming members of FINRA, as we noted above, because a funding portal will be 

engaged in the business of effecting securities transactions for the accounts of others through 

crowdfunding, it will be a “broker” within the meaning of Section 3(a)(4) of the Exchange Act. 

We also note that Exchange Act Section 3(h)(2) states that for purposes of sections 15(b)(8) and 

15A, the term “broker or dealer” includes a funding portal and the term “registered broker or 

dealer” includes a registered funding portal. Therefore, funding portals are explicitly permitted by 

statute to become members of FINRA. 

We are not, however, adopting proposed Rule 401(b). As described in more detail in 

Section II.D.4.b. below, we have determined that the imposition of AML requirements on funding 

portals should be addressed outside of the rules that we are adopting in this release. 

 985 Id. (arguing that such requirements would be “overly burdensome” because funding portals “do not, by law, 

handle any money”).

986 See RocketHub Letter.
273

3. Safe Harbor for Certain Activities

Under Exchange Act Section 3(a)(80), which was added by Section 304(b) of the JOBS 

Act, a funding portal is defined as an intermediary that does not: (i) offer investment advice or 

make recommendations; (ii) solicit purchases, sales or offers to buy the securities offered or 

displayed on its platform or portal; (iii) compensate employees, agents or other persons for such 

solicitation or based on the sale of securities displayed or referenced on its platform or portal; (iv) 

hold, manage, possess or otherwise handle investor funds or securities; or (v) engage in such other 

activities as the Commission, by rule, determines appropriate. As noted in the Proposing Release, 

commenters have raised questions about the scope of permissible activities for funding portals 

consistent with these prohibitions.987 To provide regulatory clarity, we proposed Rule 402, which 

would provide a non-exclusive conditional safe harbor for funding portals under which certain 

limited activities would be deemed consistent with the statutory prohibitions on funding portals. 

The permissible activities in the proposed safe harbor involved: (i) limiting offerings on the 

platform; (ii) highlighting and displaying offerings on the platform; (iii) providing communication 

channels; (iv) providing search functions; (v) advising issuers; (vi) compensating others for 

referring persons to the funding portal; (vii) paying or offering to pay compensation to registered 

brokers or dealers; (viii) receiving compensation from a registered broker or dealer; (ix) 

advertising the funding portal and offering; (x) denying access to, or cancelling, offerings due to 

fraud or investor protection concerns; (xi) accepting investment commitments on behalf of the 

issuer; (xii) directing the transmission of investor funds; and (xiii) directing a qualified third 

party’s transmission of investor funds. 

 987 See Proposing Release, 78 FR 66484-66485.
274

Proposed Rule 402(a) also stated that no presumption shall arise that a funding portal has 

violated the prohibitions under Section 3(a)(80) of the Exchange Act or Regulation Crowdfunding 

by reason of the funding portal or its associated persons engaging in activities in connection with 

the offer or sale of securities in reliance on Section 4(a)(6) of the Securities Act that do not meet 

the conditions specified in the safe harbor, and that the antifraud provisions and all other 

applicable provisions of the federal securities laws continue to apply to the activities described in 

the safe harbor.

Commenters strongly supported the idea of a safe harbor for funding portals,988 but they 

also suggested additional examples for the safe harbor. We are adopting the safe harbor in Rule 

402 with certain changes as discussed further below. Each activity of the safe harbor is addressed 

below.

a. Limiting Offerings

(1) Proposed Rule

Proposed Rule 402(b)(1) would permit a funding portal to apply objective criteria to limit 

the securities offered in reliance on Section 4(a)(6) of the Securities Act through the funding 

portal’s platform where: (i) the criteria are reasonably designed to result in a broad selection of 

issuers offering securities through the funding portal’s platform, are applied consistently to all

potential issuers and offerings and are clearly displayed on the funding portal’s platform; and (ii) 

the criteria could include, among other things, the type of securities being offered (for example, 

common stock, preferred stock or debt securities), the geographic location of the issuer and the 

industry or business segment of the issuer, provided that a funding portal may not deny access to 

 988 See, e.g., CFIRA Letter 1; Joinvestor Letter; Merkley Letter (stating that the proposed safe harbor “strikes 

the right balance”). But see Public Startup 3 Letter (stating that the safe harbor should cover any activity by 

a funding portal not directly related to the sale of securities for the account of others).
275

an issuer based on the advisability of investing in the issuer or its offering, except to the extent 

described in proposed Rule 402(b)(10) for fraud and investor protection concerns.

(2) Comments on Proposed Rule

We received a significant number of comments on the ability of a funding portal to limit the 

offerings on its platform. Many of these comments suggested a broader standard than the standard 

that we proposed. Several commenters expressed concern that the proposed safe harbor placed 

funding portals at a competitive disadvantage to registered brokers because it did not provide 

funding portals with the flexibility to limit the offerings on their platforms,

989 even if they have

legitimate concerns about offerings aside from fraud or investor protection.

990 For example, 

commenters suggested that a funding portal should be permitted to reject offerings based on 

whatever factors the portal deems appropriate without automatically triggering regulation as a 

broker-dealer,991 especially if it deems the offering to have tangible shortcomings that could be 

detrimental to investors or overly risky.992 

Commenters asserted that a funding portal’s ability to limit the offerings on its platform is 

important for investor protection. They stated that funding portals should be permitted to screen 

out clearly unprepared or ill-conceived offerings,993 and should be permitted to limit offerings on 

 989 See, e.g., EMKF Letter; SBA Office of Advocacy Letter.

990 See, e.g., ABA Letter; CfPA Letter; CrowdCheck 2 Letter; Graves Letter; Seyfarth Letter (stating that “even 

with a lower liability threshold, curation is an essential tool for investor protection”).

991 See, e.g., IAC Recommendation (suggesting that “[o]ne of the most cost-effective ways to reduce the risk of 

serious compliance violations is to give crowdfunding intermediaries a free hand to reject any offering they 

believe could pose an undue compliance or fraud risk”); see also CFIRA Letter 12 (agreeing with IAC’s 

suggestion “that all intermediaries . . . should have greater latitude in their ability to curate offerings. . . . All 

intermediaries (including non-BD portals) should be allowed to use their discretion as to whether or not any 

particular offering is suitable for their service”). See also BetterInvesting Letter.

992 See Graves Letter.

993 See EMKF Letter.
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their platforms to issuers that are “crowdfund-ready.”994 Commenters drew a distinction between 

the permissibility of applying internal screening standards to limited offerings on the platform

versus the prohibition on providing investment advice or recommendations.

995 Some commenters 

suggested that having a disclaimer that “curation” (or limiting offerings on a platform) does not 

constitute a recommendation on the advisability of any investment displayed on the platform;996

or that the funding portal does not advertise or make statements that the offerings listed on its 

platform are safer or better investments than those listed on other platforms,

997 would mitigate 

regulatory concerns. Some commenters also suggested that the criteria used to limit offerings 

should be clearly displayed on a funding portal’s platform.998 

In addition, some commenters pointed to a tension in the statute under which a funding 

portal is potentially subject to liability for material misstatements and omissions in the issuer’s 

offering materials but, at the same time, may be limited in its ability to deny access to its 

platform.999 These commenters argued that it was not equitable for a funding portal to have such 

liability if it cannot determine whether and under what circumstances to permit an issuer or 

offering access to its platform.

(3) Final Rules

In view of the comments, and upon further consideration, we are modifying Rule 

402(b)(1) to expressly provide that a funding portal may, consistent with the prohibitions under 

 994 See SBEC Letter.

995 See, e.g., Angel 1 Letter (“Forcing portals to become the equivalent of common carriers that have to take 

every offering, no matter how foolish, will make crowdfunding more likely to fail.”); Consumer Federation 

Letter; Saunders Letter.

996 See, e.g., EarlyShares Letter; EMKF Letter; SBA Office of Advocacy Letter.

997 See Milken Institute Letter.

998 See, e.g., ABA Letter; CFIRA Letter 1.

999 See, e.g., CrowdCheck 2 Letter; Milken Institute Letter; RocketHub Letter.
277

Exchange Act Section 3(a)(80) (including the prohibition against offering investment advice or 

recommendations in Section 3(a)(80)(A)), determine whether and under what terms to allow an 

issuer to offer and sell securities in reliance on Securities Act Section 4(a)(6) through its 

platform.1000 

We agree with commenters that the ability of a funding portal to determine which issuers 

may use its platform is important for the protection of investors, as well as to the viability of the 

funding portal industry, and thus the crowdfunding market. We acknowledge the concerns raised 

by commenters that the proposed rules could otherwise have unduly restricted a funding portal’s 

ability to limit offerings conducted on its platform, and we are modifying the safe harbor 

contained in Rule 402(b)(1) to address these concerns. Specifically, we are revising Rule 

402(b)(1) to read that a funding portal may “[d]etermine whether and under what terms to allow 

an issuer to offer and sell securities in reliance on Section 4(a)(6) of the Securities Act (15 U.S.C. 

77d(a)(6)) through its platform, provided that the funding portal otherwise complies with 

Regulation Crowdfunding (§§ 227.100 et seq.).” The new language is designed to make it clear 

that a funding portal may exercise its discretion, subject to the prohibition in the statute on 

providing investment advice or recommendations, to limit the offerings and issuers that it allows 

on its platform under the safe harbor, as long as it complies with all other provisions of Regulation 

Crowdfunding. 

In making this change, we recognize that the activities in which a funding portal may 

engage are, by definition, far more limited than the activities in which a registered broker-dealer 

may engage. At the same time, we believe that the JOBS Act established an important role for 

 1000 See also Rule 402(b) (limiting permissible activities to those consistent with the prohibitions under Exchange 

Act Section 3(a)(80)). The discretion a funding portal has to limit offerings on its platform is in addition to 

the requirement under Rule 301 to deny access, and cancel offerings, based on fraud and investor protection 

concerns. 
278

intermediaries, both broker-dealers and funding portals, to play in crowdfunding offerings. While 

we are providing funding portals with broad discretion to determine whether and under what 

circumstances to allow an issuer to offer and sell securities through its platform in reliance on 

Section 4(a)(6) of the Securities Act (15 U.S.C. 77d(a)(6)), a funding portal must comply with all 

applicable provisions of Regulation Crowdfunding, including the prohibition on providing 

investment advice or recommendations. In this regard and as more fully discussed below, among 

other things, a funding portal cannot advertise, make statements or otherwise represent that the 

offerings listed on its platform are safer or better investments than those listed on other platforms. 

Given this statutory restriction, we are not, as some commenters suggested, requiring a funding 

portal to provide a disclaimer stating that limiting the offerings on its platform does not constitute 

investment advice or a recommendation, nor are we requiring that its criteria for limiting offerings 

on its platform be publicly displayed. We do not believe that requiring a funding portal to display 

its criteria for limiting offerings on its platform will add significant investor protection. While a 

funding portal may decide to make such criteria public, we caution that a funding portal must 

avoid any appearance that it is giving investment advice or recommendations or that the funding 

portal believes its offerings are investment worthy.

b. Highlighting Issuers and Offerings

(1) Proposed Rule

Proposed Rule 402(b)(2) would permit a funding portal to apply objective criteria to 

highlight offerings on the funding portal’s platform where: (i) the criteria are reasonably designed 

to highlight a broad selection of issuers offering securities through the funding portal’s platform, 

are applied consistently to all issuers and offerings and are clearly displayed on the funding 

portal’s platform; (ii) the criteria may include, among other things, the type of securities being 

offered (for example, common stock, preferred stock or debt securities); the geographic location 
279

of the issuer; the industry or business segment of the issuer; the number or amount of investment 

commitments made, progress in meeting the issuer’s target offering amount or, if applicable, the 

maximum offering amount; and the minimum or maximum investment amount; provided that a 

funding portal may not highlight an issuer or offering based on the advisability of investing in the 

issuer or its offering; and (iii) the funding portal does not receive special or additional 

compensations for highlighting one or more issuers or offerings on its platform.

(2) Comments on Proposed Rule

Several commenters suggested additional criteria for the safe harbor, including for 

example: (i) how long the issuer has been operational or profitable;1001 (ii) historical and projected 

revenue and earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization (EBITDA);1002 (iii) the 

size of the issuer’s management team;1003 (iv) relevant experience and length of experience of the 

issuer’s management;1004 (v) the type of corporate structure of the issuer;1005 (vi) the stage and 

operating history of the issuer;

1006 (vii) valuation methodology;1007 (viii) results of securities and 

background checks;1008 (ix) “trending”;

1009 and (x) most money raised, soonest offering to close, 

most money invested, least money invested, or on a purely random basis (so long as none of the 

bases are value-driven – that is, which investment is a safer or better investment).1010 Another 

 1001 See, e.g., CFIRA Letter 1; CFIRA Letter 2.

1002 Id.

1003 Id.

1004 See, e.g., CFIRA Letter 2.

1005 See RocketHub Letter.

1006 Id. 

1007 Id.

1008 Id.

1009 See Seyfarth Letter.

1010 See ASSOB Letter.
280

commenter questioned whether, under the safe harbor, funding portals would be permitted to 

highlight offerings based on their discretion or the use of metrics, such as topic, media coverage, 

or momentum.1011 However, another commenter suggested that a funding portal should not have 

discretion regarding which objective criteria it can use to highlight issuers or offerings because it 

may result in the portal implicitly recommending securities.1012 This commenter suggested that 

the Commission should create a specific list of acceptable objective criteria that a funding portal 

may apply.1013 

Several commenters stated that the criteria used to highlight offerings should be clearly 

displayed on the platform.

1014 However, one commenter stated that algorithms should not be 

required to be disclosed on the platform.

1015

Several commenters suggested that the safe harbor should include the ability of a funding 

portal to provide mechanisms by which investors can rate an issuer or an offering, which then 

could be highlighted on the platform.1016 However, one of these commenters stated that any such 

rating must be mathematical rather than value-driven or it would amount to “enticement.”1017

 1011 See RocketHub Letter.

1012 See Commonwealth of Massachusetts Letter; c.f. ABA Letter (requesting Commission guidance that a portal 

engaging in activities covered by the safe harbor will not trigger the application of the Investment Advisers 

Act).

1013 See Commonwealth of Massachusetts Letter. See also ABA Letter (requesting explicit Commission 

guidance as to permissible criteria).

1014 See, e.g., ABA Letter; CFIRA Letter 1.

1015 See Joinvestor Letter.

1016 See, e.g., ASSOB Letter; CFIRA Letter 1; Joinvestor Letter.

1017 See ASSOB Letter.
281

(3) Final Rules

After considering the comments, we are adopting Rule 402(b)(2) as proposed. 

Specifically, Rule 402(b)(2) allows a funding portal to highlight particular issuers or offerings of 

securities made in reliance on Section 4(a)(6) on its platform based on objective criteria where the 

criteria are reasonably designed to highlight a broad selection of issuers offering securities 

through the funding portal’s platform, are applied consistently to all issuers and offerings and are 

clearly displayed on the funding portal’s platform. Consistent with the proposal, the final rule 

specifies in subparagraph (b)(2)(ii) that objective criteria may include, for example: the type of 

securities being offered (e.g., common stock, preferred stock or debt securities); the geographic 

location of the issuer; the industry or business segment of the issuer; the number or amount of 

investment commitments made; the progress in meeting the target offering amount or, if 

applicable, the maximum offering amount; and the minimum or maximum investment amount. 

It is important to note that the criteria must be reasonably designed to highlight a broad 

selection of issuers and offerings, so as not to recommend or implicitly endorse one issuer or 

offering over another, and must be applied consistently to all potential issuers and offerings.1018 

This highlighting of issuers or offerings that have been admitted to a funding portal’s platform 

can, depending on relevant facts and circumstances, involve providing investment advice that 

violates the prohibition on a funding portal providing such advice. To that end, the rule provides a 

safe harbor only when a funding portal is using objective criteria and such criteria are clearly 

displayed on its platform to inform investors why certain issuers or offerings are being 

highlighted.1019 To reiterate, a funding portal may not highlight an issuer or offering based on the 

 1018 See Rule 402(b)(2) and (b)(2)(i).

1019 Id.
282

advisability of investing in the issuer or offering or give the impression that the funding portal is 

providing an implicit (or explicit) recommendation on whether to invest in the issuer or offering. 

To help prevent conflicts of interest and incentives for funding portals to favor certain 

issuers over others, the final rule also prohibits a funding portal from receiving any special or 

additional compensation for highlighting (or offering to highlight) one or more issuers or offerings 

on its platform.1020 

Although some commenters suggested that we include additional criteria in subparagraph 

(b)(2)(ii), we emphasize that the rule does not establish an exclusive list. The listed criteria are 

intended as examples, and the safe harbor is non-exclusive. Crowdfunding is a new and evolving 

market, and we believe that providing principles in the safe harbor by which a funding portal can 

highlight offerings on its platform will provide it with the flexibility to adapt to the crowdfunding 

market as it develops while maintaining investor protection. In this regard, the examples listed in 

Rule 402(b)(2)(ii) are intended to provide guidance to funding portals as they develop their 

platform and related tools. 

Although we are not including additional criteria in Rule 402(b)(2)(ii) at this time, we 

note that certain of the suggested highlighting criteria are covered by the criteria listed in the rule, 

such as the issuer’s industry; the type of securities being offered; and the geographic location of 

the issuer’s business. Others, while not listed in the final rule, we believe are based on objective 

criteria, such as the amount of money being raised or size of the offering; soonest offering to 

close; most or least money invested; how long the issuer has been operational or profitable; the 

size of the management team of the issuer; the stage and operating history of the issuer; valuation 

 1020 See Rule 402(b)(2)(iii) of Regulation Crowdfunding. This rule prohibits paid placements of the kind 

suggested by one commenter. See Earlyshares Letter. 
283

methodology; “trending”; earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization 

(EBITDA); and highlighting on a purely random basis. However, we caution that a funding portal 

must be cognizant not to present highlighted issuers in a manner that, directly or implicitly, results 

in the provision of investment advice or recommendations.1021

c. Providing Search Functions

(1) Proposed Rule

Proposed Rule 402(b)(3) would permit a funding portal to provide search functions or 

other tools that investors can use to search, sort, or categorize the offerings available through the 

funding portal’s platform according to objective criteria where: (i) the objective criteria may 

include, among other things, the type of securities being offered (for example, common stock, 

preferred stock or debt securities); the geographic location of the issuer; the industry or business 

segment of the issuer; the number or amount of investment commitments made, progress in 

meeting the issuer’s target offering amount or, if applicable, the maximum offering amount; and 

the minimum or maximum investment amount; and (ii) the objective criteria may not include, 

among other things, the advisability of investing in the issuer or its offering, or an assessment of 

any characteristic of the issuer, its business plan, its key management or risks associated with an 

investment.

(2) Comments on Proposed Rule

Several commenters suggested that the safe harbor be broadened to include additional 

criteria.

1022 One commenter suggested that funding portals should be permitted to sort offerings 

based on an algorithmic score that takes into account any objective numerical data that is 

 1021 For example, a funding portal may provide the EBITDA of an issuer but it cannot insinuate or state on its 

platform that the EBITDA corresponds to the advisability of investing in an issuer.

1022 See, e.g., EMKF Letter; EquityNet Letter.
284

reasonably likely to correlate to successful investments, such as numeric ratings by accredited and 

unaccredited investors, number of investment commitments weighted by investor portfolio 

valuation, and number of page views.1023 Another commenter stated that the use of the word 

“assessment” in the proposed safe harbor1024 is inappropriately vague when applied to technology, 

as it could effectively prohibit the use of any computational sorting algorithm using objective 

searching and sorting criteria. This commenter suggested that the word “assessment” be 

substituted with the word “opinion,” and also that the term “objective criteria” be removed so that 

the safe harbor would prohibit the use of subjective criteria – such as the advisability of investing 

or an opinion of any characteristic of the issuer, its business plan, its key management or risks 

associated with an investment – “generated exclusively by the portal,” excepting instances of peer 

review and feedback generated by users.1025

(3) Final Rules

After considering comments, we are adopting Rule 402(b)(3) substantially as proposed. 

The final rule permits a funding portal to provide search functions or other tools on its platform 

that users could use to search, sort or categorize available offerings according to objective 

criteria.1026 The final rule also permits search functions that, for example, will allow an investor 

to sort through offerings based on a combination of different criteria, such as by the percentage of 

 1023 See EMKF Letter.

1024 Rule 402(b)(3)(ii) states in part that the “objective criteria may not include . . . an assessment of any 

characteristic of the issuer, its business plan, its key management or risks . . . .”

1025 See EquityNet Letter (noting that “[a]llowing investors the ability to sort through each other’s comments or 

opinions becomes an integral part of any site where commenting is allowed on products” and that “[b]ecause 

sorting comments would require a technological assessment of subjective data, we believe an explicit carve 

out in the safe harbor provisions is necessary”). 

1026 See Rule 402(b)(3) Regulation Crowdfunding. See also 158 CONG. REC. 2231 (daily ed. Mar. 29, 2012) 

(statement of Sen. Scott Brown) (“Funding portals should be allowed to organize and sort information based 

on certain criteria. This will make it easier for individuals to find the types of companies in which they can 

potentially invest. This type of capability – commonly referred to as curation – should not constitute 

investment advice.”).
285

the target offering amount that has been met, geographic proximity to the investor and number of 

days remaining before the closing date of an offering.1027 However, the final rule makes clear that 

the search criteria may not include the advisability of investing in the issuer or its offering, or an 

assessment of any characteristic of the issuer, its business plan, its management or risks associated 

with an investment. In this regard, we are making minor changes from proposed Rule 402(b)(3)(i) 

and (ii) by deleting the word “objective” in the final rules because the term is redundant to the 

requirement in Rule 402(b)(3) that the criteria be “objective.” Further, we are persuaded by one 

commenter’s observation that the use of the word objective in the subparts could be 

misleading.1028 The new sentence structure also makes Rule 402(b)(3) consistent with Rule 

402(b)(2), which we believe provides additional clarity and consistency for funding portals when 

complying with the rules.

Rule 402(b)(3) does not preclude the use of computational sorting algorithms using 

objective searching and sorting criteria.1029 However, a funding portal must take care not to 

indicate that the platform’s search results or tools, directly or indirectly, correlate to successful 

investments. Likewise, we believe that the more particular, biased or weighted a funding portal’s 

algorithm or assessment is, the less likely the criteria as a whole will be objective. However, this 

does not preclude a funding portal from permitting investors with access to its communication 

channels from rating issuers or offerings (e.g., a star rating) on its platform or searching such 

 1027 See Rule 402(b)(3) of Regulation Crowdfunding. Rule 402(b)(3)(i) provides examples of search criteria that 

are consistent with those listed in the Rule 402(b)(2)(ii) safe harbor for highlighting issuers and offerings.

1028 See EquityNet Letter. However, we do not agree with the commenter’s assertion that using the word 

“assessment” in Rule 402(b)(3) equates to a prohibition on the use of computational sorting algorithms using 

objective searching and sorting criteria because, in this context, assessment is used to refer to subjective 

criteria. 

1029 In response to one commenter’s suggestion that a funding portal should be permitted to use algorithmic 

scores, the final rule does not preclude the use of algorithms as long as the criteria used by the algorithm are 

objective. See EMKF Letter. Thus, a “score” based on an algorithm may be used as long as it does not 

involve subjective criteria. 
286

ratings, as long as a funding portal (including its associated persons, such as its employees) does 

not participate in the rating process.

1030

d. Providing Communication Channels

(1) Proposed Rule

Proposed Rule 402(b)(4) would address the terms under which a funding portal could

provide communication channels by which investors can communicate with one another and with 

representatives of the issuer through the funding portal’s platform about offerings conducted 

through the platform, as required by Rule 303(c). Under the terms of Rule 402(b)(4) as proposed, 

the safe harbor would apply so long as the funding portal (and its associated persons): (i) does not 

participate in these communications, other than to establish guidelines for communication and 

remove abusive or potentially fraudulent communications; (ii) permits public access to view the 

discussions made in the communication channels; (iii) restricts posting of comments in the 

communication channels to those persons who have opened an account on its platform; and (iv) 

requires that any person posting a comment in the communication channels clearly disclose with 

each posting whether he or she is a founder or an employee of an issuer engaging in promotional 

activities on behalf of the issuer, or is otherwise compensated, whether in the past or 

prospectively, to promote an issuer’s offering.

(2) Comments on Proposed Rule

Several commenters supported permitting a funding portal to provide communication 

channels on its platform through which investors can make comments, rate issuers and provide 

other feedback, and through which issuers can respond to investor comments.1031 One of these 

 1030 See Rule 402(b)(4)(i).

1031 See, e.g., CFIRA Letter 1; EquityNet Letter; Milken Institute Letter.
287

commenters stated that these capabilities could enable a funding portal to share with investors 

information related to issuers, capital raised by an issuer, crowd investing, or the crowd-based 

rating of specific issuers.1032 Another commenter suggested that funding portals allow investors to 

assign a quantifiable indicator to each other’s comments, so that users can search out the best and 

worst of the comments and issuers have a chance to respond to investor comments in an open 

forum. 1033 One commenter recommended that permission to rate issuers or offerings should only 

be given to investors who actually invested in or committed to invest in the offering.1034

(3) Final Rules

We are adopting, as proposed, Rule 402(b)(4) to address the terms under which a funding 

portal can provide communication channels by which investors can communicate with one 

another and with representatives of the issuer through the funding portal’s platform about 

offerings conducted through the platform, as required by Rule 303(c).1035 The safe harbor 

specifies that a funding portal (including its associated persons, such as its employees) may not 

participate in these communications, other than to establish guidelines about communication and 

to remove abusive or potentially fraudulent communications. Under Rule 402(b)(4), a funding 

portal must make communication channels available to the general public and restrict the posting 

of comments on those channels to those who have accounts on the funding portal’s platform. In 

addition, the funding portal must require each person posting comments to disclose clearly with 

each posting in the channel whether he or she is a founder or an employee of an issuer engaging in 

 1032 See Milken Institute Letter. 

1033 See EquityNet Letter. 

1034 See CFIRA Letter 1.

1035 See Section II.C.5.b(3) for a discussion of Rule 303(c). 
288

promotional activities on behalf of the issuer, or is otherwise compensated or will receive any

compensation for promoting an issuer.1036

We agree with commenters that investors should be permitted to communicate with one

other, and with representatives of the issuer, over communication channels on the platform 

provided by the funding portal.1037 The communication channel is meant to strengthen and foster 

the ability of the crowd to communicate. We believe that the capabilities within the 

communication channel will develop and evolve over time. For example, as noted above, a 

communication channel may permit investors to rate or comment on an issuer or offering, or to 

assign quantifiable indicators to one other’s comments. Also, a funding portal must make 

communication channels available for viewing by the general public, and permit anyone who has

opened an account on its platform to post comments on the channel.1038 As we stated in the 

Proposing Release, requiring investors to have accounts with the funding portal before posting a 

comment should provide a measure of control over these communications that could aid in 

promoting accountability for comments made and help ensure that interested persons, such as 

those associated with the issuer or receiving compensation to promote the issuer, are properly 

identified.

We reiterate that while a funding portal must provide for a communication channel and 

may develop certain features or tools as a part of that channel (such as a crowd-based rating 

system), a funding portal (including its associated persons, such as its employees) may not engage 

 1036 See Rule 402(b)(4)(iv).

1037 As discussed in Section II.C.5, an issuer, its agents and promoters must identify themselves in all 

communications through the communication channel.

1038 See Rule 402(b)(4)(i) and (ii).
289

or participate in such communications.1039 In addition, a funding portal should consider whether 

the tools or features of the communication channels it develops and the guidelines it establishes 

for the channel would constitute the funding portal providing impermissible investment advice or 

recommendations. For example, the funding portal may not establish a guideline that permits a 

person to rate an offering only if the person provides a positive rating, or otherwise incentivizes

persons to give positive ratings. However, contrary to what one commenter suggested, we do not 

believe a funding portal may limit the rating capability to those account holders who have made 

investment commitments to the relevant offering.

1040 We believe that limiting ratings capability 

to persons that invest in an offering is likely to skew the ratings, and therefore, we would view 

such a limitation as inappropriate. Further, such a limitation could prevent persons with relevant 

and important information about the investment from contributing their views to the crowd.

e. Advising Issuers

(1) Proposed Rule

Proposed Rule 402(b)(5) would permit a funding portal to advise an issuer about the 

structure or content of the issuer’s offering, including assisting the issuer in preparing offering 

documentation.

(2) Final Rules

We did not receive any comments that specifically addressed the ability of a funding portal 

to advise issuers and are adopting Rule 402(b)(5) as proposed. The rule permits a funding portal 

to advise an issuer about the structure or content of the issuer’s offering, including preparing 

offering documentation. We believe funding portals will be in a position to provide experience 

 1039 See Rule 402(b)(4)(i). See also Rule 303(c).

1040 See CFIRA Letter 1.
290

and assistance to issuers relatively efficiently, and should be able to leverage their expertise to 

increase the viability of crowdfunding.

We believe that funding portals, as well as broker-dealers, should be permitted to provide 

certain services to issuers to facilitate the offer and sale of securities in reliance on Section 4(a)(6). 

Without these services, crowdfunding as a method to raise capital might not be viable. Rule 

404(b)(5) permits funding portals to advise an issuer about the structure and content of the issuer’s 

offering in a number of ways. A funding portal can, for example, provide pre-drafted templates or 

forms for an issuer to use in its offering that will help it comply with its proposed disclosure 

obligations. Other examples of permissible assistance can include advice about the types of 

securities the issuer can offer, the terms of those securities and the procedures and regulations 

associated with crowdfunding.

f. Paying for Referrals 

(1) Proposed Rule

Proposed Rule 402(b)(6) would permit a funding portal to compensate a third party for 

referring a person to the funding portal, so long as the third party does not provide the funding 

portal with personally identifiable information of any investor and the compensation, other than 

that paid to a registered broker or dealer, is not based, directly or indirectly, on the purchase or 

sale of a security in reliance on Section 4(a)(6) of the Securities Act offered on or through the 

funding portal’s platform.

(2) Comment on Proposed Rule

One commenter requested clarification as to: (i) whether and when compensation paid to a 

non-broker-dealer will be deemed improperly based on the purchase or sale of a security; (ii) 

whether a funding portal may pay a registered broker-dealer a referral fee without a formal 
291

agreement; and (iii) whether a funding portal may charge issuers fees based on the success of the 

offering.1041

(3) Final Rules

We are adopting Rule 402(b)(6) as proposed. Rule 402(b)(6) permits a funding portal to 

compensate a third party for referring a person to the funding portal if the third party does not 

provide the funding portal with personally identifiable information about any investor and the 

compensation, other than that paid to a registered broker or dealer, is not based, directly or 

indirectly, on the purchase or sale of a security in reliance on Section 4(a)(6) of the Securities Act 

offered on or through the funding portal’s platform. We believe the safe harbor in this regard 

addresses the prohibition in Rule 305 against an intermediary compensating any person for 

providing the intermediary with the personally identifiable information of any investor in 

securities offered and sold in reliance on Section 4(a)(6). We also believe that Rule 402(b)(6)’s 

prohibition on funding portals paying transaction-based compensation to third parties, other than 

that paid to a registered broker or dealer, will help to minimize the incentive for high-pressure 

sales tactics and other abusive practices in this area. One commenter requested additional 

guidance as to what types of compensation would equate to compensation based on the offer or 

sale of a security.1042 The Commission and courts have interpreted the definition of transactionbased compensation broadly,1043 and whether compensation is transaction-based is a facts and 

circumstances determination. Thus, we do not believe that additional guidance is necessary or 

appropriate in this context.

 1041 See ABA Letter. 

1042 Id.

1043 See, e.g., Applicability of Broker-Dealer Registration to Banks, Exchange Act Rel. No. 20,357 at n.14 (Nov. 

8, 1983).
292

In response to a commenter’s inquiry, a funding portal may not pay a registered brokerdealer a referral fee without a written agreement under the safe harbor. Such an arrangement 

would be covered by Rule 402(b)(7), which is discussed below.

g. Compensation Arrangements with Registered Broker-Dealers

(1) Proposed Rule

Proposed Rule 402(b)(7) would permit a funding portal to pay or offer to pay any 

compensation to a registered broker or dealer for services in connection with the offer or sale of 

securities by the funding portal in reliance on Section 4(a)(6) of the Act, provided that: (i) such 

services are provided pursuant to a written agreement between the funding portal and the 

registered broker or dealer; (ii) such services and compensation are permitted under Regulation 

Crowdfunding and are not otherwise prohibited under Rule 305; and (iii) such compensation 

complies with and is not prohibited by the rules of any registered national securities association of 

which the funding portal is required to be a member.

Proposed Rule 402(b)(8) would permit a funding portal to receive any compensation from 

a registered broker or dealer for services provided by the funding portal in connection with the 

offer or sale of securities by the funding portal in reliance on Section 4(a)(6) of the Act, provided 

that: (i) such services are provided pursuant to a written agreement between the funding portal and 

the registered broker or dealer; (ii) such compensation is permitted under Regulation 

Crowdfunding; and (iii) such compensation complies with and is not prohibited by the rules of 

any registered national securities association of which the funding portal is required to be a 

member.
293

(2) Comments on Proposed Rule

Several commenters expressed concerns about the permitted relationships between funding 

portals and broker-dealers.1044 One of these commenters stated that the proposed safe harbor is 

“overly broad” and creates “unmanageable conflicts between funding portals and broker dealers,” 

and suggested the Commission prevent these conflicts by prohibiting funding portals from paying 

broker-dealers any type of compensation in connection with the offer or sale of securities under 

the crowdfunding exemption.1045 Another of these commenters suggested that the Commission 

require relationships between funding portals and brokers to be arms-length and, if they are not, 

require that the funding portal activity be operated by the broker-dealer entity.1046

(3) Final Rules

We are adopting Rule 402(b)(7) generally as proposed, but with minor modifications for 

clarity and consistency. Rule 402(b)(7) specifies that a funding portal may pay or offer to pay 

compensation to a registered broker or dealer for services, including for referring a person to the 

funding portal, in connection with the offer or sale of securities by the funding portal in reliance 

on Section 4(a)(6) of the Securities Act, provided that (i) such services are provided pursuant to a 

written agreement between the funding portal and the registered broker or dealer; (ii) such 

compensation is permitted under Regulation Crowdfunding; and (iii) such compensation complies 

with the rules of any registered national securities association of which the funding portal is a 

member. As discussed above, proposed Rule 402(b)(7) did not contain a reference to “referrals,”

while proposed Rule 402(b)(6) included the language “for referring a person to the funding 

 1044 See, e.g., Commonwealth of Massachusetts Letter; RocketHub Letter.

1045 See Commonwealth of Massachusetts Letter.

1046 See RocketHub Letter (expressing concern over broker-dealers creating entities that would register as 

funding portals so as to evade FINRA oversight as a broker-dealer).
294

portal.” We have added a reference to “referrals pursuant to [Rule 402](b)(7)” to make clear that 

all payment arrangements with a broker-dealer, including paying a broker-dealer for referrals as 

permitted under subparagraph (b)(6), must be in writing.

Proposed Rule 402(b)(7)(ii) had also stated that “such compensation is permitted under 

this part and is not otherwise prohibited under § 227.305”; and subparagraph (b)(7)(iii) stated

“such compensation complies with and is not prohibited by the rules of any registered national 

securities association of which the funding portal is required to be a member.” We are deleting the 

phrases “and is not otherwise prohibited under § 227.305” and “and is not prohibited by” to make 

the language in Rule 402(b)(7) and Rule 402(b)(8) consistent, and because the phrases are 

redundant. Also, we are deleting the phrase “required to be a member” and replacing it with “is a 

member” in recognition of the fact that additional national securities associations may exist in the 

future and that a funding portal would only have to be a member of one such association.

Consistent with Rule 402(b)(7), a funding portal may, for example, pay a broker-dealer for 

certain services, such as information technology services, qualified third party services or referral 

services, pursuant to a written agreement. Each party to this type of arrangement will need to 

comply with all applicable regulations, including the rules of the registered national securities 

association of which it is a member. 

Similarly, we are adopting Rule 402(b)(8) as proposed with minor modifications. Rule

402(b)(8) permits a funding portal to provide services to, and receive compensation from, a 

registered broker-dealer in connection with the funding portal’s offer or sale of securities in 

reliance on Section 4(a)(6), provided that: (i) such services are provided pursuant to a written 

agreement between the funding portal and the registered broker or dealer; (ii) such compensation 

is permitted under Regulation Crowdfunding; and (iii) such compensation complies with the rules 
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of any registered national securities association of which the funding portal is a member. The 

proposed rules had stated that “such compensation complies with and is not prohibited by the 

rules of any registered national securities association of which the funding portal is required to be 

a member.” For the reasons discussed above with regard to Rule 402(b)(7)(ii), we are deleting the 

phrase “and is not prohibited” because it is redundant and deleting the phrase “required to be a 

member” and replacing it with “is a member.” 

Pursuant to Rule 402(b)(8), a funding portal may receive compensation, including 

transaction-based compensation, from a broker-dealer for providing referrals to that broker-dealer 

relating to an offering made pursuant to Section 4(a)(6). It is important to emphasize that the safe 

harbor does not permit a funding portal to receive transaction-based compensation for referrals of 

investors in other types of offerings, such as Rule 506 offerings, that are effected by a registered 

broker-dealer.1047 Further, these arrangements must be compliant with Rule 305, which prohibits, 

with certain exceptions, an intermediary from compensating any person for providing the 

intermediary with the personally identifiable information of any investor. 1048 As we stated in the 

Proposing Release, the safe harbor is intended to facilitate intermediaries’ cooperation with each 

other and promote the use of the Section 4(a)(6) exemption to raise capital, while maintaining a 

written record of compensation payments.

We disagree with the commenter who suggested that Rules 402(b)(7) and (8) create an 

unmanageable conflict between funding portals and broker-dealers.1049 We believe that any 

potential conflict of interest between broker-dealers and funding portals as a result of 

 1047 Receipt of transaction-based compensation in connection with such referrals can cause a funding portal to be 

a broker required to register with us under Exchange Act Section 15(a)(1) (15 U.S.C. 78o(a)(1)). 

1048 See Section II.C.7 (discussing Rule 305).

1049 See Commonwealth of Massachusetts Letter.
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compensation arrangements is mitigated due to the fact that both entities are registered with the 

Commission and members of FINRA and because permissible activities under Rule 402(b)(7) and 

(8) are limited by Regulation Crowdfunding. We also are not prohibiting a registered brokerdealer and a registered funding portal from being affiliated, nor are we requiring that any 

crowdfunding operation be performed by the registered broker-dealer in such an affiliation.1050 

Because funding portals and broker-dealers are each registered with the Commission and required 

to be members of a registered national securities association with the attendant rules and 

oversight, we believe concerns about conflicts of interests among affiliated funding portals and 

broker-dealers are sufficiently mitigated by this regulatory framework.

While a commenter questioned whether a funding portal may pay introducing brokers a 

fee for referring persons to the funding portal without a formal written arrangement,1051 we 

emphasize that Rule 402(b)(7) requires all such arrangements to be in writing.

h. Advertising

(1) Proposed Rule

Proposed Rule 402(b)(9) would permit a funding portal to advertise the existence of the 

funding portal and identify one or more issuers or offerings available on the portal on the basis of 

objective criteria, as long as: (i) the criteria are reasonably designed to identify a broad selection 

of issuers offering securities through the funding portal’s platform and are applied consistently to 

all potential issuers and offerings; (ii) the criteria may include, among other things, the type of 

securities being offered (for example, common stock, preferred stock or debt securities); the 

geographic location of the issuer; the industry or business segment of the issuer; the expressed 

 1050 See RocketHub Letter (expressing concern over broker-dealers creating entities that would register as 

funding portals, so as to evade FINRA oversight as a broker-dealer).

1051 See ABA Letter. 
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interest by investors, as measured by number or amount of investment commitments made, 

progress in meeting the issuer’s target offering amount or, if applicable, the maximum offering 

amount; and the minimum or maximum investment amount; and (iii) the funding portal does not 

receive special or additional compensation for identifying the issuer or offering in this manner.

(2) Comments on Proposed Rule

Several commenters supported the proposed safe harbor on funding portal advertising.1052 

However, commenters were divided on whether funding portals should be permitted to advertise 

current offerings and issuers in their advertisements. One commenter was supportive of allowing 

funding portals to “advertise more generally, as well as highlight ongoing offerings through 

various communication channels.”1053 The same commenter stated that a portal’s decision to 

feature or highlight issues available should not be viewed by the Commission as investment 

advice, a recommendation, or a solicitation.1054 This commenter nonetheless cautioned that 

“[p]ortals should be barred from language that implicates the level of risk involved in the 

investment or the overall quality of the investment opportunity” as well as “from soliciting 

investments for any specific campaign by providing offering details outside of the Portal 

itself.”1055 Another commentator expressed opposition to “a limitation on the funding portal to 

only advertise its past offerings,” stating that such a limitation “would be overly restrictive.”1056

In contrast, one commenter stated that, while funding portals should be allowed to 

advertise, funding portals should not be able to display specific issuers in their advertising 

 1052 See, e.g., CFIRA Letter 1; Commonwealth of Massachusetts Letter; ABA Letter.

1053 See RocketHub Letter.

1054 Id. 

1055 Id. 

1056 See CFIRA Letter 1.
298

materials.1057 This commenter stated that “[t]he concern with displaying individual issuers is that 

investors will interpret this as a recommendation and endorsement of the issuer.”1058 The 

commenter noted that the prohibition on providing recommendations can be easily circumvented 

by manipulating otherwise seemingly objective criteria, and that funding portals could advertise 

offerings based on certain criteria, such as high target offerings, that may generate more money 

for the funding portal (i.e., a funding portal can mask self-interest by using objective criteria).

1059 

This same commenter suggested that the Commission could allow descriptions of the portals 

themselves and the specific business segments featured on their websites, without mentioning 

specific issuers currently registered with the portal.1060

One commenter suggested the Commission clarify that it would be inappropriate for a 

funding portal to send out soliciting e-mails recommending investment in particular companies to 

investors who have signed up with that portal.

1061 Another commenter stated that a funding portal 

should not be permitted to advertise or otherwise make statements that offerings listed are 

somehow safer or better than other platforms.1062

(3) Final Rules

We are adopting Rule 402(b)(9) as proposed. Rule 402(b)(9) permits a funding portal to 

advertise its existence and identify one or more issuers or offerings available on the portal on the 

basis of objective criteria, as long as: (i) the criteria are reasonably designed to identify a broad 

selection of issuers offering securities through the funding portal’s platform and are applied 

 1057 See Commonwealth of Massachusetts Letter.

1058 Id. 

1059 Id. 

1060 Id. 

1061 See ABA Letter.

1062 See Milken Institute Letter.
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consistently to all potential issuers and offerings; (ii) the criteria may include, among other things, 

the type of securities being offered (for example, common stock, preferred stock or debt 

securities); the geographic location of the issuer; the industry or business segment of the issuer; 

the expressed interest by investors, as measured by number or amount of investment commitments 

made, progress in meeting the issuer’s target offering amount or, if applicable, the maximum 

offering amount; and the minimum or maximum investment amount; and (iii) the funding portal 

does not receive special or additional compensation for identifying the issuer or offering in this 

manner. However, a funding portal may not base its decision as to which issuers to include in its 

advertisements on whether it has a financial interest in the issuer,, and any advertising may not 

directly or indirectly favor issuers in which the funding portal has invested or will invest. 

After considering the comment letters, we believe that the requirements of the safe harbor, 

including the requirement for objective criteria designed to result in a broad selection of 

highlighted issuers or offerings, will result in advertisements that are focused on the funding 

portal itself, as opposed to recommending a particular offering or offerings.1063 Funding portals 

continue to be subject to the statutory prohibition on providing investment advice and 

recommendations.1064 An advertisement by a funding portal must not be an implicit (or explicit) 

recommendation as to whether to invest in the issuer or offering or advice on the advisability of 

investing in the issuer or offering. Therefore, consistent with the views of one commenter, a 

funding portal may not advertise in such a way that expresses the funding portal’s view that, for 

 1063 The safe harbor is limited to identifying one or more issuers. More detailed information about an issuer 

should be provided on the funding portal’s platform.

1064 See Exchange Act Section 3(a)(80)(A).
300

example, certain offerings on its platform are of a higher quality, safer or more worthy than

others, or that otherwise gives a recommendation.

1065 

We recognize that advertisements can take many varied forms, including non-traditional 

means, such as blogs, e-mails through social media or other methods. We believe that these types 

of communications, when made by a funding portal to investors can be a permissible means of 

advertising within the scope of Rule 402(b)(9). We agree, however, with a commenter’s 

statement that it would be inconsistent with the statutory prohibition on providing investment 

advice or recommendations for a funding portal to send out soliciting e-mails recommending 

investments in particular companies as part of its advertising.1066

i. Deny Access to Platform

(1) Proposed Rule

Proposed Rule 402(b)(10) would permit a funding portal to deny access to its platform to, 

or cancel an offering of, an issuer that the funding portal believes may present the potential for 

fraud or otherwise raises investor protection concerns.

(2) Comments on Proposed Rule

Some commenters asserted that the proposed rules are ambiguous, and that the lack of 

specificity exposes funding portals to potential liability. The commenters were concerned that the 

perceived lack of specificity may also lead funding portals to unintentionally violate the ban on 

providing investment advice with their attempts to mitigate liability.

1067 

 1065 See Milken Institute Letter.

1066 See ABA Letter.

1067 See, e.g., RocketHub Letter and Seyfarth Letter.
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(3) Final Rules

We are adopting Rule 402(b)(10) substantially as proposed with modifications to make it 

consistent with Rule 301(c)(2), which requires an intermediary to deny access if it has a 

reasonable basis for believing that the issuer or the offering presents the potential for fraud or 

otherwise raises concerns about investor protection.1068 In satisfying this requirement, an 

intermediary must deny access if it reasonably believes that it is unable to adequately or 

effectively assess the risk of fraud of the issuer or its potential offering. In addition, if an 

intermediary becomes aware of information after it has granted access that causes it to reasonably 

believe that the issuer or the offering presents the potential for fraud or otherwise raises concerns 

about investor protection, the intermediary must promptly remove the offering from its platform, 

cancel the offering, and return (or, for funding portals, direct the return of) any funds that have 

been committed by investors in the offering. Rule 402(b)(10) requires a funding portal to deny 

access to its platform to, or cancel an offering of an issuer, pursuant to Rule 301(c)(2), if the 

funding portal has a reasonable basis for believing that the issuer or the offering presents the 

potential for fraud or otherwise raises concerns. 

We changed the standard in Rule 402(b)(10) to a “reasonable basis for believing” – rather 

than “believes” – to conform the safe harbor to the requirements of Rule 301(c)(2) as adopted. 

Thus, the standard in Rule 402(b)(10) is consistent with the modifications that we made to the 

standard in Rule 301(c)(2).

1069 We believe this change also should help to address commenters’ 

concerns about the perceived lack of specificity in the proposed safe harbor by providing an 

objective “reasonable belief” standard for the required determinations. Under this standard a 

 1068 See Section II.C.3 discussing the change to Rule 301(c) to include a “reasonable basis” standard.

1069 See Section II.C.3.
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funding portal may not ignore facts about an issuer that indicate fraud or investor protection 

concerns such that a reasonable person would have denied access to the platform. At the same 

time, a funding portal can also feel assured in its decision to deny an issuer access or cancel an 

offering if it has a reasonable basis for such a determination. We also believe that including a

“reasonable basis” standard adds objectivity to a funding portal’s determinations regarding which 

issuers must be denied access to (or removed from) its platform, which is expected to help to 

address concerns regarding the clarity of the standard under the proposed rule. 

j. Accepting Investor Commitments

(1) Proposed Rule

Proposed Rule 402(b)(11) would permit a funding portal to accept, on behalf of an issuer, 

an investment commitment for securities offered in reliance on Section 4(a)(6) of the Securities 

Act by that issuer on the funding portal’s platform.

(2) Comments on Proposed Rule

One commenter noted that the statute prohibits funding portals from handling investor 

funds or securities, and that the proposed rule requiring the use of third-party entities would create

additional transaction costs for funding portals.1070 Another commenter stated that the safe harbor 

for accepting investor commitments should permit a funding portal to assist issuers in handling a 

direct registration system (DRS) between issuers and investors.1071 

 1070 See Stephenson, et al., Letter. 

1071 See RocketHub (suggesting that a portal should be permitted to provide DRS support to issuers and 

investors). A DRS allows investors to transfer a security that is registered in the investor’s name on the 

issuer’s books, and either the company or its transfer agent holds the security for the investor in book-entry 

form.
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(3) Final Rules

We are adopting Rule 402(b)(11) as proposed. Rule 402(b)(11) permits a funding portal, 

on behalf of an issuer, to accept investment commitments from investors for securities offered in 

reliance on Section 4(a)(6) by that issuer on the funding portal’s platform. We are not broadening 

the safe harbor to permit funding portals to handle customer funds, as suggested by one 

commenter. Although we recognize that the requirement to use a third party entity to handle 

customer funds imposes an additional expense on a funding portal, Exchange Act Section 

3(a)(80)(D) explicitly prohibits funding portals from handling customer funds and securities. 

Similarly, we believe it would be inconsistent with the statute for a funding portal to facilitate a 

securities registration system for issuers and investors because such activity implicitly requires 

funding portals to handle customer funds and securities, which is prohibited by the statute. In this 

regard, we note that the activities that a funding portal is permitted to engage in are limited in 

scope, and as such are subject to a more limited regulatory scheme as compared to registered 

broker-dealers. 

k. Directing Transmission of Funds

(1) Proposed Rule

Proposed Rule 402(b)(12) would permit a funding portal to direct investors where to 

transmit funds or remit payment in connection with the purchase of securities offered and sold in 

reliance on Section 4(a)(6) of the Securities Act.

Proposed Rule 402(b)(13) would permit a funding portal to direct a qualified third party, 

as required by Rule 303(e), to release proceeds to an issuer upon completion of a crowdfunding 

offering or to return proceeds to investors in the event an investment commitment or an offering is 

cancelled.
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(2) Final Rules

We did not receive comments on the ability of a funding portal to direct investment funds 

and are adopting Rules 402(b)(12) and (13) as proposed. Rules 402(b)(12) and (13) provide that a 

funding portal can fulfill its obligations with respect to the maintenance and transmission of funds 

and securities, as set forth in Rule 303, without violating the prohibition in Exchange Act Section 

3(a)(80)(D). Specifically, a funding portal can direct investors where to transmit funds or remit 

payment in connection with the purchase of securities offered and sold in reliance on Section 

4(a)(6),

1072 and as required by Rule 303(e), a funding portal can direct a qualified third party to 

release the proceeds of an offering to the issuer upon completion of the offering or to return 

investor proceeds when an investment commitment or offering is cancelled.1073 

l. Posting News

In the Proposing Release, we asked whether we should adopt a safe harbor that permits a 

funding portal to post news, such as market news and news about a particular issuer or industry, 

on its platform. In response to our request for comment, some commenters stated that the safe 

harbor should permit funding portals to post third party news related to issuers or offerings on 

their platform.1074 One commenter cautioned that objective criteria should be used to ensure, for 

example, that funding portals are not picking out the most flattering or positive news.1075 Another 

commenter suggested that funding portals should be aware of the content of materials posted on 

their portal and held responsible for inappropriate information that is posted.1076 

 1072 See Rule 402(b)(12) of Regulation Crowdfunding. 

1073 See Rule 402(b)(13) of Regulation Crowdfunding.

1074 See, e.g., CFIRA Letter 1; RoC Letter; StartupValley Letter. But see Joinvestor Letter; Wefunder Letter. 

1075 See CFIRA Letter 1.

1076 See RoC Letter.
305

While we believe it is possible for funding portals to post news on their platforms in a 

manner that would not violate the prohibitions in Exchange Act Section 3(a)(80), we are not 

including such activities within the safe harbor because we believe the permissibility of posting 

news should be a facts and circumstances determination. When posting news, funding portals will 

need to ensure that they do not violate the prohibition on giving investment advice and 

recommendations. For example, if a funding portal selectively determines which news articles to 

post or posts only flattering or positive news, then the funding portal is more likely to be giving 

impermissible investment advice or recommendations.

m. No Presumption and Anti-Fraud Provisions

(1) Proposed Rule

Proposed Rule 402(a) also stated that no presumption shall arise that a funding portal has 

violated the prohibitions under Section 3(a)(80) of the Exchange Act or Regulation Crowdfunding 

by reason of the funding portal or its associated persons engaging in activities in connection with 

the offer or sale of securities in reliance on Section 4(a)(6) of the Securities Act that do not meet 

the conditions specified in the safe harbor and that the antifraud provisions and all other 

applicable provisions of the federal securities laws continue to apply to the activities described in 

the safe harbor.

(2) Final Rules

We did not receive any comments on the proposed “no presumption” and anti-fraud 

provisions and are adopting Rule 402(a) as proposed. We also reiterate that Rule 402(b) is a nonexclusive safe harbor. Rule 402(a) expressly provides that the failure of a funding portal to meet 

the conditions of the safe harbor does not give rise to a presumption that the funding portal is in 
306

violation of the statutory prohibitions of Exchange Act Section 3(a)(80) or Regulation 

Crowdfunding.1077

Further, the safe harbor under Rule 402 does not prohibit funding portals from engaging 

third party service providers to assist the funding portal in operating its platform, such as 

providers of software, website maintenance and development, communication channel 

applications, recordkeeping systems, and other technology.1078 However, the funding portal 

remains responsible for its activities and the operation of its platform and for compliance with 

Regulation Crowdfunding and other applicable federal securities laws.

4. Compliance

a. Policies and Procedures

(1) Proposed Rule

As proposed, Rule 403(a) would require a funding portal to implement written policies and 

procedures reasonably designed to achieve compliance with the federal securities laws and the 

rules and regulations thereunder, relating to its business as a funding portal.1079 

(2) Comments on the Proposed Rules

One commenter agreed that the Commission should not specify requirements for a funding 

portal’s policies and procedures, while another commenter thought the Commission should 

provide guidance concerning the policies and procedures.

1080 Another commenter suggested that 

 1077 See Rule 402(a) of Regulation Crowdfunding.

1078 One commenter asked whether funding portals could engage third party service providers consistent with 

Regulation Crowdfunding. See CFIRA Letter 1.

1079 As a condition to exempting funding portals from the requirement to register as a broker or a dealer under 

Exchange Act Section 15(a)(1) (15 U.S.C. 78o(a)(1)), Exchange Act Section 3(h)(1)(C) provides that 

registered funding portals must comply with such other requirements as the Commission determines 

appropriate. 

1080 See ASSOB Letter; Consumer Federation of America (“[The Commission] fails to address at all the
307

all changes to a funding portal’s policies and procedures should be disclosed within 30 days and 

publicly announced.1081 Yet another commenter suggested requiring the SRO to mandate that 

broker-dealers and funding portals follow the same policies.1082

(3) Final Rules

We are adopting Rule 403(a) as proposed. We believe that the requirement to implement 

written policies and procedures will provide important investor protections as it will necessitate 

that funding portals remain aware of the various regulatory requirements to which they are subject 

and take appropriate steps for complying with such requirements. We recognize, however, that 

funding portals may have various business models and, therefore, consistent with the views of one

commenter, we are not imposing specific requirements for a funding portal’s policies and 

procedures, provided the policies and procedures are reasonably designed to achieve compliance 

with the federal securities laws and the rules relating to their business as funding portals. Rather, 

we are providing a funding portal with discretion to establish, implement, maintain and enforce its 

policies and procedures based on its relevant facts and circumstances. 

We note, however, that a funding portal may rely on the representations of others when 

meeting certain requirements under Regulation Crowdfunding, unless the funding portal has 

reason to question the reliability of those representations. For example, a funding portal may rely 

on an issuer’s representation to establish a reasonable basis for believing that an issuer seeking to 

offer and sell securities in reliance on Section 4(a)(6) through its platform complies with the

requirements in Securities Act Section 4A(b) and the related requirements in Regulation 

 

areas that should be covered by such policies and procedures, or what a funding portal’s responsibilities to 

monitor compliance would be.”).

1081 See Joinvestor Letter.

1082 See Rockethub Letter.
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Crowdfunding, unless the funding portal has reason to question the reliability of that

representation.

1083 A funding portal may also rely on an investor’s representation to establish a 

reasonable basis for believing that an investor satisfies the investment limits established by 

Section 4(a)(6)(B), unless the funding portal has reason to question the reliability of that

representation.

1084 We believe that when a funding portal relies on the representations of others to 

form a reasonable basis, the funding portal should have policies and procedures regarding under 

what circumstances it can reasonably rely on such representations and when additional 

investigative steps may be appropriate. We further believe that a funding portal’s policies and 

procedures should cover not only permitted activities, but also address prohibited activities. For 

example, a funding portal should have policies and procedures on the criteria used to limit, 

highlight and advertise issuers and offerings. 

We note one commenter’s suggestion that we require funding portals to update their 

policies and procedures to reflect changes in applicable rules and regulations within a specified 

time period after the change occurs. However, as explained in the Proposing Release, we believe 

that the requirement for reasonably designed policies and procedures includes an ongoing 

obligation for a funding portal to promptly update its policies and procedures if necessary to 

reflect changes in applicable rules and regulations, a funding portal’s business practices, and/or

the marketplace.1085 Finally, in response to one commenter’s suggestion that we require SROs to 

mandate that broker-dealers and funding portals follow the same policies, as noted above, we 

believe that funding portals should have flexibility to implement policies and procedures suited to 

 1083 See Rule 301(a).

1084 See Rule 303(b)(1).

1085 Consistent with our requirements for broker-dealers, we are not requiring that a funding portal’s policies and 

procedures be made public, as suggested by a commenter. 
309

their own facts and circumstances. Moreover, we note that any proposed SRO rules relating to 

policies and procedures of either broker-dealers or funding portals will be subject to the Exchange 

Act Section 19(b) SRO rule filing process.1086 

Commission staff expects to review intermediaries’ compliance policies and procedures 

relating to their activities in connection with the offer or sale of securities in reliance on Section 

4(a)(6) during the study of the federal crowdfunding exemption that it plans to undertake no later 

than three years following the effective date of Regulation Crowdfunding.

1087

b. Anti-Money Laundering

(1) Proposed Rule

Proposed Rule 403(b) would require that funding portals comply with certain AML 

provisions,1088 as set forth in Chapter X of Title 31 of the Code of Federal Regulations. The BSA 

and its implementing regulations establish the basic framework for AML obligations imposed on 

financial institutions.1089 The BSA is intended to facilitate the prevention, detection and 

prosecution of money laundering, terrorist financing and other financial crimes. 

Among other things, the BSA and its implementing regulations require a “broker or dealer 

in securities” (sometimes referred to in the regulations as a “broker-dealer”) to: (1) establish and 

maintain an effective AML program;1090 (2) establish and maintain a Customer Identification 

Program;1091 (3) monitor for and file reports of suspicious activity (SARs);1092 and (4) comply 

 1086 Pursuant to Exchange Act Section 19(b) and Rule 19b-4, SROs are required to file proposed new rules and 

rule changes with the Commission. 

1087 See Section II.

1088 See also Section II.D.2. (discussing proposed Rule 401(b)).

1089 See BSA, note 981; 31 CFR Chapter X.

1090 See 31 U.S.C. 5318(h). See also 31 CFR 1023.210; FINRA Rule 3310.

1091 See 31 CFR 1023.220.
310

with requests for information from the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (“FinCEN”).1093 

For purposes of the BSA obligations, a “broker or dealer in securities” is defined as a “broker or 

dealer in securities, registered or required to be registered with the Securities and Exchange 

Commission under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, except persons who register pursuant to 

[S]ection 15(b)(11) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.”1094 As explained above, Exchange 

Act Section 3(h) expressly directs the Commission, conditionally or unconditionally, to exempt 

funding portals from the requirement to register as a broker or dealer under Section 15(a). As 

such, a funding portal is not a broker “registered or required to be registered” if it registers as a 

funding portal with the Commission. We proposed that, notwithstanding this exemption from 

broker registration, under Rule 401(b) a funding portal would be “required to be registered” as a 

broker or dealer with the Commission under the Exchange Act solely for purposes of Chapter X of 

Title 31 of the Code of Federal Regulations, thus subjecting funding portals to the AML 

requirements of Chapter X of Title 31. 

(2) Comments on the Proposed Rule

A few commenters generally suggested that since funding portals are prohibited from 

handling customer funds and securities they should not be required to comply with AML

provisions.1095 Some commenters, however, generally supported requiring funding portals to 

 1092 See 31 CFR 1023.320. See also FINRA Rule 3310.

1093 See 31 CFR 1010.520.

1094 See 31 CFR 1010.100(h). As noted above, certain FinCEN regulations apply to a “broker-dealer,” which is 

defined as a “person registered or required to be registered as a broker or dealer with the Commission under 

the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (15 U.S.C. 77a et seq.), except persons who register pursuant to 15 

U.S.C. 78o(b)(11).” 31 CFR 1023.100(b). Such broker-dealers also would meet the definition of “broker or 

dealers in securities” above.

1095 See PeoplePowerFund Letter; Public Startup 3 Letter; RFPIA Letter; Vann Letter.
311

comply with AML provisions.1096 One commenter, noting that non-U.S. investors may participate 

in crowdfunding and use U.S.-based funding portals, requested that the Commission provide 

advice and suggestions on “how to prevent anti-money laundering.”1097 

(3) Final Rules

Upon further consideration, we have determined not to adopt proposed Rule 403(b). The 

BSA requirements play a critical role in detecting, preventing, and reporting money laundering 

and other illicit financing, such as market manipulation and fraud. However, after careful 

consideration, we believe that AML obligations for funding portals are better addressed outside of 

the rules that we are currently adopting in this release, and that it would be more appropriate to 

work with other regulators to develop consistent and effective AML obligations for funding 

portals.1098 We note, however, that broker-dealers continue to have their own AML obligations, 

as do certain other parties involved in transactions conducted pursuant to Section 4(a)(6), such as 

a bank acting as a qualified third party to hold investor funds.

 1096 See RocketHub Letter (stating that it “supports the Commissions [sic] interpretation of the exemption, and 

believes that AML compliance is necessary”); Berlingeri Letter (supporting funding portal “compliance with 

existing anti-money laundering provisions and the requirement to report suspicious activity”).

1097 See Zhang Letter.

1098 FinCEN within the Department of Treasury has primary regulatory responsibility for administering the BSA. 

We note that FinCEN has included in the Unified Agenda and Regulatory Plan an item that states: 

“FinCEN...is proposing amendments to the regulatory definitions of ‘broker or dealer in securities’ under 

the regulations implementing the Bank Secrecy Act. The proposed changes are intended to expand the 

current scope of the definitions to include funding portals. In addition, these amendments would require 

funding portals to implement policies and procedures reasonably designed to achieve compliance with all of 

the Bank Secrecy Act requirements that are currently applicable to brokers or dealers in securities.” See

Office of Mgmt. & Budget, Exec. Office of the President, Office of Info. & Regulatory Affairs, Amendments 

of the Definition of Broker or Dealer in Securities, RIN 1506-AB29, available at

http://www.reginfo.gov/public/do/eAgendaViewRule?pubId=201504&RIN=1506-AB29. In addition, the 

Commission has adopted its own rules that require broker-dealers to comply with certain requirements of the 

BSA’s implementing regulations, such as books and records requirements. See Exchange Act Rule 17a-8. 

See also Section II.D.5.
312

c. Privacy

(1) Proposed Rule

Section 4A(a)(9) of the Securities Act requires intermediaries to take such steps to protect 

the privacy of information collected from investors as the Commission shall, by rule, determine 

appropriate. Proposed Rule 403(c) would implement the requirements of Section 4A(a)(9) by 

subjecting funding portals to the same privacy rules as those applicable to brokers. Proposed Rule 

403(c), therefore, would have required funding portals to comply with Regulation S-P (Privacy of 

Consumer Financial Information and Safeguarding Personal Information),1099 Regulation S-AM

(Limitations on Affiliate Marketing),

1100 and Regulation S-ID (Identity Theft Red Flags)1101

(collectively, the “Privacy Rules”).1102

Regulation S-P governs the treatment of nonpublic personal information by brokers, 

among others.1103 It generally requires a broker to provide notice to investors about its privacy 

policies and practices; describes the conditions under which a broker may disclose nonpublic 

personal information about investors to nonaffiliated third parties; and provides a method for 

investors to prevent a broker from disclosing that information to most nonaffiliated third parties 

by “opting out” of that disclosure, subject to certain exceptions. Regulation S-AM allows a 

consumer, in certain limited situations, to block affiliates of covered persons (i.e., brokers, dealers, 

investment companies and both investment advisers and transfer agents registered with the 

 1099 See Privacy of Consumer Financial Information (Regulation S–P), Release No. 34-42974 (June 22, 2000) 

[65 FR 40334 (June 29, 2000)].

1100 See Regulation S–AM: Limitations on Affiliate Marketing, Release No. 34-60423 (Aug. 4, 2011) [74 FR 

40398 (Aug. 11, 2009)].

1101 See Identity Theft Red Flags Rules, Release No. 34-69359 (Apr. 10, 2013) [78 FR 23637 (Apr. 19, 2013)] 

(adopted jointly with the Commodity Futures Trading Commission).

1102 See 17 CFR Part 248.

1103 See 17 CFR Part 248, Subpart A.
313

Commission) from soliciting the consumer based on eligibility information (i.e., certain financial 

information, such as information about the consumer’s transactions or experiences with the 

covered person) received from the covered person.1104 Regulation S-ID generally requires brokers 

to develop and implement a written identity theft prevention program that is designed to detect, 

prevent and mitigate identity theft in connection with certain existing accounts or the opening of 

new accounts.1105 

(2) Comments and Final Rules

We are adopting Rule 403(c) as proposed, but renumbering it as Rule 403(b).1106 One 

commenter opposed Proposed Rule 403(c), which would impose the Privacy Rules on funding 

portals, stating that in its view, funding portals do not raise privacy concerns.

1107 We disagree. 

We believe that privacy is a concern as it relates to funding portals given that funding portals will 

collect and maintain sensitive personal information about the investors using their platforms. 

d. Inspections and Examinations

(1) Proposed Rule

Exchange Act Section 3(h)(1)(A) specifies that funding portals must remain subject to our 

examination authority to, among other things, rely on any exemptions from broker-dealer 

registration that we impose. Under proposed Rule 403(d) of Regulation Crowdfunding, a funding 

portal would be required to permit the examination and inspection of all of its business and 

business operations that relate to its activities as a funding portal, such as its premises, systems, 

 1104 See 17 CFR Part 248, Subpart B.

1105 See 17 CFR Part 248, Subpart C.

1106 The rule is being renumbered to account for the elimination of the proposed AML provision in proposed 

Rule 403(b), which is discussed in Section II.D.4.b above.

1107 See Public Startup Letter 3.
314

platforms and records, by our representatives and by representatives of the registered national 

securities association of which it is a member.

(2) Comment and Final Rules

We are adopting Rule 403(d) as proposed, but renumbering it as 403(c).1108 One 

commenter opposed the Commission’s proposed inspections and examinations rules as 

unnecessary.1109 As a condition to exempting funding portals from the requirement to register as 

broker-dealers under Exchange Act Section 15(a)(1), Exchange Act Section 3(h)(1)(A) requires 

that registered funding portals remain subject to, among other things, our examination authority. 

We believe that inspections and examinations are an important aspect of our oversight function of 

funding portals as they will assist us in monitoring the activities of funding portals in light of 

applicable statutory and regulatory requirements. Therefore, we are adopting Rule 403(c) to 

implement the statute and retain examination authority over funding portals. 

5. Records to be Created and Maintained by Funding Portals

a. Proposed Rule

As proposed, Rule 404(a) would require funding portals to make and preserve certain 

records for five years, with the records retained in a readily accessible place for at least the first 

two years. The required records would include the following:

• All records relating to investors who purchase or attempt to purchase securities 

through the funding portal;

1110

 1108 The Rule is being renumbered to account for the elimination of the proposed anti-money laundering 

provision in proposed Rule 403(b), which is described in more detail in Section II.D.4.b. We are also adding 

the word “registered” to “national securities association” to be consistent with the rest of the rule text and 

with Exchange Act Section 3(h)(1)(B).

1109 See Public Startup Letter 3.

1110 This would include information relating to educational materials provided to investors, account openings and 

transactions, including notices of investment commitments and reconfirmations. 
315

• All records relating to issuers that offer and sell, or attempt to offer and sell, 

securities through the funding portal and to persons having control with respect to 

those issuers; 

• Records of all communications that occur on or through its platform; 

• All records related to persons that use communication services provided by a 

funding portal to promote an issuer’s securities or to communicate with potential 

investors;

• All records demonstrating a funding portal’s compliance with requirements of 

Subparts C (intermediary obligations) and D (additional funding portal 

requirements);

1111 

• All notices provided by the funding portals to issuers and investors generally 

through the funding portal’s platform or otherwise;1112 

• All written agreements (or copies thereof) entered into by a funding portal, relating 

to its business as such; 

• All daily, monthly and quarterly summaries of transactions effected through the 

funding portal;

1113 and

 1111 This requirement alone would not, however, require the creation of any records or proscribe the format or 

manner of any records. However, without records, it would be difficult for a funding portal to demonstrate 

compliance with Subparts C and D to examiners. 

1112 These would include, but not be limited to: (1) notices addressing hours of funding portal operations (if any); 

(2) funding portal malfunctions; (3) changes to funding portal procedures; (4) maintenance of hardware and 

software; (5) instructions pertaining to access to the funding portal; and (6) denials of, or limitations on, 

access to the funding portal. 

1113 These would include: (1) issuers for which the target offering amount has been reached and funds 

distributed; and (2) transaction volume, expressed in number of transactions, number of securities involved 

in a transaction and total amounts raised by and distributed to issuers, as well as total dollar amounts raised 

across all issuers, expressed in U.S. dollars. 
316

• A log reflecting the progress of each issuer who offers and sells securities through 

the funding portal toward meeting the target offering amount.

As proposed, Rule 404(b) would require that a funding portal make and preserve its 

organizational documents during its operation as a funding portal and also those of any successor 

funding portal. These would include, but not be limited to: (1) partnership agreements; (2) 

articles of incorporation or charter; (3) minute books; and (4) stock certificate books (or other 

similar type documents). 

We also proposed in Rule 404(c) that the records required to be maintained and preserved 

pursuant to Rule 404(a) be produced, reproduced, and maintained in the original, non-alterable 

format in which they were created or as permitted under Section 17a-4(f) of the Exchange Act. 

We proposed in Rule 404(d) to allow third parties to prepare or maintain the required records on 

behalf of the funding portal, provided that there is a written undertaking in place between the 

funding portal and the third party stating that the required records are the property of the funding 

portal and will be surrendered promptly, on request by the funding portal, to the Commission or 

the national securities association of which the funding portal is a member.1114 The funding portal 

also would have been required to file, with the registered national securities association of which 

 1114 The written undertaking would be required to include the following provision: 

With respect to any books and records maintained or preserved on behalf of [name of 

funding portal], the undersigned hereby acknowledges that the books and records are 

the property of [name of funding portal], and hereby undertakes to permit examination 

of such books and records at any time, or from time to time, during business hours by 

representatives of the Securities and Exchange Commission, and the national 

securities association of which the funding portal is a member, and to promptly furnish 

to the Commission and national securities association of which the funding portal is a 

member, a true, correct, complete and current hard copy of any, all, or any part of, 

such books and records. 

This provision is consistent with the recordkeeping provisions applicable to brokers under Exchange Act 

Rules 17a-4(f) (17 CFR 17a-4(f)) and 17a-4(j) (17 CFR 240.17a-4(j)), but has been scaled to be more 

appropriate for funding portals.
317

it is a member, this written undertaking, signed by a duly authorized representative of the third

party. As proposed, an agreement between a funding portal and a third party would not relieve the 

funding portal of its responsibility to prepare and maintain records, as required under Rule 404 of 

Regulation Crowdfunding. 

As proposed, Rule 404(e) would require all records of a funding portal to be subject at any 

time, or from time to time, to such reasonable periodic, special or other examination by our 

representatives and representatives of the registered national securities association of which the 

funding portal is a member.

Finally, we proposed in Rule 404(f) that funding portals would be required to comply with 

the reporting, recordkeeping and record retention requirements of Chapter X of Title 31 of the 

Code of Federal Regulations. Where Chapter X of Title 31 and proposed rules 404(a) and 404(b) 

would require the same records or reports to be preserved for different periods of time, we 

proposed requiring the records or reports to be preserved for the longer period of time. 

b. Comments on Proposed Rule

Commenters generally did not object to the proposed recordkeeping requirements. Some 

commenters suggested that the cost for a funding portal to maintain the proposed books and 

records would not be significant.1115 A few commenters suggested that funding portals should

maintain required records for a longer period of time. One of these commenters recommended a 

retention period of 10 years,

1116 while the other suggested that issuer data should be kept 

permanently accessible by the funding portal.1117 Another commenter suggested that the 

 1115 See, e.g., CFIRA Letter 1, Joinvestor Letter.

1116 See Joinvestor Letter.
318

Commission should require intermediaries, rather than the issuers, to maintain records (or arrange 

for third-party recordkeeping) of the offering materials used by the issuers, thereby reducing the 

burden on issuers by no longer requiring them to transcribe offering materials into something that 

can be filed with EDGAR.1118

c. Final Rules

We are adopting Rule 404 as proposed, with a modification to subparagraph (e) to require 

that books and records subject to review under the subsection be produced promptly to 

representatives of the Commission and the national securities association of which the funding 

portal is a member,1119 and a minor modification to subparagraph (f) related to anti-money 

laundering related records.

1120 We also made a modification to state that, in addition to being 

furnished to representatives of the Commission, books and records would have to be furnished to 

the Commission itself. We are also adding the word “registered” to “national securities 

association” to be consistent with the rest of the rule text and with Exchange Act Section 

3(h)(1)(B).1121

We believe that it is important for funding portals to be subject to the recordkeeping 

requirements in order to create a meaningful record of crowdfunding transactions and 

communications. For example, we are requiring records of all notices provided by the funding 

 1117 Mollick, et al Letter. See also Public Startup Letter 5 (suggesting that the Commission should improve 

“forensic record-keeping obligations of a funding portal” by requiring portals to “maintain the URLs and 

website content in perpetuity for all issuers who use the portal to raise capital from the public.”).

1118 CFIRA Letter 1. 

1119 We are making this change to remain consistent with the prompt production standard that is required for 

third party recordkeeping undertakings pursuant to Rule 404(d).

1120 In the Proposing Release and as noted in this section, we have provided examples of the types of information 

that would be required to be maintained under each of the specified records. The same guidance applies with 

respect to application of the final rules.

1121 Conforming changes were made to both Rules 404(d) and (e). 
319

portals to issuers and investors generally through the funding portal’s platform or otherwise. We 

believe that, in addition to the list of examples provided in the rule, this encompasses any notices

relating to the funding portal’s business as such, including communications in electronic form sent 

from an associated person of a funding portal to issuers or investors (including potential 

investors). Every funding portal is required under Rule 404 to furnish promptly to the 

Commission and its representatives, and the registered national securities association of which the 

funding portal is a member, legible, true, complete and current copies of such records of the 

funding portal that are requested by the representatives of the Commission and the national 

securities association.1122

The requirements will enable regulators to more effectively gather information about the 

activities in which a funding portal has been engaged, as well as about the other parties involved 

in crowdfunding (e.g., issuers, promoters, and associated persons), to discern whether the funding 

portals and the other parties are in compliance with the requirements of Regulation Crowdfunding

and any other applicable federal securities laws. We believe the requirements will assist 

regulators’ compliance examinations because, without these records, the Commission and any 

registered national securities association of which the funding portal is a member may have 

difficulty examining a funding portal for compliance with the requirements of Regulation 

 1122 The Commission generally interprets the term “promptly” or “prompt” to mean making reasonable efforts to 

produce records that are requested by the staff during an examination without delay. The Commission 

believes that in many cases a funding portal could, and therefore will be required to, furnish records 

immediately or within a few hours of a request. The Commission expects that only in unusual circumstances 

would a funding portal be permitted to delay furnishing records for more than 24 hours. Accord SecurityBased Swap Data Repository Registration, Duties, and Core Principles, Exchange Act Release No. 74246

(Feb. 11, 2015), 80 FR 14438, 14500 n. 846 (Mar. 19, 2015) (similarly interpreting the term “promptly” in 

the context of Exchange Act Rule 13n–7(b)(3)); Registration of Municipal Advisors, Exchange Act Release 

No. 70462 (Sept. 20, 2013), 78 FR 67468, 67578-67579 n. 1347 (Nov. 12, 2013) (similarly interpreting the 

term “prompt” in the context of Exchange Act Rule 15Ba1-8(d)). 
320

Crowdfunding and the federal securities laws.1123 Therefore, we believe the record retention 

requirements should be mandatory rather than voluntary as suggested by one commenter. 

Although we are not requiring that funding portals utilize the record retention services of brokerdealers, as suggested by one commenter, we note that a funding portal may find it cost-effective or 

otherwise appropriate to use the recordkeeping services of a third party, and the final rules provide 

the necessary flexibility to allow funding portals to utilize these options. 

While some commenters suggest a longer record retention period, we believe the 

requirement that funding portals preserve their records for five years, with the records retained in 

a readily accessible place for at least the first two years, provides sufficient investor protection, 

while not imposing overly burdensome recordkeeping costs.1124 We are not adopting, as 

commenters recommended, a requirement that funding portals be required to keep issuer data 

permanently accessible or maintain URLs and website content in perpetuity for all issuers, as we 

believe the permanent storage of such information could be unduly burdensome and is 

unnecessary. 

Because permissible funding portal activity is far more limited than that of broker-dealers 

and a relatively high proportion of funding portals will be new market entrants that have not been 

subject to regulation before (rather than broker-dealers switching their business models to become 

funding portals) and, therefore, may not have formal recordkeeping practices in place, the 

recordkeeping requirements for funding portals are relatively streamlined compared to those for 

 1123 See, supra, note 798.

1124 We note that the record retention period requirement continues for a funding portal after it withdraws its 

registration. Schedule D of Form Funding Portal requests information about the location(s) of where a 

funding portal will keep its books and records after withdrawal. 
321

broker-dealers. Funding portals are intended to be subject to less regulation than broker-dealers, 

and recordkeeping requirements adopted in the final rules are consistent with this intent. 

Finally, as described above, we are not adopting the proposed requirement that a funding 

portal comply with the BSA.1125 Nevertheless, we are revising the final recordkeeping rule to 

require a funding portal to maintain books and records related to BSA requirements, should 

funding portals become subject to the requirements of the BSA.

1126

Commission staff expects to review the books and records practices of intermediaries 

during the study of the federal crowdfunding exemption that it plans to undertake no later than 

three years following the effective date of Regulation Crowdfunding.

1127

E. Miscellaneous Provisions

1. Insignificant Deviations from Regulation Crowdfunding

a. Proposed Rules

We proposed Rule 502 of Regulation Crowdfunding to provide issuers a safe harbor for 

insignificant deviations from a term, condition or requirement of Regulation Crowdfunding. As 

proposed in Rule 502(a), to qualify for the safe harbor, the issuer relying on the exemption would 

have to show that: (1) the failure to comply with a term, condition or requirement was 

insignificant with respect to the offering as a whole; and (2) the issuer made a good faith and 

reasonable attempt to comply with all applicable terms, conditions and requirements of Regulation 

 1125 See Section II.D.4.b.

1126 15 U.S.C. 5311 et seq. To the extent that funding portals become subject to the requirements of the BSA and 

are required to comply with BSA recordkeeping requirements, we believe that this recordkeeping 

requirement will be valuable to our regulatory oversight function of funding portals’ compliance with such 

BSA requirements. See generally Recordkeeping by Brokers and Dealers, Release No. 34-18321 (Dec. 10, 

1981) [46 FR 61454 (Dec. 17, 1981)] (noting the effectiveness of on-site examinations of broker-dealers by 

the Commission and SROs in enforcing compliance with reporting and recordkeeping requirements when 

adopting Exchange Act Rule 17a-8). Rule 17a-8 (17 CFR 240.17a-8) requires broker-dealers to comply with 

the reporting, recordkeeping and record retention rules adopted under the BSA.

1127 See Section II.
322

Crowdfunding; and (3) the issuer did not know of the failure to comply, where the failure to 

comply with a term, condition or requirement was the result of the failure of the intermediary to 

comply with the requirements of Section 4A(a) and the related rules, or such failure by the 

intermediary occurred solely in offerings other than the issuer’s offering. As proposed in Rule 

502(b), notwithstanding this safe harbor, any failure to comply with Regulation Crowdfunding 

would nonetheless be actionable by the Commission.

b. Comments on the Proposed Rules

Commenters were generally in favor of the proposed safe harbor.1128 However, some 

commenters representing state securities regulators suggested that the safe harbor is unnecessary, 

would be detrimental to state enforcement efforts and would be a burden on regulators when 

issuers assert the safe harbor, whether or not they were operating in good faith.1129 These 

commenters also recommended that the proposed safe harbor, if adopted, should not be a defense 

to an enforcement action by the states.1130

c. Final Rules

We are adopting the Rule 502(a) safe harbor as proposed.1131 The first two prongs of the 

safe harbor provision in Rule 502(a) are modeled after a similar provision in Rule 508 of 

Regulation D,1132 and we believe a similar safe harbor is appropriate for offerings made in 

reliance on Section 4(a)(6). We believe that provisions for insignificant deviations serve an 

important function by allowing for certain errors that can occur in the offering process without 

 1128 See, e.g., Arctic Island Letter 7; CFIRA Letter 1; Heritage Letter; Joinvestor Letter; Parsont Letter; 

Schwartz Letter.

1129 See Commonwealth of Massachusetts Letter; NASAA Letter.

1130 Id.

1131 See Rule 502 of Regulation Crowdfunding.

1132 17 CFR 230.508. 
323

causing the issuer to lose the exemption and incur certain consequences, including potential 

private rights of action for rescission for violations of Section 5 of the Securities Act,

1133 and loss 

of preemption for state securities law registration requirements. The offering exemption in 

Section 4(a)(6) was designed to help alleviate the funding gap and the accompanying regulatory 

challenges faced by startups and small businesses, many of which may not be familiar with the 

federal securities laws. We continue to believe that issuers should not lose the Section 4(a)(6) 

exemption because of insignificant deviations from a term, condition or requirement of Regulation 

Crowdfunding, so long as the issuer, in good faith, attempted to comply with the rules. We note 

that whether a deviation from the requirements would be significant to the offering as a whole will

depend on the facts and circumstances of the offering and the deviation. While such 

determinations will be based on the particular facts and circumstances, we believe that a deviation

from certain fundamental requirements in the rules, such as a failure to adhere to the aggregate 

offering limit under Rule 100(a)(1), presumptively would not be an insignificant deviation that 

would allow reliance on this safe harbor. 

We are adopting the third prong of the safe harbor in Rule 502(a) because, under the 

statute, an issuer could lose the exemption and potentially violate Section 5 because of the failure 

of the intermediary to comply with the requirements of Section 4A(a). We believe that an issuer 

should not lose the offering exemption due to a failure by the intermediary, which likely will be 

out of the issuer’s control, if the issuer did not know of such failure or such failure related to 

offerings other than the issuer’s offering. Absent this safe harbor, we believe that issuers may be 

hesitant to participate in offerings in reliance on Section 4(a)(6) due to uncertainty about their 

 1133 See Securities Act Section 12(a)
324

ability to rely on, and to control their ongoing eligibility for, the exemption, which could 

undermine the facilitation of capital raising for startups and small businesses.

We believe that the potential harm to investors that might result from the applicability of 

this safe harbor would be minimal because the deviations must be insignificant to the offering as a 

whole for the safe harbor to apply. We also believe the safe harbor appropriately protects an 

issuer who made a diligent attempt to comply with the rules from losing the exemption as a result 

of insignificant deviations from Regulation Crowdfunding.

We also are adopting Rule 502(b) largely as proposed to set forth clearly that the safe 

harbor for insignificant deviations in Rule 502(a) does not preclude the Commission from 

bringing an enforcement action seeking appropriate relief for an issuer’s failure to comply with all 

applicable terms, conditions, and requirements of Regulation Crowdfunding. Despite the 

suggestion of two commenters,1134 we are not extending Rule 502(b) to enforcement actions by 

the states. While we recognize the concerns of certain state securities regulators that the safe 

harbor could be detrimental to state enforcement efforts, we believe that a state’s review as to 

whether there is an insignificant deviation from our rules would create undue uncertainty for 

issuers seeking to rely on the Section 4(a)(6) exemption.

