United States Department of Agriculture

DEPAR TMENT OF AGRICULT URE

Elemental Atmospheric Pollution 

Assessment Via Moss-Based 

Measurements in Portland, Oregon

Demetrios Gatziolis, Sarah Jovan, Geoffrey Donovan, Michael Amacher, 

and Vicente Monleon

Forest 

Service

Pacific Northwest 

Research Station

General Technical Report

PNW-GTR-938

June

2016
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Authors

Demetrios Gatziolis and Geoffrey Donovan are research foresters, and Sarah 

Jovan is a research ecologist, Forestry Sciences Laboratory, 620 SW Main Street, 

Suite 400, Portland, OR 97205. Michael Amacher (retired) was a research soil 

scientist, Forestry Sciences Laboratory, 860 N 1200 E, Logan, UT 84321; Vicente 

Monleon is a research math statistician, Forestry Sciences Laboratory, 3200 SW 

Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331.

Cover: Moss (Orthotrichum lyellii), by Sarah Jovan.
Abstract

Gatziolis, Demetrios; Jovan, Sarah; Donovan, Geoffrey; Amacher, Michael; 

Monleon, Vicente. 2016. Elemental atmospheric pollution assessment via mossbased measurements in Portland, Oregon. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-938. 

Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest 

Research Station. 55 p.

Mosses accumulate pollutants from the atmosphere and can serve as an inexpensive 

screening tool for mapping air quality and guiding the placement of monitoring 

instruments. We measured 22 elements using 346 moss samples collected across 

Portland, Oregon, in December 2013. Our objectives were to develop citywide 

maps showing concentrations of each element in moss and identify potential air 

pollution “hotspots.” We used simple dot maps, histograms, and summary statistics 

to describe the distribution of each element. Fifteen metals had highly right-skewed 

distributions, indicating high metal concentrations (relative to concentrations measured in our dataset) in moss at one or more locations. These metals included highpriority toxics such as cadmium, nickel, lead, and arsenic. Past research shows that 

element concentrations in moss reflect atmospheric concentrations, although the 

strength of these relationships varies by element and is unknown for the elements 

we sampled. Therefore, atmospheric concentrations would need to be measured 

by an air quality monitor in order to determine whether hotspots suggested by the 

moss indicator are problematic or pose a health risk. We provide the raw data for 

all elements we measured to enable scientists, regulators, and citizens to further 

investigate the importance and possible sources of moss-identified hotspots. 

Keywords: Bioindicators, moss, heavy metals, air quality, mapping, sampling.
Contents

1 Introduction

2 Methods

4 Laboratory Analysis

6 Correlations Between Metal Distributions

7 Mapping

9 Results and Discussion

9 Element Associations

11 High Concentrations and “Hotspots”

36 Limitations and Guidelines

38 Conclusions

38 English Equivalents

39 Literature Cited

42 Appendix 
1

Elemental Atmospheric Pollution Assessment Via Moss-Based Measurements in Portland, Oregon

Introduction

Many studies have used mosses and lichens to study atmospheric heavy-metal pollution (e.g., Berg and Steinnes 1997a, Gerdol et al. 2014, Nickel et al. 2014, Owczarek et al. 2001, Rühling and Tyler 1968). Mosses and lichens are commonly used as 

bioindicators of air quality because they readily accumulate pollutants over time. 

Unlike plants, they lack roots and absorb nutrients from the atmosphere. Mosses 

and lichens also lack the impermeable waxy coating of plant leaves so they absorb 

water over their entire surface like a sponge. Their high cation exchange capacity, a 

term that quantifies their ability to hold exchangeable, positively charged ions, helps 

cells capture dissolved nutrients during rain events (Bates 1994) and passively trap 

pollutants including heavy metals. Particulate pollutants also become trapped on 

the outer surfaces of the mosses and lichens (Aboal et al. 2011).

Traditional air quality monitoring relies on specialized instruments. However 

owing to high purchasing costs and the expense of operation and data analysis, only 

a small number of instruments is usually available. For instance, Portland, Oregon, 

has one permanent air toxics monitor, and it costs $40,000 annually to measure metals.1

 One instrument is not sufficient to resolve the varying nature of pollutant concentrations on spatial scales smaller than the size of a metropolitan area, such as at 

the neighborhood level or smaller. Measuring pollutant levels in bioindicators is less 

costly than using instruments (each moss sample costs about $150 for labor and lab 

analysis), thereby making it possible to collect the large number of samples needed to 

detect and quantify pollutants that disperse short distances from their source.

