UNPUBLISHED

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT

LESLIE C. HOROWITZ, personal

representative of the estate of

Milton W. Horowitz,

Petitioner-Appellant,

No. 95-3020

v.

COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE,

Respondent-Appellee.

Appeal from the United States Tax Court.

(Tax Ct. No. 93-18332)

Argued: December 5, 1996

Decided: March 26, 1998

Before NIEMEYER, Circuit Judge, HALL, Senior Circuit Judge,

and DAVIS, United States District Judge for the

District of Maryland, sitting by designation.

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Affirmed by unpublished per curiam opinion.

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COUNSEL

ARGUED: David Charles Masselli, MASSELLI & LANE, P.C.,

Arlington, Virginia, for Appellant. Marion Elizabeth Erickson, Tax

Division, UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE, Washington, D.C., for Appellee. ON BRIEF: Loretta C. Argrett, Assistant

Attorney General, Gary R. Allen, Bruce R. Ellisen, Tax Division,

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE, Washington,

D.C., for Appellee.
Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit. See

Local Rule 36(c).

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OPINION

PER CURIAM:

This is an appeal from an order of the United States Tax Court. The

Appellant, Leslie C. Horowitz, the personal representative of the

estate of Milton W. Horowitz, has been substituted for her decedent,

who died during the briefing of the appeal.1 The taxpayer, a retiree

(hereinafter "Mr. Horowitz"), failed to file federal income tax returns

for tax years 1988, 1989, 1990 and 1991. After the Commissioner of

Internal Revenue issued a statutory notice of deficiency for those

years, Mr. Horowitz filed in August 1993 a timely pro se petition for

redetermination of income tax deficiencies in the Tax Court, which

had jurisdiction under 26 U.S.C. §§ 6213, 6214 and 7442. Inexplicably, Mr. Horowitz, notwithstanding his indisputable financial ability

to do so, and despite several health-related physical limitations, never

retained counsel in connection with the Tax Court proceedings. Mr.

Horowitz failed to persuade the Tax Court that the Commissioner's

determinations were incorrect, and Appellant now prosecutes this

appeal.2 We affirm.

I.

As mentioned above, Mr. Horowitz filed the case in August 1993.

In January 1994, the Tax Court docketed the case for trial on June 20,

1994, and issued its "Standing Pre-Trial Order." Therein, the parties

were admonished:

 Continuances will be granted only in exceptional

circumstances. See Rule 134, Tax Court Rules of Practice

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1 See Fed. R. App. P. 43(a).

2 Mr. Horowitz had the burden of proof before the Tax Court. Welch

v. Helvering, 290 U.S. 111, 115 (1933); Faulconer v. Commissioner, 748

F.2d 890, 893 (4th Cir. 1984).

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and Procedure. Even joint motions for continuance will not

routinely be granted.3

On June 16, 1994, a mere four days before the scheduled trial date,

Mr. Horowitz filed a motion for a six month continuance because of

alleged health problems, i.e., degraded vision from diabetes and the

lingering effects of surgery on his knee (which had been completed

many months previously), and because his tax preparer was shortly

expecting a child, and might not be able to assist him prepare for trial.

The Tax Court denied the request for a continuance on the same day

it was filed by marginal order upon Mr. Horowitz's hand-drawn

request.

Thus, trial commenced on June 21, 1994, having been carried over

from June 20, 1994. At the outset, the parties entered into a stipulation of facts, which included an agreement as to Mr. Horowitz's basis

in certain securities that he had sold in 1989, 1990 and 1991.4 The

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3 Rule 134 provides as follows, in relevant part:

 A case or matter scheduled on a calendar may be continued by

the Court upon motion or at its own initiative. A motion for continuance shall inform the Court of the position of the other parties with respect thereto, either by endorsement thereon by the

other parties or by a representation of the moving party . . . .

Continuances will be granted only in exceptional circumstances.

Conflicting engagements of counsel or employment of new counsel ordinarily will not be regarded as ground for continuance. A

motion for continuance, filed 30 days or less prior to the date to

which it is directed, may be set for hearing on that date, but

ordinarily will be deemed dilatory and will be denied unless the

ground therefor arose during that period or there was good reason for not making the motion sooner . . . .

Rule 134, Rules of the United States Tax Court, 26 U.S.C.A. foll. § 7453

(West 1997) (emphasis added).

4 On April 4, 1994, the Commissioner had served Mr. Horowitz with

his request for admissions, to which Mr. Horowitz never responded.

Accordingly, he was deemed to have admitted receiving the amounts of

income indicated by the Commissioner for the years in question, and to

have paid no taxes on that income. Nevertheless, as a result of the evidentiary proceedings before the Tax Court, his income was reduced

below that which would have been justified on the admissions alone.

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parties also stipulated that Mr. Horowitz was entitled to certain itemized deductions for mortgage interest and real estate taxes, and that

he was entitled to certain prepayment credits for 1991.

After a recess, taken to afford Mr. Horowitz an opportunity to

review and marshal his documents, and as trial continued, the court

allowed Mr. Horowitz to testify as to other deductions to which he

believed himself entitled. He was unable to give specific information

for any of these claimed deductions, however, stating variously that

his supporting documentation was "readily available at home" or that

he had given "the figures to his tax preparer" or that he simply "did

not have the figures here." He did admit, however, that his medical

insurance plan had reimbursed him for "a very large part" of his medical expenses during the years in issue. He also admitted that he had

received pension, dividend and interest income in all the years under

review.