1135 We note that, irrespective of the 

scope of the safe harbor, states retain antifraud authority in all cases.

2. Restrictions on Resales

a. Proposed Rules

Section 4A(e) provides that securities issued in reliance on Section 4(a)(6) may not be 

transferred by the purchaser for one year after the date of purchase, except when transferred: (1) to 

 1134 See Commonwealth of Massachusetts Letter; NASAA Letter.

1135 Securities Act Section 18(b)(4)(C), as amended by the JOBS Act, preempts state securities laws’ registration 

and qualification requirements for offerings made pursuant to Section 4(a)(6). 15 U.S.C. 77r(b)(4)(C).
325

the issuer of the securities; (2) to an accredited investor; (3) as part of an offering registered with 

the Commission; or (4) to a family member of the purchaser or the equivalent, or in connection 

with certain events, including death or divorce of the purchaser, or other similar circumstances, in 

the discretion of the Commission. Section 4A(e) further provides that the Commission may 

establish additional limitations on securities issued in reliance on Section 4(a)(6). 

Proposed Rule 501 largely tracked the provisions of Section 4A(e). We also proposed 

definitions of “accredited investor” and a “member of the family of the purchaser or the 

equivalent.” Under the proposed rules, the term “accredited investor” would have the same 

definition in Rule 501 of Regulation D.1136 

The statute does not define “member of the family of the purchaser or the equivalent.” We 

proposed to define the phrase to include a “child, stepchild, grandchild, parent, stepparent, 

grandparent, spouse or spousal equivalent, sibling, mother-in-law, father-in-law, son-in-law, 

daughter-in-law, brother-in-law, or sister-in-law of the purchaser, and shall include adoptive 

relationships.” This definition tracks the definition of “immediate family” in Exchange Act Rule 

16a-1(e),1137 but with the addition of “spousal equivalent.”

b. Comments on the Proposed Rules

Two commenters supported the proposed restrictions on resales,1138 while several other

commenters opposed any resale restrictions.

1139 Two commenters expressed support for the 

 1136 17 CFR 230.501(a). 

1137 17 CFR 240.16a-1(e).

1138 See Arctic Island Letter 7; Joinvestor Letter.

1139 See, e.g., Amram Letter 2 (stating resale restrictions prevent trading liquidity and impede price discovery); 

Crowdstockz Letter; Hamman Letter; Kickstarter Coaching Letter; Public Startup Letter 2 (recommending a 

six-month holding period so long as the issuer is current in its filing requirements, except that purchasers 

who self-certify that they are low-income investors would not be subject to a holding period); Public Startup 

Letter 3 (also opposing accredited investors having an advantage over other buyers).
326

proposal that to sell securities purchased in a transaction made in reliance on Section 4(a)(6) to an 

accredited investor during the restricted period, the seller of such securities would need to have a 

reasonable belief that the purchaser is an accredited investor.1140

One commenter noted that the investors who are eligible to purchase securities from the 

initial purchasers in the first year would be able to circumvent the investment limits of the 

proposed rules by purchasing securities from the initial purchasers in an amount greater than they 

would be able to purchase through intermediaries.1141 Another commenter noted that the 

restrictions on resale appear only to cover the sale by the initial purchaser, thus creating the 

possibility that securities of a particular issuer could become widely traded within the first year if 

the initial purchaser sells the securities to an eligible purchaser who then resells them to the public 

within the first year.1142 

c. Final Rules

We are adopting the restrictions on resales in Rule 501 as proposed, with certain revisions

as described below.

1143 We are concerned that, as noted by several commenters, the restrictions

on resales would cover only the sale by the initial purchaser, which creates the possibility that 

securities of a particular issuer could become widely traded within the first year if the initial 

purchaser sells the securities to an eligible purchaser who subsequently resells them to the public 

 1140 See Joinvestor Letter; Public Startup Letter 3.

1141 See Moskowitz Letter.

1142 CrowdCheck Letter 3 (recommending several alternatives: (1) designate the securities as “restricted” within 

the meaning of Rule 144; (2) mirror some or all of the issuer’s resale restrictions; (3) impose a one-year 

obligation on the issuer not to register the transfer of securities by any person, except in the four permitted 

types of transfers; or (4) remove the words “by the purchaser” from the first sentence of proposed Rule 

501(a)).

1143 See Rule 501 of Regulation Crowdfunding.
327

within the first year. Further, the proposed rule could allow, as one commenter noted,1144

investors to circumvent the investment limits in the first year by purchasing securities from the 

initial purchasers. In response to these concerns, we have modified Rule 501 from the proposal so 

that the one-year resale restriction will apply to any purchaser during the one-year period 

beginning when the securities were first issued, not just the initial purchaser. In addition, we have 

modified the definition to track more closely the language in Securities Act Rule 501(a) to clarify 

that the person reselling the securities must have a reasonable belief that the purchaser qualifies as

an accredited investor.

As adopted, the rule provides that securities issued in a transaction pursuant to Section 

4(a)(6) may not be transferred by any purchaser of such securities during that one-year period

unless such securities are transferred: (1) to the issuer of the securities; (2) to an accredited 

investor; (3) as part of an offering registered with the Commission; or (4) to a member of the 

family of the purchaser or the equivalent, to a trust controlled by the purchaser, to a trust created 

for the benefit of a member of the family of the purchaser or the equivalent, or in connection with 

the death or divorce of the purchaser or other similar circumstance. We recognize that several 

commenters expressed concerns about the exception for resales to accredited investors and the 

potential unfair advantage this could provide to such investors. While we appreciate these 

concerns, we note that this treatment will provide some measure of liquidity for holders of these 

securities within the first year of the offering without undermining the investor protections 

otherwise provided by the statute and our rules.

 1144 See Moskowitz Letter.
328

3. Information Available to States

Under Section 4A(d), the Commission shall make available, or shall cause to be made 

available by the relevant intermediary, the information required under Section 4A(b) and such 

other information as the Commission, by rule, determines appropriate to the securities commission 

(or any agency or office performing like functions) of each state and territory of the United States 

and the District of Columbia. We proposed to require issuers to file on EDGAR the information 

required by Section 4A(b) and the related rules. Information filed on EDGAR is publicly 

available and would, therefore, be available to each state, territory and the District of Columbia. 

As we stated in the Proposing Release, we believe this approach will satisfy the statutory 

requirement to make the information available to each state and territory of the United States, and 

the District of Columbia. Commenters who addressed this issue agreed with our proposed 

approach,

1145 and we are adopting this provision as proposed. 

4. Exemption from Section 12(g)

a. Proposed Rule

Section 303 of the JOBS Act amended Exchange Act Section 12(g) to provide that “the 

Commission shall, by rule, exempt, conditionally or unconditionally, securities acquired pursuant 

to an offering made under [S]ection 4[(a)](6) of the Securities Act of 1933 from the provisions of 

this subsection.” As amended by the JOBS Act, Section 12(g) requires, among other things, that 

an issuer with total assets exceeding $10,000,000 and a class of securities held of record by either 

2,000 persons, or 500 persons who are not accredited investors, register such class of securities 

with the Commission.1146 Crowdfunding contemplates the issuance of securities to a large 

 1145 See, e.g., CFIRA Letter 9; Public Startup Letter 3.

1146 See Section 501 of the JOBS Act. In the case of an issuer that is a bank or a bank holding company, 

Exchange Act Section 12(g)(1)(B) (15 U.S.C. 78l(g)(1)(B)) requires, among other things, that the issuer, if it 
329

number of holders, which could increase the likelihood that Section 4(a)(6) issuers would exceed 

the thresholds for triggering reporting obligations under Section 12(g). As discussed in the 

Proposing Release, Section 303 could be read to mean that securities acquired in a crowdfunding 

transaction would be excluded from the record holder count permanently, regardless of whether 

the securities continue to be held by a person who purchased in the crowdfunding transaction. An 

alternative reading could provide that securities acquired in a crowdfunding transaction would be 

excluded from the record holder count only while held by the original purchaser in the Section 

4(a)(6) transaction, as a subsequent purchaser of the securities would not be considered to have 

“acquired [the securities] pursuant to an offering made under [S]ection 4[(a)](6).”

Consistent with the statute, the Commission’s proposed Rule 12g-6 would provide that 

securities issued pursuant to an offering made under Section 4(a)(6) would be permanently 

exempted from the record holder count under Section 12(g). An issuer seeking to exclude a 

person from the record holder count would have the responsibility for demonstrating that the 

securities held by the person were initially issued in an offering made under Section 4(a)(6). 

b. Comments on the Proposed Rules

Commenters generally supported the permanent exemption from the record holder count 

under Section 12(g).1147 One commenter recommended that the exemption from the record holder 

count under Section 12(g) apply to different securities issued in a subsequent restructuring, 

recapitalization or similar transaction that is exempt from, or otherwise not subject to, the 

registration requirements of Section 5, if the parties to the transaction are affiliates of the original 

 

has total assets exceeding $10,000,000 and a class of securities held of record by 2,000 persons, register such 

class of securities with the Commission. See Section 601 of the JOBS Act.

1147 See, e.g., ABA Letter; Arctic Island Letter 7; Craw Letter; Heritage Letter; Joinvestor Letter; 

PeoplePowerFund Letter; Public Startup Letter 3; Wefunder Letter.
330

issuer.1148 A few commenters recommended conditioning the exemption from the record holder 

count under Section 12(g) on the issuer’s asset value,1149 while a few others opposed such 

concept.1150 Another commenter recommended that issuers that fail to comply with Regulation 

Crowdfunding’s ongoing reporting requirements be disqualified from relying on the exemption 

from the record holder count under Section 12(g),1151 while two commenters opposed such 

concept.1152

c. Final Rules

In response to comments received, we are adopting Rule 12g-6 with certain 

modifications.1153 The rule provides that securities issued pursuant to an offering made under 

Section 4(a)(6) are exempted from the record holder count under Section 12(g), provided that the 

issuer is current in its ongoing annual reports required pursuant to Rule 202 of Regulation 

Crowdfunding, has total assets as of the end of its last fiscal year not in excess of $25 million, and 

has engaged the services of a transfer agent registered with the Commission pursuant to Section 

17A of the Exchange Act.1154

An issuer that exceeds the $25 million total asset threshold, in addition to exceeding the 

thresholds in Section 12(g), will be granted a two-year transition period before it will be required 

to register its class of securities pursuant to Section 12(g), provided it timely files all its ongoing 

 1148 See Arctic Island Letter 7. See also ABA Letter (recommending that the Commission, at a minimum, 

exempt from the Section 12(g) record holder count securities issued in a statutory merger to change the 

domicile of the issuer, in reliance on Securities Act Rule 145(a)(2)). 

1149 See, e.g., ABA Letter ($25 million); PeoplePowerFund Letter.

1150 See, e.g., Arctic Island Letter 7; Public Startup Letter 3.

1151 See Joinvestor Letter.

1152 See Arctic Island Letter 7; Public Startup Letter 3.

1153 17 CFR 240.12g-6.

1154 Id.
331

reports pursuant to Rule 202 of Regulation Crowdfunding during such period.1155 Section 12(g) 

registration will be required only if, on the last day of the fiscal year the company has total assets 

in excess of the $25 million total asset threshold, the class of equity securities is held by more than 

2,000 persons or 500 persons who are not accredited investors.1156 In such circumstances, an 

issuer that exceeds the thresholds in Section 12(g) and has total assets of $25 million or more will 

be required to begin reporting under the Exchange Act the fiscal year immediately following the 

end of the two-year transition period.1157 An issuer entering Exchange Act reporting will be 

considered an “emerging growth company” to the extent the issuer otherwise qualifies for such 

status.1158

An issuer seeking to exclude a person from the record holder count has the responsibility 

for demonstrating that the securities held by the person were initially issued in an offering made 

under Section 4(a)(6). As noted in the proposal, we believe that allowing issuers to sell securities 

pursuant to Section 4(a)(6) without becoming Exchange Act reporting issuers is consistent with 

the intent of Title III.1159 In this regard, we note that Title III provides for an alternative reporting 

system under which issuers using the crowdfunding exemption are required to file annual reports 

with the Commission.1160 We believe that conditionally exempting securities issued in reliance on 

 1155 Id.

1156 15 U.S.C. 78l(g). 

1157 17 CFR 240.12g-6.

1158 Under Section 2(a)(19) of the Securities Act, an “emerging growth company” is defined as, among other 

things, an issuer that had total annual gross revenues of less than $1 billion during its most recently 

completed fiscal year. 15 U.S.C. 77b(a)(19). See also Section 3(a)(80) of the Exchange Act (which repeats 

the same definition). 15 U.S.C. 78c(a)(80).

1159 See 158 CONG. REC. S1829 (daily ed. Mar. 20, 2012) (statement of Sen. Jeff Merkley) (“It also provides a 

very important provision so the small investors do not count against the shareholder number that drives 

companies to have to become a fully public company. That is critical and interrelates with other parts of the 

[crowdfunding] bill before us.”). 

1160 See Section II.B.2 for a discussion of the requirement to file annual reports. 
332

Section 4(a)(6) from the record holder count under Section 12(g), and thereby from the more 

extensive reporting obligations under the Exchange Act, is appropriate in light of the existence of 

the alternative ongoing reporting requirements that are tailored to the types of issuers and 

offerings we anticipate under Regulation Crowdfunding. 

In determining to provide a conditional exemption from the provisions of Section 12(g), 

we have considered a number of factors. First, we believe that conditioning the exemption on the 

issuer being current in its ongoing reporting requirements is consistent with the intent behind the 

original enactment of Section 12(g) because this condition requires that relevant, current

information about issuers will be made routinely available to investors and the marketplace.1161 

Second, we believe that conditioning the 12(g) exemption on crowdfunding issuers using a 

registered transfer agent will provide an important investor protection in this context. As 

discussed in Section II.C.3 above, regarding the need for an issuer to establish means to keep 

accurate records of its securities holders, we received a number of comments about the benefits of 

using a registered transfer agent. As noted above, we are not mandating the use of a transfer agent 

for all crowdfunding offerings, for both flexibility and cost reasons. However, we believe that 

requiring the use of a transfer agent is appropriate for those issuers that are seeking to have their 

crowdfunding securities exempted from the record holder count under Section 12(g). We expect 

that issuers at a stage at which they are seeking to rely on the Section 12(g) exemption are likely 

to be larger and thus better able to incur the costs of a transfer agent. In the absence of a 

conditional exemption from the provisions of Section 12(g), the use of a transfer agent registered 

 1161 Section 12(g) was enacted by Congress as a way to ensure that investors in over-the-counter securities about 

which there was little or no information, but which had a significant shareholder base, were provided with 

ongoing information about their investment. See, generally, Report of the Special Study of Securities 

Markets of the Securities and Exchange Commission. House Document No. 95, House Committee on 

Interstate and Foreign Commerce, 88th Cong., 1st Sess. (1963), at 60-62.
333

under the Exchange Act would be required of issuers when they register under the Exchange 

Act.

1162 We note that a registered transfer agent is a regulated entity with experience in 

maintaining accurate shareholder records, and its use will help to ensure that security holder 

records and secondary trades will be handled accurately. Third, we believe that the condition of 

total assets not exceeding $25 million will result in phasing out the Section 12(g) exemption once 

companies grow and expand their shareholder base and is consistent with the intent behind Title 

III of the JOBS Act, which was enacted to facilitate smaller company capital formation. 

Rule 12g-6 does not extend the exclusion from the Section 12(g) record holder count to 

different securities issued in exchange for Section 4(a)(6)-issued securities in a subsequent 

restructuring, recapitalization or similar transaction. While some commenters requested such an 

extension in instances where the parties to the transaction are affiliates of the original issuer, or in 

certain restructuring transactions, we do not believe that such an expansion in the context of 

shares initially issued using Regulation Crowdfunding would be appropriate because certain 

restructuring and recapitalization transactions could change the pool of holders of the securities

beyond those who initially acquired the securities in a crowdfunding transaction, denying those 

holders the protections of Section 12(g) registration. 

5. Scope of Statutory Liability

Securities Act Section 4A(c) provides that an issuer will be liable to a purchaser of its 

securities in a transaction exempted by Section 4(a)(6) if the issuer, in the offer or sale of the 

 1162 Section 3(a)(25) of the Exchange Act provides that a “transfer agent” is any person who engages on behalf of 

an issuer of securities or on behalf of itself as an issuer of securities in: (A) countersigning such securities 

upon issuance; (B) monitoring the issuance of such securities with a view to preventing unauthorized 

issuance (i.e., a registrar); (C) registering the transfer of such securities; (D) exchanging or converting such 

securities; or (E) transferring record ownership of securities by bookkeeping entry without the physical 

issuance of securities certificates. 15 U.S.C. 78c(a)(25). Section 17A(c)(1) of the Exchange Act generally 

requires any person performing any of these functions with respect to any security registered pursuant to 

Section 12 of the Exchange Act to register with the Commission or other appropriate regulatory agency. 15 

U.S.C. 78q-1(c)(1).
334

securities, makes an untrue statement of a material fact or omits to state a material fact required to 

be stated or necessary in order to make the statements, in light of the circumstances under which 

they were made, not misleading, provided that the purchaser did not know of the untruth or 

omission, and the issuer does not sustain the burden of proof that such issuer did not know, and in 

the exercise of reasonable care could not have known, of the untruth or omission. Section 

4A(c)(3) defines, for purposes of the liability provisions of Section 4A, an issuer as including 

“any person who offers or sells the security in such offering.” 

In describing the statutory liability provision in the Proposing Release, the Commission 

noted that it appears likely that intermediaries would be considered issuers for purposes of the 

provision. Several commenters agreed that Section 4A(c) liability should apply to intermediaries 

noting that it “may serve as a meaningful backstop against fraud”1163 and would create a “true 

financial incentive” for intermediaries to conduct checks on issuers and their key personnel.

1164

However, a large number of other commenters disagreed that Section 4A(c) liability 

should apply to intermediaries.1165 Some of these commenters stated their views that applying 

statutory liability to intermediaries would have a chilling effect on intermediaries’ willingness to 

facilitate crowdfunding offerings.1166 Others cited the cost of being subject to this liability as 

overly burdensome on funding portals, to the extent that they may not be able to conduct 

business.1167 Several commenters also explained that the nature of funding portals, as intended by 

 1163 See, e.g., Farnkoff Letter.

1164 See, e.g., BackTrack Letter. See also Patel Letter.

1165 See, e.g., ABA Letter; AngelList Letter; BetterInvesting Letter; CFIRA Letter 10; City First Letter; 

EarlyShares Letter; EMKF Letter; FSI Letter; Graves Letter; Guzik Letter 1; IAC Recommendation; 

Inkshares Letter; Milken Institute Letter; PPA Letter; RocketHub Letter; SBA Office of Advocacy Letter; 

SBEC Letter; SeedInvest Letter 3; Seyfarth Letter; StartupValley Letter; Wefunder Letter; Winters Letter.

1166 See, e.g., Guzik Letter 1; Inkshares Letter; RocketHub Letter; StartupValley Letter.

1167 See, e.g., City First Letter; Guzik Letter 1; SeedInvest Letter 3; Wefunder Letter; Winters Letter.
335

Congress, is distinct from that of registered broker-dealers.

1168 According to these commenters, a

funding portal’s role is not to offer and sell securities, but rather to provide a platform through 

which issuers may offer and sell securities. As such, these commenters asserted that it would not 

be appropriate to hold them liable for statements made by issuers.1169 In addition, one commenter

suggested that applying statutory liability to funding portals, while precluding their ability to limit

the offerings that they facilitate, is an “untenable” framework.1170 Some commenters stated that 

the statutory construct could unnecessarily lead to lawsuits against funding portals,

1171 with one of 

these commenters asserting that such suits would arise “for any deal that loses money” because 

the burden of proof is on the funding portal to prove it could not have known of material 

misstatements.”1172 One commenter stated that risk disclosures should require an explanation to 

investors that lawsuits by investors are only potentially viable if based on claims sounding in 

fraud or negligence and that “lawsuits cannot be filed just because the retail investor loses their 

risk capital.”1173

 1168 See, e.g., Inkshares Letter (likening funding portals to “impartial engineers of transactions” similar to online 

service providers under the Digital Millennium Copyright Act, that exist “for the transmission of 

information, and with it securities, between third parties”); RocketHub Letter; SeedInvest Letter 3; Seyfarth 

Letter.

1169 Id.

1170 AngelList Letter. See also, e.g., Graves Letter (stating that “to achieve the appropriate balance of creating a 

usable crowdfunding model for small businesses while providing adequate protections for investors, the 

Commission should remove the liability placed on funding portals in the proposed rules or permit them to 

curate offerings. . . . Otherwise it is highly improbable that any rational business would establish a web 

portal in a heads-you-win, tails-I-lose environment”); Milken Institute Letter (noting also that funding portals 

should be permitted to make subjective judgments in deciding which offerings to list, including based on an 

assessment of the merits or shortcomings of an offering); Wefunder Letter. See also Section II.D.3.a 

(discussing Rule 402(b)(1)).

1171 See, e.g., Inkshares Letter; SeedInvest Letter3.

1172 See SeedInvest Letter 3.

1173 See CarbonTech Letter.
336

One commenter suggested that the Commission retract its statement in the Proposing 

Release that “it appears likely that intermediaries, including funding portals, would be considered 

issuers for purposes of this liability provision.”1174 Other commenters suggested that the 

Commission should take action, such as: (i) exempting funding portals from liability, provided 

conditions are met such as compliance with Regulation Crowdfunding1175 or disclosure of the 

specific steps the funding portal has taken in its due diligence;1176 (ii) providing a safe harbor for 

activities funding portals can undertake in posting issuer materials on their platforms,1177 and (iii) 

providing a list of reasonable steps funding portals can take in reviewing an offering in order to 

rely on the reasonable care defense.1178 

We have considered the comments both in support of and against funding portals being 

considered issuers for purposes of Section 4A(c) liability. Specifically, we acknowledge 

commenters’ concerns that statutory liability may adversely affect funding portals, and 

suggestions that, under the statutory scheme, funding portals and broker-dealers engage in 

different activities that do not warrant a funding portal being subject to statutory liability. One 

difference commenters highlighted was the inability of a funding portal to limit the offerings on 

its platform under the proposed rules, and the untenable position of imposing statutory liability 

while precluding funding portals’ ability to limit the offerings on their platforms. In response to 

this comment, as described above, we have modified the language of the Rule 402 safe harbor 

 1174 See SeedInvest Letter 3.

1175 CFIRA Letter 10; SeedInvest Letter 3 (stating also that directors and officers of funding portals should be 

excluded from the definition of “issuer” for purposes of the statutory provision); StartupValley Letter. 

1176 EarlyShares Letter.

1177 CFIRA Letter 10; StartupValley Letter.

1178 CFIRA Letter 10; Milken Institute Letter (stating that funding portals “should not be required to ‘look 

behind’ every material statement in an offering, but rather should be held to a standard of satisfying the 

statute’s and proposed rule’s steps for ensuring that an offering does not invoke concerns of fraud or investor 

protection”); StartupValley Letter.
337

from the proposal to permit funding portals to exercise discretion to limit the offerings and issuers 

that they allow on their platforms.1179 We believe this will avoid the “untenable” framework that 

commenters described. We are specifically declining to exempt funding portals (or any 

intermediaries) from the statutory liability provision of Section 4A(c) or to interpret this provision 

as categorically excluding such intermediaries. We do not believe that we should preclude the 

ability of investors to bring private rights of action against funding portals (or any intermediaries). 

Such a categorical exemption or exclusion could pose undue risks to investors by providing 

insufficient incentives for intermediaries to take steps to prevent their platforms from becoming 

vehicles for fraud.

Accordingly, we believe that the determination of “issuer” liability for an intermediary 

under Section 4A(c) will turn on the facts and circumstances of the particular matter in question. 

While we acknowledge the concerns of commenters about the potential application of Section 

4A(c) liability, we note that Congress provided a defense to any such liability if an intermediary 

did not know, and in the exercise of reasonable care could not have known, of the untruth or 

omission. We continue to believe, as we identified in the Proposing Release, that there are 

appropriate steps that intermediaries might take in exercising reasonable care in light of this 

liability provision. These steps may include establishing policies and procedures1180 that are 

reasonably designed to achieve compliance with the requirements of Regulation Crowdfunding, 

and conducting a review of the issuer’s offering documents, before posting them to the platform, 

to evaluate whether they contain materially false or misleading information. 

 1179 See Rule 402(b)(1); Section II.D.3.a.

1180 With respect to intermediaries that are funding portals, see Rule 403(a) of Regulation Crowdfunding and the 

discussion in Section II.D.4.
338

6. Disqualification Provisions

Section 302(d) of the JOBS Act requires the Commission to establish disqualification 

provisions under which an issuer would not be eligible to offer securities pursuant to Section

4(a)(6) and an intermediary would not be eligible to effect or participate in transactions pursuant 

to Section 4(a)(6). Section 302(d)(2) specifies that the disqualification provisions must be 

“substantially similar” to the “bad actor” disqualification provisions contained in Rule 262 of 

Regulation A1181 and they also must cover certain actions by state regulators enumerated in 

Section 302(d)(2). 

The disqualification provisions included in Section 302(d) of the JOBS Act are modeled 

on the disqualification provisions included in Section 926 of the Dodd-Frank Act, which also 

required the Commission to adopt rules “substantially similar” to Rule 262 of Regulation A that 

disqualify securities offerings involving certain “felons and other ‘bad actors’” from reliance on 

Rule 506 of Regulation D. On July 10, 2013, we adopted rules to implement Section 926 of the 

Dodd-Frank Act to disqualify certain securities offerings from reliance on Rule 506 of Regulation 

D.1182 On March 25, 2015, we adopted amendments to Rule 262 of Regulation A1183 that made 

those provisions substantially similar to those adopted under Rule 506 of Regulation D.

a. Issuers and Certain Other Associated Persons

(1) Proposed Rules

As described in more detail below, the proposed disqualification rules as they relate to 

issuers and certain other associated persons would have been substantially similar to the 

 1181 17 CFR 230.262. 

1182 See Disqualification of Felons and Other “Bad Actors” from Rule 506 Offerings, Release No. 33-9414 (July 

10, 2013) [78 FR 44729 (July 24, 2013)] (“Disqualification Adopting Release”). 

1183 See Rule 506(c) Adopting Release, supra, note 5.
339

disqualification rules in Rules 262 and 506. Under those rules, disqualification arises only with 

respect to events occurring after effectiveness of the rules and disqualified persons may seek a 

waiver from the Commission from application of the disqualification provisions.

(2) Comments on Proposed Rules

Commenters were generally supportive of the proposed disqualification rules.1184 A few 

commenters recommended that pre-existing events should be subject to the disqualification 

rules,1185 although another supported the proposed approach of imposing disqualification only for 

events after effectiveness.1186 One commenter recommended that the Commission expand the list 

of covered persons to include transfer agents and lawyers who are subject to certain 

disqualifications.1187 

(3) Final Rules

We are adopting bad actor disqualification provisions for Regulation Crowdfunding1188

substantially as proposed with the exception of several modifications to further align the final 

rules with similar provisions in Rules 262 and 506. We believe that the final rules are appropriate 

in light of the JOBS Act Section 302(d) mandate. We further believe that creating a uniform set 

 1184 See, e.g., ABA Letter (expressing general support and recommending the Commission provide guidance on 

the term “voting securities” and regarding the waiver process); Commonwealth of Massachusetts Letter; 

Consumer Federation Letter (expressing an understanding of why the proposed disqualification rules are 

consistent with those under Regulation D, but noting their belief that those rules were weak when adopted); 

FundHub Letter 1 (stating that the proposed disqualification rules “are, to a certain degree, overkill” and too 

costly, but that disqualifying bad actors is good for the future of equity crowdfunding); Joinvestor 

(supporting the proposed look-back periods and waiver rules). But see Public Startup Letter 3 (stating the 

proposed rules are unconstitutional without explaining its reasoning); Public Startup Letter 5 (recommending 

the Commission establish an “offender registry” that requires issuers to maintain a “public profile” 

containing information about potential issuers in a standardized format, similar to FINRA’s BrokerCheck).

1185 See, e.g., Guzik Letter 1; NASAA Letter.

1186 See Joinvestor Letter.

1187 See Brown J. Letter (also recommending the Commission adopt similar bad actor provisions under 

Rule 504).

1188 See Rule 503 of Regulation Crowdfunding.
340

of bad actor standards for all exemptions that include bad actor disqualification is likely to 

simplify due diligence, particularly for issuers that may engage in different types of exempt 

offerings. 

Under the final disqualification rules, covered persons include the issuer and any 

predecessor of the issuer or affiliated issuer; directors, officers, general partners or managing 

members of the issuer; beneficial owners of 20% or more of the issuer’s outstanding voting equity 

securities (which we believe should be calculated based on the present right to vote for the 

election of directors, irrespective of the existence of control or significant influence); any 

promoter connected with the issuer in any capacity at the time of such sale; compensated solicitors 

of investors; and general partners, directors, officers or managing members of any such 

solicitor.

1189 We have not expanded the list of covered persons, as suggested by a commenter, 

because we believe that the limited additional investor protection that such an expansion may 

provide would not justify the costs that would result from inconsistent bad actor disqualification

rules. 

The disqualifying events include:

• felony and misdemeanor convictions within the last five years in the case of issuers, their 

predecessors and affiliated issuers, and 10 years in the case of other covered persons in 

connection with the purchase or sale of a security, involving the making of a false filing 

with the Commission; or arising out of the conduct of the business of an underwriter, 

broker, dealer, municipal securities dealer, investment adviser, funding portal or paid 

solicitor of purchasers of securities;

1190

 1189 See Rule 503(a) of Regulation Crowdfunding.

1190 See Rule 503(a)(1) of Regulation Crowdfunding.
341

• injunctions and court orders within the last five years against engaging in or continuing 

conduct or practices in connection with the purchase or sale of securities; involving the 

making of any false filing with the Commission; or arising out of the conduct of the 

business of an underwriter, broker, dealer, municipal securities dealer, investment adviser, 

funding portal or paid solicitor of purchasers of securities;1191

• certain final orders and bars of certain state and other federal regulators;1192

• Commission cease-and-desist orders relating to violations of scienter-based anti-fraud 

provisions of the federal securities laws or Section 5 of the Securities Act;1193

• filing, or being named as an underwriter in, a registration statement or Regulation A 

offering statement that is the subject of a proceeding to determine whether a stop order or 

suspension should be issued, or as to which a stop order or suspension was issued within 

the last five years;1194

• United States Postal Service false representation orders within the last five years;

1195 and

• for covered persons other than the issuer:

o being subject to a Commission order:

 revoking or suspending their registration as a broker, dealer, municipal 

securities dealer, investment adviser or funding portal;

 placing limitations on their activities as such;

 barring them from association with any entity; or

 1191 See Rule 503(a)(2) of Regulation Crowdfunding.

1192 See Rule 503(a)(3) of Regulation Crowdfunding.

1193 See Rule 503(a)(5) of Regulation Crowdfunding.

1194 See Rule 503(a)(7) of Regulation Crowdfunding.

1195 See Rule 503(a)(8) of Regulation Crowdfunding.
342

 barring them from participating in an offering of penny stock;1196 or

o being suspended or expelled from membership in, or suspended or barred from 

association with a member of, a registered national securities exchange or national 

securities association for conduct inconsistent with just and equitable principles of 

trade.1197

Consistent with Rules 262 and 506 and the proposal, we also are adopting provisions 

allowing for a waiver from and a reasonable care exception to the disqualification provisions.1198 

Under the final rules, an issuer will not lose the benefit of the Section 4(a)(6) exemption if it is 

able to show that it did not know, and in the exercise of reasonable care could not have known, of 

the existence of a disqualification.1199 Further, persons that are disqualified from relying on the 

exemption may request a waiver of disqualification from the Commission.1200

The final rules also specify that triggering events that pre-date effectiveness of the final 

rules will not cause disqualification, but instead must be disclosed on a basis consistent with Rules 

262 and 506(e).1201 Specifically, issuers will be required to disclose in their offering materials 

matters that would have triggered disqualification had they occurred after the effective date of 

proposed Regulation Crowdfunding.1202 In a change from the proposal, Rule 201(u) does not 

include the word “timely” as is included in Rule 506(e) of Regulation D, because unlike the 

 1196 See Rule 503(a)(4) of Regulation Crowdfunding.

1197 See Rule 503(a)(6) of Regulation Crowdfunding.

1198 See Rule 503(b) of Regulation Crowdfunding.

1199 See Rule 503(b)(4) of Regulation Crowdfunding.

1200 See Rule 503(b)(2) of Regulation Crowdfunding.

1201 See Rules 201(u) and 503(b)(1) of Regulation Crowdfunding. 

1202 See Rule 201(u) of Regulation Crowdfunding.
343

disclosure associated with Rule 506(e), the disclosure required by Rule 201(u) must be included in 

an issuer’s offering statement and thus is required to be timely to the offering.

We believe this disclosure will put investors on notice of events that would, but for the 

timing of such events, have disqualified the issuer from relying on Section 4(a)(6). We also 

believe that this disclosure is particularly important because, as a result of the implementation of 

Section 302(d), investors may have the impression that all bad actors are disqualified from 

participating in offerings under Section 4(a)(6). If disclosure of a pre-existing, otherwise 

disqualifying event is required and not provided to an investor, we would not view this as an

insignificant deviation from Regulation Crowdfunding under Rule 502.

Consistent with the proposal and with Rule 506, the final disqualification rules provide 

that events relating to certain affiliated issuers are not disqualifying if the events pre-date the 

affiliate relationship. Specifically, Rule 503(c) provides that events relating to any affiliated 

issuer that occurred before the affiliation arose will be not considered disqualifying if the affiliated 

entity is not (1) in control of the issuer or (2) under common control with the issuer by a third 

party that was in control of the affiliated entity at the time of such events.

1203

We also have modified the final rules to expressly include funding portals in the list of 

entities that could be subject to felony and misdemeanor convictions, injunctions and court orders

that would constitute disqualifying events.1204 As proposed, funding portals would have been 

included because they meet the definition of broker; however, for clarity, the final rule expressly 

includes them.

 1203 See Rule 503(c) of Regulation Crowdfunding.

1204 See Rules 503(a)(1)(iii) and 503(a)(2)(iii) of Regulation Crowdfunding. Because funding portals are brokers 

within the meaning of Exchange Act Section (3)(a)(4) (albeit exempt from registration as such), we believe 

that they would be covered by the term “broker” in the final rule. Nevertheless, for clarity, we are adding 

funding portals to the final rule text to avoid any confusion in this regard.
344

b. Intermediaries and Certain Other Associated Persons

(1) Proposed Rules

Section 302(d)(1)(B) requires the Commission to establish disqualification provisions 

under which an intermediary would not be eligible to effect or participate in transactions 

conducted pursuant to Securities Act Section 4(a)(6). Section 302(d)(2) requires that the 

disqualification provisions be substantially similar to the provisions of Securities Act Rule 262, 

which applies to issuers. Exchange Act Section 3(a)(39)1205 currently defines the circumstances in 

which a broker would be subject to a “statutory disqualification” with respect to membership or 

participation in a self-regulatory organization such as FINRA or any other registered national 

securities association. We believe that the definition of “statutory disqualification” under Section 

3(a)(39) is substantially similar to, while somewhat broader than, the provisions of Rule 262.1206 

As proposed, Rule 503(d) would have prohibited any person subject to a statutory 

disqualification as defined in Exchange Act Section 3(a)(39) from acting as, or being an 

associated person of, an intermediary unless permitted to do so by Commission rule or order. The 

term “subject to a statutory disqualification” has an established meaning under Exchange Act 

Section 3(a)(39) and defines circumstances that subject a person to a statutory disqualification 

with respect to membership or participation in, or association with a member of, a self-regulatory 

organization.1207 Because funding portals, like broker-dealers, are required to be members of 

 1205 15 U.S.C. 78c(39).

1206 See the Proposing Release at note 812 for a discussion of differences between Exchange Act Section 

3(a)(39) and Rule 262. Despite the differences, we believe that Section 3(a)(39) and Rule 262 are 

substantially similar, in particular with regard to the persons and events they cover, their scope and their 

purpose.

1207 Events that could result in a statutory disqualification for an associated person under Section 3(a)(39) 

include, but are not limited to: certain misdemeanor and all felony criminal convictions; temporary and 

permanent injunctions issued by a court of competent jurisdiction involving a broad range of unlawful 

investment activities; expulsions (and current suspensions) from membership or participation in an SRO; 
345

FINRA or any other applicable registered national securities association, we anticipate that 

funding portals will take appropriate steps to check the background of any person seeking to 

become associated with them, including whether such person is subject to a statutory 

disqualification. 

In addition, we proposed to clarify that associated persons of intermediaries engaging in 

transactions in reliance on Section 4(a)(6) must comply with Exchange Act Rule 17f-2,1208

relating to the fingerprinting of securities industry personnel. Under the proposal, Exchange Act 

Rule 17f-2 would have applied to all brokers, including registered funding portals. The proposed 

instruction to Rule 503(d) would have clarified that Rule 17f-2 generally requires the 

fingerprinting of every person who is a partner, director, officer or employee of a broker, subject 

to certain exceptions.

(2) Final Rules

We are adopting Rule 503(d) as proposed. We received two comments on the proposed 

rule. One commenter was in favor,1209 while another commenter was opposed. 1210 The Section 

3(a)(39) standard is an established one among financial intermediaries and their regulators. For 

this reason, we believe the Section 3(a)(39) standard is more appropriate for intermediaries than 

Rule 262 or the issuer disqualification rules under Regulation Crowdfunding. We are concerned 

that if we imposed a new or different statutory disqualification standard only for those 

 

bars (and current suspensions) ordered by the Commission or an SRO; denials or revocations of registration 

by the CFTC; and findings by the Commission, CFTC or an SRO that a person: (1) “willfully” violated the 

federal securities or commodities laws, or the Municipal Securities Rulemaking Board (MSRB) rules; (2) 

“willfully” aided, abetted, counseled, commanded, induced or procured such violations; or (3) failed to 

supervise another who commits violations of such laws or rules. 15 U.S.C. 78c(a)(39).

1208 17 CFR 240.17f-2.

1209 See NASAA Letter. 

1210 See Public Startup Letter 3.
346

intermediaries that engage in transactions in reliance on Section 4(a)(6), we may create confusion 

and unnecessary burdens on market participants. We note that such a divergence in standards 

would cause brokers that act as intermediaries in reliance on Section 4(a)(6) (and their associated 

persons) to become subject to two distinct standards for disqualification. Instead, we believe that 

intermediaries should be subject to the same statutory disqualification standard regardless of 

whether or not they are engaging in transactions involving the offer or sale of securities in reliance 

on Section 4(a)(6), and note that applying consistent standards for all brokers and funding portals 

will also assist FINRA or any other registered national securities association in its oversight of its 

members. Further, Exchange Act Rule 19h-1 prescribes the form and content of, and establishes 

the mechanism by which the Commission reviews, proposals submitted by SROs (such as 

FINRA) for its members, to allow a member or associated person subject to a statutory 

disqualification to become or remain a member or be associated with a member (“notice of 

admission or continuance notwithstanding a statutory disqualification,” as described in Rule 19h1(a)). Among other things, Rule 19h-1 provides for Commission review of notices filed by SROs 

proposing to admit any person to, or continue any person in, membership or association with a 

member notwithstanding a statutory disqualification as defined in Section 3(a)(39). Because 

intermediaries are required to be members of a registered national securities association (which is 

an SRO), actions taken by the SRO with respect to a proposed admission or continuance with 

respect to an intermediary or its associated persons will be subject to Rule 19h-1. Thus, the 

“pursuant to Commission rule” provision in Rule 503(d) will be satisfied if the admission or 

continuance request was subject to the requirements and process of Exchange Act Rule 19h-1. 

We also are adopting, as proposed, the instruction to Rule 503(d) clarifying that the Rule 17f-2 
347

fingerprinting requirements are applicable to all associated persons of intermediaries engaging in 

transactions in reliance on Section 4(a)(6). 

7. Secondary Market Trading

In addition to the actions the Commission is taking today to permit the offer and sale of 

securities in reliance on Section 4(a)(6), the Commission also recently adopted rules that exempt 

from the registration requirements of the Securities Act certain offerings of up to $50 million of 

securities annually,1211 and rules to eliminate the prohibition against general solicitation in certain

offerings pursuant to Regulation D under the Securities Act.

1212 The Commission is mindful of 

the need for market participants to have updated information in connection with the secondary 

market trading of securities issued pursuant to these rules.

1213

The anti-fraud provisions of the federal securities laws, and rules adopted thereunder, 

apply to the secondary market trading of securities, including securities offered and sold in 

reliance on Section 4(a)(6). For example, Exchange Act Rule 15c2-11 governs broker-dealers’ 

publication of quotations for certain over-the-counter securities in a quotation medium other than 

a national securities exchange.1214 The Commission adopted Rule 15c2-11 to prevent fraudulent 

and manipulative trading schemes that had arisen in connection with the distribution and trading 

of certain unregistered securities.1215 The rule prohibits broker-dealers from publishing quotations 

 1211 See Regulation A Adopting Release, supra, note 506.

1212 See Rule 506(c) Adopting Release, supra, note 5. 

1213 As discussed in Section II.E.2, Rule 501 imposes a one-year restriction on the transfer of securities issued in 

a transaction exempt from registration pursuant to Section 4(a)(6) of the Securities Act, other than to the 

issuer, an accredited investors, or to a family member of the purchaser or the equivalent in connection with 

certain specified events.

1214 17 CFR 240.15c2-11.

1215 See generally Initiation or Resumption of Quotations by a Broker or Dealer Who Lacks Certain Information, 

Exchange Act Release No. 9310 (Sept. 13, 1971), 36 FR 18641 (Sept. 18, 1971). See also Publication or 
348

(or submitting quotations for publication) in a “quotation medium”1216 for covered over-thecounter securities without first reviewing basic information about the issuer, subject to certain 

exceptions.1217 A broker-dealer also must have a reasonable basis for believing that the issuer 

information is accurate in all material respects and that it was obtained from a reliable source.1218

To be clear, the rules adopted today do not affect the obligations of a broker-dealer under 

Exchange Rule 15c2-11 to have a reasonable basis under the circumstances for believing that the 

information required by Rule 15c2-11 is accurate in all material respects, and that the sources of 

the information are reliable, prior to publishing any quotation, absent an exception,1219 for a 

covered security in any quotation medium.1220 The staff is directed to begin promptly an 

evaluation of the operation of Rule 15c2-11, both historically and in light of recent market 

developments, including Regulation Crowdfunding and earlier proposals for amendments to Rule 

 

Submission of Quotations Without Specified Information, Exchange Act Release No. 39670 (Feb. 17, 1998), 

63 FR 9661, 9662 (Feb. 25, 1998).

1216 17 CFR 240.15c2-11(e)(1) (defining quotation medium as “any ‘interdealer quotation system’ or any

publication or electronic communications network or other device which is used by brokers or dealers to 

make known to others their interest in transactions in any security, including offers to buy or sell at a stated 

price or otherwise, or invitations of offers to buy or sell”).

1217 17 CFR 240.15c2-11(a). See Publication or Submission of Quotations Without Specified Information, 

Exchange Act Release No. 34-39670 (Feb. 17, 1998), 63 FR 9661 (Feb. 25, 1998). 

1218 Id.

1219 See 17 CFR 240.15c2-11(f). For example, the rule includes an exception for unsolicited orders. 17 CFR 

240.15c2-11(f)(2). We remind broker-dealers that such unsolicited orders must be made by a customer 

(other than a person acting as or for a dealer) and that broker-dealers should be prepared to demonstrate that 

a customer initiated the order. 17 CFR 240.15c2-11(b)(1).

1220 Rule 15c2-11(c) further requires that broker-dealers keep the documents that they reviewed to establish this 

reasonable basis for believing that the required information is accurate in all material respects for a period of 

not less than three years. 17 CFR 240.15c2-11(c). The lack of documents used at the time the broker-dealer 

established the reasonable basis for its belief or presentation of incomplete or non-responsive documents, 

including later-dated filings, would not be sufficient to demonstrate that the broker-dealer had satisfied its 

obligations in this regard. See Initiation or Resumption of Quotations Without Specified Information, 

Exchange Act Release No 27247 (Sept. 14, 1989), 54 FR 39194, 39196 (Sept. 25, 1989) (“Subject to certain 

exceptions, the Rule prohibits a broker or dealer from submitting a quotation for a security in a quotation 

medium unless it has in its records specified information concerning the security and the issuer. . .”).
349

15c2-11,

1221 to assess how the rule is meeting regulatory objectives and to recommend any 

appropriate changes. In addition, and not withstanding any changes which may be made to Rule 

15c2-11 in the interim, the staff is also directed to review the development of secondary market 

trading in these securities during the study it plans to undertake within three years following the 

effective date of Regulation Crowdfunding, and to recommend to the Commission such additional 

actions with respect to Rule 15c2-11, as may be warranted.

1222

III. ECONOMIC ANALYSIS

Title III sets forth a comprehensive regulatory structure for startups and small businesses 

to raise capital through securities-based crowdfunding transactions using the Internet. In 

particular, Title III provides an exemption from registration for certain offerings of securities by 

adding Securities Act Section 4(a)(6). In addition, Title III:

• adds Securities Act Section 4A, which requires, among other things, that issuers and 

intermediaries that facilitate transactions between issuers and investors provide certain 

information to investors, take certain actions and provide notices and other information 

to the Commission; 

• adds Exchange Act Section 3(h), which requires the Commission to adopt rules to 

exempt, either conditionally or unconditionally, funding portals from having to register 

as broker-dealers or dealers pursuant to Exchange Act Section 15(a)(1); 

• mandates that the Commission adopt disqualification provisions under which an issuer 

would not be able to avail itself of the exemption for crowdfunding if the issuer or 

 1221 See Exchange Act Release No. 41110 (Feb. 25, 1999), 64 FR 11124 (Mar. 8, 1999).

1222 See Section II.
350

other related parties, including an intermediary, were subject to a disqualifying event; 

and

• adds Exchange Act Section 12(g)(6), which requires the Commission to adopt rules to 

exempt from Section 12(g), either conditionally or unconditionally, securities acquired 

pursuant to an offering made in reliance on Section 4(a)(6).

As discussed in detail above, we are adopting Regulation Crowdfunding to implement the 

requirements of Title III. The final rules implement the new exemption for the offer and sale of 

securities pursuant to the requirements of Section 4(a)(6) and provide a framework for the 

regulation of issuers and intermediaries, which include broker-dealers and funding portals 

engaging in such transactions. The final rules also permanently exempt securities offered and sold 

in reliance on Section 4(a)(6) from the record holder count under Exchange Act Section 12(g). 

We are mindful of the costs imposed by, and the benefits to be obtained from, our rules. 

Securities Act Section 2(a) and Exchange Act Section 3(f) require us, when engaging in 

rulemaking that requires us to consider or determine whether an action is necessary or appropriate 

in the public interest, to consider, in addition to the protection of investors, whether the action will 

promote efficiency, competition and capital formation. Exchange Act Section 23(a)(2) requires 

us, when adopting rules under the Exchange Act, to consider the impact that any new rule would 

have on competition and to not adopt any rule that would impose a burden on competition that is 

not necessary or appropriate in furtherance of the purposes of the Exchange Act. The discussion 

below addresses the economic effects of the final rules, including the likely costs and benefits of 

Regulation Crowdfunding, as well as the likely effect of the final rules on efficiency, competition 

and capital formation. Given the specific language of the statute and our understanding of 

Congress’s objectives, we believe that it is appropriate for the final rules generally to follow the 
351

statutory provisions. We nonetheless also rely on our discretionary authority to adopt certain 

additional provisions and make certain other adjustments to the final rules. While the costs and 

benefits of the final rules in large part stem from the statutory mandate of Title III, certain costs 

and benefits are affected by the discretion we exercise in connection with implementing this 

mandate. For purposes of this economic analysis, we address the costs and benefits resulting from 

the mandatory statutory provisions and our exercise of discretion together because the two types 

of benefits and costs are not separable. 

A. Baseline

The baseline for our economic analysis of Regulation Crowdfunding, including the 

baseline for our consideration of the effects of the final rules on efficiency, competition and 

capital formation, is the situation in existence today, in which startups and small businesses

seeking to raise capital through securities offerings must register the offer and sale of securities 

under the Securities Act unless they can rely on an existing exemption from registration under the 

federal securities laws. Moreover, under existing requirements, intermediaries intending to 

facilitate such transactions generally are required to register with the Commission as brokerdealers under Exchange Act Section 15(a). 

1. Current Methods of Raising up to $1 Million of Capital

The potential economic impact of the final rules, including their effects on efficiency, 

competition and capital formation, will depend on how the crowdfunding method of raising 

capital compares to existing methods that startups and small businesses currently use for raising 

capital. Startups and small businesses can potentially access a variety of external financing 

sources in the capital markets through registered or unregistered offerings of debt, equity and 

hybrid securities and bank loans. 
352

Issuers seeking to raise capital must register the offer and sale of securities under the 

Securities Act or qualify for an exemption from registration. Registered offerings, however, are 

generally too costly to be viable alternatives for startups and small businesses. Issuers conducting 

registered offerings incur Commission registration fees, legal and accounting fees and expenses, 

transfer agent and registrar fees, costs associated with periodic reporting requirements and other 

regulatory requirements and various other fees. Two surveys concluded that the average initial 

compliance cost associated with conducting an initial public offering is $2.5 million, followed by 

an ongoing compliance cost for issuers, once public, of $1.5 million per year.1223 Hence, for an 

issuer seeking to raise less than $1 million, a registered offering may not be economically 

feasible.1224 Moreover, issuers conducting registered offerings also usually pay underwriter fees, 

which are, on average, approximately 7% of the proceeds for initial public offerings, 

 1223 See IPO Task Force, Rebuilding the IPO On-Ramp, at 9 (Oct. 20, 2011) for the two surveys, available at

http://www.sec.gov/info/smallbus/acsec/rebuilding_the_ipo_on-ramp.pdf (“IPO Task Force”). These 

estimates should be interpreted with the caveat that most firms in the IPO Task Force surveys likely raised 

more than $1 million. The IPO Task Force surveys do not provide a breakdown of costs by offering size. 

However, compliance related costs of an initial public offering and subsequent compliance related costs of 

being a reporting company likely have a fixed cost component that would disproportionately affect small 

offerings. 

Title I of the JOBS Act provided certain accommodations to issuers that qualify as emerging growth 

companies (EGCs). According to a recent working paper, the underwriting, legal and accounting fees of 

EGC and non-EGC initial public offerings were similar (based on a time period from April 5, 2012 to April 

30, 2014). For a median EGC initial public offering, gross spread comprised 7% of proceeds and accounting 

and legal fees comprised 2.4% of proceeds. See Susan Chaplinsky, Kathleen W. Hanley, and S. Katie Moon, 

The JOBS Act and the Costs of Going Public, Working Paper (2014), available at

http://ssrn.com/abstract_id=2492241.

1224 Id.
353

approximately 5% for follow-on equity offerings and approximately 1−1.5% for issuers raising 

capital through public bond issuances.1225 

An alternative to raising capital through registered offerings is to offer and sell securities 

by relying on an existing exemption from registration under the federal securities laws. For 

example, startups and small businesses could rely on current exemptions from registration under 

the Securities Act, such as Section 3(a)(11),1226 Section 4(a)(2),1227 Regulation D,1228 and 

Regulation A.1229 While we do not have complete data on offerings relying on an exemption 

under Section 3(a)(11) or Section 4(a)(2), certain data available from Regulation D and 

Regulation A filings allow us to gauge how frequently issuers seeking to raise up to $1 million use 

these exemptions.

Based on Regulation D filings by issuers that are not pooled investment vehicles from 

2009 to 2014,1230 a substantial number of issuers chose to raise capital by relying on Rule 506, 

 1225 See, e.g., Hsuan-Chi Chen and Jay R. Ritter, The Seven Percent Solution, 55 J. FIN. 1105−1131 (2000); Mark 

Abrahamson, Tim Jenkinson, and Howard Jones, Why Don't U.S. Issuers Demand European Fees for IPOs? 

66 J. FIN. 2055–2082 (2011); Shane A. Corwin, The Determinants of Underpricing for Seasoned Equity 

Offers, 58 J. FIN. 2249−2279 (2003); Lily Hua Fang, Investment Bank Reputation and the Price and Quality 

of Underwriting Services, 60 J. FIN. 2729−2761 (2005); Rongbing Huang and Donghang Zhang, Managing 

Underwriters and the Marketing of Seasoned Equity Offerings, 46 J. FIN. QUANT. ANALYSIS 141–170 

(2011); Stephen J. Brown, Bruce D. Grundy, Craig M. Lewis and Patrick Verwijmeren, Convertibles and 

Hedge Funds as Distributors of Equity Exposure, 25 REV. FIN. STUD. 3077−3112 (2012).

1226 Securities Act Section 3(a)(11), generally known as the “intrastate offering exemption,” provides an 

exemption from registration for issuers doing business within a particular state or territory. To qualify for 

this exemption, the offering must be “part of an issue offered and sold only to persons resident within a 

single State or Territory, where the issuer of such security is a person resident and doing business within, or, 

if a corporation, incorporated by and doing business within, such State or Territory.” 

1227 Securities Act Section 4(a)(2) provides that the registration provisions of the Securities Act shall not apply to 

“transactions by an issuer not involving a public offering.” 

1228 Regulation D provides exemptions and a nonexclusive safe harbor from registration for certain types of 

securities offerings. 

1229 Regulation A provides a conditional exemption from registration for certain small issuances. 

1230 See Scott Bauguess, Rachita Gullapalli, and Vladimir Ivanov, Capital Raising in the U.S.: An Analysis of the 

Market for Unregistered Securities Offerings, 2009–2014 (October 2015) (“Unregistered Offerings White 

Paper”), available at: http://www.sec.gov/dera/staff-papers/white-papers/unregistered-offering10-2015.pdf.
354

even though their offering size would qualify for an exemption under Rule 504 or Rule 505.1231 

The 2013 amendment to Rule 506 of Regulation D permits an issuer to engage in general 

solicitation and general advertising in offering and selling securities pursuant to Rule 506(c), 

subject to certain conditions,1232 which can enable issuers to reach a potentially broader base of 

accredited investors. As shown in the table below, although issuers can raise unlimited amounts 

of capital relying on the Rule 506(c) exemption, most of the issuers made offers for amounts of up 

to $1 million.

Offering size

Regulation D 

exemption

≤$1 

Million

$1-5 

million

$5-50 

million

>$50 

million

 Rule 504 3,643 -- -- --

 Rule 505 501 774 -- --

 Rule 506(b) 27,106 25,746 18,670 2,733

Rule 506(c) 588 531 419 89

Total 31,838 27,051 19,089 2,822

 Regulation A 5 33 -- --

Note: Data based on Form D, excluding issuers that are pooled investment vehicles, and Form 1-A 

filings from 2009 to 2014. We consider only new offerings and exclude offerings with amounts 

sold reported as $0 on Form D. Data on Rule 506(c) offerings covers the period from September 

23, 2013 (the day the rule became effective) to December 31, 2014. We also use the maximum 

amount indicated in Form 1-A to determine offering size for Regulation A offerings.1233

 1231 This tendency could, in part, be attributed to two features of Rule 506: preemption from state registration 

(“blue sky”) requirements and an unlimited offering amount. See also U.S. Government Accountability 

Office, Factors That May Affect Trends in Regulation A Offerings, GAO-12-839 (Jul. 3, 2012), available at

http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-12-839 (“GAO Report”).

1232 In particular, all purchasers of securities sold in any offering under the exemption must be accredited 

investors, and the issuer must take reasonable steps to verify that purchasers of securities sold in any offering 

are accredited investors (17 CFR 230.506). See Rule 506(c) Adopting Release, supra, note 5.

1233 We only consider Regulation A offerings that have been qualified by the Commission. For purposes of 

counting filings, we exclude amendments or multiple Form 1-A filings by the same issuer in a given year. 

For purposes of determining the offering size for Regulation A offerings, we use the maximum amount 

indicated on the latest pre-qualification Form 1-A or amended Form 1-A. We reclassify two offerings that 

are dividend reinvestment plans with unclear offering amounts as having the maximum permitted offering 

amount.
355

Based on the table above, from 2009 to 2014, almost no issuers in offerings of up to $1 

million relied on Regulation A. This data does not reflect the recent changes to Regulation A 

adopted by the Commission on March 25, 2015. Those changes allow issuers to raise up to $50 

million over a 12-month period and exempt certain Regulation A offerings (Tier 2 offerings) from 

state registration requirements. Because these changes are so recent, more time is needed to 

observe how the amendments to Regulation A will affect capital raising by small issuers.1234

Each of these exemptions, however, includes restrictions that may limit its suitability for 

startups and small businesses. The table below lists the main requirements of these exemptions. 

For example, the exemption under Securities Act Section 3(a)(11) is limited to intrastate 

offerings.1235 Issuers conducting a Regulation A offering may be required to register their 

offerings with states or meet additional regulatory requirements, such as investment limitations (if 

the investor is not an accredited investor), audited financial statements and ongoing reporting. In 

addition, issuers in all Regulation A offerings are required to file with the Commission an offering 

document on Form 1-A. Such compliance related costs may be a more significant constraint on 

issuers in offerings of up to $1 million.1236 Issuers of securities pursuant to Securities Act Section 

4(a)(2) and Rules 504, 505 and 506(b) under Regulation D generally may not engage in general 

solicitation and general advertising to reach investors, which also can place a significant limitation 

on offerings by startups and small businesses. While Rule 506 under Regulation D preempts the 

applicability of state registration requirements and new Rule 506(c) permits general solicitation 

 1234 See Regulation A Adopting Release.

1235 See note 1226. 

1236 See Rutheford B. Campbell, Jr., Regulation A: Small Businesses’ Search for “A Moderate Capital”, 31 DEL.

J. CORP. L. 77, 106 (2006). See also GAO Report, note 1231.
356

and general advertising, an issuer seeking to rely on Rule 506(c) is limited to selling securities 

only to accredited investors.1237 

The table below summarizes the main features of each exemption.

 1237 See Rule 506(c) Adopting Release, note 5.
357

Type of 

Offering 

Offering

Limit1238

Solicitation Issuer and Investor 

Requirements 

Filing 

Requirement 

Resale 

Restrictions 

Blue Sky 

Law 

Preemption

Section 

3(a)(11)

None All offerees 

must be resident 

in state

All issuers and investors 

must be resident in state

None No1239 No

Section 

4(a)(2)

None No general 

solicitation

Transactions by an issuer not 

involving any public 

offering1240

None Restricted 

securities

No

Regulation 

A

Tier 1: $20 

million 

with $6 

million 

limit on 

secondary 

sales by 

affiliates of 

the issuer;

Tier 2: $50 

million 

with $15 

million 

limit on 

secondary 

sales by 

affiliates of 

the issuer

Testing the 

waters permitted 

both before and 

after filing the 

offering 

statement

U.S. or Canadian issuers, 

excluding investment 

companies, blank-check 

companies, reporting 

companies, and issuers of 

fractional undivided interests 

in oil or gas rights, or similar 

interests in other mineral 

rights1241

File testing 

the waters 

materials 

and Form 

1-A for 

Tiers 1 and 

2; file 

annual, 

semiannual, and 

current 

reports for 

Tier 2; file 

exit report 

for Tier 1 

and to 

suspend or 

terminate 

reporting 

for Tier 2

No Tier 1: No

Tier 2: Yes

 1238 Aggregate offering limit on securities sold within a twelve-month period. 

1239 Although Section 3(a)(11) does not have explicit resale restrictions, the Commission has explained that “to 

give effect to the fundamental purpose of the exemption, it is necessary that the entire issue of securities shall 

be offered and sold to, and come to rest only in the hands of residents within the state.” See SEC Rel. No. 33-

4434 (Dec. 6, 1961) [26 FR 11896 (Dec. 13, 1961)]. State securities laws, however, may have specific resale 

restrictions. Securities Act Rule 147, a safe harbor under Section 3(a)(11), limits resales to persons residing 

in-state for a period of nine months after the last sale by the issuer. [17 CFR 230.147].

1240 Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act provides a statutory exemption for “transactions by an issuer not 

involving any public offering.” See SEC v. Ralston Purina Co. 346 U.S. 119 (1953) (holding that an offering 

to those who are shown to be able to fend for themselves is a transaction “not involving any public 

offering.”)

1241 The Regulation A exemption also is not available to companies that have been subject to any order of the 

Commission under Exchange Act Section 12(j) entered within the past five years; have not filed ongoing 

reports required by the regulation during the preceding two years, or are disqualified under the regulation's 

“bad actor” disqualification rules.
358

Type of 

Offering 

Offering

Limit1238

Solicitation Issuer and Investor 

Requirements 

Filing 

Requirement 

Resale 

Restrictions 

Blue Sky 

Law 

Preemption

Rule 504 

Regulation 

D

$1 million General 

solicitation 

permitted in 

some cases1242

Excludes investment 

companies, blank-check 

companies, and Exchange 

Act reporting companies

File Form 

D1243

Restricted in 

some cases1244

No

Rule 505

Regulation 

D

$5 million No general 

solicitation

Unlimited accredited 

investors and up to 35 nonaccredited investors

File Form 

D1245

Restricted 

securities

No

Rule 506(b) 

Regulation 

D

None No general 

solicitation

Unlimited accredited 

investors and up to 35 nonaccredited investors

File Form 

D1246

Restricted 

securities

Yes

Rule 506(c) 

Regulation 

D

None General 

solicitation is 

permitted 

subject to 

certain 

conditions 1247

Unlimited accredited 

investors; no non-accredited 

investors

File Form 

D1248

Restricted 

securities

Yes

2. Current Sources of Funding for Startups and Small Businesses that 

Could Be Substitutes or Complements to Crowdfunding

At present, startups and small businesses can raise capital from several sources that could 

be close substitutes for or complements to crowdfunding transactions that rely on Section 4(a)(6). 

This capital raising generally is conducted through unregistered securities offerings, involves 

lending by financial institutions or derives from family and friends. 

 

1242 No general solicitation or advertising is permitted unless the offering is registered in a state requiring the use 

of a substantive disclosure document or sold under a state exemption for sales to accredited investors with 

general solicitation.

1243 Filing is not a condition of the exemption, but it is required under Rule 503. 

1244 Restricted unless the offering is registered in a state requiring the use of a substantive disclosure document or 

sold under a state exemption for sale to accredited investors.

1245 Filing is not a condition of the exemption, but it is required under Rule 503. 

1246 Filing is not a condition of the exemption, but it is required under Rule 503.

1247 General solicitation and general advertising are permitted under Rule 506(c), provided that all purchasers are 

accredited investors and the issuer takes reasonable steps to verify accredited investor status.

1248 Filing is not a condition of the exemption, but it is required under Rule 503.
359

a. Family and Friends

Family and friends are sources through which startups and small businesses can raise 

capital. This source of capital is usually available early in the lifecycle of a small business, before 

the business engages in arm’s-length and more formal funding channels.1249 Among other things, 

family and friends may donate funds, loan funds or acquire an equity stake in the business. A 

recent study of the financing choices of startups finds that most of the capital supplied by friends 

and family is in the form of loans.1250 In contrast to a commercial lender that, for example, would 

need to assess factors such as the willingness and ability of a borrower to repay the loan and the 

viability of its business, family and friends may be willing to provide capital based primarily or 

solely on personal relationships. Family and friends, however, may be able to provide only a 

limited amount of capital compared to other sources. In addition, financial arrangements with 

family and friends may not be an optimal source of funding if any of the parties is not 

knowledgeable about the structuring of loan agreements, equity investments or related areas of 

accounting. We do not have data available on these financing sources that allow us to quantify 

their magnitude and compare them to other current sources of capital. 

 1249 See Paul Gompers and Josh Lerner, THE VENTURE CAPITAL CYCLE (MIT Press 2006) (“Gompers”); Alicia 

M. Robb and David T. Robinson, The Capital Structure Decisions of New Firms, 27 REV. FIN. STUD. 153-

179 (2014) (“Robb”).

1250 See Robb, note 1249.
360

b. Commercial Loans, Peer-to-Peer Loans and Microfinance

Startups and small businesses also may seek loans from financial institutions.1251 A 2014 

study of the financing choices of startups suggests that they resort to bank financing early in their 

lifecycle.1252 The study finds that businesses rely heavily in the first year after being formed on 

external debt sources such as bank financing, mostly in the form of personal and commercial bank 

loans, business credit cards and credit lines. Another recent report, however, suggests that bank 

lending to small businesses fell by $100 billion from 2008 to 2011 and that, by 2012, less than 

one-third of small businesses reported having a business bank loan.1253 Trends in small business 

lending by FDIC-insured depository institutions are illustrated in the figure below. As of June 

2014, business loans of up to $1 million amounted to approximately $590 billion, approximately 

17% lower than the 2008 level.1254 

 1251 Using data from the 1993 Survey of Small Business Finance, one study indicates that financial institutions 

account for approximately 27% of small firms’ borrowings. See Allen N. Berger and Gregory F. Udell, The 

Economics of Small Business Finance: The Roles of Private Equity and Debt Markets in the Financial 

Growth Cycle, 22 J. BANKING & FIN. 613 (1998). See also 1987, 1993, 1998 and 2003 Surveys of Small 

Business Finances, available at http://www.federalreserve.gov/pubs/oss/oss3/nssbftoc.htm. The Survey of 

Small Business Finances was discontinued after 2003. Using data from the Kauffman Foundation Firm 

Surveys, one study finds that 44% of startups use loans from financial institutions. See Rebel A. Cole and 

Tatyana Sokolyk, How Do Start-Up Firms Finance Their Assets? Evidence from the Kauffman Firm 

Surveys (2012), available at http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2028176.

1252 See Robb, note 1249.

1253 See The Kauffman Foundation, 2013 State of Entrepreneurship Address (Feb. 5, 2013), available at

http://www.kauffman.org/uploadedFiles/DownLoadableResources/SOE%20Report_2013pdf. The report 

cautions against prematurely concluding that banks are not lending enough to small businesses as the sample 

period of the study includes the most recent recession. 

1254 We define small business loans to include commercial and industrial loans to U.S. addressees of up to $1 

million and loans secured by nonfarm nonresidential properties. See Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, 

Statistics on Depository Institutions Report, available at http://www2.fdic.gov/SDI/SOB/ (“FDIC 

Statistics”).
361

Additionally, although covering the pre-recessionary period, a Federal Reserve Board staff 

study analyzing data from the 2003 Survey of Small Business Finance suggests that 60 percent of 

small businesses have outstanding credit in the form of a credit line, a loan or a capital lease.1255 

These loans were borrowed from two types of financial institutions – depositary and nondepositary institutions (e.g., finance companies, factors or leasing companies).1256 Lines of credit

were the most widely used type of credit.1257 Other types included mortgage loans, equipment 

loans and motor vehicle loans.1258

Various loan guarantee programs of the Small Business Administration (“SBA”) make 

credit more accessible to small businesses by either lowering the interest rate of the loan or 

 1255 See Federal Reserve Board, Financial Services Used by Small Businesses: Evidence from the 2003 Survey of 

Small Business Finances (October 2006), available at http://www.federalreserve.gov/pubs/bulletin/2006/

smallbusiness/smallbusiness.pdf (“2003 Survey”). 

1256 See Rebel Cole, What Do We Know About the Capital Structure of Privately Held Firms? Evidence from the 

Surveys of Small Business Finance, 42 FIN. MANAGEMENT 777–813 (2013).

1257 See 2003 Survey, note 1255 (estimating that 34% of small businesses use lines of credit).

1258 Id.

 $500

 $550

 $600

 $650

 $700

 $750

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

Value of Small Business Loans Outstanding for FDIC-Insured 

Depository Lenders, 6/30/2002-6/30/2014 ($ billion)
362

enabling a market-based loan that a lender would not be willing to provide absent a guarantee.1259 

Although the SBA does not itself act as a lender, the agency guarantees a portion of loans made 

and administered by lending institutions. SBA loan guarantee programs include 7(a) loans1260 and 

CDC/504 loans.1261 For example, in SBA fiscal year 2014, the SBA supported approximately 

$28.7 billion in 7(a) and CDC/504 loans distributed to approximately 51,500 small businesses.1262 

SBA-guaranteed loans, however, currently account for a relatively small share (18 percent) of the 

balances of small business loans outstanding.1263 The SBA also offers the Microloan program, 

which provides funds to specially designated intermediary lenders that administer the program for 

eligible borrowers.1264

 1259 Numerous states also offer a variety of small business financing programs, such as Capital Access Programs, 

collateral support programs and loan guarantee programs. These programs are eligible for support under the 

State Small Business Credit Initiative, available at http://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/sbprograms/Pages/ssbci.aspx.

1260 15 U.S.C. 631 et seq. The 7(a) loans provide small businesses with financing guarantees for a variety of 

general business purposes through participating lending institutions.

1261 15 U.S.C. 695 et seq. The CDC/504 loans are made available through “certified development companies” or 

“CDCs,” typically structured with the SBA providing 40% of the total project costs, a participating lender 

covering up to 50% of the total project costs and the borrower contributing 10% of the total project costs.

1262 See U.S. Small Business Administration, FY 2016 Congressional Budget Justification and FY 2014 Annual 

Performance Report, available at https://www.sba.gov/content/fiscal-year-2016-congressional-budgetjustificationannual-performance-report (“2014 Annual Performance Report”). 

1263 As of the end of SBA fiscal year 2014, the SBA-guaranteed business loans outstanding (including 7(a) and 

504 loans) equaled $107.5 billion. See Small Business Administration Unpaid Loan Balances by Program, 

available at https://www.sba.gov/sites/default/files/files/WDS_Table1_UPB_Report.pdf. This comprises 

approximately 18% of the approximately $590 billion in outstanding small business loans for commercial 

real estate and commercial and industrial loans discussed above. In 2014 the SBA expanded eligibility for 

loans under its business loan programs. See SBA 504 and 7(a) Loan Programs Updates (Mar. 21, 2014) [79 

FR 15641 (Apr. 21, 2014)]. In addition to loan guarantees, the SBA program portfolio also includes direct 

business loans, which are mainly microloans (outstanding direct business loans equaled $137.1 billion), and 

disaster loans. 

1264 15 U.S.C. 631 et seq. The Microloan program provides small, short-term loans to small businesses and 

certain types of not-for-profit childcare centers. The maximum loan amount is $50,000, but the average 

microloan is about $13,000. Intermediaries are nonprofit community-based organizations with experience in 

lending, as well as management and technical assistance. Intermediaries set their own lending requirements 

and generally require some type of collateral as well as the personal guarantee of the business owner. See

Microloan Program, U.S. Small Business Administration, available at

http://www.sba.gov/content/microloan-program.
363

Many startups and small businesses may find loan requirements imposed by financial 

institutions difficult to meet and may not be able to rely on these institutions to secure funding. 

For example, financial institutions generally require a borrower to provide collateral and/or a 

guarantee,1265 which startups, small businesses and their owners may not be able to provide. 

Collateral and/or a guarantee may similarly be required for loans guaranteed by the SBA. 

Another source of debt financing for startups and small businesses is peer-to-peer lending, 

which began developing in 2005.1266 Such debt transactions are facilitated by online platforms 

that connect borrowers and lenders and potentially offer small businesses additional flexibility on 

pricing, repayment schedules, collateral or guarantee requirements, and other terms. Some market 

participants offer a secondary market for loans originated on their own sites.1267 At least one of 

the platforms sells third-party issued securities to multiple individual investors, thus improving the 

liquidity of these securities.1268 Like in any traditional lending arrangement, however, borrowers 

are required to make regular payments to their lenders. This requirement could make it a less 

attractive option for small businesses with negative cash flows and short operating histories, both 

of which may make it more difficult for such businesses to demonstrate their ability to repay 

loans. According to some estimates, the global volume of “lending-based” crowdfunding, which 

 

As of the end of SBA fiscal year 2014, the SBA Microloans outstanding equaled $136.7 billion. See Small 

Business Administration Unpaid Loan Balances by Program, available at 

https://www.sba.gov/sites/default/files/files/WDS_Table1_UPB_Report.pdf.

1265 Approximately 92% of all small business debt to financial institutions is secured, and about 52% of that debt 

is guaranteed, primarily by the owners of the firm. See Berger, note 1251. 

1266 See Ian Galloway, Peer-to-Peer Lending and Community Development Finance, Federal Reserve Bank of 

San Francisco, Working Paper (2009), available at http://www.frbsf.org/publications/community/wpapers/

2009/wp2009-06.pdf.

1267 Id.

1268 Id. We note that under current law, this activity would require broker-dealer registration.
364

includes peer-to-peer lending to consumers and businesses, had risen to approximately $11.08 

billion in 2014.1269

Technology has facilitated the growth of alternative models of small business lending. 

According to one study,1270 the outstanding portfolio balance of online lenders has doubled every 

year, although this market represents less than $10 billion in outstanding loan capital as of the 

fourth quarter of 2013. Several models of online small business lending have emerged: online 

lenders raising capital from institutional investors and lending on their own account (for example, 

short-term loan products similar to a merchant cash advance); peer-to-peer platforms; and “lender‐

agnostic” online marketplaces that facilitate small business borrower access to various loan 

products (such as term loans, lines of credit, merchant cash advances and factoring products) from 

traditional and alternative lenders.1271 According to the 2014 Small Business Credit survey,1272

18% of all small businesses surveyed applied for credit with an online lender. The survey also 

showed differences in the use of online lenders by type of borrower: 22% of small businesses 

categorized in the survey as “startups” (i.e., businesses that have been in business for less than 

 1269 See Massolution, 2015CF Crowdfunding Industry Report: Market Trends, Composition and Crowdfunding 

Platforms, available at http://reports.crowdsourcing.org/index.php?route=product/product&product_id=54

(“Massolution 2015”) at 56. The Massolution 2015 report refers to peer-to-peer lending to consumers and 

peer-to-business lending to small businesses as “lending-based” crowdfunding. The discussion in this 

economic analysis refers to peer-to-peer business lending more broadly in a sense synonymous with 

“lending-based” crowdfunding. 

1270 See Karen Gordon Mills and Brayden McCarthy, The State of Small Business Lending: Credit Access during 

the Recovery and How Technology May Change the Game, Harvard Business School Working Paper 15-004 

(2014), available at http://ssrn.com/abstract=2470523.

1271 Id.

1272 The survey was conducted by the Federal Reserve Banks of New York, Atlanta, Cleveland, and Philadelphia 

between September and November of 2014. It focused on credit access among businesses with fewer than 

500 employees in Alabama, Connecticut, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, 

Pennsylvania, and Tennessee. The survey authors note that since the sample is not a random sample, results 

were reweighted for industry, age, size, and geography to reduce coverage bias. See Federal Reserve Banks 

of New York, Atlanta, Cleveland and Philadelphia, Joint Small Business Credit Survey Report (2014), 

available at http://www.newyorkfed.org/smallbusiness/SBCS-2014-Report.pdf.
365

five years) applied for credit with online lenders. By comparison, 8% of small businesses 

categorized in the survey as “growers” (i.e., businesses that were profitable and experienced an 

increase in revenue) applied with online lenders, and 3% of small businesses categorized in the 

survey as “mature firms” (i.e., businesses that have been in business for more than five years, had 

over ten employees, and had prior debt) applied with an online lender. The latter two categories 

of small businesses were more likely to apply for credit with bank lenders than with online 

lenders.

Microfinance is another source of debt financing for startups and small businesses. 

Microfinance consists of small, working capital loans provided by microfinance institutions 

(“MFIs”) that are invested in microenterprises or income-generating activities.1273 The typical 

users of microfinance services and, in particular, of microcredit are family-owned enterprises or 

self-employed, low-income entrepreneurs, such as street vendors, farmers, service providers, 

artisans and small producers, who live close to the poverty line in both urban and rural areas.1274

The microfinance market has evolved and grown considerably in the past decades. While 

data on the size of the overall industry is sparse, according to one report, in fiscal year 2012, the 

U.S. microfinance industry was estimated to have disbursed $292.1 million across 36,936 

microloans and was estimated to have $427.6 million in outstanding microloans (across 45,744 in 

microloans).1275 As of 2013, this report identified 799 microenterprise programs that provide 

 1273 See Craig Churchill and Cheryl Frankiewicz, Making Microfinance Work: Managing for Improved 

Performance, Geneva International Labor Organization (2006). 

1274 See Joanna Ledgerwood, Microfinance Handbook: An Institutional and Financial Perspective, Washington 

DC, World Bank Publications (1999).

1275 See FIELD at the Aspen Institute, U.S. Microenterprise Census Highlights, FY 2012, available at

http://fieldus.org/Publications/CensusHighlightsFY2012.pdf.
366

loans, training, technical assistance and other microenterprise services directly to microentrepreneurs.

1276

c. Venture Capitalists and Angel Investors

Startups and small businesses also may seek funding from venture capitalists (“VCs”) and 

angel investors. Entrepreneurs seek VC and angel financing usually after they have exhausted 

sources of capital that generally do not require the entrepreneurs to relinquish control rights (e.g., 

personal funds from family and friends). 

According to data from the National Venture Capital Association, in calendar year 2014, 

VCs invested approximately $49.3 billion in 4,361 transactions involving 3,665 companies, which 

included seed, early-stage, expansion, and late-stage companies. Seed and early-stage deals 

represented 1.5% and 32.2%, respectively, of the dollar volume of deals and 4.4% and 49.7%, 

respectively of the overall number of VC deals.1277 

 1276 Id. See also note 1264 (describing the SBA Microloan program).

1277 See National Venture Capital Association, 2015 National Venture Capital Association Yearbook, available 

at http://nvca.org/?ddownload=1868 (“NVCA”).
367

Some startups, however, may struggle to attract funding from VCs because VCs tend to 

invest in startups with certain characteristics. A defining feature of VCs is that they tend to focus 

on startup companies with high-growth potential and a high likelihood of going public after a few 

years of financing. VCs also tend to invest in companies that have already used some other 

sources of financing, tend to be concentrated in certain geographic regions (e.g., California and 

Massachusetts) and often require their investments to have an attractive business plan, meet 

certain growth benchmarks or fill a specific portfolio or industry niche.1278 In addition, when 

investing in companies, VCs tend to acquire significant control rights (e.g., board seats, rights of 

first refusal, etc.), which they gradually relinquish as the company approaches an initial public 

offering.1279 In 2014, according to an industry source, information technology and 

medical/health/life sciences deals attracted the largest dollar volume of VC financing.1280 

 1278 See Gompers, note 1249.

1279 See Steven N. Kaplan and Per Stromberg, Financial Contracting Meets the Real World: An Empirical 

Analysis of Venture Capital Contracts, 70 REV. ECON. STUD. 281–316 (2003).

1280 See NVCA, note 1277.

10

20

30

40

50

60

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

1 2 3 4 5 6

Venture Capital Investments and Number of Deals, 

2009-2014

Number of deals Amount invested ($ billion)

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
368

According to a 2012 academic study, VCs appear to focus on scale or potential for scale rather 

than short-term profitability in their selection of targets, and firms that receive VC financing tend 

to be significantly larger than non-VC firms, based on employment and sales.1281

According to a recent report, angel investments amounted to $24.1 billion in 2014, with 

approximately 73,400 entrepreneurial ventures receiving angel funding and approximately 

316,600 active angel investors.1282 In 2014, angel investments were concentrated in software, 

healthcare, and IT services. The average angel deal size was approximately $328,500. 

Seed/startup stage deals accounted for 25% and early stage deals accounted for 46%.1283 As 

suggested by an academic study, angel investors tend to invest in younger companies than 

VCs.1284 

3. Current Crowdfunding Practices

A recent crowdfunding industry report1285 defines the current crowdfunding activity in the 

United States generally as “lending-based,”1286 “reward-based,” “donation-based,” “royaltybased,” “equity-based,”1287 and “hybrid.” We note that the definitions of crowdfunding types 

 1281 See Manju Puri and Rebecca Zarutskie, On the Life Cycle Dynamics of Venture-Capital- and Non-VentureCapital-Financed Firms, 67 J. FIN., 2247–2293 (2012) (“Puri”).

1282 See Jeffrey Sohl, The Investor Angel Market in 2014: A Market Correction in Deal Size, Center for Venture 

Research, May 14, 2015, available at

https://paulcollege.unh.edu/sites/paulcollege.unh.edu/files/webform/2014%20Analysis%20Report.pdf

(“Sohl”). 

1283 Id.

1284 See Gompers, note 1249.

1285 See Massolution 2015. 

1286 Id. In this industry report, “lending-based” crowdfunding includes peer-to-peer lending to consumers and 

peer-to-business lending. 

1287 The report does not identify which jurisdictions were represented in the survey. For example, France, Italy, 

Japan, and the UK have adopted specialized equity crowdfunding regimes. It should be noted that “equitybased” crowdfunding is not a one-size-fits-all model. The crowdfunding regimes in these four countries 

differ on a number of dimensions (e.g., securities allowed to be sold by issuers, or types of issuers allowed to 

use the exemption), amongst themselves and when compared to Regulation Crowdfunding. Some number 

also allow equity crowdfunding through their general securities laws. See Eleanor Kirby and Shane Worner, 
369

used in this industry report and the characteristics of crowdfunding activity currently in existence 

are not directly comparable to the contours of security-based crowdfunding transactions 

contemplated by the rules being adopted today. Thus, considerable caution must be exercised 

when generating projections of future crowdfunding volume from current activity broadly 

attributed to the “crowdfunding” industry. In particular, the industry report defines reward-based 

crowdfunding as a model where funders receive a “reward,” such as a perk or a pre-order of a 

product, and it defines donation-based crowdfunding as a model where funders make 

philanthropic donations to causes that they want to support, with no return on their investment 

expected.1288 According to the industry report, royalty-based crowdfunding, which involves a 

percentage of revenue from a license or a usage-based fee for the other parties’ right to the 

ongoing use of an asset, continues to grow.1289

The industry report indicates that, in 2014, crowdfunding platforms raised approximately 

$16.2 billion globally, which represented a 167% increase over the amount raised in 2013.1290 

These amounts include various types of crowdfunding: lending-based crowdfunding accounted 

for the largest share of volume (approximately $11.08 billion) followed by equity-based 

crowdfunding (approximately $1.11 billion), reward-based crowdfunding (approximately $1.33 

billion), donation-based crowdfunding (approximately $1.94 billion), royalty-based crowdfunding 

 

Crowd-funding: An Infant Industry Growing Fast, Staff Working Paper of the IOSCO Research Department, 

available at http://www.iosco.org/research/pdf/swp/Crowd-funding-An-Infant-Industry-Growing-Fast.pdf.

1288 See Massolution 2015 at 42. Many of the current domestic crowdfunding offerings relate to individual 

projects and may not have a defined or sustained business model commensurate with typical issuers of 

securities. 

1289 Id. at 43. The Massolution 2015 report did not provide separate statistics on royalty-based and hybrid 

crowdfunding models prior to the 2013 report. 

1290 Id. at 13.
370

(approximately $273 million), and hybrid crowdfunding (approximately $487 million).1291 In 

2014, North American crowdfunding volume was approximately $9.46 billion, which represented 

a 145% increase over the amount raised in 20131292 (including approximately $1.23 billion in 

reward-based crowdfunding, approximately $959 million in donation-based crowdfunding, and 

approximately $787.5 million in equity-based crowdfunding, with the remainder comprised of 

lending-based, royalty-based, and hybrid models1293). The industry report further indicates that 

global equity-based crowdfunding volume grew by 182% in 2014.1294 According to the report, 

this rapid growth in equity-based crowdfunding has been driven largely by North America and 

Europe.1295

The industry report further indicates that, in 2014 the worldwide average size of a funded 

campaign was less than $4,000 for consumer lending-based, reward-based, and donation-based 

crowdfunding types.1296 Crowdfunded business loans and equity-based campaigns, however, 

were substantially higher. In 2014, the global average size of a funded peer-to-business lendingbased crowdfunding campaign was $103,618.1297 In 2014, a typical equity-based campaign was 

larger, with the global average size of $275,461.1298 These figures suggest that the types of 

ventures financed through equity-based crowdfunding could be different than those financed 

 1291 Id. at 14.

1292 Id. at 53.

1293 Id. at 55.

1294 Id. at 14. By comparison, in 2014, “reward-based” crowdfunding grew by 84%, “lending-based” 

crowdfunding by 223%; “donation-based” crowdfunding by 45%; “royalty-based” crowdfunding by 336%; 

and “hybrid” crowdfunding by 290%. 