In this study, we analyzed 346 moss samples collected within a short timeframe 

(Dec. 2-23, 2013) across Portland, Oregon, enabling a spatially detailed, yet economical, preliminary assessment of atmospheric pollution. One study has been 

published using these data, linking cadmium (Cd) concentrations in moss to stained 

glass manufacturers (Donovan et al. 2016). The purpose of this report is to present 

the raw data for all 22 elements we measured in moss, making it possible for others 

to model pollutant distributions and investigate possible emissions sources. Data are 

published here as dot maps showing the spatial distribution of the sample. All data 

are provided in tabular format (see app., table 6) and may be downloaded from the 

Web (http://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/research/moss/).

Please note that the moss sample data for each element serve only as an index, 

meaning that high concentrations in moss are suggestive (but not conclusive) of 

high concentrations in the atmosphere. Although past research suggests moss 

1 Anthony Barnack. Personal communication. Ambient Air Monitoring Coordinator, Oregon 

Department of Environmental Quality, 811 SW 6th Avenue, Portland, OR 97204-1390.

Mosses and lichens 

are commonly used 

as bioindicators of air 

quality because they 

readily accumulate 

pollutants over time.

One air toxics 

monitoring instrument 

is not sufficient to 

resolve the varying 

nature of pollutant 

concentrations on 

spatial scales smaller 

than the size of a 

metropolitan area, such 

as at the neighborhood 

level or smaller. 

Measuring pollutant 

levels in bioindicators 

is less costly than 

using instruments 

(each moss sample 

costs about $150 for 

labor and lab analysis).
2

GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-938

concentrations reflect atmospheric concentrations for many elements, the strength 

of these relationships is unknown and varies by element (Aboal et al. 2010). The 

time period represented by metals in moss is also unknown. Thus, for a particular 

element, a moss sample with a relatively high value or a “hotspot” shown on a 

map should not be interpreted by itself as a health hazard. Conversely, samples 

with low values do not necessarily indicate “healthy” neighborhoods. To infer 

about risks to human or environmental health, more research is needed to determine the exact relationship between moss concentrations and air concentrations 

as measured by the air quality instruments. The association between high levels 

of Cd and two stained-glass manufacturers described in Donovan et al. (2016) was 

supported by further research, including an exhaustive investigation of other possible sources of Cd in the area, additional moss sampling and, most importantly, 

air quality monitoring instruments placed on site. Limitations and guidelines for 

interpreting the moss data presented in this report are discussed further on p. 36.

Methods

We placed a 1-km2 grid across Portland, Oregon, including a 1-km buffer beyond 

the city limits. Major industrial and forested areas were excluded. We selected a 

residential address randomly within each grid cell and collected moss from the 

nearest hardwood tree or shrub (n = 278 “base points”). To capture variability in 

metal concentrations across short distances, we randomly selected 72 base points 

where we collected an additional sample nearby. At 12 of those 72 sites, the second 

sample was from the same tree. For the remaining 60, moss was sampled within 

10 to 100 m of the randomly selected base points (6 at each 10-m increment). We 

could not find the moss at four sites, making for a total of 346 moss samples. As 

the potential for weather conditions to affect metal concentrations in the moss was 

unknown, we collected all samples within a short period (Dec. 2-23, 2013) in six 

traverses across the city. Most samples were taken from street trees, but occasionally we collected from trees in parks, wayside areas, or on private property with the 

permission of the landowner.

All samples were georeferenced using a recreational grade global positioning 

system (GPS) device and registered in geographic (latitude/longitude) projection. 

The detailed definition of the projection is shown in the appendix (app., fig. 6). 

Spatial overlays of the sample locations with precisely registered high-resolution 

airborne imagery indicated that the precision of the GPS recordings was about 6.5 m. 

Sample points were subsequently projected to a Cartesian system (Lambert Conformal Conic), which maintains a constant linear unit omnidirectionally. The detailed 

definition of the projection is shown in the appendix (app., fig. 7).

Research has found that 

metal concentrations 

in moss are correlated 

with atmospheric metal 

concentrations, but 

the strength of these 

relationships is uncertain 

and varies by element.