The Tax Court issued its opinion and order in May 1995. The court

found that Mr. Horowitz had failed to prove his entitlement to any

deductions in excess of those that had been conceded or stipulated at

trial. The court also sustained the Commissioner's imposition of additions to tax under I.R.C. § 6651 for failure to file returns. The court

held that Mr. Horowitz's health problems did not constitute "reasonable cause" for failure to file under the statute. Upon the Tax Court's

denial of Mr. Horowitz's motion for reconsideration, he noted an

appeal to this Court.

II.

On appeal, Appellant mounts no challenge whatsoever to the substantive rulings or findings of the Tax Court. Rather, Appellant asks

us to find reversible error in the lower court's refusal to grant a continuance to Mr. Horowitz, or (in what amounts to the same thing) to

hold open the evidentiary record post-trial.5 We find no such error.

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5 Appellant also argues that because Mr. Horowitz was "consistently

badgered, hectored and berated" during the Tax Court evidentiary hearing, he was denied a fundamentally fair trial. We have carefully examined the trial transcript and we find that this claim of unfair treatment is

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The standard of review of a trial judge's actions in denying continuances is abuse of discretion. What we said in the context of continuances in criminal cases is fully applicable in the present case:

 The Supreme Court has defined "abuse of discretion" in

the context of a denial of a motion for continuance as "an

unreasoning and arbitrary insistence upon expeditiousness in

the face of a justifiable request for a delay."[Morris v.]

Slappy, 461 U.S. at 11-12, 103 S.Ct. at 1616-17. The

Supreme Court has also indicated that the test for whether

a trial judge has "abused his discretion" in denying a continuance is not mechanical; it depends mainly on the reasons

presented to the district judge at the time the request is

denied. Ungar v. Sarafite, 376 U.S. 575, 589, 84 S.Ct. 841,

849, 11 L.Ed.2d 921 (1964).

The Supreme Court has opined that a broad and deferential standard is to be afforded to district courts in granting or denying continuances: the burdensome task of assembling a trial counsels against

continuances, and, therefore, the trial courts must be granted broad

discretion. Slappy, 461 U.S. at 11. Furthermore, the district court

alone has the opportunity to assess the candidness of the movant's

request. Ungar, 376 U.S. at 591; see also United States v. Hutchison,

352 F.2d 404, 405 (4th Cir. 1965) (granting continuance within sound

discretion of trial judge; reasonable latitude must be allowed). United

States v. LaRouche, 896 F.2d 815, 823-24 (4th Cir.) (emphasis

added), cert. denied, 496 U.S. 927 (1990).

Applying this standard in the case at bar, it is clear to us that the

Tax Court was wholly justified in denying Mr. Horowitz's requests

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wide of the mark by a substantial margin. To the contrary, the transcript

shows that the trial court extended every courtesy to Mr. Horowitz,

repeated her statements and questions numerous times (and finally had

the clerk sit next to Mr. Horowitz and repeat into his ear the court's statements) in deference to his demonstrated inability to hear and/or understand, and generally sought to bring to the proceedings a structure and

coherence which less care would not have achieved. In our view, commendation, not censure, is the only appropriate response to the trial

judge's sensitive handling of the proceedings.

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for a continuance. Mr. Horowitz had ten months from the time he

filed his petition in the Tax Court to the trial date to prepare his case,

yet, not until just a few weeks before trial did he hire a commercial

tax preparation firm (H & R Block) to assist him. For reasons not

shown in the record, the particular individual assigned to or selected

by Mr. Horowitz was in the late stages of her pregnancy, and thus her

availability to work closely with Mr. Horowitz in preparing for trial

was uncertain at best, even when the engagement was effected. Thus,

the record shows that there was a manifest lack of diligence in Mr.

Horowitz's leisurely trial preparation during the ten months the case

was pending on the docket.

Furthermore, the additional reason Mr. Horowitz provided as justifying his belated request for a continuance -- his alleged health problems -- had little relevance to the tasks of trial preparation and

document-assembling necessary to go forward on the assigned trial

date. Tellingly, as the trial judge noted, Mr. Horowitz's health problems did not hinder his ability to manage his real estate holdings, or

to make careful investment decisions.6 Indeed, at trial, when he reiterated his request for a continuance, Mr. Horowitz did not rely initially

upon any alleged health problem but, instead, asserted that he needed

more time to hire an attorney. This borders upon the frivolous, considering that the record discloses that Mr. Horowitz had no difficulty

hiring investment advisors and real estate agents when and as the

need arose for help in managing his holdings (including three or four

rental properties), and considering that, as the record shows, he had

total gross income during the four tax years in dispute in excess of

$175,000. See J.A. at 82-87, 100-02, 187.

III.

A busy adjudicatory tribunal is not required to permit litigants to

set the timing and pace of proceedings unilaterally to fit their individual preferences. Mr. Horowitz essentially sought an open-ended

schedule for the Tax Court proceedings which he had instituted, and

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6 See J.A. at 90-91, 193. Mr. Horowitz also admitted at trial that a week

before the proceedings under review here, he was involved in state court

litigation against one of his tenants in which he was represented by counsel. Id. at 68.

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he sought it at the eleventh hour, at that. We discern no abuse of discretion in the Tax Court's rejection of that endeavor; we conclude that

the lower court's interpretation and application of its own Rule 134

relating to continuances fell well within a proper exercise of its broad

discretion. Accordingly, the order of the United States Tax Court is

AFFIRMED.

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