1295 Id. at 55. “Equity-based” crowdfunding in North America ($787.5 million) and Europe ($177.5 million) 

grew by 301% and 145%, respectively.

1296 Id. at 59.

1297 Id. at 60.

1298 Id. at 60.
371

through other crowdfunding methods. In 2014, the average size of a funded equity-based 

campaign in North America was $175,000.1299

Since the passage of the JOBS Act, many U.S. states have made changes to their securities 

laws to accommodate intrastate securities-based crowdfunding transactions. Based on 

information from NASAA, as of September 2015, 29 states and the District of Columbia have 

enacted state crowdfunding provisions that rely, at the federal level, on the intrastate offering 

exemptions under Securities Act Section 3(a)(11) and Rule 147 or on Rule 504 of Regulation D. 

These state crowdfunding rules allow businesses in a state to use securities-based crowdfunding to 

raise capital from investors within that state.1300 There is limited information available to us about 

the scope of domestic crowdfunding activity in reliance on the intrastate exemptions. Since 

December 2011, when the first state (Kansas) enacted its crowdfunding provisions, 118 state 

crowdfunding offerings have been reported to be filed with the respective state regulator and 102 

were reported to be approved or cleared, as of August 1, 2015.1301

4. Survival Rates for Startups and Small Businesses

Startups and small businesses that lack tangible assets or business experience needed to 

obtain conventional financing might turn to securities-based crowdfunding in reliance on 

Section 4(a)(6) as an attractive potential source of financing. There is broad evidence that many 

 1299 Id. at 60. The report does not provide the average size of North American donation-based, reward-based, or 

lending-based crowdfunding campaigns. The report notes that, in 2014, the average funded North American 

donation-based and reward-based campaigns were 56% and 54%, respectively, of the average size of funded 

European donation-based and reward-based campaigns. Id. at 60. 

1300 See NASAA’s Intrastate Crowdfunding Resource Center at http://www.nasaa.org/industryresources/corporation-finance/instrastate-crowdfunding-resource-center/, accessed in September 2015. See 

also NASAA’s State Crowdfunding Update, available at: http://nasaa.cdn.s3.amazonaws.com/wpcontent/uploads/2014/12/Intrastate-Crowdfunding-Overview-2015.pdf.

1301 Based on information provided by NASAA. The jurisdictions included in the estimate are Alabama, District 

of Columbia, Georgia, Idaho, Indiana, Kansas, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Oregon, Texas, 

Vermont, Washington, and Wisconsin.
372

of these potential issuers are likely to fail after receiving funding. For example, a 2010 study 

reports that of a random sample of 4,022 new high-technology businesses started in 2004, only 

68% survived by the end of 2008.1302 

Similarly, other studies suggest that startups and small businesses financed by venture 

capitalists also tend to have high failure rates. One study finds that for 16,315 VC-backed 

companies that received their first institutional funding round between 1980 and 1999, 

approximately one-third failed after the first funding round.1303 Additionally, another study of 

more than 2,000 companies that received at least $1 million in venture funding, from 2004 

through 2010, finds that almost three-quarters of these companies failed.1304 Another study, based 

on a sample ending in 2005, found cumulative failure rates of 34.1% for VC-financed firms and 

66.3% for non-VC-financed firms, with the difference driven by lower failure rates of VCfinanced firms in the initial years after receiving VC financing.1305 

Taken all together, the failure rates documented in these studies are high for startups and 

small businesses, even with the involvement of sophisticated investors like VCs. Because we 

expect that issuers that will engage in offerings made in reliance on Section 4(a)(6) will be in an 

earlier stage of business development than the businesses included in the above studies, we 

 

1302 See Alicia Robb, E.J. Reedy, Janice Ballou, David DesRoches, Frank Potter and Zhanyun Zhao, An 

Overview of the Kauffman Firm Survey: Results from the 2004-2008 Data, Kauffman Foundation, available 

at http://www.kauffman.org/uploadedFiles/kfs_2010_report.pdf (“Kauffman Firm Survey”).

1303 See Yael V. Hochberg, Alexander Ljungqvist and Yang Lu, Whom You Know Matters: Venture Capital 

Networks and Investment Performance, 62 J. OF FIN. 251-301 (2007).

1304 See Deborah Gage, The Venture Capital Secret: 3 Out of 4 Start-Ups Fail, WALL ST. J., Sept. 19, 2012.

1305 See Puri, note 1281. According to this study, the difference in the outcomes of VC-financed and non-VCfinanced firms decreases after accounting for observable differences in firm characteristics, but it does not 

disappear. However, as the study notes, in evaluating the remaining differences in the outcomes of VCfinanced and non-VC-financed firms, it is not possible to fully differentiate the effects of superior selection 

on the basis of unobservable firm characteristics from the effects of VC monitoring and expertise.
373

believe that issuers that engage in securities-based crowdfunding may have higher failure rates 

than those in the studies cited above.

5. Market Participants 

The final rules will have their most significant impact on the market for the financing of 

startups and small businesses. The number of participants in this market and the amounts raised 

through alternative sources indicate that this is a large market. In 2013, there were more than 5 

million small businesses, defined by the U.S. Census Bureau as having fewer than 500 paid 

employees.1306 As of June 2014, FDIC-insured depositary institutions held approximately $590 

billion in approximately 23.4 million small business loans.1307 According to the SBA’s fiscal year 

2014 annual performance report, approximately 51,500 small businesses received funding in 2014 

through SBA’s main lending programs, 7(a) and 504 loans.1308 In 2014, VCs invested $49.3 

billion of capital in in 4,361 transactions involving 3,665 startups, according to an industry 

source.1309 In 2014, angel investors contributed $24.1 billion, with approximately 73,400 

entrepreneurial ventures receiving angel funding.

1310

Below, we analyze the economic effect of the final rules on the following parties: 

(1) issuers, typically startups and small businesses, that seek to raise capital by issuing securities; 

(2) intermediaries through which issuers seeking to engage in transactions in reliance on 

Section 4(a)(6) will offer and sell their securities; (3) investors who purchase or may consider 

 1306 See U.S. Department of Commerce, United States Census Bureau, Business Dynamics Statistics, Data: Firm 

Characteristics (2013), available at http://www.census.gov/ces/dataproducts/bds/data_firm.html. 

1307 For the purposes of this figure, small business loans are defined as loans secured by nonfarm nonresidential 

properties and commercial and business loans of $1,000,000 or less. See FDIC Statistics, note 1254.

1308 See 2014 Annual Performance Report, note 1262.

1309 See NVCA, note 1277.

1310 See Sohl, note 1282.
374

purchasing securities in such offerings; and (4) other capital providers, broker-dealers and finders 

who currently participate in private offerings. The potential economic impact of the final rules 

will depend on how these market participants respond to the final rules. Each of these parties is 

discussed in further detail below.

a. Issuers 

The final rules will permit certain entities to raise capital by issuing securities for the first 

time. The number, type and size of the potential issuers that will seek to use crowdfunding to 

offer and sell securities in reliance on Section 4(a)(6) is uncertain, but data on current market 

practices may help identify the number and characteristics of potential issuers. 

It is challenging to precisely predict the number of future securities offerings that might 

rely on Section 4(a)(6), particularly because rules governing the process are being adopted 

today.1311 

According to filings made with the Commission, from 2009 to 2014, there were 

approximately 4,559 issuers per year in new Regulation D offerings with offer sizes of up to $1 

million (excluding issuers that are pooled investment vehicles), including approximately 1,020

(22%) per year that reported having no revenue and approximately 861 (19%) per year that 

reported revenues of up to $1 million.

1312 Among issuers in new Regulation D offerings with 

offer sizes of up to $1 million (excluding issuers that are pooled investment vehicles) during this 

period, the overwhelming majority of issuers (approximately 80%) are younger than 5 years old, 

 1311 See also Section IV.B.1.

1312 In addition, in an average year, approximately 50% of issuers in new Regulation D offerings with offer sizes 

of up to $1 million (excluding issuers that are pooled investment vehicles) declined to disclose their 

revenues. It is also possible that some issuers in Regulation D offerings that report revenues in excess of $1 

million may participate in offerings in reliance on Section 4(a)(6).
375

with the median age of approximately one year. Approximately 92% of these issuers were 

organized as either a corporation or a limited liability company. 

It is expected that many future issuers of securities in crowdfunding offerings would have 

otherwise raised capital from one of the alternative sources of financing discussed above, while 

others would have been financed by friends and family or not financed at all. Due to the 

differences between small business loans (including SBA-guaranteed loans) and securities-based 

crowdfunding offerings that can be conducted under the final rules, we are not able to estimate 

how many small businesses utilizing these forms of financing may instead pursue an offering in 

reliance on Section 4(a)(6). Similarly, due to the differences between the terms of crowdfunding 

campaigns in existence today and the provisions of the final rules, is not clear how many current 

campaigns can instead become offerings in reliance on Section 4(a)(6).1313 Hence, while some of 

the businesses using these alternative funding sources may become issuers offering and selling 

securities in reliance on Section 4(a)(6) in the future, we cannot know how many of these 

businesses will elect securities-based crowdfunding in reliance on Section 4(a)(6) once it becomes 

available, nor can we know how many future businesses may not be financed at all. 

We believe that many potential issuers of securities through crowdfunding will be startups 

and small businesses that are close to the “idea” stage of the business venture and that have 

 1313 A recent industry report estimated that the equity-based crowdfunding volume in North America in 2014 was 

$787.5 million and the average size of a successful equity-based crowdfunding campaign was $175,000. See

Massolution 2015 at 55 and 60. This allows us to estimate approximately 4,500 successful equity-based 

crowdfunding campaigns for North America in 2014. The report does not provide statistics for the United 

States alone. Equity-based crowdfunding campaigns in the United States are currently limited to accredited 

investors or intrastate offerings in certain jurisdictions. Further, the industry report does not provide 

information that would allow us to estimate the number of crowdfunding campaigns of other types (such as 

reward-based or donation-based) in North America or the United States in 2014. We note that many such 

campaigns, particularly those that relate to individual projects, may not have a defined or sustained business 

model commensurate with typical issuers of securities. In particular, many of the current reward-based or 

donation-based crowdfunding projects likely entail endeavors that may not be suitable to a long-lived 

securities issuance (e.g., certain artistic endeavors or artistic projects).
376

business plans that are not sufficiently well-developed or do not offer the growth potential or 

business model to attract VCs or angel investors. In this regard, a study of one large platform 

revealed that relatively few companies on that platform operate in technology sectors that 

typically attract VC investment activity.1314 

b. Intermediaries 

Section 4(a)(6)(C) requires that an offer and sale of securities in reliance on 

Section 4(a)(6) be conducted through a registered funding portal or a broker. Registered brokerdealers, both those that are already registered with the Commission and those that will register, 

might wish to facilitate securities-based crowdfunding transactions. New entrants that do not wish 

to register as broker-dealers might decide to register as funding portals to facilitate securitiesbased crowdfunding transactions in reliance on Section 4(a)(6). Donation-based or reward-based 

crowdfunding platforms with established customer relationships might seek to leverage these 

relationships and register as funding portals, or register as or associate with registered brokerdealers. Although the number of potential intermediaries that will fill these roles is uncertain, 

practices of existing broker-dealers and crowdfunding platforms provide insight into how the 

market might develop.

Based on FOCUS Reports filed with the Commission, as of December 2014, there were 

4,267 broker-dealers registered with the Commission, with average total assets of approximately 

$1.1 billion per broker-dealer. The aggregate total assets of these registered broker-dealers are 

approximately $4.9 trillion. Of these registered broker-dealers, 816 also are dually registered as 

investment advisers. 

 1314 See Ethan R. Mollick, The Dynamics of Crowdfunding: An Exploratory Study, Working Paper (June 26, 

2013), available at http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2088298. 
377

Existing crowdfunding platforms are diverse and actively involved in financing, allowing 

thousands of projects to search for capital. A recent industry report estimates that, as of 2014, 

1,250 crowdfunding platforms were operating worldwide, including 375 platforms operating in 

North America.

1315 Globally, approximately 19% (236) of platforms were engaged in equitybased crowdfunding, 18.3% in lending-based crowdfunding, 22.6% in donation-based 

crowdfunding, 28.9% in reward-based crowdfunding, with the remainder engaged in royaltybased and hybrid crowdfunding.1316 An earlier industry report indicated that crowdfunding 

platforms typically charge entrepreneurs a “transaction fee” that is based on how large the target 

amount is and/or upon reaching the target and that fees from survey participants worldwide ranged 

from 2% to 25%, with an average of 7% in North America and Europe.1317 The 2012 industry 

report provides one case study of fees for a “large-securities-based CFP” stating “[t]here are no 

management fees for uncommitted capital, but a “2 and 20” arrangement is set on deals 

funded.”1318 

We do not know at present which market participants will become intermediaries under 

Section 4(a)(6) and Regulation Crowdfunding, but we believe that existing crowdfunding 

platforms might seek to leverage their already-existing Internet-based platforms, brand 

recognition and user bases to facilitate offerings in reliance on Section 4(a)(6).1319 

 1315 See Massolution 2015 at 84. The report does not provide separate statistics for the United States.

1316 Id. at 89.

1317 See Massolution Crowdfunding Industry Report: Market Trends, Composition and Crowdfunding Platforms

(May 2012) (“Massolution 2012”) at 38.

1318 Id.

1319 For example, the Massolution 2012 industry report suggests that funding portal reputation is important in the 

crowdfunding market, especially for equity-based crowdfunding. See Massolution 2012 at 46. 
378

Under the statute and the final rules, funding portals are constrained in the services they 

can provide, and persons (or entities) seeking the ability to participate in activities unavailable to 

funding portals, such as offering investment advice or holding, managing, possessing or otherwise 

handling investor funds, would instead need to register as broker-dealers or investment advisers, 

depending on their activities. Although we expect that initially, upon adoption of the final rules, 

more new registrants will register as funding portals than as broker-dealers given the less 

extensive regulatory requirements imposed on funding portals, it is possible that market 

competition to offer broker-dealer services as part of intermediaries’ service capabilities might 

either drive more broker-dealer growth in the longer term or provide registered funding portals 

with the incentive to form long-term partnerships with registered broker-dealers. One commenter 

suggested that funding portals may find it beneficial to cooperate with registered broker-dealers 

and transfer agents.1320 Other commenters on the proposal did not provide additional information 

on this issue. There is anecdotal evidence that such partnerships are already forming under 

existing regulations in crowdfunding transactions involving accredited investors.

1321 The final 

rules provide that intermediaries will be deemed to have satisfied the requirement to have a 

reasonable basis for believing that an issuer has established means to keep accurate records of the 

 1320 See TinyCat Letter (but noting that such partnerships should be optional).

1321 See David Drake, Rich Man’s Crowd Funding, FORBES, Jan. 15, 2013, available at

http://www.forbes.com/sites/groupthink/2013/01/15/rich-mans-crowd-funding/. See also Mohana 

Ravindranath, For broker/dealers, crowdfunding presents new opportunity, WASH. POST, Mar. 29, 2013, 

available at http://www.washingtonpost.com/business/on-small-business/for-brokerdealers-crowdfundingpresents-new-opportunity/2013/03/28/bb835942-8075-11e2-8074-b26a871b165a_story.html; J.J. Colao, In 

the Crowdfunding Gold Rush, This Company Has a Rare Edge, FORBES, June 5, 2013, available at

http://www.forbes.com/sites/jjcolao/2013/06/05/in-the-crowdfunding-gold-rush-this-company-has-a-rareedge/; Arina Shulga, Crowdfunding Right Now (Fund Model, Broker-Dealer Model, Lending Platforms and 

Intrastate Offerings), LEXISNEXIS.COM, Aug. 7, 2014, available at

http://www.lexisnexis.com/legalnewsroom/banking/b/venture-capital/archive/2014/08/07/crowdfundingright-now-fund-model-broker-dealer-model-lending-platforms-and-intrastate-offerings.aspx; Alessandra 

Malito, Broker-dealer expands crowdfunding reach with new partnership, INVESTMENTNEWS, Apr. 14, 

2015, available at http://www.investmentnews.com/article/20150414/FREE/150419972/broker-dealerexpands-crowdfunding-reach-with-new-partnership.
379

holders of the securities it would offer and sell through the intermediary’s platform if the issuer 

has engaged the services of a registered transfer agent.1322 This registered transfer agent safe 

harbor may lead intermediaries to encourage issuers to use a registered transfer agent.

c. Investors 

It is unclear what types of investors will participate in offerings made in reliance on 

Section 4(a)(6), but given the investment limitations in the final rules, we believe that many 

investors affected by the final rules will likely be individual retail investors who currently do not 

have broad access to investment opportunities in early-stage ventures. Offerings made in reliance 

on Section 4(a)(6) may provide retail investors with additional investment opportunities, although 

the extent to which they invest in such offerings will likely depend on their view of the potential 

return on investment as well as the risk for fraud. 

In contrast, larger, more sophisticated or well-funded investors may be less likely to invest 

in offerings made in reliance on Section 4(a)(6). The relatively low investment limits set by the 

statute for crowdfunding investors may make these offerings less attractive for professional 

investors, including VCs and angel investors.1323 While an offering made in reliance on 

Section 4(a)(6) can bring an issuer to the attention of these investors, it is possible that 

professional investors will prefer, instead, to invest in offerings in reliance on Rule 506, which are 

not subject to the investment limitations applicable to offerings made in reliance on 

Section 4(a)(6). 

 1322 See Rule 301(b) of Regulation Crowdfunding.

1323 An observer suggests that, unlike angels, VCs may be less interested in crowdfunding because, if VCs rely 

on crowdfunding sites for their deal flow, it would be difficult to justify charging a 2% management fee and 

20% carried interest to their limited partners. See Ryan Caldbeck, Crowdfunding – Why Angels, Venture 

Capitalists And Private Equity Investors All May Benefit, FORBES, Aug. 7, 2013. 
380

d. Other Capital Providers, Broker-Dealers and Finders in Private 

Offerings

The final rules may affect other parties that provide sources of capital, such as small 

business lenders, VCs, family and friends and angel investors that currently finance small private 

businesses. The current scope of financing provided by these capital providers is discussed above. 

As discussed below, the magnitude of the final rules’ economic impact will depend on whether 

crowdfunding in reliance on Section 4(a)(6) emerges as a substitute or a complement to these 

financing sources.

In addition, issuers conducting private offerings may, outside of offerings in reliance on 

Section 4(a)(6), currently use broker-dealers to help them with various aspects of the offering and 

to help ensure compliance with the ban on general solicitation and advertising that exists for most 

private offerings. Private offerings also could involve finders who connect issuers with investors 

for a fee.1324 These private offering intermediaries also may be affected by the final rules, because 

once issuers can undertake offerings in reliance on Section 4(a)(6), some issuers might no longer 

need the services of those broker-dealers and finders. 

Although we are unable to predict the exact size of the market for broker-dealers and 

finders in private offerings that are comparable to those that the final rules permit, data on the use 

of broker-dealers and finders in the Regulation D markets suggest that they may not currently play 

a large role in private offerings. Based on a staff study, only 21% of all new Regulation D 

offerings from 2009 to 2014 used an intermediary such as a broker-dealer or a finder.1325 The use 

of a broker-dealer or a finder increased with offering size; they participated in approximately 17% 

 1324 Depending on their activities, these persons may need to be registered as broker-dealers.

1325 See Unregistered Offerings White Paper, note 1230.
381

of offerings for up to $1 million and 30% of offerings for more than $50 million. Moreover, the 

fee tends to decrease with offering size. Unlike the gross spreads in registered offerings, the 

differences in fees for Regulation D offerings of different sizes are large: the average total fee 

(commission plus finder fee) paid by issuers conducting offerings of up to $1 million (6.4% in 

2014) is almost three times larger on a percentage basis than the average total fee paid by issuers 

conducting offerings of more than $50 million (1.9% in 2014).1326 These estimates, however, 

only reflect practices in the Regulation D market. It is possible that issuers engaging in other 

types of private offerings (e.g., those relying on Section 4(a)(2)), for which we do not have data, 

may use broker-dealers and finders more frequently and have different fee structures. 

B. Analysis of Final Rules

As noted above, we are mindful of the costs and benefits of the final rules, as well as the 

impact that the final rules may have on efficiency, competition and capital formation. In enacting 

Title III, Congress established a framework for a new type of exempt offering and required us to 

adopt rules to implement that framework. To the extent that crowdfunding rules are successfully 

utilized, the crowdfunding provisions of the JOBS Act are expected to provide startups and small 

businesses with the means to raise relatively modest amounts of capital, from a broad cross 

section of investors, through securities offerings that are exempt from registration under the 

Securities Act. They also are expected to permit small investors to participate in a wider range of 

securities offerings than may be currently available.1327 Specifically, the statutory provisions and 

the final rules address several challenges specific to financing startups and small businesses, 

including, for example, accessing a large number of investors, the regulatory requirements 

 1326 Id.

1327 See, e.g., 158 CONG. REC. S1781 (daily ed. Mar. 19, 2012) (statement of Sen. Carl Levin) (“Right now, the 

rules generally prohibit a company from raising very small amounts from ordinary investors without 

significant costs.”). 
382

associated with issuing a security, protecting investors and making such securities offerings costeffective for the issuer. 

In the sections below, we analyze the costs and benefits associated with the crowdfunding 

regulatory regime, as well as the potential impacts of such a regulatory regime on efficiency, 

competition and capital formation, in light of the baseline discussed above.

1. Broad Economic Considerations

In this release, we discuss the potential costs and benefits of the final rules. Many of these 

costs and benefits are difficult to quantify or estimate with any degree of certainty, especially 

considering that Section 4(a)(6) provides a new method for raising capital in the United States. 

Some costs are difficult to quantify or estimate because they represent transfers between various 

participants in a market that does not yet exist. For instance, costs to issuers can be passed on to 

investors and costs to intermediaries can be passed on to issuers and investors. These difficulties 

in estimating and quantifying such costs are exacerbated by the limited public data that indicates 

how issuers, intermediaries and investors will respond to these new capital raising opportunities. 

The discussion below highlights several general areas where uncertainties about the new 

crowdfunding market might affect the potential costs and benefits of the final rules, as well as our 

ability to quantify those costs and benefits. It also highlights the potential effects on efficiency, 

competition and capital formation. 

The extent to which the statute and the final rules affect capital formation and the cost of 

capital to issuers depends in part on the issuers that choose to participate. In particular, if 

offerings in reliance on Section 4(a)(6) only attract issuers that are otherwise able to raise capital 

through another type of exempt offering, the statute and the final rules may result in a 
383

redistribution of capital flow, which may enhance allocative efficiency but have a limited impact 

on the aggregate level of capital formation.1328

Notwithstanding the existence of these alternative methods of capital raising, we believe 

that offerings pursuant to Section 4(a)(6) will likely represent a new source of capital for many 

small issuers that currently have difficulty raising capital. Startups and small businesses usually 

have smaller and more variable cash flows than larger, more established companies, and internal 

financing from their own business operations tends to be limited and unstable. Moreover, these 

businesses tend to have smaller asset bases1329 and, thus, less collateral for traditional bank loans. 

As discussed above, startups and small businesses, which are widely viewed to have more 

financial constraints than publicly-traded companies and large private companies, could therefore 

benefit significantly from a securities-based crowdfunding market. Some small businesses may 

not qualify for traditional bank loans and may find alternative debt financing too costly or 

incompatible with their financing needs. While some small businesses may attract equity 

investments from angel investors or VCs, other small businesses, particularly, businesses at the 

seed stage may have difficulty obtaining external equity financing from these sources. We believe 

that the statute, as implemented by the final rules, may increase both capital formation and the 

efficiency of capital allocation among small issuers by expanding the range of methods of external 

financing available to small businesses and the pool of investors willing to finance such types of 

 

1328 For example, a 2012 GAO report on Regulation A offerings suggests that a significant decline in the use of 

this funding alternative after 1997 could be partially attributed to a shift to Rule 506 offerings under 

Regulation D, as a result of the preemption of state law registration requirements for Rule 506 offerings that 

occurred in 1996. See GAO Report, note 1231.

1329 See, e.g., John Asker, Joan Farre-Mensa and Alexander Ljungqvist, Corporate Investment and Stock Market 

Listing: A Puzzle? European Corporate Governance Institute Finance Working Paper (June 2012), available 

at http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1603484. 
384

businesses. The extent to which such issuers will use the Section 4(a)(6) offering exemption, 

however, is difficult to assess.

If startups and small businesses find other capital raising options more attractive than 

securities-based crowdfunding, the impact of Section 4(a)(6) on capital formation may be limited. 

Even so, the availability of securities-based crowdfunding as a financing option may increase 

competition among suppliers of capital, resulting in a potentially lower cost of capital for all 

issuers, including those that choose not to use securities-based crowdfunding.

For issuers that pursue offerings in reliance on Section 4(a)(6), establishing an initial 

offering price might be challenging. Offerings relying on Section 4(a)(6) will not involve an 

underwriter who, for larger offerings, typically assists the issuer with pricing and placing the 

offering. Investors in offerings relying on Section 4(a)(6) may lack the sophistication to evaluate 

the offering price. Thus, the involvement of these investors, who are likely to have a more limited 

capacity for conducting due diligence on deals, may contribute to less accurate valuations.

Moreover, because of the investment limitations in securities-based crowdfunding 

transactions, there may not be a strong incentive, even assuming adequate knowledge and 

experience, for an investor to perform a thorough analysis of the issuer disclosures. To the extent 

that these potential information asymmetries resulting from the lack of a thorough analysis of the 

disclosures are anticipated by prospective investors, investor participation in offerings made in 

reliance on Section 4(a)(6) may decline and the associated benefits of capital formation may be 

lower.

Uncertainty surrounding exit strategies for investors in crowdfunding offerings also may 

limit the benefits. In particular, it is unlikely that purchasers in crowdfunding transactions will be 

able to follow the typical path to liquidity that investors in other exempt offerings follow. For 
385

instance, investors in a VC-backed startup may eventually sell their securities in an initial public 

offering on a national securities exchange or to another company in an acquisition.1330 We 

anticipate that most businesses engaging in offerings in reliance on Section 4(a)(6) will be 

unlikely to progress directly to an initial public offering on a national securities exchange given 

their small size,1331 and investors may lack adequate strategies or opportunities to eventually 

divest their holdings.1332 A sale of the business will require the issuer to have a track record in 

order to attract investors with the capital willing to buy the business. 

Further, the likely broad geographical dispersion of crowdfunding investors may make 

shareholder coordination difficult. It may also exacerbate information asymmetries between 

issuers and investors, if the distance between them diminishes the ability for investors to capitalize 

on local knowledge that may be of value in assessing the viability of the issuer’s business. The 

use of electronic means may mitigate some of these difficulties. Even if an issuer can execute a 

sale or otherwise offer to buy back or retire the securities, it might be difficult for investors to 

determine whether the issuer is offering a fair market price. These uncertainties may limit the use 

of the Section 4(a)(6) exemption. 

The potential benefits of the final rules also may depend on how investors respond to 

potential liquidity issues unique to the securities-based crowdfunding market. It is currently 

unclear how securities offered and sold in transactions conducted in reliance on Section 4(a)(6) 

 1330 See Gompers, note 1249.

1331 As noted, under the statute and the final rules, issuers relying on Section 4(a)(6) would be limited to raising 

an aggregate of $1 million during a 12-month period. By contrast, as noted in the IPO Task Force, the size 

of an initial public offering generally exceeds $50 million. See IPO Task Force, note 1223. 

1332 In contrast, given the required investor qualifications and offering limit amounts, Regulation D offerings 

may generally attract issuers that are more experienced and better capitalized. Moreover, such offerings are 

likely to have a larger proportion of accredited investors because, in contrast to securities-based 

crowdfunding, there are no limitations on individual investment amounts. As a result, we believe that 

Regulation D issuers and investors are more likely to have potential exit strategies in place. 
386

will be transferred in the secondary market after the one-year restricted period ends, and investors 

who purchased securities in transactions conducted in reliance on Section 4(a)(6) and who seek to 

divest their securities may not find a liquid market.1333 Assuming a secondary market develops, 

securities may be quoted on the over-the-counter market or on trading platforms for shares of 

private companies.1334 Nevertheless, it is possible that secondary trading costs for investors may 

be substantial, effective and quoted spreads may be wide, trading volume may be low, and price 

volatility may be high compared to those of listed securities.1335 Illiquidity, to different degrees, 

remains a concern for other exempt offerings and for registered offerings by small issuers. 

However, because investors purchasing securities sold in reliance on Section 4(a)(6) may be less 

sophisticated than investors in other private offerings due to the fact that there are no investor 

qualification requirements, they may face additional challenges in addressing the impact of 

illiquidity, either in finding a suitable trading venue or negotiating with the issuer for an 

alternative liquidity option. The potentially high degree of illiquidity associated with securities 

 1333 Academic studies have shown that the over-the-counter market is less liquid than the national exchanges. 

See Nicolas Bollen and William Christie, Market Microstructure of the Pink Sheets, 33 J. BANKING & FIN. 

1326–1339 (2009); Andrew Ang, Assaf Shtauber and Paul Tetlock, Asset Pricing in the Dark: The Cross 

Section of OTC Stocks, 26 REV. FIN. STUD. 2985–3028 (2013). 

1334 Given the services that funding portals are permitted to provide under the statute and the final rules, investors 

will not be able to use funding portals to trade in securities offered and sold in reliance on Section 4(a)(6) in 

the secondary market. 

1335 Academic studies show that reducing the information transparency about an issuer increases the effective 

and quoted spreads of its shares, reduces share price and increases price volatility. Specifically, percentage 

spreads triple and volatility doubles when NYSE issuers are delisted to the Pink Sheets. See Jonathan 

Macey, Maureen O’Hara and David Pompilio, Down and Out in the Stock Market: The Law and Finance of 

the Delisting Process, 51 J.L. & ECON 683–713 (2008). When NASDAQ issuers delist and subsequently 

trade on the OTC Bulletin Board and/or the Pink Sheets, share volume declines by two-thirds, quoted 

spreads more than double, effective spreads triple and volatility triples. See Jeffrey H. Harris, Venkatesh 

Panchapagesan and Ingrid M. Werner, Off But Not Gone: A Study of NASDAQ Delistings, Fisher College of 

Business Working Paper No. 2008-03-005 and Dice Center Working Paper No. 2008-6 (Mar. 4, 2008), 

available at http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=628203. One factor that may alleviate 

transparency concerns is the fact that issuers that sold securities in an offering made in reliance on

Section 4(a)(6) will have an ongoing reporting obligation, so disclosure of information about the issuer will 

continue to be required. 
387

purchased in reliance on Section 4(a)(6) may discourage some investors from investing in issuers 

through such offerings, thus limiting the potential efficiency, competition and capital formation 

benefits of the final rules. 

Even with the mandated disclosures, unsophisticated investors purchasing securities issued 

in reliance on Section 4(a)(6) may face certain expropriation risks, potentially limiting the upside 

of their investment, even when they select investments in successful ventures. This can occur if 

issued securities include certain features (e.g., callable securities or securities with differential 

control rights) or if issuers conduct insider-only financing rounds or financing rounds at reduced 

prices (so-called “down rounds”) that have the effect of diluting an investor’s interest or otherwise 

diminishing the value of the securities offered and sold in reliance on Section 4(a)(6). Investors 

purchasing securities issued in reliance on Section 4(a)(6) may not have the experience or the 

market power to negotiate various anti-dilution provisions, right of first refusal, tag-along rights, 

superior liquidation preferences and rights upon a change in control that have been developed by 

institutional and angel investors as protections against fundamental changes in a business.1336 

Moreover, the disperse ownership stakes of investors in securities-based crowdfunding offerings 

may weaken their incentives to monitor the issuer to minimize the risk of expropriation. The 

ensuing expropriation risk may discourage some investors from participating in offerings made in 

reliance on Section 4(a)(6), potentially limiting the efficiency, competition and capital formation 

benefits of the final rules. 

The final rules also may have an effect on broker-dealers and finders participating in 

private offerings. Some issuers that previously relied on broker-dealers and finders to assist with 

raising capital through private offerings may, instead, begin to rely on the Section 4(a)(6) 

 1336 See Kaplan, note 1279.
388

exemption to find investors. The precise impact of the final rules on these intermediaries will 

depend on whether (and, if so, to what extent) issuers switch from using existing exemptions to 

using the exemption provided by Section 4(a)(6) or whether the final rules primarily attract new 

issuers. The impact of the final rules on registered broker-dealers will also depend on the extent to 

which broker-dealers participate as intermediaries in the securities-based crowdfunding market. If 

a significant number of issuers switch from raising capital under existing private offering 

exemptions to relying on the exemption provided by Section 4(a)(6), this may negatively affect 

the revenue of finders and broker-dealers in the private offerings market. While this may 

disadvantage existing private offering market intermediaries, the new competition may ultimately 

lead to more efficient allocation of capital. 

If securities-based crowdfunding primarily attracts new issuers to the market, the impact 

on broker-dealers and finder revenue may be negligible and the final rules may even have a 

positive effect on their revenues by revealing more potential clients for them, particularly to the 

extent that they chose to operate a funding portal. Additionally, greater investor interest in private 

company investment may increase capital formation, creating new opportunities for brokerdealers and finders that otherwise would have been unavailable.

The final rules also may encourage current participants in the crowdfunding market to 

diversify their funding models to attract a broader group of companies and to provide additional 

investment opportunities for investors. For example, donation-based crowdfunding platforms that 

currently offer investment opportunities in micro-loans generally do not permit donors to collect 

interest on their investments because of concerns that this activity will implicate the federal 
389

securities laws unless an exemption from registration is available.1337 Under the final rules, these 

platforms may choose to register as funding portals and permit businesses to offer securities that 

provide investors with the opportunity to obtain a return on investment. This can broaden their 

user base and attract a group of investors different from those already participating in rewardbased or donation-based crowdfunding. It is likely that some registered broker-dealers will find it 

profitable to enter the securities-based crowdfunding market and operate funding portals as well. 

Such an entry will increase the competition among intermediaries and likely lead to lower 

issuance costs for issuers.

However, many projects that are well suited for reward-based or donation-based 

crowdfunding (e.g., because they have finite lives, their payoffs to investors could come before 

the project is completed or could be contingent on the project’s success, etc.) may have little in 

common with startups and small businesses that are well suited for an offering in reliance on 

Section 4(a)(6). As a result, diversification among existing platforms may not always be optimal 

or preferred, particularly if complying with the final rules proves disproportionately costly 

compared to the potential amount of capital to be raised.

2. Crowdfunding Exemption

a. Limitation on Capital Raised

The statute imposes certain limitations on the total amount of securities that may be sold 

by an issuer during the 12-month period preceding the date of the transaction made in reliance on 

Section 4(a)(6). Specifically, Section 4(a)(6)(A) provides for a maximum aggregate amount of $1 

million sold in reliance on the exemption during a 12-month period.1338 The final rules preserve 

 

1337 See, e.g., Deutsche Bank Microcredit Development Fund, Inc., SEC No-Action Letter (Apr. 8, 2012).

1338 See also Rule 100(a)(1) of Regulation Crowdfunding.
390

the $1 million limit. The limitation on the amount that may be raised is expected to benefit 

investors by reducing the potential loss from dilution or fraud1339 in the securities-based 

crowdfunding market. However, we recognize that this limit on the amount that may be sold in 

reliance on Section 4(a)(6) also can prevent certain issuers from raising all the capital they need to 

make their businesses viable, which in turn can result in lost opportunities, as indicated by various 

commenters.1340 It also is likely to limit efficiency to the extent that capital cannot be channeled 

to the most productive use. Due to the lack of data, however, we are not able to quantify the 

unrealized efficiency or capital formation associated with the adoption of the $1 million limit 

instead of the alternative of a higher limit. Since issuers in securities-based crowdfunding 

offerings bear certain fixed costs, as discussed in Section III.B.3., offering costs as a percentage of 

offering proceeds will be larger under the $1 million limit than under the alternative of a higher 

limit.

As an alternative, we could have defined the $1 million limit to be net of intermediary 

fees, as suggested by some commenters.1341 If a funding portal announces in advance the fees it 

 1339 While we lack information to predict the potential incidence of fraud in securities-based crowdfunding 

offerings made in reliance on Section 4(a)(6) and note that current crowdfunding practices differ 

significantly from the securities-based crowdfunding market that may develop upon effectiveness of the final 

rules, some concern has been expressed about the potential for fraud in this area. See, e.g., NASAA 

Enforcement Report: 2015 Report on 2014 data, September 2015, available at 

http://nasaa.cdn.s3.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/2015-Enforcement-Report-on-2014-

Data_FINAL.pdf (listing Internet fraud (including social media and crowdfunding) among the products and 

schemes that are frequently investigated by states, without statistics specific to securities-based 

crowdfunding).

1340 See, e.g., Advanced Hydro Letter; Bushroe Letter; Cole D. Letter; Concerned Capital Letter; Hamman 

Letter; Harrison Letter; Hillside Letter; Jazz Letter; Kickstarter Coaching Letter; McCulley Letter; 

McGladrey Letter; Meling Letter; Miami Nation Enterprises Letter; Multistate Tax Service Letter; Peers 

Letter; Pioneer Realty Letter; Public Startup Letter 2; Qizilbash Letter; Rosenthal O. Letter; Sarles Letter; 

SBM Letter; Taylor R. Letter; Taylor T. Letter; Wales Capital Letter 1; Wales Capital Letter 3; WealthForge 

Letter; Wear Letter; Wilhelm Letter; Winters Letter; Yudek Letter.

1341 See, e.g., Benjamin Letter; FundHub Letter 1; Hackers/Founders Letter; Joinvestor Letter; Odhner Letter; 

Omara Letter; Public Startup Letter 2; RFPIA Letter; RoC Letter; RocketHub Letter; Seed&Spark Letter; 

Thomas Letter 1; Wales Capital Letter 1; Whitaker Chalk Letter; Wilson Letter. 
391

charges for a given transaction (fixed or variable), the economic effects of such an alternative 

definition would be qualitatively similar to the effects of raising the offering limit. If the funding 

portal fees are not known in advance, then this alternative may also create uncertainty for issuers 

about how much capital they would be able to raise. Several commenters opposed such an 

alternative.1342

The costs associated with not increasing the investment limit above $1 million are 

mitigated in part by the ability of issuers to concurrently seek additional financing in reliance on 

another type of exempt offering, such as Regulation D or Regulation A, in addition to the offering 

in reliance on Section 4(a)(6). In this release, we provide guidance clarifying our view that issuers 

may conduct other exempt offerings without having those offerings integrated with the offering 

made in reliance on Section 4(a)(6), provided that each offering complies with the applicable

exemption relied upon for that particular offering. Several commenters opposed this approach on 

the ground that it could result in fewer investor protections than if the offerings were integrated. 

Some commenters noted that a potential cost to investors associated with not requiring integration 

is a reduction in investor protection due to the possibility of an issuer’s use of advertising for one 

offering to indirectly promote another exempt offering that would have been subject to more 

stringent advertising restrictions.1343 While we recognize this concern, we note that the final rules 

do not provide a blanket exemption from integration with other private offerings that are 

conducted simultaneously with, or around the same time as, a Section 4(a)(6) offering. Rather, we 

provide guidance that an offering made in reliance on Section 4(a)(6) is not required to be 

 1342 See, e.g., Arctic Island Letter 4; ASSOB Letter; Commonwealth of Massachusetts Letter; MCS Letter; 

PeoplePowerFund Letter.

1343 See AFR Letter; BetterInvesting Letter; Consumer Federation Letter; Fund Democracy Letter; IAC 

Recommendation; MCS Letter.
392

integrated with another exempt offering made by the issuer to the extent that each offering 

complies with the requirements of the applicable exemption that is being relied upon for that 

particular offering. As mentioned earlier, an issuer conducting a concurrent exempt offering for 

which general solicitation is not permitted will need to be satisfied that purchasers in that offering 

were not solicited by means of the offering made in reliance on Section 4(a)(6). Alternatively, an 

issuer conducting a concurrent exempt offering for which general solicitation is permitted, for 

example, under Rule 506(c), cannot include in any such general solicitation an advertisement of 

the terms of an offering made in reliance on Section 4(a)(6), unless that advertisement otherwise 

complies with Section 4(a)(6) and the final rules. This may partly alleviate some of commenters’ 

concerns because each offering will have the investor protections of the offering exemption upon 

which it relies.

As an alternative, in line with the suggestions of some commenters,1344 we could have 

provided guidance that the amounts offered in reliance on Section 4(a)(6) should be integrated 

with the amounts offered pursuant to other exempt offerings. Under such an alternative, the 

amounts raised in other exempt offerings would count toward the maximum offering amount 

under Section 4(a)(6). Such an alternative would potentially limit the amount of capital raised by 

issuers, including the set of issuers eligible to conduct an exempt offering relying on 

Section 4(a)(6), and thus potentially limit the capital formation benefits of the final rules. 

Compared to this alternative, the ability of issuers to conduct other exempt offerings that do not 

count toward the maximum offering amount under Section 4(a)(6) may alleviate some of the 

concerns that certain issuers will not be able to raise sufficient capital. The net effect on capital 

 1344 See, e.g., AFL-CIO Letter; Brown J. Letter; Consumer Federation Letter; Fund Democracy Letter; MCS 

Letter; NASAA Letter. 
393

formation will also depend on whether issuers seeking an aggregate exempt offering amount in 

excess of $1 million elect to rely on Regulation Crowdfunding as part of their capital raising or 

elect to rely on a different exemption, such as Rule 506 of Regulation D. These considerations 

and the relative differences in the investor protections associated with the different offering 

exemptions will determine the net effect on the amount of information about issuers available to 

market participants and the level of investor protection.

b. Investment Limitations

Since offering documents for offerings made in reliance on Section 4(a)(6) will not be 

subject to review by Commission staff prior to the sale of securities, we are sensitive to potential 

investor protection concerns arising from the participation of less sophisticated investors in these 

exempt offerings. Some commenters1345 raised concerns that the “wisdom of the crowd” will not 

result in investors pooling information so as to lead to better informed investment decisions.1346

 1345 See, e.g., AFR Letter; Brown J. Letter; Consumer Federation Letter.

1346 Predictions in research studies regarding the impact of social interaction on investor decisions are mixed. On 

the one hand, a recent study of opinions that were posted on the Internet website http://seekingalpha.com 

finds evidence of predictability of earnings surprises and returns that is interpreted as potentially suggesting 

the value relevance of user opinions rather than a naïve investor reaction. See Hailiang Chen, Prabuddha de, 

Yu Hu, and Byoung-Hyoun Hwang, Wisdom of Crowds: The Value of Stock Opinions Transmitted Through 

Social Media, 27 REV. FIN. STUD. 1367–1403 (2014). An earlier theoretical paper shows that word-of-mouth 

can, under some circumstances, result in superior decisions. See Glenn Ellison and Drew Fudenberg, Wordof-Mouth Communication and Social Learning, 110 QUARTERLY J. ECON. 93–125 (1995). On the other hand,

some behavioral finance literature examines irrational herding and contagion of thought and behavior 

through social interaction, such as the propagation of investing memes, which need not be predictive of 

superior trading performance. For example, one article characterizes memes as “mental representation (such 

as an idea, proposition, or catchphrase) that can be passed from person to person”. The article provides an 

example of investors using “verbal ‘reasons’ to decide how to trade” and notes that these reasons “are often 

not cogent”. The article notes that such reasons, or financial memes, can be simple or can be elaborate 

structures of analysis, examples, terminology, catchphrases, and modeling. See for example, David A. 

Hirshleifer and Siew Hong Teoh, Thought and Behavior Contagion in Capital Markets, HANDBOOK OF 

FINANCIAL MARKETS: DYNAMICS AND EVOLUTION (2009). Another article compares the investment 

decisions of stock clubs and individuals. It finds that while both individuals and clubs are more likely to 

purchase stocks that are associated with “good reasons” (such as a company that is featured on a list of 

“most-admired” companies), stock clubs favor such stocks more than individuals, despite the fact that such 

reasons do not improve performance. The article analyzes social dynamics that may make “good reasons” 

more important for groups than individuals. See Brad Barber, Chip Heath, and Terrance Odean, Good 
394

While we acknowledge these concerns, we note that, by adding Section 4(a)(6) to the Securities 

Act, Congress made an express determination to facilitate securities-based crowdfunding 

transactions under the federal securities laws, subject to certain specified investor protections.

Consistent with the statute, the final rules incorporate several important investor 

protections, including limits on the amount that can be raised, issuer eligibility criteria, and issuer 

and intermediary requirements, including statutorily mandated investor education requirements. 

The statute and the final rules also impose certain limitations on the aggregate dollar amount of 

securities in offerings in reliance on Section 4(a)(6) that may be sold to an investor during a 12-

month period.1347 These provisions are designed to limit the potential investment and, 

consequently, the potential losses for any single investor, thus providing downside protection for 

investors. 

We recognize that these provisions also will limit the potential upside for investors. This 

may particularly affect the decisions of investors with large portfolios who might be able to 

absorb losses and understand the risks associated with risky investments and who may have more 

expertise and stronger incentives to acquire and analyze information about an issuer. For these 

investors, the $100,000 aggregate limit may reduce their incentive to participate in the securitiesbased crowdfunding market, compared to other types of investments, potentially depriving the 

securities-based crowdfunding market of more experienced and knowledgeable investors and 

impeding capital formation. Moreover, limiting the participation of such investors may negatively 

affect the informational efficiency of the securities-based crowdfunding market because 

sophisticated investors are better able to accurately price such offerings. These investors also can

 

Reasons Sell: Reason-Based Choice Among Group and Individual Investors in the Stock Market, 49 

MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 1636–1652 (2003).

1347 See Section 4(a)(6)(B). See also Rule 100(a)(2) of Regulation Crowdfunding. 
395

add value to the discussions taking place through an intermediary’s communication channels 

about a potential offering by providing their views on the issuer’s financial viability and potential 

for fraud. Persons with larger portfolios are also likely to be in a better position to monitor the 

issuer’s insiders, which can reduce the extent of moral hazard and the risk of fraud on the part of 

the issuer and the issuer’s insiders, yielding benefits for all investors. Such investors also can add 

value by advising the issuer and contributing strategic expertise, which can be particularly 

beneficial for early-stage issuers. Some of these potential benefits, however, may still be 

available to issuers that seek to attract such investors through another type of exempt offering, 

such as a Regulation D offering. 

The aggregate limit on crowdfunding investments also can impede the ability of investors 

to diversify within the securities-based crowdfunding market. As securities-based crowdfunding 

investments might have inherently high failure rates,1348 investors who do not or cannot diversify 

their investments across a number of offerings can face an increased risk of incurring large losses, 

relative to their investments, even when they investigate offerings thoroughly. By comparison, 

VC firms typically construct highly diversified portfolios with the understanding that many 

ventures fail, resulting in a complete loss of some investments, but with the expectation that those 

losses will be offset by the large upside of the relatively fewer investments that succeed.1349 The 

securities-based crowdfunding market is expected to involve earlier-stage financing compared to 

venture capital financing, and therefore, the chances of investment success may be lower.1350 The 

statutory caps on aggregate securities-based crowdfunding investments under Section 4(a)(6) may 

 1348 See discussion in Section III.A.4 above.

1349 See, e.g., John Cochrane, The Risk and Return of Venture Capital, 75 J. OF FIN. ECON. 3 (2005).

1350 See Rajshree Agarwal and Michael Gort, Firm and Product Life Cycles and Firm Survival, 92 AM. ECON.

REV. 184−190 (2002)
396

limit an investor’s ability to choose a sufficiently large number of investments to offset this risk 

and to recover the due diligence costs of sufficiently investigating individual investments. One 

potential solution to this diversification problem is to invest smaller amounts in a greater number 

of ventures. However, such a strategy has limited benefit to the extent that there is a fixed cost to 

the due diligence associated with identifying and reviewing each investment opportunity, making 

it more costly to implement than a strategy that relies on the selection of fewer investment 

opportunities. 

In a change from the proposed rules, both the investor’s annual income and net worth must 

be above $100,000 for the 10 percent limitation to apply. This change is intended to strengthen 

investor protections for investors whose annual income or net worth is below $100,000. Such 

investors may not be as well situated to bear the risk of loss (e.g., in the event of fraud on the part 

of an issuer) as investors with both income and net worth of $100,000 or more. According to 

Commission staff analysis of the data in the 2013 Survey of Consumer Finances, approximately 

17% of U.S. households have both income and net worth of $100,000 or higher. By comparison, 

39% of U.S. households have either income or net worth of $100,000 or higher.1351 Thus, 

approximately 22% of households will be subject to a lower investment limit under the final rules 

than under the proposal. We note that these figures are only available at the household level 

rather than at the individual level. We further note that these figures do not account for the fact 

that only some households might seek to invest in an offering in reliance on Section 4(a)(6). 

Thus, we are not able to determine the actual percentage of investors affected by this change in the 

final rules relative to the proposal. 

 1351 Based on data from the 2013 Survey of Consumer Finances, a triennial survey sponsored by the Federal 

Reserve Board, available at http://www.federalreserve.gov/econresdata/scf/scfindex.htm.
397

Within each investment limitation tier, the investment limitation percentage is multiplied 

by the “lesser of” an investor’s annual income or net worth in the investment limitation 

calculation, which was suggested by several commenters.1352 This change from the proposal is 

expected to reduce the permitted investment limit for each individual investor because most 

investors are unlikely to have annual income and net worth amounts that are identical.1353 

Investment limitations will likely have a negative effect on capital formation. For 

example, investment limitations may make it more difficult for some issuers to reach their funding 

targets. However, these limits also are expected to reduce the risk and impact of potential loss for 

investors that accompany the high failure rates associated with investments in small businesses 

and startups, thus potentially improving investor protection. There is no available market data that 

would allow us to empirically evaluate the magnitude of these effects. 

Consistent with the proposed rules, the final rules allow an issuer to rely on the efforts that 

an intermediary is required to undertake in order to determine that the aggregate amount of 

securities purchased by an investor will not cause the investor to exceed the investor limits, 

provided that the issuer does not have knowledge that the investor had exceeded, or would exceed, 

the investor limits as a result of purchasing securities in the issuer’s offering, which was supported 

by various commenters.1354 This may result in aggregate verification cost savings since a given 

 1352 See, e.g., AFR Letter; BetterInvesting Letter; Consumer Federation Letter; Fund Democracy Letter; Fryer 

Letter; Growthfountain Letter; IAC Recommendation (but also stating that the “greater of” approach would 

be appropriate for accredited investors); Merkley Letter; NASAA Letter; Schwartz Letter; Zhang Letter 

(recommending that net worth not be used to calculate the investment limit). 

1353 Although we lack information to determine the average change in the applicable investment limit resulting 

from this change, based on Commission staff analysis of the 2013 Survey of Consumer Finances, a larger 

percentage of households exceeded a particular dollar threshold, such as $100,000 or $200,000, based on the 

net worth standard than the percentage of households that exceeded the same dollar threshold based on the 

income standard.

1354 See, e.g., Arctic Island Letter 4; CFA Institute Letter; Consumer Federation Letter; CrowdBouncer Letter; 

EarlyShares Letter; EMKF Letter; Finkelstein Letter; Fund Democracy Letter; Heritage Letter; Joinvestor 
398

intermediary may be involved in and have information on crowdfunding transactions pertaining to 

the offerings of multiple issuers, which makes it potentially less costly to identify investors that 

exceed the investment limitation. As a potential alternative, we could have imposed more 

extensive verification requirements on issuers, which would have resulted in larger compliance 

costs for issuers but could have potentially increased investor compliance with the investment 

limitations, with corresponding investor protection benefits. As noted above, we believe the final 

rules appropriately consider investor protection and facilitating capital formation.

c. Issuer Eligibility

Section 4A(f) of the statute excludes certain categories of issuers from eligibility to engage 

in securities-based crowdfunding transactions in reliance on Section 4(a)(6). The final rules 

exclude those categories of issuers.1355 The final rules also exclude two additional categories of 

issuers, beyond those identified in the statute, from being eligible to rely on Section 4(a)(6) to 

engage in crowdfunding transactions. First, the final rules exclude issuers that sold securities in 

reliance on Section 4(a)(6) and have not filed with the Commission and provided to investors the 

ongoing annual reports required by Regulation Crowdfunding during the two years immediately 

preceding the filing of the required offering statement,1356 which is generally consistent with 

suggestions from several commenters.

1357 This additional exclusion is not expected to impose any 

 Letter; Public Startup Letter 2; RoC Letter; RocketHub Letter; Vann Letter; Wefunder Letter; Whitaker 

Chalk Letter.

1355 These categories of issuers are: (1) issuers that are not organized under the laws of a state or territory of the 

United States or the District of Columbia; (2) issuers that are subject to Exchange Act reporting 

requirements; (3) investment companies as defined in the Investment Company Act or companies that are 

excluded from the definition of investment company under Section 3(b) or 3(c) of the Investment Company 

Act. See Section 4A(f). See also Rule 100(b) of Regulation Crowdfunding. 

1356 See discussion in Section II.A.4 above.

1357 See, e.g., ASSOB Letter; Commonwealth of Massachusetts Letter; Consumer Federation Letter; Fund 

Democracy Letter; Grassi Letter; Joinvestor Letter; NASAA Letter; Wefunder Letter.
399

additional burdens and costs on an issuer that it would not have already incurred had it complied 

with the ongoing reporting requirements as they came due. Further, the requirement that a 

delinquent issuer prepare and file up to two annual reports at one time in order to become eligible 

to rely on Section 4(a)(6) is expected to incentivize issuers to provide updated and current 

information to investors, if they intend to rely again on Section 4(a)(6) to raise additional capital, 

without necessarily requiring an issuer to become fully current in its reporting obligations. We 

recognize that conditioning an issuer’s Section 4(a)(6) eligibility on the requirement that issuers 

provide ongoing reports for only the previous two years may result in less information being 

available to investors in some periods, with potential adverse effects on the price formation and 

liquidity of the securities in the secondary market. The potential damage to an issuer’s reputation 

resulting from being delinquent along with potential enforcement action for failure to comply with 

a regulatory reporting obligation and the modification from the proposed rules to require an issuer 

to disclose in its offering statement if it or any of its predecessors previously failed to comply with 

the ongoing reporting requirements of Rule 203 of Regulation Crowdfunding, however, may help 

to mitigate these potential adverse effects. As an alternative, we could have chosen not to impose 

this exclusion or adopted a shorter look-back period, as suggested by some commenters.1358 

Compared to the provisions in the final rules, either of these alternatives could result in less 

information being available to investors and reduced informational efficiency of securities prices 

or possibly increased likelihood of issuer misconduct in offerings made in reliance on 

Section 4(a)(6).

Second, the final rules exclude a company that has no specific business plan or has 

indicated that its business plan is to engage in a merger or acquisition with an unidentified 

 1358 See, e.g., ABA Letter; Parsont Letter; Projectheureka Letter; Public Startup Letter 2; RocketHub Letter.
400

company or companies, as suggested by several commenters.1359 This requirement is intended to 

help ensure that investors have adequate information about the issuer’s proposed business plan to 

make an informed investment decision, which may increase investor protection in some instances. 

As an alternative, we could have chosen not to impose this exclusion or to impose a less restrictive 

exclusion, as suggested by several commenters.1360 Although these alternatives might increase 

capital formation by allowing a subset of additional issuers to rely on Section 4(a)(6), they may 

also result in less informed investor decisions in such offerings. 

Overall, categories of issuers that are excluded from eligibility under the final rules may be 

at a competitive disadvantage relative to those that are eligible to offer securities under the final 

rules, to the extent that excluded issuers may raise less external capital or incur a higher direct or 

indirect cost of financing, or additional restrictions, when seeking financing from alternative 

sources.

3. Issuer Requirements

a. Issuer Costs

We recognize that there are benefits and costs associated with Regulation Crowdfunding’s 

requirements pertaining to issuers, including the final rule’s disclosure requirements. In the 

Proposing Release, we provided cost estimates for each of these requirements and requested 

comment on our estimates.1361 In response, we received several comment letters providing 

alternative cost estimates, some of which were lower and some of which were higher than the cost 

 1359 See, e.g., Anonymous Letter 2; CFA Institute Letter; CFIRA Letter 7; Commonwealth of Massachusetts 

Letter; Consumer Federation Letter; NASAA Letter; ODS Letter; Traklight Letter; Whitaker Chalk Letter. 

1360 See, e.g., ABA Letter; FundHub Letter 1; Projectheureka Letter; Public Startup Letter 2; RoC Letter; 

RocketHub Letter; SBM Letter; Wilson Letter.

1361 See Proposing Release, Section III.B.3.
401

estimates in the Proposing Release.1362 For example, one commenter1363 provided the following 

cost estimates: portal fees of 6% to 15%1364; accounting review fees of $1,950 to $9,000; 

accounting audit fees of $3,100 to $9,000; financial statements/projections costs of $2,000 to

$5,000; Title III disclosure/compliance costs of $1,000 to $4,000; and corporate formation costs of 

$300 to $500.1365 In addition, the commenter estimated the total cost to raise $99,000 of capital 

under the proposed rules to be $9,300 to $24,500 (9.4% to 24.7%); to raise $499,000 of capital to 

be $33,240 to $84,750 (6.7% to 17%); and to raise $1 million of capital to be $72,800 to $168,500 

(7.3% to 16.9%). The commenter stated that the entry of new vendors into the market and 

ensuing competition may lead to a decline in some of these costs over time. Another 

commenter1366 estimated that a $200,000 offering will incur the following average costs: legal 

fees of $10,000; intermediary fees of $20,000 (10%); accounting fees of $5,000; accounting 

review fees of $8,000; and other fees (transfer agent, campaign development, filing and other) of 

$7,000. A different commenter estimated that the cost to issuers could range from 26% to 601% 

of the offering amount over a five-year period, depending on the size of the offering, which does 

not account for additional estimated opportunity costs of internal personnel time of $35,000 to 

$85,000 over a five-year period.1367 Some commenters referred to estimates of total costs without 

 1362 See, e.g., StartEngine Letter 2; FundHub Letter 2; Heritage Letter; SeedInvest Letter 1; SeedInvest Letter 2; 

Traklight Letter. 

1363 See StartEngine Letter 2.

1364 The commenter does not specify whether these fees are expressed as a percentage of the amount sought or 

raised in the offering.

1365 We do not consider the costs associated with the incorporation or formation of the business itself to be part 

of the incremental costs of Regulation Crowdfunding, as these are costs associated with forming any 

business endeavor that relies on outside sources of capital.

1366 See Grassi Letter.

1367 See SeedInvest Letter 1.
402

estimating individual components of those costs.1368 Other commenters provided additional 

analysis of costs under different scenarios and offering sizes based on the estimates in the 

Proposing Release.1369

In general, commenters identified the following as the main costs for issuers in securitiesbased crowdfunding offerings: the intermediary fees; the costs of preparing, ensuring compliance 

with, and filing of Form C and Form C-AR; and the cost of accounting review or audit of financial 

statements.1370 Below we discuss the comments received on each of these costs and any revisions 

to our estimates made in response. 

With regard to intermediary fees, the estimates of the commenters that quantified these 

fees1371 were generally very close to our estimates in the Proposing Release (5% to 15%). We 

agree with the commenter that suggested that there is likely to be a fixed component to these costs 

 1368 See, e.g., WealthForge Letter (suggesting that the costs associated with completing a crowdfunding 

transaction under the current regulations can be as high as one hundred thousand dollars, including audit 

fees, intermediary fees, legal fees and other offering costs); Berlingeri Letter (suggesting that the total cost 

would amount to between 15% and 20% of the offering); Traklight Letter (suggesting that the total cost 

would amount to between 15% and 20% of the offering for offerings above $100,000); FundHub Letter 1 

(referring to potential costs, based on the Commission’s estimates and the commenter’s assumptions, of 

between $15,000 and $25,000 associated with raising $100,000); Harrison Letter and Ramsey Letter 

(referencing a Forbes estimate that the costs of disclosure documents, engaging an intermediary, performing 

background checks, and filing annual reports with the Commission might be upwards of $100,000). See also 

SEC Proposes Crowdfunding Rules, FORBES, Oct. 23, 2013, 

http://www.forbes.com/sites/deborahljacobs/2013/10/23/sec-proposes-crowdfunding-rules/.

1369 See, e.g., EarlyShares Letter; RocketHub Letter; SeedInvest Letter 1.

1370 But see Growthfountain Letter (suggesting that crowdfunding issuers will also incur investor relations costs). 

We do not consider investor relations costs to be incremental to Regulation Crowdfunding, as these costs 

may be incurred by any business that relies on outside sources of capital and a widely dispersed investor 

base. However, to the extent that investment limitations in crowdfunding offerings increase the number of 

investors in a typical offering and to the extent that some investor relations costs are variable, issuers in 

crowdfunding offerings may incur higher investor relations costs than issuers in types of offerings that 

typically have fewer investors.

1371 See StartEngine Letter 2 (estimating portal fees of 6-15%). See also Grassi Letter (estimating an 

intermediary fee of $20,000 for a $200,000 offering, which amounts to 10% of the offering). But see

Wefunder Letter (noting that, in contrast to the assumption in the Proposing Release, “good startups will pay 

a maximum of $0” and citing three accredited investor crowdfunding platforms that use a “carried interest” 

model for Rule 506 offerings, including the example of the commenter itself that does not charge a fee to 

startups but that charges investors a $25 fee and 10% carried interest (share of profits upon acquisition or 

initial public offering)).
403

that reflects a certain necessary level of due diligence and background screening, which will result 

in these costs as a percentage of offering size being higher for smaller offerings.1372 Thus, we 

have revised our intermediary fee estimates in the following way: we project (as a percentage of 

offering proceeds) 5% to 15% for offerings of $100,000 or less, 5% to 10% for offerings between 

$100,000 and $500,000, and 5% to 7.5% for offerings above $500,000. Data on Regulation D 

offerings that involve intermediaries suggests that offerings of up to $1 million have an 

intermediary fee (commission and/or finder fee) of approximately 6.5% on average, which is 

within the range we estimate for larger crowdfunding offerings. Although crowdfunding 

intermediaries are not expected to provide issuers with services commensurate with those 

provided by underwriters in registered offerings (and, in fact, funding portals would be prohibited 

from doing so), the fees charged in a crowdfunding offering can be significantly larger on a 

percentage basis relative to the underwriting fees for registered offerings, which range from as 

high as 7% for initial public offerings to less than 1% for certain bond issuances.1373 In general, to 

the extent that a significant component of these fees is fixed, the transaction costs for issuers will 

make smaller offerings more expensive on a percentage basis. As previously discussed, we 

believe that competition among crowdfunding venues and the potential development of new 

products and services may have a significant impact on these estimates over time. 

 1372 See Heritage Letter.

1373 See, e.g., Hsuan-Chi Chen and Jay R. Ritter, The Seven Percent Solution, 55 J. FIN. 1105−1131 (2000); Mark 

Abrahamson, Tim Jenkinson, and Howard Jones, Why Don't U.S. Issuers Demand European Fees for IPOs? 

66 J. FIN. 2055–2082 (2011); Shane A. Corwin, The Determinants of Underpricing for Seasoned Equity 

Offers, 58 J. FIN. 2249−2279 (2003); Lily Hua Fang, Investment Bank Reputation and the Price and Quality 

of Underwriting Services, 60 J. FIN. 2729−2761 (2005); Rongbing Huang and Donghang Zhang, Managing 

Underwriters and the Marketing of Seasoned Equity Offerings, 46 J. FIN. QUANT. ANALYSIS 141–170 

(2011); Stephen J. Brown, Bruce D. Grundy, Craig M. Lewis and Patrick Verwijmeren, Convertibles and 

Hedge Funds as Distributors of Equity Exposure, 25 REV. FIN. STUD. 3077−3112 (2012).
404

The next major cost driver for issuers in securities-based crowdfunding offerings, as 

suggested by commenters, is the cost of preparing and filing disclosure documents and the internal 

burden of ensuring compliance with the disclosure requirements of the final rules. Issuers will 

incur costs to comply with the disclosure requirements and file the information in the new Form 

C: Offering Statement and Form C-U: Progress Update before the offering is funded. Thus, 

issuers will incur those costs regardless of whether their offerings are successful. In addition, for 

successful offerings, issuers will incur costs to comply with the ongoing reporting requirements 

and file information in the new Form C-AR: Annual Report.1374 

Several commenters provided estimates of these costs. One commenter stated that Form C 

could be prepared by third-party service providers, such as itself, at much lower costs than those 

estimated by the Commission, noting that it can prepare Form C and other required disclosure 

documents, perform “bad actor” checks, verify investor status and fulfill other compliance 

requirements for an estimated total cost of $2,500 for an offering of $100,000 and that, in most 

cases, its services and associated legal fees will cost an issuer between $2,500 and $5,000 for an 

offering up to $500,000 and between $5,000 and $10,000 for an offering between $500,000 and 

$1,000,000.1375

Other commenters indicated that the compliance costs for issuers are likely to be higher 

than the Commission’s estimates. One commenter indicated that the burden of completing Form 

C would likely exceed the 60 burden hours estimated by the Commission in the proposed rules 

and that the sum of attorney and accounting fees and management and administrative time and 

other costs to prepare these required disclosures will likely exceed $10,500, except in cases of 

 1374 See Rule 203(b) of Regulation Crowdfunding. See also Section II.B.3 above. 

1375 See FundHub Letter 2.
405

start-ups with no operating history.1376 The commenter also noted that most Regulation D 

offerings, which tend to be less complex than crowdfunding offerings, based on the requirements 

in the proposed rules, incur accounting and legal fees above $2,500.1377 Another commenter 

noted that issuers and intermediaries will likely incur higher attorney and accounting fees and 

financial and administrative burdens than estimated in the proposed rules but did not provide 

estimates.1378 

One commenter submitted several estimates of the compliance costs associated with the 

final rules’ disclosure requirements. In one comment letter, the commenter estimated the upfront 

compliance costs of the proposed rules to be potentially hundreds of hours in internal company 

time and $20,000 to $50,000 in outside professional costs and noted that such costs will likely be 

a significant deterrent to crowdfunding.1379 In a different comment letter,1380 this commenter 

stated that, based on an informal survey of potential vendors, it believes the costs of preparing a 

Form C-AR would range from $6,000 to $20,000, with the median being roughly $10,000. The 

commenter1381 further estimated that an additional $15,000 worth of internal burden per year 

would be required to prepare Form C-AR and an additional $5,000 to $10,000 worth of internal 

burden would be required to prepare financial statements. In yet another comment letter,1382 this 

commenter estimated the cost of ongoing disclosure obligations and ongoing requirements to file 

financial statements under the proposed rules to be upwards of $10,000 to $40,000 per year.

 1376 See Heritage Letter.

1377 Id.

1378 See NSBA Letter.

1379 See SeedInvest Letter 2. 

1380 See SeedInvest Letter 1.

1381 Id.

1382 See SeedInvest Letter 4.
406

Based on these comments, we have revised our estimates of the compliance costs 

associated with the disclosure requirements of the final rules and Forms C and C-AR. On the 

lower end of the spectrum, one commenter suggested that the cost of preparing and filing these 

forms and the associated compliance costs would range from $3,000 to $9,000.1383 Another 

commenter estimated preparation and compliance costs of $2,500 for an offering of $100,000, 

between $2,500 and $5,000 for an offering between $100,000 and $500,000, and between $5,000 

and $10,000 for an offering between $500,000 and $1,000,000.1384 We rely on this commenter’s 

estimates of the costs of preparing and filling Form C for offerings of up to $100,000 and 

offerings between $100,000 and $500,000. Another commenter presented higher estimates, 

ranging from $6,000 to $20,000, with a median cost of $10,000, but did not provide estimates for 

different offering sizes.1385 Given commenters’ estimates, we think that the $6,000 to $20,000 

estimate is more appropriate for larger offerings (of more than $500,000). Thus, to estimate the 

costs of preparing, filing, and complying with Form C for large offerings, we combine the cost 

ranges provided by the two commenters for these types of offerings, resulting in a cost estimate 

between $5,000 and $20,000. As in the Proposing Release, we estimate that the cost of preparing 

and complying with the requirements related to Form C-AR will be approximately two-thirds of 

that for Form C. We base this estimate on the fact that no offering-specific information will be 

required in Form C-AR and issuers may thus be able to update disclosure previously provided on 

Form C. Our estimates of the costs of Forms C and C-AR are exclusive of the costs of an 

accounting review or audit, which are discussed separately below.

 1383 See StartEngine Letter 2. 

1384 See FundHub Letter 2.

1385 See SeedInvest Letter 1.
407

We expect that the cost of preparing and filing Forms C and C-AR will vary based on the 

characteristics of issuers, but we do not have the information to quantify such variation. For 

example, issuers with little operating activity may have less to disclose than issuers with more 

complex operations. Further, some issuers may rely to a greater extent on the services of outside 

professionals in preparing the required filings,1386 while other issuers may choose to prepare and 

file the required forms without seeking the assistance of outside professionals.1387 We also 

recognize the possibility that many if not all of the filing requirements may ultimately be 

performed by funding portals on behalf of issuers using their platforms. 

The other significant cost for crowdfunding issuers, as identified by commenters, is the 

cost of an independent accounting review or audit. As discussed above, reviewed financial 

statements will be required in offerings of more than $100,000 but not more than $500,000, unless 

the issuer has audited statements otherwise available. Audited financial statements are required in 

offerings of more than $500,000. 

In a change from the proposal, issuers that have not previously sold securities in reliance 

on Section 4(a)(6) will be permitted to provide reviewed financial statements in offerings of more 

than $500,000 but not more than $1,000,000, unless the issuer has audited statements otherwise 

available. This change is expected to greatly reduce the initial costs associated with providing 

financial statements for first-time crowdfunding issuers offering more than $500,000 but not more 

 1386 See, e.g., McGladrey Letter (suggesting that issuers that are startups may rely on outside professional 

services to a greater extent, which would increase costs).

1387 For purposes of the PRA, we estimate that, for the average issuer, 25 percent of the burden associated with 

preparing and filing Form C and Form C-AR will be carried by outside professionals. See Section IV.C.1.a 

below. 
408

than $1,000,000. According to one commenter, the difference in cost for reviewed versus audited 

financial statements could easily run into tens of thousands of dollars.1388 

Some commenters argued that the cost of reviewed or audited financial statements of 

startup companies, which is the type of companies expected to use Regulation Crowdfunding, 

would be lower than our estimates because such companies would be less complex and because a 

competitive industry would develop to support the compliance and disclosure needs of securitiesbased crowdfunding issuers.1389 Commenters provided estimates for the cost of an accounting 

review of financial statements that generally ranged from $1,500 – $10,000.1390 One commenter 

suggested that the cost of an accounting review is approximately 60% of the cost of an audit.1391 

Consistent with this comment, we also use an alternative way to estimate the cost of an accounting 

review: indirectly, from the cost of an audit. 

Commenters provided several estimates of the cost of an audit for securities-based 

crowdfunding issuers, most of which ranged from $2,500 to $10,000.

1392 Other commenters, 

 1388 See FundHub Letter 1. The comment letter also cites the commenter’s article, which notes that “while a 

review could be in the range of $1000 in some cases, a formal audit by a CPA typically starts at $5,000 and 

could be much more.” See Kendall Almerico, Has The SEC Made Equity Crowdfunding Economically 

Unfeasible? CROWDFUND INSIDER (Nov. 21, 2014), available at http://www.crowdfundinsider.com 

/2013/11/26291-sec-made-equity-crowdfunding-economicallyunfeasible.

1389 See, e.g., CrowdFunding Network Letter; dbbmckennon Letter; Denlinger Letter 2; FundHub Letter 2; Holm 

Letter; StartEngine Letter 1; StartEngine Letter 2.

1390 See, e.g., Grassi Letter (estimating the cost of accounting review for a $200,000 offering as $8,000); NPCM 

Letter (suggesting that the minimum cost to obtain an audit, or even a review, would be $5,000); StartEngine 

Letter 1 (estimating accounting review and audit costs of $1,500 – $10,000 for smaller, newer companies); 

StartEngine Letter 2 (estimating accounting review costs of $1,950 – $9,000). 

1391 See Traklight Letter.

1392 See, e.g., dbbmckennon Letter (estimating audit costs of $4,000 – $9,000 for new companies with limited 

historical operations); Denlinger Letter 2 (noting that audit costs may be in the range of $2,000 – $4,000 for 

a pre-revenue startup); FundHub Letter 2 (noting the emergence of CPA firms willing to perform a complete 

audit for a startup for $2,500 or less); NPCM Letter (suggesting that the minimum cost to obtain an audit, or 

even a review, would be $5,000); StartEngine Letter 1 (estimating accounting review and audit costs of 

$1,500 – $10,000 for smaller, newer companies); StartEngine Letter 2 (estimating audit costs of $3,100 –

$9,000). 
409

however, provided higher annual audit cost estimates of up to $20,000 – $30,000.1393 Based on a 

compilation of audit fee data from reporting companies for fiscal year 2014, the average cost of an 

audit for an issuer with less than $1 million in market capitalization and less than $1 million in 

revenues is approximately $20,000.1394 We estimate the audit cost to be approximately $2,500 to 

$30,000. In the Proposing Release, we estimated the audit cost to be $28,700, which falls within 

this range. Assuming that, as suggested by one commenter,1395 the accounting review cost is 

approximately 60% of the audit cost, this range of audit costs yields an estimate of the accounting 

review cost of approximately $1,500 to $18,000. In the Proposing Release, we estimated the 

accounting review cost to be $14,350, which falls within this range. Estimates of the cost of an 

accounting review that we received from commenters also fall within this range. In light of the 

wide range of estimates provided by commenters for the cost of a review or audit of financial 

statements, we use in this release a range of estimates ($1,500 – $18,000 for the accounting 

review cost and $2,500 – $30,000 for the audit cost) instead of a single point estimate for these 

anticipated costs for offerings.

As discussed below, in a change from the proposal, the final rules do not require issuers to 

provide reviewed or audited financial statements in the annual report, unless such statements are 

 1393 See, e.g., Frutkin Letter (suggesting a “rough estimate of $30,000 per audit”); Graves Letter (suggesting that 

audit costs can be upwards of $18,000 to $25,000); Startup Valley Letter (suggesting that audit fees can be 

up to $10,000 for small startups with no financials and can exceed $20,000 for companies that have been in 

business for a few years); Traklight Letter (suggesting that audit costs can be up to $20,000).

1394 See Audit Analytics, Auditor-Fees, available at http://www.auditanalytics.com/0002/audit-datacompany.php. The auditor fee database contains fee data disclosed by Exchange Act reporting companies in 

electronic filings since January 1, 2001. For purposes of our calculation, we averaged the auditor fee data for 

companies with both market capitalization and revenues of greater than zero and less than $1 million (the 

smallest subgroup of companies for which data is compiled). We note that the cost of an audit for many 

issuers conducting a securities-based crowdfunding offering in reliance on Section 4(a)(6) is likely to be 

lower than for the subset of Exchange Act reporting companies referenced above, because they likely would 

be at an earlier stage of development than issuers that file Exchange Act reports with us and, thus, could be 

less complex to audit.

1395 See Traklight Letter.
410

otherwise available, which is expected to yield cost savings on an annual basis compared with the 

proposal.

The table below presents the main adjusted cost estimates for the final rules.1396

Offerings of $100,000 

or less

Offerings of more 

than $100,000, but not 

more than $500,000

Offerings of more 

than $500,000

Fees paid to the 

intermediary1397 $2,500 – $7,500 $15,000 – $30,000 $37,500 – $56,250

Costs per issuer for 

preparation and filing 

of Form C for each 

offering and related 

compliance costs

$2,500 $2,500 – $5,000 $5,000 – $20,000

Costs per issuer for 

preparation and filing 

of annual report on 

Form C-AR1398 and 

related compliance 

costs

$1,667 $1,667 – $3,333 $3,333 – $13,333

Costs per issuer for 

review or audit of 

financial statements 

Not required $1,500 – $18,000

$2,500 – $30,000

($1,500 – $18,000 for 

first-time issuers

raising more than

$500,000 but not 

more than 

$1,000,0001399)

 1396 In addition to the compliance costs outlined in the table, issuers also will incur costs to (1) obtain EDGAR 

access codes on Form ID; (2) prepare and file progress updates on Form C-U; and (3) prepare and file Form 

C-TR to terminate ongoing reporting. These additional compliance costs are discussed further below. In

addition, for purposes of the Paperwork Reduction Act (“PRA”), we provide burden estimates for each of 

these filings obligations in Section IV.C.1, below. 

1397 For purposes of the table, we estimate the range of fees that an issuer would pay the intermediary assuming 

the following: (1) the fees would be calculated as a percentage of the offering amount ranging from 5% to 

15% of the total offering amount for offerings of $100,000 or less, 5% to 10% for offerings between 

$100,000 and $500,000, and 5% to 7.5% for offerings of more than $500,000; and (2) the issuer is offering 

$50,000, $300,000 and $750,000, which are the mid-points of the offering amounts under each of the 

respective columns. The fees paid to the intermediary may, or may not, cover services to an issuer in 

connection with the preparation and filing of the forms identified in this table. 

1398 As noted above, we estimate that these costs are approximately two-thirds of the costs for preparation and 

filing of Form C.

1399 First-time crowdfunding issuers within this offering range will be permitted to provide reviewed financial 

statements.
411

We do not have additional data on the costs likely to be incurred by crowdfunding issuers 

to prepare the required disclosures beyond the information discussed above. Overall, we 

recognize that cost estimates may vary from issuer to issuer and from service provider to service 

provider. However, even with the additional accommodations provided in the final rules, the 

costs of compliance may be significant for some issuers.

b. General Disclosure Requirements

The statute and the final rules related to issuer disclosures are intended to reduce the 

information asymmetries that currently exist between small businesses and investors. Small 

private businesses typically do not disclose information as frequently or as extensively as public 

companies, if at all. Moreover, unlike public companies, small private businesses generally are 

not required to hire an independent accountant to review financial statements. When information 

about a company is difficult to obtain or the quality of the information is uncertain, investors are 

at risk of making poorly-informed investment decisions about that company.

Such information asymmetries may be especially acute in the securities-based 

crowdfunding market because the market includes startups and small businesses that have 

significant risk factors and other characteristics that may have led them to be rejected by other 

potential funding sources, including banks, VCs and angel investors. In addition, the securitiesbased crowdfunding market may attract unsophisticated investors who may not have the resources 

necessary to gather and analyze information about issuers before investing or to effectively 

monitor issuers after investing. Moreover, investment limits in securities-based crowdfunding 

offerings in reliance on Section 4(a)(6) will likely lead to investors having smaller stakes in the 

firm, which may reduce their incentives to monitor or gather information for a given investor. 

These considerations may give rise to adverse selection and moral hazard in offerings in reliance 
412

on Section 4(a)(6). For instance, some issuers may use capital to fund riskier projects than what 

was disclosed to investors, or they may not pursue their stated business objectives. If investors in 

securities-based crowdfunding have limited information about issuers or a limited ability to 

monitor such issuers, they may seek higher returns for their investment or choose to withdraw 

from the securities-based crowdfunding market altogether, which would increase the cost of 

capital to issuers and limit the capital formation benefits of the final rules. In addition, investors 

in offerings made in reliance on Section 4(a)(6) may make relatively small investments, due in 

part to the application of investment limitations. This potential dispersed investor base may make 

it difficult for investors to solve collective action problems in monitoring the issuer. 

The statute and the final rules seek to reduce information asymmetries by requiring issuers 

to file specified disclosures with the Commission for offerings made in reliance on Section 4(a)(6) 

during the offering and on an annual basis thereafter.1400 Issuers also are required to provide these 

disclosures to investors and, in the case of offering documents, to investors and the relevant 

intermediary. The disclosure requirements, which are described above,1401 are more extensive 

than those required under some other existing exemptions from registration. For example, 

although the current requirements of Tier 1 Regulation A offerings include similar initial financial 

disclosures, issuers in Tier 1 offerings are not required to file ongoing reports.1402 Issuers using 

the Rule 504 exemption under Regulation D to raise up to $1 million are not required to provide 

 1400 See Section 4A(b). See also Rules 201, 202 and 203 of Regulation Crowdfunding. 

1401 See Section II.B.1 above. 

1402 However, issuers in Tier 1 Regulation A offerings are required to provide information about sales in such 

offerings and to update certain issuer information by electronically filing a Form 1-Z exit report with the 

Commission not later than 30 calendar days after the termination or completion of an offering. Further, Tier 

1 offerings must be qualified by the Commission and are subject to state registration requirements. Issuers in 

Tier 2 offerings are subject to annual, semiannual and current reporting requirements. See Regulation A 

Adopting Release.
413

audited financial statements, and there are no periodic disclosure requirements. Regulation D 

offerings under Rules 505 and 506 for up to $2 million require issuers to provide audited current 

balance sheets (and unaudited statements of income, cash flows and changes in stockholders’ 

equity) to non-accredited investors, but there are no periodic reporting requirements. The 

disclosure requirements in Regulation Crowdfunding are expected to benefit investors by enabling 

them to better evaluate the issuer and the offering, monitor how the issuer is performing over time 

and be aware of when the issuer may terminate its ongoing reporting obligations. This will allow 

investors with various risk preferences to invest in the offerings best suited for their risk tolerance, 

thus improving allocative efficiency. 

The disclosure requirements also may improve informational efficiency in the market. 

Specifically, the required disclosure may provide investors with a useful benchmark to evaluate 

the issuer and compare the issuer to other private issuers both within and outside of the securitiesbased crowdfunding market.1403 Additionally, disclosure by issuers engaging in crowdfunding 

transactions in reliance on Section 4(a)(6) may inform financial markets more generally about 

new consumer trends and new products, thus creating externalities that benefit other types of 

investors and issuers. 

We recognize, however, that the disclosure requirements also will have associated 

limitations and costs, including the direct costs of preparation, certification, independent 

accounting review (when necessary) and dissemination of the disclosure documents. As noted 

above, the disclosure requirements for offerings made in reliance on Section 4(a)(6) are more 

extensive, in terms of breadth and frequency, than those for other exempt offerings. The statute 

 1403 See Christian Leuz and Peter Wysocki, Economic Consequences of Financial Reporting and Disclosure 

Regulation: A Review and Suggestions for Future Research, (Working Paper, University of Chicago) 

(2008), available at http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1105398.
414

also provides us with the discretion to impose additional requirements on issuers engaging in 

crowdfunding transactions, and in some cases, the final rules require issuers to disclose 

information beyond what is specifically mandated by the statute.1404 We recognize that these 

additional discretionary disclosure provisions may impose additional compliance costs on issuers 

compared with the proposal. However, we believe these provisions will improve investor 

decision-making and may ultimately benefit issuers by improving price efficiency in the 

securities-based crowdfunding market. Although requiring less disclosure could impose lower 

compliance costs, we believe that the disclosure requirements we are adopting appropriately 

consider the need to enhance the ability of issuers relying on Section 4(a)(6) to raise capital while 

enabling investors to make informed investment decisions. In response to the suggestion by some 

commenters that issuers not be required to disclose information in multiple places,1405 under the 

final rules, an issuer is not required to repeat disclosure that is already provided in the issuer’s 

financial statements. This may help to mitigate the cost of compliance for issuers. 

We note that the disclosure requirements may have indirect costs to the extent that 

information disclosed by issuers relying on Section 4(a)(6) can be used by their competitors, 

resulting in a potential loss of a competitive advantage or intellectual property, particularly for 

high-growth issuers and issuers engaged in significant research and development. Requiring 

significant levels of disclosure at an early stage of an issuer’s lifecycle may affect an issuer’s 

competitive position and may limit the use of the exemption in Section 4(a)(6) by issuers who are 

especially concerned with confidentiality. These disclosure costs also may make other types of 

 1404 See Section 4A(b)(5). See also Section II.B.1.a.i(g) for a description of the additional disclosure 

requirements. 

1405 See, e.g., EY Letter (noting that certain required disclosure would be included in an issuer’s financial 

statements); Grassi Letter (same).
415

private offerings more attractive to potential securities-based crowdfunding issuers. For example, 

the 2013 changes to Rule 506 of Regulation D,1406 which allow for general solicitation, subject to 

certain conditions, may make it a more attractive option for small business financing and, thus, 

may divert potential issuers from crowdfunding. 

In addition, under the statute and the final rules, issuers that complete a crowdfunding 

offering in reliance on Section 4(a)(6) are subject to ongoing reporting requirements,1407 which 

will increase compliance costs. The ongoing reporting, however, may provide a liquidity benefit 

for secondary sales of securities issued in crowdfunding transactions and make the prices of such 

securities more informationally efficient, should a secondary market develop.

c. Financial Condition and Financial Statement Disclosure 

Requirements

Consistent with the statute, the final rules require narrative disclosure about the issuer’s 

financial condition, including, to the extent material, liquidity, capital resources and the issuer’s 

historical results of operations.1408 We expect that this discussion will inform investors about the 

financial condition of the issuer, without imposing significant costs on issuers, because issuers

likely will already have such information readily available. In addition, the final rules do not 

prescribe the content or format for this information.

With respect to the requirement to provide financial statements, the final rules implement 

tiered financial disclosure requirements based on the aggregate amount of securities offered and 

sold in reliance on Section 4(a)(6) during the preceding 12-month period, inclusive of the offering 

 1406 See Rule 506(c) Adopting Release, note 5.

1407 See Rule 202 of Regulation Crowdfunding.

1408 See Rule 201(s) of Regulation Crowdfunding. See also Section II.B.1.a.(ii)(a) above.
416

amount in the offering for which disclosure is being provided.1409 The disclosure requirements 

will provide investors with more information than might otherwise be obtained in private 

offerings, but also may create additional costs for those issuers that have limited financial and 

accounting expertise necessary to produce the financial disclosures envisioned by the statute and 

the final rules. 

The final rules, consistent with the proposed rules, require issuers to provide a complete 

set of their financial statements (balance sheets, statements of comprehensive income, statements

of cash flows and statement of changes in stockholders’ equity) that are prepared in accordance 

with U.S. GAAP and cover the shorter of the two most recently completed fiscal years or the 

period since inception.1410 We could have chosen an alternative that allows financial statements to 

be prepared in accordance with other comprehensive bases of accounting, as some commenters 

suggested.1411 Such an alternative may have mitigated costs for some issuers, especially those 

smaller issuers that historically have prepared their financial statements in accordance with other 

comprehensive bases of accounting rather than U.S. GAAP. However, as we discussed above, 

this alternative would reduce the comparability of financial statements across issuers and might 

not provide investors with a fair representation of a company’s financial position and results of 

 1409 See Rule 201(t) of Regulation Crowdfunding. See also Section II.B.1.a.(ii)(b) above.

1410 See Instruction 3 to paragraph (t) of Rule 201 of Regulation Crowdfunding. 

1411 See, e.g., ABA Letter (for offerings of $100,000 or less, but stating that the Commission could require 

providing U.S. GAAP financial statements if available); AICPA Letter; CFIRA Letter 5; CFIRA Letter 7; 

CrowdCheck Letter 4; EarlyShares Letter; EY Letter (for offerings of $100,000 or less, unless U.S. GAAP 

financial statements are available); Grassi Letter; Graves Letter (for issuers with less than $5 million in 

revenue); Mahurin Letter (stating that simple Excel spreadsheets accompanied by bank records should meet 

the financial statement requirements); Milken Institute Letter (for early-stage issuers); NFIB Letter; SBEC 

Letter; StartupValley Letter; Tiny Cat Letter (for offerings of less than $500,000); Whitaker Chalk Letter 

(for offerings of less than $500,000 if the issuer has an asset or income level below a certain level).
417

operations. Further, it may be difficult for investors to determine whether the issuer complied 

with such basis of accounting.1412

The final rules also specify that an issuer may conduct an offering in reliance on 

Section 4(a)(6) using financial statements for the fiscal year prior to the most recently completed 

fiscal year, provided that not more than 120 days have passed since the end of the issuer’s most 

recently completed fiscal year, and financial statements for the most recently completed fiscal 

year are not otherwise available.1413 This may impose a cost on investors to the extent that the 

investors do not have more current financial information about the issuer. However, this concern 

is somewhat mitigated by the requirement that issuers include a discussion of any material 

changes or trends known to management in the financial condition and results of operations 

subsequent to the period for which financial statements are provided.1414 

Requiring financial statements covering the two most recently completed fiscal years is 

expected to benefit investors by providing a basis for comparison against the most recently 

completed fiscal year and by allowing investors to identify changes in the development of the 

business. Compared to an alternative that we could have selected, that of requiring financial 

statements covering only the most recently completed fiscal year, as some commenters 

suggested,1415 requiring a second year of financial statements will to some degree increase the cost 

for the issuer. Also, to the extent that the issuer had little or no operations in the prior year, the 

benefit of comparability may not be realized. We recognize that many crowdfunding issuers may 

 1412 See Section II.B.1.a.(ii)(b) above.

1413 See Instruction 10 to paragraph (t) of Rule 201 of Regulation Crowdfunding.

1414 See Rule 201(s) of Regulation Crowdfunding.

1415 See, e.g., Denlinger Letter 1; EY Letter; Fryer Letter; Grassi Letter; Joinvestor Letter; Public Startup Letter 

2; RFPIA Letter; RocketHub Letter. 
418

not have any financial history, and investors may make investment decisions without a track 

record of issuer performance, relying largely on the belief that an issuer can succeed based on 

their business plan and other factors. Nevertheless, for those issuers that do have a financial 

history, we believe this disclosure can contribute to better informed investment decisions and 

improve the overall allocative efficiency of the securities-based crowdfunding market. 

For offerings of $100,000 or less, the final rules require the issuer to provide financial 

statements that are certified by the principal executive officer to be true and complete in all 

material respects.

1416 The final rules include a form of certification for the principal executive 

officer to provide in the issuer’s offering statement, which we believe will help issuers comply 

with the certification required by the statute and the final rules.1417 However, if reviewed financial 

statements or audited financial statements are otherwise available, they must be provided.1418

The proposed rules would have required income tax returns for the most recently 

completed year (if any). In a change from the proposed rules, consistent with the suggestions of 

some commenters and to respond to privacy concerns,1419 the final rules do not require complete 

tax returns and instead require that an issuer disclose its total income, taxable income and total 

tax, or the equivalent line items from the applicable form, and have the principal executive officer 

certify that those amounts reflect accurately the information in the issuer’s federal income tax 

returns.

1420 We believe that the requirement to provide selected items from the return, rather than 

 1416 See Section 4A(b)(1)(D)(i). See also Rule 201(t)(1) of Regulation Crowdfunding. 

1417 See Instruction 4 to paragraph (t) of Rule 201 of Regulation Crowdfunding.

1418 See Rule 201(t)(1) of Regulation Crowdfunding.

1419 See, e.g., AICPA Letter (stating that disclosure of an issuer’s tax return “...has the potential to cause serious 

problems. Tax returns are intended to be confidential and should remain so.”); Public Startup Letter 2; 

RocketHub Letter; SBM Letter; Wilson Letter (suggesting that personal income tax information should be on 

a voluntary basis only); Zhang Letter.

1420 See Rule 201(t)(1) of Regulation Crowdfunding.
419

the return itself, will alleviate some of the privacy concerns for issuers. This change may increase 

record keeping costs for issuers and give rise to potential transcription errors. It also may reduce 

the amount of information available to investors, but as we noted in the Proposing Release, it is 

not clear to what extent all of the information presented in a tax return would be useful for an 

investor evaluating whether or not to purchase securities from the issuer. Finally, although 

principal executive officers will incur some incremental liability for their certification that these 

amounts reflect accurately the information in the issuer’s federal income tax return, we do not 

expect this change from the proposal to impose substantial additional costs on officers or issuers 

given the limited scope of the required certification.

Moreover, the final rules specify that if an issuer is offering securities in reliance on 

Section 4(a)(6) before filing a tax return for the most recently completed fiscal year, the issuer 

may use information from the tax return filed for the prior year, on the condition that the issuer 

provides information from the tax return for the most recently completed fiscal year when it is 

filed, if it is filed during the offering period.1421 This accommodation is expected to benefit 

issuers by enabling them to engage in transactions during the time period between the end of their 

fiscal year and when they file their tax return for that year. This may impose a cost on investors 

because they might not receive the most up-to-date tax information about the issuer. 

The proposed rules would have required financial statements for offerings exceeding 

$100,000 but not exceeding $500,000 to be reviewed by a public accountant independent of the 

issuer and financial statements for offerings exceeding $500,000 to be audited by a public 

accountant independent of the issuer. The final rules specify that the required financial statements 

must be reviewed by a public accountant that is independent of the issuer for offerings exceeding 

 1421 See Instruction 6 to paragraph (t) of Rule 201 of Regulation Crowdfunding.
420

$100,000 but not exceeding $500,000.1422 If, however, financial statements of the issuer are 

available that have been audited by a public accountant that is independent of the issuer, the issuer 

must provide those financial statements instead and need not include the reviewed financial 

statements.1423

Similar to the proposal, issuers in offerings exceeding $500,000 must provide audited 

financial statements. In a change from the proposal, the final rules specify that issuers that have 

not previously sold securities in reliance on Section 4(a)(6) and are conducting offerings with a 

target offering amount exceeding $500,000 but not exceeding $1,000,000 can provide reviewed 

financial statements, unless audited financial statements are otherwise available.1424 Audited 

financial statements can benefit investors in evaluating offerings by issuers with substantive prior 

business activity by providing them with potentially higher-quality financial statements.

However, as noted by a number of commenters1425 and discussed above, requiring audited 

financial statements could significantly increase the cost to issuers compared to requiring 

reviewed financial statements.1426 Further, for issuers that are newly formed, with no or very 

limited operations, and for small issuers, the benefit of the audit may not justify its cost. 

 1422 See Rule 201(t)(2) of Regulation Crowdfunding. 

1423 Id. 

1424 See Rule 201(t)(3) of Regulation Crowdfunding. See also Section II.B.1.a.ii.

1425 See, e.g., AEO Letter; Angel Letter 1; AWBC Letter; CFIRA Letter 5; CfPA Letter; CrowdFundConnect 

Letter; EarlyShares Letter; EMKF Letter; EY Letter; Finkelstein Letter; FundHub Letter 1; Generation 

Enterprise Letter; Grassi Letter; Graves Letter; Guzik Letter 1; Hakanson Letter; Holland Letter; Johnston 

Letter; Kickstarter Coaching Letter; McGladrey Letter; Milken Institute Letter; NACVA Letter; NFIB 

Letter; NPCM Letter; NSBA Letter; PBA Letter; Reed Letter; RocketHub Letter; Saunders Letter; SBA 

Office of Advocacy Letter; SBEC Letter; SBM Letter; Seyfarth Letter; Verrill Dana Letter; WealthForge 

Letter; Wefunder Letter; Woods Letter; Zeman Letter.

1426 See also Section III.B.3.a.
421

As discussed above,1427 the approach in the final rules of requiring reviewed financial 

statements rather than audited financial statements, unless otherwise available, for first-time 

crowdfunding issuers that undertake offerings of more than $500,000 but not more than 

$1,000,000 is expected to reduce the costs associated with financial statements for such first-time 

issuers compared to the proposed requirement of audited financial statements for all issuers in 

offerings of more than $500,000. This accommodation is expected to alleviate the significant 

upfront cost of an audit for first-time issuers that have not yet raised capital in a crowdfunding 

offering and may be more financially constrained. To the extent that their financing needs have 

not been met through alternative financing methods, first-time crowdfunding issuers are likely to 

be more financially constrained than issuers that have already established a track record of 

successful crowdfunding offerings. We recognize, however, that there are costs associated with 

this accommodation. Not requiring audited financial statements for offerings of more than

$500,000 but not more than $1,000,000 by first-time issuers may reduce the quality of financial 

disclosure, which may be a more significant concern for new crowdfunding issuers due to the fact 

that their more limited track record may translate into a higher level of information asymmetry

between issuers and investors. The potentially reduced quality of financial disclosure associated 

with offerings of more than $500,000 by first-time issuers may affect the likelihood of detecting 

fraud, which would decrease investor protection. To the extent that investors anticipate such 

increased risks, issuers may face a higher cost of capital or be unable to raise the entire amount 

offered, which would diminish the capital formation benefits of the final rule. We note that some 

first-time issuers in offerings of more than $500,000 but not more than $1,000,000may have 

audited statements otherwise available, which could partly mitigate the described effects. We also 

 1427 Id.
422

note that some first-time issuers concerned about investor confidence in the quality of their 

financial statements may voluntarily provide audited financial statements.

Tiered disclosure requirements aim to partially mitigate the impact of the fixed component 

of compliance costs on issuers in smaller securities-based crowdfunding offerings. However, it is 

possible that the thresholds may have an adverse competitive effect on some issuers. For 

example, the cost of reviewed financial statements may cause issuers in offerings exceeding but 

close to $100,000 to incur significantly higher offering costs as a percentage of the amount offered 

compared to issuers offering less than but close to $100,000. Similarly, the cost of audited 

financial statements may cause issuers in follow-on crowdfunding offerings exceeding but close to 

$500,000 to incur significantly higher offering costs as a percentage of the amount offered 

compared to issuers in offerings of less than but close to $500,000. We note, however, that the 

issuer has the ability to select its offering amount, and since the choice of offering amount 

determines which financial statement requirements will apply to its offering, the issuer, by 

choosing its offering amount, effectively also chooses its financial statement requirements. 

We considered the alternative of exempting issuers with no operating history or issuers 

that have been in existence for fewer than 12 months from the requirement to provide financial 

statements. We believe that financial statements contain valuable information that can aid 

investors in making better informed decisions, particularly, when evaluating early-stage issuers 

characterized by a high degree of information asymmetry. We also expect that other 

accommodations in the final rules will help alleviate some of these issuer compliance costs.
423

Similar to the proposed rules, financial statements must be reviewed in accordance with 

SSARS issued by the AICPA.1428 Although we could have chosen to develop a new review 

standard for purposes of the final rules, we believe that issuers will benefit from using the 

AICPA’s widely-utilized review standard. We believe that many accountants reviewing financial 

statements of issuers raising capital in reliance on Section 4(a)(6) are familiar with the AICPA’s 

standards and procedures for review, which should help to partly mitigate review costs.

As described above, the final rules require certain financial statements to be reviewed or 

audited by a public accountant that is independent of the issuer.1429 In a change from the proposed 

rules, the final rules permit the use of independence standards set forth in Rule 2-01 of Regulation 

S-X or the independence standards of the AICPA.1430 This change to allow the use of AICPA 

standards may reduce issuer compliance costs to the extent that there are higher costs associated 

with engaging an accountant that satisfies the independence standards set forth in Rule 2-01 of 

Regulation S-X. The change also will increase the number of public accountants able to perform 

the reviews or audits, which may lead to a decrease in the price of their services and thus a 

decrease in the direct issuance costs to issuers compared with the proposal. The benefit from this

change will accrue to issuers making offerings of $100,000 to $1,000,000. To the extent that the 

AICPA independence standards impose fewer restrictions with respect to potential conflicts of 

interest than the independence standards in Rule 2-01 of Regulation S-X, however, this 

accommodation may weaken investor protection. Moreover, any decrease in investor confidence 

 1428 See Rule 201(t)(2) of Regulation Crowdfunding. See also Instruction 8 to paragraph (t) of Rule 201 of 

Regulation Crowdfunding.

1429 See Section II.B.1 above.

1430 See Instruction 10 to paragraph (t) of Rule 201 of Regulation Crowdfunding. 
424

in the reliability of financial statements as a result of this change will limit the capital formation

benefits of the final rules. 

In addition, the final rules require an issuer to file a signed review report or audit report, 

whichever is applicable, and notify the public accountant of the issuer’s intended use of the report 

in the offering.

1431 This can impose an additional cost on issuers to the extent that the accountant 

or auditor increases the fee associated with the review or audit to compensate for any additional 

liability that may result from the requirement to file the report. As discussed above,1432 in a 

change from the proposal, the final rules do not permit qualified audit reports. This change may

impose an additional cost on issuers, which we are not able to quantify. However, this change is 

expected to provide investors with more reliable financial statements, which should enable 

investors to better evaluate the prospects of issuers relying on Section 4(a)(6) and thus make better 

informed investment decisions. By providing investors with a greater degree of confidence in the 

reliability of the financial information, audited financial statements will reduce the information 

asymmetry about the issuer’s financial condition that exists between issuers and potential 

investors. This decrease in information asymmetry may lead to greater capital formation.

In a change from the proposed rules, the final rules do not require financial statements in 

the annual report that meet a standard of review equal to the highest standard provided in a prior 

offering.1433 The final rules require an annual report to include financial statements of the issuer 

to be certified by the principal executive officer of the issuer as true and complete in all material 

respects.

1434 Issuers that otherwise have available financial statements that have been reviewed or 

 1431 See Instructions 8 and 9 to paragraph (t) of Rule 201 of Regulation Crowdfunding.

1432 See Section II.B.1.a.(ii)(b) above.

1433 See Section II.B.2.c above. 

1434 See Rule 202(a) of Regulation Crowdfunding.
425

audited by an independent certified public accountant, must provide them and will not be required 

to have the principal executive officer certification.1435 As discussed above, these changes will 

reduce the compliance costs to issuers compared with the proposal.1436 At the same time, they 

may reduce the quality of the ongoing financial statements, resulting in a potential decrease in 

investor protection and investor confidence in the quality of these financial statements. We note 

that some issuers may have reviewed or audited financial statements otherwise available, which 

would partly mitigate this concern. In addition, an issuer is able to voluntarily provide financial 

statements that meet a higher standard, so if an issuer is concerned about investor confidence in 

the quality of financial statements, it can choose to provide reviewed or audited financial 

statements.

d. Issuer Filing Requirements

As discussed above, issuers will incur costs to prepare and file the various disclosures 

required under Regulation Crowdfunding.1437 The statute requires issuers to file and provide to 

investors certain specified information at the time of offering, such as information about the 

issuer, officers and directors, and certain shareholders, a description of the business, a description 

of the purpose and intended use of proceeds, target offering amount and the deadline to reach it, 

offering price (or the method for determining the price) and other terms of the offering, a 

description of the financial condition of the issuer, as well as certain other disclosures.1438 These 

disclosure requirements are expected to strengthen investor protection and enable investors to 

make better informed investment decisions. The statute does not specify a format that issuers 

 1435 Id.

1436 See Section III.B.3.a. above.

1437 See Section III.B.3.a. above.

1438 See Rule 201 of Regulation Crowdfunding. See also Section II.B.1 above.
426

must use to present the required disclosures to the Commission. As noted above, the final rules 

require issuers to file the mandated disclosure on EDGAR using new Form C.1439 

Form C requires certain disclosures to be submitted using an XML-based filing,1440 while 

allowing the issuer to customize the presentation of other required disclosures. This approach 

provides issuers with the flexibility to present the required disclosures in a cost-effective manner, 

while also requiring the disclosure of certain key offering information in a standardized format, 

which we believe will benefit investors and help facilitate capital formation. 

We expect that requiring certain disclosures to be submitted using XML-based filings will 

produce benefits for issuers, investors and the Commission. For instance, using information filed 

pursuant to these requirements, investors can track capital generated through crowdfunding 

offerings without manually inspecting each filing. The ability to efficiently collect information on 

all issuers also can provide an incentive for data aggregators or other market participants to offer 

services or analysis that investors can use to compare and choose among different offerings. For 

example, reporting key financial information using XML-based filings will allow investors, 

analysts and data aggregators to more easily compile, analyze and compare information about the 

capital structure and financial position of various issuers. XML-based filings also will provide the 

Commission with data about the use of the new crowdfunding exemption that will allow the 

Commission to evaluate whether the rules implementing the exemption include appropriate 

investor protections and are effectively facilitating capital formation. 

Certain provisions of the filing requirements in the final rules provide flexibility and 

potentially reduce the compliance burden compared with the proposal. The final rules allow 

 1439 See Rule 203(a) of Regulation Crowdfunding. See also Section II.B.3 above. 

1440 See Instruction to paragraph (a)(1) of Rule 203 of Regulation Crowdfunding. See also Section II.B.3 above. 
427

issuers to customize the presentation of their non-XML disclosures and file those disclosures as 

exhibits to Form C in PDF format as official filings, consistent with the suggestions of some 

commenters.1441 In addition, the final rules include an optional Question and Answer (“Q&A”) 

format that issuers may opt to use to provide the disclosures that are not required to be filed in 

XML format.1442 Relative to some other possible formats, this Q&A format may facilitate the 

preparation of the Form C disclosures by crowdfunding issuers. To the extent that this provision 

lowers the compliance cost for issuers, it may encourage greater use of Regulation Crowdfunding 

for raising capital.

The final rules require that issuers file a Form C-U: Progress Update to describe the 

progress of the issuer in meeting the target offering amount.1443 In a change from the proposed 

rules, based on concerns expressed by commenters, the final rules permit issuers to satisfy the 

progress update requirement by relying on the relevant intermediary to make publicly available on 

the intermediary’s platform frequent updates about the issuer’s progress toward meeting the target 

offering amount. This change is expected to mitigate some of the direct cost for the issuer without 

reducing the amount of contemporaneous information available to investors. However, an issuer 

relying on the intermediary to make publicly available frequent progress updates must still file a 

Form C-U at the end of the offering to disclose the total amount of securities sold in the 

offering.1444 Although the final offering information likely will be available on the registered 

intermediary’s website, having the information available on EDGAR will allow comparisons 

 1441 See, e.g., CFIRA Letter 6; CFIRA Letter 7; CrowdCheck Letter 1; Grassi Letter; Hackers/Founders Letter; 

RocketHub Letter; Wefunder Letter; Wilson Letter.

1442 See Item 1 of General Instruction III to Form C.

1443 See Rule 203(a)(3) of Regulation Crowdfunding. See also Sections II.B.1.b and II.B.3 above.

1444 See Rule 203(a)(3)(iii) of Regulation Crowdfunding. 
428

across platforms and provide ongoing access to historical information for future investor analyses 

that may otherwise be difficult or impossible to perform by accessing information from each 

individual portal. We expect the costs of preparing updates on Form C-U to vary among issuers 

but to be relatively small.

1445

As noted above, the statute also requires an issuer to file and provide to investors 

information about the issuer’s financial condition on at least an annual basis, as determined by the 

Commission.1446 Ongoing disclosure requirements are expected to strengthen investor protection. 

Ongoing disclosure requirements are also expected to facilitate better informed investment 

decisions in secondary market transactions and enhance the informational efficiency of prices of 

crowdfunding securities, should a secondary market for such securities develop. To implement 

this statutory requirement, the final rules require any issuer that has sold securities in a 

crowdfunding transaction in reliance on Section 4(a)(6) to file annually with the Commission a 

new Form C-AR: Annual Report, no later than 120 days after the end of each fiscal year covered 

by the report.1447 We believe that annual reports will inform investors in their portfolio decisions 

and can enhance price efficiency. Moreover, as discussed above, under the statute and the final 

rules, the securities will be freely tradable after one year,1448 and therefore, this information also 

will benefit potential future holders of the issuer’s securities by enabling them to update their 

assessments as new information is made available through the annual updates, potentially 

allowing for more efficient pricing. More generally, these continued disclosures also may help 

 1445 For purposes of the PRA, we estimate that an issuer’s compliance with the Form C-U requirement will result, 

on average, in approximately 0.50 burden hours per issuer. See Section IV.C.1.a below.

1446 See Section 4A(b)(4).

1447 See Rule 202(a) of Regulation Crowdfunding. See also Section II.B.2 above for a discussion of the 

disclosure requirements of Form C-AR. 

1448 See Section 4A(e). See also Rule 501 of Regulation Crowdfunding.
429

facilitate the transfer of securities in secondary markets after the one-year restricted period ends, 

which can mitigate some of the potential liquidity issues that are unique to the securities-based 

crowdfunding market, as discussed above. 

As an alternative, we could have added a current reporting requirement, consistent with the 

view of some commenters that there may be major events that occur between annual reports about 

which investors would want to be updated.1449 Such an alternative could result in better informed 

investment decisions. We are concerned, however, that the benefits of a current reporting 

requirement may not justify the additional compliance costs associated with such a requirement, 

especially given the size and early stage of development of the issuers likely to be involved in 

offerings in reliance on Section 4(a)(6).

Any issuer terminating its annual reporting obligations will be required to file a notice 

under cover of Form C-TR: Termination of Reporting to notify investors and the Commission 

that it will no longer file and provide annual reports pursuant to the requirements of Regulation 

Crowdfunding.1450 The final rules enable issuers to terminate reporting if: (1) the issuer becomes 

a reporting company required to file reports under Exchange Act Sections 13(a) or 15(d); (2) the 

issuer or another party repurchases all of the securities issued pursuant to Securities Act 

Section 4(a)(6), including any payment in full of debt securities or any complete redemption of 

redeemable securities; or (3) the issuer liquidates or dissolves its business in accordance with state 

 1449 See, e.g., ABA Letter; Angel Letter 1; Denlinger Letter 1; EY Letter; Grassi Letter; Hackers/Founders Letter; 

RocketHub Letter.

1450 See Rule 203(b)(3) of Regulation Crowdfunding.
430

law.1451 We expect the costs of preparing Form C-TR to vary among issuers but to be relatively 

small.

1452

In a change from the proposed rules, after considering the comments, the final rules also 

permit termination of ongoing reporting in two additional circumstances: (1) the issuer has filed 

at least one annual report and has fewer than 300 holders of record, or (2) the issuer has filed 

annual reports for at least the three most recent years and has total assets not exceeding 

$10,000,000.1453 This change is expected to mitigate some of the compliance cost for small 

issuers and make the final rules a more attractive option for capital formation among small issuers, 

and at the same time, help to ensure that larger issuers with a significant number of investors 

continue to provide relevant disclosure. 

This change may, however, make relevant information about the financial condition of 

certain issuers no longer available to investors, resulting in less informed investor decisions. This 

change may affect a large number of securities-based crowdfunding offerings, since it is likely 

that many crowdfunding issuers will either have fewer than 300 holders of record or assets below 

$10 million. Termination of ongoing reporting may result in a decrease in investor protection, 

particularly in the presence of an investor base with a limited degree of sophistication. Allowing 

issuers to terminate ongoing reporting can make monitoring of the issuer more difficult for 

investors and can potentially make it more difficult to detect fraud. We note, however, that the 

investment limits in the final rules serve to limit the amount of each investor’s capital that is 

exposed to these and other risks of securities-based crowdfunding offerings. We further note that 

 1451 See Rule 202(b) of Regulation Crowdfunding.

1452 For the purposes of the PRA, we estimate that issuers will spend, on average, approximately 1.5 burden 

hours to complete this task. See Section IV.C.1.a below.

1453 Id.
431

the investment amounts involved in these transactions might limit a typical investor’s incentives 

to analyze the information contained in ongoing disclosures and to monitor issuers, even if all 

issuers are required to provide ongoing disclosures.

Nevertheless, the risk that an issuer in a securities-based crowdfunding offering may 

terminate ongoing reporting in the future may discourage prospective investors from making an 

initial investment in offerings in reliance on Section 4(a)(6) or may cause issuers to obtain lower 

valuations for the securities they offer, which may limit some of the capital formation benefits of 

the final rules. We note that issuers who believe that increased investor confidence justifies the 

cost of annual reporting would be able to continue ongoing reporting voluntarily. 

Termination of ongoing reporting may also reduce the informational efficiency of prices 

and secondary market liquidity, making it more difficult for investors to exit their holdings after 

the expiration of resale restrictions. A lack of ongoing reporting may reduce the likelihood that a 

secondary market for such securities develops. We recognize, however, that a secondary market 

for securities in offerings in reliance on Section 4(a)(6) may not develop even if all issuers are 

required to provide ongoing reports.

The asset size cap in one of the termination thresholds may create adverse competitive 

effects for issuers close to but above the termination threshold.

e. Advertising – Notice of Offering

The statute and the final rules prohibit an issuer from advertising the terms of the offering, 

except for notices that direct investors to an intermediary’s platform.1454 The terms of the offering 

include the amount offered, the nature of the securities, price of the securities and length of the 

 1454 See Section 4A(b)(2). See also Rule 204 of Regulation Crowdfunding.
432

offering period.1455 The final rules allow an issuer to publish a notice about the terms of the 

offering made in reliance on Section 4(a)(6), subject to certain limitations on the content of the 

notice.1456 The notices are similar to the “tombstone ads” permitted under Securities Act Rule 

134,1457 except that the final rules require the notices to direct investors to the intermediary’s 

platform, through which the offering made in reliance on Section 4(a)(6) is being conducted. 

We believe this approach will allow issuers to generate interest in offerings and to leverage 

the power of social media to attract investors, potentially resulting in enhanced capital formation. 

At the same time, we believe it also will protect investors by limiting the ability of issuers to 

provide certain advertising materials without also directing investors to the disclosures, available 

on the intermediary’s platform, that are required for an offering made in reliance on 

Section 4(a)(6). Moreover, this requirement is not expected to impose costs on market 

participants. 

As an alternative, we could have required communications about the offering to be 

conducted through the intermediary, as suggested by some commenters.1458 To the extent that an 

issuer might be able to inform more investors about its offering if it is not limited to 

communications through the intermediary’s platform, this alternative might limit the issuer’s 

ability to inform a wide range of investors about its offering. Limited recognition among 

prospective investors might be a particularly significant hurdle for early-stage or small issuers. As 

another alternative, we could have required issuers to file advertising notices with the Commission 

 1455 See Instruction to Rule 204 of Regulation Crowdfunding.

1456 See Rule 204(b) of Regulation Crowdfunding. See also Section II.B.4 above.

1457 17 CFR 230.134.

1458 See Hackers/Founders Letter (supporting the issuer being able to repost the communications elsewhere so 

long as it first appeared through the intermediary); Joinvestor Letter. 
433

and/or the relevant intermediary, as suggested by other commenters.

1459 While this could increase 

the likelihood of issuer compliance with advertising restrictions, it also would impose an 

additional cost on the issuer. Overall, in light of the restrictions on advertising already in place, it 

is not clear to what extent, if any, additional restrictions would enhance investor protection. 

Some commenters, suggesting that advertising restrictions are unnecessary because sales 

must occur through an intermediary’s platform,1460 recommended allowing the issuer more leeway 

to publicize its business or offering on its own website or social media platform so long as the 

specific terms of the offering could be found only through the intermediary’s platform,1461 and 

recommended allowing advertising notices to have a section for supplemental information 

highlighting certain intangible purposes such as a particular social cause.1462 The alternative of 

relaxing or eliminating restrictions on advertising could enhance capital formation efforts of 

issuers. However, it might also result in a cost to investors if they make less informed investment 

decisions based on incomplete or selectively presented information about the offering contained in 

advertising materials. 

f. Compensation of Persons Promoting the Offering

The statute and the final rules prohibit an issuer from compensating, or committing to 

compensate, directly or indirectly, any person to promote the issuer’s offering through 

communication channels provided by the intermediary unless the issuer takes reasonable steps to 

 1459 See, e.g., Commonwealth of Massachusetts Letter; CFIRA Letter 6.

1460 See, e.g., FundHub Letter 1; Seed&Spark Letter (noting the proposed advertising restrictions will restrict the 

ability of filmmakers to market and raise money for their films); Arctic Island Letter 5; PeoplePowerFund 

Letter.

1461 See Fryer Letter.

1462 See RocketHub Letter.
434

ensure that such person clearly discloses the receipt of such compensation (both past and 

prospective) each time a promotional communication is made.1463 

We believe this requirement will benefit the securities-based crowdfunding market by 

allowing investors to make better informed investment decisions. Although the requirement to 

take steps to ensure disclosure of compensation paid to persons promoting the offering will 

impose compliance costs on issuers, we believe that investors will benefit from knowing if the 

comments about the investment they are considering are being made by a promoter who is 

compensated by the issuer and therefore may not be providing an independent, disinterested 

perspective. 

The final rules also require that an issuer not compensate or commit to compensate, 

directly or indirectly, any person to promote its offerings outside of the communication channels 

provided by the intermediary, unless the promotion is limited to notices that comply with the 

advertising rules.1464 We believe this will similarly serve to improve investors’ ability to make 

informed judgments about the information they encounter through various communication 

channels about the issuer, and thus, to make better informed investment decisions. 

g. Oversubscription and Offering Price

The final rules permit an issuer to accept investments in excess of the target offering 

amount, subject to the $1 million limitation, but require the issuer to disclose the maximum 

amount the issuer will accept and how shares in oversubscribed offerings will be allocated.1465 

We continue to believe that permitting oversubscriptions will provide flexibility to issuers so that 

they can raise the amount of capital they deem necessary to finance their businesses. Given the 

 1463 See Section 4A(b)(3). See also Rule 205 of Regulation Crowdfunding and Section II.B.5 above.

1464 See Rule 205 of Regulation Crowdfunding. See also Section II.B.5 above.

1465 See Rule 201(h) of Regulation Crowdfunding. See also Section II.B.6.a above.
435

uncertainty on the part of the issuer about potential market demand for the issuer’s securities, we 

believe it is valuable for issuers to have the option to permit oversubscriptions. For example, 

permitting oversubscriptions will allow an issuer to raise more funds, while lowering compliance 

costs as a proportion of the amount raised, if the issuer discovers during the offering process that 

there is greater investor interest in the offering than initially anticipated or if the cost of capital is 

lower than initially anticipated. As an alternative, we could have limited the maximum 

oversubscription amount to a certain percentage of the target offering amount, as suggested by one 

commenter.1466 However, such a restriction might reduce valuable flexibility and potentially limit 

capital formation without appreciably enhancing investor protection. 

The final rules do not require issuers to set a fixed price, as suggested by one 

commenter.1467 While such an alternative might reduce an investor’s cost of evaluating the 

investment, it would reduce flexibility for issuers while providing only limited benefits to 

investors in light of other disclosures required in the final rules. Further, the required disclosure 

of the pricing method used and the final prices for the securities before an offering closes,1468

coupled with the investor’s ability to cancel his or her investment commitment,1469 can mitigate 

potential concerns that dynamic pricing can be used to provide preferential treatment to certain 

investors (e.g., when an issuer offers better prices to relatives or insiders). We also believe that 

the cancellation rights afforded by the rules will help to address the concerns about time pressure 

on the investment decision because investors will have the opportunity to cancel their investment 

commitments if they decide to do so.

 1466 See Joinvestor Letter; RFPIA Letter.

1467 See RocketHub Letter.

1468 See Rule 201(l) of Regulation Crowdfunding.

1469 See Rule 201(j) of Regulation Crowdfunding.
436

h. Types of Securities Offered and Valuation

The final rules do not limit the type of securities that may be offered in reliance on 

Section 4(a)(6). This provision gives issuers the flexibility to offer the types of securities that are 

most compatible with their desired capital structure and financing needs. Such flexibility may 

benefit issuers to the extent that capital structure decisions can be relevant for an issuer’s firm 

value.

The final rules do not prescribe a method for valuing the securities but instead require 

issuers to describe the terms of the securities and the valuation method in their offering materials. 

The required disclosure of valuation method is intended to facilitate informed investment 

decisions. As an alternative, as suggested by commenters, we could have prescribed the use of 

particular valuation standards,1470 required issuers to base the valuation of their securities on the 

price at which the issuer previously sold securities,1471 or considered other standards designed to 

ensure that securities are fairly valued and that approaches to valuation that put investors at a 

disadvantage are prohibited.1472 If we required a specific valuation methodology, such as one of 

the suggested alternatives, and it were appropriate for a particular issuer, it could mitigate the 

likelihood of inaccurate valuations and result in more informed decisions by investors. However, 

specific valuation requirements that do not accommodate inherent differences among companies, 

particularly in light of the uncertainty related to the valuation of early-stage companies, might 

result in inaccurate valuations and less informed investor decisions. Also, potential additional 

calculations and analysis that might be required to implement a prescribed valuation methodology 

 1470 See, e.g., 11 Wells Letter; Active Agenda Letter; Borrell Letter; Ellenbogen Letter; Greer Letter; Mountain 

Hardwear Letter; Moyer Letter; NaviGantt Letter; Vidal Letter.

1471 See, e.g., Public Startup Letter 3; Wefunder Letter.

1472 See Consumer Federation Letter.
437

could impose additional costs on issuers, compared to letting issuers select a valuation method 

that fits the particular circumstances of their offering.

i. Restrictions on Resales

The statute and the final rules include restrictions on the transfer of securities for one year, 

subject to limited exceptions (e.g., for transfers to the issuer of the securities, in a registered 

offering, to an accredited investor or to certain family members).1473 As we discussed in the 

proposal, we believe that including such proposed restrictions is important for investor protection. 

By restricting the transfer of securities for a one-year period, the final rules give investors in a 

business a defined period to observe the performance of the business and to potentially obtain 

more information about the potential success or failure of the business before trading occurs. The 

final rules permit transfers to trusts controlled by, or held for the benefit of, covered family 

members.1474 In a change from the proposed rules, the restrictions apply to any purchasers and 

not only to the initial purchasers, consistent with the suggestions of commenters.1475 This change 

addresses the possibility of the initial purchaser selling securities to an eligible purchaser and such 

eligible purchaser reselling them to the public within the first year, resulting in the securities 

becoming widely traded within the first year. 

We recognize that resale restrictions will impose costs. The one-year restriction on

transfers of securities purchased in a transaction conducted in reliance on Section 4(a)(6) may 

impede price discovery, raise capital costs to issuers and limit investor participation, particularly 

among investors who are unable or unwilling to risk locking up their investments for this period. 

The illiquidity cost resulting from the resale restriction may be mitigated, in part, by provisions 

 1473 See Section 4A(e). See also Rule 501(a) of Regulation Crowdfunding.

1474 See Rule 501(a)(4) of Regulation Crowdfunding.

1475 See CrowdCheck Letter 3; Moskowitz Letter. 
438

that allow investors to transfer the securities within one year of issuance by reselling the securities 

to accredited investors, back to the issuer or in a registered offering or transferring them to certain 

family members or trusts of those family members. The effect of resale restrictions on the extent 

to which investors make informed investment decisions is unclear. While resale restrictions may 

disincentivize investors from continuing to gather and analyze information about the issuer after 

investing while the resale restrictions are in effect, resale restrictions may also strengthen the 

incentive to conduct due diligence on the issuer and gather and analyze information before the 

initial investment. Nevertheless, at the investment amounts involved in these transactions, a 

typical purchaser’s incentives to gather and analyze information before or after investing likely 

will remain limited, regardless of the presence of resale restrictions.

4. Intermediary Requirements

The statute and the final rules require that offerings in reliance on Section 4(a)(6) be 

conducted through an intermediary that is a registered broker-dealer or registered funding portal. 

The use of a registered intermediary to match issuers and investors will cause issuers to incur 

certain transaction costs associated with the intermediation activity1476 but also will provide 

centralized venues for crowdfunding activities that are expected to lower investor and issuer 

search costs. As discussed earlier, existing lending-based, reward-based, and donation-based 

crowdfunding platforms already engage in a large volume of transactions in North America,1477

demonstrating that the use of platforms for crowdfunding may be familiar to investors and issuers.

We believe that existing non-securities-based crowdfunding platforms will initially be the 

primary funding portals in the securities-based crowdfunding market. The entry of registered 

 1476 See Section III.B.3.a above for a discussion of intermediary fees.

1477 See Section III.A.3 above.
439

broker-dealers and new funding portals in the securities-based crowdfunding market will increase 

competition among existing non-securities-based crowdfunding intermediaries and potentially 

lower the cost of intermediation to issuers. One commenter stated that it has “a serious concern 

with Broker/Dealers having an unfair advantage in the market, by already being regulated and 

registered with the Commission as well as FINRA. Therefore, they may be able to service the 

market well ahead of Portals.” 1478 

We acknowledge that, to the extent that it may take less time and cost for registered 

broker-dealers to comply with the requirements of Regulation Crowdfunding as compared to 

funding portals, registered broker-dealers may be at a competitive advantage compared to new 

entities that seek to register as funding portals and enter the crowdfunding market. However, as 

we discuss below, the registration requirements for funding portals are tailored to the more limited 

scope of funding portal activities and are thus expected to result in a lower compliance cost for 

these entities. Further, the effective dates of the final rules are expected to provide time for 

funding portals to register and comply with the other requirements of Regulation Crowdfunding

before crowdfunding offerings can occur.

1479 We recognize, however, that registered brokerdealers can retain a competitive advantage relative to funding portals due to their ability to engage 

in a wider range of activities in the securities-based crowdfunding market.1480 In this regard we

note that the final rules permit funding portals to compensate a registered broker-dealer and to 

receive compensation from a registered broker-dealer for services in connection with the funding 

 1478 See RocketHub Letter. Several other commenters expressed concern about funding portals being at a 

competitive disadvantage to registered broker-dealers. See, e.g., Joinvestor Letter; City First Letter; 

Seed&Spark Letter; Guzik Letter 1.

1479 The time period between the effective date of the final rules pertaining to funding portal registration as 

compared to the later effective date for rules governing crowdfunding offerings is expected to mitigate some 

of these effects. See also Section II.C.2.a above.

1480 See also note 607.
440

portal’s offer or sale of securities in reliance on Section 4(a)(6),1481 which may enable funding 

portals to partly mitigate the impact of restrictions on funding portal activities in the statute and 

final rules. Moreover, even if funding portals remain at a competitive disadvantage to registered 

broker-dealers in the securities-based crowdfunding market, overall the expected participation of 

multiple registered broker-dealers as intermediaries in offerings in reliance on Section 4(a)(6) may 

nevertheless result in a considerable level of competition in the securities-based crowdfunding 

marketplace.

Both existing non-securities-based crowdfunding platforms and registered broker-dealers 

will need to invest resources to comply with the requirements of the statute and final rules. In 

addition, registered broker-dealers will need to develop Internet-based crowdfunding platforms 

while existing non-securities-based crowdfunding platforms will need to register as funding 

portals or broker-dealers and modify their existing platforms to conform to the requirements of the 

statute and the final rules. Although the eventual extent of broker-dealer involvement in the 

securities-based crowdfunding market is difficult to estimate, we believe that some broker-dealers 

may acquire or form partnerships with funding portals to obtain access to a new and diverse 

investor base. In addition, some existing non-securities-based crowdfunding platforms may 

eventually form partnerships with registered broker-dealers or funding portals. It is challenging to 

exactly predict the future number of persons (or entities) who will register as either broker-dealers

or funding portals to act as intermediaries in securities-based crowdfunding transactions. For 

purposes of the PRA,1482 we estimate that intermediaries will number approximately 110, 

including approximately 10 intermediaries that will register as broker-dealers in order to engage in 

 1481 See Rule 402(b)(7) and Rule 402(b)(8) of Regulation Crowdfunding. See also Section II.D.3.g.

1482 See Section IV.B.2 and Section IV.B.3 below.
441

securities-based crowdfunding; approximately 50 intermediaries that are already registered as 

broker-dealers and that will choose to serve as crowdfunding intermediaries; and approximately 

50 intermediaries that are not already registered as broker-dealers and that will register as funding 

portals.1483 It is possible that the actual number of participants will deviate significantly from 

these estimates, and it is likely that there will be significant competition between existing 

crowdfunding venues and new entrants that may result in further changes in the number and types 

of intermediaries as the market develops and matures. It also is likely that there will be significant 

developments in the types and ranges of crowdfunding products and services offered by 

intermediaries to potential issuers and investors, particularly as competitors gain additional 

experience in this new marketplace. Moreover, the business models of successful crowdfunding 

intermediaries are likely to change over time as they grow in size or market share or if they are 

forced to differentiate from other market participants in order to maintain their position in the 

market. 

As a result of the uncertainty over how the market may develop, any estimates of the 

potential number of market participants, their services or fees charged are subject to significant 

estimation error. While we recognize that there are benefits as well as costs associated with the 

statutory requirements and the final rules pertaining to intermediaries, there are significant 

 1483 These estimates are based, in part, on recent indications of interest, which may change as the market 

develops. According to FINRA, as of October 3, 2013, approximately 36 entities have submitted the 

voluntary Interim Form for Funding Portals to FINRA to indicate their intention to act as funding portals 

under Title III of the JOBS Act. See Press Release, Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, FINRA Issues 

Voluntary Interim Form for Crowdfunding Portals (Jan. 10, 2013), available at

http://www.finra.org/Newsroom/NewsReleases/2013/P197636; Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, 

Crowdfunding Portals, available at http://www.finra.org/industry/issues/crowdfunding. Based on these 

recent indications of interest, we expect that the number of funding portals that will ultimately register with 

the Commission will be approximately 50. 

We note that these estimates are the same as the estimates of potential crowdfunding intermediaries set forth 

in the Proposing Release. We did not receive comments about these estimates.
442

limitations to our ability to estimate these potential benefits and costs. 

The statute requires that the offer or sale of securities in reliance on Securities Act 

Section 4(a)(6) be conducted through a broker-dealer or a funding portal that complies with the 

requirements of Securities Act Section 4A(a).1484 Among other things, the intermediary must 

register with the Commission as a broker-dealer or a funding portal, and it also must register with 

a registered national securities association.1485 The final rules implement these statutory 

requirements, including by requiring an intermediary to be a member of FINRA or any other 

applicable registered national securities association. 

While the benefits and costs are described in further detail below, the following tables 

summarize the estimated direct costs to intermediaries, including broker-dealers and funding 

portals. Some of the direct costs of the rules will be incurred by all intermediaries, while others 

are specific to whether the intermediary is a new entrant (registering as a broker-dealer or a 

funding portal) or is already registered as a broker-dealer. 

Although we have attempted to estimate the direct costs of the statute and the final rules on 

intermediaries, we recognize that some costs can vary significantly across intermediaries, and 

within categories of intermediaries. For example, some intermediaries may choose to leverage 

existing platforms or systems and so may not need to incur significant additional expenses to 

develop a platform or comply with specific requirements of Regulation Crowdfunding. In the 

Proposing Release we provided cost estimates for the various intermediary requirements and 

requested comment on our estimates. Several commenters discussed the estimates of the costs 

 1484 See Section 4(a)(6)(C).

1485 See Section 4A(a)(2).
443

associated with intermediaries or provided cost estimates of their own.

1486 Below we discuss the 

comments received on each of these costs and any revisions to our estimates made in response.

We estimate that the cost for an entity to register as a broker-dealer and become a member 

of a national securities association in order to engage in crowdfunding pursuant to Section 4(a)(6) 

will be approximately $275,000, with an ongoing annual cost of approximately $50,000 to 

maintain this registration and membership.1487 In addition, we estimate that the cost to comply 

with the various requirements that apply to registered broker-dealers engaging in transactions 

pursuant to Section 4(a)(6) for these new registrants will be approximately $245,000 initially and 

approximately $180,000 in each year thereafter. In making this estimate, we assume that brokerdealers acting as intermediaries in transactions pursuant to Section 4(a)(6) will provide a full 

range of brokerage services in connection with these transactions, including certain services such 

as providing investment advice and recommendations, soliciting investors, and managing and 

handling customer funds and securities, that funding portals cannot provide.1488

 1486 See, e.g., ASSOB Letter (suggesting that the cost to establish a funding portal would run at least $480,000); 

Arctic Island Letter 8 (referring to the cost of establishing and managing escrow accounts); CapSchedule 

Letter (citing costs of managing securityholder records); Joinvestor Letter (suggesting in reference to records 

to be kept by funding portals that “[u]nder the expectation that crowdfunding portals will be online 

operations and will almost certainly retain records through digital methods, the burden of collection should 

be minimal” but not providing a specific estimate of the cost of compliance). Various commenters expressed 

concern with the cost imposed on intermediaries. See, e.g., Heritage Letter (suggesting that the “costs 

incurred by the intermediary in dealing with an issuer, doing the required due diligence and background 

screening, establishing a web page describing the offering and so on do not vary linearly with the offering 

size”); Seed&Spark Letter; SBEC Letter (suggesting that there will be “extensive staff, technology and 

operational costs” in addition to the compliance costs estimated in the Proposing Release).

1487 We recognize that the cost of registering and becoming a member of a national securities association varies 

significantly among broker-dealers, depending on facts and circumstances. The cost can vary, among other 

factors, based on the number of associated persons of the broker-dealer entity and their licensing 

requirements, the scope of the brokerage activities, and the means by which the broker-dealer administers the 

registration process (e.g., it may choose to hire outside counsel to assist with the process). We also 

recognize that the time required for a broker-dealer to become a member of a national securities association 

varies and can take six months to one year. We estimate the range of this cost to be between $50,000 and 

$500,000, and so we have chosen the average amount of $275,000 for purposes of this analysis. 

1488 Among other things, a broker-dealer providing recommendations and investment advice is required to 

comply with FINRA rules on suitability. See FINRA Rule 2111. A broker-dealer soliciting through 
444

If instead an entity were to register as a funding portal and become a funding portal 

member of a national securities association, we estimate the initial registration and membership 

cost will be approximately $100,000, with an ongoing cost of approximately $10,000 in each year 

thereafter to maintain this registration and membership.1489 We estimate that the initial cost for a 

registered funding portal to comply with the requirements of the final rules will be approximately 

$67,000, with an ongoing cost of approximately $40,000 in each year thereafter. 

Finally, we estimate that the incremental initial cost for an intermediary that is already 

registered as a broker-dealer to comply with the requirements of the final rules will be 

approximately $45,000, with an ongoing cost of approximately $30,000 in each year thereafter.

These estimated costs are consistent with those set forth in the Proposing Release and are 

exclusive of the cost of establishing and maintaining a platform and related functionality. For 

purposes of the PRA, we estimate that for the average intermediary, the mid-range initial external 

platform development cost will be approximately $425,000 and the ongoing cost will be 

 advertisements is required to comply with FINRA rules relating to communications with the public. See 

FINRA Rule 2210. Broker-dealers handling customer funds and securities also are required to maintain net 

capital, segregate customer funds and comply with Exchange Act Rule 15c2-4. See Exchange Act Rules 

15c3-1, 15c3-3 and 15c2-4 [17 CFR 240.15c3-1, 15c3-3 and 15c2-4].

1489 In making these estimates, we assume that the membership process will take approximately sixty days and 

that there will be no related licensing requirement for associated persons of the funding portal. In the 

Proposing Release, we estimated that the membership process will take approximately one month. While it

does not affect our estimate of direct costs, we note that a longer membership process can result in 

incremental indirect costs to funding portals (e.g., opportunity costs due to not being able to serve as an 

intermediary in crowdfunding offerings while registration requirements are not met and competitive costs 

due to requiring additional time to register compared to registered broker-dealers. The time period between 

the effective date of the final rules pertaining to funding portal registration as compared to the later effective 

date for rules governing crowdfunding offerings is expected to mitigate these effects.

We also only include domestic entities in these estimates, which do not need to comply with the 

requirements in Regulation Crowdfunding that apply to nonresident funding portals. Nonresident funding 

portals are subject to an additional cost of completing Schedule C to Form Funding Portal, hiring and 

maintaining an agent for service of process and providing the required opinion of counsel. See Section 

IV.C.2.a. below (discussing burden estimates of these additional requirements for purposes of the PRA).
445

approximately $85,000 per year.1490 However, we anticipate considerable variation among 

intermediaries depending on whether they already have in place platforms and systems that can be 

adapted to meet the requirements of the final rules. We expect that intermediaries (whether

broker-dealers or funding portals) that already have in place platforms and related systems that 

will need only to tailor their existing platform and systems to comply with the requirements of 

Regulation Crowdfunding, resulting in a lower initial cost on average of $250,000. We expect the 

ongoing cost to remain approximately $85,000 per year for an intermediary that already has in 

place a platform and related systems. Commenters did not provide estimates of the cost of 

establishing a platform or tailoring an existing platform to comply with the requirements of Title 

III. One commenter suggested that the cost of operating a funding portal and regulatory 

compliance would be at least $480,000 per year but did not break out this estimate into separate 

cost components.1491 

Estimated Costs of Final Rules for Intermediaries that Register as Broker-Dealers

Estimated Costs

Initial Cost (Year 1) Ongoing Cost per Year

Form BD Registration and National 

Securities Association Membership

$275,000 $50,000

Complying with Requirements to Act as an 

Intermediary in, and to Engage in BrokerDealer Activities Related to, Transactions 

pursuant to Section 4(a)(6)1492

$245,000 $180,000

 

1490 These estimates are based on intermediaries that use a third party to develop the platform. Intermediaries that 

develop the platform in-house may incur lower costs. For purposes of the PRA, we estimate that 

intermediaries that develop the platform in-house instead of using a third-party provider will spend an 

average of 1,500 hours for initial planning, programming and implementation and 300 hours per year in 

ongoing internal burden. For purposes of the PRA we estimate that approximately half of the intermediaries 

will use a third party to develop the platform and the other half will develop their platforms in-house. See

Section IV.C.2.b below.

1491 See ASSOB Letter.

1492 As discussed above, these costs include, among others, the costs to the broker-dealer of having associated 

persons who have licensing requirements, suitability requirements, requirements relating to advertisements, 

net capital requirements, and compliance with Exchange Act Rule 15c2-4 (17 CFR 240.15c2-4), as well as 
446

Estimated Costs

Initial Cost (Year 1) Ongoing Cost per Year

Platform Development1493 $425,000 $85,000

Total $945,000 $315,000

Estimated Costs of Final Rules for Intermediaries that Register as Funding Portals

Estimated Costs

Initial Cost (Year 1) Ongoing Cost per Year

Form Funding Portal Registration and 

National Securities Association 

Membership1494

$100,000 $10,000

Complying with Requirements to Act as an 

Intermediary1495 in Transactions pursuant 

to Section 4(a)(6)

$67,000 $40,000

Platform Development1496 $425,000 $85,000

Total $592,000 $135,000

Estimated Incremental Costs of Final Rules for Intermediaries Already Registered as 

Broker-dealers

Estimated Costs

Initial Cost (Year 1) Ongoing Cost per Year

Complying with Requirements to Act as an 

Intermediary in Transactions pursuant to 

Section 4(a)(6)1497

$45,000 $30,000

Platform Development1498 $425,000 $85,000

 

the costs of complying with Subpart C of Regulation Crowdfunding. See Section IV.C. 2 below for further 

detail on our estimates, for PRA purposes, of the costs associated with the requirements under Subpart C.

1493 See Section IV.C.2.b below for further detail on our estimates, for PRA purposes, of the costs of developing 

a platform.

1494 As described above, this estimate reflects a streamlined process of becoming a member of a national 

securities association, which we assume will take approximately sixty days and not involve application or 

licensing of associated persons. 

1495 This includes the costs of complying with the requirements of Subparts C and D of Regulation 

Crowdfunding. See Section IV.C.2 below for further detail on our estimates, for PRA purposes, of these 

costs. 

1496 See Section IV.C.2.b below for further detail on our estimates, for PRA purposes, of the costs of developing 

a platform.

1497 This includes the incremental costs of complying with the requirements of Subpart C of Regulation 

Crowdfunding, but it excludes any registration or membership requirements. See Section IV.C.2 below for 

further detail on our estimates, for PRA purposes, of these costs. 
447

Estimated Costs

Initial Cost (Year 1) Ongoing Cost per Year

Total $470,000 $115,000

Commenters suggested that funding portals should not be required to register with the 

Commission or become FINRA members (or members of any other registered national securities 

association), because unlike broker-dealers, they serve only as an “information delivery 

service.”1499 One commenter stated that the Commission’s estimates in initial costs of registration 

as a funding portal and for ongoing expenses create a significant burden given that potential 

funding portals operate on modest budgets and with thin margins.1500 As we note above, however, 

registration is a statutory requirement under Securities Act Section 4A(a)(1).1501 While the 

registration requirements will necessarily impose costs on intermediaries, we believe they also 

will be effective in providing investor protection for the crowdfunding market while taking into 

account the more limited activities of funding portals. Among other things, in addition to the 

Commission’s oversight and rulemaking functions with regard to broker-dealers, FINRA currently 

is responsible for conducting most broker-dealer examinations, mandating certain disclosures by 

its members, writing rules governing the conduct of its members and associated persons, and 

informing and educating the investing public. Similarly, we believe that in addition to the benefits 

of the Commission’s oversight with regard to funding portals, the regulatory framework that a 

registered national securities association – initially FINRA – will be required to create for funding 

portals will play an important role in the oversight of these entities.

 1498 See Section IV.C.2.b below for further detail on our estimates, for PRA purposes, of the costs of developing 

a platform.

1499 See Perfect Circle Letter.

1500 See Seed&Spark Letter.

1501 See Section II.C.2.a above.
448

The estimated costs in the tables above reflect the direct costs that intermediaries will incur 

in connection with registering as a broker-dealer on Form BD or as a funding portal on Form 

Funding Portal, submitting amendments to registrations and withdrawing registrations. For the 

purposes of the PRA, we estimate that approximately 50 intermediaries will be broker-dealers that 

have already registered with the Commission1502 and, as such, these broker-dealers will not incur 

additional SEC registration costs associated with the final rules. Additionally, intermediaries that 

are not otherwise registered with FINRA or any other registered national securities association 

will need to register, and the estimated cost for such registration is included in the tables above. 

We anticipate that the cost for a funding portal to become a member of a registered national 

securities association will be lower than the cost for a broker-dealer to do so because of the more 

limited nature of a funding portal’s permissible activities and the streamlined set of rules that an 

association is likely to impose on funding portals. In this regard, we note that FINRA has solicited 

public comment on a set of proposed rules and related forms for registered funding portals that 

become FINRA members pursuant to the crowdfunding provisions of the JOBS Act.1503 

The final rules also require that an intermediary execute transactions exclusively through 

its online platform. This requirement may lower the potential for abusive sales practices. 

However, it may also prevent investors who lack Internet access from investing through 

crowdfunding, as suggested by one commenter.1504 We believe that the use of an online platform 

 1502 See Section IV.C.2 below.

1503 See Proposed Funding Portal Rules, available at 

http://www.finra.org/sites/default/files/NoticeAttachment/p369763.pdf. See also FINRA Requests Comment 

on Proposed Funding Portal Rules and Related Forms, FINRA Regulatory Notice 13-34, available at 

http://www.finra.org/sites/default/files/NoticeDocument/p370743.pdf. (“The rule is based on the current 

NASD Rule 1010 Series membership rules that apply to broker-dealers. However, the process for funding 

portals is simplified to reflect the limited nature of their business.”) 

1504 See, e.g., Projecteureka Letter.
449

will enhance the ability of issuers and investors to communicate transparently as compared to the 

alternative of allowing transactions to occur offline. This requirement also is expected to help 

issuers gain exposure to a wide range of investors, who also may benefit from having numerous 

investment opportunities aggregated in one place, resulting in lower search costs or burdens 

related to identifying suitable investment opportunities. 

The final rules further require that an issuer conduct an offering or concurrent offerings in 

reliance on Section 4(a)(6) using a single intermediary.1505 We recognize that this requirement 

may impose costs by limiting the set of investors, as well as communication about a transaction, to 

the extent that some investors do not use a specific crowdfunding platform.1506 However, it may 

also enhance communication between issuers and investors, as suggested by some 

commenters,1507 and enable investors to access investor discussions about a particular transaction 

on a single platform. This requirement may also reduce the risk of issuers circumventing the 

aggregate offering limit.

Some commenters suggested that the statutory and rule requirements for establishing a 

funding portal and ongoing maintenance and compliance expenses create a significant burden on 

funding portals.1508 Among other concerns, commenters highlighted potential liability for

intermediaries1509 under Securities Act Section 4A(c) and the cost of conducting background 

 1505 See Instruction 1 to Rule 100(a)(3) of Regulation Crowdfunding. See also Section II.A.3.

1506 See, e.g., Graves Letter. 

1507 See, e.g., CFA Institute Letter; RocketHub Letter.

1508 See, e.g., ASSOB Letter (suggesting that the cost to establish a funding portal could be at least $480,000).

1509 See, e.g., ABA Letter; AngelList Letter; BetterInvesting Letter; CFIRA Letter 10; City First Letter; 

EarlyShares Letter; EMKF Letter; FSI Letter; Graves Letter; Guzik Letter 1; IAC Recommendation; 

Inkshares Letter; Milken Institute Letter; PPA Letter; RocketHub Letter; SBA Office of Advocacy Letter; 

SBEC Letter; SeedInvest Letter 3; Seyfarth Letter; StartupValley Letter; Wefunder Letter; Winters Letter. 

See also Section II.E.5. 
450

checks1510 pursuant to Rule 301(c) as particularly burdensome for funding portals. We are 

mindful of the potentially significant costs as a percentage of offering size incurred by 

intermediaries, especially funding portals, in securities-based crowdfunding offerings. However, 

intermediary requirements are designed to provide a measure of investor protection from the risk 

of fraud in small offerings by relatively unknown issuers. Concentration of certain due diligence 

tasks at the intermediary level may yield efficiency gains relative to having each small investor 

incur the cost to perform such tasks. In addition, although funding portals may be subject to 

issuer liability, the changes we have implemented in the final rules will give them greater ability 

to control which issuers conduct offerings on their platforms and thus to mitigate to some degree 

the risks of liability arising from such offerings. 

a. Disclosure and Dissemination Requirements

The statute and final rules include disclosure and dissemination provisions designed to 

provide information to security-based crowdfunding investors. These provisions, together with 

the issuer disclosure provisions discussed above, are expected to limit information asymmetries 

and promote the efficient allocation of capital amongst crowdfunding offerings. These provisions 

also will provide information intended to ensure that investors are aware of the risks associated 

with their investment, which can enhance investor protection. As discussed above, many of the 

costs and benefits of these provisions are difficult to quantify or estimate with any degree of 

certainty, especially considering that securities-based crowdfunding will constitute a new method 

for raising capital in the United States. Although we are not able to quantify the direct costs 

specifically associated with each of these requirements, these costs are reflected in our general 

estimates of the initial and ongoing costs for intermediaries to register, comply with their 

 1510 See, e.g., RocketHub Letter; Anonymous Letter 4; Zhang Letter. See also Section II.C.3.c above.
451

obligations under the final rules and develop a crowdfunding platform, as reflected in the tables 

above. 

The final rules prohibit an intermediary or its associated persons from accepting an 

investment commitment until the investor has opened an account with the intermediary and the 

intermediary has obtained the investor’s consent to electronic delivery of materials.1511 This 

requirement will help ensure that certain basic information about the investor is on file with the 

intermediary and that all investors are on notice of the primary method of delivery for 

communications from the intermediary. To the extent that an intermediary uses a third party to 

establish account opening functionality, the costs relevant to this requirement will be incorporated 

into the cost to develop the platform.1512

The statute requires intermediaries to provide disclosures related to risks and other investor 

education materials. The final rules implement this statutory mandate by requiring intermediaries 

to deliver educational materials that explain how the offering process works and the risks 

associated with investing in crowdfunding securities.1513 The educational requirements will help 

make investors aware of the limits and risks associated with purchasing crowdfunding securities 

and facilitate the selection of investments suited to their level of risk tolerance. They also may 

help ensure that offerings proceed more efficiently as investors will be better informed by the time 

they decide to make their investment commitments and receive required notices. However, we 

recognize that the effectiveness of the educational materials in enhancing investor protection will 

vary depending upon the quality of the educational materials and the education and experience of 

 1511 See Rule 302(a) of Regulation Crowdfunding.

1512 See also Section IV.C.2.d below.

1513 See Rule 302(b) of Regulation Crowdfunding. 
452

retail investors.1514 In addition, materials that highlight the risks of securities-based crowdfunding 

can discourage investor participation, which may limit potential capital formation. 

Under the final rules, the educational materials can be in any electronic format, including 

video format, and the intermediary will have the flexibility to determine how best to communicate 

the contents of the educational material. Accordingly, the cost for intermediaries to develop 

educational materials is expected to vary widely. For purposes of the PRA, we estimate that the 

initial cost for an intermediary using a third-party firm to develop and produce educational 

materials will be approximately $10,000 to $30,000 and the ongoing cost will be approximately 

$5,000 to $15,000 per year.1515

The final rules also require that intermediaries obtain representations from investors about

their review of the investor education materials and their understanding of the risks.1516 This 

requirement is expected to improve investors’ understanding of investments in securities-based 

crowdfunding offerings. The direct costs of this requirement to an intermediary are reflected in 

the tables above as part of the costs of developing a crowdfunding platform, and we believe that 

the ongoing burden to comply will be minimal after the intermediary has systems in place to 

obtain such representations. This requirement also may limit capital formation to the extent that it

deters investors from making investment commitments or otherwise participating in offerings 

made in reliance on Section 4(a)(6).

 1514 See Jennifer E. Bethel and Allen Ferrell, Policy Issues Raised by Structured Products, HARV. L. & ECON. 

Discussion Paper No. 560, 2007, available at http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=941720.

1515 For the purposes of the PRA, we estimate that development of educational materials in-house will be 

associated with an average initial burden of approximately 20 hours and an average annual burden of 

approximately 10 hours. See Section IV.C.2.e below.

1516 See Rule 303(b)(2) of Regulation Crowdfunding.
453

Under the final rules, an intermediary must clearly disclose the manner in which the 

intermediary is compensated in connection with offers and sales of securities in reliance on 

Section 4(a)(6).1517 As explained above, we believe that investors will benefit by having 

information about how intermediaries are compensated, such as through compensation 

arrangements with affiliates. We believe that the costs of complying with this requirement 

generally will be included in the overall cost for intermediaries to develop their platforms, as it 

will entail adding an item of disclosure to the functionality of their platforms.1518 While the 

requirement to disclose compensation arrangements may give rise to indirect costs due to the 

intermediary’s competitors learning about the compensation arrangements, we do not expect such 

indirect costs to be significant since the intermediary’s competitors can generally infer 

information about the intermediary’s compensation arrangements from other sources.

The statute and the final rules further require that intermediaries make available certain 

issuer-provided information.1519 We recognize that requiring intermediaries to provide 

prospective investors with information about the issuer will impose costs. We expect that 

intermediaries will incur costs to develop the functionality that will allow the uploading and 

downloading of issuer information. We believe that the direct costs of complying with this 

requirement will be included in the overall cost to intermediaries to develop their platforms and 

that this requirement will impose only nominal incremental costs on intermediaries on an ongoing 

basis, primarily because the functionality necessary to upload the required issuer disclosure

 1517 See Rule 302(d) of Regulation Crowdfunding.

1518 See also Section IV.C.2.f below.

1519 See Rule 303(a) of Regulation Crowdfunding.
454

information is a standard feature offered on many websites and would not require frequent 

updates.1520

The issuer disclosure requirements are expected to benefit investors by enabling them to 

better evaluate the issuer and the offering. Requiring intermediaries to make the issuer 

information publicly available and easily accessible on their platforms will reduce information 

asymmetries between issuers and investors and will enhance both transparency and efficiency of 

the crowdfunding market. Greater accessibility of issuer information may reduce incremental 

costs to investors of locating issuer information and may increase their willingness to participate 

in a securities-based crowdfunding offering, thereby enhancing capital formation. 

The final rules also require an intermediary to provide communication channels on its 

platform, meeting certain conditions, which will allow investors who have opened accounts with 

intermediaries and representatives of the issuer to interact and exchange comments about the 

issuer’s offering on that intermediary’s platform, and which will be publicly available for viewing 

(i.e., by those who may not have opened accounts with the intermediary).1521 

Compared with the alternative of not requiring intermediaries to provide communication 

channels, we believe this requirement will allow investors, particularly those who may be less 

familiar with online social media, to participate in online discussions about ongoing offerings 

without having to actively search for such discussions on external websites. Moreover, the 

requirement that promoters be clearly identified on these channels will enhance transparency, 

allowing those investors that draw information from an intermediary’s online platform to make 

potentially better informed investment decisions. The direct costs of this requirement are reflected 

 1520 See also Section IV.C.2.g below.

1521 See Rule 303(c) of Regulation Crowdfunding. 
455

in the tables above as part of costs of developing a crowdfunding platform, and we believe that 

once the platform has been set up, the ongoing burden to comply will be minimal. We recognize,

however, that this requirement will not assure that participants in online discussions on the 

intermediary’s online platform convey accurate or relevant information in their postings, and it 

will not preclude investors from participating in discussions on external websites or other external 

social media. 

The final rules also require intermediaries, upon receipt of an investment commitment 

from an investor, promptly to provide or send to the investor a notification of that investment 

commitment.1522 This requirement will provide investors with key information about their 

investment commitments, including notice of the opportunity, as relevant, to cancel their 

investment commitments. Investors will benefit from these requirements because they will be 

provided with additional information with which to evaluate their investment commitments, their 

securities transactions and the intermediaries that are effecting those transactions. The direct costs 

of these requirements are reflected in the tables above as part of the costs of developing a 

crowdfunding platform.1523 

The final rules implement the statutory requirement for intermediaries to allow investors to 

cancel their commitments to invest, by requiring investors to have until 48 hours prior to the 

deadline identified in the issuer’s offering materials to cancel their investment commitments.1524 

If an issuer reaches its target offering amount prior to the target offering deadline, the final rules 

permit early closing of the offering under certain conditions, including a requirement that the 

intermediary send notices to investors informing them of the closing and the deadline for the 

 1522 See Rule 303(d) of Regulation Crowdfunding.

1523 See also Section IV.C.2.h below.

1524 See Rule 304(a) of Regulation Crowdfunding.
456

opportunity to cancel.1525 The final rules also set forth notice requirements and requirements 

related to the intermediary directing payments in the event of cancellations and material changes 

to offerings.1526 Additionally, the final rules impose specific obligations on intermediaries related 

to informing investors about their right to cancel an investment commitment.1527 

We believe that investors will benefit from receiving these notices because the 

notifications and accompanying information will keep investors informed about the status of the 

offering and thereby facilitate better investment decisions. This approach also will benefit 

investors by providing them with a specified period of time to review and assess information and 

communications about the issuer.

We recognize that allowing investors to cancel their investment commitments up to 48 

hours prior to the deadline identified in the issuer’s offering materials may impose a cost on 

issuers who, because of investors cancelling commitments late in the offering period, may fall 

below the target offering amount and so decide to cancel the offering or to extend the offering 

period. Accordingly, we recognize that this requirement may reduce the overall amount of capital 

raised in offerings in reliance on Section 4(a)(6) and thus have an adverse effect on capital 

formation. Intermediaries are expected to incur direct costs in developing and maintaining 

systems to send the relevant notices to investors. These costs are reflected in the tables above as 

part of the cost of developing a crowdfunding platform.

1528

 1525 See Rule 304(b) of Regulation Crowdfunding.

1526 See Rule 304(c) and Rule 304(d) of Regulation Crowdfunding.

1527 See Rule 302(b) of Regulation Crowdfunding.

1528 See also Section IV.C.2.h below.
457

b. Measures to Reduce the Risk of Fraud

The statute and final rules require intermediaries to have a reasonable basis for believing 

that an issuer seeking to offer and sell securities in reliance on Section 4(a)(6) through the 

intermediary’s platform complies with the requirements in the final rules1529 and has established 

means to keep accurate records of holders of the securities.1530 Under the final rules, an 

intermediary must deny access to an issuer if it has a reasonable basis for believing that the issuer 

or the offering presents the potential for fraud or otherwise raises concerns about investor 

protection1531 or that the issuer or any of its officers, directors (or any person occupying a similar 

status or performing a similar function) or 20 Percent Beneficial Owners was subject to a 

disqualification under the final rules.1532 The intermediary also must conduct a background and 

securities enforcement check on each of these persons.1533 We believe that these requirements 

will increase investor protection in connection with the offering.1534

As noted above, the specific costs and benefits of these provisions are difficult to quantify 

or estimate with any degree of certainty. However, we have attempted to reflect the direct costs of 

these provisions in the tables above as part of our general estimates for the cost of complying with 

requirements to act as an intermediary in transactions pursuant to Section 4(a)(6). For purposes of 

the PRA, the cost for an intermediary to fulfill the required background checks and securities 

 1529 See Rule 301(a) of Regulation Crowdfunding.

1530 See Rule 301(b) of Regulation Crowdfunding.

1531 See Rule 301(c)(2) of Regulation Crowdfunding.

1532 See Rule 301(c)(1) of Regulation Crowdfunding.

1533 Id.

1534 See also Section II.C.3 above.
458

enforcement regulatory history checks is estimated to be approximately $13,818 to $34,546 in the 

first year and approximately the same in subsequent years.1535

Each of these requirements is intended to help reduce the risk of fraud in securities-based 

crowdfunding. As a result of these requirements, investors will be able to rely on the efforts of the 

intermediary that conducted a background and securities enforcement check, solving a collective 

action problem that would be prohibitively costly if left to individual investors. To the extent that 

these checks help prevent fraudulent activity, they may increase investor willingness to participate 

in crowdfunding offerings, thereby facilitating capital formation. We anticipate that most 

intermediaries will employ third parties to perform these background checks.

We received several suggestions from commenters aimed at reducing or scaling the costs 

of the proposed requirements. One commenter suggested that the checks be required only after an 

issuer has met its target offering amount, so as to prevent unnecessary expense to the 

intermediary.1536 Requiring a background check only after an issuer has reached its target may 

reduce the total cost of performing background checks for intermediaries; however, it also may 

result in intermediaries having to cancel offerings by issuers who fail the background checks, 

resulting in additional transactional and reputational costs for the intermediary. Overall, relative 

to this alternative, we believe that an intermediary performing a background check on an issuer 

prior to the securities offering will improve investor confidence in using a given intermediary. 

While intermediaries are required to take certain steps to reduce the risk of fraud, the final 

rules provide intermediaries with the flexibility to decide the specific steps to take, consistent with 

 1535 See Section IV.C.2.c below.

1536 Anonymous Letter 4.
459

some of the commenters’ suggestions.1537 We believe this may reduce intermediary costs relative 

to establishing a more stringent or more specific standard for intermediaries. For example, 

deeming an intermediary to have satisfied the Rule 301(b) requirement if the issuer has engaged 

the services of a transfer agent that is registered under Section 17A of the Exchange Act will 

reduce the intermediary cost while at the same time potentially improving investor protection.

1538

In addition, intermediaries may rely on the representations of the issuer unless they have reason to 

question the reliability of those representations. Overall, a more rigorous review requirement 

represents a tradeoff between enhanced investor confidence in the portal and higher compliance 

costs for intermediaries. We recognize that permitting an intermediary to rely on an issuer’s 

representations unless the intermediary has reason to question the reliability of the representations 

can potentially lessen the incentive for an intermediary to thoroughly investigate the issuers and 

securities to be offered on its platform. Such an outcome may result in higher levels of fraud 

compared to a requirement that intermediaries perform an independent investigation to ensure that 

the issuer complied with all the requirements. A higher level of fraud will negatively affect both 

investors in crowdfunding offerings and non-fraudulent issuers. While we recognize this potential 

adverse effect, we note that intermediaries may be subject to liability as “issuers,” and this 

liability, together with potential reputational harm, is expected to provide significant incentives for 

intermediaries to monitor and investigate the offerings on their platforms. We also note that the 

communication channels provided on these platforms can provide a potential source of 

information for intermediaries, further facilitating their evaluation of prospective issuers.

 1537 See, e.g., StartupValley Letter; Vann Letter.

1538 We note that while for purposes of this provision, the issuer is not required to continue to engage the services 

of a registered transfer agent on an ongoing basis, since the use of a registered transfer agent is a condition 

for the Section 12(g) exemption, issuers with a large number of shareholders of record are expected to have 

an incentive to continue to engage the services of a registered transfer agent. See Section III.B.8. below.
460

c. Other Limitations on Intermediaries 

The statute and final rules place certain limitations on intermediaries. These limitations 

are expected to increase investor protection in the securities-based crowdfunding market. 

The final rules require an intermediary before accepting an investment commitment to 

have a reasonable basis for believing that an investor has not exceeded the final rules’ investment 

limits but permit an intermediary to rely on investor representations concerning compliance unless 

the intermediary has reason to question the reliability of the representations.1539 While we realize 

that investors may make inaccurate representations, we believe that this provision represents a 

reasonable approach to implement the statutory requirement, appropriately considering the need 

for investors to adhere to investment limitations while mitigating the costs incurred by 

intermediaries. The cost to update the required functionality for processing issuer disclosure and 

investor acknowledgment information is reflected in the tables above as part of the costs to 

develop a crowdfunding platform, and we believe that the ongoing burden to comply would be 

minimal.

Under the final rules, intermediaries must require any person, when posting a comment in 

the communication channels, to clearly disclose with each posting whether he or she is a founder 

or an employee of an issuer engaging in promotional activities on behalf of the issuer or a 

compensated promoter1540 We believe that these disclosure requirements will benefit investors by 

promoting a transparent information sharing process. We further believe that intermediaries are in 

an appropriate position to take such steps as part of designing communication channels on their 

platform. 

 1539 See Rule 303(b)(1) of Regulation Crowdfunding. See also Section II.C.5.b above.

1540 See Rule 303(c)(4) of Regulation Crowdfunding. See also Section II.C.5.c above.
461

Under the final rules, intermediaries will incur direct costs in complying with the 

requirements to disclose compensation to promoters, and certain additional costs from time to 

time to ensure continued compliance. These costs are reflected in the table above as part of the 

costs of complying with the requirements to act as an intermediary in a Section 4(a)(6) 

transaction. In addition, if this requirement discourages the use of promoters by issuers, it may

limit the investor pool for an offering made in reliance on Section 4(a)(6), thus limiting the ability 

of an issuer to raise capital.1541 

The statute prohibits the directors, officers or partners of an intermediary, or any person 

occupying a similar status or performing a similar function, from having any financial interest in 

an issuer that uses the services of the intermediary. The final rules implement this statutory 

requirement. In a change from the proposed rules, the final rules provide exceptions to the 

prohibition on an intermediary having a financial interest in a crowdfunding issuer. The 

intermediary may hold a financial interest in the crowdfunding issuer if the financial interest

represents compensation for the services provided to or for the benefit of the issuer in connection 

with the offer or sale of securities in a crowdfunding offering and consists of securities of the 

same class and having the same terms, conditions and rights as the securities being offered or sold 

in the crowdfunding offering through the intermediary’s platform. By not extending the 

prohibition from having any financial interest in an issuer to intermediaries in all instances, the 

final rules allow for more flexibility in the payment arrangements between issuers and 

intermediaries. This additional option by which the issuer may pay an intermediary for its 

services may be beneficial for issuers by allowing them to use more of the capital raised in an 

offering for future investments rather than paying a portion of it as a fee to the intermediaries. It 

 1541 See Rule 300(b) of Regulation Crowdfunding and Section II.C.2.b.
462

also allows funding portals to share in the upside of successful issuers, generating potentially 

larger revenue than the offering fee. While allowing intermediaries to have a financial interest in 

issuers can align incentives between intermediaries and investors,1542 it can alternatively lead to 

potential conflicts of interest between intermediaries and investors.

1543 While we believe that such 

conflicts of interest are possible and may reduce investor protection, they will be significantly

mitigated by the requirement that an intermediary’s financial interest in an issuer consist of 

securities of the same class and having the same terms, conditions and rights as the securities 

being offered or sold in the crowdfunding offering through the intermediary’s platform. Such

limitations on an intermediary’s financial interest, combined with reputational concerns and the 

accompanying disclosure requirements, will likely curb the incentives of intermediaries to act in a 

way that harms the interests of crowdfunding investors. 

The statute requires that intermediaries ensure that all offering proceeds are provided to 

the issuer only when the aggregate capital raised from all investors is equal to or greater than a 

target offering amount.1544 The final rules implement this requirement by requiring intermediaries 

that are registered as broker-dealers to comply with the existing requirements of Exchange Act 

Rule 15c2-4 and by requiring intermediaries that are registered funding portals to direct investors 

to transmit the funds or other consideration directly to a qualified third party that has agreed in 

writing to hold the funds for the benefit of the investors and the issuer and to promptly transmit or 

 1542 See, e.g., AngelList Letter (“So long as the program was consistently applied without judgment by the 

intermediary, the net effect would purely be to align the interests of the intermediary with the investor.”). 

See also EMKF Letter; Hackers/Founders Letter; Heritage Letter; Milken Institute Letter; RoC Letter; 

RocketHub Letter; Thomas Letter 1.

1543 See Jacobson Letter. 

1544 See Section 4A(a)(7).
463

return the funds to the persons entitled to such funds.1545 Based on several commenters’ 

suggestions,1546 we modified the proposed definition of qualified third parties in Rule 303(e) also 

to include registered broker-dealers that carry customer or broker or dealer accounts and hold 

funds or securities for those persons and credit unions insured by the NCUA.

1547 The final rules 

also require a funding portal to direct the qualified third party to transmit funds to the issuer once 

the target offering amount is reached and the cancellation period has elapsed; to return funds to an 

investor when an investment commitment has been cancelled; and to return funds to investors 

when the offering has not been completed.

These requirements will benefit investors and issuers by helping ensure that funds are 

appropriately refunded or transmitted in accordance with the terms of the offering. In particular, 

the requirement that the account in which funds are deposited be exclusively for the benefit of 

investors and the issuer will help prevent the intermediary or other parties from claiming or 

otherwise unlawfully appropriating funds from that account. Expanding the definition of 

“qualified third parties” will increase the number of third parties available to hold funds in an 

escrow or in an account for the benefit of investors and the issuer, potentially reducing the cost of 

the service due to increased competition. We do not expect any significant costs due to this 

change from the proposed rules because credit unions insured by the NCUA offer similar 

protections to banks while registered broker-dealers that carry customer or broker or dealer 

accounts and hold funds or securities for those persons are subject to various regulatory 

 1545 See Rule 303(e) of Regulation Crowdfunding.

1546 See, e.g., Growthfountain Letter; Vann Letter; Ex24 Letter; FOLIOfn Letter.

1547 See Rule 303(e) of Regulation Crowdfunding. See also Section II.C.5.b above.
464

obligations, which are designed to provide protection of investor funds through the imposition of 

capital and other requirements.1548 

Under the statute, intermediaries may not compensate promoters, finders or lead 

generators for providing broker-dealers or funding portals with the personally identifiable 

information of any potential investor. The final rules implement this statutory requirement by 

prohibiting an intermediary from compensating any person for providing the personally 

identifiable information of any crowdfunding investor to intermediaries.1549 Investors will 

benefit from the privacy protection provided by this prohibition. Intermediaries will incur a cost 

because the rule will not allow them to use personally identifiable information to target and seek 

out specific investors, thus reducing the potential investor pool for certain offerings. However, 

subject to this restriction, the final rules permit an intermediary to compensate a person for 

directing issuers or investors to the intermediary’s platform in certain situations.1550 This 

provision will provide intermediaries with an alternative means to attract more investors to their 

crowdfunding platforms, thereby mitigating some of the costs associated with the restriction on 

paying for personally identifiable information. 

5. Additional Funding Portal Requirements

Under the final rules, a funding portal must register with the Commission by filing a 

complete Form Funding Portal with information concerning the funding portal’s operation.1551 

The final rules also include the statutory requirement that a funding portal be a member of a 

registered national securities association. In the table above, we estimate the costs that 

 1548 See note 868.

1549 See Rule 305(a) of Regulation Crowdfunding. 

1550 See Rule 305(b).

1551 See Rule 400(a) of Regulation Crowdfunding.
465

intermediaries will incur related to registering as a funding portal on Form Funding Portal and 

becoming a member of a national securities association to be approximately $100,000 in the initial 

year and $10,000 thereafter. 

The requirement that funding portals register with the Commission and become a member 

of a national securities association will benefit investors by providing regulatory oversight for 

these new entities, which will help to reduce the risk for fraud. Although there are costs 

associated with this requirement, we believe that the protections deriving from this requirement 

will benefit investors, issuers and potentially intermediaries by helping to create a marketplace in 

which investors are more willing to participate and issuers are more comfortable using this 

method of capital formation.

The final rules also require that funding portals use Form Funding Portal to provide 

updates whenever information on file becomes inaccurate for any reason, to register successor 

funding portals and to withdraw from funding portal registration. Although funding portals would 

incur time and compliance costs to update Form Funding Portal, we expect funding portals will 

have experience with the filing process for Form Funding Portal from their registration and, as a 

result, will be familiar with the filing process by the time they update the form. In the tables 

above, this cost is reflected in the $10,000 annual compliance cost associated with registering on 

Form Funding Portal and becoming a member of a registered national securities association. 

The final rules allow nonresident funding portals to register with the Commission, 

provided that certain conditions are met.1552 The final rules require a nonresident funding portal to 

appoint an agent for service of process in the United States and to certify both that it can, as a 

matter of law, and will provide the Commission and any national securities association of which it 

 1552 See Rule 400(f) of Regulation Crowdfunding.
466

becomes a member with prompt access to its books and records and submit to onsite inspection 

and examination by the Commission and the national securities association. The funding portal 

also must provide an opinion of counsel attesting to the funding portal’s ability to comply with 

these requirements under home country law. As discussed above, the final rules condition 

nonresident funding portal registration on the presence of an information sharing arrangement 

between the Commission and the regulator in the funding portal’s jurisdiction.1553 This provision 

is expected to facilitate Commission oversight of registered nonresident funding portals, with the 

potential benefit of stronger protection of investors in offerings conducted on such portals. 

However, it may limit the ability of some nonresident funding portals to register, potentially 

resulting in adverse competitive effects on nonresident portals in jurisdictions without an 

information sharing agreement.

Compared to the alternative of not allowing nonresident entities to operate as funding 

portals in the U.S. crowdfunding market, the final rules may increase competition among 

crowdfunding intermediaries, which in turn may reduce the fees that intermediaries charge to 

issuers. Lower costs of raising capital can also attract more potential issuers to the crowdfunding 

market, thus enhancing capital formation. Due to lack of data, we are not able to estimate the 

magnitude of these potential effects. 

Although the requirements with respect to the appointment of an agent for service of 

process, a certification and a legal opinion will impose costs on nonresident funding portals, these 

requirements are expected to enhance investor protection by requiring steps designed to ensure 

that the books and records of funding portals that are not based in the United States, or that are 

subject to laws other than those of the United States, nevertheless are accessible to the 

 1553 See Rule 400(f) of Regulation Crowdfunding.
467

Commission and other relevant regulators for purposes of conducting examinations of, and 

enforcing U.S. laws and regulations against these entities. For PRA purposes, we estimate that 

nonresident intermediaries will face an additional cost for outside professional services of $25,179

per intermediary to retain an agent for service of process and provide an opinion of counsel to 

register as a nonresident funding portal.1554

The statute also provides an exemption from broker-dealer registration for funding portals. 

The final rules implement the statutory requirement by stating that a registered funding portal is 

exempt from the broker-dealer registration requirements of Exchange Act Section 15(a)(1) in 

connection with its activities as a funding portal.1555 We believe this approach of exempting 

funding portals from broker-dealer registration and its accompanying regulations will benefit the 

market and its participants. The activities of funding portals will be more limited than those of 

broker-dealers. Thus, the final rules require funding portals to comply with registration 

requirements that are more appropriate for their limited, permissible activities, rather than the 

more extensive and higher cost requirements that accompany broker-dealer registration. Lower 

registration costs for funding portals may translate into lower fees charged to issuers that use these 

portals, thus possibly benefiting issuers of crowdfunding securities and potentially increasing 

capital formation. Due to lack of data, we are unable to quantify these potential benefits. 

a. Safe Harbor for Certain Activities

Exchange Act Section 3(a)(80) prohibits funding portals from (1) offering investment 

advice or recommendations, (2) soliciting purchases, sales or offers to buy securities offered or 

 1554 For the purposes of the PRA, we estimate that entities that register as nonresident funding portals also will 

incur an additional internal burden of half an hour to complete Schedule C, half an hour to hire an agent for 

the service of process, and one hour to provide an opinion of counsel. See Section IV.C.2.a.

1555 See Rule 401 of Regulation Crowdfunding. 
468

displayed on the funding portal’s platform, (3) compensating employees, agents or other such 

persons for solicitation or based on the sale of securities displayed or referenced on the funding 

portal’s platform, or (4) holding, managing, possessing or otherwise handling investor funds or 

securities. The final rules give funding portals, their associated persons, affiliates and business 

associates, a measure of clarity on activities that are permissible without violating these statutory 

prohibitions, while also helping to protect investors from activities that create potential conflicts 

of interest.1556 Thus, compared with the alternative that we could have chosen, that of not 

providing the safe harbor, the safe harbor provisions in the final rules may facilitate regulatory 

compliance for funding portals, potentially with corresponding benefits for both issuers and 

investors. Some safe harbor provisions have additional benefits and costs, which we discuss 

below. Other safe harbor provisions may facilitate the implementation of other provisions of the 

final rules in instances where the crowdfunding intermediary is a funding portal, in which case the 

benefits and costs of such safe harbor provisions will be inseparable from the benefits and costs of 

the other provisions of the final rules as applied to instances where the crowdfunding intermediary 

is a funding portal. 

The safe harbor for a funding portal to provide communication channels on its platform1557

will facilitate the realization of the benefits of the provision in the final rules that requires the 

intermediary to provide communication channels on its platform1558 in instances where the 

crowdfunding intermediary is a funding portal. The provision of communication channels by the 

funding portal has the potential to attract a greater number of investors to crowdfunding 

transactions through funding portals than otherwise would be the case, thereby encouraging 

 1556 See Rule 402 of Regulation Crowdfunding. 

1557 See Rule 402(b)(4) of Regulation Crowdfunding.

1558 See Rule 303(c) of Regulation Crowdfunding.
469

capital formation. The provision of communication channels may enhance information sharing 

among investors, although the relevance and accuracy of the information shared by investors on 

these communication channels will likely vary from offering to offering. 

In a change from the proposal, the final rules include a conditional safe harbor that will 

permit funding portals, consistent with the prohibitions under Exchange Act Section 3(a)(80), to 

determine whether and under what circumstances to allow an issuer to offer and sell securities in 

reliance on Section 4(a)(6) of the Securities Act (15 U.S.C. 77d(a)(6)) through their platforms.1559 

Allowing funding portals to decide which securities to offer through their platforms will 

potentially decrease compliance costs for funding portals because limiting the offerings available 

on their platform can help decrease the risk of statutory liability under Section 4A(c) of the 

Securities Act, consistent with the suggestions of some commenters.1560 The ability to determine 

which issuers may offer and sell securities through their platforms may also make it easier for 

funding portals to bar potentially fraudulent offerings from their platforms, thereby potentially 

enhancing investor protection, consistent with the suggestions of various commenters,1561 as well 

as screen out offerings by issuers that are unprepared or not “crowdfund-ready.”1562 A reduction 

in the prevalence of potentially fraudulent offerings, in turn, may increase investor confidence and 

facilitate capital formation in the securities-based crowdfunding market. However, we recognize 

that, depending on the funding portal, the ability to exercise discretion with respect to which 

offerings to include on the platform may result in the exclusion of some issuers that do not pose a 

risk of fraud, potentially limiting capital formation and investor access to crowdfunding 

 1559 See Rule 402(b)(1) of Regulation Crowdfunding. 

1560 See e.g., CrowdCheck 2 Letter; Milken Institute Letter; RocketHub Letter. See also Section II.D.3.a.

1561 See e.g., ABA Letter; CrowdCheck 2 Letter; Graves Letter; Seyfarth Letter.

1562 See EMKF Letter; SBEC Letter.
470

investment opportunities in those instances. This concern is expected to be mitigated, in part, by 

the reputational incentives of intermediaries and competition within the crowdfunding market. 

We also recognize that, while funding portals remain subject to more limitations concerning their 

activities in the crowdfunding market relative to registered broker-dealers, the ability to exercise 

discretion with respect to which offerings to include on their platforms is expected to partly 

mitigate the competitive disadvantage of funding portals relative to registered brokers, as 

suggested by several commenters.1563

The final rules also allow a funding portal to highlight particular issuers or offerings of 

securities made in reliance on Section 4(a)(6) on its platform based on objective criteria, for 

example: (1) the type of securities being offered (e.g., common stock, preferred stock or debt 

securities); (2) the geographic location of the issuer; (3) the industry or business segment of the 

issuer; (4) the number or amount of investment commitments made; (5) the progress in meeting 

the target offering amount or, if applicable, the maximum offering amount, and (6) the minimum 

or maximum investment amount.1564 The final rules require that these criteria be objective and 

reasonably designed to highlight a broad selection of issuers and offerings and be applied 

consistently to all potential issuers and offerings. They also specify that such criteria may not be 

related to the advisability of investing in the issuer or offering and may not give the impression of 

an investment recommendation.1565 Under the final rules, funding portals may provide search 

 1563 See e.g., BetterInvesting Letter; EMKF Letter; SBA Office of Advocacy Letter; ABA Letter; CfPA Letter; 

CrowdCheck 2 Letter; Graves Letter; Seyfarth Letter; IAC Recommendation; CFIRA Letter 12.

1564 See Rule 402(b)(2) of Regulation Crowdfunding.

1565 Id.
471

functions or other tools on its platform that users may use to search, sort or categorize available 

offerings according to objective criteria.1566 

A funding portal may choose to categorize offerings into general subject areas or provide 

search functions that, for example, allowing an investor to sort through offerings based on a 

combination of different objective criteria. We believe that these safe harbor provisions will 

benefit investors by facilitating investor access to information about offerings characterized by 

certain broad, objective criteria, to the extent that funding portals provide such features and tools 

in reliance on the final rules. By enabling issuers to utilize technology to lower the costs of each 

investor to search for information about a particular category of offerings, these provisions also 

may enhance efficiency. To the extent that the availability of these features and tools encourages 

investor participation in crowdfunding offerings, these provisions may have a beneficial effect on 

capital formation in the crowdfunding market. 

The final rules prohibit a funding portal from receiving any special or additional 

compensation for highlighting (or offering to highlight) one or more issuers or offerings on its 

platform.1567 This prohibition is expected to benefit investors by helping prevent conflicts of 

interest and incentives for funding portals to favor certain issuers over others. The final rules also 

make clear that such objective criteria may not include the advisability of investing in the issuer or 

its offering or an assessment of any characteristic of the issuer, its business plan, its management, 

or risks associated with an investment.1568

Under the final rules, funding portals are permitted to provide advice to an issuer on the 

structure and content of its offerings, including assistance to the issuer in preparing offering 

 1566 See Rule 402(b)(3) Regulation Crowdfunding. 

1567 See Rule 402(b)(2) of Regulation Crowdfunding.

1568 See Rule 402(b)(2) and Rule 402(b)(3) of Regulation Crowdfunding.
472

documentation.1569 This will allow issuers to obtain guidance that may not typically be available 

to them and thereby help to lower funding costs. Many potential issuers seeking to offer and sell 

crowdfunding securities are unlikely to be familiar with how to structure offerings so as to raise 

capital in the most cost effective manner, and they may not have the capital, knowledge or 

resources to hire outside advisors. Given that an issuer will be required to conduct its securitiesbased crowdfunding offerings through an intermediary, we believe that permitting funding portals 

to provide these services to issuers will lower overall transaction costs for issuers, as they will not 

need to engage additional parties to provide these services. This effect will in turn help enhance 

market efficiency. 

The final rules also provide a safe harbor for a funding portal to compensate a third party 

for referring a person to the funding portal in certain circumstances.1570 This enables funding 

portals to realize the benefits of the provision in the final rules that permits an intermediary to 

compensate a person for directing issuers or investors to the intermediary’s platform in certain 

circumstances.1571 This provision is expected to benefit intermediaries by providing them with a 

means to attract more investors to their crowdfunding platforms, thereby encouraging capital 

formation. Investors also will benefit from the condition of this safe harbor prohibiting

transaction-based compensation (other than to registered broker-dealers), which is expected to 

reduce the incentive for abusive practices. 

The final rules also provide a safe harbor for a funding portal to pay or offer to pay 

compensation to a registered broker-dealer for services provided in connection with the offer or 

 1569 See Rule 402(b)(5) of Regulation Crowdfunding.

1570 See Rule 402(b)(6) of Regulation Crowdfunding.

1571 See Rule 305(b) of Regulation Crowdfunding.
473

sale of securities in reliance on Section 4(a)(6), subject to conditions set forth in the rule.1572

Similarly, a funding portal can, subject to certain conditions, receive compensation from a 

registered broker-dealer for services provided in connection with the offer or sale of securities by 

the funding portal in reliance on Section 4(a)(6).1573 We note that some commenters expressed 

concern that such relationships between funding portals and broker-dealers could create conflicts 

of interest.1574 However, funding portals are expected to benefit from being able to enter into 

these types of arrangements with registered broker-dealers who can provide services that the 

funding portals otherwise are prohibited from providing, such as engaging a broker-dealer to serve 

as a qualified third party for the transmission of investor funds. Broker-dealers also will benefit 

from the additional business that funding portals may be able to attract through the funding 

portals’ platforms, as well as from services, such as those related to technology, that funding 

portals can provide. We anticipate that these types of service arrangements will ultimately benefit 

investors.

The final rules permit a funding portal to advertise its existence and identify one or more 

issuers or offerings available through its platform subject to certain conditions.1575 This provision 

will benefit funding portals by allowing them to potentially attract more investors to their 

crowdfunding platforms. This provision also may enhance market efficiency as investors become 

more aware of available offerings through advertisements by funding portals and are thus able to 

better match their investments with projects that are better suited to their risk preferences and 

investment strategies. The conditions on advertising by funding portals in the final rules aim to 

 1572 See Rule 402(b)(7) of Regulation Crowdfunding.

1573 See Rule 402(b)(8) of Regulation Crowdfunding.

1574 See e.g., Commonwealth of Massachusetts Letter; RocketHub Letter.

1575 See Rule 402(b)(9) of Regulation Crowdfunding.
474

consider informational benefits and investor protection concerns. For instance, while a funding 

portal advertising its existence may also identify one or more issuers or offerings available on its 

platform, it must do so on the basis of objective criteria that are reasonably designed to identify a 

broad selection of issuers and offerings and are applied consistently to all potential issuers and 

offerings. In addition, advertisements sent by a funding portal must not suggest that it is a 

recommendation to purchase a security or advice as to the advisability in investing in any 

security.1576 While we believe these conditions are appropriate to protect the integrity of the 

crowdfunding market, we recognize that they may impose costs on funding portals. For example 

these conditions may limit the utility of advertising for the funding portal while the prohibition on 

special or additional compensation for identifying the offering in an advertisement may reduce the 

funding portal’s revenue.

As discussed above, the final rules require an intermediary to deny access to its platform to 

an issuer that the intermediary has a reasonable basis for believing presents the potential for fraud 

or otherwise raises concerns about investor protection.1577 The final rules also provide a 

conditional safe harbor to intermediaries that are funding portals to deny access to the platform or 

cancel an offering in such instances.1578 These provisions are expected to enhance investor 

protection by giving funding portals greater ability to deny potentially fraudulent offerings. 

Funding portals are expected to benefit from the ability to deny access to certain issuers to protect 

the integrity of the offering process and the market reputation of their crowdfunding platforms, 

without fear of violating the statutory prohibition on providing investment advice. 

 1576 See Section II.D.3.h.

1577 See Rule 301(c) of Regulation Crowdfunding. 

1578 See Rule 402(b)(10) of Regulation Crowdfunding.
475

The final rules specify that a funding portal may accept, on behalf of an issuer, investment 

commitments for crowdfunding offerings from investors.1579 Under the final rules funding portals 

also can direct investors where to transmit funds or remit payment in connection with the purchase 

of securities offered and sold in reliance on Section 4(a)(6).1580 Similarly, a funding portal can 

direct a qualified third party to release proceeds of a successful offering to the issuer upon 

completion of the offering or to return investor proceeds when an investment commitment or 

offering is cancelled.1581 These provisions will facilitate the implementation of the requirements 

of the final rules regarding the maintenance and transmission of investor funds1582 for 

intermediaries that are funding portals and give both funding portals and entities with which they 

do business a measure of legal certainty that funding portals accepting investment commitments 

for crowdfunding offerings and providing direction for funds to and from qualified third parties in 

compliance with the final rules will not be in violation of the statutory prohibitions on holding, 

managing, possessing or otherwise handling investor funds or securities. While we agree with the 

commenter that stated that the requirement to use a qualified third party to handle customer funds 

creates an additional cost,1583 Section 3(a)(80)(D) of the Exchange Act explicitly prohibits 

funding portals from handling customer funds and securities.

b. Compliance Requirements

The final rules require that a funding portal implement written policies and procedures, 

reasonably designed to achieve compliance with the federal securities laws and the rules and 

 1579 See Rule 402(b)(11) of Regulation Crowdfunding.

1580 See Rule 402(b)(12) of Regulation Crowdfunding.

1581 See Rule 402(b)(13) of Regulation Crowdfunding.

1582 See Rule 303(e) of Regulation Crowdfunding.

1583 See Stephenson, et al., Letter. 
476

regulations thereunder, relating to its business as a funding portal.1584 This requirement will 

provide a benefit to investors and funding portals alike, as written policies and procedures will 

enhance compliance with the final rules. Funding portals will incur costs associated with the 

requirement to develop their own procedures and implement written policies and procedures, as 

well as to update and enforce them. These costs are reflected in the tables above as part of the 

costs to comply with requirements to act as an intermediary in transactions pursuant to 

Section 4(a)(6). 

In contrast to the proposal, the final rules do not impose anti-money laundering (AML) 

obligations for funding portals. Some commenters generally suggested that since funding portals 

are prohibited from handling customer funds and securities, they should not be required to comply 

with AML provisions.1585 As noted above, we believe it would be appropriate to work with other 

regulators to develop consistent and effective AML obligations for funding portals.1586 By not 

imposing AML requirements in the final rules, we may avoid the possibility of conflicting or 

overlapping requirements. Registered broker-dealers that serve as intermediaries in securitiesbased crowdfunding transactions continue to have AML obligations, as do certain other parties 

involved in transactions conducted pursuant to Section 4(a)(6), such as a bank acting as a qualified 

third party to hold investor funds.1587 To the extent that this difference in compliance obligations 

between funding portals and registered broker-dealers affects compliance costs and persists in the 

future, it may place funding portals at a relative competitive advantage. If this difference in 

compliance obligations between funding portals and registered broker-dealers persists in the 

 1584 See Rule 403(a) of Regulation Crowdfunding. 

1585 See, e.g., PeoplePowerFund Letter; Public Startup Letter 3; RFPIA Letter.

1586 See Section II.D.4.b.

1587 Id.
477

future, it may also potentially expose investors in those securities-based crowdfunding offerings 

for which the intermediary is a funding portal to additional risks.

Additionally, the statute requires that intermediaries take such steps to protect the privacy 

of information collected from investors as we determine appropriate. In the final rules, we 

implement this statutory provision by requiring a funding portal to comply with Regulation S-P, 

S-ID and Regulation S-AM, as they apply to broker-dealers.1588 We recognize that compliance 

with these privacy requirements will impose costs on funding portals. However, we believe that 

requiring a funding portal to comply with privacy obligations will help protect the personally 

identifiable information of investors, consistent with how it is required to be protected by other 

financial intermediaries. These privacy protections can give investors the confidence to 

participate in offerings made in reliance on Section 4(a)(6), which will facilitate capital formation 

and benefit the markets generally. As an alternative, we could have developed a more limited 

privacy regime applicable only to funding portals. Such an alternative would result in inconsistent 

treatment of funding portals and broker-dealers with respect to privacy obligations and could 

reduce the willingness of investors to participate in securities-based crowdfunding offerings. This 

alternative might also affect competition between funding portals and registered broker-dealers in 

the market for securities-based crowdfunding offerings. 

As a condition to exempting funding portals from the requirement to register as brokerdealers under Exchange Act Section 15(a)(1), Exchange Act Section 3(h)(1)(A) requires that 

registered funding portals remain subject to, among other things, the Commission’s examination 

authority. Under the final rules, a funding portal is required to permit the examination and 

inspection of all its business and business operations relating to its activities as a funding portal, 

 1588 See Rule 403(b) of Regulation Crowdfunding.
478

such as its premises, systems, platforms and records, by Commission representatives and by 

representatives of the registered national securities association of which it becomes a member.1589 

Although funding portals will face time and compliance costs in submitting to Commission and 

registered national securities association examinations, inspections or investigations, and 

potentially responding to any issues identified, funding portals, investors and issuers will benefit 

from the enhanced compliance with legal obligations due to this oversight, as well as the sanctions 

or other disciplinary actions that may follow upon findings of violations through such inspections, 

examinations or investigations. 

Further, the final rules require a registered funding portal to maintain and preserve certain 

books and records relating to its business for a period of not less than five years and in an easilyaccessible place for the first two years.1590 Recordkeeping requirements can assist registrants with 

compliance. They are a well-established and important element of the approach to broker-dealer 

regulation, as well as the regulation of investment advisers and others, and are designed to 

maintain the effectiveness of our inspection program for regulated entities, facilitating our review 

of their compliance with statutory mandates and with our rules. These requirements will enable 

the Commission and registered national securities organizations to more effectively gather 

information about the activities in which a funding portal has been engaged to discern whether the 

funding portal and the other parties are in compliance with the requirements of Regulation 

Crowdfunding and other relevant regulatory requirements. Standardized recordkeeping practices 

for intermediaries will enable regulators to perform more efficient, targeted inspections and 

 1589 See Rule 403(c) of Regulation Crowdfunding. 

1590 See Rule 404(a) of Regulation Crowdfunding. We note that registered broker-dealers already are required to 

comply with Exchange Act Rules 17a-3 and 17a-4 pertaining to books and records (17 CFR 240.17a-3 and 

17a-4). Thus, all intermediaries, whether registered as broker-dealers or as funding portals, are required to 

make and preserve books and records. 
479

examinations and thereby increase the likelihood of identifying improper conduct at earlier stages 

of the inspection or examination, which ultimately will benefit investors and the marketplace as a 

whole. To the extent that these requirements result in better regulatory oversight, they may

increase investor confidence in funding portals and may also benefit funding portals by promoting 

issuer reliance on funding portals in crowdfunding offerings.

Funding portals may incur costs in establishing the systems necessary to comply with the 

books and records requirements. We note that the records required to be made and preserved 

under the final rules are those that would ordinarily be made and preserved in the ordinary course 

of business by a regulated broker-dealer engaging in these activities. Entities that newly register 

as broker-dealers will be subject to the recordkeeping requirements of Rules 17a-3 and 17a-4. 

While these costs will constitute part of the cost of compliance for entities that choose to become 

intermediaries in crowdfunding transactions by registering as broker-dealers, the cost of brokerdealer compliance with recordkeeping requirements of Rules 17a-3 and 17a-4 is not by itself a 

result of the final rule. Entities solely intending to serve as intermediaries in crowdfunding 

transactions for which the cost of compliance with broker-dealer recordkeeping requirements is 

too high may elect to register as funding portals. Funding portals will be required to make and 

keep records related to their activities to facilitate transactions in reliance on Section 4(a)(6), 

which we estimate for the purposes of the PRA to result in an initial burden of 325 hours and an 

initial cost of $5,350 per funding portal. We estimate that ongoing recordkeeping burden and cost 

will be similar to the initial burden and cost.1591 We also note that some commenters stated that 

the cost burden for a funding portal to maintain the proposed books and records would not be 

 1591 See Section IV.C.2.n. 
480

significant.1592 We recognize that there may be a slight competitive advantage for funding portals 

over broker-dealers to the extent that the recordkeeping rule for funding portals is less 

burdensome for than the requirements applicable to broker-dealers. At the same time, we believe 

that the recordkeeping rule for funding portals is consistent with the narrow range of their 

permitted activities. 

6. Insignificant Deviations

We are providing a safe harbor for issuers for certain insignificant deviations from a term, 

condition or requirement of Regulation Crowdfunding.1593 This safe harbor will provide that 

insignificant deviations from a term, condition or requirement of Regulation Crowdfunding will

not result in a loss of the exemption, so long as the issuer relying on the exemption can show that: 

(1) the failure to comply was insignificant with respect to the offering as a whole; (2) the issuer 

made a good faith and reasonable attempt to comply with all applicable terms, conditions and 

requirements of Regulation Crowdfunding; and (3) the issuer did not know of the failure to 

comply, where the failure to comply with a term, condition or requirement was the result of the 

failure of the intermediary to comply with the requirements of Section 4A(a) and the related rules, 

or such failure by the intermediary occurred solely in offerings other than the issuer’s offering. 

The safe harbor is expected to decrease the costs incurred by issuers compared to the 

alternative of not providing a safe harbor. In the absence of a safe harbor, issuers might be 

hesitant to participate in this new marketplace for fear of inadvertently violating an applicable 

regulatory requirement, thereby reducing the benefits of Regulation Crowdfunding on efficiency, 

competition and capital formation. We recognize that providing a safe harbor can impose costs on 

 1592 See CFIRA Letter 1; Joinvestor Letter.

1593 See Rule 502(a) of Regulation Crowdfunding. 
481

investors, intermediaries and regulators, compared with the alternative of not providing a safe 

harbor, to the extent that issuers lessen the vigor with which they develop and implement systems 

and controls to achieve compliance with the requirements of Regulation Crowdfunding, which 

may result in a decrease in investor protection. Accordingly, we have designed the conditions of 

the safe harbor – specifically, the issuer must show that the failure to comply was insignificant 

with respect to the offering as a whole; it made a good faith and reasonable attempt to comply; 

and it did not know of the failure or such failure occurred solely in offerings other than the 

issuer’s offering – to lessen the potential impact on investor protection.

Several commenters suggested that the safe harbor for insignificant deviations should not 

apply with respect to state regulatory enforcement actions.1594 Adopting such an alternative could 

have significantly undermined the utility of the Section 4(a)(6) exemption by subjecting issuers to 

loss of state law preemption1595 and potential state enforcement action for insignificant deviations 

from Regulation Crowdfunding’s requirements. 

7. Relationship with State Law

Section 305 of the JOBS Act amended Securities Act Section 18(b)(4)1596 to preempt the 

ability of states to regulate certain aspects of crowdfunding conducted pursuant to Section 4(a)(6). 

This statutory amendment will benefit issuers by preempting any registration requirements in

states in which they offer or sell securities in reliance on Section 4(a)(6), thereby reducing the 

costs for these transactions. It also can benefit investors because these cost savings ultimately 

may be passed on to investors. Absent preemption of state registration requirements, an offering 

made through the Internet in reliance on Section 4(a)(6) and the final rules could result in an 

 1594 See, e.g., Commonwealth of Massachusetts Letter; NASAA Letter.

1595 See Section III.B.7.

1596 15 U.S.C. 77r(b)(4).
482

issuer potentially violating state securities laws. Some evidence in donation-based and rewardbased crowdfunding campaigns suggests that contributions are not exclusively local.1597 The 

statutory preemption of state registration requirements will reduce issuer uncertainty about the 

necessity of state registration. On the other hand, state registration requirements may provide an 

additional layer of investor protection, and their preemption will remove a potential layer of 

review that may help to deter fraud. This potential cost of state law preemption, however, may be 

offset by some of the statutory and final rule requirements that are designed to protect investors, 

such as public disclosure,1598 investment limits,1599 the use of a registered intermediary,1600

provisions regarding measures to reduce the risk of fraud,1601 and disqualification provisions.1602 

The requirement in the final rules that issuers file information on EDGAR also helps to ensure that 

information about issuers is available to individual state regulators, which retain the authority to 

bring enforcement actions for fraud.

8. Exemption from Section 12(g)

Rule 12g-6 provides that securities issued pursuant to an offering made under Section 

4(a)(6) are exempted from the record holder count under Section 12(g) provided the issuer is 

current in its ongoing annual reports required pursuant to Rule 202 of Regulation Crowdfunding, 

has total assets as of the end of its last fiscal year not in excess of $25 million, and has engaged 

 1597 For example, in crowdfunding campaigns for early stage musical projects, the average distance between 

artist-entrepreneurs and contributors was 3,000 miles. See Ajay Agrawal, Christian Catalini and Avi 

Goldfarb, The Geography of Crowdfunding, NET Institute Working Paper No. 10-08 (Oct. 29, 2010), 

available at http://ssrn.com/abstract=1692661.

1598 See Rule 201 of Regulation Crowdfunding.

1599 See Rule 100(a)(2) of Regulation Crowdfunding.

1600 See Rule 100(a)(3) of Regulation Crowdfunding.

1601 See Rule 301 of Regulation Crowdfunding.

1602 See Rule 503 of Regulation Crowdfunding.
483

the services of a transfer agent registered with the Commission pursuant to Section 17A of the 

Exchange Act. The issuer size test is broadly consistent with some commenters’ suggestions.1603 

An issuer that exceeds the $25 million total asset threshold in addition to exceeding the 

thresholds in Section 12(g) will be granted a two-year transition period before it is required to 

register its class of securities pursuant to Section 12(g), provided it timely files all its ongoing 

reports due pursuant to Rule 202 of Regulation Crowdfunding during such period.1604 Section 

12(g) registration will be required only if, on the last day of the fiscal year in which the company 

exceeded the $25 million total asset threshold, the company has total assets of more than $10 

million and the class of equity securities is held by more than 2,000 persons or 500 persons who 

are not accredited investors.1605 In such circumstances, an issuer that exceeds the thresholds in 

Section 12(g) and has total assets of $25 million or more is required to begin reporting under the 

Exchange Act the fiscal year immediately following the end of the two-year transition period.1606 

An issuer entering Exchange Act reporting will be considered an “emerging growth company” to 

the extent the issuer otherwise qualifies for such status.

The conditional 12(g) exemption will defer the more extensive Exchange Act reporting 

requirements until the issuer either sells securities in a registered transaction or registers a class of 

securities under the Exchange Act. Consequently, smaller issuers will not be required to become

an Exchange Act reporting company as a result of a Section 4(a)(6) offering. These offerings may 

have a large number of investors due to the limits on the amount each investor may invest and the 

absence of investor eligibility restrictions, or as a result of secondary market transactions in 

 1603 See, e.g., ABA Letter ($25 million); PeoplePowerFund Letter.

1604 Id.

1605 15 U.S.C. 78l(g). 

1606 17 CFR 240.12g-6.
484

crowdfunding securities after the expiration of resale restrictions. Given the $1 million offering 

limitation, the potential cost of becoming an Exchange Act reporting company could have made 

many offerings in reliance on Section 4(a)(6) prohibitively costly. 

The condition that the issuer remain current in its ongoing reporting, as suggested by one

commenter,

1607 is intended to provide sufficient disclosure to help investors make informed 

decisions. We believe that the ongoing disclosures required of crowdfunding issuers in the final 

rules accomplish this objective and provide an appropriate consideration of investor protection 

and capital formation. This condition is expected to increase the level of investor protection by 

strengthening the incentives of securities-based crowdfunding issuers that exceed the Section 

12(g) thresholds related to issuer size and the number of shareholders of record to comply with the 

ongoing reporting requirements of Regulation Crowdfunding. The extent of additional investor 

protection benefits from this condition is difficult to estimate, given a separate provision in the 

final rules that conditions the use of the Section 4(a)(6) exemption for future offerings on 

compliance with Regulation Crowdfunding’s ongoing reporting requirements.

The issuer size limit condition is designed to be broadly consistent with the crowdfunding 

exemption being tailored to facilitate small company capital formation and the likely small size of 

a typical issuer in the crowdfunding market. This condition is expected to strengthen investor 

protection by reducing the likelihood that an issuer will grow and accumulate a significant number 

of investors as a result of multiple offerings in reliance on Section 4(a)(6) while remaining 

permanently exempt from the more extensive reporting requirements of the Exchange Act that 

would otherwise be required pursuant to Section 12(g) (unless the issuer registers a class of 

securities). The size limit condition will require larger issuers to provide investors with the more 

 1607 See Joinvestor Letter.
485

extensive disclosures required by the Exchange Act for reporting companies. However, we 

recognize that this condition also may subject crowdfunding issuers that are larger than the size 

threshold or that have a higher rate of growth, and are thus more likely to exceed the size 

threshold in the future, to the costs of Section 12(g) registration and Exchange Act reporting,

potentially placing them at a competitive disadvantage to issuers that are close to but below the 

size threshold. It may also discourage some high-growth issuers from relying on Section 4(a)(6) 

or may lead issuers approaching the size threshold to divest assets to remain under the threshold, 

potentially resulting in inefficient investment decisions. 

While the condition requiring an issuer to use a registered transfer agent to rely on the 

exemption will impose costs on issuers,1608 it is designed to provide investor protection benefits 

by introducing a regulated entity with experience in maintaining accurate shareholder records, 

thus helping to ensure that security holder records and secondary trades will be handled 

accurately. 

9. Disqualification

The statute and the final rules impose disqualification provisions under which an issuer is 

not eligible to offer securities pursuant to Section 4(a)(6) and an intermediary is not eligible to 

effect or participate in transactions pursuant to Section 4(a)(6).1609 The disqualification provisions 

for issuers are substantially similar to those imposed under Rule 262 of Regulation A and Rule 

 1608 See STA Letter (stating that strong competition in the registered transfer agent industry may result in 

monthly fees of $75 - $300 for transfer agent services, depending on a number of factors). See also 

CapSchedule Letter (stating that there exist cost-effective ways to keep records of security holders, such as 

“Software-As-A-Service” products, that costs $0 to set up initial records regardless of the number of 

investors, then pricing from $5 per month for up to 100 investors, $15 per month up to 1,000 investors and 

$25 per month for over 1,000 investors). 

1609 See Section 302(d) of the JOBS Act and Rule 503 of Regulation Crowdfunding. See also discussion in 

Section II.E.6 above.
486

506 of Regulation D,1610 while the disqualification provisions for intermediaries under Section 

3(a)(39), which is an established standard for broker-dealers, are substantially similar to the 

provisions of Rule 262. 

a. Issuers 

The final rules are expected to induce issuers to implement measures to restrict bad actor 

participation in offerings made in reliance on Section 4(a)(6). This will help reduce the potential 

for fraud in the market for such offerings, which in turn may reduce the cost of raising capital to 

issuers that rely on Section 4(a)(6), to the extent that disqualification standards lower the risk 

premium associated with the presence of bad actors in securities offerings. In addition, the 

requirement that issuers determine whether any covered persons are subject to disqualification 

may obviate the need for investors to do their own investigations and eliminate redundancies that 

may exist in otherwise separate investigations. This is expected to help reduce informationgathering costs to investors, to the extent that issuers are at an advantage in accessing much of the 

relevant information and to the extent that issuers can do so at a lower cost than investors.

The final rules will, however, impose costs on some issuers, other covered persons and 

investors. If issuers are disqualified from relying on Section 4(a)(6) to make their offerings, they 

may experience increased costs in raising capital through alternative methods that do not require 

bad actor disqualification, if available, or they may be precluded from raising capital altogether. 

This can result in negative effects on capital formation. In addition, issuers may incur costs in 

connection with internal personnel changes that issuers may make to avoid the participation of 

those covered persons who are subject to disqualifying events. Issuers also may incur costs 

associated with restructuring share ownership positions to avoid having 20 Percent Beneficial 

 1610 See Disqualification Adopting Release, note 1182. See also Regulation A Adopting Release, note 506.
487

Owners who are subject to disqualifying events. Finally, issuers may incur costs in connection 

with seeking waivers of disqualification from the Commission or determinations by other 

authorities that existing orders do not give rise to disqualification.

The final rules provide a reasonable care exception whereby an issuer will not lose the 

benefit of the Section 4(a)(6) exemption if it is able to show that it did not know, and in the 

exercise of reasonable care could not have known, of the existence of a disqualification.

1611 A 

reasonable care exception may encourage capital formation by eliminating any hesitation issuers 

may otherwise experience under a strict liability standard. However, such an exception also may 

encourage issuers to take fewer steps to inquire about the existence of a disqualification than they 

would if a strict liability standard applied, increasing the potential for fraud in the market for 

offerings made in reliance on Section 4(a)(6). Nevertheless, some issuers, in exercising 

reasonable care, may incur costs associated with conducting and documenting their factual inquiry 

into possible disqualifications. The lack of specificity in the rule, while providing flexibility to 

the issuer to tailor its factual inquiry as appropriate to a particular offering, may increase these 

costs because uncertainty can drive issuers to do more than necessary under the rule. 

The requirement under the final rules that issuers disclose matters that would have 

triggered disqualification, had they occurred after the effective date of Regulation 

Crowdfunding,1612 also will impose costs and benefits. The disclosure requirement will reduce 

costs associated with covered persons who would be disqualified under the final rules but for the 

fact that the disqualifying event occurred prior to the effective date of the rules. However, this 

approach will allow the participation of past bad actors, whose disqualifying events occurred prior 

 1611 See Rule 503(b)(4) of Regulation Crowdfunding. See also Section II.E.6.a.iii.

1612 See Rule 201(u) of Regulation Crowdfunding. See also Section II.E.6.a.v.
488

to the effective date of the final rules, which can expose investors to the risks that arise when bad 

actors are associated with an offering. Nevertheless, investors will benefit by having access to 

such information that can inform their investment decisions. Issuers also may incur costs 

associated with the factual inquiry, preparing the required disclosure and making any internal or 

share ownership changes to avoid the participation of covered persons that trigger the disclosure 

requirement. Disclosure of triggering events also may make it more difficult for issuers to attract 

investors, and issuers may experience some or all of the impact of disqualification as a result.

We believe the inclusion of Commission cease-and-desist orders in the list of disqualifying 

events will not impose a significant, incremental cost on issuers and other covered persons 

because many of these actors may already be subject to disqualifying orders issued by the states, 

federal banking regulators and the National Credit Union Administration.1613 

Under the final rules, orders issued by the CFTC will trigger disqualification to the same 

extent as orders of the regulators enumerated in Section 302(d)(2)(B)(i) of the JOBS Act (e.g., 

state securities, insurance and banking regulators, federal banking agencies and the National 

Credit Union Administration). We believe that including orders of the CFTC will result in the 

similar treatment, for disqualification purposes, of comparable sanctions. In this regard, we note 

that the conduct that will typically give rise to CFTC sanctions is similar to the type of conduct 

that will result in disqualification if it were the subject of sanctions by another financial services 

industry regulator. This is likely to enable the disqualification rules to more effectively screen out 

bad actors. 

As discussed above, the baseline for our economic analysis of Regulation Crowdfunding, 

including the baseline for our consideration of the effects of the final rules on efficiency, 

 1613 See Disqualification Adopting Release, note 1182.
489

competition and capital formation, is the situation in existence today, in which startups and small 

businesses seeking to raise capital through securities offerings must register the offer and sale of 

securities under the Securities Act unless they can comply with an existing exemption from 

registration under the federal securities laws. Relative to the current baseline, we believe that the 

disqualification provisions will not impose significant incremental costs on issuers and other 

covered persons because the final rules are substantially similar to the disqualification provisions 

under existing exemptions. 

As an alternative, we could have specified that pre-existing events are subject to the 

disqualification rules, as suggested by some commenters.1614 As another alternative, we could 

have expanded the list of covered persons to include transfer agents and lawyers, as suggested by 

one commenter.1615 By expanding the range and categories of potentially disqualified persons, 

both of these alternatives could have the benefit of strengthening investor protection. At the same 

time, they would increase the compliance costs for issuers and disqualified persons described 

above. Overall, we believe that preserving consistency with the disqualification criteria of Rule 

262 and Rule 506, as we do in the final rules, can potentially yield compliance cost savings for 

issuers that undertake multiple types of exempt offerings while still maintaining appropriate 

investor protections.

b. Intermediaries

With regard to intermediaries, the final rules apply the disqualification provisions under 

Section 3(a)(39) of the Exchange Act, rather than a standard based on Rule 262.1616 The Section 

 1614 See, e.g., Guzik Letter 1; NASAA Letter.

1615 See Brown J. Letter (also recommending the Commission adopt similar bad actor provisions under Rule 

504).

1616 See Rule 503(d) of Regulation Crowdfunding.
490

3(a)(39) standard is an established one among broker-dealers and their regulators, and we believe 

that, despite the differences, Section 3(a)(39) and Rule 262 are substantially similar with regard to 

the persons and events they cover, their scope and their purpose.1617 We believe that imposing 

any new or different standard, including one based on Rule 262, for those intermediaries that 

engage in crowdfunding transactions would likely create confusion and unnecessary burdens, as 

currently-registered broker-dealers and their associated persons would become subject to two 

distinct standards for disqualification. Moreover, adopting a more stringent disqualification 

standard may reduce the number of intermediaries eligible under the final rules and decrease 

competition among intermediaries in the securities-based crowdfunding market. By contrast, 

consistent standards for all broker-dealers and funding portals will assist a registered national 

securities association in monitoring compliance and enforcing its rules. 

The final rules implement the statutory requirement for intermediaries by providing that a 

person subject to a statutory disqualification, as defined in Exchange Act Section 3(a)(39), may 

not act as, or be an associated person of, an intermediary in a transaction involving the offer or 

sale of securities in reliance on Section 4(a)(6) unless so permitted by Commission rule or order. 

While this requirement will potentially reduce the number of intermediaries for Section 4(a)(6) 

transactions, we expect that it will strengthen investor protection by preventing bad actors from 

entering the securities-based crowdfunding market, thereby reducing the potential for fraud and 

other abuse. 

As discussed above, the baseline for our economic analysis of Regulation Crowdfunding, 

including the baseline for our consideration of the effects of the final rules on efficiency, 

competition and capital formation, is the situation in existence today, in which intermediaries 

 1617 See discussion in Section II.E.6.b above.
491

intending to facilitate securities transactions are required to register with the Commission as 

broker-dealers under Exchange Act Section 15(a). Relative to this baseline, we believe that the 

disqualification provisions will not impose significant incremental costs to broker-dealers because 

the final rules include the same disqualification provisions that are already imposed on brokerdealers.

IV. PAPERWORK REDUCTION ACT

A. Background

Certain provisions of the final rules contain “collection of information” requirements 

within the meaning of the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 (“PRA”).1618 We published a notice 

requesting comment on the collection of information requirements in the Proposing Release, and 

we submitted the proposal to the Office of Management and Budget (“OMB”) for review in 

accordance with the PRA.1619 

In the Proposing Release, we solicited comment on the assumptions and estimates in our 

PRA analysis. We received no comments on our estimates of and assumptions about the number 

of issuers and intermediaries that will participate in securities-based crowdfunding transactions or 

the size and frequency of those transactions. We received several comments on our estimates of 

the time and expense required of issuers to meet their filing obligations.1620 We also received 

several comments on our estimates of the costs incurred by intermediaries.1621 One commenter 

recommended a lessened paperwork burden in general.1622 These comments are discussed in 

 1618 44 U.S.C. 3501 et seq.

1619 44 U.S.C. 3507(d); 5 CFR 1320.11.

1620 See, e.g., Angel Letter 1; Heritage Letter; SeedInvest Letter 1.

1621 See, e.g., Arctic Island Letter 8; CapSchedule Letter; Heritage Letter; Joinvestor Letter; SBEC Letter; Seed 

& Spark Letter; STA Letter.

1622 Peers Letter.
492

further detail below, and where appropriate, we have revised our burden estimates in response to 

commenters’ suggestions and to reflect changes in the final rules, as adopted.

The titles for the collections of information are: 

(1) “Form ID” (OMB Control Number 3235-0328);

(2) “Form C” (OMB Control Number 3235-0716) (a new collection of information); 

(3) “Form BD” (OMB Control Number 3235-0012); and

(4) “Crowdfunding Rules 300-304 – Intermediaries” (OMB Control Number 3235-

0726)

1623 (a new collection of information) and 

(5) “Crowdfunding Rules 400-404 – Funding Portals” (OMB Control Number 3235-

0727)

1624 (a new collection of information).

An agency may not conduct or sponsor, and a person is not required to respond to, a 

collection of information unless it displays a currently valid OMB control number. We applied 

for OMB control numbers for the new collections of information in accordance with 

44 U.S.C. 3507(j) and 5 CFR 1320.13, and as of the date of this release, OMB has assigned a 

control number to each new collection as specified above. Responses to these new collections of 

information will be mandatory for issuers raising capital under Regulation Crowdfunding and 

intermediaries participating in offerings under Regulation Crowdfunding.

The hours and costs associated with preparing disclosure, filing forms, and retaining 

records constitute reporting and cost burdens imposed by the collections of information. In 

deriving estimates of these hours and costs, we recognize that the burdens likely will vary among 

individual issuers and intermediaries based on a number of factors, including the stage of 

 1623 This includes burdens for compliance with privacy rules (Reg. S-P, Reg. S-AM and Reg S-ID) as required by 

Rule 403(b).

1624 This includes burdens for Form Funding Portal.
493

development of the business, the amount of capital an issuer seeks to raise, the number of 

offerings an intermediary hosts on its platform, and the number of years since inception of the 

business. We believe that some issuers and intermediaries will experience costs in excess of the 

average and some issuers and intermediaries may experience less than the average costs.

B. Estimate of Issuers and Intermediaries

1. Issuers

The number, type and size of the issuers that will participate in securities-based 

crowdfunding transactions are uncertain, but data on current market practices may help identify 

the number and characteristics of potential issuers that may offer and sell securities in reliance on 

Section 4(a)(6).1625 While it is not possible to predict the number of future offerings made in 

reliance on Section 4(a)(6), particularly because rules governing securities-based crowdfunding 

are not yet in effect, for purposes of this analysis, we estimate that approximately 1,900 issuers 

will seek to offer and sell securities in reliance on Section 4(a)(6) per year. We base this estimate 

on the average number of issuers (excluding issuers that are pooled investment vehicles) per year 

that conducted a new Regulation D offering of up to $1 million from 2009 to 2014 and had no 

revenues or less than $1 million in revenues.1626 We believe those issuers will be similar in size to 

the potential issuers that may participate in securities-based crowdfunding, and we assume that 

each issuer will conduct one offering per year. 

 1625 See Section III.A.5.a for a discussion of the data regarding current market practices.

1626 Id. This estimate differs from our estimate in the proposal. It uses more recent data than the proposal and is 

based on the average number of issuers per year rather than the average number of unique issuers. 

According to filings made with the Commission, an average of approximately 4,559 issuers per year 

conducted new Regulation D offerings of up to $1 million from 2009 to 2014. 22%, or 1,003, of those 

issuers reported having no revenues. (0.22 x 4,559 = 1,003). 19%, or 866, of those issuers reported having 

less than $1 million in revenues. (0.19 x 4,559 = 866). Therefore, the average number of issuers per year is 

1,003 + 866 = 1,869, or approximately 1,900 issuers.
494

We received no comments on our estimate of the number of issuers expected to participate 

in securities-based crowdfunding transactions or the number of offerings in reliance on Section 

4(a)(6) we expect those issuers to conduct. In developing the estimate for the number of issuers in 

the final rule, we refined the methodology used in the Proposing Release and applied that 

methodology to more recent data, resulting in an updated estimate that we believe is reasonable 

and appropriate.

2. Intermediaries that are Registered Brokers

The final rules require intermediaries to register with us as either a broker-dealer or as a 

funding portal. Consistent with the Proposing Release, we estimate that the collection of 

information requirements in the final rules will apply to approximately 10 intermediaries per year 

that are not currently registered with the Commission and that will choose to register as brokers, 

rather than as funding portals, to act as intermediaries for offerings made in reliance on Section 

4(a)(6). However, we believe that, given the cost that an unregistered entity will incur to register 

as a broker compared with the lower cost of becoming a funding portal, unregistered entities that 

choose to act as crowdfunding intermediaries will generally be more likely to register as funding 

portals than as brokers. 

Consistent with the Proposing Release, we further estimate that approximately 50 

intermediaries per year that are already registered as brokers with the Commission will choose to 

add to their current service offerings by also serving as crowdfunding intermediaries. These 

entities will not have to file a new application for registration with us, and if currently doing 

business with the public, they will already be members of FINRA (the applicable national 

securities association registered under Exchange Act Section 15A). We note, however, that given 

the nascent nature of the equity-based crowdfunding market, we do not have any data or other 
495

evidence indicating the number of currently-registered brokers that will be interested in becoming 

crowdfunding intermediaries. Therefore, we recognize that the number of brokers per year that 

may engage in crowdfunding activities could differ significantly from our current estimate. We 

received no comments on our estimates of the number of broker-dealers that will act as 

intermediaries.

3. Funding Portals

Consistent with the Proposing Release, we estimate that on average approximately 50 

intermediaries per year that are not already registered as brokers will choose to be registered as 

funding portals during the first three years following effectiveness of the final rules. This estimate 

assumes that, upon effectiveness of the final rules, about 15% of the approximately 200 U.S.-

based crowdfunding portals1627 currently in existence will participate in securities-based 

crowdfunding and that the number of crowdfunding portals will grow at 60% per year over the 

next three years.1628 Therefore, we estimate that an average of approximately 50 respondents will 

be registered as funding portals annually.1629 Of those 50 funding portals, we estimate that two 

 1627 This estimate is based in part on an industry estimate that, as of April 2012, there were approximately 200 

non-securities-based crowdfunding portals operating in the United States. See Massolution 2012 at 16. We 

did not receive comment on these estimates and therefore continue to believe our estimates in the Proposing 

Release are appropriate. See also Massolution 2015 at 84 (estimating that, as of December 2014, there were 

approximately 375 crowdfunding portals operating in North America, not just the United States).

1628 A worldwide survey of crowdfunding portals indicated that, in 2011, approximately 14.8% of the surveyed 

crowdfunding portals (mostly based in Europe) participated in “equity-based” crowdfunding. Id. Also, the 

total number of crowdfunding portals worldwide grew by an estimated 60% from 2011 to 2012. Id. at 13.

We did not receive comment on these estimates and therefore continue to believe our estimates in the 

Proposing Release are appropriate. See also Massolution 2015 at 82-83 (estimating that, as of December 

2014, there were approximately 1250 crowdfunding portals worldwide compared to 813 worldwide in 2012, 

which represents an increase of approximately 54%).

1629 200 U.S.-based crowdfunding portals x 15% (estimated percentage of crowdfunding portals that will

participate in securities-based crowdfunding) = 30 funding portals that will participate in securities-based 

crowdfunding. Assuming 60% growth over three years, the number of registered funding portals will be 30 

during the first year, 48 during the second year and 77 during the third year. The average number of 

registered funding portals over three years is (30 + 48 + 77) / 3 = 52 funding portals (or approximately 50 

funding portals per year).
496

will be nonresident funding portals. These estimates are based in part on indications of interest 

expressed in responses to FINRA’s voluntary interim form for funding portals. We received no 

comments on our estimates on the number of funding portals that will act as intermediaries

C. Estimate of Burdens

1. Issuers

a. Form C: Offering Statement and Progress Update

Under the final rules, an issuer conducting a transaction in reliance on Section 4(a)(6) will 

be required to file with us specified disclosures on a Form C: Offering Statement.1630 An issuer 

also will be required to file with us amendments to Form C to disclose any material change in the 

offer terms or disclosure previously provided to investors.1631 Form C is similar to the Form 1-A 

offering statement under Regulation A, but it requires fewer disclosure items (e.g., it does not 

require disclosure about the plan of distribution, the compensation of officers and directors, 

litigation or a discussion of federal tax aspects). We note that offerings made in reliance on 

Regulation A allow issuers to offer up to $50 million, involve review by SEC staff and, in the case 

of Tier 1 offerings, require filings at the state level.1632 In light of these factors, we expect that 

issuers seeking to raise capital pursuant to a Regulation A offering generally will be at a more 

advanced stage of development than issuers likely to raise capital pursuant to Section 4(a)(6), so 

the complexity of the required disclosure and, in turn, the burden of compliance with the 

requirements of Form C will be significantly less than for Form 1-A.1633 In the Proposing Release 

we estimated that the burden to prepare and file Form C would be approximately 60 hours per 

 1630 See Rule 203(a)(1) of Regulation Crowdfunding. 

1631 See Rule 203(a)(2) of Regulation Crowdfunding. 

1632 See Rule 256 of Regulation A; Regulation A Adopting Release, note 506.

1633 We currently estimate the average burden per response for preparing and filing a Form 1-A to be 

approximately 750 hours.
497

issuer, which represented approximately 10% of the burden to prepare then-existing Form 1-A.1634 

We estimated that 75% of the burden, or 45 hours, would be carried internally and the remaining 

25% of the burden would be carried by outside professionals at a cost of $6,000 per issuer.

As discussed in more detail in the Economic Analysis, above, we received a number of 

comments concerning the burdens and costs of the proposed rules.1635 Many of these commenters 

provided monetary estimates without distinguishing between internal burden hours and outside 

professional costs. Some commenters suggested that the Proposing Release underestimated the 

time and expense that would be required to prepare and file Form C.1636 In contrast, one

commenter stated that it was a third-party service provider that could prepare Form C at much 

lower costs than those estimated by the Commission.1637 Another commenter suggested that the 

cost of preparing and filing these forms and the associated compliance costs would range from 

$3,000 to $9,000.1638 Additionally, we received a number of comments about the costs of the 

audit and review of financial statements, as proposed. We believe that these costs would be a 

component of the outside professional costs associated with Form C. In the Economic Analysis, 

we have set forth our monetized estimates of the various cost components, grouped into categories 

 1634 See Proposing Release at 78 FR 66540.

1635 See Section III.B.3.a.

1636 See, e.g., Heritage Letter (stating that the costs to prepare the required disclosures will likely exceed $10,500, 

except in cases of start-ups with no operating history); NSBA Letter (stating that issuers and intermediaries 

will likely incur higher attorney and accounting fees and financial and administrative burdens than estimated 

in the proposed rules but without providing estimates); SeedInvest Letter 2 (estimating upfront compliance 

costs to be “potentially hundreds of hours [in internal company time] and $20,000 to $50,000 [in outside 

professional costs]”).

1637 FundHub Letter 2 (stating that the commenter will prepare Form C and all disclosure documents, do all bad 

actor checks, verify investor status and perform all other necessary compliance measures for a $100,000 

offering for $2,500 total, and that, in most cases, its services and associated legal fees will cost an issuer 

between $2,500 and $5,000 for an offering up to $500,000 and between $5,000 and $10,000 for an offering 

between $500,000 and $1,000,000).

1638 See StartEngine Letter 2. 
498

based on the size of the offering. Our Form C estimates range from $2,500 for the smallest 

offerings (up to $100,000); to a range of $2,500 to $5,000 for somewhat larger offerings (more 

than $100,000 but not more than $500,000) and a range of $5,000 and $20,000 for the largest 

offerings (more than $500,000). Additionally, our estimates of the cost of financial statement 

review or audit range from $0 for the smallest offerings; to between $1,500 and $18,000 for 

larger offerings and for first-time crowdfunding issuers conducting offerings between $500,000 

and $1,000,000; and $2,500 to $30,000 for other issuers that are conducting an offering in the 

largest offering amount category. Accordingly, in our Economic Analysis we estimate a cost 

range estimate for Form C and the financial statement review of: $2,500 for the smallest 

offerings, $4,000 to $23,000 for the larger offerings, $6,500 to $38,000 for first-time 

crowdfunding issuers conducting offerings between $500,000 and $1,000,000, and $7,500 to 

$50,000 for other issuers conducting an offering in the largest offering amount category. For 

purposes of the PRA, however, we must provide a single estimate, comprised of both burden 

hours and outside professional costs, for an average issuer.

Based on these comments and our Economic Analysis, we have revised our estimate of the 

burden associated with the preparation and filing of Form C. We acknowledge that a number of 

commenters suggested that we underestimated the burdens of the proposed rule, but believe that 

changes in the final rule, particularly with respect to the financial statement requirements for firsttime crowdfunding issuers, may mitigate the impact of those costs. Accordingly, we estimate that 

the average total burden to prepare and file the Form C, including any amendment to disclose any 

material change, will be approximately 100 hours, which, while higher than our proposed 

estimate, is still substantially less than the burden to prepare a Form 1-A for an offering under

Regulation A, as recently amended. We continue to estimate that 75 percent of the burden of 
499

preparation will be carried by the issuer internally and that 25 percent will be carried by outside 

professionals1639 retained by the issuer at an average cost of $400 per hour.1640 This reflects 75

internal burden hours per issuer and $10,000 in external professional costs. While for PRA 

purposes, we must present this estimate in terms of hours and costs, we believe that this estimate 

is consistent with the monetary ranges that we set forth in the Economic Analysis.

Under the final rules, the issuer also will be required to file with us regular updates on the 

progress of the issuer in meeting the target offering amount.1641 In a change from the proposal, 

the rules permit issuers to satisfy the progress update requirement by relying on the relevant 

intermediary to make publicly available on the intermediary’s platform frequent updates about the 

issuer’s progress toward meeting the target offering amount. Nevertheless, an issuer relying on 

the intermediary’s reports of progress must still file a progress update at the end of the offering to 

disclose the total amount of securities sold in the offering. The issuer is required to make the 

filing under cover of a Form C-U: Progress Update. Form C-U is similar to a Form D Notice of 

Exempt Offering of Securities under Regulation D.1642 Form C-U will require significantly less 

disclosure than the Form D, however, as it will require disclosure only of the issuer’s progress in 

meeting the target offering amount, rather than compensation and use of proceeds disclosures or 

other information about the issuer and the offering. Thus, the complexity of the required 

 1639 For example, an issuer could retain an outside professional to assist in the preparation of the financial 

statements, but could decide to address the remaining disclosure requirements internally. 

1640 We estimate the average external cost of preparing Form C to be 0.25 x 100 hours x $400 per hour = 

$10,000.

We recognize that the costs of retaining outside professionals may vary depending on the nature of the 

professional services, but for purposes of this PRA analysis, we estimate that such costs would be an average 

of $400 per hour. This is the rate we typically estimate for outside legal services used in connection with 

public company reporting.

1641 See Rule 203(a)(3) of Regulation Crowdfunding. 

1642 We currently estimate the burden per response for preparing and filing a Form D to be 4.00 hours. 
500

disclosure and the burden to prepare and file Form C-U will be significantly less than for Form D. 

We continue to estimate that the burden to prepare and file each progress update will be 0.50 

hours. In light of the change from the proposal, we expect most issuers will rely on the relevant 

intermediary to provide interim progress updates and therefore will be required to file an average 

of one progress update during each offering rather than the two progress updates that we estimated 

in the Proposing Release.

1643 As in the Proposing Release, we estimate that the entirety of this

burden will be borne internally by the registrant. 

Overall, we estimate that compliance with the requirements of a Form C filed in 

connection with offerings made in reliance on Section 4(a)(6) will require 190,000 burden hours 

(1,900 offering statements x 100 hours/offering statement) in aggregate each year, which 

corresponds to 142,500 hours carried by the issuer internally (1,900 offering statements x 100

hours/offering statement x 0.75) and costs of $19,000,000 (1,900 offering statements x 100

hours/offering statement x 0.25 x $400) for the services of outside professionals. We also 

estimate that compliance with the requirements of Form C-U filed during an offering will require 

950 burden hours (1,900 offering statements x 1 progress update per offering x 0.50 hours per 

progress update) in aggregate each year. 

b. Form C-AR: Annual Report

Under the final rules, unless the reporting has been terminated, any issuer that sells 

securities in a transaction made pursuant to Section 4(a)(6) will be required to file annually with 

us an annual report on Form C-AR: Annual Report.1644 Form C-AR will require disclosure 

substantially similar to the disclosure provided in the Form C: Offering Statement, except that 

 1643 See Rule 203(a)(3) of Regulation Crowdfunding. 

1644 See Rule 202 of Regulation Crowdfunding.
501

offering-specific disclosure will not be required and the issuer may be able to update disclosure 

previously provided in the Form C. In addition, in a change from the proposal, instead of 

requiring financial statements in the annual report that meet the highest standard of review 

previously provided (either reviewed or audited), the final rules require financial statements of the 

issuer certified by the principal executive officer of the issuer to be true and complete in all 

material respects.

1645 Therefore, we estimate that the burden to prepare and file Form C-AR will 

be less than that required to prepare and file Form C. 

As discussed in the Economic Analysis, we received some comments on the costs of Form 

C-AR.1646 One commenter that submitted comments concerning both Form C and Form C-AR 

provided several cost estimates or ranges for Form C-AR that varied but were ranges or amounts 

that were lower than the commenter’s estimates for Form C.1647 Our analysis of the cost of Form 

C-AR in our Economic Analysis reflects these comments, and in that analysis, we estimate that 

the cost of Form C-AR represents two-thirds of the cost of Form C (exclusive of the financial 

statement review). 

Additionally, in light of the change to the final rules for Form C-AR to require financial 

statements that are certified by the principal executive officer of the issuer to be true and complete 

in all material respects, rather than requiring financial statements that meet the highest level of 

review previously provided, we estimate that for Form C-AR there will be a further reduction of 

PRA burden compared with the burden of Form C. Accordingly, we estimate that compliance 

 1645 See Rule 202(a) of Regulation Crowdfunding. However, issuers that have available financial statements that 

have been reviewed or audited by an independent certified public accountant because they prepare them for 

other purposes shall provide them and will not be required to have the principal executive officer 

certification. Id.

1646 See Section III.B.3.a.

1647 See SeedInvest Letter 1; SeedInvest Letter 4
502

with Form C-AR will be approximately one-half of the burden of Form C, resulting in a burden of 

50 hours per response. We further estimate that 75 percent of the burden of preparation will be 

carried by the issuer internally and that 25 percent will be carried by outside professionals1648

retained by the issuer at an average cost of $400 per hour.1649 

We estimate that compliance with the requirements of Form C-AR in the first year after 

issuers sell securities pursuant to Section 4(a)(6) will require 95,000 burden hours (1,900 issuers x 

50 hours/issuer) in the aggregate, which corresponds to 71,250 hours carried by the issuer 

internally (1,900 issuers x 50 hours/issuer x 0.75) and costs of $9,500,000 (1,900 issuers x 50

hours/issuer x 0.25 x $400) for the services of outside professionals. 

c. Form C-TR: Termination of Reporting

Under the final rules, any issuer terminating its annual reporting obligations will be 

required to file a notice under cover of Form C-TR: Termination of Reporting to notify investors 

and the Commission that it no longer will file and provide annual reports pursuant to the 

requirements of Regulation Crowdfunding.1650 We estimate that eight percent of the issuers that 

sell securities pursuant to Section 4(a)(6) will file a notice under cover of Form C-TR during the 

first year.1651 The Form C-TR will be similar to the Form 15 that issuers file to provide notice of 

termination of the registration of a class of securities under Exchange Act Section 12(g) or to 

provide notice of the suspension of the duty to file reports required by Exchange Act Sections 

 1648 See note 1639.

1649 See note 1640.

1650 See Rule 203(b)(2) of Regulation Crowdfunding.

1651 For purposes of this PRA analysis, we estimate that eight percent of issuers will not survive past their first 

year, based on a recent study that found that of a random sample of 4,022 new high-technology businesses 

started in 2004, 92.3% survived past their first year. See Kauffman Firm Survey, note 1302 at 13. 
503

13(a) or 15(d).1652 Therefore, we estimate that compliance with the Form C-TR will result in a 

similar burden as compliance with Form 15, that is, a burden of 1.50 hours per response. We 

estimate that compliance with Form C-TR will result in a burden of 228 hours (1,900 issuers x 

0.08 issuers filing Form C-TR x 1.50 hours/issuer) in the aggregate during the first year for issuers 

terminating their reporting obligations. As in the Proposing Release, we estimate that the entirety

of this burden will be borne internally by the registrant. We received no comments on our 

estimates with respect to Form C-TR and continue to believe that these estimates are reasonable.

d. Form ID Filings

Under the final rules, an issuer will be required to file specified disclosures with us on 

EDGAR.1653 We anticipate that the majority of first-time issuers seeking to offer and sell 

securities in reliance on Section 4(a)(6) will not previously have filed an electronic submission 

with us and so will need to file a Form ID. Form ID is the application form for access codes to 

permit filing on EDGAR. The final rules will not change the form itself, but we anticipate that the 

number of Form ID filings will increase due to new issuers seeking to offer and sell securities in 

reliance on Section 4(a)(6). One commenter stated that it would take approximately 70 minutes to 

complete a Form ID, considerably more time than the estimated 0.15 hours.1654 However, the

information required by Form ID is very limited, primarily the name and address of the filer, so 

we continue to believe the estimated 0.15 hours per response is appropriate. For purposes of this 

PRA analysis, we estimate that all of the issuers who will seek to offer and sell securities in 

reliance on Section 4(a)(6) will not have filed an electronic submission with us previously and 

will, therefore, be required to file a Form ID. As noted above, we estimate that approximately 

 1652 We currently estimate the burden per response for preparing and filing a Form 15 to be 1.50 hours. 

1653 See Rules 201-203 of Regulation Crowdfunding.

1654 Angel Letter 1.
504

1,900 issuers per year will seek to offer and sell securities in reliance on Section 4(a)(6), which 

will correspond to 1,900 additional Form ID filings. As a result, we estimate the additional annual 

burden associated with this form will be approximately 285 hours (1,900 filings x 0.15 

hours/filing).1655 

2. Brokers and Funding Portals 

Below, we discuss our estimates of the internal burdens and professional costs associated 

with the collections of information required under the final rules as they relate to intermediaries. 

Where relevant, we discuss any comments received on these estimates and any changes to 

estimates, including changes made in response to comments on them.

a. Registration Requirements 

(1) Time Burden

The final rules will require intermediaries to register with us as either a broker or as a 

funding portal. As noted above, we believe that some intermediaries for transactions made in 

reliance on Section 4(a)(6) and Regulation Crowdfunding will already be registered as brokers. 

Therefore, this registration requirement will impose no new requirement on these entities and no 

additional burden for purposes of this PRA analysis. Entities that are not already registered as 

brokers may decide to register either as brokers or as funding portals and to become members of a 

registered national securities association (if they are not already a member) pursuant to the final 

rules. We estimate that each year, on average, approximately 10 entities may decide to be 

registered as brokers and approximately 50 entities may decide to be registered as funding portals 

by filing Form Funding Portal.1656 In addition, we estimate that of those 50 entities that register as 

 1655 We currently estimate the burden per response for preparing and filing with Form ID to be 0.15 hours.

1656 As noted above, funding portals will have to complete and file Form ID in order to obtain access codes to file 

on EDGAR. Based on our estimates, 50 funding portals per year will newly register through EDGAR, which 
505

funding portals, two will be nonresident funding portals and subject to the additional requirements 

under Rule 400(f) of completing Schedule C (including the required certifications), requirements 

related to the agent for service of process in the United States, and obtaining an opinion of 

counsel. 

We estimate the burden for registering with the Commission as a broker based upon the 

existing burdens for completing and filing Form BD, currently estimated as 2.75 hours.

1657 

Consequently, we estimate that the total annual burden hours required for all crowdfunding 

intermediaries, including brokers and funding portals, to register with us under the final rules will 

be approximately 165 hours (2.75 hours/respondent x (10 brokers + 50 funding portals)). In 

addition, those entities that register as nonresident funding portals will face an additional burden 

of half an hour to complete Schedule C and make the required certifications, half an hour to 

document the appointment of an agent for the service of process, and one hour to obtain an 

opinion of counsel. Consequently, we estimate that, of the 50 registered funding portals, two will 

each face an additional burden of two hours to register, for a total additional annual burden of four 

hours.

We have taken into consideration that brokers that register to engage in crowdfunding 

transactions conducted in reliance on Section 4(a)(6) may eventually decide to withdraw their 

 

will correspond to 50 additional Form ID filings. As a result, we estimate the additional annual burden 

associated with this form will be approximately 7.5 hours (50 filings x 0.15 hours/filing).

1657 While it is likely that the time necessary to complete Form BD varies depending on the nature and 

complexity of the entity’s securities business, we currently estimate the average time necessary for a brokerdealer to complete and file an application for broker-dealer registration on Form BD to be approximately 

2.75 hours. We also estimate that the time burden to register as a funding portal on Form Funding Portal will 

be, for purposes of this PRA analysis, the same as the time required to complete and file Form BD because 

the information required for that form is similar. 
506

registration. Withdrawal requires an entity to complete and file with us a Form BDW.1658 We 

further estimate that approximately 430 broker-dealers withdraw from Commission registration 

annually1659 and, therefore, file a Form BDW. Of them, we estimate that approximately one 

broker who had registered in order to facilitate crowdfunding offerings made in reliance on 

Section 4(a)(6) will decide to withdraw in each year following adoption of the rules.1660 

Therefore, the one broker-dealer that withdraws from registration by filing Form BDW will incur 

an aggregate annual reporting burden of approximately 0.25 hours (0.25 hours/respondent x 1

broker). Similarly, we estimate that approximately five funding portals will choose to withdraw 

from registration each year1661 and that each withdrawal, as with Form BDW, will take 

approximately 0.25 hours. This will result in an aggregate annual reporting burden of 

approximately 1.25 hours (0.25 hours/respondent x 5 funding portals).

 1658 The time necessary to complete Form BDW varies depending on the nature and complexity of the 

applicant’s securities business. We currently estimate that it takes a broker-dealer approximately 0.25

burden hours to complete and file a Form BDW to withdraw from Commission registration, as required by 

Exchange Act Rule 15b6-1 (17 CFR 240.15b6-1). 

1659 This estimate is based on Form BDW data collected over the past five years and may be high as a result of 

the impact of the financial crisis on broker-dealers. For the past five fiscal years (from 10/1 through 9/30), 

the number of broker-dealers that withdrew from registration was as follows: 524 in 2011 and 428 in 2012, 

434 in 2013, 454 in 2014 and 306 by September 15, 2015. We thus estimate the number of broker-dealers 

that withdraw from the Commission annually to be 430 ((524+428+434+454+306) / 5).

1660 As of September 2015, there were 4,213 broker-dealers registered with the Commission. An average of 430

broker-dealers per year withdraw from registration, or 10% of the number of registered broker-dealers (430

withdrawing broker-dealers / 4,213 registered broker-dealers). We assume that the same percentage of 

broker-dealers that withdraw from registration will apply to the population of registered broker-dealers 

participating in offerings in reliance on Section 4(a)(6). Of our estimate of 10 registered broker-dealers per 

year registering to participate in crowdfunding transactions in reliance on Section 4(a)(6), we estimate that 

approximately one broker-dealer per year (10 registered broker-dealers x 0.10) will withdraw from 

registration.

1661 We estimate that the percentage of registered funding portals participating in crowdfunding transactions in 

reliance on Section 4(a)(6) that will withdraw from registration annually would be the same as the 

percentage of broker dealers that withdraw from registration annually because of the similarity of these

entities’ businesses. Of our estimate of 50 registered funding portals participating in crowdfunding 

transactions in reliance on Section 4(a)(6), we estimate that approximately five funding portals per year (50 

registered funding portals x 0.10) will withdraw from registration. For funding portals, a decision to 

withdraw registration will be required to be reported to us in the same way as an amendment; however, for 

brokers, withdrawal requires the filing of Form BDW. 
507

In the Proposing Release, we also included an estimate of PRA burdens and costs for 

newly-registered intermediaries to become members of FINRA or any other registered national 

securities association. Specifically, the Proposing Release included a discussion of an estimate of 

the paperwork burdens and costs that would be incurred by an intermediary to register with a 

national securities association as well as an estimate of the ongoing fees (e.g., FINRA annual 

assessment fees) that would be incurred by an intermediary to remain registered with a national 

securities association. However, after further consideration, we do not believe the hour burdens 

and costs associated with FINRA’s membership constitute paperwork burdens and costs 

attributable to the Commission’s rules. Accordingly, we are not providing estimates of burdens 

and costs resulting from membership in a registered national securities association in this PRA 

analysis. We have, however, considered the costs of such membership, both initial and ongoing, 

in our Economic Analysis above.1662

Once registered, a broker must promptly file an amended Form BD when information 

originally reported on Form BD changes or becomes inaccurate. Similarly, a registered funding 

portal must file amendments relating to changes in information filed in a Form Funding Portal 

filing.1663 Based on the number of amended Forms BD that we received from October 1, 2011

through September 15, 2015, we estimate that the total number of amendments that we will 

receive on Form BD from the 10 brokers that register under Regulation Crowdfunding will be 

approximately 32.

1664 Therefore, we estimate that the total additional annual burden hours 

 1662 See Section III.B.4.

1663 We currently estimate that the average time necessary to complete an amended Form BD to be 

approximately 20 minutes, or 0.33 hours. We estimate that an amendment to Form Funding Portal will take 

the same amount of time as an amendment to Form BD because the forms are similar. 

1664 We received 15,491, 13,271, 12,902, 14,330 and 10,848 amended Forms BD during the fiscal years ending 

2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 and 2015, respectively, reflecting an average of 13,368 amendment filings per year 

(15,491 + 13,271+12,902+ 14,330+10,848) / 5 years). As of September 15, 2015, there were 4,213 broker-
508

necessary for broker-dealers to complete and file amended Forms BD will be approximately 10.6

hours (32 amended Forms BD per year x 0.33 hours). Using the same ratios, we estimate that the 

total annual burden hours for funding portals to complete and file amended Forms Funding Portal 

will be approximately 52.8 hours (50 funding portals x 3.2 amendments per year x 0.33 hours per 

amendment). 

(2) Cost

We estimate that two intermediaries will face a cost per intermediary of $25,179 to retain 

an agent for service of process and provide an opinion of counsel to register as a nonresident 

funding portal.1665 

b. Development of Intermediary Platform 

(1) Time Burden

The final rules envision that intermediaries will develop electronic platforms to offer 

securities to the public in reliance on Section 4(a)(6). We anticipate that an intermediary’s 

platform will incorporate related systems functionality to comply with our final rules (including 

the collection of information associated with, for example, the requirements of Rules 302, 303 and 

304) as well as execute other platform capabilities and system operations. The estimated time 

burdens and costs for platform development discussed in this section include the estimated time 

 

dealers registered with the Commission. Therefore, we estimate that there are approximately 3.17

amendments (13,368 amended Forms BD / 4,213 broker-dealers) per registered broker-dealer per year. We 

therefore estimate that the 10 broker-dealers who register under Regulation Crowdfunding will file, on 

aggregate, approximately 32 amendments per year.

1665 We have altered our cost estimates slightly from the Proposing Release (from $25,130 to $25,179) and note 

that the amended estimates are consistent with our recent estimates of what it would cost other types of 

nonresident entities to retain an agent for service of process and provide an opinion of counsel. See 

Registration Process for Security-Based Swap Dealers and Major Security-Based Swap Participants, 

Exchange Act Release No. 34-75611, 80 FR 48964, 48994 (Aug. 14, 2015). We inadvertently included the 

costs to non-resident funding portals of completing Schedule C in the Proposing Release. We anticipate, 

however, that nonresident funding portals will incur a time burden rather than a cost burden to complete 

Schedule C. 
509

burdens and costs for the functionalities that will allow funding portals to comply with their 

disclosure, communication channel, and investor notification requirements.1666

Intermediaries that develop their platforms in-house will incur an initial time burden 

associated with setting up their systems. Based on our discussions with potential intermediaries

prior to the publication of our proposed rules, we estimate that intermediaries creating the initial 

platform in-house will typically have a team of approximately four to six developers that will 

work on all aspects of platform development, including, but not limited to, front-end 

programming, data management, systems analysis, communication channels, document delivery, 

and Internet security.1667 We estimate, based on our discussions with potential intermediaries

prior to the publication of our proposed rules, that in developing a platform in-house, 

intermediaries will spend an average of 1,500 hours for planning, programming, and 

implementation.1668 

It is difficult to estimate the number of intermediaries that will develop their initial 

platforms in-house, but assuming that half of the 110 newly-registered intermediaries1669 do so, 

the total initial time burden on those intermediaries will be 82,500 hours (55 intermediaries x 

1,500 hours = 82,500 hours). 

We estimate that annually updating the features and functionality of an intermediary’s 

platform will require approximately 20% of the hours required to initially develop the platform, 

for an average burden of 300 hours per year. If we assume that half of the 110 crowdfunding 

 1666 See Sections IV.C.2.g. and IV.C.2.h.

1667 See Sections IV.C.2.g. and IV.C.2.h. 

1668 This average takes into account intermediaries that will develop a brand new platform and those that will 

modify an existing platform to function in accordance with Regulation Crowdfunding.

1669 As discussed above, we anticipate that 10 intermediaries will newly register as brokers, 50 intermediaries 

will be brokers that are already registered, and 50 intermediaries will register as funding portals.
510

intermediaries update their systems accordingly each year, the total ongoing time burden will be 

16,500 hours per year (55 intermediaries x 300 hours = 16,500 hours). 

(2) Cost

There will be a cost associated with developing a platform for an intermediary that hires a 

third-party to develop its platform rather than developing it in-house. Based on our discussions 

with potential intermediaries prior to the publication of our proposed rules, we estimate that it will 

cost an intermediary approximately $250,000 to $600,0001670 to build a new Internet-based 

crowdfunding portal and all of its basic functionality.

1671 Assuming that half of the 110 newlyregistered intermediaries hire outside developers to build or to tailor their platforms, the total 

initial cost will range from $13,750,000 to $33,000,000 (55 intermediaries x $250,000 = 

$13,750,000; 55 intermediaries x $600,000 = $33,000,000). For purposes of this PRA analysis, 

we estimate the cost to be $23,375,000 (the average of $13,750,000 and $33,000,000).

We estimate that it will typically cost an intermediary approximately one-fifth of the initial 

development cost per year to use a third-party developer to provide annual maintenance on an 

Internet-based crowdfunding portal, including updating and basic functionality, or $85,000 per 

year on average.1672 If we assume that half of the 110 crowdfunding intermediaries updated their 

 1670 See, e.g., ASSOB Letter (suggesting that the cost to establish a funding portal would run at least $480,000, 

which is within the range of our estimate).

1671 We anticipate that some percentage of intermediaries will already have in place platforms and related 

systems that will need to be tailored to comply with the requirements of Title III of the JOBS Act and 

Regulation Crowdfunding. We anticipate that these intermediaries will hire outside developers to tailor their 

platforms. We estimate an average cost of approximately $250,000 in the first year in order to tailor the 

current systems for an intermediary that already has in place a platform and related systems. Thus, this 

amount is already covered in our range of costs above -- $250,000 to $600,000. 1672 Our estimate of the average initial external cost per intermediary to develop a crowdfunding platform is the 

average of the cited range of $250,000 to $600,000, or $425,000 (($250,000 + $600,000)/ 2). One-fifth of 

the cost of $425,000 is $85,000.
511

systems accordingly, the total ongoing cost will be $4,675,000 per year (55 intermediaries x 

$85,000 = $4,675,000). 

c. Measures to Reduce the Risk of Fraud 

(1) Time Burden

The final rules will require intermediaries to have a reasonable basis for believing that an 

issuer seeking to offer and sell securities in reliance on Section 4(a)(6) through the intermediary’s 

platform complies with the requirements in Section 4A(b) and the related requirements in 

Regulation Crowdfunding.1673 The final rules will also require intermediaries to have a 

reasonable basis for believing that an issuer has established means to keep accurate records of the 

holders of the securities it will offer and sell through the intermediary’s platform.1674 For both 

requirements, an intermediary may reasonably rely on the representations of the issuer, unless the 

intermediary has reason to question the reliability of those representations. For the purposes of 

this PRA analysis, we expect that 100% of intermediaries will rely on the representations of 

issuers. Based on our industry knowledge and discussions with participants prior to the 

publication of our proposed rules, we calculate that this requirement will impose a time burden in 

the first year of five hours per intermediary to establish standard representations it will request 

from issuers, and six minutes per intermediary per issuer to obtain the issuer representation, 

which is consistent with estimates we have used for other regulated entities to obtain similar 

documentation, such as consents, from customers. 

Based on our estimate that there will be approximately 1,900 offerings per year, that each 

issuer will conduct one offering per year, and that there will be 110 intermediaries, we estimate

 1673 See Rule 301(a) of Regulation Crowdfunding.

1674 See Rule 301(b) of Regulation Crowdfunding.
512

that each intermediary will facilitate an average of approximately 17 offerings per year (1,900

offerings/(10 newly registered broker-dealers + 50 previously registered broker-dealers + 50 

funding portals)). Therefore, we estimate that the total initial burden hours will be approximately 

740 hours ((5 hours/intermediary x (10 newly-registered broker-dealers + 50 previously-registered 

broker-dealers + 50 funding portals)) + (0.1 hours/issuer x 17 offerings x 110 intermediaries). 

We believe that the ongoing time burdens for this requirement will be approximately one 

hour per intermediary per year to review and confirm that the standard representations it requests 

from issuers remain appropriate, and six minutes (0.1 hours) per intermediary per issuer to obtain 

an issuer’s representation. Therefore, we estimate that the ongoing total burden hours necessary 

for intermediaries to rely on the representations of the issuers will be approximately 300 hours per 

year ((1 hour/intermediary x (10 newly-registered broker-dealers + 50 previously-registered 

broker-dealers + 50 funding portals)) + (0.1 hours/issuer x 17 offerings x 110 intermediaries). 

(2) Cost

The final rules will require intermediaries to conduct a background and securities 

enforcement regulatory history check on each issuer and each officer, director or 20 Percent 

Beneficial Owner of an issuer to determine whether the issuer or such person is subject to a 

disqualification. We anticipate that most intermediaries will employ third parties to perform 

background and securities enforcement regulatory history checks in light of the costs of 

developing an in-house capability to conduct such checks. Therefore, for the purposes of this 

PRA analysis, we assume that 100% of intermediaries will use these third-party service providers. 
513

The cost for a third party to perform a background check is estimated to be between $200 

and $500, depending on the nature and extent of the information provided.1675 We recognize that 

some issuers will require more than one background check (e.g., for officers or directors of the 

issuer), and we estimate that intermediaries will perform four background checks per issuer, on 

average. We base this number on the assumption that most crowdfunding issuers will be startups 

and small businesses with small management teams and few owners. Assuming an average of 

approximately 1,900 offerings made in reliance on Section 4(a)(6) per year, the total estimated 

initial cost for all intermediaries to fulfill the required background and securities enforcement 

regulatory history checks will range from approximately $1,520,000 to $3,800,000 per year,1676 or 

approximately $13,818 to $34,546 per intermediary per year.1677 For purposes of this PRA

analysis, we average this cost to $24,182 per intermediary per year. 

One commenter noted, as a general matter, that the “costs incurred by the intermediary in 

dealing with an issuer, doing the required due diligence and background screening, establishing a 

web page describing the offering and so on do not vary linearly with the offering size. As a 

percentage of the offering amount, they will be disproportionately high for smaller offerings.”1678 

This commenter did not, however, question our underlying assumptions or our estimates of these

costs. For purposes of this PRA analysis and as discussed above, we believe that these cost

 1675 See, e.g., A Matter of Fact, Background Check FAQ: Frequently Asked Questions, available at

http://www.amof.info/faq.htm (Matter of Fact is a background check provider accredited by the National 

Association of Professional Background Screeners and the Background Screening Credentialing Council. 

This source states that the cost for a comprehensive background check is $200 to $500).

1676 1,900 securities-based offerings made in reliance on Section 4(a)(6) per year x ($200 to $500 per background 

and securities enforcement regulatory history check) x 4 checks per offering = $1,520,000 to $3,800,000 per 

year.

1677 $1,520,000/110 intermediaries = approximately $13,818 per intermediary; $3,800,000/110 intermediaries = 

approximately $34,546 per intermediary.

1678 Heritage Letter.
514

estimates are reasonable. We also believe that intermediaries are in a better position to make their 

own business decisions as to whether such costs would be disproportionately high for smaller 

offerings.

1679

We believe that, on an ongoing basis, intermediaries will continue to use third-party 

services to conduct background and securities enforcement regulatory history checks. We also 

believe that the total estimated ongoing cost for all intermediaries to fulfill the required 

background and securities enforcement regulatory history checks will be the same as the estimated 

initial cost, or on average $24,182 per intermediary per year. 

d. Account Opening: Accounts and Electronic Delivery

The final rules provide that no intermediary or associated person of an intermediary may 

accept an investment commitment in a transaction involving the offer or sale of securities made in 

reliance on Section 4(a)(6) until an investor has opened an account with the intermediary and

consented to electronic delivery of materials.1680 This requirement will impose certain 

information gathering and recordkeeping burdens on intermediaries. For the purposes of this PRA

analysis, we expect that the functionality required to allow an investor to open an account with an 

intermediary and obtain consents will result in an initial time burden of approximately 10 hours 

per intermediary in the first year. Therefore, we estimate that the total initial burden hours 

resulting from this functionality will be approximately 1,100 hours (10 hours/intermediary x (10 

newly-registered broker-dealers + 50 previously-registered broker-dealers + 50 funding portals)). 

 1679 As noted above, we agree with the commenter’s suggestion that there is likely to be a fixed component to 

these costs that reflects a certain necessary level of due diligence and background screening, which will 

result in these costs, as a percentage of offering size, being higher for smaller offerings. 

1680 See Rule 302(a) of Regulation Crowdfunding.
515

We believe that the ongoing time burdens for this requirement will be significantly less 

than the initial time burden, and thus we estimate approximately two hours per intermediary per 

year to review and assess the related processes. Therefore, we estimate that the ongoing total 

burden hours necessary for this functionality will be approximately 220 hours per year (2 

hours/intermediary x (10 newly-registered broker-dealers + 50 previously-registered brokerdealers + 50 funding portals)). 

e. Account Opening: Educational Materials

(1) Time Burden

The final rules require intermediaries to provide educational materials to investors,1681

about the risks and costs of investing in securities offered and sold in reliance on Section 4(a)(6). 

Because the intermediary will determine what electronic format will prove most effective in 

communicating the requisite contents of the educational material, the expected costs for 

intermediaries to develop the educational material are expected to vary widely and are difficult to 

estimate. For the purposes of this PRA analysis, we assume that half of the intermediaries will 

develop their educational materials in-house, potentially including online presentations and 

written documents, and that the other half will employ third parties to produce educational 

materials, such as professional-quality online video presentations. We estimate that to develop 

their educational materials in-house, each intermediary will incur an initial time burden of 

approximately 20 hours. Therefore, the total initial burden will be approximately 1,100 hours (55 

intermediaries x 20 hours/intermediary).1682 

 1681 See Rule 302(b) of Regulation Crowdfunding.

1682 In the Proposing Release we did not take into account in our estimated time burden and cost calculations our 

assumption that half of the intermediaries would develop educational materials in-house. Therefore, we have 

re-calculated the estimated total initial and ongoing time burdens and costs for the development of in-house 

materials in this release based on 55 (rather than 110) intermediaries.
516

Assuming that half of the intermediaries will develop their educational materials in-house, 

we also expect that these intermediaries will update their educational materials in-house, as 

needed. We estimate that to update their educational materials in-house, each intermediary will 

incur an ongoing time burden of approximately 10 hours per year. Therefore, the total ongoing 

burden will be approximately 550 hours per year (55 intermediaries x 10 hours/intermediary). 

(2) Cost

As stated above, for the purposes of this PRA analysis, we assume that half of the 

intermediaries will employ third-party firms to produce educational materials, such as 

professional-quality online video presentations, instead of developing materials in-house. Public 

sources indicate that the typical cost to produce a professional corporate training video ranges 

from approximately $1,000 to $3,000 per production minute.

1683 Based on discussions with 

industry participants prior to the publication of our proposed rules, we assume that, on average, 

each intermediary will produce a series of short educational videos that will cover all of the 

requirements of the final rules and that the video material will be 10 minutes long in total. Based 

on this assumption, we estimate that the average initial cost for an intermediary to develop and 

produce educational materials will range from approximately $10,000 to $30,000. The total initial 

cost across all intermediaries estimated to employ a third party per year will be $550,000 to 

$1,650,000.1684 For purposes of this PRA analysis, we average the cost to $20,000 per 

intermediary per year. We note that the estimated initial cost may be significantly lower, because 

not all intermediaries that outsource the development of educational materials may choose to 

 1683 See, e.g., Lee W. Frederiksen, What Is the Cost of Video Production for the Web?, Hinge Marketing, 

available at http://www.hingemarketing.com/library/article/what-is-the-cost-of-video-production-for-theweb. 

1684 55 intermediaries x $10,000 production cost = $550,000. 55 intermediaries x $30,000 production cost = 

$1,650,000. 
517

produce professional-quality online video presentations; others may produce videos of shorter 

length or use other types of educational materials. 

We estimate that, on an ongoing basis, when using a third-party company to update their 

video educational materials, each intermediary will spend approximately half of the initial average 

cost. We estimate, therefore, that the average ongoing annual cost for an intermediary to update 

its video educational materials will range from approximately $5,000 to $15,000 and that the total 

ongoing annual cost across all intermediaries will range from approximately $275,000 to 

$825,000 per year.1685 For purposes of this PRA analysis, we average the cost to $10,000 per 

intermediary per year.

f. Account Opening: Promoters

The final rules require an intermediary, at the account opening stage, to disclose to users of 

its platform that any person who receives compensation to promote an issuer’s offering, or who is 

a founder or employee of an issuer engaging in promotional activities on behalf of the issuer, must 

clearly disclose the receipt of compensation and his or her engagement in promotional activities 

on the platform.1686 We expect that this requirement will result in an estimated time burden of 

five hours per intermediary in the first year, to prepare this particular disclosure and incorporate it 

into the account opening process. Therefore, we estimate that the total initial burden hours 

necessary for intermediaries to comply with this requirement will be approximately 550 hours (5 

hours/intermediary x (10 newly-registered broker-dealers + 50 previously-registered brokerdealers + 50 funding portals)). 

 1685 $550,000 total cost x 0.50 = $275,000. $1,650,000 total cost x 0.50 = $825,000.

1686 See Rule 302(c) of Regulation Crowdfunding.
518

We believe that the ongoing time burdens for this requirement will be approximately one 

hour per intermediary per year to review and check that the disclosures remain appropriate. 

Therefore, we estimate that the ongoing total burden hours necessary for intermediaries to comply 

with this requirement will be approximately 110 hours per year (1 hour/intermediary x (10 newlyregistered broker-dealers + 50 previously-registered broker-dealers + 50 funding portals)). 

g. Issuer Disclosures to be Made Available

(1) Time Burden

The final rules require an intermediary to make publicly available on its platform the 

information that an issuer of crowdfunding securities is required to provide to investors, in a 

manner that reasonably permits a person accessing the platform to save, download or otherwise 

store the information, until the offer and sale of securities is completed or cancelled.1687 

For purposes of the PRA, our estimate of the hourly burdens related to the public 

availability of the issuer information is included in our estimate of the hourly burdens associated 

with overall platform development, discussed above in Section IV.C.2.b. We note that the 

platform functionality will include not only the ability to display, upload and download issuer 

information as required under the final rules, but also the ability to provide users with required 

online disclosures

We recognize that, over time, intermediaries may need to update their systems that allow 

issuer information to be uploaded to their platforms. We do not expect a significant ongoing 

burden related to the requirement for providing issuer disclosures, primarily because the 

 1687 See Rule 303(a) of Regulation Crowdfunding.
519

functionality required for required issuer disclosure information to be uploaded is a standard 

feature offered on many websites and will not require frequent or significant updates. 

(2) Cost

We do not expect a significant ongoing cost for providing issuer disclosures, primarily 

because the functionality required to upload required issuer disclosure information is a standard 

feature offered on many websites and will not require frequent updates. To the extent an 

intermediary uses a third party to develop the functionality for this requirement, the initial costs 

relevant to this requirement will be incorporated into the cost of hiring a third party to develop the 

platform, discussed above in subsection IV.C.2.b.2. 

h. Other Disclosures to Investors

(1) Time Burden

Intermediaries will be required to implement and maintain systems to comply with the 

information disclosure, communication channels, and investor notification requirements of 

Regulation Crowdfunding, including providing disclosure about compensation at account 

opening, obtaining investor acknowledgments to confirm investor qualifications and review of 

educational materials, providing investor questionnaires, maintaining communication channels 

with third parties and among investors, notifying investors of investment commitments, 

confirming completed transactions and confirming or reconfirming offering cancellations. 

For purposes of the PRA analysis, our estimate of the hourly burdens related to these

information disclosure, communication channel and investor notification requirements of 

Regulation Crowdfunding is included in our estimate of the hourly burdens associated with 

overall platform development, discussed above in Section IV.C.2.b. Based on our discussions 

with industry participants, we expect that these functionalities will generally be part of the overall 

platform development process and costs. We discuss the burdens of platform development above, 
520

and note that these will include developing the functionality that will allow intermediaries to 

comply with disclosure and notification requirements.1688 

We do not expect a significant ongoing burden for providing disclosures, as required by 

the final rules, because the functionality required to provide information and communication 

channels will likely not require frequent updates. We incorporate the total burden to update the 

required functionality for processing investor disclosures and investor acknowledgment 

information in the total burden estimates relating to platform development discussed above.1689 

(2) Cost

We recognize that some intermediaries may implement the required functionality for 

processing investor disclosures and investor acknowledgments by using a third-party developer. 

The total cost for issuers to use third-party developers to add the required functionality for 

processing investor disclosures and investor acknowledgments, as well as to update the required 

functionality for processing investor disclosures and investor acknowledgments, is incorporated 

into our discussion of the total cost estimates relating to platform development in Section 

IV.C.2.b. 

We also do not expect there to be a significant ongoing cost for developing the 

functionality to process these disclosures and acknowledgments, primarily because this 

functionality will likely not require frequent updates by third-party developers. 

i. Maintenance and Transmission of Funds

The final rules contain requirements related to the maintenance and transmission of funds. 

A registered broker will be required to comply with the requirements of Rule 15c2-4 of the 

 1688 See Section IV.C.2.b.1.

1689 See Section IV.C.2.b.1.
521

Exchange Act (Transmission or Maintenance of Payments Received in Connection with 

Underwritings).1690 A registered funding portal will be required to enter into a written agreement 

with a qualified third party that has agreed in writing to hold the client funds.1691 It also will be 

required to send directions to the qualified third party depending on whether an investing target is 

met or if an investment commitment or offering is cancelled. For purposes of the PRA, we are 

providing an estimate for the hour burden that a funding portal will incur to enter into a written 

agreement with the qualified third party on an initial basis, and to review and update that 

agreement on an ongoing basis. 

Based on discussion with industry participants, we estimate that funding portals will incur 

an initial burden of approximately 20 hours each to comply with these requirements, for a total 

burden of 1,000 hours (20 hours per funding portal x 50 funding portals). We expect that the 

burden associated with the website functionality required to send directions to third parties will be 

included as part of the platform development discussed above.1692

We expect that, on an ongoing basis, a registered funding portal will have to periodically 

review and update its written agreement with the qualified third party to hold its client funds. A 

registered funding portal will also be required to send directions on an ongoing basis to a qualified 

third party depending on whether an investing target is met or an investment commitment or 

offering is cancelled. Based on discussion with industry participants, we estimate that funding 

 1690 See Rule 303(e)(1) of Regulation Crowdfunding. See also 17 CFR 240.15c2-4. For purposes of this PRA 

discussion, any burdens associated with Rule 15c2-4, as well as for any other rule to which brokers are 

subject regardless of whether they engage in transactions pursuant to Section 4(a)(6), are not addressed here; 

rather, they are included in any OMB approvals for the relevant rules. 

1691 See Rule 303(e)(2) of Regulation Crowdfunding.

1692 See Section IV.C.2.b.
522

portals will incur an ongoing annual burden of approximately 5 hours each to comply with these 

requirements, or 250 hours total (5 hours per funding portal x 50 funding portals).

j. Compliance: Policies and Procedures

The final rules require a funding portal to implement written policies and procedures 

reasonably designed to achieve compliance with the federal securities laws and the rules and 

regulations thereunder, relating to its business as a funding portal. We anticipate that funding 

portals will comply with this requirement by using internal personnel and internal information 

technology resources integrated into their platforms. Based on discussion with industry 

participants, we estimate that a funding portal will spend approximately 40 hours to establish 

written policies and procedures to achieve compliance with these requirements. This will result in 

a total aggregate initial recordkeeping burden of 2,000 hours (40 hours x 50 funding portals). 

We estimate that, on an ongoing basis, funding portals will spend approximately 5 hours 

per year updating, as necessary, the policies and procedures required by the final rules. This will 

result in an aggregate ongoing recordkeeping burden of 250 hours (5 hours x 50 funding portals).

k. Compliance: Privacy

Funding portals will be required to comply with the Privacy Rules as they apply to brokerdealers, including Regulation S-P, S-AM and S-ID.1693

Under Rule 403(b), a funding portal will be required to comply with Regulation S-P, 

which will require the funding portal to provide notice to investors about its privacy policies and 

practices; describe the conditions under which a broker may disclose nonpublic personal 

information about investors to nonaffiliated third parties; and provide a method for investors to 

prevent a funding portal from disclosing that information to most nonaffiliated third parties by 

 1693 See Rule 403(b) of Regulation Crowdfunding.
523

“opting out” of that disclosure, subject to certain exceptions. For funding portals, we expect that 

the privacy and opt-out notices will be delivered electronically, thereby reducing the delivery 

burden as compared to paper delivery.

We estimate that under the final rules all 50 funding portals will be subject to the 

requirements of Regulation S-P pursuant to Rule 403(b). In developing an estimate of the burden 

relating to the Regulation S-P requirements under Rule 403(b), we have considered: (1) the minimal 

recordkeeping burden imposed by Regulation S-P;

1694 (2) the summary fashion in which 

information must be provided to investors in the privacy and opt-out notices required by 

Regulation S-P;

1695 and (3) the availability of the model privacy form and online model privacy 

form builder. Given these considerations, we estimate that each funding portal will spend, on an 

ongoing basis, an average of approximately 12 hours per year complying with the information 

collection requirement of Regulation S-P, for a total of approximately 600 annual burden-hours 

(12 hours/respondent x 50 funding portals).

Funding portals will be required to comply with Regulation S-AM, which will require 

funding portals to provide notice to each affected individual informing the individual of his or her 

right to prohibit such marketing before a receiving affiliate may make marketing solicitations 

based on the communication of certain consumer financial information from the broker. Based on 

our discussions with industry participants, we estimate that approximately 20 funding portals will 

have affiliations that will subject them to the requirements of Regulation S-AM under the final rules, 

 1694 Regulation S-P has no recordkeeping requirement, and records relating to customer communications already 

must be made and retained by broker-dealers pursuant to other Commission rules. The estimates of the 

burdens relating to recordkeeping requirements for funding portals are discussed below in Section IV.C.2.l.

1695 The model privacy form adopted by the Commission and the other agencies in 2009, designed to serve as 

both a privacy notice and an opt-out notice, is only two pages.
524

and that they will incur an average one-time burden of one hour to review affiliate marketing 

practices, for a total of 20 burden hours (1 hour/respondent x 20 funding portals). 

We estimate that these 20 funding portals will be required to provide notice and opt-out 

opportunities to consumers pursuant to the requirements of Regulation S-AM, as imposed by Rule 

403(b), and that they will incur an average initial burden of 18 hours to do so, for a total estimated 

initial burden of 360 hours (18 hours/respondent x 20 funding portals). We also estimate that 

funding portals will incur an ongoing burden related to Regulation S-AM’s requirements for 

providing notice and opt-out opportunities of approximately four hours per respondent per year. 

This burden will cover the creation and delivery of notices to new investors and the recording of 

any opt-outs that are received on an ongoing basis, for a total of approximately 80 annual burdenhours (4 hours/respondent x 20 funding portals). 

Funding portals will be required to comply with rule S-ID, which will require funding 

portals to develop and implement a written identity theft prevention program that is designed to 

detect, prevent and mitigate identity theft in connection with certain existing accounts or the 

opening of new accounts. We estimate that the initial burden for funding portals to comply with the 

applicable portions of Regulation S-ID, as imposed by Rule 403(b), will be (1) 25 hours to develop 

and obtain board approval of a program; (2) four hours to train staff; and (3) two hours to conduct an 

initial assessment of relevant accounts, for a total of 31 hours per funding portal. We estimate that all 

50 funding portals will incur these initial burdens, resulting in an aggregate time burden of 1,550 

hours ((25 + 4 + 2 hours / respondent) x 50 funding portals).

With respect to the requirements of Rule 403(b) relating to Regulation S-ID, we estimate 

that the ongoing burden per year will include: (1) two hours to periodically review and update the 

program, review and preserve contracts with service providers and review and preserve any 
525

documentation received from service providers; (2) four hours to prepare and present an annual 

report to a compliance director; and (3) two hours to conduct periodic assessments to determine if 

the entity offers or maintains covered accounts, for a total of eight hours, of which we estimate 7 

seven hours will be spent by internal counsel and 1 one hour will be spent by a compliance 

director. We estimate that all 50 funding portals will incur these ongoing burdens, for a total 

ongoing burden 400 hours (8 hours/respondent x 50 funding portals). 

l. Records to be Made and Kept by Funding Portals

(1) Time Burden

All funding portals will be required to make and keep records related to their activities to 

facilitate transactions in reliance on Section 4(a)(6) and the related rules.1696 These books and 

records requirements are based generally on Exchange Act Rules 17a-3 and 17a-4, which apply to 

broker-dealers. To estimate the initial burden for funding portals, we base our analysis upon the 

current annual burdens of Rules 17a-3 and 17a-4. 

We currently estimate the annual recordkeeping burden for broker-dealer compliance with 

Rule 17a-3 to be 394.16 hours per respondent, and the most recently approved annual 

recordkeeping burden for broker-dealer compliance with Rule 17a-4 to be 249 hours per 

respondent.

Given the more limited scope of a funding portal’s business as compared to that of a 

broker, the more targeted scope of the books and records rules, and the fact that funding portals 

will be required to make, deliver and store records electronically, we expect the burden of the final 

rules will likely be less than that of Rules 17a-3 and 17a-4. For the purposes of the PRA, we 

assume that the recordkeeping burden, on average, for a funding portal to comply with the final 

 1696 See Rule 404 of Regulation Crowdfunding.
526

rules will be 50% of the burdens of a broker-dealer to comply with Rules 17a-3 and 17a-4. 

Therefore, we estimate the initial burden to be approximately 325 hours per respondent,1697 or 

16,250 hours total (325 hours/respondent x 50 respondents). We expect the ongoing 

recordkeeping burden for funding portals will be the same as the initial burden because the 

requirements regarding maintaining such records will be consistent each year. 

(2) Cost

We currently estimate the annual recordkeeping cost for broker-dealer compliance with 

Rule 17a-3 to be $5,706.67 per respondent. These ongoing recordkeeping costs reflect the costs 

of systems and equipment development. We currently estimate the annual recordkeeping cost for 

broker-dealer compliance with Rule 17a-4 to be $5,000 per respondent.

Given the more limited scope of a funding portal’s business as compared to that of a 

broker, the more targeted scope of the books and records rules, and the fact that funding portals 

will be required to make, deliver and store records electronically, we expect the annual 

recordkeeping cost of the final rule requirements will likely be less than that of Rules 17a-3 and 

17a-4. For purposes of the PRA, we assume that the annual recordkeeping cost on average for a 

funding portal to comply with the requirements that records be made and kept will be about 50% 

less than burdens of a broker-dealer to comply with Rules 17a-3 and 17a-4. We expect the initial 

recordkeeping cost for funding portals, therefore, to be approximately $5,350 per respondent,1698

or $267,500 total ($5,350 per respondent x 50 respondents). We expect the ongoing 

 1697 394.16 hours (recordkeeping burden for Rule 17a-3) + 249 hours (recordkeeping burden for Rule 17a-4) = 

643.16 hours. 638.16 hours/2 = 321.58 hours.

1698 $5,706.67 (recordkeeping cost for Rule 17a-3) + $5,000 (recordkeeping cost for Rule 17a-4) = $10,706.67.

$10,706.67 / 2 = $5,353.34.
527

recordkeeping cost burden for funding portals will be the same as the initial burden because the 

requirements regarding maintaining such records will be consistent each year. 

One commenter stated that “[u]nder the expectation that crowdfunding portals will be 

online operations and will almost certainly retain records through digital methods, the burden of 

collection should be minimal.”1699 We agree that digital recordkeeping can help to minimize 

costs, and our estimates reflect this assessment. 

D. Collections of Information are Mandatory

The collections of information required under Rules 201 through 203 will be mandatory 

for all issuers. The collections of information required under Rules 300 through 304 will be 

mandatory for all intermediaries. The collections of information required under Rules 400 

through 404 will be mandatory for all funding portals. 

E. Confidentiality

Responses on Form C, Form C-A, Form C-U, Form C-AR and Form C-TR will not be 

kept confidential. Responses on Form ID will be kept confidential by the Commission, subject to 

a request under the Freedom of Information Act.1700 Responses on Forms BD and Forms

Funding Portal will not be kept confidential.

F. Retention Period of Recordkeeping Requirements

Issuers are not subject to recordkeeping requirements under Regulation Crowdfunding. 

Intermediaries that are brokers will be required to retain records and information relating to 

Regulation Crowdfunding for the required retention periods specified in Exchange Act Rule 17a-

 1699 Joinvestor Letter.

1700 5 U.S.C. 552. The Commission’s regulations that implement the Freedom of Information Act are at 17 CFR 

200.80 et seq.
528

4. Intermediaries that are funding portals will be required to retain records and information under 

Regulation Crowdfunding for the required retention periods specified in Rule 404.1701 

V. FINAL REGULATORY FLEXIBILITY ACT ANALYSIS

The Commission has prepared the following Final Regulatory Flexibility Analysis 

(“FRFA”), in accordance with the provisions of the Regulatory Flexibility Act,1702 regarding 

Regulation Crowdfunding. It relates to the rules for securities-based crowdfunding being adopted 

today. An Initial Regulatory Flexibility Analysis (“IRFA”) was prepared in accordance with the 

Regulatory Flexibility Act and included in the Proposing Release. 

A. Need for the Rule

The regulation is designed to implement the requirements of Title III of the JOBS Act. 

Title III added Securities Act Section 4(a)(6), which provides a new exemption from the 

registration requirements of Securities Act Section 5 for securities-based crowdfunding 

transactions, provided the transactions are conducted in the manner set forth in new Securities Act 

Section 4A. Section 4A includes requirements for issuers that offer or sell securities in reliance 

on the crowdfunding exemption, as well as for persons acting as intermediaries in those 

transactions. The rules prescribe requirements governing the offer and sale of securities in 

reliance on Section 4(a)(6) and provide a framework for the regulation of registered funding 

portals and brokers that act as intermediaries in the offer and sale of securities in reliance on 

Section 4(a)(6). 

As discussed above, the crowdfunding provisions of the JOBS Act, which we implement 

through this regulation, are intended to help alleviate the funding gap and accompanying 

 1701 See Rule 404 of Regulation Crowdfunding.

1702 5 U.S.C. 603. 
529

regulatory concerns faced by small businesses by making relatively low dollar offerings of 

securities less costly and by providing crowdfunding platforms a means by which to facilitate the 

offer and sale of securities without registering as brokers, with a framework for regulatory 

oversight to protect investors. 

B. Significant Issues Raised by Public Comments

In the Proposing Release, we requested comment on every aspect of the IRFA, including 

the number of small entities that would be affected by the proposed amendments, the existence or 

nature of the potential impact of the proposals on small entities discussed in the analysis, and how 

to quantify the impact of the proposed rules. 

Some commenters expressed concern that the IRFA did not comply with the Regulatory 

Flexibility Act because it did not, in their view, adequately describe the costs of the proposed rule 

on small entities, and did not set forth significant alternatives which accomplish the rule’s 

objectives and which minimize the significant economic impact of the proposal on small 

entities.1703 These commenters recommended that the Commission republish for public comment 

a supplemental IRFA to address these concerns. One commenter stated that the IRFA did not set 

forth significant alternatives which accomplish the Commission’s stated objectives because the 

IRFA only considered alternatives related to exempting small business from the proposed 

rules.1704 One commenter believed that the Commission should exercise its discretion and 

eliminate the need for two years of audited financial statements,1705 whereas another commenter 

viewed the audit requirement as a “heavy-handed” regulatory approach.1706

 1703 See SBA Office of Advocacy Letter; NAHB Letter; Graves Letter. 

1704 See SBA Office of Advocacy Letter.

1705 See Guzik Letter.

1706 See Rockethub Letter.
530

Commenters suggested several alternatives which in their view could reduce costs while 

accomplishing the rule’s objectives.1707 Commenters suggested that the Commission use its 

discretion to raise the threshold amount above which issuers would be required to provide audited 

financial statements,1708 with one commenter specifically recommending a threshold of 

$900,000.1709 One commenter also suggested that the Commission adopt a “question and answer” 

format for nonfinancial disclosures similar to the format used in Regulation A offerings.1710 This 

same commenter also recommended that the Commission could develop “standard, boilerplate 

disclosures” for some of the “more complicated” nonfinancial disclosures such as risk factors. 

This commenter stated that the nonfinancial disclosures are not required under the JOBS Act and 

encouraged the Commission to develop alternatives that would be less burdensome for small 

issuers. One commenter recommended that the Commission revise the ongoing financial 

reporting requirements for small issuers to require the disclosure of reviewed rather than audited 

financial statements, even if such issuers were previously required to disclose audited financial 

statements pursuant to Section 4A(b)(1)(D).1711 This commenter also supported a requirement 

that issuers submit annually an updated statement of financial condition, similar in nature to an 

abbreviated management’s discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of 

operations.1712 This commenter also suggested that issuers with total revenue below $5 million 

should be permitted to use either cash-based or accrual-based methods of accounting, so that 

 1707 See Graves Letter; SBA Office of Advocacy Letter.

1708 Id.

1709 See Graves Letter.

1710 See SBA Office of Advocacy Letter.

1711 See Graves Letter.

1712 See Id.
531

businesses using cash accounting will not be required to create two sets of accounting records in 

order to access crowdfunding.1713

One commenter suggested that smaller entities tend to be more volatile and more illiquid 

than larger entities.1714 This commenter explained that this illiquidity needs to be considered 

when crafting regulations for small entity intermediaries and small entity issuers. This commenter 

also stated that, regardless of whether an intermediary has internal compliance personnel, or uses a 

third party, these compliance costs ultimately will have to be borne by the investors and issuers 

using the intermediary service. Another commenter expressed concern that the statutory liability 

standard of Section 4A(c) will be particularly burdensome for funding portals and noted that the 

IRFA does not account for the large expense statutory liability will impose on intermediaries.

1715 

Similarly, one commenter thought it was appropriate to apply the same level of liability that is 

reserved for issuers to broker-dealers, but not funding portals.1716 This commenter urged the 

Commission to either eliminate liability for funding portals, or create regulatory alternatives for 

funding portals such as allowing them to limit the offerings on their platforms.

1717 One 

commenter stated that the IRFA did not account for the cost of prohibiting funding portals from 

 1713 See Id.

1714 See RocketHub Letter.

1715 See SBA Office of Advocacy Letter (stating that the liability standard is especially burdensome for funding 

portals because broker-dealers already have procedures in place for conducting due diligence on issuers in 

order to meet FINRA requirements, and funding portals will have to establish these procedures anew). 

1716 See Graves Letter (stating that the Commission should recognize the difference in the ability of funding 

portals and registered broker-dealers to use discretion in selecting or curating offerings, and apply liability to 

each as appropriate).

1717 Id. (suggesting that funding portals should be allowed the discretion to exclude offerings from their 

platforms if they deem them to be overly risky, or if they view the offerings as having shortcomings that 

could be detrimental to investors).
532

limiting the offerings on their platforms on the basis of subjective factors and suggested that the 

Commission create a safe harbor for funding portals that allows them to limit such offerings.

1718

C. Small Entities Subject to the Rules 

For purposes of the Regulatory Flexibility Act, under our rules, an issuer (other than an 

investment company) is a “small business” or “small organization” if it has total assets of $5 

million or less as of the end of its most recently completed fiscal year and is engaged or proposing 

to engage in an offering of securities which does not exceed $5 million.1719 We believe that many 

issuers seeking to offer and sell securities in reliance on Section 4(a)(6) will be at a very early 

stage of their business development and will likely have total assets of $5 million or less. Also, to 

qualify for the exemption under Section 4(a)(6), the amount raised by an issuer must not exceed 

$1 million in a 12-month period. Therefore, we estimate that all issuers who offer or sell 

securities in reliance on the exemption will be classified as a “small business” or “small 

organization.”

For purposes of the Regulatory Flexibility Act when used with reference to a broker or 

dealer, the Commission has defined the term “small entity” to mean a broker-dealer that: (1) had 

total capital (net worth plus subordinated liabilities) of less than $500,000 on the date in the prior 

fiscal year as of which its audited financial statements were prepared pursuant to Rule 17a-5(d) or, 

if not required to file such statements, a broker or dealer that had total capital (net worth plus 

subordinated debt) of less than $500,000 on the last business day of the preceding fiscal year (or 

in the time that it has been in business if shorter); and (2) is not affiliated with any person (other 

than a natural person) that is not a small business or small organization as defined in this 

 1718 See SBA Office of Advocacy Letter. 

1719 17 CFR 230.157. 
533

release.”1720 Currently, based on FOCUS Report1721 data, there are 871 broker-dealers that are 

classified as “small” entities for purposes of the Regulatory Flexibility Act.1722 Because of some 

overlap in permitted functions of funding portals and brokers, we look to the definition of a small 

broker-dealer to quantify the estimated numbers of small funding portals that will likely register 

under the new regulation. Based on discussions with industry participants prior to the publication 

of the proposed rules, we estimate that, of the anticipated 50 funding portals we expect to register 

under the new regulation, 30 will be classified as “small” entities for purposes of the Regulatory 

Flexibility Act.

D. Projected Reporting, Recordkeeping and other Compliance Requirements

As discussed above, the final rules include reporting, recordkeeping and other compliance 

requirements. In particular, the final rules impose certain disclosure requirements on issuers 

offering and selling securities in a transaction relying on the exemption provided by Section 

4(a)(6). The final rules require that issuers relying on the exemption provided by Section 4(a)(6) 

file with the Commission certain specified information about the issuer and the offering, including 

information about the issuer’s contact information; directors, officers and certain beneficial 

owners; business and business plan; current number of employees; financial condition; target 

offering amount and the deadline to reach the target offering amount; use of proceeds from the 

offering and price or method for calculating the price of the securities being offered; ownership 

and capital structure; material factors that make an investment in the issuer speculative or risky; 

indebtedness; description of other offerings of securities; and transactions with related parties. 

 1720 17 CFR 240.0-10(c). 

1721 FOCUS Reports, or “Financial and Operational Combined Uniform Single” Reports, are monthly, quarterly, 

and annual reports that broker-dealers generally are required to file with the Commission and/or selfregulatory organizations pursuant to Exchange Act Rule 17a-5 (17 CFR 240.17a-5).

1722 See 17 CFR 240.0-10(a). 
534

Issuers also will be required to file updates with the Commission to describe the progress of the 

issuer in meeting the target offering amount, unless the issuer relies on the intermediary to include 

this information on its platform, and to disclose the total amount of securities sold in the offering. 

In addition, any issuer that sells securities in reliance on Section 4(a)(6) also will be required to 

file with the Commission an annual report to update the previously provided disclosure about the 

issuer’s contact information; directors, officers and certain beneficial owners; business and 

business plan; current number of employees; financial condition; ownership and capital structure; 

material factors that make an investment in the issuer speculative or risky; indebtedness; 

description of other offerings of securities; and transactions with related parties. 

Intermediaries will be required to register with the Commission as either brokers or as 

funding portals. Intermediaries also will be required to provide quarterly reports to the 

Commission. Funding portals will be required to make and keep certain records in accordance 

with the rules. Registered broker-dealers are already required to make and keep certain records in 

accordance with existing Exchange Act Rules 17a-3 and 17a-4. In addition, the final rules impose 

specific compliance requirements on intermediaries, such as the maintenance of written policies 

and procedures. 

In adopting this regulation, we took into account that the regulation, as mandated by the 

JOBS Act, aimed to address difficulties encountered by small entities. Accordingly, we designed 

the final rules for intermediaries, to the extent possible in light of investor protection concerns,

with the needs and constraints of small entities in mind, including small intermediaries. We 

believe that the reporting, recordkeeping and other compliance requirements of the final rules 

applicable to intermediaries will impact, in particular, small entities that decide to register as 

funding portals. We believe that most of these requirements will be performed by internal 
535

compliance personnel of the broker or funding portal, but we expect that at least some funding 

portals may decide to hire outside counsel and third-party service providers to assist in meeting 

the compliance requirements. Given the statutory limitations on crowdfunding, we believe that 

the potential impact of the final rules on larger brokers and funding portals will be proportionally

less than on small brokers and small intermediaries.

E. Agency Action to Minimize Effect on Small Entities

In response to comments, the final rules include a number of changes from the proposal, 

many of which were made to minimize the effect of the rules on small entities. These changes are 

outlined in detail above in the discussions of the rules adopted.

1. Issuers

To address commenters’ concerns about the cost of the rules to small issuers, we have 

considered the alternatives suggested by commenters and are adopting final rules which 

implement certain alternatives we believe will minimize the cost of the final rules to small issuers

while also preserving necessary investor protection measures. 

First, the final rules include an accommodation for issuers conducting an offering for the 

first time in reliance on Regulation Crowdfunding. Under the final rules, issuers conducting an 

offering of more than $500,000 but not more than $1,000,000 that have not previously sold 

securities in reliance on Section 4(a)(6) will not be required to provide audited financial 

statements, unless audited financial statements are otherwise available. Instead, the final rules 

permit these issuers to provide reviewed financial statements. As discussed above, this is a 

change from the proposal that is responsive to concerns raised by many commenters about the 

expense of obtaining audited financial statements, especially for start-up issuers without a track 
536

record of successfully raising capital.

1723 We believe that requiring reviewed financial statements 

for issuers using Regulation Crowdfunding for the first time to raise more than $500,000 but not 

more than $1 million, rather than audited financial statements, will minimize costs for issuers 

while providing sufficient investor protection by maintaining the benefit of an independent 

review.

As suggested by one commenter,1724 and as discussed above, the final Form C includes an 

optional question-and-answer format that issuers may elect to use to provide the disclosures that 

are not required to be filed in XML format. Issuers opting to use this format would prepare their 

disclosures by answering the questions provided and filing that disclosure as an exhibit to the 

Form C. Given our expectation that issuers engaged in offerings in reliance on Section 4(a)(6) 

will encompass a wide variety of industries at different stages of business development, we do not 

believe it would be practical or useful to develop standard, predetermined disclosure, as suggested 

by one commenter, for such a variety of issuers. Also, as discussed above, we do not believe that 

financial statements prepared in accordance with other comprehensive bases of accounting, such 

as cash or accrual-based accounting, as suggested by one commenter, provide investors with a fair 

representation of a company’s financial position and results of operations, and it may be difficult 

for investors to determine whether the issuer complied with such basis. Although we 

acknowledge, as some commenters observed, that other bases of accounting may be less 

expensive than U.S. GAAP, we believe the benefit of a single standard that will facilitate 

comparison among securities-based crowdfunding issuers justifies any incremental expenses 

associated with U.S. GAAP. We also note that financial statements prepared in accordance with 

 1723 See, e.g., SBA Office of Advocacy Letter.

1724 Id.
537

U.S. GAAP are generally self-scaling to the size and complexity of the issuer, which we expect to 

reduce the burden of preparing financial statements for many early stage issuers, including small 

issuers.

The final rules also maintain the progress update requirement, but with a significant 

modification from the proposed rule which is intended to reduce duplicative disclosure and 

minimize the burden on small issuers. The final rules will require an issuer to file a Form C-U at 

the end of the offering to disclosure the total amount of securities sold in the offering, but the rules 

permit issuers to satisfy the 50% and 100% progress update requirements by relying on the 

relevant intermediary to make publicly available on the intermediary’s platform frequent updates 

about the issuer’s progress toward meeting the target offering amount. 

With respect to ongoing reporting requirements, rather than requiring an issuer to provide 

financial statements in the annual report that meet the highest standard previously provided, as 

proposed, the final rules require financial statements of the issuer certified by the principal 

executive officer of the issuer to be true and complete in all material respects. We expect that 

reducing the required level of public accountant involvement will minimize the costs and burdens 

for all issuers, including small issuers, associated with preparing reviewed and audited financial 

statements on an ongoing basis.

In addition, the final rules provide for termination of the ongoing reporting obligation in 

two additional circumstances: (1) the issuer has filed at least one annual report and has fewer than 

300 holders of record, or (2) the issuer has filed the annual reports for at least the three most 

recent years and has total assets not exceeding $10,000,000. We believe the addition of these

termination events should help reduce related costs for issuers that may not have achieved a level 

of financial success that would sustain an ongoing reporting obligation.
538

Overall, we considered whether to establish different compliance or reporting 

requirements or timetables or to clarify, consolidate or simplify compliance and reporting 

requirements for small issuers. As noted above, we have made significant revisions to the final 

rules to address commenters’ concerns about compliance and reporting burdens faced by issuers, 

especially small issuers. With respect to using performance rather than design standards, we used 

performance standards to the extent appropriate under the statute. For example, issuers have the 

flexibility to customize the presentation of certain disclosures in their offering statements.1725 We 

also considered whether there should be an exemption from coverage of the rule, or any part of the 

rule, for small issuers. However, because the rules have been designed to implement 

crowdfunding, which focuses on capital formation by issuers that are small entities, while at the 

same time provide appropriate investor protections, we do not believe that small issuers should be 

exempt, in whole or in part, from the proposed rules. 

2. Intermediaries

In response to comments, we have made a number of changes from the proposal with 

respect to intermediaries that will help to alleviate the compliance burdens faced by small entities. 

Most significantly, and in response to commenters’ concerns about the application of Section 

4A(c) liability,

1726 as discussed above, Rule 402(b)(1) has been modified from the proposal to 

include a safe harbor that provides a funding portal the ability to determine whether and under 

what terms to allow an issuer to offer and sell securities in reliance on Section 4(a)(6) of the 

Securities Act through its platform; provided that a funding portal otherwise complies with 

Regulation Crowdfunding. This change is expected to allow intermediaries, including small 

 1725 See Section II.B.3.

1726 See, e.g., SBA Office of Advocacy Letter.
539

entities, to reduce their exposure to such liability by denying access to issuers that present risk of 

fraud or other investor protection concerns. In addition, in a change from the proposed rules, we 

are not requiring a fidelity bond for intermediaries and also are expanding the definition of 

qualified third party. These changes should reduce costs for all intermediaries, including small 

entities. 

The final rules have been tailored to the more limited role intermediaries will play in 

offerings made pursuant to Securities Act Section 4(a)(6) (as compared to the wide range of 

services that a traditional broker-dealer may provide). Registered brokers and funding portals will 

engage in similar activities related to crowdfunding and must comply with the adopted rules. The 

effective date for the registration provisions for funding portals will allow funding portals to be in 

a position to engage in crowdfunding at the same time as registered brokers once the rest of the 

rules become effective. These effective dates are designed to accommodate competitiveness 

concerns related to funding portals’ and registered broker dealers’ abilities to begin crowdfunding 

concurrently. While registered broker-dealers may perform services that a funding portal is 

prohibited from performing, the Exchange Act and rules thereunder, as well as SRO rules, already 

govern those activities. Therefore, we believe that the adopted rules are appropriate and properly 

tailored for the permissible activities of all brokers and funding portals. 

We also considered whether, for small brokers or small funding portals, to establish 

different compliance, reporting or timing requirements, or whether to clarify, consolidate or 

simplify those requirements in our rules. While the final rules are based in large part on existing 

compliance requirements applicable to registered brokers to the extent they are applicable to 

activities permitted for funding portals, we do not believe we should establish different 

requirements for small entities (whether registered brokers or funding portals) that engage in 
540

crowdfunding because such activities are limited in scope and, as such, the adopted rules are 

tailored to that more limited activity.

VI. STATUTORY AUTHORITY 

We are adopting the rules and forms contained in this document under the authority set 

forth in the Securities Act (15 U.S.C. 77a et seq.), particularly, Sections 4(a)(6), 4A, 19 and 28

thereof; the Exchange Act (15 U.S.C. 78a et seq.), particularly, Sections 3(b), 3(h), 10(b), 15, 17, 

23(a) and 36 thereof; and Pub. L. No. 112-106, secs. 301-305, 126 Stat. 306 (2012).

List of Subjects 

17 CFR Part 200 

Administrative practice and procedure, Authority delegations (Government agencies), 

Organization and functions (Government agencies). Reporting and recordkeeping requirements.

17 CFR Part 227

Crowdfunding, Funding Portals, Intermediaries, Reporting and recordkeeping 

requirements, Securities.

17 CFR Parts 232 and 239

Reporting and recordkeeping requirements, Securities.

17 CFR Part 240

Brokers, Confidential business information, Fraud, Reporting and recordkeeping 

requirements, Securities.

17 CFR Part 249 

Brokers, Reporting and recordkeeping requirements, Securities.

17 CFR Part 269 

Reporting and recordkeeping requirements, Securities, Trusts and trustees.
541

17 CFR Part 270

Confidential business information, Fraud, Investment companies, Life insurance, 

Reporting and recordkeeping requirements, Securities.

In accordance with the foregoing, title 17, chapter II of the Code of Federal Regulations is 

amended as follows:

PART 200 – ORGANIZATION; CONDUCT AND ETHICS; AND INFORMATION AND 

REQUESTS

Subpart A – Organization and Program Management

1. The authority citation for Part 200, Subpart A, continues to read, in part as follows: 

Authority: 15 U.S.C. 77c, 77o, 77s, 77z-3, 77sss, 78d, 78d-1, 78d-2, 78o-4, 78w, 78ll(d), 78mm, 

80a-37, 80b-11, 7202, and 7211 et seq., unless otherwise noted.

* * * * *

2. Amend § 200.30-1 by:

a. Redesignating paragraphs (d), (e), (f), (g), (h), (i), (j) and (k) as paragraphs (e), (f), (g), 

(h), (i), (j), (k) and (l), respectively; and 

b. Adding new paragraph (d).

The addition reads as follows:

§ 200.30-1 Delegation of authority to Director of Division of Corporation Finance.

* * * * *

(d) With respect to the Securities Act of 1933 (15 U.S.C. 77a et seq.) and §§ 227.100 through 

227.503 of this chapter, to authorize the granting of applications under § 227.503(b)(2) of this 

chapter upon the showing of good cause that it is not necessary under the circumstances that the 

exemption under Regulation Crowdfunding be denied.

* * * * *
542

3. Effective January 29, 2016, part 227 is added to read as follows:

PART 227—REGULATION CROWDFUNDING, GENERAL RULES AND 

REGULATIONS

Authority: 15 U.S.C. 77d, 77d-1, 77s, 78c, 78o, 78q, 78w, 78mm, and Pub. L. No. 

112-106, secs. 301-305, 126 Stat. 306 (2012).

§227.400 Registration of funding portals. 

(a) Registration. A funding portal must register with the Commission, by filing a complete 

Form Funding Portal (§ 249.2000 of this chapter) in accordance with the instructions on the form, 

and become a member of a national securities association registered under section 15A of the 

Exchange Act (15 U.S.C. 78o-3). The registration will be effective the later of: 

(1) Thirty calendar days after the date that the registration is received by the Commission; 

or 

(2) The date the funding portal is approved for membership by a national securities 

association registered under section 15A of the Exchange Act (15 U.S.C. 78o-3).

(b) Amendments to registration. A funding portal must file an amendment to Form 

Funding Portal (§ 249.2000 of this chapter) within 30 days of any of the information previously 

submitted on Form Funding Portal becoming inaccurate for any reason.

(c) Successor registration. (1) If a funding portal succeeds to and continues the business of 

a registered funding portal, the registration of the predecessor will remain effective as the 

registration of the successor if the successor, within 30 days after such succession, files a 

registration on Form Funding Portal (§ 249.2000 of this chapter) and the predecessor files a 

withdrawal on Form Funding Portal; provided, however, that the registration of the predecessor 
543

funding portal will be deemed withdrawn 45 days after registration on Form Funding Portal is 

filed by the successor. 

(2) Notwithstanding paragraph (c)(1) of this section, if a funding portal succeeds to and 

continues the business of a registered funding portal and the succession is based solely on a 

change of the predecessor’s date or state of incorporation, form of organization, or composition of 

a partnership, the successor may, within 30 days after the succession, amend the registration of the 

predecessor on Form Funding Portal (§ 249.2000 of this chapter) to reflect these changes. 

(d) Withdrawal. A funding portal must promptly file a withdrawal of registration on Form 

Funding Portal (§ 249.2000 of this chapter) in accordance with the instructions on the form upon 

ceasing to operate as a funding portal. Withdrawal will be effective on the later of 30 days after 

receipt by the Commission (after the funding portal is no longer operational), or within such 

longer period of time as to which the funding portal consents or which the Commission by order 

may determine as necessary or appropriate in the public interest or for the protection of investors.

(e) Applications and reports. The applications and reports provided for in this section shall 

be considered filed when a complete Form Funding Portal (§ 249.2000 of this chapter) is submitted 

with the Commission. Duplicate originals of the applications and reports provided for in this 

section must be filed with surveillance personnel designated by any registered national securities 

association of which the funding portal is a member.

(f) Nonresident funding portals. Registration pursuant to this section by a nonresident 

funding portal shall be conditioned upon there being an information sharing arrangement in place 

between the Commission and the competent regulator in the jurisdiction under the laws of which 

the nonresident funding portal is organized or where it has its principal place of business, that is 

applicable to the nonresident funding portal. 
544

(1) Definition. For purposes of this section, the term nonresident funding portal shall 

mean a funding portal incorporated in or organized under the laws of a jurisdiction outside of the 

United States or its territories, or having its principal place of business in any place not in the 

United States or its territories.

(2) Power of attorney. (i) Each nonresident funding portal registered or applying for 

registration pursuant to this section shall obtain a written consent and power of attorney 

appointing an agent in the United States, other than the Commission or a Commission member, 

official or employee, upon whom may be served any process, pleadings or other papers in any 

action under the federal securities laws. This consent and power of attorney must be signed by the 

nonresident funding portal and the named agent(s) for service of process.

(ii) Each nonresident funding portal registered or applying for registration pursuant to this 

section shall, at the time of filing its application on Form Funding Portal (§ 249.2000 of this 

chapter), furnish to the Commission the name and address of its United States agent for service of 

process on Schedule C to the Form.

(iii) Any change of a nonresident funding portal’s agent for service of process and any 

change of name or address of a nonresident funding portal’s existing agent for service of process 

shall be communicated promptly to the Commission through amendment of the Schedule C to 

Form Funding Portal (§ 249.2000 of this chapter).

(iv) Each nonresident funding portal must promptly appoint a successor agent for service 

of process if the nonresident funding portal discharges its identified agent for service of process or 

if its agent for service of process is unwilling or unable to accept service on behalf of the 

nonresident funding portal.
545

(v) Each nonresident funding portal must maintain, as part of its books and records, the 

written consent and power of attorney identified in paragraph (f)(2)(i) of this section for at least 

three years after the agreement is terminated.

(3) Access to books and records; inspections and examinations(i) Certification and 

opinion of counsel. Any nonresident funding portal applying for registration pursuant to this 

section shall:

(A) Certify on Schedule C to Form Funding Portal (§ 249.2000 of this chapter) that the 

nonresident funding portal can, as a matter of law, and will provide the Commission and any 

registered national securities association of which it becomes a member with prompt access to the 

books and records of such nonresident funding portal and can, as a matter of law, and will submit 

to onsite inspection and examination by the Commission and any registered national securities 

association of which it becomes a member; and

(B) Provide an opinion of counsel that the nonresident funding portal can, as a matter of 

law, provide the Commission and any registered national securities association of which it 

becomes a member with prompt access to the books and records of such nonresident funding 

portal and can, as a matter of law, submit to onsite inspection and examination by the Commission 

and any registered national securities association of which it becomes a member.

(ii) Amendments. The nonresident funding portal shall re-certify, on Schedule C to Form 

Funding Portal (§ 249.2000 of this chapter), within 90 days after any changes in the legal or 

regulatory framework that would impact the nonresident funding portal’s ability to provide, or the 

manner in which it provides, the Commission, or any registered national securities association of 

which it is a member, with prompt access to its books and records or that would impact the 

Commission’s or such registered national securities association’s ability to inspect and examine 
546

the nonresident funding portal. The re-certification shall be accompanied by a revised opinion of 

counsel describing how, as a matter of law, the nonresident funding portal can continue to meet its 

obligations under paragraphs (f)(3)(i)(A) and (B) of this section.

4. Effective May 16, 2016, part 227 is revised to read as follows:

PART 227—REGULATION CROWDFUNDING, GENERAL RULES AND 

REGULATIONS

Subpart A – General 

Sec.

227.100 Crowdfunding exemption and requirements.

Subpart B – Requirements for Issuers

227.201 Disclosure requirements.

227.202 Ongoing reporting requirements.

227.203 Filing requirements and form.

227.204 Advertising.

227.205 Promoter compensation.

Subpart C – Requirements for Intermediaries

227.300 Intermediaries.

227.301 Measures to reduce risk of fraud.

227.302 Account opening.

227.303 Requirements with respect to transactions.

227.304 Completion of offerings, cancellations and reconfirmations.

227.305 Payments to third parties.

Subpart D – Funding Portal Regulation

227.400 Registration of funding portals.
547

227.401 Exemption.

227.402 Conditional safe harbor.

227.403 Compliance.

227.404 Records to be made and kept by funding portals.

Subpart E – Miscellaneous Provisions

227.501 Restrictions on resales.

227.502 Insignificant deviations from a term, condition or requirement of this part 

(Regulation Crowdfunding).

227.503 Disqualification provisions.

Authority: 15 U.S.C. 77d, 77d-1, 77s, 78c, 78o, 78q, 78w, 78mm, and Pub. L. No. 

112-106, secs. 301-305, 126 Stat. 306 (2012).

Subpart A – General

§ 227.100 Crowdfunding exemption and requirements.

(a) Exemption. An issuer may offer or sell securities in reliance on section 4(a)(6) of the 

Securities Act of 1933 (the “Securities Act”) (15 U.S.C. 77d(a)(6)), provided that:

(1) The aggregate amount of securities sold to all investors by the issuer in reliance on 

section 4(a)(6) of the Securities Act (15 U.S.C. 77d(a)(6)) during the 12-month period preceding 

the date of such offer or sale, including the securities offered in such transaction, shall not exceed 

$1,000,000;

(2) The aggregate amount of securities sold to any investor across all issuers in reliance on 

section 4(a)(6) of the Securities Act (15 U.S.C. 77d(a)(6)) during the 12-month period preceding 

the date of such transaction, including the securities sold to such investor in such transaction, shall 

not exceed: 
548

(i) The greater of $2,000 or 5 percent of the lesser of the investor’s annual income or net 

worth if either the investor’s annual income or net worth is less than $100,000; or

(ii) 10 percent of the lesser of the investor’s annual income or net worth, not to exceed an 

amount sold of $100,000, if both the investor’s annual income and net worth are equal to or more 

than $100,000;

Instruction 1 to paragraph (a)(2). To determine the investment limit for a natural person, 

the person’s annual income and net worth shall be calculated as those values are calculated for 

purposes of determining accredited investor status in accordance with § 230.501 of this chapter. 

Instruction 2 to paragraph (a)(2). A person’s annual income and net worth may be 

calculated jointly with that person’s spouse; however, when such a joint calculation is used, the 

aggregate investment of the investor spouses may not exceed the limit that would apply to an 

individual investor at that income or net worth level.

Instruction 3 to paragraph (a)(2). An issuer offering and selling securities in reliance on 

section 4(a)(6) of the Securities Act (15 U.S.C. 77d(a)(6)) may rely on the efforts of an 

intermediary required by § 227.303(b) to ensure that the aggregate amount of securities purchased 

by an investor in offerings pursuant to section 4(a)(6) of the Securities Act will not cause the 

investor to exceed the limit set forth in section 4(a)(6) of the Securities Act and § 227.100(a)(2), 

provided that the issuer does not know that the investor has exceeded the investor limits or would 

exceed the investor limits as a result of purchasing securities in the issuer’s offering. 

(3) The transaction is conducted through an intermediary that complies with the 

requirements in section 4A(a) of the Securities Act (15 U.S.C. 77d-1(a)) and the related 

requirements in this part, and the transaction is conducted exclusively through the intermediary’s 

platform; and
549

Instruction to paragraph (a)(3). An issuer shall not conduct an offering or concurrent 

offerings in reliance on section 4(a)(6) of the Securities Act of 1933 (15 U.S.C. 77d(a)(6)) using 

more than one intermediary.

(4) The issuer complies with the requirements in section 4A(b) of the Securities Act (15 

U.S.C. 77d-1(b)) and the related requirements in this part; provided, however, that the failure to 

comply with §§ 227.202, 227.203(a)(3) and 227.203(b) shall not prevent an issuer from relying on 

the exemption provided by section 4(a)(6) of the Securities Act (15 U.S.C. 77d(a)(6)).

(b) Applicability. The crowdfunding exemption shall not apply to transactions involving 

the offer or sale of securities by any issuer that: 

(1) Is not organized under, and subject to, the laws of a State or territory of the United 

States or the District of Columbia;

(2) Is subject to the requirement to file reports pursuant to section 13 or section 15(d) of 

the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the “Exchange Act”) (15 U.S.C. 78m or 78o(d));

(3) Is an investment company, as defined in section 3 of the Investment Company Act of 

1940 (15 U.S.C. 80a-3), or is excluded from the definition of investment company by section 3(b) 

or section 3(c) of that Act (15 U.S.C. 80a-3(b) or 80a-3(c)); 

(4) Is not eligible to offer or sell securities in reliance on section 4(a)(6) of the Securities 

Act (15 U.S.C. 77d(a)(6)) as a result of a disqualification as specified in § 227.503(a);

(5) Has sold securities in reliance on section 4(a)(6) of the Securities Act (15 U.S.C. 

77d(a)(6)) and has not filed with the Commission and provided to investors, to the extent required, 

the ongoing annual reports required by this part during the two years immediately preceding the 

filing of the required offering statement; or

Instruction to paragraph (b)(5). An issuer delinquent in its ongoing reports can again rely 
550

on section 4(a)(6) of the Securities Act (15 U.S.C. 77d(a)(6)) once it has filed with the 

Commission and provided to investors both of the annual reports required during the two years 

immediately preceding the filing of the required offering statement.

(6) Has no specific business plan or has indicated that its business plan is to engage in a 

merger or acquisition with an unidentified company or companies. 

(c) Issuer. For purposes of §227.201(r), calculating aggregate amounts offered and sold in 

§227.100(a) and §227.201(t), and determining whether an issuer has previously sold securities in 

§227.201(t)(3), issuer includes all entities controlled by or under common control with the issuer 

and any predecessors of the issuer. 

Instruction to paragraph (c). The term control means the possession, direct or indirect, of 

the power to direct or cause the direction of the management and policies of the entity, whether 

through the ownership of voting securities, by contract or otherwise.

(d) Investor. For purposes of this part, investor means any investor or any potential 

investor, as the context requires. 

Subpart B – Requirements for Issuers

§ 227.201 Disclosure requirements.

An issuer offering or selling securities in reliance on section 4(a)(6) of the Securities Act 

(15 U.S.C. 77d(a)(6)) and in accordance with section 4A of the Securities Act (15 U.S.C. 77d-1) 

and this part must file with the Commission and provide to investors and the relevant intermediary 

the following information: 

(a) The name, legal status (including its form of organization, jurisdiction in which it is 

organized and date of organization), physical address and website of the issuer;
551

(b) The names of the directors and officers (and any persons occupying a similar status or 

performing a similar function) of the issuer, all positions and offices with the issuer held by such 

persons, the period of time in which such persons served in the position or office and their 

business experience during the past three years, including:

(1) Each person’s principal occupation and employment, including whether any officer is 

employed by another employer; and

(2) The name and principal business of any corporation or other organization in which 

such occupation and employment took place.

Instruction to paragraph (b). For purposes of this paragraph (b), the term officer means a 

president, vice president, secretary, treasurer or principal financial officer, comptroller or principal 

accounting officer, and any person routinely performing similar functions.

(c) The name of each person, as of the most recent practicable date but no earlier than 120 

days prior to the date the offering statement or report is filed, who is a beneficial owner of 20 

percent or more of the issuer’s outstanding voting equity securities, calculated on the basis of 

voting power;

(d) A description of the business of the issuer and the anticipated business plan of the 

issuer;

(e) The current number of employees of the issuer;

(f) A discussion of the material factors that make an investment in the issuer speculative or 

risky;

(g) The target offering amount and the deadline to reach the target offering amount, 

including a statement that if the sum of the investment commitments does not equal or exceed the 
552

target offering amount at the offering deadline, no securities will be sold in the offering, 

investment commitments will be cancelled and committed funds will be returned;

(h) Whether the issuer will accept investments in excess of the target offering amount and, 

if so, the maximum amount that the issuer will accept and how oversubscriptions will be 

allocated, such as on a pro-rata, first come-first served, or other basis;

(i) A description of the purpose and intended use of the offering proceeds;

Instruction to paragraph (i). An issuer must provide a reasonably detailed description of 

any intended use of proceeds, such that investors are provided with enough information to 

understand how the offering proceeds will be used. If an issuer has identified a range of possible 

uses, the issuer should identify and describe each probable use and the factors the issuer may 

consider in allocating proceeds among the potential uses. If the issuer will accept proceeds in 

excess of the target offering amount, the issuer must describe the purpose, method for allocating 

oversubscriptions, and intended use of the excess proceeds with similar specificity.

(j) A description of the process to complete the transaction or cancel an investment 

commitment, including a statement that:

(1) Investors may cancel an investment commitment until 48 hours prior to the deadline 

identified in the issuer’s offering materials;

(2) The intermediary will notify investors when the target offering amount has been met;

(3) If an issuer reaches the target offering amount prior to the deadline identified in its 

offering materials, it may close the offering early if it provides notice about the new offering 

deadline at least five business days prior to such new offering deadline (absent a material change 

that would require an extension of the offering and reconfirmation of the investment 

commitment); and 
553

(4) If an investor does not cancel an investment commitment before the 48-hour period 

prior to the offering deadline, the funds will be released to the issuer upon closing of the offering 

and the investor will receive securities in exchange for his or her investment;

(k) A statement that if an investor does not reconfirm his or her investment commitment 

after a material change is made to the offering, the investor’s investment commitment will be 

cancelled and the committed funds will be returned;

(l) The price to the public of the securities or the method for determining the price, 

provided that, prior to any sale of securities, each investor shall be provided in writing the final 

price and all required disclosures;

(m) A description of the ownership and capital structure of the issuer, including:

(1) The terms of the securities being offered and each other class of security of the issuer, 

including the number of securities being offered and/or outstanding, whether or not such securities 

have voting rights, any limitations on such voting rights, how the terms of the securities being 

offered may be modified and a summary of the differences between such securities and each other 

class of security of the issuer, and how the rights of the securities being offered may be materially 

limited, diluted or qualified by the rights of any other class of security of the issuer;

(2) A description of how the exercise of rights held by the principal shareholders of the 

issuer could affect the purchasers of the securities being offered;

(3) The name and ownership level of each person, as of the most recent practicable date

but no earlier than 120 days prior to the date the offering statement or report is filed, who is the 

beneficial owner of 20 percent or more of the issuer’s outstanding voting equity securities, 

calculated on the basis of voting power;
554

(4) How the securities being offered are being valued, and examples of methods for how 

such securities may be valued by the issuer in the future, including during subsequent corporate 

actions; 

(5) The risks to purchasers of the securities relating to minority ownership in the issuer and 

the risks associated with corporate actions including additional issuances of securities, issuer 

repurchases of securities, a sale of the issuer or of assets of the issuer or transactions with related 

parties; and

(6) A description of the restrictions on transfer of the securities, as set forth in § 227.501;

(n) The name, SEC file number and Central Registration Depository (CRD) number (as 

applicable) of the intermediary through which the offering is being conducted;

(o) A description of the intermediary’s financial interests in the issuer’s transaction and in 

the issuer, including:

(1) The amount of compensation to be paid to the intermediary, whether as a dollar amount 

or a percentage of the offering amount, or a good faith estimate if the exact amount is not 

available at the time of the filing, for conducting the offering, including the amount of referral and 

any other fees associated with the offering, and 

(2) Any other direct or indirect interest in the issuer held by the intermediary, or any 

arrangement for the intermediary to acquire such an interest; 

(p) A description of the material terms of any indebtedness of the issuer, including the 

amount, interest rate, maturity date and any other material terms;

(q) A description of exempt offerings conducted within the past three years;

Instruction to paragraph (q). In providing a description of any prior exempt offerings, 

disclose:
555

(1) The date of the offering; 

(2) The offering exemption relied upon; 

(3) The type of securities offered; and 

(4) The amount of securities sold and the use of proceeds;

(r) A description of any transaction since the beginning of the issuer’s last fiscal year, or 

any currently proposed transaction, to which the issuer was or is to be a party and the amount 

involved exceeds five percent of the aggregate amount of capital raised by the issuer in reliance on

section 4(a)(6) of the Securities Act (15 U.S.C. 77d(a)(6)) during the preceding 12-month period, 

inclusive of the amount the issuer seeks to raise in the current offering under section 4(a)(6) of the 

Securities Act, in which any of the following persons had or is to have a direct or indirect material 

interest: 

(1) Any director or officer of the issuer; 

(2) Any person who is, as of the most recent practicable date but no earlier than 120 days 

prior to the date the offering statement or report is filed, the beneficial owner of 20 percent or 

more of the issuer’s outstanding voting equity securities, calculated on the basis of voting power;

(3) If the issuer was incorporated or organized within the past three years, any promoter of 

the issuer; or

(4) Any member of the family of any of the foregoing persons, which includes a child, 

stepchild, grandchild, parent, stepparent, grandparent, spouse or spousal equivalent, sibling, 

mother-in-law, father-in-law, son-in-law, daughter-in-law, brother-in-law, or sister-in-law, and 

shall include adoptive relationships. The term spousal equivalent means a cohabitant occupying a 

relationship generally equivalent to that of a spouse.
556

Instruction 1 to paragraph (r). For each transaction identified, disclose the name of the 

specified person and state his or her relationship to the issuer, and the nature and, where 

practicable, the approximate amount of his or her interest in the transaction. The amount of such 

interest shall be computed without regard to the amount of the profit or loss involved in the 

transaction. Where it is not practicable to state the approximate amount of the interest, the 

approximate amount involved in the transaction shall be disclosed. 

Instruction 2 to paragraph (r). For purposes of paragraph (r), a transaction includes, but is 

not limited to, any financial transaction, arrangement or relationship (including any indebtedness 

or guarantee of indebtedness) or any series of similar transactions, arrangements or relationships.

(s) A discussion of the issuer’s financial condition, including, to the extent material, 

liquidity, capital resources and historical results of operations;

Instruction 1 to paragraph (s). The discussion must cover each period for which financial 

statements of the issuer are provided. An issuer also must include a discussion of any material 

changes or trends known to management in the financial condition and results of operations of the 

issuer subsequent to the period for which financial statements are provided. 

Instruction 2 to paragraph (s). For issuers with no prior operating history, the discussion 

should focus on financial milestones and operational, liquidity and other challenges. For issuers 

with an operating history, the discussion should focus on whether historical results and cash flows 

are representative of what investors should expect in the future. Issuers should take into account 

the proceeds of the offering and any other known or pending sources of capital. Issuers also 

should discuss how the proceeds from the offering will affect the issuer’s liquidity, whether 

receiving these funds and any other additional funds is necessary to the viability of the business, 

and how quickly the issuer anticipates using its available cash. In addition, issuers should 
557

describe the other available sources of capital to the business, such as lines of credit or required 

contributions by shareholders.

Instruction 3 to paragraph (s). References to the issuer in this paragraph and its 

instructions refer to the issuer and its predecessors, if any. 

(t) For offerings that, together with all other amounts sold under section 4(a)(6) of the 

Securities Act (15 U.S.C. 77d(a)(6)) within the preceding 12-month period, have, in the aggregate, 

the following target offering amounts:

(1) $100,000 or less, the amount of total income, taxable income and total tax, or the 

equivalent line items, as reported on the federal income tax returns filed by the issuer for the most 

recently completed year (if any), which shall be certified by the principal executive officer of the 

issuer to reflect accurately the information reported on the issuer’s federal income tax returns, and 

financial statements of the issuer, which shall be certified by the principal executive officer of the 

issuer to be true and complete in all material respects. If financial statements of the issuer are 

available that have either been reviewed or audited by a public accountant that is independent of 

the issuer, the issuer must provide those financial statements instead and need not include the 

information reported on the federal income tax returns or the certifications of the principal 

executive officer; 

(2) More than $100,000, but not more than $500,000, financial statements of the issuer 

reviewed by a public accountant that is independent of the issuer. If financial statements of the 

issuer are available that have been audited by a public accountant that is independent of the issuer, 

the issuer must provide those financial statements instead and need not include the reviewed 

financial statements; and
558

(3) More than $500,000, financial statements of the issuer audited by a public accountant 

that is independent of the issuer; provided, however, that for issuers that have not previously sold 

securities in reliance on section 4(a)(6) of the Securities Act (15 U.S.C. 77d(a)(6)), offerings that 

have a target offering amount of more than $500,000, but not more than $1,000,000, financial 

statements of the issuer reviewed by a public accountant that is independent of the issuer. If 

financial statements of the issuer are available that have been audited by a public accountant that

is independent of the issuer, the issuer must provide those financial statements instead and need 

not include the reviewed financial statements.

Instruction 1 to paragraph (t). To determine the financial statements required under this 

paragraph (t), an issuer must aggregate amounts sold in reliance on section 4(a)(6) of the 

Securities Act (15 U.S.C. 77d(a)(6)) within the preceding 12-month period and the offering 

amount in the offering for which disclosure is being provided. If the issuer will accept proceeds in 

excess of the target offering amount, the issuer must include the maximum offering amount that 

the issuer will accept in the calculation to determine the financial statements required under this 

paragraph (t). 

Instruction 2 to paragraph (t). An issuer may voluntarily meet the requirements of this

paragraph (t) for a higher aggregate target offering amount.

Instruction 3 to paragraph (t). The financial statements must be prepared in accordance 

with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles and include balance sheets, statements of 

comprehensive income, statements of cash flows, statements of changes in stockholders’ equity 

and notes to the financial statements. If the financial statements are not audited, they must be 

labeled as “unaudited.” The financial statements must cover the two most recently completed 

fiscal years or the period(s) since inception, if shorter. 
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Instruction 4 to paragraph (t). For an offering conducted in the first 120 days of a fiscal 

year, the financial statements provided may be for the two fiscal years prior to the issuer’s most 

recently completed fiscal year; however, financial statements for the two most recently completed 

fiscal years must be provided if they are otherwise available. If more than 120 days have passed 

since the end of the issuer’s most recently completed fiscal year, the financial statements provided 

must be for the issuer’s two most recently completed fiscal years. If the 120th day falls on a 

Saturday, Sunday, or holiday, the next business day shall be considered the 120th day for purposes 

of determining the age of the financial statements.

Instruction 5 to paragraph (t). An issuer may elect to delay complying with any new or 

revised financial accounting standard that applies to companies that are not issuers (as defined 

under section 2(a) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (15 U.S.C. 7201(a)) until the date that such 

companies are required to comply with such new or revised accounting standard. Issuers electing 

this accommodation must disclose it at the time the issuer files its offering statement and apply the 

election to all standards. Issuers electing not to use this accommodation must forgo this 

accommodation for all financial accounting standards and may not elect to rely on this 

accommodation in any future filings. 

Instruction 6 to paragraph (t). An issuer required to provide information from a tax return 

under paragraph (t)(1) of this section before filing a tax return with the U.S. Internal Revenue 

Service for the most recently completed fiscal year may provide information from its tax return 

for the prior year (if any), provided that the issuer provides information from the tax return for the 

most recently completed fiscal year when it is filed with the U.S. Internal Revenue Service (if the 

tax return is filed during the offering period). An issuer that requested an extension from the U.S. 

Internal Revenue Service would not be required to provide information from the tax return until 
560

the date the return is filed, if filed during the offering period. If an issuer has not yet filed a tax 

return and is not required to file a tax return before the end of the offering period, then the tax 

return information does not need to be provided.

Instruction 7 to paragraph (t). An issuer providing financial statements that are not 

audited or reviewed and tax information as specified under paragraph (t)(1) of this section must 

have its principal executive officer provide the following certification:

I, [identify the certifying individual], certify that:

(1) the financial statements of [identify the issuer] included in this Form are true and 

complete in all material respects; and

(2) the tax return information of [identify the issuer] included in this Form reflects 

accurately the information reported on the tax return for [identify the issuer] filed for the 

fiscal year ended [date of most recent tax return]. 

[Signature and title].

Instruction 8 to paragraph (t). Financial statement reviews shall be conducted in 

accordance with the Statements on Standards for Accounting and Review Services issued by the 

Accounting and Review Services Committee of the American Institute of Certified Public 

Accountants. A signed review report must accompany the reviewed financial statements, and an 

issuer must notify the public accountant of the issuer’s intended use of the review report in the 

offering. An issuer will not be in compliance with the requirement to provide reviewed financial 

statements if the review report includes modifications.

Instruction 9 to paragraph (t). Financial statement audits shall be conducted in 

accordance with either auditing standards issued by the American Institute of Certified Public 

Accountants (referred to as U.S. Generally Accepted Auditing Standards) or the standards of the 
561

Public Company Accounting Oversight Board. A signed audit report must accompany audited 

financial statements, and an issuer must notify the public accountant of the issuer’s intended use 

of the audit report in the offering. An issuer will not be in compliance with the requirement to 

provide audited financial statements if the audit report includes a qualified opinion, an adverse 

opinion, or a disclaimer of opinion.

Instruction 10 to paragraph (t). To qualify as a public accountant that is independent of 

the issuer for purposes of this part, the accountant must satisfy the independence standards of 

either: 

(i) 17 CFR 210.2-01 of this chapter, or 

(ii) The American Institute of Certified Public Accountants. The public accountant that 

audits or reviews the financial statements provided by an issuer must be:

(A) Duly registered and in good standing as a certified public accountant under the 

laws of the place of his or her residence or principal office; or 

(B) In good standing and entitled to practice as a public accountant under the laws 

of his or her place of residence or principal office.

Instruction 11 to paragraph (t). Except as set forth in § 227.100(c), references to the 

issuer in this paragraph (t) and its instructions (2) through (10) refer to the issuer and its 

predecessors, if any.

(u) Any matters that would have triggered disqualification under § 227.503(a) but occurred 

before May 16, 2016. The failure to provide such disclosure shall not prevent an issuer from 

continuing to rely on the exemption provided by section 4(a)(6) of the Securities Act (15 U.S.C. 

77d(a)(6)) if the issuer establishes that it did not know and, in the exercise of reasonable care, 

could not have known of the existence of the undisclosed matter or matters; 
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Instruction to paragraph (u). An issuer will not be able to establish that it could not have 

known of a disqualification unless it has made factual inquiry into whether any disqualifications 

exist. The nature and scope of the factual inquiry will vary based on the facts and circumstances 

concerning, among other things, the issuer and the other offering participants.

(v) Updates regarding the progress of the issuer in meeting the target offering amount, to 

be provided in accordance with § 227.203;

(w) Where on the issuer’s website investors will be able to find the issuer’s annual report, 

and the date by which such report will be available on the issuer’s website; 

(x) Whether the issuer or any of its predecessors previously failed to comply with the 

ongoing reporting requirements of § 227.202; and

(y) Any material information necessary in order to make the statements made, in light of 

the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading.

Instruction to §227.201. If disclosure provided pursuant to any paragraph of this section

also satisfies the requirements of one or more other paragraphs of this section, it is not necessary 

to repeat the disclosure. Instead of repeating information, an issuer may include a cross-reference 

to disclosure contained elsewhere in the offering statement or report, including to information in 

the financial statements.

§ 227.202 Ongoing reporting requirements.

(a) An issuer that has offered and sold securities in reliance on section 4(a)(6) of the 

Securities Act (15 U.S.C. 77d(a)(6)) and in accordance with section 4A of the Securities Act (15 

U.S.C. 77d-1) and this part must file with the Commission and post on the issuer’s website an 

annual report along with the financial statements of the issuer certified by the principal executive 

officer of the issuer to be true and complete in all material respects and a description of the 
563

financial condition of the issuer as described in § 227.201(s). If, however, an issuer has available 

financial statements that have either been reviewed or audited by a public accountant that is 

independent of the issuer, those financial statements must be provided and the certification by the 

principal executive officer will not be required. The annual report also must include the 

disclosure required by paragraphs (a), (b), (c), (d), (e), (f), (m), (p), (q), (r), and (x) of § 227.201. 

The report must be filed in accordance with the requirements of § 227.203 and Form C (§ 239.900 

of this chapter) and no later than 120 days after the end of the fiscal year covered by the report.

Instruction 1 to paragraph (a). Instructions (3), (8), (9), (10), and (11) to paragraph (t) of § 

227.201 shall apply for purposes of this section. 

Instruction 2 to paragraph (a). An issuer providing financial statements that are not 

audited or reviewed must have its principal executive officer provide the following certification:

I, [identify the certifying individual], certify that the financial statements of [identify the 

issuer] included in this Form are true and complete in all material respects.

[Signature and title]. 

(b) An issuer must continue to comply with the ongoing reporting requirements until one

of the following occurs:

(1) The issuer is required to file reports under section 13(a) or section 15(d) of the 

Exchange Act (15 U.S.C. 78m(a) or 78o(d));

(2) The issuer has filed, since its most recent sale of securities pursuant to this part, at least 

one annual report pursuant to this section and has fewer than 300 holders of record; 

(3) The issuer has filed, since its most recent sale of securities pursuant to this part, the 

annual reports required pursuant to this section for at least the three most recent years and has 

total assets that do not exceed $10,000,000; 
564

(4) The issuer or another party repurchases all of the securities issued in reliance on 

section 4(a)(6) of the Securities Act (15 U.S.C. 77d(a)(6)), including any payment in full of debt 

securities or any complete redemption of redeemable securities; or 

(5) The issuer liquidates or dissolves its business in accordance with state law. 

§ 227.203 Filing requirements and form.

(a) Form C: Offering statement and amendments (§ 239.900 of this chapter).

(1) Offering statement. An issuer offering or selling securities in reliance on section 

4(a)(6) of the Securities Act (15 U.S.C. 77d(a)(6)) and in accordance with section 4A of the 

Securities Act (15 U.S.C. 77d-1) and this part must file with the Commission and provide to 

investors and the relevant intermediary a Form C: Offering Statement (Form C) (§ 239.900 of this 

chapter) prior to the commencement of the offering of securities. The Form C must include the 

information required by § 227.201. 

(2) Amendments to offering statement. An issuer must file with the Commission and

provide to investors and the relevant intermediary an amendment to the offering statement filed on 

Form C (§ 239.900 of this chapter) to disclose any material changes, additions or updates to 

information that it provides to investors through the intermediary’s platform, for any offering that 

has not yet been completed or terminated. The amendment must be filed on Form C: Amendment 

(Form C/A) (§ 239.900 of this chapter), and if the amendment reflects material changes, additions 

or updates, the issuer shall check the box indicating that investors must reconfirm an investment 

commitment within five business days or the investor’s commitment will be considered cancelled. 

(3) Progress updates. (i) An issuer must file with the Commission and provide to 

investors and the relevant intermediary a Form C: Progress Update (Form C-U) (§ 239.900 of this 

chapter) to disclose its progress in meeting the target offering amount no later than five business 
565

days after each of the dates when the issuer reaches 50 percent and 100 percent of the target 

offering amount. 

(ii) If the issuer will accept proceeds in excess of the target offering amount, the issuer 

must file with the Commission and provide to investors and the relevant intermediary, no later 

than five business days after the offering deadline, a final Form C-U (§ 239.900 of this chapter) to 

disclose the total amount of securities sold in the offering. 

(iii) The requirements of paragraphs (a)(3)(i) and (ii) of this section shall not apply to an 

issuer if the relevant intermediary makes publicly available on the intermediary’s platform 

frequent updates regarding the progress of the issuer in meeting the target offering amount; 

however, the issuer must still file a Form C-U (§ 239.900 of this chapter) to disclose the total 

amount of securities sold in the offering no later than five business days after the offering 

deadline. 

Instruction to paragraph (a)(3). If multiple Forms C-U (§ 239.900 of this chapter) are 

triggered within the same five business day period, the issuer may consolidate such progress 

updates into one Form C-U, so long as the Form C-U discloses the most recent threshold that was 

met and the Form C-U is filed with the Commission and provided to investors and the relevant 

intermediary by the day on which the first progress update is due.

Instruction 1 to paragraph (a). An issuer would satisfy the requirement to provide to the 

relevant intermediary the information required by this paragraph (a) if it provides to the relevant 

intermediary a copy of the disclosures filed with the Commission. 

Instruction 2 to paragraph (a). An issuer would satisfy the requirement to provide to 

investors the information required by this paragraph (a) if the issuer refers investors to the 
566

information on the intermediary’s platform by means of a posting on the issuer’s website or by email.

(b) Form C: Annual report and termination of reporting (§ 239.900 of this chapter). (1) 

Annual reports. An issuer that has sold securities in reliance on section 4(a)(6) of the Securities 

Act (15 U.S.C. 77d(a)(6)) and in accordance with section 4A of the Securities Act (15 U.S.C. 77d1) and this part must file an annual report on Form C: Annual Report (Form C-AR) (§ 239.900 of 

this chapter) with the Commission no later than 120 days after the end of the fiscal year covered 

by the report. The annual report shall include the information required by § 227.202(a). 

(2) Amendments to annual report. An issuer must file with the Commission an 

amendment to the annual report filed on Form C: Annual Report (Form C-AR) (§ 239.900 of this 

chapter) to make a material change to the previously filed annual report as soon as practicable 

after discovery of the need for the material change. The amendment must be filed on Form C: 

Amendment to Annual Report (Form C-AR/A) (§ 239.900 of this chapter). 

(3) Termination of reporting. An issuer eligible to terminate its obligation to file annual 

reports with the Commission pursuant to § 227.202(b) must file with the Commission, within five 

business days from the date on which the issuer becomes eligible to terminate its reporting 

obligation, Form C: Termination of Reporting (Form C-TR) (§ 239.900 of this chapter) to advise 

investors that the issuer will cease reporting pursuant to this part.

§ 227.204 Advertising.

(a) An issuer may not, directly or indirectly, advertise the terms of an offering made in 

reliance on section 4(a)(6) of the Securities Act (15 U.S.C. 77d(a)(6)), except for notices that meet 

the requirements of paragraph (b) of this section. 
567

Instruction to paragraph (a). For purposes of this paragraph (a), issuer includes persons 

acting on behalf of the issuer.

(b) A notice may advertise any of the terms of an issuer’s offering made in reliance on 

section 4(a)(6) of the Securities Act (15 U.S.C. 77d(a)(6)) if it directs investors to the 

intermediary’s platform and includes no more than the following information: 

(1) A statement that the issuer is conducting an offering pursuant to section 4(a)(6) of the 

Securities Act (15 U.S.C. 77d(a)(6)), the name of the intermediary through which the offering is 

being conducted and a link directing the potential investor to the intermediary’s platform; 

(2) The terms of the offering; and

(3) Factual information about the legal identity and business location of the issuer, limited 

to the name of the issuer of the security, the address, phone number and website of the issuer, the 

e-mail address of a representative of the issuer and a brief description of the business of the issuer.

(c) Notwithstanding the prohibition on advertising any of the terms of the offering, an 

issuer, and persons acting on behalf of the issuer, may communicate with investors and potential

investors about the terms of the offering through communication channels provided by the 

intermediary on the intermediary’s platform, provided that an issuer identifies itself as the issuer 

in all communications. Persons acting on behalf of the issuer must identify their affiliation with 

the issuer in all communications on the intermediary’s platform.

Instruction to § 227.204. For purposes of this section, terms of the offering means the amount of 

securities offered, the nature of the securities, the price of the securities and the closing date of the 

offering period.

§ 227.205 Promoter compensation.

(a) An issuer, or person acting on behalf of the issuer, shall be permitted to compensate or 
568

commit to compensate, directly or indirectly, any person to promote the issuer’s offerings made in 

reliance on section 4(a)(6) of the Securities Act (15 U.S.C. 77d(a)(6)) through communication 

channels provided by an intermediary on the intermediary’s platform, but only if the issuer or 

person acting on behalf of the issuer, takes reasonable steps to ensure that the person promoting 

the offering clearly discloses the receipt, past or prospective, of such compensation with any such 

communication. 

Instruction to paragraph (a). The disclosure required by this paragraph is required, with 

each communication, for persons engaging in promotional activities on behalf of the issuer 

through the communication channels provided by the intermediary, regardless of whether or not 

the compensation they receive is specifically for the promotional activities. This includes persons 

hired specifically to promote the offering as well as to persons who are otherwise employed by the 

issuer or who undertake promotional activities on behalf of the issuer.

(b) Other than as set forth in paragraph (a) of this section, an issuer or person acting on 

behalf of the issuer shall not compensate or commit to compensate, directly or indirectly, any 

person to promote the issuer’s offerings made in reliance on section 4(a)(6) of the Securities Act 

(15 U.S.C. 77d(a)(6)), unless such promotion is limited to notices permitted by, and in compliance 

with, § 227.204. 

Subpart C – Requirements for Intermediaries

§ 227.300 Intermediaries. 

(a) Requirements. A person acting as an intermediary in a transaction involving the offer 

or sale of securities in reliance on section 4(a)(6) of the Securities Act (15 U.S.C. 77d(a)(6)) must:
569

(1) Be registered with the Commission as a broker under section 15(b) of the Exchange 

Act (15 U.S.C. 78o(b)) or as a funding portal in accordance with the requirements of § 227.400; 

and

(2) Be a member a national securities association registered under section 15A of the 

Exchange Act (15 U.S.C. 78o-3).

(b) Financial interests. Any director, officer or partner of an intermediary, or any person 

occupying a similar status or performing a similar function, may not have a financial interest in an 

issuer that is offering or selling securities in reliance on section 4(a)(6) of the Securities Act (15 

U.S.C. 77d(a)(6)) through the intermediary’s platform, or receive a financial interest in an issuer 

as compensation for the services provided to or for the benefit of the issuer in connection with the 

offer or sale of such securities. An intermediary may not have a financial interest in an issuer that 

is offering or selling securities in reliance on section 4(a)(6) of the Securities Act (15 U.S.C. 

77d(a)(6)) through the intermediary’s platform unless:

(1) the intermediary receives the financial interest from the issuer as compensation for the 

services provided to, or for the benefit of, the issuer in connection with the offer or sale of the

securities being offered or sold in reliance on section 4(a)(6) of the Securities Act (15 U.S.C. 

77d(a)(6)) through the intermediary’s platform; and

(2) the financial interest consists of securities of the same class and having the same terms, 

conditions and rights as the securities being offered or sold in reliance on section 4(a)(6) of the 

Securities Act (15 U.S.C. 77d(a)(6)) through the intermediary’s platform. For purposes of this 

paragraph, a financial interest in an issuer means a direct or indirect ownership of, or economic 

interest in, any class of the issuer’s securities.

(c) Definitions. For purposes of this part:
570

(1) Associated person of a funding portal or person associated with a funding portal

means any partner, officer, director or manager of a funding portal (or any person occupying a 

similar status or performing similar functions), any person directly or indirectly controlling or 

controlled by such funding portal, or any employee of a funding portal, except that any person 

associated with a funding portal whose functions are solely clerical or ministerial shall not be 

included in the meaning of such term for purposes of section 15(b) of the Exchange Act (15 

U.S.C. 78o(b)) (other than paragraphs (4) and (6) of section 15(b) of the Exchange Act). 

(2) Funding portal means a broker acting as an intermediary in a transaction involving the 

offer or sale of securities in reliance on section 4(a)(6) of the Securities Act (15 U.S.C. 77d(a)(6)), 

that does not: 

(i) Offer investment advice or recommendations; 

(ii) Solicit purchases, sales or offers to buy the securities displayed on its platform; 

(iii) Compensate employees, agents, or other persons for such solicitation or based on the 

sale of securities displayed or referenced on its platform; or 

(iv) Hold, manage, possess, or otherwise handle investor funds or securities.

(3) Intermediary means a broker registered under section 15(b) of the Exchange Act (15 

U.S.C. 78o(b)) or a funding portal registered under § 227.400 and includes, where relevant, an 

associated person of the registered broker or registered funding portal.

(4) Platform means a program or application accessible via the Internet or other similar 

electronic communication medium through which a registered broker or a registered funding 

portal acts as an intermediary in a transaction involving the offer or sale of securities in reliance 

on section 4(a)(6) of the Securities Act (15 U.S.C. 77d(a)(6)).

Instruction to paragraph (c)(4). An intermediary through which a crowdfunding 
571

transaction is conducted may engage in back office or other administrative functions other than on 

the intermediary’s platform.

§ 227.301 Measures to reduce risk of fraud.

An intermediary in a transaction involving the offer or sale of securities in reliance on 

section 4(a)(6) of the Securities Act (15 U.S.C. 77d(a)(6)) must:

(a) Have a reasonable basis for believing that an issuer seeking to offer and sell securities 

in reliance on section 4(a)(6) of the Securities Act (15 U.S.C. 77d(a)(6)) through the 

intermediary’s platform complies with the requirements in section 4A(b) of the Act (15 U.S.C. 

77d-1(b)) and the related requirements in this part. In satisfying this requirement, an intermediary 

may rely on the representations of the issuer concerning compliance with these requirements 

unless the intermediary has reason to question the reliability of those representations;

(b) Have a reasonable basis for believing that the issuer has established means to keep 

accurate records of the holders of the securities it would offer and sell through the intermediary’s 

platform, provided that an intermediary may rely on the representations of the issuer concerning 

its means of recordkeeping unless the intermediary has reason to question the reliability of those 

representations. An intermediary will be deemed to have satisfied this requirement if the issuer 

has engaged the services of a transfer agent that is registered under Section 17A of the Exchange 

Act (15 U.S.C. 78q-1(c)). 

(c) Deny access to its platform to an issuer if the intermediary:

(1) Has a reasonable basis for believing that the issuer or any of its officers, directors (or 

any person occupying a similar status or performing a similar function) or beneficial owners of 20 

percent or more of the issuer’s outstanding voting equity securities, calculated on the basis of 

voting power, is subject to a disqualification under § 227.503. In satisfying this requirement, an 
572

intermediary must, at a minimum, conduct a background and securities enforcement regulatory 

history check on each issuer whose securities are to be offered by the intermediary and on each 

officer, director or beneficial owner of 20 percent or more of the issuer’s outstanding voting 

equity securities, calculated on the basis of voting power.

(2) Has a reasonable basis for believing that the issuer or the offering presents the potential 

for fraud or otherwise raises concerns about investor protection. In satisfying this requirement, an 

intermediary must deny access if it reasonably believes that it is unable to adequately or 

effectively assess the risk of fraud of the issuer or its potential offering. In addition, if an 

intermediary becomes aware of information after it has granted access that causes it to reasonably 

believe that the issuer or the offering presents the potential for fraud or otherwise raises concerns 

about investor protection, the intermediary must promptly remove the offering from its platform, 

cancel the offering, and return (or, for funding portals, direct the return of) any funds that have 

been committed by investors in the offering. 

§ 227.302 Account opening.

(a) Accounts and electronic delivery. 

(1) No intermediary or associated person of an intermediary may accept an investment 

commitment in a transaction involving the offer or sale of securities in reliance on section 4(a)(6)

of the Securities Act (15 U.S.C. 77d(a)(6)) until the investor has opened an account with the 

intermediary and the intermediary has obtained from the investor consent to electronic delivery of 

materials.

(2) An intermediary must provide all information that is required to be provided by the 

intermediary under subpart C of this part (§§ 227.300 through 227.305), including, but not limited 

to, educational materials, notices and confirmations, through electronic means. Unless otherwise 
573

indicated in the relevant rule of subpart C of this part, in satisfying this requirement, an 

intermediary must provide the information through an electronic message that contains the 

information, through an electronic message that includes a specific link to the information as 

posted on intermediary’s platform, or through an electronic message that provides notice of what 

the information is and that it is located on the intermediary’s platform or on the issuer’s website. 

Electronic messages include, but are not limited to, e-mail, social media messages, instant 

messages or other electronic media messages. 

(b) Educational materials. (1) In connection with establishing an account for an investor, 

an intermediary must deliver educational materials to such investor that explain in plain language 

and are otherwise designed to communicate effectively and accurately:

(i) The process for the offer, purchase and issuance of securities through the intermediary 

and the risks associated with purchasing securities offered and sold in reliance on section 4(a)(6)

of the Securities Act (15 U.S.C. 77d(a)(6)); 

(ii) The types of securities offered and sold in reliance on section 4(a)(6) of the Securities 

Act (15 U.S.C. 77d(a)(6)) available for purchase on the intermediary’s platform and the risks 

associated with each type of security, including the risk of having limited voting power as a result 

of dilution;

(iii) The restrictions on the resale of a security offered and sold in reliance on section 

4(a)(6) of the Securities Act (15 U.S.C. 77d(a)(6)); 

(iv) The types of information that an issuer is required to provide under § 227.202, the 

frequency of the delivery of that information and the possibility that those obligations may 

terminate in the future;

(v) The limitations on the amounts an investor may invest pursuant to § 227.100(a)(2);
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(vi) The limitations on an investor’s right to cancel an investment commitment and the 

circumstances in which an investment commitment may be cancelled by the issuer; 

(vii) The need for the investor to consider whether investing in a security offered and sold 

in reliance on section 4(a)(6) of the Securities Act (15 U.S.C. 77d(a)(6)) is appropriate for that 

investor; 

(viii) That following completion of an offering conducted through the intermediary, there 

may or may not be any ongoing relationship between the issuer and intermediary; and

(ix) That under certain circumstances an issuer may cease to publish annual reports and, 

therefore, an investor may not continually have current financial information about the issuer.

(2) An intermediary must make the most current version of its educational material 

available on its platform at all times and, if at any time, the intermediary makes a material revision 

to its educational materials, it must make the revised educational materials available to all 

investors before accepting any additional investment commitments or effecting any further 

transactions in securities offered and sold in reliance on section 4(a)(6) of the Securities Act (15 

U.S.C. 77d(a)(6)).

(c) Promoters. In connection with establishing an account for an investor, an intermediary 

must inform the investor that any person who promotes an issuer’s offering for compensation, 

whether past or prospective, or who is a founder or an employee of an issuer that engages in 

promotional activities on behalf of the issuer on the intermediary’s platform, must clearly disclose 

in all communications on the intermediary’s platform, respectively, the receipt of the 

compensation and that he or she is engaging in promotional activities on behalf of the issuer.

(d) Compensation disclosure. When establishing an account for an investor, an 

intermediary must clearly disclose the manner in which the intermediary is compensated in 
575

connection with offerings and sales of securities in reliance on section 4(a)(6) of the Securities 

Act (15 U.S.C. 77d(a)(6)).

§ 227.303 Requirements with respect to transactions.

(a) Issuer information. An intermediary in a transaction involving the offer or sale of 

securities in reliance on section 4(a)(6) of the Securities Act (15 U.S.C. 77d(a)(6)) must make 

available to the Commission and to investors any information required to be provided by the 

issuer of the securities under §§ 227.201 and 227.203(a). 

(1) This information must be made publicly available on the intermediary’s platform, in a 

manner that reasonably permits a person accessing the platform to save, download, or otherwise 

store the information; 

(2) This information must be made publicly available on the intermediary's platform for a 

minimum of 21 days before any securities are sold in the offering, during which time the 

intermediary may accept investment commitments;

(3) This information, including any additional information provided by the issuer, must 

remain publicly available on the intermediary’s platform until the offer and sale of securities in 

reliance on section 4(a)(6) of the Securities Act (15 U.S.C. 77d(a)(6)) is completed or cancelled; 

and 

(4) An intermediary may not require any person to establish an account with the 

intermediary to access this information.

(b) Investor qualification. Each time before accepting any investment commitment 

(including any additional investment commitment from the same person), an intermediary must:

(1) Have a reasonable basis for believing that the investor satisfies the investment 

limitations established by section 4(a)(6)(B) of the Act (15 U.S.C. 77d(a)(6)(B)) and this part. An 
576

intermediary may rely on an investor’s representations concerning compliance with the 

investment limitation requirements concerning the investor’s annual income, net worth, and the 

amount of the investor’s other investments made pursuant to section 4(a)(6) of the Securities Act 

(15 U.S.C. 77d(a)(6)) unless the intermediary has reason to question the reliability of the 

representation.

(2) Obtain from the investor:

(i) A representation that the investor has reviewed the intermediary’s educational materials 

delivered pursuant to § 227.302(b), understands that the entire amount of his or her investment 

may be lost, and is in a financial condition to bear the loss of the investment; and

(ii) A questionnaire completed by the investor demonstrating the investor’s understanding 

that: 

(A) There are restrictions on the investor’s ability to cancel an investment commitment 

and obtain a return of his or her investment; 

(B) It may be difficult for the investor to resell securities acquired in reliance on section 

4(a)(6) of the Securities Act (15 U.S.C. 77d(a)(6)); and

(C) Investing in securities offered and sold in reliance on section 4(a)(6) of the Securities 

Act (15 U.S.C. 77d(a)(6)) involves risk, and the investor should not invest any funds in an 

offering made in reliance on section 4(a)(6) of the Securities Act unless he or she can afford to 

lose the entire amount of his or her investment.

(c) Communication channels. An intermediary must provide on its platform 

communication channels by which persons can communicate with one another and with 

representatives of the issuer about offerings made available on the intermediary’s platform, 

provided:
577

(1) If the intermediary is a funding portal, it does not participate in these communications 

other than to establish guidelines for communication and remove abusive or potentially fraudulent 

communications; 

(2) The intermediary permits public access to view the discussions made in the 

communication channels; 

(3) The intermediary restricts posting of comments in the communication channels to those 

persons who have opened an account with the intermediary on its platform; and 

(4) The intermediary requires that any person posting a comment in the communication 

channels clearly and prominently disclose with each posting whether he or she is a founder or an 

employee of an issuer engaging in promotional activities on behalf of the issuer, or is otherwise 

compensated, whether in the past or prospectively, to promote the issuer’s offering.

(d) Notice of investment commitment. An intermediary must promptly, upon receipt of an 

investment commitment from an investor, give or send to the investor a notification disclosing: 

(1) The dollar amount of the investment commitment; 

(2) The price of the securities, if known;

(3) The name of the issuer; and 

(4) The date and time by which the investor may cancel the investment commitment.

(e) Maintenance and transmission of funds. (1) An intermediary that is a registered broker 

must comply with the requirements of 17 CFR 240.15c2-4.

(2) An intermediary that is a funding portal must direct investors to transmit the money or 

other consideration directly to a qualified third party that has agreed in writing to hold the funds 

for the benefit of, and to promptly transmit or return the funds to, the persons entitled thereto in 
578

accordance with paragraph (e)(3) of this section. For purposes of this subpart C (§§ 227.300

through 227.305), a qualified third party means a: 

(i) Registered broker or dealer that carries customer or broker or dealer accounts and holds 

funds or securities for those persons; or 

(ii) Bank or credit union (where such credit union is insured by National Credit Union 

Administration) that has agreed in writing either to hold the funds in escrow for the persons who 

have the beneficial interests therein and to transmit or return such funds directly to the persons 

entitled thereto when so directed by the funding portal as described in paragraph (e)(3) of this 

section, or to maintain a bank or credit union account (or accounts) for the exclusive benefit of 

investors and the issuer. 

(3) A funding portal that is an intermediary in a transaction involving the offer or sale of 

securities in reliance on section 4(a)(6) of the Securities Act (15 U.S.C. 77d(a)(6)) shall promptly 

direct the qualified third party to:

(i) Transmit funds from the qualified third party to the issuer when the aggregate amount 

of investment commitments from all investors is equal to or greater than the target amount of the 

offering and the cancellation period as set forth in § 227.304 has elapsed, provided that in no 

event may the funding portal direct this transmission of funds earlier than 21 days after the date on 

which the intermediary makes publicly available on its platform the information required to be 

provided by the issuer under §§ 227.201 and 227.203(a);

(ii) Return funds to an investor when an investment commitment has been cancelled in 

accordance with § 227.304 (including for failure to obtain effective reconfirmation as required 

under § 227.304(c)); and

(iii) Return funds to investors when an issuer does not complete the offering.
579

(f) Confirmation of transaction. (1) An intermediary must, at or before the completion of a 

transaction in a security in reliance on section 4(a)(6) of the Securities Act (15 U.S.C. 77d(a)(6)), 

give or send to each investor a notification disclosing: 

(i) The date of the transaction; 

(ii) The type of security that the investor is purchasing;

(iii) The identity, price, and number of securities purchased by the investor, as well as the 

number of securities sold by the issuer in the transaction and the price(s) at which the securities 

were sold; 

(iv) If a debt security, the interest rate and the yield to maturity calculated from the price 

paid and the maturity date; 

(v) If a callable security, the first date that the security can be called by the issuer; and

(vi) The source, form and amount of any remuneration received or to be received by the

intermediary in connection with the transaction, including any remuneration received or to be 

received by the intermediary from persons other than the issuer. 

(2) An intermediary satisfying the requirements of paragraph (f)(1) of this section is 

exempt from the requirements of §240.10b-10 of this chapter with respect to a transaction in a 

security offered and sold in reliance on section 4(a)(6) of the Securities Act (15 U.S.C. 77d(a)(6)).

§ 227.304 Completion of offerings, cancellations and reconfirmations.

(a) Generally. An investor may cancel an investment commitment for any reason until 48 

hours prior to the deadline identified in the issuer’s offering materials. During the 48 hours prior 

to such deadline, an investment commitment may not be cancelled except as provided in 

paragraph (c) of this section.
580

(b) Early completion of offering. If an issuer reaches the target offering amount prior to 

the deadline identified in its offering materials pursuant to § 227.201(g), the issuer may close the 

offering on a date earlier than the deadline identified in its offering materials pursuant to §

227.201(g), provided that:

(1) The offering remains open for a minimum of 21 days pursuant to § 227.303(a); 

(2) The intermediary provides notice to any potential investors, and gives or sends notice 

to investors that have made investment commitments in the offering, of:

(i) The new, anticipated deadline of the offering; 

(ii) The right of investors to cancel investment commitments for any reason until 48 hours 

prior to the new offering deadline; and

(iii) Whether the issuer will continue to accept investment commitments during the 48-

hour period prior to the new offering deadline.

(3) The new offering deadline is scheduled for and occurs at least five business days after 

the notice required in paragraph (b)(2) of this section is provided; and

(4) At the time of the new offering deadline, the issuer continues to meet or exceed the 

target offering amount.

(c) Cancellations and reconfirmations based on material changes. (1) If there is a material 

change to the terms of an offering or to the information provided by the issuer, the intermediary 

must give or send to any investor who has made an investment commitment notice of the material 

change and that the investor’s investment commitment will be cancelled unless the investor 

reconfirms his or her investment commitment within five business days of receipt of the notice. If 

the investor fails to reconfirm his or her investment within those five business days, the 

intermediary within five business days thereafter must:
581

(i) Give or send the investor a notification disclosing that the commitment was cancelled, 

the reason for the cancellation and the refund amount that the investor is expected to receive; and 

(ii) Direct the refund of investor funds. 

(2) If material changes to the offering or to the information provided by the issuer 

regarding the offering occur within five business days of the maximum number of days that an 

offering is to remain open, the offering must be extended to allow for a period of five business 

days for the investor to reconfirm his or her investment. 

(d) Return of funds if offering is not completed. If an issuer does not complete an 

offering, an intermediary must within five business days:

(1) Give or send each investor a notification of the cancellation, disclosing the reason for 

the cancellation, and the refund amount that the investor is expected to receive; 

(2) Direct the refund of investor funds; and 

(3) Prevent investors from making investment commitments with respect to that offering 

on its platform.

§ 227.305 Payments to third parties.

(a) Prohibition on payments for personally identifiable information. An intermediary may 

not compensate any person for providing the intermediary with the personally identifiable 

information of any investor or potential investor in securities offered and sold in reliance on 

section 4(a)(6) of the Securities Act (15 U.S.C. 77d(a)(6)).

(b) For purposes of this rule, personally identifiable information means information that 

can be used to distinguish or trace an individual’s identity, either alone or when combined with 

other personal or identifying information that is linked or linkable to a specific individual.
582

Subpart D – Funding Portal Regulation

§227.400 Registration of funding portals. 

(a) Registration. A funding portal must register with the Commission, by filing a complete 

Form Funding Portal (§ 249.2000 of this chapter) in accordance with the instructions on the form, 

and become a member of a national securities association registered under section 15A of the 

Exchange Act (15 U.S.C. 78o-3). The registration will be effective the later of: 

(1) Thirty calendar days after the date that the registration is received by the Commission; 

or 

(2) The date the funding portal is approved for membership by a national securities 

association registered under section 15A of the Exchange Act (15 U.S.C. 78o-3).

(b) Amendments to registration. A funding portal must file an amendment to Form 

Funding Portal (§ 249.2000 of this chapter) within 30 days of any of the information previously 

submitted on Form Funding Portal becoming inaccurate for any reason.

(c) Successor registration. (1) If a funding portal succeeds to and continues the business of 

a registered funding portal, the registration of the predecessor will remain effective as the 

registration of the successor if the successor, within 30 days after such succession, files a 

registration on Form Funding Portal (§ 249.2000 of this chapter) and the predecessor files a 

withdrawal on Form Funding Portal; provided, however, that the registration of the predecessor 

funding portal will be deemed withdrawn 45 days after registration on Form Funding Portal is 

filed by the successor. 

(2) Notwithstanding paragraph (c)(1) of this section, if a funding portal succeeds to and 

continues the business of a registered funding portal and the succession is based solely on a 

change of the predecessor’s date or state of incorporation, form of organization, or composition of 
583

a partnership, the successor may, within 30 days after the succession, amend the registration of the 

predecessor on Form Funding Portal (§ 249.2000 of this chapter) to reflect these changes. 

(d) Withdrawal. A funding portal must promptly file a withdrawal of registration on Form 

Funding Portal (§ 249.2000 of this chapter) in accordance with the instructions on the form upon 

ceasing to operate as a funding portal. Withdrawal will be effective on the later of 30 days after 

receipt by the Commission (after the funding portal is no longer operational), or within such 

longer period of time as to which the funding portal consents or which the Commission by order 

may determine as necessary or appropriate in the public interest or for the protection of investors.

(e) Applications and reports. The applications and reports provided for in this section shall 

be considered filed when a complete Form Funding Portal (§ 249.2000 of this chapter) is submitted 

with the Commission. Duplicate originals of the applications and reports provided for in this 

section must be filed with surveillance personnel designated by any registered national securities 

association of which the funding portal is a member.

(f) Nonresident funding portals. Registration pursuant to this section by a nonresident 

funding portal shall be conditioned upon there being an information sharing arrangement in place 

between the Commission and the competent regulator in the jurisdiction under the laws of which 

the nonresident funding portal is organized or where it has its principal place of business, that is 

applicable to the nonresident funding portal. 

(1) Definition. For purposes of this section, the term nonresident funding portal shall 

mean a funding portal incorporated in or organized under the laws of a jurisdiction outside of the 

United States or its territories, or having its principal place of business in any place not in the 

United States or its territories.
584

(2) Power of attorney. (i) Each nonresident funding portal registered or applying for 

registration pursuant to this section shall obtain a written consent and power of attorney 

appointing an agent in the United States, other than the Commission or a Commission member, 

official or employee, upon whom may be served any process, pleadings or other papers in any 

action under the federal securities laws. This consent and power of attorney must be signed by the 

nonresident funding portal and the named agent(s) for service of process.

(ii) Each nonresident funding portal registered or applying for registration pursuant to this 

section shall, at the time of filing its application on Form Funding Portal (§ 249.2000 of this 

chapter), furnish to the Commission the name and address of its United States agent for service of 

process on Schedule C to the Form.

(iii) Any change of a nonresident funding portal’s agent for service of process and any 

change of name or address of a nonresident funding portal’s existing agent for service of process 

shall be communicated promptly to the Commission through amendment of the Schedule C to 

Form Funding Portal (§ 249.2000 of this chapter).

(iv) Each nonresident funding portal must promptly appoint a successor agent for service 

of process if the nonresident funding portal discharges its identified agent for service of process or 

if its agent for service of process is unwilling or unable to accept service on behalf of the 

nonresident funding portal.

(v) Each nonresident funding portal must maintain, as part of its books and records, the 

written consent and power of attorney identified in paragraph (f)(2)(i) of this section for at least 

three years after the agreement is terminated.
585

(3) Access to books and records; inspections and examinations(i) Certification and 

opinion of counsel. Any nonresident funding portal applying for registration pursuant to this 

section shall:

(A) Certify on Schedule C to Form Funding Portal (§ 249.2000 of this chapter) that the 

nonresident funding portal can, as a matter of law, and will provide the Commission and any 

registered national securities association of which it becomes a member with prompt access to the 

books and records of such nonresident funding portal and can, as a matter of law, and will submit 

to onsite inspection and examination by the Commission and any registered national securities 

association of which it becomes a member; and

(B) Provide an opinion of counsel that the nonresident funding portal can, as a matter of 

law, provide the Commission and any registered national securities association of which it 

becomes a member with prompt access to the books and records of such nonresident funding 

portal and can, as a matter of law, submit to onsite inspection and examination by the Commission 

and any registered national securities association of which it becomes a member.

(ii) Amendments. The nonresident funding portal shall re-certify, on Schedule C to Form 

Funding Portal (§ 249.2000 of this chapter), within 90 days after any changes in the legal or 

regulatory framework that would impact the nonresident funding portal’s ability to provide, or the 

manner in which it provides, the Commission, or any registered national securities association of 

which it is a member, with prompt access to its books and records or that would impact the 

Commission’s or such registered national securities association’s ability to inspect and examine 

the nonresident funding portal. The re-certification shall be accompanied by a revised opinion of 

counsel describing how, as a matter of law, the nonresident funding portal can continue to meet its 

obligations under paragraphs (f)(3)(i)(A) and (B) of this section.
586

§ 227.401 Exemption. 

A funding portal that is registered with the Commission pursuant to § 227.400 is exempt 

from the broker registration requirements of section 15(a)(1) of the Exchange Act (15 U.S.C. 

78o(a)(1)) in connection with its activities as a funding portal.

§ 227.402 Conditional safe harbor.

(a) General. Under section 3(a)(80) of the Exchange Act (15 U.S.C. 78c(a)(80)), a funding 

portal acting as an intermediary in a transaction involving the offer or sale of securities in reliance 

on section 4(a)(6) of the Securities Act (15 U.S.C. 77d(a)(6)) may not: offer investment advice or 

recommendations; solicit purchases, sales, or offers to buy the securities offered or displayed on 

its platform or portal; compensate employees, agents, or other persons for such solicitation or 

based on the sale of securities displayed or referenced on its platform or portal; hold, manage, 

possess, or otherwise handle investor funds or securities; or engage in such other activities as the 

Commission, by rule, determines appropriate. This section is intended to provide clarity with 

respect to the ability of a funding portal to engage in certain activities, consistent with the 

prohibitions under section 3(a)(80) of the Exchange Act. No presumption shall arise that a 

funding portal has violated the prohibitions under section 3(a)(80) of the Exchange Act or this part

by reason of the funding portal or its associated persons engaging in activities in connection with 

the offer or sale of securities in reliance on section 4(a)(6) of the Securities Act that do not meet 

the conditions specified in paragraph (b) of this section. The antifraud provisions and all other 

applicable provisions of the federal securities laws continue to apply to the activities described in 

paragraph (b) of this section.

(b) Permitted activities. A funding portal may, consistent with the prohibitions under 

section 3(a)(80) of the Exchange Act (15 U.S.C. 78c(a)(80)) and this part:
587

(1) Determine whether and under what terms to allow an issuer to offer and sell securities 

in reliance on section 4(a)(6) of the Securities Act (15 U.S.C. 77d(a)(6)) through its platform; 

provided that a funding portal otherwise complies with this part;

(2) Apply objective criteria to highlight offerings on the funding portal’s platform where:

(i) The criteria are reasonably designed to highlight a broad selection of issuers offering 

securities through the funding portal’s platform, are applied consistently to all issuers and 

offerings and are clearly displayed on the funding portal’s platform; 

(ii) The criteria may include, among other things, the type of securities being offered (for 

example, common stock, preferred stock or debt securities); the geographic location of the issuer; 

the industry or business segment of the issuer; the number or amount of investment commitments 

made, progress in meeting the issuer’s target offering amount or, if applicable, the maximum 

offering amount; and the minimum or maximum investment amount; provided that the funding 

portal may not highlight an issuer or offering based on the advisability of investing in the issuer or 

its offering; and 

(iii) The funding portal does not receive special or additional compensations for 

highlighting one or more issuers or offerings on its platform; 

(3) Provide search functions or other tools that investors can use to search, sort, or 

categorize the offerings available through the funding portal’s platform according to objective 

criteria where;

(i) The criteria may include, among other things, the type of securities being offered (for 

example, common stock, preferred stock or debt securities); the geographic location of the issuer; 

the industry or business segment of the issuer; the number or amount of investment commitments 
588

made, progress in meeting the issuer’s target offering amount or, if applicable, the maximum 

offering amount; and the minimum or maximum investment amount; and

(ii) The criteria may not include, among other things, the advisability of investing in the 

issuer or its offering, or an assessment of any characteristic of the issuer, its business plan, its key 

management or risks associated with an investment. 

(4) Provide communication channels by which investors can communicate with one 

another and with representatives of the issuer through the funding portal’s platform about 

offerings through the platform, so long as the funding portal (and its associated persons): 

(i) Does not participate in these communications, other than to establish guidelines for 

communication and remove abusive or potentially fraudulent communications; 

(ii) Permits public access to view the discussions made in the communication channels; 

(iii) Restricts posting of comments in the communication channels to those persons who 

have opened an account on its platform; and

(iv) Requires that any person posting a comment in the communication channels clearly 

disclose with each posting whether he or she is a founder or an employee of an issuer engaging in 

promotional activities on behalf of the issuer, or is otherwise compensated, whether in the past or 

prospectively, to promote an issuer’s offering;

(5) Advise an issuer about the structure or content of the issuer’s offering, including 

assisting the issuer in preparing offering documentation;

(6) Compensate a third party for referring a person to the funding portal, so long as the 

third party does not provide the funding portal with personally identifiable information of any 

potential investor, and the compensation, other than that paid to a registered broker or dealer, is 
589

not based, directly or indirectly, on the purchase or sale of a security in reliance on section 4(a)(6)

of the Securities Act (15 U.S.C. 77d(a)(6)) offered on or through the funding portal’s platform; 

(7) Pay or offer to pay any compensation to a registered broker or dealer for services,

including referrals pursuant to paragraph (b)(6) of this section, in connection with the offer or sale 

of securities by the funding portal in reliance on section 4(a)(6) of the Act(15 U.S.C. 77d(a)(6)), 

provided that:

(i) Such services are provided pursuant to a written agreement between the funding portal 

and the registered broker or dealer; 

(ii) Such services and compensation are permitted under this part; and 

(iii) Such services and compensation comply with the rules of any registered national 

securities association of which the funding portal is a member;

(8) Receive any compensation from a registered broker or dealer for services provided by 

the funding portal in connection with the offer or sale of securities by the funding portal in 

reliance on section 4(a)(6) of the Securities Act (15 U.S.C. 77d(a)(6)), provided that:

(i) Such services are provided pursuant to a written agreement between the funding portal 

and the registered broker or dealer;

(ii) Such compensation is permitted under this part; and 

(iii) Such compensation complies with the rules of any registered national securities 

association of which the funding portal is a member;

(9) Advertise the existence of the funding portal and identify one or more issuers or 

offerings available on the portal on the basis of objective criteria, as long as: 
590

(i) The criteria are reasonably designed to identify a broad selection of issuers offering 

securities through the funding portal’s platform, and are applied consistently to all potential 

issuers and offerings; 

(ii) The criteria may include, among other things, the type of securities being offered (for 

example, common stock, preferred stock or debt securities); the geographic location of the issuer; 

the industry or business segment of the issuer; the expressed interest by investors, as measured by 

number or amount of investment commitments made, progress in meeting the issuer’s target 

offering amount or, if applicable, the maximum offering amount; and the minimum or maximum 

investment amount; and

(iii) The funding portal does not receive special or additional compensation for identifying 

the issuer or offering in this manner;

(10) Deny access to its platform to, or cancel an offering of an issuer, pursuant to § 

227.301(c)(2), if the funding portal has a reasonable basis for believing that the issuer or the 

offering presents the potential for fraud or otherwise raises concerns about investor protection;

(11) Accept, on behalf of an issuer, an investment commitment for securities offered in 

reliance on section 4(a)(6) of the Securities Act (15 U.S.C. 77d(a)(6)) by that issuer on the funding 

portal’s platform;

(12) Direct investors where to transmit funds or remit payment in connection with the 

purchase of securities offered and sold in reliance on section 4(a)(6) of the Securities Act (15 

U.S.C. 77d(a)(6)); and

(13) Direct a qualified third party, as required by § 227.303(e), to release proceeds to an 

issuer upon completion of a crowdfunding offering or to return proceeds to investors in the event 

an investment commitment or an offering is cancelled.
591

§ 227.403 Compliance.

(a) Policies and procedures. A funding portal must implement written policies and 

procedures reasonably designed to achieve compliance with the federal securities laws and the 

rules and regulations thereunder relating to its business as a funding portal.

(b) Privacy. A funding portal must comply with the requirements of part 248 of this 

chapter as they apply to brokers. 

(c) Inspections and examinations. A funding portal shall permit the examination and 

inspection of all of its business and business operations that relate to its activities as a funding 

portal, such as its premises, systems, platforms, and records by representatives of the Commission 

and of the registered national securities association of which it is a member.

§ 227.404 Records to be made and kept by funding portals.

(a) Generally. A funding portal shall make and preserve the following records for five 

years, the first two years in an easily accessible place: 

(1) All records related to an investor who purchases or attempts to purchase securities 

through the funding portal; 

(2) All records related to issuers who offer and sell or attempt to offer and sell securities 

through the funding portal and the control persons of such issuers; 

(3) Records of all communications that occur on or through its platform;

(4) All records related to persons that use communication channels provided by a funding 

portal to promote an issuer’s securities or communicate with potential investors; 

(5) All records required to demonstrate compliance with the requirements of subparts C 

(§§ 227.300 through 227.305) and D (§§ 227.400 through 227.404) of this part; 
592

(6) All notices provided by such funding portal to issuers and investors generally through 

the funding portal’s platform or otherwise, including, but not limited to, notices addressing hours 

of funding portal operations (if any), funding portal malfunctions, changes to funding portal 

procedures, maintenance of hardware and software, instructions pertaining to access to the 

funding portal and denials of, or limitations on, access to the funding portal; 

(7) All written agreements (or copies thereof) entered into by such funding portal relating 

to its business as such; 

(8) All daily, monthly and quarterly summaries of transactions effected through the 

funding portal, including: 

(i) Issuers for which the target offering amount has been reached and funds distributed; 

and

(ii) Transaction volume, expressed in: 

(A) Number of transactions; 

(B) Number of securities involved in a transaction; 

(C) Total amounts raised by, and distributed to, issuers; and 

(D) Total dollar amounts raised across all issuers, expressed in U.S. dollars; and

(9) A log reflecting the progress of each issuer who offers or sells securities through the 

funding portal toward meeting the target offering amount.

(b) Organizational documents. A funding portal shall make and preserve during the 

operation of the funding portal and of any successor funding portal, all organizational documents 

relating to the funding portal, including but not limited to, partnership agreements, articles of 

incorporation or charter, minute books and stock certificate books (or other similar type 

documents). 
593

(c) Format. The records required to be maintained and preserved pursuant to paragraph (a) 

of this section must be produced, reproduced, and maintained in the original, non-alterable format 

in which they were created or as permitted under § 240.17a-4(f) of this chapter. 

(d) Third parties. The records required to be made and preserved pursuant to this section 

may be prepared or maintained by a third party on behalf of a funding portal. An agreement with 

a third party shall not relieve a funding portal from the responsibility to prepare and maintain 

records as specified in this rule. A funding portal must file with the registered national securities 

association of which it is a member, a written undertaking in a form acceptable to the registered 

national securities association, signed by a duly authorized person of the third party, stating in 

effect that such records are the property of the funding portal and will be surrendered promptly on 

request of the funding portal. The undertaking shall include the following provision: 

With respect to any books and records maintained or preserved on behalf of [name 

of funding portal], the undersigned hereby acknowledges that the books and 

records are the property of [name of funding portal], and hereby undertakes to 

permit examination of such books and records at any time, or from time to time, 

during business hours by representatives of the Securities and Exchange 

Commission and the registered national securities association of which the funding 

portal is a member, and to promptly furnish to the Commission, its representatives, 

and the registered national securities association of which the funding portal is a 

member, a true, correct, complete and current hard copy of any, all, or any part of, 

such books and records. 

(e) Review of records. All records of a funding portal are subject at any time, or from time 

to time, to reasonable periodic, special, or other examination by the representatives of the 
594

Commission and the registered national securities association of which a funding portal is a 

member. Every funding portal shall furnish promptly to the Commission, its representatives, and

the registered national securities association of which the funding portal is a member true, correct, 

complete and current copies of such records of the funding portal that are requested by the 

representatives of the Commission and the registered national securities association.

(f) Financial recordkeeping and reporting of currency and foreign transactions. A funding 

portal that is subject to the requirements of the Currency and Foreign Transactions Reporting Act 

of 1970 (15 U.S.C. 5311 et seq.) shall comply with the reporting, recordkeeping and record 

retention requirements of 31 CFR chapter X. Where 31 CFR chapter X and § 227.404(a) and (b) 

require the same records or reports to be preserved for different periods of time, such records or 

reports shall be preserved for the longer period of time.

Subpart E – Miscellaneous Provisions

§ 227.501 Restrictions on resales.

(a) Securities issued in a transaction exempt from registration pursuant to section 4(a)(6)

of the Securities Act (15 U.S.C. 77d(a)(6)) and in accordance with section 4A of the Securities 

Act (15 U.S.C. 77d-1) and this part may not be transferred by any purchaser of such securities 

during the one-year period beginning when the securities were issued in a transaction exempt from 

registration pursuant to section 4(a)(6) of the Securities Act (15 U.S.C. 77d(a)(6)), unless such 

securities are transferred:

(1) To the issuer of the securities;

(2) To an accredited investor;

(3) As part of an offering registered with the Commission; or
595

(4) To a member of the family of the purchaser or the equivalent, to a trust controlled by 

the purchaser, to a trust created for the benefit of a member of the family of the purchaser or the 

equivalent, or in connection with the death or divorce of the purchaser or other similar 

circumstance. 

(b) For purposes of this § 227.501, the term accredited investor shall mean any person 

who comes within any of the categories set forth in § 230.501(a) of this chapter, or who the seller 

reasonably believes comes within any of such categories, at the time of the sale of the securities to 

that person. 

(c) For purposes of this section, the term member of the family of the purchaser or the 

equivalent includes a child, stepchild, grandchild, parent, stepparent, grandparent, spouse or 

spousal equivalent, sibling, mother-in-law, father-in-law, son-in-law, daughter-in-law, brother-inlaw, or sister-in-law of the purchaser, and shall include adoptive relationships. For purposes of 

this paragraph (c), the term spousal equivalent means a cohabitant occupying a relationship 

generally equivalent to that of a spouse.

§ 227.502 Insignificant deviations from a term, condition or requirement of this part 

(Regulation Crowdfunding).

(a) A failure to comply with a term, condition, or requirement of this part will not result in 

the loss of the exemption from the requirements of Section 5 of the Securities Act (15 U.S.C. 77e) 

for any offer or sale to a particular individual or entity, if the issuer relying on the exemption 

shows:

(1) The failure to comply was insignificant with respect to the offering as a whole;

(2) The issuer made a good faith and reasonable attempt to comply with all applicable 

terms, conditions and requirements of this part; and
596

(3) The issuer did not know of such failure where the failure to comply with a term, 

condition or requirement of this part was the result of the failure of the intermediary to comply 

with the requirements of section 4A(a) of the Securities Act (15 U.S.C. 77d-1(a)) and the related 

rules, or such failure by the intermediary occurred solely in offerings other than the issuer’s 

offering.

(b) Paragraph (a) of this section shall not preclude the Commission from bringing an 

enforcement action seeking any appropriate relief for an issuer’s failure to comply with all 

applicable terms, conditions and requirements of this part. 

§ 227.503 Disqualification provisions.

(a) Disqualification events. No exemption under this section 4(a)(6) of the Securities Act 

(15 U.S.C. 77d(a)(6)) shall be available for a sale of securities if the issuer; any predecessor of the 

issuer; any affiliated issuer; any director, officer, general partner or managing member of the 

issuer; any beneficial owner of 20 percent or more of the issuer’s outstanding voting equity 

securities, calculated on the basis of voting power; any promoter connected with the issuer in any 

capacity at the time of such sale; any person that has been or will be paid (directly or indirectly) 

remuneration for solicitation of purchasers in connection with such sale of securities; or any 

general partner, director, officer or managing member of any such solicitor:

(1) Has been convicted, within 10 years before the filing of the offering statement (or five 

years, in the case of issuers, their predecessors and affiliated issuers), of any felony or 

misdemeanor:

(i) In connection with the purchase or sale of any security;

(ii) Involving the making of any false filing with the Commission; or
597

(iii) Arising out of the conduct of the business of an underwriter, broker, dealer, municipal 

securities dealer, investment adviser, funding portal or paid solicitor of purchasers of securities;

(2) Is subject to any order, judgment or decree of any court of competent jurisdiction, 

entered within five years before the filing of the information required by section 4A(b) of the 

Securities Act (15 U.S.C. 77d-1(b)) that, at the time of such filing, restrains or enjoins such person 

from engaging or continuing to engage in any conduct or practice:

(i) In connection with the purchase or sale of any security;

(ii) Involving the making of any false filing with the Commission; or 

(iii) Arising out of the conduct of the business of an underwriter, broker, dealer, municipal 

securities dealer, investment adviser, funding portal or paid solicitor of purchasers of securities;

(3) Is subject to a final order of a state securities commission (or an agency or officer of a 

state performing like functions); a state authority that supervises or examines banks, savings 

associations or credit unions; a state insurance commission (or an agency or officer of a state 

performing like functions); an appropriate federal banking agency; the U.S. Commodity Futures 

Trading Commission; or the National Credit Union Administration that:

(i) At the time of the filing of the information required by section 4A(b) of the Securities 

Act (15 U.S.C. 77d-1(b)), bars the person from:

(A) Association with an entity regulated by such commission, authority, agency or officer;

(B) Engaging in the business of securities, insurance or banking; or

(C) Engaging in savings association or credit union activities; or

(ii) Constitutes a final order based on a violation of any law or regulation that prohibits 

fraudulent, manipulative or deceptive conduct entered within ten years before such filing of the 

offering statement;
598

Instruction to paragraph (a)(3). Final order shall mean a written directive or declaratory 

statement issued by a federal or state agency, described in § 227.503(a)(3), under applicable 

statutory authority that provides for notice and an opportunity for hearing, which constitutes a 

final disposition or action by that federal or state agency. 

(4) Is subject to an order of the Commission entered pursuant to section 15(b) or 15B(c) of 

the Exchange Act (15 U.S.C. 78o(b) or 78o-4(c)) or Section 203(e) or (f) of the Investment 

Advisers Act of 1940 (15 U.S.C. 80b-3(e) or (f)) that, at the time of the filing of the information 

required by section 4A(b) of the Securities Act (15 U.S.C. 77d-1(b)):

(i) Suspends or revokes such person’s registration as a broker, dealer, municipal securities 

dealer, investment adviser or funding portal; 

(ii) Places limitations on the activities, functions or operations of such person; or

(iii) Bars such person from being associated with any entity or from participating in the 

offering of any penny stock;

(5) Is subject to any order of the Commission entered within five years before the filing of 

the information required by section 4A(b) of the Securities Act (15 U.S.C. 77d-1(b)) that, at the 

time of such filing, orders the person to cease and desist from committing or causing a violation or 

future violation of:

(i) Any scienter-based anti-fraud provision of the federal securities laws, including without 

limitation Section 17(a)(1) of the Securities Act (15 U.S.C. 77q(a)(1)), Section 10(b) of the 

Exchange Act (15 U.S.C. 78j(b)) and 17 CFR 240.10b-5, section 15(c)(1) of the Exchange Act (15 

U.S.C. 78o(c)(1)) and Section 206(1) of the Investment Advisers Act of 1940 (15 U.S.C. 80b6(1)) or any other rule or regulation thereunder; or

(ii) Section 5 of the Securities Act (15 U.S.C. 77e);
599

(6) Is suspended or expelled from membership in, or suspended or barred from association 

with a member of, a registered national securities exchange or a registered national or affiliated 

securities association for any act or omission to act constituting conduct inconsistent with just and 

equitable principles of trade;

(7) Has filed (as a registrant or issuer), or was or was named as an underwriter in, any 

registration statement or Regulation A (17 CFR 230.251 through 230.263) offering statement filed 

with the Commission that, within five years before the filing of the information required by 

section 4A(b) of the Securities Act (15 U.S.C. 77d-1(b)), was the subject of a refusal order, stop 

order, or order suspending the Regulation A exemption, or is, at the time of such filing, the subject 

of an investigation or proceeding to determine whether a stop order or suspension order should be 

issued; or

(8) Is subject to a United States Postal Service false representation order entered within 

five years before the filing of the information required by section 4A(b) of the Securities Act (15 

U.S.C. 77d-1(b)), or is, at the time of such filing, subject to a temporary restraining order or 

preliminary injunction with respect to conduct alleged by the United States Postal Service to 

constitute a scheme or device for obtaining money or property through the mail by means of false 

representations.

(b) Transition, waivers, reasonable care exception. Paragraph (a) of this section shall not 

apply:

(1) With respect to any conviction, order, judgment, decree, suspension, expulsion or bar

that occurred or was issued before May 16, 2016;
600

(2) Upon a showing of good cause and without prejudice to any other action by the 

Commission, if the Commission determines that it is not necessary under the circumstances that 

an exemption be denied;

(3) If, before the filing of the information required by section 4A(b) of the Securities Act 

(15 U.S.C. 77d-1(b)), the court or regulatory authority that entered the relevant order, judgment or 

decree advises in writing (whether contained in the relevant judgment, order or decree or 

separately to the Commission or its staff) that disqualification under paragraph (a) of this section 

should not arise as a consequence of such order, judgment or decree; or

(4) If the issuer establishes that it did not know and, in the exercise of reasonable care, 

could not have known that a disqualification existed under paragraph (a) of this section.

Instruction to paragraph (b)(4). An issuer will not be able to establish that it has exercised 

reasonable care unless it has made, in light of the circumstances, factual inquiry into whether any 

disqualifications exist. The nature and scope of the factual inquiry will vary based on the facts 

and circumstances concerning, among other things, the issuer and the other offering participants.

(c) Affiliated issuers. For purposes of paragraph (a) of this section, events relating to any 

affiliated issuer that occurred before the affiliation arose will be not considered disqualifying if the 

affiliated entity is not:

(1) In control of the issuer; or

(2) Under common control with the issuer by a third party that was in control of the 

affiliated entity at the time of such events.

(d) Intermediaries. A person that is subject to a statutory disqualification as defined in 

section 3(a)(39) of the Exchange Act (15 U.S.C. 78c(a)(39)) may not act as, or be an associated 

person of, an intermediary in a transaction involving the offer or sale of securities in reliance on 
601

section 4(a)(6) of the Securities Act (15 U.S.C. 77d(a)(6)) unless so permitted pursuant to 

Commission rule or order.

Instruction to paragraph (d). § 240.17f-2 of this chapter generally requires the 

fingerprinting of every person who is a partner, director, officer or employee of a broker, subject 

to certain exceptions. 

PART 232 – REGULATION S-T – GENERAL RULES AND REGULATIONS FOR 

ELECTRONIC FILINGS

5. The authority citation for part 232 continues to read, in part, as follows:

Authority: 15 U.S.C. 77c, 77f, 77g, 77h, 77j, 77s(a), 77z-3, 77sss(a), 78c(b), 781, 78m, 

78n, 78o(d), 78w(a), 78ll, 80a-6(c), 80a-8, 80a-29, 80a-30, 80a-37, 7201 et seq.; and 18 U.S.C. 

1350, unless otherwise noted.

* * * * *

6. Amend §232.101 by:

a. In paragraph (a)(1)(xvii) removing “and” at the end of the paragraph; and

b. In paragraph (a)(1)(xviii) removing the period at the end of the paragraph and adding in 

its place a semicolon; and

c. Adding paragraphs (a)(1)(xix) and (a)(1)(xx).

The addition reads as follows:

§ 232.101 Mandated electronic submissions and exceptions.

(a) * * *

(1) * * *

(xix) Form C (§239.900 of this chapter). Exhibits to Form C (§239.900 of this chapter) 

may be filed on EDGAR as PDF documents in the format required by the EDGAR Filer Manual, 
602

as defined in Rule 11 of Regulation S-T (§232.11 of this chapter). Notwithstanding Rule 104 of 

Regulation S-T (§232.104 of this chapter), the PDF documents filed under this paragraph will be

considered as officially filed with the Commission; and

(xx) Form Funding Portal (§249.2000 of this chapter). Exhibits and attachments to Form 

Funding Portal (§249.2000 of this chapter) may be filed on EDGAR as PDF documents in the 

format required by the EDGAR Filer Manual, as defined in Rule 11 of Regulation S-T (§232.11 of 

this chapter). Notwithstanding Rule 104 of Regulation S-T (§232.104 of this chapter), the PDF 

documents filed under this paragraph will be considered as officially filed with the Commission.

* * * * *

PART 239 – FORMS PRESCRIBED UNDER THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933

7. The authority citation for part 239 continues to read, in part, as follows:

Authority: 15 U.S.C. 77c, 77f, 77g, 77h, 77j, 77s, 77z-2, 77z-3, 77sss, 78c, 78l, 78m, 78n, 

78o(d), 78o-7 note, 78u-5, 78w(a), 78ll, 78mm, 80a-2(a), 80a-3, 80a-8, 80a-9, 80a-10, 80a-13, 

80a-24, 80a-26, 80a-29, 80a-30, and 80a-37, unless otherwise noted.

* * * * *

8. Add § 239.900 to read as follows:

§ 239.900 Form C.

This form shall be used for filings under Regulation Crowdfunding (part 227 of this chapter).

Note: The text of Form C will not appear in the Code of Federal Regulations.
603

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM C

UNDER THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933

(Mark one.)

□ Form C: Offering Statement

□ Form C-U: Progress Update: 

□ Form C/A: Amendment to Offering Statement: 

□ Check box if Amendment is material and investors must reconfirm within five business days.

□ Form C-AR: Annual Report

□ Form C-AR/A: Amendment to Annual Report

□ Form C-TR: Termination of Reporting

Name of issuer: 

Legal status of issuer:

Form: 

Jurisdiction of Incorporation/Organization: 

Date of organization): 

Physical address of issuer: 

Website of issuer: 

Name of intermediary through which the offering will be conducted: 

CIK number of intermediary: 

SEC file number of intermediary: 

CRD number, if applicable, of intermediary:

Amount of compensation to be paid to the intermediary, whether as a dollar amount or a percentage of the offering 

amount, or a good faith estimate if the exact amount is not available at the time of the filing, for conducting the 

offering, including the amount of referral and any other fees associated with the offering:

Any other direct or indirect interest in the issuer held by the intermediary, or any arrangement for the intermediary to 

acquire such an interest:

Type of security offered: 

Target number of securities to be offered: 

Price (or method for determining price): 

Target offering amount: 

Oversubscriptions accepted: □ Yes □ No 

If yes, disclose how oversubscriptions will be allocated: □ Pro-rata basis □ First-come, first-served basis 

□ Other – provide a description:

Maximum offering amount (if different from target offering amount): 

Deadline to reach the target offering amount: 

NOTE: If the sum of the investment commitments does not equal or exceed the target offering 

amount at the offering deadline, no securities will be sold in the offering, investment commitments 

will be cancelled and committed funds will be returned.
604

Current number of employees: 

Total Assets: Most recent fiscal year-end: Prior fiscal year-end:

Cash & Cash Equivalents: Most recent fiscal year-end: Prior fiscal year-end:

Accounts Receivable: Most recent fiscal year-end: Prior fiscal year-end:

Short-term Debt: Most recent fiscal year-end: Prior fiscal year-end:

Long-term Debt: Most recent fiscal year-end: Prior fiscal year-end:

Revenues/Sales Most recent fiscal year-end: Prior fiscal year-end:

Cost of Goods Sold: Most recent fiscal year-end: Prior fiscal year-end:

Taxes Paid: Most recent fiscal year-end: Prior fiscal year-end:

Net Income: Most recent fiscal year-end: Prior fiscal year-end:

Using the list below, select the jurisdictions in which the issuer intends to offer the securities: 

[List will include all U.S. jurisdictions, with an option to add and remove them 

individually, add all and remove all.]

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS

I. Eligibility Requirements for Use of Form C

This Form shall be used for the offering statement, and any related amendments and progress reports, required 

to be filed by any issuer offering or selling securities in reliance on the exemption in Securities Act Section 4(a)(6)

and in accordance with Section 4A and Regulation Crowdfunding (§ 227.100 et seq.). This Form also shall be used 

for an annual report required pursuant to Rule 202 of Regulation Crowdfunding (§ 227.202) and for the termination of 

reporting required pursuant to Rule 203(b)(2) of Regulation Crowdfunding (§ 227.203(b)(2)). Careful attention 

should be directed to the terms, conditions and requirements of the exemption. 

II. Preparation and Filing of Form C

Information on the cover page will be generated based on the information provided in XML format. Other

than the cover page, this Form is not to be used as a blank form to be filled in, but only as a guide in the preparation of

Form C. General information regarding the preparation, format and how to file this Form is contained in 

Regulation S-T (§ 232 et seq.). 

III. Information to be Included in the Form

Item 1. Offering Statement Disclosure Requirements

An issuer filing this Form for an offering in reliance on Section 4(a)(6) of the Securities Act and pursuant to 

Regulation Crowdfunding (§ 227.100 et seq.) must file the Form prior to the commencement of the offering and 

include the information required by Rule 201 of Regulation Crowdfunding (§ 227.201).

An issuer must include in the XML-based portion of this Form: the information required by paragraphs (a), 

(e), (g), (h), (l), (n), and (o) of Rule 201 of Regulation Crowdfunding (§ 227.201(a), (e), (g), (h), (l), (n), and (o)); 

selected financial data for the prior two fiscal years (including total assets, cash and cash equivalents, accounts 

receivable, short-term debt, long-term debt, revenues/sales, cost of goods sold, taxes paid and net income); the 

jurisdictions in which the issuer intends to offer the securities; and any information required by Rule 203(a)(3) of 

Regulation Crowdfunding (§ 227.203(a)(3)). 

Other than the information required to be provided in XML format, an issuer may provide the required 

information in the optional Question and Answer format included herein or in any other format included on the 

intermediary’s platform, by filing such information as an exhibit to this Form, including copies of screen shots of the 

relevant information, as appropriate and necessary. 
605

If disclosure in response to any paragraph of Rule 201 of Regulation Crowdfunding (§ 227.201) or 

Rule 203(a)(3) is responsive to one or more other paragraphs of Rule 201 of Regulation Crowdfunding (§ 227.201) or 

to Rule 203(a)(3) of Regulation Crowdfunding (§ 227.203(a)(3)), issuers are not required to make duplicate 

disclosures.

Item 2. Legends 

(a) An issuer filing this Form for an offering in reliance on Section 4(a)(6) of the Securities Act and 

pursuant to Regulation Crowdfunding (§ 227.100 et seq.) must include the following legends: 

A crowdfunding investment involves risk. You should not invest any funds in this offering unless you can 

afford to lose your entire investment. 

In making an investment decision, investors must rely on their own examination of the issuer and the terms 

of the offering, including the merits and risks involved. These securities have not been recommended or 

approved by any federal or state securities commission or regulatory authority. Furthermore, these 

authorities have not passed upon the accuracy or adequacy of this document. 

The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission does not pass upon the merits of any securities offered or the 

terms of the offering, nor does it pass upon the accuracy or completeness of any offering document or 

literature. 

These securities are offered under an exemption from registration; however, the U.S. Securities and 

Exchange Commission has not made an independent determination that these securities are exempt from 

registration.

(b) An issuer filing this Form for an offering in reliance on Section 4(a)(6) of the Securities Act and 

pursuant to Regulation Crowdfunding (§ 227.100 et seq.) must disclose in the offering statement that it will file a 

report with the Commission annually and post the report on its website, no later than 120 days after the end of each 

fiscal year covered by the report. The issuer must also disclose how an issuer may terminate its reporting obligations 

in the future in accordance with Rule 202(b) of Regulation Crowdfunding (§ 227.202(b)).

Item 3. Annual Report Disclosure Requirements

An issuer filing this Form for an annual report, as required by Regulation Crowdfunding (§ 227.100 et seq.), 

must file the Form no later than 120 days after the issuer’s fiscal year end covered by the report and include the 

information required by Rule 201(a), (b), (c), (d), (e), (f), (m), (p), (q), (r), (s), (t), (x) and (y) of 

Regulation Crowdfunding (§§ 227.201(a), (b), (c), (d), (e), (f), (m), (p), (q), (r), (s), (t), (x) and (y)). For purposes of 

paragraph (t), the issuer shall provide financial statements certified by the principal executive officer of the issuer to 

be true and complete in all material respects. If, however, the issuer has available financial statements prepared in 

accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (U.S. GAAP) that have been reviewed or audited by 

an independent certified public accountant, those financial statements must be provided and the principal executive 

officer certification will not be required.

An issuer must include in the XML-based portion of this Form: the information required by paragraphs (a), 

and (e) of Rule 201 of Regulation Crowdfunding (§ 227.201(a) and (e)); and selected financial data for the prior two 

fiscal years (including total assets, cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, short-term debt, long-term debt, 

revenues/sales, cost of goods sold, taxes paid and net income). 
606

SIGNATURE

Pursuant to the requirements of Sections 4(a)(6) and 4A of the Securities Act of 1933 and Regulation 

Crowdfunding (§ 227.100 et seq.), the issuer certifies that it has reasonable grounds to believe that it meets all of the 

requirements for filing on Form C and has duly caused this Form to be signed on its behalf by the duly authorized 

undersigned.

(Issuer)

By

(Signature and Title)

Pursuant to the requirements of Sections 4(a)(6) and 4A of the Securities Act of 1933 and Regulation 

Crowdfunding (§ 227.100 et seq.), this Form C has been signed by the following persons in the capacities and on the 

dates indicated.

(Signature)

(Title)

(Date)

Instructions.

1. The form shall be signed by the issuer, its principal executive officer or officers, its principal financial 

officer, its controller or principal accounting officer and at least a majority of the board of directors or persons 

performing similar functions.

2. The name of each person signing the form shall be typed or printed beneath the signature.

Intentional misstatements or omissions of facts constitute federal criminal violations. See 18 U.S.C. 1001. 
607

OPTIONAL QUESTION & ANSWER FORMAT

FOR AN OFFERING STATEMENT

Respond to each question in each paragraph of this part. Set forth each question and any notes, but not any 

instructions thereto, in their entirety. If disclosure in response to any question is responsive to one or more other 

questions, it is not necessary to repeat the disclosure. If a question or series of questions is inapplicable or the 

response is available elsewhere in the Form, either state that it is inapplicable, include a cross-reference to the 

responsive disclosure, or omit the question or series of questions.

Be very careful and precise in answering all questions. Give full and complete answers so that they are not 

misleading under the circumstances involved. Do not discuss any future performance or other anticipated event 

unless you have a reasonable basis to believe that it will actually occur within the foreseeable future. If any answer 

requiring significant information is materially inaccurate, incomplete or misleading, the Company, its management 

and principal shareholders may be liable to investors based on that information.

THECOMPANY

1. Name of issuer: 

ELIGIBILITY

2. □ Check this box to certify that all of the following statements are true for the issuer:

• Organized under, and subject to, the laws of a State or territory of the United States or the 

District of Columbia.

• Not subject to the requirement to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the 

Securities Exchange Act of 1934.

• Not an investment company registered or required to be registered under the Investment 

Company Act of 1940.

• Not ineligible to rely on this exemption under Section 4(a)(6) of the Securities Act as a 

result of a disqualification specified in Rule 503(a) of Regulation Crowdfunding. (For more 

information about these disqualifications, see Question 30 of this Question and Answer 

format).

• Has filed with the Commission and provided to investors, to the extent required, the ongoing 

annual reports required by Regulation Crowdfunding during the two years immediately 

preceding the filing of this offering statement (or for such shorter period that the issuer was 

required to file such reports).

• Not a development stage company that (a) has no specific business plan or (b) has indicated 

that its business plan is to engage in a merger or acquisition with an unidentified company or 

companies. 

INSTRUCTION TO QUESTION 2: If any of these statements is not true, then you are NOT 

eligible to rely on this exemption under Section 4(a)(6) of the Securities Act. 

3. Has the issuer or any of its predecessors previously failed to comply with the ongoing reporting 

requirements of Rule 202 of Regulation Crowdfunding? □ Yes □ No

Explain: 
608

DIRECTORSOFTHECOMPANY

4. Provide the following information about each director (and any persons occupying a similar 

status or performing a similar function) of the issuer:

Name: Dates of Board Service: 

Principal Occupation: 

Employer: Dates of Service: 

Employer’s principal business: 

List all positions and offices with the issuer held and the period of time in which the director 

served in the position or office:

Position: Dates of Service: 

Position: Dates of Service: 

Position: Dates of Service: 

Business Experience: List the employers, titles and dates of positions held during past three 

years with an indication of job responsibilities:

Employer: 

Employer’s principal business: 

Title: Dates of Service: 

Responsibilities: 

Employer: 

Employer’s principal business: 

Title: Dates of Service: 

Responsibilities: 

Employer: 

Employer’s principal business: 

Title: Dates of Service: 

Responsibilities: 

OFFICERSOFTHECOMPANY

5. Provide the following information about each officer (and any persons occupying a similar status 

or performing a similar function) of the issuer:

Name: 

Title: Dates of Service: 

Responsibilities: 

List any prior positions and offices with the issuer and the period of time in which the officer 

served in the position or office:

Position: Dates of Service: 

Responsibilities: 

Position: Dates of Service: 

Responsibilities: 

Position: Dates of Service: 
609

Responsibilities: 

Business Experience: List any other employers, titles and dates of positions held during past

three years with an indication of job responsibilities:

Employer: 

Employer’s principal business: 

Title: Dates of Service: 

Responsibilities: 

Employer: 

Employer’s principal business: 

Title: Dates of Service: 

Responsibilities: 

Employer: 

Employer’s principal business: 

Title: Dates of Service: 

Responsibilities: 

INSTRUCTION TO QUESTION 5: For purposes of this Question 5, the term officer means a president, vice 

president, secretary, treasurer or principal financial officer, comptroller or principal accounting officer, and any 

person routinely performing similar functions.

PRINCIPAL SECURITY HOLDERS

6. Provide the name and ownership level of each person, as of the most recent practicable date, who 

is the beneficial owner of 20 percent or more of the issuer’s outstanding voting equity securities, 

calculated on the basis of voting power.

Name of Holder

No. and Class of 

Securities Now Held

% of Voting 

Power Prior to 

Offering

%

%

%

%

INSTRUCTION TO QUESTION 6: The above information must be provided as of a date that is no more than 120 

days prior to the date of filing of this offering statement.

To calculate total voting power, include all securities for which the person directly or indirectly has or shares the 

voting power, which includes the power to vote or to direct the voting of such securities. If the person has the right to 

acquire voting power of such securities within 60 days, including through the exercise of any option, warrant or right, 

the conversion of a security, or other arrangement, or if securities are held by a member of the family, through 

corporations or partnerships, or otherwise in a manner that would allow a person to direct or control the voting of the 

securities (or share in such direction or control — as, for example, a co-trustee) they should be included as being 

“beneficially owned.” You should include an explanation of these circumstances in a footnote to the “Number of and 

Class of Securities Now Held.” To calculate outstanding voting equity securities, assume all outstanding options are 

exercised and all outstanding convertible securities converted. 

BUSINESS AND ANTICIPATED BUSINESS PLAN
610

7. Describe in detail the business of the issuer and the anticipated business plan of the issuer.

RISK FACTORS

A crowdfunding investment involves risk. You should not invest any funds in this offering unless you can 

afford to lose your entire investment.

In making an investment decision, investors must rely on their own examination of the issuer and the terms of 

the offering, including the merits and risks involved. These securities have not been recommended or approved 

by any federal or state securities commission or regulatory authority. Furthermore, these authorities have not 

passed upon the accuracy or adequacy of this document.

The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission does not pass upon the merits of any securities offered or the 

terms of the offering, nor does it pass upon the accuracy or completeness of any offering document or 

literature.

These securities are offered under an exemption from registration; however, the U.S. Securities and Exchange 

Commission has not made an independent determination that these securities are exempt from registration.

8. Discuss the material factors that make an investment in the issuer speculative or risky:

(1)

(2)

(3) 

(4) 

(5) 

(6) 

(7) 

(8) 

(9) 

(10)

INSTRUCTION TO QUESTION 8: Avoid generalized statements and include only those factors that are unique to 

the issuer. Discussion should be tailored to the issuer’s business and the offering and should not repeat the factors 

addressed in the legends set forth above. No specific number of risk factors is required to be identified. Add 

additional lines and number as appropriate. 

THE OFFERING

9. What is the purpose of this offering? 
611

10. How does the issuer intend to use the proceeds of this offering?

If Target 

Offering Amount 

Sold

If Maximum 

Amount Sold

Total Proceeds $ $

Less: Offering Expenses

(A)

(B)

(C)

Net Proceeds $ $

Use of Net Proceeds

(A)

(B)

(C)

Total Use of Net Proceeds $ $

INSTRUCTION TO QUESTION 10: An issuer must provide a reasonably detailed description of any intended 

use of proceeds, such that investors are provided with an adequate amount of information to understand how the 

offering proceeds will be used. If an issuer has identified a range of possible uses, the issuer should identify and 

describe each probable use and the factors the issuer may consider in allocating proceeds among the potential uses. If 

the issuer will accept proceeds in excess of the target offering amount, the issuer must describe the purpose, method 

for allocating oversubscriptions, and intended use of the excess proceeds with similar specificity.

11. How will the issuer complete the transaction and deliver securities to the investors?

12. How can an investor cancel an investment commitment?

NOTE: Investors may cancel an investment commitment until 48 hours prior to the deadline 

identified in these offering materials.

The intermediary will notify investors when the target offering amount has been met.

If the issuer reaches the target offering amount prior to the deadline identified in the 

offering materials, it may close the offering early if it provides notice about the new 

offering deadline at least five business days prior to such new offering deadline (absent a 

material change that would require an extension of the offering and reconfirmation of the 

investment commitment).

If an investor does not cancel an investment commitment before the 48-hour period prior to 

the offering deadline, the funds will be released to the issuer upon closing of the offering 

and the investor will receive securities in exchange for his or her investment.

If an investor does not reconfirm his or her investment commitment after a material change 

is made to the offering, the investor’s investment commitment will be cancelled and the 

committed funds will be returned.
612

OWNERSHIP AND CAPITAL STRUCTURE

The Offering

13. Describe the terms of the securities being offered.

14. Do the securities offered have voting rights? □ Yes □ No

15. Are there any limitations on any voting or other rights identified above? □ Yes □ No

Explain: 

16. How may the terms of the securities being offered be modified? 

Restrictions on Transfer of the Securities Being Offered

The securities being offered may not be transferred by any purchaser of such securities during the oneyear period beginning when the securities were issued, unless such securities are transferred:

(1) to the issuer;

(2) to an accredited investor;

(3) as part of an offering registered with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission; or

(4) to a member of the family of the purchaser or the equivalent, to a trust controlled by the 

purchaser, to a trust created for the benefit of a member of the family of the purchaser or 

the equivalent, or in connection with the death or divorce of the purchaser or other 

similar circumstance.

NOTE: The term “accredited investor” means any person who comes within any of 

the categories set forth in Rule 501(a) of Regulation D, or who the seller reasonably 

believes comes within any of such categories, at the time of the sale of the securities 

to that person.

The term “member of the family of the purchaser or the equivalent” includes a 

child, stepchild, grandchild, parent, stepparent, grandparent, spouse or spousal 

equivalent, sibling, mother-in-law, father-in-law, son-in-law, daughter-in-law, 

brother-in-law, or sister-in-law of the purchaser, and includes adoptive 

relationships. The term “spousal equivalent” means a cohabitant occupying a 

relationship generally equivalent to that of a spouse.
613

Description of Issuer’s Securities

17. What other securities or classes of securities of the issuer are outstanding? Describe the material 

terms of any other outstanding securities or classes of securities of the issuer.

Class of Security

Securities 

(or Amount) 

Authorized

Securities 

(or Amount) 

Outstanding Voting Rights Other Rights

Preferred Stock (list 

each class in order of 

preference):

□ Yes □ No □ Yes □ No

Specify: 

□ Yes □ No □ Yes □ No

Specify: 

Common Stock: □ Yes □ No □ Yes □ No

Specify: 

Debt Securities: □ Yes □ No □ Yes □ No

Specify: 

Other:

□ Yes □ No □ Yes □ No

Specify: 

□ Yes □ No □ Yes □ No

Specify: 

Class of Security

Securities 

Reserved for 

Issuance 

upon 

Exercise or 

Conversion

Warrants:

Options:

Other Rights:

18. How may the rights of the securities being offered be materially limited, diluted or qualified by 

the rights of any other class of security identified above? 

19. Are there any differences not reflected above between the securities being offered and each other 

class of security of the issuer? □ Yes □ No

Explain: 
614

20. How could the exercise of rights held by the principal shareholders identified in Question 6

above affect the purchasers of the securities being offered?

21. How are the securities being offered being valued? Include examples of methods for how such 

securities may be valued by the issuer in the future, including during subsequent corporate 

actions.

22. What are the risks to purchasers of the securities relating to minority ownership in the issuer? 

23. What are the risks to purchasers associated with corporate actions including: 

• additional issuances of securities, 

• issuer repurchases of securities, 

• a sale of the issuer or of assets of the issuer or 

• transactions with related parties?

24. Describe the material terms of any indebtedness of the issuer:

Creditor(s)

Amount 

Outstanding Interest Rate Maturity Date Other Material Terms

$ %

$ %

$ %

25. What other exempt offerings has the issuer conducted within the past three years?

Date of 

Offering

Exemption 

Relied Upon Securities Offered Amount Sold Use of Proceeds

$

$

$

26. Was or is the issuer or any entities controlled by or under common control with the issuer a party 

to any transaction since the beginning of the issuer’s last fiscal year, or any currently proposed 

transaction, where the amount involved exceeds five percent of the aggregate amount of capital 

raised by the issuer in reliance on Section 4(a)(6) of the Securities Act during the preceding 12-

month period, including the amount the issuer seeks to raise in the current offering, in which any 

of the following persons had or is to have a direct or indirect material interest:

(1) any director or officer of the issuer;

(2) any person who is, as of the most recent practicable date, the beneficial owner of 20 

percent or more of the issuer’s outstanding voting equity securities, calculated on the 

basis of voting power;

(3) if the issuer was incorporated or organized within the past three years, any promoter of 

the issuer; or

(4) any immediate family member of any of the foregoing persons.

If yes, for each such transaction, disclose the following:

Specified Person

Relationship to 

Issuer

Nature of Interest 

in Transaction

Amount of 

Interest

$
615

$

$

INSTRUCTIONS TO QUESTION 26: 

The term transaction includes, but is not limited to, any financial transaction, arrangement or relationship (including 

any indebtedness or guarantee of indebtedness) or any series of similar transactions, arrangements or relationships.

Beneficial ownership for purposes of paragraph (2) shall be determined as of a date that is no more than 120 days 

prior to the date of filing of this offering statement and using the same calculation described in Question 6 of this 

Question and Answer format. 

The term “member of the family” includes any child, stepchild, grandchild, parent, stepparent, grandparent, spouse or 

spousal equivalent, sibling, mother-in-law, father-in-law, son-in-law, daughter-in-law, brother-in-law, or sister-in-law 

of the person, and includes adoptive relationships. The term “spousal equivalent” means a cohabitant occupying a 

relationship generally equivalent to that of a spouse. 

Compute the amount of a related party’s interest in any transaction without regard to the amount of the profit or loss 

involved in the transaction. Where it is not practicable to state the approximate amount of the interest, disclose the 

approximate amount involved in the transaction.

FINANCIAL CONDITION OF THE ISSUER

27. Does the issuer have an operating history? □ Yes □ No 

28. Describe the financial condition of the issuer, including, to the extent material, liquidity, capital 

resources and historical results of operations. 

INSTRUCTIONS TO QUESTION 28: 

The discussion must cover each year for which financial statements are provided. Include a discussion of any known 

material changes or trends in the financial condition and results of operations of the issuer during any time period 

subsequent to the period for which financial statements are provided.

For issuers with no prior operating history, the discussion should focus on financial milestones and operational, 

liquidity and other challenges. 

For issuers with an operating history, the discussion should focus on whether historical results and cash flows are 

representative of what investors should expect in the future. 

Take into account the proceeds of the offering and any other known or pending sources of capital. Discuss how the 

proceeds from the offering will affect liquidity, whether receiving these funds and any other additional funds is 

necessary to the viability of the business, and how quickly the issuer anticipates using its available cash. Describe the 

other available sources of capital to the business, such as lines of credit or required contributions by shareholders.

References to the issuer in this Question 28 and these instructions refer to the issuer and its predecessors, if any. 
616

FINANCIAL INFORMATION

29. Include the financial information specified below covering the two most recently completed 

fiscal years or the period(s) since inception, if shorter:

Aggregate Offering 

Amount

(defined below):

Financial Information 

Required:

Financial Statement 

Requirements:

(a) $100,000 or less: • The following information 

or their equivalent line 

items as reported on the 

federal income tax return 

filed by the issuer for the 

most recently completed 

year (if any):

o Total income

o Taxable income; and

o Total tax; 

certified by the principal 

executive officer of the 

issuer to reflect accurately 

the information reported on 

the issuer’s federal income 

tax returns; and

• Financial statements of the 

issuer and its predecessors, 

if any.

Financial statements must be certified

by the principal executive officer of 

the issuer as set forth below. 

If financial statements are available 

that have either been reviewed or 

audited by a public accountant that is 

independent of the issuer, the issuer 

must provide those financial 

statements instead along with a signed 

audit or review report and need not 

include the information reported on 

the federal income tax returns or the 

certification of the principal executive 

officer.

(b) More than 

$100,000, but not 

more than 

$500,000:

• Financial statements of the 

issuer and its predecessors, 

if any.

Financial statements must be 

reviewed by a public accountant that

is independent of the issuer and must 

include a signed review report.

If financial statements of the issuer 

are available that have been audited 

by a public accountant that is 

independent of the issuer, the issuer 

must provide those financial 

statements instead along with a signed 

audit report and need not include the 

reviewed financial statements.

(c) More than 

$500,000:

• Financial statements of the 

issuer and its predecessors, 

if any.

If the issuer has previously sold 

securities in reliance on Regulation 

Crowdfunding:

Financial statements must be 

audited by a public accountant that

is independent of the issuer and 

must include a signed audit report. 

If the issuer has not previously sold 

securities in reliance on Regulation 

Crowdfunding and it is offering more 

than $500,000 but not more than 
617

$1,000,000:

Financial statements must be 

reviewed by a public accountant 

that is independent of the issuer 

and must include a signed review 

report.

If financial statements of the issuer 

are available that have been 

audited by a public accountant that

is independent of the issuer, the 

issuer must provide those financial 

statements instead along with a 

signed audit report and need not 

include the reviewed financial 

statements.

INSTRUCTIONS TO QUESTION 29: To determine the financial statements required, the Aggregate 

Offering Amount for purposes of this Question 29 means the aggregate amounts offered and sold by the 

issuer, all entities controlled by or under common control with the issuer, and all predecessors of the 

issuer in reliance on Section 4(a)(6) of the Securities Act within the preceding 12-month period plus the 

current maximum offering amount provided on the cover of this Form. 

To determine whether the issuer has previously sold securities in reliance on Regulation Crowdfunding 

for purposes of paragraph (c) of this Question 29, “issuer” means the issuer, all entities controlled by or 

under common control with the issuer, and all predecessors of the issuer.

Financial statements must be prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles 

and must include balance sheets, statements of comprehensive income, statements of cash flows,

statements of changes in stockholders’ equity and notes to the financial statements. If the financial 

statements are not audited, they shall be labeled as “unaudited.”

Issuers offering securities and required to provide the information set forth in row (a) before filing a tax 

return for the most recently completed fiscal year may provide information from the tax return filed for 

the prior year (if any), provided that the issuer provides information from the tax return for the most 

recently completed fiscal year when it is filed, if filed during the offering period. An issuer that 

requested an extension of the time to file would not be required to provide information from the tax 

return until the date when the return is filed, if filed during the offering period.

A principal executive officer certifying financial statements as described above must provide the 

following certification**:

I, [identify the certifying individual], certify that:

(1) the financial statements of [identify the issuer] included in this Form are true and 

complete in all material respects; and

(2) the tax return information of [identify the issuer] included in this Form reflects 

accurately the information reported on the tax return for [identify the issuer] filed for the fiscal 

year ended [date of most recent tax return]. 

[Signature]

[Title]

** Intentional misstatements or omissions of facts constitute federal criminal violations. See 18 U.S.C. 

1001.
618

To qualify as a public accountant that is independent of the issuer for purposes of this Question 29, the 

accountant must satisfy the independence standards of either:

(i) Rule 2-01 of Regulation S-X or 

(ii) the AICPA.

The public accountant that audits or reviews the financial statements provided by an issuer must be (1) 

duly registered and in good standing as a certified public accountant under the laws of the place of his or 

her residence or principal office or (2) in good standing and entitled to practice as a public accountant 

under the laws of his or her place of residence or principal office.

An issuer will not be in compliance with the requirement to provide reviewed financial statement if the 

issuer received a review report that includes modifications. An issuer will not be in compliance with the 

requirement to provide audited financial statements if the issuer received a qualified opinion, an adverse 

opinion, or a disclaimer of opinion.

The issuer must notify the public accountant of the issuer’s intended use of the public accountant’s audit 

or review report in the offering.

For an offering conducted in the first 120 days of a fiscal year, the financial statements provided may be 

for the two fiscal years prior to the issuer’s most recently completed fiscal year; however, financial 

statements for the two most recently completed fiscal years must be provided if they are otherwise 

available. If more than 120 days have passed since the end of the issuer’s most recently completed fiscal 

year, the financial statements provided must be for the issuer’s two most recently completed fiscal years. 

If the 120th day falls on a Saturday, Sunday, or holiday, the next business day shall be considered the 

120th day for purposes of determining the age of the financial statements.

An issuer may elect to delay complying with any new or revised financial accounting standard until the 

date that a company that is not an issuer (as defined under section 2(a) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 

2002 is required to comply with such new or revised accounting standard, if such standard also applies to 

companies that are not issuers. Issuers electing such extension of time accommodation must disclose it 

at the time the issuer files its offering statement and apply the election to all standards. Issuers electing 

not to use this accommodation must forgo this accommodation for all financial accounting standards and 

may not elect to rely on this accommodation in any future filings

30. With respect to the issuer, any predecessor of the issuer, any affiliated issuer, any director, 

officer, general partner or managing member of the issuer, any beneficial owner of 20 percent or 

more of the issuer’s outstanding voting equity securities, calculated in the same form as 

described in Question 6 of this Question and Answer format, any promoter connected with the 

issuer in any capacity at the time of such sale, any person that has been or will be paid (directly 

or indirectly) remuneration for solicitation of purchasers in connection with such sale of 

securities, or any general partner, director, officer or managing member of any such solicitor, 

prior to May 16, 2016:

(1) Has any such person been convicted, within 10 years (or five years, in the case of 

issuers, their predecessors and affiliated issuers) before the filing of this offering 

statement, of any felony or misdemeanor:

(i) in connection with the purchase or sale of any security? □ Yes □ No

(ii) involving the making of any false filing with the Commission? 

□ Yes □ No 

(iii) arising out of the conduct of the business of an underwriter, broker, dealer, 

municipal securities dealer, investment adviser, funding portal or paid solicitor 

of purchasers of securities? □ Yes □ No

If Yes to any of the above, explain: 
619

(2) Is any such person subject to any order, judgment or decree of any court of competent 

jurisdiction, entered within five years before the filing of the information required by 

Section 4A(b) of the Securities Act that, at the time of filing of this offering statement, 

restrains or enjoins such person from engaging or continuing to engage in any conduct or 

practice:

(i) in connection with the purchase or sale of any security? □ Yes □ No;

(ii) involving the making of any false filing with the Commission? 

□ Yes □ No

(iii) arising out of the conduct of the business of an underwriter, broker, dealer, 

municipal securities dealer, investment adviser, funding portal or paid solicitor 

of purchasers of securities? □ Yes □ No

If Yes to any of the above, explain: 

(3) Is any such person subject to a final order of a state securities commission (or an agency 

or officer of a state performing like functions); a state authority that supervises or 

examines banks, savings associations or credit unions; a state insurance commission (or 

an agency or officer of a state performing like functions); an appropriate federal banking 

agency; the U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Commission; or the National Credit Union 

Administration that:

(i) at the time of the filing of this offering statement bars the person from:

(A) association with an entity regulated by such commission, authority, 

agency or officer? □ Yes □ No

(B) engaging in the business of securities, insurance or banking? 

□ Yes □ No

(C) engaging in savings association or credit union activities? 

□ Yes □ No

(ii) constitutes a final order based on a violation of any law or regulation that 

prohibits fraudulent, manipulative or deceptive conduct and for which the order 

was entered within the 10-year period ending on the date of the filing of this 

offering statement? □ Yes □ No

If Yes to any of the above, explain: 

(4) Is any such person subject to an order of the Commission entered pursuant to Section 

15(b) or 15B(c) of the Exchange Act or Section 203(e) or (f) of the Investment Advisers 

Act of 1940 that, at the time of the filing of this offering statement:

(i) suspends or revokes such person’s registration as a broker, dealer, municipal 

securities dealer, investment adviser or funding portal? □ Yes □ No

(ii) places limitations on the activities, functions or operations of such person?

□ Yes □ No

(iii) bars such person from being associated with any entity or from participating in 

the offering of any penny stock? □ Yes □ No

If Yes to any of the above, explain: 

(5) Is any such person subject to any order of the Commission entered within five years 

before the filing of this offering statement that, at the time of the filing of this offering 

statement, orders the person to cease and desist from committing or causing a violation 

or future violation of:

(i) any scienter-based anti-fraud provision of the federal securities laws, including 

without limitation Section 17(a)(1) of the Securities Act, Section 10(b) of the 

Exchange Act, Section 15(c)(1) of the Exchange Act and Section 206(1) of the 

Investment Advisers Act of 1940 or any other rule or regulation thereunder? 

□ Yes □ No

(ii) Section 5 of the Securities Act? □ Yes □ No

If Yes to either of the above, explain: 
620

(6) Is any such person suspended or expelled from membership in, or suspended or barred 

from association with a member of, a registered national securities exchange or a 

registered national or affiliated securities association for any act or omission to act 

constituting conduct inconsistent with just and equitable principles of trade? 

□ Yes □ No

If Yes, explain: 

(7) Has any such person filed (as a registrant or issuer), or was any such person or was any 

such person named as an underwriter in, any registration statement or Regulation A 

offering statement filed with the Commission that, within five years before the filing of 

this offering statement, was the subject of a refusal order, stop order, or order 

suspending the Regulation A exemption, or is any such person, at the time of such filing, 

the subject of an investigation or proceeding to determine whether a stop order or 

suspension order should be issued? 

□ Yes □ No

If Yes, explain: 

(8) Is any such person subject to a United States Postal Service false representation order 

entered within five years before the filing of the information required by Section 4A(b) 

of the Securities Act, or is any such person, at the time of filing of this offering 

statement, subject to a temporary restraining order or preliminary injunction with respect 

to conduct alleged by the United States Postal Service to constitute a scheme or device 

for obtaining money or property through the mail by means of false representations? 

□ Yes □ No

If Yes, explain: 

If you would have answered “Yes” to any of these questions had the conviction, order, judgment, 

decree, suspension, expulsion or bar occurred or been issued after May 16, 2016, then you are NOT 

eligible to rely on this exemption under Section 4(a)(6) of the Securities Act. 

INSTRUCTIONS TO QUESTION 30: Final order means a written directive or declaratory statement 

issued by a federal or state agency, described in Rule 503(a)(3) of Regulation Crowdfunding, under 

applicable statutory authority that provides for notice and an opportunity for hearing, which constitutes a 

final disposition or action by that federal or state agency.

No matters are required to be disclosed with respect to events relating to any affiliated issuer that 

occurred before the affiliation arose if the affiliated entity is not (i) in control of the issuer or (ii) under 

common control with the issuer by a third party that was in control of the affiliated entity at the time of 

such events.

OTHER MATERIAL INFORMATION

31. In addition to the information expressly required to be included in this Form, include:

(1) any other material information presented to investors; and

(2) such further material information, if any, as may be necessary to make the required 

statements, in the light of the circumstances under which they are made, not 

misleading.

INSTRUCTIONS TO QUESTION 31: If information is presented to investors in a format, media or 

other means not able to be reflected in text or portable document format, the issuer should include

(a) a description of the material content of such information;

(b) a description of the format in which such disclosure is presented; and

(c) in the case of disclosure in video, audio or other dynamic media or format, a transcript or 

description of such disclosure. 
621

ONGOING REPORTING

The issuer will file a report electronically with the Securities & Exchange Commission annually and post the report on 

its website, no later than:

(120 days after the end of each fiscal year covered by the report). 

Once posted, the annual report may be found on the issuer’s website at: 

The issuer must continue to comply with the ongoing reporting requirements until:

(1) the issuer is required to file reports under Section 13(a) or Section 15(d) of the Exchange Act;

(2) the issuer has filed at least one annual report pursuant to Regulation Crowdfunding and has fewer than 

300 holders of record and has total assets that do not exceed $10,000,000; 

(3) the issuer has filed at least three annual reports pursuant to Regulation Crowdfunding;

(4) the issuer or another party repurchases all of the securities issued in reliance on Section 4(a)(6) of the 

Securities Act, including any payment in full of debt securities or any complete redemption of 

redeemable securities; or 

(5) the issuer liquidates or dissolves its business in accordance with state law.
622

* * * * *

PART 240 - GENERAL RULES AND REGULATIONS, SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT 

OF 1934

9. The authority citation for part 240 continues to read, in part, as follows:

Authority: 15 U.S.C. 77c, 77d, 77g, 77j, 77s, 77z-2, 77z-3, 77eee, 77ggg, 77nnn, 77sss, 

77ttt, 78c, 78c-3, 78c-5, 78d, 78e, 78f, 78g, 78i, 78j, 78j-1, 78k, 78k-1, 78l, 78m, 78n, 78n-1,

78o, 78o-4, 78o-10, 78p, 78q, 78q-1, 78s, 78u-5, 78w, 78x, 78ll, 78mm, 80a-20, 80a-23, 80a-29, 

80a-37, 80b-3, 80b-4, 80b-11, 7201 et. seq., and 8302; 7 U.S.C. 2(c)(2)(E); 12 U.S.C. 5221(e)(3); 

18 U.S.C. 1350; and Pub. L. 111-203, 939A, 124 Stat. 1376, (2010), unless otherwise noted.

10. Add § 240.12g-6 to read as follows:

§ 240.12g-6 Exemption for securities issued pursuant to section 4(a)(6) of the Securities Act 

of 1933.

(a) For purposes of determining whether an issuer is required to register a security with the 

Commission pursuant to Section 12(g)(1) of the Act (15 U.S.C. 78l(g)(1)), the definition of held 

of record shall not include securities issued pursuant to the offering exemption under section 

4(a)(6) of the Securities Act (15 U.S.C. 77d(a)(6)) by an issuer that: 

(1) Is current in filing its ongoing annual reports required pursuant to § 227.202 of this 

chapter; 

(2) Has total assets not in excess of $25 million as of the end of its most recently 

completed fiscal year; and 

(3) Has engaged a transfer agent registered pursuant to Section 17A(c) of the Act to 

perform the function of a transfer agent with respect to such securities. 
623

(b) An issuer that would be required to register a class of securities under Section 12(g) of 

the Act as a result of exceeding the asset threshold in paragraph (2) may continue to exclude the 

relevant securities from the definition of “held of record” for a transition period ending on the 

penultimate day of the fiscal year two years after the date it became ineligible. The transition 

period terminates immediately upon the failure of an issuer to timely file any periodic report due 

pursuant to § 227.202 at which time the issuer must file a registration statement that registers that 

class of securities under the Act within 120 days.

PART 249 – FORMS, SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

11. The authority citation for part 249 continues to read, in part, as follows:

Authority: 15 U.S.C. 78a et seq. and 7201 et seq.; 12 U.S.C. 5461 et seq.; and 18 U.S.C. 

1350, unless otherwise noted. 

* * * * *

12. Add subpart U, consisting of § 249.2000 to read as follows:

Subpart U – Forms for Registration of Funding Portals

§ 249.2000 Form Funding Portal

This form shall be used for filings by funding portals under Regulation Crowdfunding 

(part 227 of this chapter).

Note: The text of Form Funding Portal will not appear in the Code of Federal Regulations.
624

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION 

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM FUNDING PORTAL

APPLICATION OR AMENDMENT TO APPLICATION FOR REGISTRATION OR 

WITHDRAWAL FROM REGISTRATION AS FUNDING PORTAL UNDER THE

SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

WARNING: Failure to complete this form truthfully, to keep this form current and to file 

accurate supplementary information on a timely basis, or the failure to keep accurate books and 

records or otherwise to comply with the provisions of law applying to the conduct of business as a

funding portal, would violate the Federal securities laws and may result in disciplinary, 

administrative, injunctive or criminal action.

Check the appropriate box: 

This is:

□ an initial application to register as a funding portal with the SEC.

□ an amendment to any part of the funding portal’s most recent Form Funding Portal, 

including a successor registration.

□ a withdrawal of the funding portal’s registration with the SEC.

Schedule A must be completed as part of all initial applications. Amendments to Schedule A

must be provided on Schedule B. Schedule C must be completed by nonresident funding portals. 

If this is a withdrawal of a funding portal’s registration, complete Schedule D. 

If this is an amendment to any part of the funding portal’s most recent Form Funding Portal, 

provide an explanation describing the amendment: 

Item 1 – Identifying Information

Exact name, principal business address, mailing address, if different, and contact information of 

the funding portal:

A. Full name of the funding portal: __

B. Name(s)/Website URL(s) under which business is conducted, if different from Item 

1A:

C. IRS Empl. Ident. No.:
625

D. If a name and/or website URL in (1A) or (1B) has changed since the funding 

portal’s most recent Form Funding Portal, enter the previous name and/or website 

URL and specify whether the name change is of the □ funding portal name (1A), 

or □ name/website URL (1B).

Previous name(s) or website URL(s): __

E. Funding portal’s main street address (Do not use a P.O. Box):

F. Mailing address(es) (if different) and office locations (if more than one):

G. Contact Information:

Telephone Number:

Fax Number:

Email Address:

H. Contact Employee Information:

Name:

Title:

Direct Telephone Number:

Fax Number:

Direct Email Address:

I. Month applicant’s fiscal year ends: 

J. Registrations

Was the applicant previously registered on Form Funding Portal as a funding

portal or with the Commission in any other capacity?

K. Foreign registrations

(1) Is the applicant registered with a foreign financial regulatory authority?

Answer “no” even if affiliated with a business that is registered with a foreign

financial regulatory authority.

⁪ □ Yes SEC File No.:

⁪ □ No
626

□ Yes □ No

If “yes,” complete Section K.2. below.

(2) List the name, in English, of each foreign financial regulatory authority and 

country with which the applicant is registered. A separate entry must be

completed for each foreign financial regulatory authority with which the

applicant is registered.

English Name of Foreign Financial Regulatory Authority:

Registration Number (if any):

Name of Country:

Item 2 – Form of Organization

A. Indicate legal status of applicant.

 Corporation Limited Liability Company

 Sole Proprietorship Other (please specify) 

 Partnership

B. If other than a sole proprietor, indicate date and place applicant obtained its legal 

status (i.e., state or country where incorporated, where partnership agreement was 

filed, or where applicant entity was formed):

State/Country of formation:

Date of formation:

Item 3 – Successions

A. Is the applicant at the time of this filing succeeding to the business of a currently 

registered funding portal?

□ Yes □ No

Do not report previous successions already reported on Form Funding Portal. If

“yes,” complete Section 3.B. below.

B. Complete the following information if succeeding to the business of a currentlyregistered funding portal. If the applicant acquired more than one funding portal 

in the succession being reported on this Form Funding Portal, a separate entry 

must be completed for each acquired firm.
627

Name of Acquired Funding Portal:

Acquired Funding Portal’s SEC File No.:

C. Briefly describe details of the succession including any assets or liabilities not 

assumed by the successor.

Item 4 – Control Relationships

In this Item, identify every person that, directly or indirectly, controls the applicant, controls

management or policies of the applicant, or that the applicant directly or indirectly controls.

If this is an initial application, the applicant also must complete Schedule A. Schedule A asks for 

information about direct owners and executive officers. If this is an amendment updating 

information reported on the Schedule A filed with the applicant’s initial application, the

applicant must complete Schedule B.

Item 5 – Disclosure Information

In this Item, provide information about the applicant’s disciplinary history and the disciplinary 

history of all associated persons or control affiliates of the applicant (as applicable). This 

information is used to decide whether to revoke registration, to place limitations on the

applicant’s activities as a funding portal, and to identify potential problem areas on which to 

focus during examinations. One event may result in the requirement to answer “yes” to more

than one of the questions below. Check all answers that apply. Refer to the Explanation of 

Terms section of Form Funding Portal Instructions for explanation of italicized terms.

If the answer is “yes” to any question in this Item, the applicant must complete the appropriate 

Disclosure Reporting Page (“DRP”) (FP) – Criminal, Regulatory Action, Civil Judicial Action, 

Bankruptcy/SIPC, Bond, or Judgment/Lien, as applicable. 

Criminal Disclosure

If the answer is “yes” to any question below, complete a Criminal 

DRP.

A. In the past ten years, has the applicant or any associated person:
628

(1) been convicted of any felony, or pled guilty or nolo contendere (“no 

contest”) to any charge of a felony, in a domestic, foreign, or military court?

□ Yes □ No

The response to the following question may be limited to charges that are 

currently pending:

(2) been charged with any felony?

□ Yes □ No

B. In the past ten years, has the applicant or any associated person:

(1) been convicted of any misdemeanor, or pled guilty or nolo contendere (“no 

contest”), in a domestic, foreign, or military court to any charge of a misdemeanor

in a case involving: investment-related business, or any fraud, false statements, or

omissions, wrongful taking of property, bribery, perjury, forgery, counterfeiting, 

extortion, or a conspiracy to commit any of these offenses?

□ Yes □ No

The response to the following question may be limited to charges that are 

currently pending:

(2) been charged with a misdemeanor listed in Item 5-B(1)?

 □ Yes □ No

Regulatory Action Disclosure

If the answer is “yes” to any question below, complete a Regulatory

Action DRP.

C. Has the SEC or the Commodities Futures Trading Commission (“CFTC”)

ever:

(1) found the applicant or any associated person to have made a false 

statement or omission?

 □ Yes □ No

(2) found the applicant or any associated person to have been involved in a

violation of any SEC or CFTC regulations or statutes?
629

 □ Yes □ No

(3) found the applicant or any associated person to have been a cause of the

denial, suspension, revocation, or restriction of the authorization of an investmentrelated business to operate?

 □ Yes □ No

(4) entered an order against the applicant or any associated person in 

connection with investment-related activity?

 □ Yes □ No

(5) imposed a civil money penalty on the applicant or any associated person, or

ordered the applicant or any associated person to cease and desist from any

activity?

 □ Yes □ No

D. Has any other federal regulatory agency, any state regulatory agency, or any

foreign financial regulatory authority:

(1) ever found the applicant or any associated person to have made a false 

statement or omission, or been dishonest, unfair, or unethical?

 □ Yes □ No

(2) ever found the applicant or any associated person to have been

involved in a violation of investment-related regulations or statutes?

 □ Yes □ No

(3) ever found the applicant or any associated person to have been the cause of

a denial, suspension, revocation, or restriction of the authorization of an 

investment-related business to operate?

 □ Yes □ No

(4) in the past ten years entered an order against the applicant or any

associated person in connection with an investment-related activity?

 □ Yes □ No

(5) ever denied, suspended, or revoked the registration or license of the applicant 

or that of any associated person, or otherwise prevented the applicant or any

associated person of the applicant, by order, from associating with an investment-
630

related business or restricted the activities of the applicant or any associated 

person?

 □ Yes □ No

E. Has any self-regulatory organization or commodities exchange ever: 

(1) found the applicant or any associated person to have made a false 

statement or omission?

 □ Yes □ No

(2) found the applicant or any associated person to have been involved in a

violation of its rules (other than a violation designated as a minor rule violation

under a plan approved by the SEC)?

 □ Yes □ No

(3) found the applicant or any associated person to have been the cause of a

denial, suspension, revocation or restriction of the authorization of an investmentrelated business to operate?

 □ Yes □ No

(4) disciplined the applicant or any associated person by expelling or 

suspending the applicant or the associated person from membership, barring or

suspending the applicant or the associated person from association with other

members, or by otherwise restricting the activities of the applicant or the

associated person?

 □ Yes □ No

F. Has the applicant or any associated person ever had an authorization to act as 

an attorney, accountant, or federal contractor revoked or suspended?

 □ Yes □ No

G. Is the applicant or any associated person currently the subject of any 

regulatory proceeding that could result in a “yes” answer to any part of Item 5-

C, 5-D, or 5-E?

 □ Yes □ No
631

Civil Judicial Disclosure

If the answer is “yes” to a question below, complete a Civil Judicial Action DRP. 

H. Has any domestic or foreign court:

(1) in the past ten years, enjoined the applicant or any associated person in 

connection with any investment-related activity?

 □ Yes □ No

(2) ever found that the applicant or any associated person was involved in a 

violation of investment-related statutes or regulations?

 □ Yes □ No

(3) ever dismissed, pursuant to a settlement agreement, an investment- related civil 

action brought against the applicant or any associated person by a state or foreign 

financial regulatory authority?

 □ Yes □ No

I. Is the applicant or any associated person now the subject of any civil proceeding 

that could result in a “yes” answer to any part of Item 5-H(1)-(3)?

 □ Yes □ No

Financial Disclosure

If the answer is “yes” to a question below, complete a Bankruptcy/Disclosure, Bond 

Disclosure or Judgment/Lien DRP, as applicable.

J. In the past ten years, has the applicant or a control affiliate of the applicant 

ever been a securities firm or a control affiliate of a securities firm that:

(1) has been the subject of a bankruptcy petition?

 □ Yes □ No

(2) has had a trustee appointed or a direct payment procedure initiated under the

Securities Investor Protection Act?

 □ Yes □ No
632

K. Has a bonding company ever denied, paid out on, or revoked a bond for the

applicant?

 □ Yes □ No

L. Does the applicant have any unsatisfied judgments or liens against it?

 □ Yes □ No

Item 6 – Non-Securities Related Business

Does applicant engage in any non-securities related business?

□ Yes □ No

If “yes,” briefly describe the non-securities business.

Item 7 – Qualified Third Party Arrangements; Compensation Arrangements

A. Qualified Third Party Arrangements. Complete the following information for each 

person that will hold investor funds in escrow or otherwise pursuant to the

requirements of Rule 303(e) of Regulation Crowdfunding (17 CFR 227.303(e)).

Name of person: 

Address:

Phone Number:

B. Compensation. Please describe any compensation arrangements funding portal has 

with issuers.
633

EXECUTION

The funding portal consents that service of any civil action brought by or notice of any 

proceeding before the Securities and Exchange Commission or any self-regulatory organization

in connection with the funding portal’s investment-related business may be given by registered 

or certified mail to the funding portal’s contact person at the main address, or mailing address, if 

different, given in Items 1.E., 1.F., and 1.H. If the applicant is a nonresident funding portal, it

must complete Schedule C to designate a U.S. agent for service of process.

The undersigned represents and warrants that he/she has executed this form on behalf of, 

and is duly authorized to bind, the funding portal. The undersigned and the funding portal

represent that the information and statements contained herein and other information filed 

herewith, all of which are made a part hereof, are current, true and complete. The undersigned 

and the funding portal further represent that, if this is an amendment, to the extent that any 

information previously submitted is not amended, such information is currently accurate and 

complete.

Date: 

Full Legal Name of Funding Portal: 

By:

(signature)

Title: 
634

FORM FUNDING PORTAL 

SCHEDULE A

Direct Owners and Executive Officers

1. Complete Schedule A only if submitting an initial application. Schedule A asks for 

information about the applicant’s direct owners and executive officers. Use Schedule B to 

amend this information.

2. Direct Owners and Executive Officers. List below the names of:

(a) each Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer, Chief Operations Officer, Chief 

Legal Officer, Chief Compliance Officer, director and any other individuals with similar 

status or functions;

(b) if applicant is organized as a corporation, each shareholder that is a direct owner of 5% 

or more of a class of the applicant’s voting securities, unless applicant is a public 

reporting company (a company subject to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Exchange Act);

Direct owners include any person that owns, beneficially owns, has the right to vote, or 

has the power to sell or direct the sale of 5% or more of a class of the applicant’s voting 

securities. For purposes of this Schedule, a person beneficially owns any securities: (i) 

owned by his/her child, stepchild, grandchild, parent, stepparent, grandparent, spouse, 

sibling, mother-in-law, father-in-law, son-in-law, daughter-in-law, brother-in-law, or 

sister-in-law, sharing the same residence; or (ii) that he/she has the right to acquire, 

within 60 days, through the exercise of any option, warrant, or right to purchase the 

security.

(c) if the applicant is organized as a partnership, all general partners and those limited and 

special partners that have the right to receive upon dissolution, or have contributed, 5% or 

more of the applicant’s capital;

(d) in the case of a trust, (i) a person that directly owns 5% or more of a class of the 

applicant’s voting securities, or that has the right to receive upon dissolution, or has 

contributed, 5% or more of the applicant’s capital, (ii) the trust and (iii) each trustee; and

(e) if the applicant is organized as a limited liability company (“LLC”), (i) those members 

that have the right to receive upon dissolution, or have contributed, 5% or more of the 

applicant’s capital, and (ii) if managed by elected managers, all elected managers.

3. In the DE/FE/NP column below, enter “DE” if the owner is a domestic entity, “FE” if the 

owner is an entity incorporated or domiciled in a foreign country, or “NP” if the owner or 

executive officer is a natural person.
635

4. Complete the Title or Status column by entering board/management titles; status as partner, 

trustee, sole proprietor, elected manager, shareholder, or member; and for shareholders or 

members, the class of securities owned (if more than one is issued).

5. Ownership codes are:

NA - less than 5% B - 10% but less than 25% D - 50% but less than 75% 

A - 5% but less than 10% C - 25% but less than 50% E - 75% or more

 G - Other (general partner, trustee, or elected member)

6. Control Person:

(a) In the Control Person column, enter “Yes” if the person has control as defined in the 

Glossary of Terms to Form Funding Portal, and enter “No” if the person does not have 

control. Note that under this definition, most executive officers and all 25% owners, 

general partners, elected managers, and trustees are “control persons”.

(b) In the PR column, enter “PR” if the owner is a public reporting company under Section

13 or 15(d) of the Exchange Act. 

7. Complete each column.

FULL

LEGAL 

NAME

(Natural 

Persons: 

Last Name, 

First

Name, 

Middle 

Name)

DE/FE/NP Title or

Status

Date Title or

Status

Acquired

Ownership

Code

Control

Person

CRD No.

(If None: 

S.S. No. and 

Date of 

Birth, IRS 

Tax No., or 

IRS 

Employer 

ID No.)

MM YYYY Yes/No PR
636

FORM FUNDING PORTAL 

SCHEDULE B

Amendments to Schedule A

1. Use Schedule B only to amend information requested on Schedule A. Refer to Schedule A for

specific instructions for completing this Schedule B. Complete each column. File with a 

completed Execution Page.

2. In the Type of Amendment column, indicate “A” (addition), “D” (deletion), or “C” (change in 

information about the same person).

3. Ownership codes are:

NA - less than 5% B - 10% but less than 25% D - 50% but less than 75%

A - 5% but less than 10% C - 25% but less than 50% E - 75% or more

G - Other (general partner, trustee, or elected member)

4. List below all changes to Schedule A (Direct Owners and Executive Officers):

FULL LEGAL

NAME 

(Natural 

Persons:

Last Name,

First Name, 

Middle 

D

E/ 

FE

/N 

P

Type of

Amendment

Title or

Status

Date Title

or Status

Acquired

Ownership

Code

Control

Person

CRD No.

(If None: S.S. No. 

and Date of Birth, 

IRS Tax No., or 

IRS Employer ID 

No.)

MM YYYY Yes/No PR
637

FORM FUNDING PORTAL

SCHEDULE C

Nonresident Funding Portals

Service of Process and Certification Regarding Prompt Access to Books and Records and Ability 

to Submit to Inspections and Examinations

Each nonresident funding portal applicant shall use Schedule C of Form Funding Portal to: 

identify its United States agent for service of process, and certify that it can, as a matter of law 

and will: (1) provide the Commission and any registered national securities association of

which it becomes a member with prompt access to its books and records, and (2) submit to 

onsite inspection and examination by the Commission and any registered national securities 

association of which it becomes a member.

A. Agent for Service of Process:

1. Name of United States person applicant designates and appoints as agent for service of

process:

 

2. Address of United States person applicant designates and appoints as agent for service of

process

The above identified agent for service of process may be served any process, pleadings,

subpoenas, or other papers in:

(a) any investigation or administrative proceeding conducted by the Commission that relates to 

the applicant or about which the applicant may have information; and

(b) any civil or criminal suit or action or proceeding under the federal securities laws brought

against the applicant or to which the applicant has been joined as defendant or respondent, in

any appropriate court in any place subject to the jurisdiction of any state or of the United States

or of any of its territories or possessions or of the District of Columbia. The applicant has

stipulated and agreed that any such suit, action or administrative proceeding may be 

commenced by the service of process upon, and that service of an administrative subpoena shall 

be effected by service upon, the above-named agent for service of process, and that service as 

aforesaid shall be taken and held in all courts and administrative tribunals to be valid and 

binding as if personal service thereof had been made.

B. Certification regarding access to records and ability to submit to inspections and examinations:

Applicant can, as a matter of law, and will:
638

1. provide the Commission and any registered national securities association of which it

becomes a member with prompt access to its books and records, and

2. submit to onsite inspection and examination by the Commission and any registered

national securities association of which it becomes a member.

Applicant must attach as an exhibit to this Form Funding Portal, Exhibit C, a copy of

the opinion of counsel it is required to obtain in accordance with Rule 400(f) of 

Regulation Crowdfunding, i.e., the opinion of counsel that the nonresident funding 

portal can, as a matter of law, provide the Commission and any registered national

securities association of which the nonresident funding portal becomes a member

with prompt access to the books and records of such nonresident funding portal, 

and that the nonresident funding portal can, as a matter of law, submit to onsite 

inspection and examination by the Commission and any registered national

securities association of which the nonresident funding portal becomes a member.

EXECUTION FOR NON-RESIDENT FUNDING PORTALS

The undersigned represents and warrants that he/she has executed this form on behalf of, and is 

duly authorized to bind, the nonresident funding portal. The undersigned and the nonresident 

funding portal represent that the information and statements contained herein and other information 

filed herewith, all of which are made a part hereof, are current, true and complete. The

undersigned and the nonresident funding portal further represent that, if this is an amendment, to 

the extent that any information previously submitted is not amended, such information is currently

accurate and complete.

The undersigned certifies that the nonresident funding portal can, as a matter of law, and will 

provide the Commission and any registered national securities association of which it becomes a 

member with prompt access to the books and records of such nonresident funding portal and can, 

as a matter of law, and will submit to onsite inspection and examination by the Commission and 

any registered national securities association of which it becomes a member. Finally, the 

undersigned authorizes any person having custody or possession of these books and records to 

make them available to federal regulatory representatives. 

Signature: 

Name and Title:

Date:
639

FORM FUNDING PORTAL

SCHEDULE D

If this is a withdrawal of registration:

A. The date the funding portal ceased business or withdrew its registration request: 

Date (MM/DD/YYYY): _______________

B. Location of Books and Records after Registration Withdrawal

Complete the following information for each location at which the applicant will 

keeps books and records after withdrawing its registration.

Name and address of entity where books and records are kept:

 

 (area code)(telephone number) (area code) (fax number)

This is (check one): one of applicant’s branch offices or affiliates. 

 a third party unaffiliated recordkeeper.

 other.

If this address is a private residence, check this box:

Briefly describe the books and records kept at this location.

C. Is the funding portal now the subject of or named in any investment-related

1. Investigation

 □ Yes □ No

2. Investor initiated complaint

 □ Yes □ No

3. Private civil litigation

 □ Yes □ No
640

CRIMINAL ACTION DISCLOSURE REPORTING PAGE (FP)

General Instructions

This Disclosure Reporting Page (DRP FP) is an INITIAL OR AMENDED response used 

to report details for affirmative responses to Items 5-A or 5-B of Form Funding Portal.

Check item(s) being responded to: 5-A(1) 5-A(2) 5-B(1) 5-B(2)

Use a separate DRP for each event or proceeding. The same event or proceeding may be

reported for more than one person or entity using one DRP. File with a completed Execution

Page.

Multiple counts of the same charge arising out of the same event(s) should be reported on the 

same DRP. Unrelated criminal actions, including separate cases arising out of the same event, 

must be reported on separate DRPs. Use this DRP to report all charges arising out of the same

event. One event may result in more than one affirmative answer to the items listed above.

Part 1

Check all that apply:

1. The person(s) or entity(ies) for whom this DRP is being filed is (are) the:

Select only one.

Applicant

Applicant and one or more associated persons

One or more of applicant’s associated persons

If this DRP is being filed for the applicant, and it is an amendment that seeks to remove a DRP

concerning the applicant from the record, the reason the DRP should be removed is:

The applicant is registered or applying for registration, and the event or proceeding was 

resolved in the applicant’s favor.

The DRP was filed in error.

If this DRP is being filed for an associated person:

This associated person is: a firm a natural person

The associated person is: registered with the SEC not registered with the SEC

Full name of the associated person (including, for natural persons, last, first and middle names):
641

If the associated person has a CRD number, provide that number.

If this is an amendment that seeks to remove a DRP concerning the associated person, the reason 

the DRP should be removed is:

The associated person (s) is (are) no longer associated with the applicant. 

The event or proceeding was resolved in the associated person’s favor. 

The event or proceeding occurred more than ten years ago.

The DRP was filed in error. Explain the circumstances:

Part 2

1. If charge(s) were brought against a firm or organization over which the applicant or a

associated person exercise(s)(d) control:

A. Enter the firm or organization’s name

B. Was the firm or organization engaged in an investment-related business?

 Yes No

 C. What was the relationship of the applicant with the firm or organization? (In the case of a

associated person, include any position or title with the firm or organization.)

2. Court where formal charge(s) were brought in: (include the name of Federal, Military, State or

Foreign Court, Location of Court - City or County and State or Country, and Docket/Case

number).

A. Name of Court:

B. Location of Court: 

Street Address: 

City or County: _________________ State/Country: _____________________

Postal Code: 

C. Docket/Case Number:

3. Event Disclosure Detail (Use this for both organizational and individual charges.)

A. Date First Charged (MM/DD/YYYY): Exact

Explanation 
642

If not exact, provide explanation:

B. Event Disclosure Detail (include charge(s)/charge Description(s), and for each charge 

provide: (1) number of counts, (2) felony or misdemeanor, (3) plea for each charge, and 

(4) product type if charge is investment-related).

C. Did any of the charge(s) within the event involve a felony? Yes No

D. Current status of the event? Pending On Appeal Final

E. Event status date (Complete unless status is pending)

(MM/DD/YYYY): ______________ Exact

 Explanation

If not exact, provide explanation:

4. Disposition Disclosure Detail: Include for each charge (a) Disposition Type (e.g., convicted, 

acquitted, dismissed, pretrial, etc.), (b) Date, (c) Sentence/Penalty, (d) Duration (if sentencesuspension, probation, etc.), (e) Start Date of Penalty, (f) Penalty/Fine Amount, and (g) Date 

Paid.

5. Provide a brief summary of circumstances leading to the charge(s) as well as the disposition.

Include the relevant dates when the conduct that was the subject of the charge(s) occurred. 

(The response must fit within the space provided.)
643

REGULATORY ACTION DISCLOSURE REPORTING PAGE (FP)

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS

This Disclosure Reporting Page (DRP FP) is an INITIAL OR AMENDED response used 

to report details for affirmative responses to Item 5-C, 5-D, 5-E-5-F or 5-G of Form Funding

Portal.

Check item(s) being responded to: 5-C(1) 5-C(2) 5-C(3) 5-C(4)

5-C(5) 5-D(1) 5-D(2) 5-D(3) 5-D(4) 5-D(5)

5-E(1) 5-E(2) 5-E(3) 5-E(4) 5-F 5-G

Use a separate DRP for each event or proceeding. An event or proceeding may be reported 

for more than one person or entity using one DRP. File with a completed Execution Page.

One event may result in more than one affirmative answer to Items 5-C, 5-D, 5-E, 5- F or 5-G. 

Use only one DRP to report details related to the same event. If an event gives rise to actions by

more than one regulator, provide details for each action on a separate DRP.

Part 1

The person(s) or entity(ies) for whom this DRP is being filed is (are) the:

 Select only one.

Applicant (the funding portal)

Applicant and one or more of the applicant’s associated person (s) 

One or more of applicant’s associated person (s)

If this DRP is being filed for the applicant and it is an amendment that seeks to remove a DRP

concerning the applicant from the record, the reason the DRP should be removed is:

The applicant is registered or applying for registration, and the event or proceeding was 

resolved in the applicant’s favor.

The DRP was filed in error.

If this DRP is being filed for an associated person:

This associated person is: a firm 

 a natural person

The associated person is: registered with the SEC

not registered with the SEC
644

Full name of the associated person (including, for natural persons, last, first and middle names):

If the associated person has a CRD number, provide that number.

If this is an amendment that seeks to remove a DRP concerning the associated person, the reason 

the DRP should be removed is:

The associated person (s) is (are) no longer associated with the applicant. 

The event or proceeding was resolved in the associated person’s favor. 

The DRP was filed in error. Explain the circumstances:

Part 2

1. Regulatory Action was initiated by:

SEC Other Federal Authority SRO

 Foreign Authority State

(Full name of regulator, foreign financial regulatory authority, federal authority, state or SRO)

2. Principal Sanction (check appropriate item):

Civil and Administrative Penalty(ies)/Fine(s)

 Restitution Expulsion Disgorgement

Bar Revocation Suspension

Cease and Desist Injunction Undertaking

Censure Prohibition Other

Denial Reprimand

Other Sanctions:
645

3. Date Initiated (MM/DD/YYYY): Exact

 Explanation

If not exact, provide explanation:

4. Docket/Case Number: 

5. Associated person’s Employing Firm when activity occurred that led to the regulatory action

(if applicable):

6. Principal Product Type (check appropriate item):

Annuity(ies) - Fixed Derivative(s) Mutual Fund(s)

Annuity(ies) - Variable Direct Investment(s) - DPP & LP Interest(s) 

Money Market Fund(s) Equity - OTC Options

CD(s) Equity Listed (Common & Preferred Stock)

Commodity Option(s) Futures - Commodity Penny Stock(s) 

Debt - Asset Backed Futures - Financial Unit Investment Trust(s)

Debt - Corporate Index Option(s) Other

Debt - Government Insurance No Product

Debt - Municipal Investment Contract(s)

Other Product Types:

7. Describe the allegations related to this regulatory action. (The response must fit within the 

space provided.)

8. Current status? Pending On Appeal Final
646

9. If on appeal, to whom the regulatory action was appealed (SEC, SRO, Federal or State Court)

and date appeal filed:

If Final or On Appeal, complete all items below. For Pending Actions, complete Item 13 only.

10. How was matter resolved (check appropriate item):

Acceptance, Waiver & Consent (AWC) Dismissed Vacated 

Consent Withdrawn Order 

Decision Settled Other

Decision & Order of Offer of Settlement Stipulation and Consent

11. Resolution Date (MM/DD/YYYY): 

If not exact, provide explanation:

Exact

Explanation

12. Resolution Detail:

A. Were any of the following Sanctions Ordered (check all appropriate items)?

Monetary/Fine Revocation/Expulsion/Denial Censure

Amount: $ Disgorgement Suspension

Bar Cease & Desist/Injunction 

B. Other Sanctions Ordered:

C. Sanction detail: If suspended, enjoined or barred, provide duration including start date 

and capacities affected (General Securities Principal, Financial Operations Principal, 

etc.). If requalification by exam/retraining was a condition of the sanction, provide

length of time given to requalify/retrain, type of exam required and whether condition has 

been satisfied. If disposition resulted in a fine, penalty, restitution, disgorgement or 

monetary compensation, provide total amount, portion levied against the applicant or an 

associated person, date paid and if any portion of penalty was waived:

13. Provide a brief summary of details related to the action status and (or) disposition, and 

include relevant terms, conditions and dates.
647

CIVIL JUDICIAL ACTION DISCLOSURE REPORTING PAGE (FP)

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS

This Disclosure Reporting Page (DRP FP) is an INITIAL OR AMENDED response used 

to report details for affirmative responses to Item 5-H or 5-I of Form Funding Portal.

Check item(s) being responded to: 5-H(1) 5-H(2) 5-H(3) 5-I

Use a separate DRP for each event or proceeding. An event or proceeding may be reported 

for more than one person or entity using one DRP. File with a completed Execution Page.

One event may result in more than one affirmative answer to Item 5-H or 5-I. Use only one

DRP to report details related to the same event. Unrelated civil judicial actions must be

reported on separate DRPs.

Part 1

The person(s) or entity(ies) for whom this DRP is being filed is (are) the:

 Select only one.

Applicant (the funding portal)

Applicant and one or more of the applicant’s associated person (s) 

One or more of the applicant’s associated person (s)

If this DRP is being filed for the applicant and it is an amendment that seeks to remove a DRP

concerning the applicant from the record, the reason the DRP should be removed is:

The applicant is registered or applying for registration, and the event or proceeding was 

resolved in the applicant’s favor.

The DRP was filed in error.

If this DRP is being filed for an associated person:

This associated person is: a firm a natural person

The associated person: registered with the SEC not registered with the SEC

Full name of the associated person (including, for natural persons, last, first and middle names):

If the associated person has a CRD number, provide that number.
648

If this is an amendment that seeks to remove a DRP concerning the associated person, the reason 

the DRP should be removed is:

The associated person (s) is (are) no longer associated with the applicant. 

The event or proceeding was resolved in the associated person’s favor. 

The DRP was filed in error. Explain the circumstances:

Part 2

1. Court Action initiated by: (Name of regulator, foreign financial regulatory authority, SRO, 

commodities exchange, agency, firm, private plaintiff, etc.)

2. Principal Relief Sought (check appropriate item):

Cease and Desist Disgorgement Money Damages

(Private/Civil Complaint)

Restraining Order Civil Penalty(ies)/Fine(s) 

Injunction Restitution

Other

Other Relief Sought: 

3. Filing Date of Court Action (MM/DD/YYYY): Exact

 Explanation

If not exact, provide explanation:

4. Principal Product Type (check appropriate item):

Annuity(ies) - Fixed Derivative(s) Investment Contract(s) 

Annuity(ies) - Variable Direct Investment(s) –

DPP & LP Interest(s)

Money Market Fund(s) CD(s) Equity - OTC 

Mutual Fund(s) Commodity Option(s) No Product 

Equity Listed Options

(Common & Preferred Stock)

Debt - Asset Backed Futures - Commodity Penny Stock(s)

Debt - Corporate Futures - Financial Unit Investment Trust(s) 

Debt - Government Index Option(s) Other

Debt - Municipal Insurance
649

Other Product Types:

5. Formal Action was brought in (include the name of the Federal, State, or Foreign Court; 

Location of Court – City or County and State or Country; and Docket/Case Number

6. Associated person’s Employing Firm when activity occurred that led to the civil judicial 

action (if applicable):

7. Describe the allegations related to this civil action (the response must fit within the space 

provided):

8. Current status? Pending On Appeal Final

9. If on appeal, court to which the action was appealed (provide name of the court) and Date

Appeal Filed (MM/DD/YYYY):

10. If pending, date notice/process was served (MM/DD/YYYY):

Exact Explanation

If not exact, provide explanation:

If Final or On Appeal, complete all items below. For Pending Actions, complete Item 14 only.

11. How was matter resolved (check appropriate item):

Consent Judgment Rendered Settled Dismissed Opinion

Withdrawn Other

12. Resolution Date (MM/DD/YYYY): Exact

Explanation

If not exact, provide explanation:
650

13. Resolution Detail:

A. Were any of the following Sanctions Ordered or Relief Granted (check appropriate items)?

Monetary/Fine Revocation/Expulsion/Denial Disgorgement/Restitution

Amount: $ Censure Cease and Desist/Injunction

 Bar Suspension

B. Other Sanctions Ordered:

C. Sanction detail: If suspended, enjoined or barred, provide duration including start date 

and capacities affected (General Securities Principal, Financial Operations Principal, 

etc.). If requalification by exam/retraining was a condition of the sanction, provide

length of time given to requalify/retrain, type of exam required and whether condition has 

been satisfied. If disposition resulted in a fine, penalty, restitution, disgorgement or 

monetary compensation, provide total amount, portion levied against the applicant or an 

associated person, date paid and if any portion of penalty was waived:

14. Provide a brief summary of circumstances related to the action(s), allegation(s), 

disposition(s) and/or finding(s) disclosed above.
651

BANKRUPTCY/SIPC DISCLOSURE REPORTING PAGE (FP)

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS

This Disclosure Reporting Page (DRP FP) is an INITIAL OR AMENDED response used 

to report details for affirmative responses to Item 5-J of Form Funding Portal.

Check item(s) being responded to: 5-J(1) 5-J(2)

Use a separate DRP for each event or proceeding. An event or proceeding may be reported 

for more than one person or entity using one DRP. File with a completed Execution Page.

One event may result in more than one affirmative answer to Item 5-J. Use only one DRP to 

report details related to the same event. Unrelated civil judicial actions must be reported on 

separate DRPs.

Part 1

1. The person(s) or entity(ies) for whom this DRP is being filed is (are) the:

Select only one.

Applicant

Applicant and one or more control affiliate(s)

One or more of control affiliate(s)

If this DRP is being filed for a control affiliate, give the full name of the control affiliate below

(for individuals, Last name, First name, Middle name).

If the control affiliate is registered with the CRD, provide the CRD number. If not, indicate

“non-registered’’ by checking the appropriate checkbox.

FP DRP - CONTROL AFFILIATE

Control Affiliate CRD Number This control affiliate is: a firm

a natural person

Registered: Yes No

Full name of the control affiliate (including, for natural persons, last, first and middle names):
652

This is an amendment that seeks to remove a DRP record because the control affiliate(s) is

(are) no longer associated with the funding portal.

2. If the control affiliate is registered through the CRD, has the control affiliate submitted a DRP 

(with Form U-4) or BD DRP to the CRD System for the event? If the answer is “Yes,’’ no other 

information on this DRP must be provided.

Yes No

NOTE: The completion of this Form does not relieve the control affiliate of its obligation to 

update its CRD records.

Part 2

1. Action Type: (check appropriate item)

Bankruptcy Declaration Receivership

Compromise Liquidated Other

2. Action Date (MM/DD/YYYY): Exact

Explanation
653

If not exact, provide explanation:

3. If the financial action relates to an organization over which the applicant or control 

affiliate person exercise(s)(d) control, enter organization name and the applicant’s

or control affiliate’s position, title or relationship:

Was the Organization investment-related? Yes No

4. Court action brought in (Name of Federal, State or Foreign Court), Location of Court 

(City or County and State or Country), Docket/Case Number and Bankruptcy Chapter 

Number (if Federal Bankruptcy Filing):

5. Is action currently pending? Yes No

6. If not pending, provide Disposition Type: (check appropriate item)

Direct Payment Procedure Dismissed Satisfied/Released

Discharged Dissolved SIPA Trustee Appointed

Other

7. Disposition Date (MM/DD/YYYY): Exact Explanation

If not exact, provide explanation: 

8. Provide a brief summary of events leading to the action, and if not discharged, explain. 

(The information must fit within the space provided):

9. If a SIPA trustee was appointed or a direct payment procedure was begun, enter the 

amount paid by you; or the name of trustee:

Currently Open? Yes No

Date Direct Payment Initiated/Filed or Trustee Appointed (MM/DD/YYYY):

Exact Explanation

If not exact, provide explanation:
654

10. Provide details to any status disposition. Include details as to creditors, terms, conditions, 

amounts due and settlement schedule (if applicable):
655

BOND DISCLOSURE REPORTING PAGE (FP)

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS

This Disclosure Reporting Page (DRP FP) is an INITIAL OR AMENDED response used 

to report details for affirmative responses to Item 5-K of Form Funding Portal.

Check item(s) being responded to: 5-K

Use a separate DRP for each event or proceeding. An event or proceeding may be reported 

for more than one person or entity using one DRP. File with a completed Execution Page.

One event may result in more than one affirmative answer to Item 5-K. Use only one DRP to 

report details related to the same event. If an event gives rise to actions by more than one 

regulator, provide details for each action on a separate DRP.

1. Firm Name: (Policy Holder)

2. Bonding Company Name:

3. Disposition Type: (check appropriate item)

Denied Payout Revoked

4. Disposition Date (MM/DD/YYYY): Exact Explanation

If not exact, provide explanation:

5. If disposition resulted in Payout, list Payout Amount and Date Paid:
656

6. Summarize the details of circumstances leading to the necessity of the bonding company 

action:
657

JUDGMENT / LIEN DISCLOSURE REPORTING PAGE (FP)

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS

This Disclosure Reporting Page (DRP FP) is an INITIAL OR AMENDED response used 

to report details for affirmative responses to Item 5-L of Form Funding Portal.

Check item(s) being responded to: 5-L

Use a separate DRP for each event or proceeding. An event or proceeding may be reported for

more than one person or entity using one DRP. File with a completed Execution Page. One

event may result in more than one affirmative answer to Item 5-L. Use only one DRP to report 

details related to the same event. If an event gives rise to actions by more than one regulator, 

provide details for each action on a separate DRP.

1. Judgment/Lien Amount:

2. Judgment/Lien Holder: _

3. Judgment/Lien Type: (check appropriate item)

Civil Default Tax

4. Date Filed (MM/DD/YYYY): Exact

Explanation

If not exact, provide 

explanation:

5. Is Judgment/Lien outstanding? Yes No

If No, provide explanation:

If No, how was matter resolved? (check appropriate item)

Discharged Released Removed Satisfied

6. Court where judgment was given:

A. Name of Court

B. Location of Court: 

Street Address: 

City or County: _________________ State/Country: _____________________

Postal Code: 

C. Docket/Case Number
658

7. Provide a brief summary of events leading to the action and any payment schedule 

details, including current status (if applicable):
659

FORM FUNDING PORTAL INSTRUCTIONS 

A. GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS

1. EXPLANATION OF FORM

• This is the form that a funding portal must use to register with the Securities and 

Exchange Commission (“SEC” or “Commission”), to amend its registration and 

to withdraw from registration.

• The Commission may make publicly accessible all current Forms Funding Portal, 

including amendments and registration withdrawal requests, which may be searchable

by the public, with the exception of certain personally identifiable information or other 

information with significant potential for misuse (including the contact employee’s 

direct phone number, fax number and e-mail address and any IRS Tax Number, IRS 

Employer Identification Number, social security number, date of birth, or any other 

similar information). If the applicant submits any attachments to Form Funding Portal 

in PDF format it is the responsibility of the applicant to redact certain personally

identifiable information or other information with significant potential for misuse 

(including the contact employee’s direct phone number, fax number and e-mail address 

and any IRS Tax Number, IRS Employer Identification Number, social security 

number, date of birth, or any other similar information) from the PDF.

2. WHEN TO FILE FORM FUNDING PORTAL

• A funding portal’s registration must become effective before offering or selling any 

securities in reliance on Section 4(a)(6) through a platform. Under Rule 400, a funding 

portal’s registration will be effective the later of: (1) 30 calendar days after the date a 

complete Form Funding Portal is received by the Commission or (2) the date the

funding portal is approved for membership by a national securities association 

registered under Section 15A of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (“Exchange

Act”).

• A registered funding portal must promptly file an amendment to Form Funding Portal 

when any information previously submitted on Form Funding Portal becomes 

inaccurate or incomplete for any reason.

• A successor funding portal may succeed to the registration of a registered funding

portal by filing a registration on Form Funding Portal within 30 days after the

succession.

• If a funding portal succeeds to and continues the business of a registered funding portal

and the succession is based solely on a change of the predecessor’s date or state of 

incorporation, form of organization, or composition of a partnership or similar reason, 

the successor may, within 30 days of the succession, amend the registration on Form 

Funding Portal to reflect these changes.
660

• A funding portal must also file a withdrawal on Form Funding Portal (and complete 

Schedule D) promptly upon ceasing to operate as a funding portal. Withdrawal will be

effective on the later of 30 days after receipt by the Commission, after the funding

portal is no longer operational, or within such longer period of time as to which the

funding portal consents or which the Commission by order may determine as necessary

or appropriate in the public interest or for the protection of investors.

• A Form Funding Portal filing will not be considered complete unless it complies with 

all applicable requirements.

3. ELECTRONIC FILING – The applicant must file Form Funding Portal

electronically, and must utilize this system to file and amend Form Funding Portal 

electronically to assure the timely acceptance and processing of those filings.

4. CONTACT EMPLOYEE – The individual listed as the contact employee must be 

authorized to receive all compliance information, communications, and mailings, and 

be responsible for disseminating it within the applicant’s organization.

5. FEDERAL INFORMATION LAW AND REQUIREMENTS

• The principal purpose of this form is to provide a mechanism by which a funding portal

can register with the Commission, amend its registration and withdraw from 

registration. The Commission maintains a file of the information on this form and will 

make certain information collected through the form publicly available. The SEC will 

not accept forms that do not include the required information.

• Section 4A(a) of the Securities Act of 1933 [15 U.S.C. §77d-1(a)] and Sections 3(h) and

23(a) the Exchange Act [15 U.S.C. §§78c(h) and 78w(a)] authorize the SEC to collect 

the information required by Form Funding Portal. The SEC collects the information for 

regulatory purposes. Filing Form Funding Portal is mandatory for persons that are 

registering as funding portals with the SEC.

• Any member of the public may direct to the Commission any comments concerning the 

accuracy of the burden estimate on this Form and any suggestions for reducing this 

burden. This collection of information has been reviewed by the Office of Management 

and Budget in accordance with the clearance requirements of 44 U.S.C. §3507. The 

information contained in this form is part of a system of records subject to the Privacy 

Act of 1974, as amended. The Securities and Exchange Commission has published in 

the Federal Register the Privacy Act Systems of Records Notice for these records.

B. FILING INSTRUCTIONS

1. FORMAT
661

• All fields requiring a response in Items 1-7 must be completed before the filing will be

accepted. 

• Applicant must complete the execution page certifying that Form Funding Portal and 

amendments thereto have been executed properly and that the information contained 

therein is accurate and complete.

• To amend information, the applicant must update the appropriate Form Funding

Portal pages or Schedules.

• A paper copy, with original manual signatures, of the initial Form Funding Portal filing 

and amendments to Form Funding Portal and Disclosure Reporting Pages must be

retained by the applicant and be made available for inspection upon a regulatory

request.

2. DISCLOSURE REPORTING PAGES (DRP) – Information concerning the

applicant or associated person that relates to the occurrence of an event reportable

under Item 5 must be provided on the applicant’s appropriate DRP (FP). If an

associated person is an individual or organization registered through the CRD, such 

associated person need only complete the associated person name and CRD number of

the applicant’s appropriate DRP. Details for the event must be submitted on the

associated person’s appropriate DRP or DRP (U-4). If an associated person is an 

individual or organization not registered through the CRD, provide complete answers 

to all of the questions and complete all fields requiring a response on the associated 

person’s appropriate DRP (FP).

3. DIRECT OWNERS - Amend the Direct Owners and Executive Officers page when 

changes in ownership occur.

4. NONRESIDENT APPLICANTS – Any applicant that is a nonresident funding

portal must complete Schedule C and attach the opinion of counsel referred to 

therein.

C. EXPLANATION OF TERMS

1. GENERAL

APPLICANT - The funding portal applying on or amending this form.

ASSOCIATED PERSON - Any partner, officer, director or manager of the funding portal (or 

any person occupying a similar status or performing similar functions), any person directly or 

indirectly controlling or controlled by the funding portal, or any employee of the funding portal, 

except that any person associated with a funding portal whose functions are solely clerical or 

ministerial shall not be included in the meaning of such term for purposes of section 15(b) of 

the Exchange Act (other than paragraphs (4) and (6) thereof). 
662

CONTROL - The power, directly or indirectly, to direct the management or policies of the 

funding portal, whether through contract, or otherwise. A person is presumed to control a 

funding portal if that person: (1) is a director, general partner or officer exercising executive 

responsibility (or has a similar status or functions); (2) directly or indirectly has the right to vote 

25 percent or more of a class of a voting security or has the power to sell or direct the sale of 25 

percent or more of a class of voting securities of the funding portal; or (3) in the case of a 

partnership, has contributed, or has a right to receive, 25 percent or more of the capital of the 

funding portal. (This definition is used solely for the purposes of Form Funding Portal).

CONTROL AFFILIATE – A person named in Item 4 or any other individual or organization 

that directly or indirectly controls, is under common control with, or is controlled by, the 

applicant, including any current employee of the applicant except one performing only clerical, 

administrative, support or similar functions, or who, regardless of title, performs no executive 

duties or has no senior policy making authority.

FOREIGN FINANCIAL REGULATORY AUTHORITY – Includes (1) a foreign 

securities authority; (2) other governmental body or foreign equivalent of a self-regulatory

organization empowered by a foreign government to administer or enforce its laws relating

to the regulation of investment or investment-related activities; and (3) a foreign membership

organization, a function of which is to regulate the participation of its members in the

activities listed above.

FUNDING PORTAL - A broker acting as an intermediary in a transaction involving the

offer or sale of securities offered and sold in reliance on Section 4(a)(6), that does not, 

directly or indirectly: (1) offer investment advice or recommendations; (2) solicit purchases, 

sales or offers to buy the securities displayed on its platform; (3) compensate employees, 

agents, or other persons for such solicitation or based on the sale of securities displayed or

referenced on its platform; or (4) hold, manage, possess, or otherwise handle investor funds or

securities.

JURISDICTION – Any state of the United States, the District of Columbia, the

Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, the U.S. Virgin Islands, any other territory of the United 

States, or any subdivision or regulatory body thereof.

NONRESIDENT FUNDING PORTAL – A funding portal incorporated in or organized 

under the laws of a jurisdiction outside of the United States or its territories, or having its

principal place of business in any place not in the United States or its territories.

PERSON - An individual, partnership, corporation, trust, or other organization.

SELF-REGULATORY ORGANIZATION (“SRO”) – A national securities association 

registered under Section 15A of the Exchange Act or any national securities exchange or

registered clearing agency.
663

SUCCESSOR –A funding portal that assumes or acquires substantially all of the assets and 

liabilities, and that continues the business of, a registered predecessor funding portal that

ceases its funding portal activities. See Rule 400(c) of Regulation Crowdfunding (17 CFR

227.400(c)).

2. FOR THE PURPOSE OF ITEM 5 AND THE CORRESPONDING 

DISCLOSURE REPORTING PAGES (DRPs) (FP)

CHARGED - Being accused of a crime in a formal complaint, information, or indictment 

(or equivalent formal charge).

ENJOINED – Includes being subject to a mandatory injunction, prohibitory

injunction, preliminary injunction, or temporary restraining order.

FELONY – For jurisdictions that do not differentiate between a felony and a misdemeanor, a 

felony is an offense punishable by a sentence of at least one year imprisonment and/or a fine

of at least $1,000. The term also includes a general court martial.

FOUND – Includes adverse final actions, including consent decrees in which the respondent 

has neither admitted nor denied the findings, but does not include agreements, deficiency

letters, examination reports, memoranda of understanding, letters of caution, admonishments, 

and similar informal resolutions of matters.

INVESTMENT OR INVESTMENT-RELATED – Pertaining to securities, commodities, 

banking, savings association activities, credit union activities, insurance, or real estate

(including, but not limited to, acting as or being associated with a funding portal broker-dealer, 

municipal securities dealer, government securities broker or dealer, issuer, investment 

company, investment adviser, futures sponsor, bank, security-based swap dealer, major

security-based swap participant, savings association, credit union, insurance company, or

insurance agency).

INVOLVED – Doing an act or aiding, abetting, counseling, commanding, inducing, 

conspiring with or failing reasonably to supervise another in doing an act.

MINOR RULE VIOLATION – A violation of a self-regulatory organization rule that has 

been designated as “minor” pursuant to a plan approved by the SEC or Commodity Futures 

Trading Commission. A rule violation may be designated as “minor” under a plan if the

sanction imposed consists of a fine of $2,500 or less and if the sanctioned person does not 

contest the fine. (Check with the appropriate self-regulatory organization to determine if a

particular rule violation has been designated as “minor” for these purposes).

MISDEMEANOR – For jurisdictions that do not differentiate between a felony and a 

misdemeanor, a misdemeanor is an offense punishable by a sentence of less than one year 
664

imprisonment and/or a fine of less than $1,000. The term also includes a special court 

martial.

ORDER – A written directive issued pursuant to statutory authority and procedures, including 

orders of denial, suspension, or revocation; does not include special stipulations, undertakings 

or agreements relating to payments, limitations on activity or other restrictions unless they are 

included in an order.

PROCEEDING – Includes a formal administrative or civil action initiated by a governmental 

agency, self-regulatory organization or a foreign financial regulatory authority; a felony

criminal indictment or information (or equivalent formal charge); or a misdemeanor criminal 

information (or equivalent formal charge). Does not include other civil litigation, 

investigations, or arrests or similar charges effected in the absence of a formal criminal 

indictment or information (or equivalent formal charge).
665

PART 269 – FORMS PRESCRIBED UNDER THE TRUST INDENTURE ACT OF

1939

13. The authority citation for part 269 continues to read as follows:

Authority: 15 U.S.C. 77ddd(c), 77eee, 77ggg, 77hhh, 77iii, 77jjj, 77sss, and 78ll(d), 

unless otherwise noted.

PART 274 – FORMS PRESCRIBED UNDER THE INVESTMENT COMPANY ACT OF 

1940

14. The authority citation for part 274 continues to read, in part, as follows:

Authority: 15 U.S.C. 77f, 77g, 77h, 77j, 77s, 78c(b), 78l, 78m, 78n, 78o(d), 80a–8, 

80a–24, 80a–26, and 80a–29, unless otherwise noted.

* * * * *

15. Form ID (referenced in §§239.63, 249.446, 269.7 and 274.402) is amended by 

adding a check box that reads “Funding Portal” in alphabetical order in the list of applicants in 

Part I; and the Instructions to Form ID are amended to include the definition of “Funding Portal” 

in alphabetical order under Part I and reads “Funding Portal: A broker acting as an intermediary 

in a transaction involving the offer or sale of securities offered and sold in reliance on Section 

4(a)(6) of the Securities Act, that does not: (1) offer investment advice or recommendations; (2) 

solicit purchases, sales or offers to buy the securities displayed on its platform; (3) compensate 

employees, agents, or other persons for such solicitation or based on the sale of securities 

displayed or referenced on its platform; or (4) hold, manage, possess, or otherwise handle 

investor funds or securities.”
666

(Note: The amendments to Form ID will not appear in the Code of Federal Regulations.)

By the Commission.

Jill M. Peterson

Assistant Secretary

Date: October 30, 2015
667

Note: The following Exhibit A will not appear in the Code of Federal Regulations.

EXHIBIT A

Comment Letters Received Regarding Proposing Release

to Implement Regulation Crowdfunding (File No. S7-09-13)

AABOC: Letter from Doby Gavn, President and CEO, 

African American Business Opportunities 

Communities, Oct. 26, 2013

ABA: Letter from Catherine T. Dixon, Chair, Federal 

Regulation of Securities Committee, Business Law 

Section, American Bar Association

Accredify: Letter from Herwig G. Konings, CEO, Accredify 

LLC, Nov. 30, 2013

Active Agenda: Letter from Daniel F. Zahlis, Founder, Product 

Architect, Active Agenda LLC, Jan. 29, 2014

Advanced Hydro: Letter from Dileep Agnihotri, Ph.D., CEO, 

Advanced Hydro Inc., Oct. 23, 2013

AEO: Letter from Connie E. Evans, President & CEO, 

Association for Enterprise Opportunity, Feb. 3, 

2014

AFL-CIO: Letter from Brandon J. Rees, Acting Director, 

Office of Investment, AFL-CIO, Feb. 3, 2014

AFR: Letter from Americans for Financial Reform, March 

5, 2014

Ahmad: Letter from Mohamed Ahmad, Aug. 21, 2014

AICPA: Letter from The American Institute of Certified 

Public Accountants, Feb. 3, 2014

Amram 1: Letter from Elan Amram, Feb. 3, 2014

Amram 2: Letter from Elan Amram, Feb. 3, 2014

Angel 1: Letter from James J. Angel, Ph.D., CFA, Visiting 

Associate Professor, Georgetown University, Feb. 

5, 2014
668

Angel 2: Letter from James J. Angel, Ph.D., CFA, Visiting 

Associate Professor, Georgetown University, Jul. 1, 

2014

AngelList: Letter from Naval Ravikant, CEO, AngelList, Jan. 

24, 3014

Anonymous 1: Letter from an anonymous person, Nov. 9, 2013

Anonymous 2: Letter from an anonymous person, Nov. 13, 2013

Anonymous 3: Letter from an anonymous person, Nov. 25, 2013

Anonymous 4: Letter from an anonymous person, Dec. 5, 2013

Anonymous 5: Letter from an anonymous person, Jan. 25, 2014

Anonymous 6: Letter from an anonymous person, Feb. 7, 2014

Arctic Island 1: Letter from Scott Purcell, Founder and CEO, Arctic 

Island LLC, Nov. 4, 2013

Arctic Island 2: Letter from Scott Purcell, Founder and CEO, Arctic 

Island LLC, Dec. 4, 2013

Arctic Island 3: Letter from Scott Purcell, Founder and CEO, Arctic 

Island LLC, Dec. 4, 2013

Arctic Island 4: Letter from Scott Purcell, Founder and CEO, Arctic 

Island LLC, Dec. 4, 2013

Arctic Island 5: Letter from Scott Purcell, Founder and CEO, Arctic 

Island LLC, Dec. 6, 2013

Arctic Island 6: Letter from Scott Purcell, Founder and CEO, Arctic 

Island LLC, Dec. 6, 2013

Arctic Island 7: Letter from Scott Purcell, Founder and CEO, Arctic 

Island LLC, Dec. 6, 2013

Arctic Island 8: Letter from Scott Purcell, Founder and CEO, Arctic 

Island LLC, Dec. 31, 2013

ASSOB: Letter from Paul M. Niederer, CEO, ASSOB Equity 

Funding Platform Australia, Oct. 25, 2013

ASTTC: Letter from Mark C. Healy, President and Chief 

Executive Officer, American Stock Transfer & 

Trust Company, Brooklyn, New York, Feb. 3, 2014
669

AWBC: Letter from Marsha Bailey, Chair, Association of 

Women's Business Centers, Feb. 3, 2014

BackTrack: Letter from Randy Shain, Founder and EVP, 

BackTrack Reports, Nov. 12, 2013

Ball: Letter from Robert Ball, Feb. 1, 2014

BCFCU: Letter from Margot Brandenburg, Chair, Brooklyn 

Cooperative Federal Credit Union, New York, New 

York, Feb. 3, 2014

Benavente: Letter from Javier E. Benavente, Jan. 16, 2014

Benjamin: Letter from Jordan Benjamin, Nov. 30, 2013

BetterInvesting: Letter from Kamie Zaracki, Chief Executive 

Officer, et. al., Jul. 29, 2014

Borrell: Letter from Monica L. Borell, Jan. 27, 2014

Brown D.: Letter from Douglas Brown, Start-up business 

owner, Jan. 29, 2014

Brown J.: Letter from J. Robert Brown, Jr., Professor of Law, 

University of Denver, Sturm College of Law, Jan. 

27, 2014

Bullock: Letter from Leo M. Bullock, IV, Nov. 10, 2013

Bushroe: Letter from Fred Bushroe, Oct. 29, 2013

CalTech Entrepreneurs: Letter from Russell M. Frandsen, Esquire, The 

Business Legal Group Executive Committee of the 

Caltech Entrepreneurs Forum, Jan. 29, 2014

Campbell R.: Letter from Rutheford B. Campbell, Jr., SpearsGilbert Professor of Law, University of Kentucky, 

Feb. 14, 2014

CAMEO: Letter from Claudia Viek, CEO, California 

Association for Micro Enterprise Opportunity, Feb. 

3, 2014

CapSchedule: Letter from Scott Purcell, CapSchedule.com, LLC, 

Oct. 23, 2013

CarbonTech: Letter from Robert Shatz, CEO, CarbonTech Global 

LLC, Oct. 24, 2013
670

CCI: Letter from Carrie Devorah, The Center For 

Copyright Integrity, Feb. 3, 2014

CEI: Letter from John Berlau, Senior Fellow, Finance 

and Access to Capital, Competitive Enterprise 

Institute, Feb. 3, 2014

CFA Institute: Letter from Kurt N. Schacht, CFA, Managing 

Director, Standards and Financial Market Integrity, 

and Linda L. Rittenhouse, Director, Capital 

Markets, CFA Institute, Feb. 3, 2014

CFIRA 1: Letter from Freeman White, Board Member, et al., 

CFIRA, Jan. 19, 2014

CFIRA 2: Letter from Kim Wales, Executive Board Member, 

and Chris Tyrrell, Chairman, CFIRA, Jan. 20, 2014

CFIRA 3: Letter from Kim Wales, Executive Board Member, 

and Chris Tyrrell, Chairman, CFIRA, Jan. 26, 2014

CFIRA 4: Letter from Kim Wales, Executive Board Member, 

et al., CFIRA, Jan. 26, 2014

CFIRA 5: Letter from Kim Wales, Founder and CEO, Wales 

Capital, and Executive Board Member, CFIRA, Jan. 

26, 2014

CFIRA 6: Letter from Joy Schoffler, Board Member, et al., 

CFIRA, Jan. 27, 2014

CFIRA 7: Letter from Mary Juetten, Board Member, et al., 

CFIRA, Jan. 31, 2014

CFIRA 8: Letter from Jonathan Miller, Board Member, et al., 

CFIRA

CFIRA 9: Letter from Daryl Bryant, Board Member, et al., 

CFIRA, Feb. 4, 2014

CFIRA 10: Letter from Robert Carbone, CFIRA Board 

Member, CrowdBouncer, CEO, New York, New 

York, Feb. 6, 2014

CFIRA 11: Letter from Chris Tyrell, Chairman, and Kim 

Wales, Executive Board Member, CFIRA, New 

York, New York, Feb. 6, 2014
671

CFIRA 12: Letter from Kim Wales, CEO, Wales Capital, and 

CFIRA Executive Board Member, and Scott 

Purcell, CEO, Artic Island, and CFIRA Board 

Member, Apr. 24, 2014

City First: Letter from John Hamilton, President, City First 

Enterprises, Washington, District of Columbia, Feb. 

3, 2014

Clapman: Letter from Mordechai Clapman, Oct. 25, 2013

ClearTrust: Letter from Kara Kennedy, Executive Director, 

ClearTrust, LLC, Jan. 20, 2014

Cole A.: Letter from Adam Cole, Nov. 24, 2013

Cole D.: Letter from Don Cole, Oct. 25, 2013

Commonwealth of Massachusetts: Letter from William F. Galvin, Secretary of 

the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, Feb. 3, 2014

Computershare: Letter from Martin (Jay) J. McHale, Jr., President, 

US Equity Services, Computershare, Canton, 

Massachusetts, Feb. 3, 2014

Concerned Capital: Letter from Bruce Dobb, Concerned Capital - A 

Social Benefit Corp., Feb. 2, 2014

Consumer Federation: Letter from Barbara Roper, Director of Investor 

Protection, Consumer Federation of America, Feb. 

2, 2014

Craw: Letter from Kristopher R. Craw, J.D., Denver, 

Colorado, Jun. 14, 2014

CSTTC: Letter from Steven G. Nelson, President and 

Chairman of Continental Stock Transfer Trust 

Company, Jan. 31, 2014

CST: Letter from Carylyn K. Bell, President, Corporate 

Stock Transfer, Inc., Jan. 15, 2014

Coombs: Letter from Jason Coombs, Feb. 7, 2014

CfPA: Letter from Charles Sidman, MBA, PhD, President 

and Chair, for the Board of, the Crowdfunding 

Professional Association, Feb. 3, 2014
672

CRF: Letter from Frank Altman, President and CEO, 

Community Reinvestment Fund, USA, Feb. 3, 2014

Cromwell: Letter from David M. Cromwell, Yale School of 

Management, Adjunct Professor of 

Entrepreneurship, Oct. 27, 2013

CrowdBouncer: Letter from Robert C. Carbone, Founder & CEO, 

CrowdBouncer, Inc., Buffalo, New York, Feb. 3, 

2014

CrowdCheck 1: Letter from Sara Hanks, CEO, CrowdCheck, Inc., 

Jan. 9, 2014

CrowdCheck 2: Letter from Andrew D. Stephenson, Research 

Manager, CrowdCheck, Inc., Jan. 23, 2014

CrowdCheck 3: Letter from Sara Hanks, CEO, CrowdCheck, Inc., 

Feb. 2, 2014

CrowdCheck 4: Letter from Brian R. Knight, VP, CrowdCheck, 

Inc., Feb. 2, 2014

CrowdFundConnect: Letter from Randy A. Shipley, CrowdFundConnect 

Incorporated, Dec. 14, 2013

Crowdpassage 1: Letter from Matthew R. Nutting, Esq., Executive 

Director, National Legal Director, 

Crowdpassage.com, Jan. 31, 2014

Crowdpassage 2: Letter from Matthew R. Nutting, Esq., Executive 

Director, National Legal Director, 

Crowdpassage.com, Jan. 31, 2014

Crowdpassage 3: Letter from Matthew R. Nutting, Esq., Executive 

Director, National Legal Director, 

Crowdpassage.com, Jan. 31, 2014

CrowdStockz: Letter from Frederic C. Schultz, Esq. and Alastair 

Onglingswan, Esq., Owners of CrowdStockz.com., 

CrowdStockETFs.com., and 

CrowdStockFunds.com, Feb. 3, 2014

Crowley: Letter from Vincent Crowley, Nov. 11, 2013

CrwdCorp: Letter from Sean Shepherd, Founder & Chief 

Executive Officer, CrwdCorp, LLC, Jan. 16, 2014
673

Cunningham 1: Letter from William Michael Cunningham, Social 

Investing Advisor, Washington, District of 

Columbia, Feb. 3, 2014

Cunningham 2: Letter from William Michael Cunningham, M.B.A., 

M.A., Social Investing Advisor, Washington, 

District of Columbia, Feb. 3, 2014

dbbmckennon: Letter from dbbmckennon, Certified Public 

Accountants, Oct. 1, 2014

DeMarco: Letter from Peter J. DeMarco, Student, Stanford 

Law School, Nov. 12, 2013

Denlinger 1: Letter from Craig Denlinger, CPA, Denver, 

Colorado, Feb. 3, 2014

Denlinger 2: Letter from Craig Denlinger, CPA, CrowdfundCPA, 

Aug. 21, 2014

Doctor: Letter from Roger Doctor, Dec. 10, 2013

Donohue: Letter from Patrick E. Donohue, Minneapolis, 

Minnesota, Feb. 24, 2014

DreamFunded: Letter from Manny Fernandez, Co-Founder and 

CEO, www.DreamFunded.com, Jan. 8, 2014

Duke: Letter from Heather Duke, Dec. 3, 2013

EarlyShares: Letter from Joanna Schwartz, CEO, 

EarlyShares.com, Inc., Feb. 3, 2014

Echterling: Letter from Ian Echterling, Entrepreneur Feb. 21, 

2014

Ellenbogen: Letter from David M. Ellenbogen, Jan. 27, 2014

EMKF: Letter from Alicia Robb, Ph.D, Senior Fellow, and 

Dane Stangler, Vice President, Research & Policy, 

Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation, Feb. 3, 2014

Empire Stock: Letter from Matthew J. Blevins, Vice President, 

Empire Stock Transfer Inc., Jan. 15, 2014

EquityNet: Letter from Judd E. Hollas, Founder and CEO, 

EquityNet, LLC
674

Equity Stock: Letter from Mohit Bhansali, Chief Operating 

Officer, Equity Stock Transfer LLC, New York, 

New York, Feb. 3, 2014

Ex24: Letter from James. P. Lennane, ex24, Inc., Jan. 29, 

2014

EY: Letter from Ernst & Young LLP, Feb. 3, 2014

Farnkoff: Letter from Brian Farnkoff, Editor-in-Chief, Journal 

of Contemporary Health Law and Policy, Feb. 3, 

2014

Farese: Letter from Robert L. Farese, Jr., Oct. 30, 2014

FAST: Letter from Salli A. Marinov, President and CEO, 

First American Stock Transfer, Inc., January 23, 

2014

Feinstein: Letter from Todd Feinstein, Feinstein Law, P.A., 

Feb. 3, 2014

Finkelstein: Letter from Elizabeth R. Makris, Finkelstein 

Thompson LLP, Jan. 31, 2014

FOLIOfn: Letter from Michael J. Hogan, President & Chief 

Executive Officer, FOLIOfn Investments, Inc., 

McLean, Virginia, Feb. 3, 2014

Frutkin: Letter from Jonathan Frutkin, The Frutkin Law 

Firm, Jan. 30, 2014

Fryer: Letter from Gregory S. Fryer, Esq., Partner, Verrill 

Dana, LLP, Portland, Maine, Feb. 5, 2014

FSI: Letter from David T. Bellaire, Esq., Executive Vice 

President & General Counsel, Financial Services 

Institute, Feb. 3, 2014

Fund Democracy: Letter from Mercer Bullard, President and Founder, 

Fund Democracy, Associate Professor, University 

of Mississippi School of Law, Oxford, Mississippi, 

Feb. 3, 2014

Funderbuddies: Letter from John Mark Wendler, CPA, 

Funderbuddies, Nov. 26, 2013
675

FundHub 1: Letter from Kendall Almerico, Crowdfunding 

Expert, Attorney and CEO, Fund Hub and 

ClickStartMe, Jan. 29, 2014

FundHub 2: Letter from Kendall Almerico, Crowdfunding 

Attorney and CEO of FundHub.Biz, Tampa, 

Florida, Oct. 8, 2014

Generation Enterprise: Letter from Ubon Isang, Executive, Generation 

Enterprise Corporation, Oct. 24, 2013

Gibb: Letter from Jeremy Gibb, Nov. 13, 2013

Gill: Letter from Michael D. Gill, III, Esq., Jan. 22, 2014

Gimpelson 1: Letter from Alexander Gimpelson, Chest Nut Hill, 

Massachusetts, Feb. 3, 2014

Gimpelson 2: Letter from Alexander Gimpelson, Chest Nut Hill, 

Massachusetts, Feb. 3, 2014

Grassi: Letter from Louis C. Grassi, CPA, CFE, Managing 

Partner, Grassi and Co., Jan. 20, 2014

Graves: Letter from Sam Graves, Chairman, U.S. House of 

Representatives, Committee on Small Business, 

Washington, District of Columbia, Feb. 3, 2014

Greenfield: Letter from Richard D. Greenfield, Esq., Greenfield 

Goodman LLC, Nov. 10, 2013

Greer: Letter from Diana Greer, Jan. 27, 2014

Growthfountain: Letter from Growthfountain LLC, Jan. 7, 2014

GSJ Advisors: Letter from George Surgeon, President and CEO, 

GSJ Advisors, Ltd., Feb. 3, 2014

Guzik 1: Letter from Samuel S. Guzik, Guzik and Associates, 

Los Angeles, California, Feb. 11, 2014

Guzik 2: Letter from Samuel S. Guzik, Guzik and Associates, 

Los Angeles, Feb. 20, 2014

Guzik 3: Letter from Samuel S. Guzik, Guzik and Associates, 

Los Angeles, California, Feb. 28, 2014

Hackers/Founders: Letter from Charles Belle, Ken Priore, and Timothy 

Yim, Hackers/Founders, Feb. 3, 2014
676

Hakanson: Letter from Sten E. Hakanson, Stillwater, 

Minnesota, Feb. 28, 2014

Hamilton: Letter from Brenda L. Hamilton, Hamilton & 

Associates Law Group, P.A., Nov. 8, 2013

Hamman: Letter from Charles J. Hamman, Oct. 24, 2013

Harrison: Letter from Mark Harrison, Ph.D., Jan. 6, 2014

Holland: Letter from Alexandra D. Holland, Ph.D., Founder 

and CEO, PIARCS, PBC, June 3, 2014

Martin: Letter from Andrew Martin, OFS, CB, Rockville, 

Maryland, Oct. 18, 2014

MCS: Letter from Andrew M. Hartnett, Missouri 

Commissioner of Securities, Feb. 3, 2014

Merkley: Letter from Jeffrey A. Merkley, United States 

Senator, Apr. 29, 2014

Haylock: Letter from Todd Haylock, Dec. 10, 2013

Heritage: Letter from David R. Burton, Senior Fellow in 

Economic Policy, The Heritage Foundation, Feb. 3, 

2014

Hyatt: Letter from Todd R. Hyatt, Nov. 6, 2013

IAC Recommendation: Recommendation of the SEC’s Investor Advisory 

Committee: Crowdfunding Regulations, Apr. 10, 

2014

iCrowd: Letter from J. Bradford McGee and John P. 

Callaghan, Founders, iCrwod, LLC, Jan. 31, 2014

Inkshares: Letter from Adam J. Gomolin, General Counsel, 

Inkshares, Inc., Feb. 3, 2014

Jacobson: Letter from William A. Jacobson, Clinical Professor 

of Law, Cornell Law School, and Director, Cornell 

Securities Law Clinic, Ithaca, New York, Feb. 3, 

2014

Jazz: Letter from Jim C. Shaw, Jazz Gas, Jan. 12, 2014

Johnston: Letter from Phil Johnston, Feb. 3, 2014
677

Joinvestor: Letter from Bryan Healey, CEO, Joinvestor, Jan. 2, 

2014

Kelso: Letter from Carl Kelso, Jan. 7, 2014

Kickstarter Coaching: Letter from Jay Wittner, President Kickstarter 

Coaching, Bradenton, Florida, Feb. 3, 2014

Kingonomics: Letter from Rodney S. Sampson, CEO, 

Kingonomics, Feb. 3, 2014

Kishon: Letter from Mannis Kishon, Dec. 22, 2013

Knudsen: Letter from Michael Knudsen, Jan. 6, 2014

Konecek: Letter from Kathleen Konecek, Nov. 30, 2013

Langrell: Letter from Alex M. Langrell, Camp Pendelton, 

California, Jan. 21, 2014

Leverage PR: Letter from Joy Schoffler, Principal, Leverage PR, 

Austin, Texas, Sep. 2, 2014

Lopossa: Letter from Gabriel M. Lopossa, Oct. 30, 2013

Luster: Letter from Louise Luster, Oct. 31, 2013

Mahoney: Letter from Steve Mahoney, Managing Director, 

Highlands Ranch, Colorado, Jan. 20, 2014

Mantel: Letter from Russ Mantel, Oct. 23, 2013

M.A.V.: Letter from M.A.V., Nov. 3, 2013

Marsala: Letter from Charles E. Marsala -Profitibale Dining 

LLC, Feb. 15, 2014

McCulley: Letter from Matthew McCulley, Jan. 10, 2014

McGladrey: Letter from McGladrey LLP, Feb. 3, 2014

Meling: Letter from Rosemary Meling, Oct. 30, 2013

Menlo Park: Letter from James O. Mason, Founder/CEO, Menlo 

Park Social Media Crowdfunding Incubator, Feb. 

28, 2014

Miami Nation: Letter from Ben Barnes, Director of Tribal Gaming, 

Miami Nation Enterprises, Oct. 25, 2013
678

Milken Institute: Letter from Daniel S. Gorfine, Director, Financial 

Markets Policy, and Staci Warden, Executive 

Director, Center for Financial Markets, Milken 

Institute, Washington, District of Columbia, Feb. 3, 

2014

Mlinarich: Letter from Brett A. Mlinarich, Jan. 2, 2014

Mollick: Letter from Ethan R. Mollick, Edward B. and 

Shirley R. Shils Assistant Professor of 

Management, Wharton School, University of 

Pennsylvania, Phildelphia, Pennsylvania, Feb. 5, 

2014

Morse: Letter from Matt R. Morse, Sr., Dec. 3, 2013

Moskowitz: Letter from Yonatan Moskowitz, Nov. 13, 2013

Moyer: Letter from Mike Moyer, Adjunct Associate 

Professor of Entrepreneurship at the University of 

Chicago Booth School of Business, Adjunct 

Lecturer of Entrepreneurship at Northwestern 

University, Jan. 25, 2014

Mountain Hardwear: Letter from Alan A. Tabor, Co-founder, Mountain 

Hardwear, Jan. 27, 2014

Multistate Tax: Letter from Frank L. Dantonio, Managing Principal, 

Multistate Tax Service, LLC, Oct. 29, 2013

NAAC: Letter from Faith Bautista, President and CEO, 

National Asian American Coalition, Oct. 31, 2013

NACVA: Letter from David M. Freedman, Editorial Advisor, 

The Value Examiner magazine (NACVA), Jan. 16, 

2014

NAHB: Letter from David L. Ledford, Senior Vice 

President, Housing Finance & Regulatory Affairs, 

National Association of Home Builders, Jan. 31, 

2014

NASAA: Letter from Andrea Seidt, President, North 

American Securities Administrators Association, 

Inc. (NASAA)

NASE: Letter from Katie Vlietstra, Vice President of 

Government Relations Public Affairs, The National 
679

Association for the Self-Employed, Washington, 

District of Columbia, Feb. 3, 2014

NaviGantt: Letter from Christopher R. York, CEO, NaviGantt, 

Jan. 27, 2014

NYSSCPA: Letter from J. Michael Kirkland, President, New 

York State Society of Certified Public Accountants, 

Jan. 20, 2014

Nether: Letter from Darrell W. Nether, Nov. 1, 2013

NFIB: Letter from Dan Danner, President and CEO, 

National Federation of Independent Business, Feb. 

3, 2014

NPCM: Letter from Robert C. Guinto, Jr., President, Non 

Profit Capital management, LLC, Oct. 24, 2013

NSBA: Letter from Todd O. McCracken, President, 

National Small Business Association, Feb. 3, 2014

Odhner: Letter from Chad E. Odhner, Nov. 25, 2013

ODS: Letter from Faye Morton, General Counsel, 

Oklahoma Department of Securities, Feb. 3, 2014

Omara: Letter from Sherouk Omara, Nov. 14, 2013

Otherworld: Letter from Mark Henry, Founder, Otherworld 

Pictures, Apr. 11, 2014

Parsont: Letter from Jason W. Parsont, Feb. 18, 2014

Partners: Letter from Jeannine Jacokes, CEO, Partners for the 

Common Good, Washington DC, District of 

Columbia, Feb. 3, 2014

Patel: Letter from Raj Patel, Jan. 17, 2014

PBA: Letter from Graham R. Laub, Chair, and Katayun I. 

Jaffari, Vice Chair, Securities Regulation 

Committee of the Business Law Section, 

Philadelphia Bar Association, Philadelphia, 

Pennsylvania, Feb. 3, 2014

Peers: Letter from Kit Hayes, Campaign Director, 

Peers.org, Feb. 7, 2014
680

Perfect Circle: Letter from Frederick C. Young, Perfect Circle 

Solutions, Oct. 30, 2013

PeoplePowerFund: Letter from Steve Mayer, PeoplePowerFund.com, 

Jan. 31, 2014

Phillips: Letter from Everette Phillips, Entrepreneur, Jan. 15, 

2014

Pioneer Realty: Letter from Charles E. Williams, MBA, EA, 

Founder and Managing Director, Pioneer Realty 

Capital, Jan 15, 2014

Platkin: Letter from Matthew Platkin, Nov. 13, 2013

Powers: Letter from Jordan Berg Powers, Nov. 4, 2013

PPA: Letter from Douglas R. Slain, Managing Partner, 

Private Placement Advisors LLC

Projectheureka: Letter from Anthony and Erika Endres, 

Projectheureka LLC, Nov. 17, 2013

Propellr 1: Letter from Todd M. Lippiatt, CEO, Propellr, LLC, 

Jan. 27, 2014

Propellr 2: Letter from Todd M. Lippiatt, CEO, Propellr, LLC, 

Jan. 27, 2014

Public Startup 1: Letter from Jason Coombs, Co-Founder and CEO, 

Public Startup Company, Inc., Dec. 15, 2013

Public Startup 2: Letter from Jason Coombs, Co-Founder and CEO, 

Public Startup Company, Inc., Feb. 3, 2014

Public Startup 3: Letter from Jason Coombs, Co-Founder and CEO, 

Public Startup Company, Inc., Feb. 11, 2014

Public Startup 4: Letter from Jason Coombs, Co-Founder and CEO, 

Public Startup Company, Inc., Feb. 22, 2014

Qizilbash: Letter from Muhammad A. Qizilbash, Dec. 18. 

2013

Raindance: Letter from Jeffrey L. Tucker, CEO, The Raindance 

Group, Dec. 17, 2013

Ramsey: Letter from Rebecca Ramsey, Oct. 24, 2013
681

Reed: Letter from Terry Reed, J.D., Jan. 21, 2014

Reichman: Letter from Vic Reichman, Esq., Dec. 2, 2013

RFPIA: Letter from T. W. Kennedy, BE, CEO, Regulated 

Funding Portal Industry Association, Jan. 26, 2014

Ritter: Letter from Justin A. Ritter, Esquire, Associate 

Attorney, Spinella, Owings & Shaia, P.C., Nov. 18, 

2013

RoC: Letter from Sang H. Lee, CEO, Return on Change, 

Jan. 30, 2014

RocketHub: Letter from Alon Hillel-Tuch and Jed Cohen, 

RocketHub, New York, New York, Feb. 3, 2014

Rosenthal O.: Letter from Oren Rosenthal, Attorney, Nov. 4, 2013

Sam H.: Letter from Sam H., Oct. 27, 2013

Sander: Letter from Steven M. Sander, CEO, Oct. 27, 2013

Sarles: Letter from Jeff Sarles, Oct. 25, 2013

Saunders: Letter from R. Kevin Saunders, Staff Editor, 

Vanderbilt Journal of Entertainment Technology 

Law, Nashville, Tennessee, Feb. 3, 2014

Sawhney: Letter from Sanjay Sawhney, Jan. 27, 2014

SBA Office of Advocacy: Letter from Winslow Sargeant, Ph.D., Chief 

Counsel for Advocacy, and Dillon Taylor, Assistant 

Chief Counsel for Advocacy, SBA Office of 

Advocacy, Jan. 16, 2014

SBEC: Letter from Karen Kerrigan, President & CEO, 

Small Business & Entrepreneurship Council, Feb. 3, 

2014

SBM: Letter from Cassie Mills, Communications 

Associate, Small Business Majority, Feb. 4, 2014

Schatz: Letter from Jonathan Schatz, Nov. 13, 2013

Schwartz: Letter from Andrew A. Schwartz, Associate 

Professor of Law, University of Colorado, Boulder, 

Colorado, Feb. 3, 2014
682

Scruggs: Letter from Frank Scruggs, Jan. 17, 2014

SeedInvest 1: Letter from Kiran Lingam, Esq., General Counsel, 

SeedInvest, Jan. 21, 2014

SeedInvest 2: Letter from Kiran Lingam, General Counsel, 

SeenInvest, Jan. 22, 2014

SeedInvest 3: Letter from Kiran Lingam, Esq., General Counsel, 

SeedInvest, Feb. 3, 2014

Seed&Spark: Letter from Max Silverman, COO, Seed & Spark

Sewell: Letter from Michael J. Sewell, Esq., Jan 17, 2014

Seyfarth: Letter from Seyfarth Shaw LLP, New York, New 

York, Feb. 10, 2014

SFAA: Letter from Robert. J. Duke, Corporate Counsel, 

The Surety & Fidelity Association of America, 

Nov. 19, 2013

Sfinarolakis Letter from Manolis E. Sfinarolakis, CFIRA, CFPA, 

NLCFA, New Britain, Connecticut, Aug. 6, 2014

Sharewave: Letter from Joshua S. Levine, Co-Founder and 

CEO, Sharewave, LLC, Dec. 18, 2013

Smith D.: Letter from Darrell Smith, Jan. 19, 2014

Smith K.: Letter from Kevin G. Smith, Electrical Engineer, 

Oct. 31, 2013

Song: Letter from Ntxhi Song, Student, Johnson and 

Wales University Charlotte, Charlotte, North 

Carolina, Feb. 3, 2014

STA: Letter from Charles V. Rossi, Chairman, STA 

Board Advisory Committee, The Securities Transfer 

Association, Inc., Dec. 18, 2013

Stalt: Letter from Bill Senner, Stalt, Inc., Jan. 27, 2014

StartEngine 1: Letter from Ron Miller, CEO, StartEngine, Los 

Angeles, California, Jul. 25, 2014

StartEngine 2: Letter from Ron Miller, CEO, StartEngine 

Crowdfunding, Inc., Oct. 7, 2014
683

StartupValley: Letter from Daryl H. Bryant, CEO, StartupValley, 

Inc., Jan. 15, 2014

Stephenson: Letter from Andrew D. Stephenson, Brian Knight,

and Matthew Bahleda, Feb. 3, 2014

Stieglitz: Letter from Edward B. Stieglitz, Oct. 28, 2013

Syed: Letter from Idrus R. Syed, MBA, Oct. 24, 2013

Tafara: Letter from Peter Tafara, Nov. 8, 2013

Hillside: Letter from Anthony M. Tate, Hillside 

Technological Innovation LLC, Cedar Rapids, 

Iowa, Feb. 11, 2014

TAN: Letter from Olawale Ayeni, MBA, and Bolaji 

Olutade, Ph.D., The African Network, Dec. 12, 

2013

Taylor M.: Letter from Mack Taylor, Nov. 8, 2013

Taylor R.: Letter from Ryan S. Taylor, Crowdfunder, Oct. 24,

2013

Taylor T.: Letter from Terry L. Taylor, Oct. 24, 2013

Thomas 1: Letter from Jeff Thomas, JD, CPA, Chair of 

Business and Associate Professor, Johnson & Wales 

University, Charlotte, North Carolina, Feb. 3, 2014

Thomas 2: Letter from Jeff Thomas, JD, CPA, Chair of 

Business and Associate Professor, Charlotte, North 

Carolina, Feb. 3, 2014

Thompson: Letter from Lyle Thompson, Entrepreneur, Dec.10, 

2013

Tiny Cat: Letter from L. David Varvel and Ellenor Varvel, 

Founders, Tiny Cat Loans, Feb. 3, 2014

TraceFind: Letter from Wendi C. Hawley, MA, ATR-BC, 

CEO, TraceFind Technologies, Inc., Oct. 24, 2013

Traklight: Letter from Mary E. Juetten, Founder & CEO, 

Traklight.com, Feb. 2, 2014

Tucker: Letter from Gary Tucker, Feb. 17, 2014
684

US Black Chambers: Letter from Ron Busby, President, US Black 

Chambers, Inc., Washington, District of Columbia, 

Feb. 3, 2014

U.S. Chamber of Commerce: Letter from Tom Quaadman, Vice President, Center 

for Capital Markets Competitiveness, U.S. Chamber 

of Commerce, Feb. 3, 2014

Verinvest: Letter from David Benway, Chief Executive 

Officer, Verinvest Corporation, Jan. 17, 2014

Vann: Letter from James Vann, Greenfield, Missouri, Apr. 

11, 2014

Vest: Letter from Sean Osterday & Peter Wild, Vest Inc., 

San Francisco, California, Feb. 3, 2014

Vidal: Letter from Eduardo Vidal, Jan. 27, 2014

Vossberg: Letter from Trevor Vossberg, Oct. 23, 2013

Wales Capital 1: Letter from Kim Wales, Founder and CEO, Wales 

Capital, Feb. 3, 2014

Wales Capital 2: Letter from Kim Wales, Founder and CEO, Wales 

Capital, Mar. 2, 2014

Wales Capital 3: Letter from Kim Wales, Founder and CEO, Wales 

Capital, Mar. 12, 2014

WealthForge: Letter from Mathew Dellorso, CEO, WealthForge 

Holdings, Inc., Richmond, Virginia, Feb. 3, 2014

Wear: Letter from Zak Wear, Dec. 10, 2013

Wefunder: Letter from Nicholas Tommarello, CEO, Wefunder, 

January 31, 2014

Whitaker Chalk: Letter from John R. Fahy and Wayne M. Whitaker, 

Whitaker Chalk Swindle & Schwartz PLLC, Jan. 7, 

2014

Wilhelm: Letter from Jonathan R. Wilhelm, Jan. 27, 2014

Wilson: Letter from Margaret A. Wilson, Professor of 

Technology Commercialization, Austin, Texas, Feb. 

3, 2014

Winters: Letter from Dennis Winters, Esq., Jan. 9, 2014
685

WIPP: Letter from Barbara Kasoff, President, Women 

Impacting Public Policy, Feb. 3, 2014

Woods: Letter from Thell M. Woods, Jan. 13, 2014

Yudek: Letter from David B. Kopp, CEO, Yudek, Inc. Oct. 

29, 2013

Zeman: Letter from Jason Zeman, Nov. 30, 2013

Zhang: Letter from Runan Zhang, Esq., Law Offices of 

Runan Zhang, Washington, District of Columbia, 

Feb. 3, 2014

7thenterprise: Letter from Jarone V. Price, CEO, 7thenterprise 

International Inc., Jan. 22, 2014

11 Wells: Letter from Robert McManus, The 11 Wells Spirits 

Company, Jan. 28, 2014