A moss sample with 

a relatively high value 

for a particular element 

or a “hotspot” shown 

on a map should not 

be interpreted by itself 

as a health hazard. 

Conversely, samples 

with low values 

do not necessarily 

indicate “healthy” 

neighborhoods.
3

Elemental Atmospheric Pollution Assessment Via Moss-Based Measurements in Portland, Oregon

The species sampled was Orthotrichum lyellii Hook. & Taylor (fig. 1), a 

widespread moss that grows on hardwood trees in British Columbia, Washington, 

Oregon, Idaho, and California (Lawton 1971). This species is the most common 

epiphytic moss on street trees in Portland, often forming large patches on trunks 

and branches. Wearing powder-free nitrile gloves, we collected about 5 g (dry 

weight) of moss from multiple patches on each sampled tree. All moss was collected from at least 1 m off the ground to avoid road spray and pet-related contaminants. Samples were stored at 4 °C in metallized polyester Kapak2

 bags sealed 

with duct tape.

Samples were prepared for elemental analysis in a lab using petri dishes, 

forceps, and scissors sterilized with 70 percent ethanol. Wearing clean powderfree nitrile gloves, we separated the upper two-thirds of moss stems, discarding 

the base of the moss (fig. 2). Bark, necrotic tissue, insects, and debris were carefully removed from the sample using forceps. Moss samples weighing at least 1.5 

g (dry weight) were sent to the Forestry Sciences Laboratory in Logan, Utah, for 

elemental analysis.

Figure 1—Orthotrichum lyellii Hook. & Taylor.

2The use of trade or firm names in this publication is for reader information and does not 

imply endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture of any product or service.
4

GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-938

Laboratory Analysis

Samples were dried for 24 hours at 40 °C and ground to a fine powder. The HNO3

+ H2O2 digestion method was used to prepare the dried and ground samples for 

analysis. Briefly, 4 mL of concentrated reagent-grade HNO3 were added to 0.5-g 

subsamples in 50-mL graduated plastic digestion tubes. After being covered with 

plastic watch glasses, the tubes were allowed to sit overnight in a fume hood to 

ensure initial HNO3-imposed oxidation of the samples at ambient temperature. 

The samples were digested at 95 °C for 90 minutes in a graphite block digestor. 

The samples were allowed to cool, and 4 mL of reagent-grade 30 percent H2O2 was 

added to each tube, followed by a 30-minute digestion at 95 °C. After cooling, a 

second 4-mL aliquot of H2O2 was added to each sample, followed by a 45-minute 

digestion at 95 °C. If the sample was not clear or pale yellow, a third H2O2 digestion was done for 45 minutes. After cooling, deionized water was added to each 

tube to the 25-mL mark. The samples were filtered through 0.45-um membrane 

filters to remove undigested particulates, primarily silicate minerals not dissolved in 

HNO3 + H2O2, and stored in 22-mL plastic scintillation vials until analysis.

Digests were analyzed for 22 elements (phosphorus–P, potassium–K, magnesium–Mg, calcium–Ca, sulfur–S, molybdenum-Mo, manganese–Mn, iron–Fe, 

Figure 2—Example illustrating location of moss stem cutoff. About the top two-thirds of the stem is 

analyzed for metal concentrations. Tissue that is dark brown or covered in debris is avoided.
5

Elemental Atmospheric Pollution Assessment Via Moss-Based Measurements in Portland, Oregon

nickel–Ni, copper–Cu, zinc–Zn, boron–B, sodium–Na, strontium–Sr, barium–Ba, 

aluminum–Al, silicon–Si, chromium–Cr, cobalt–Co, cadmium–Cd, lead–Pb, and 

arsenic–As) using inductively coupled plasma (ICP) optical emission spectrometry. 

Table 1 shows element full names and abbreviations. Quality control/quality assurance measures consisted of independent check standards to monitor ICP calibration performance, reagent and method blanks, repeat analysis of a bulk sample of 

Orthotrichum collected in the Portland area in 2013 (table 2), and assessment of 

overall method accuracy by analyzing the International Atomic Energy Agency 

value (IAEA-336) epiphytic lichen species, Evernia prunastri L. Ach. reference 

standard collected in Portugal (International Atomic Energy Agency 1999) (table 3).

Reported concentrations are in mg/kg except for Ca, Mg, K, P, and S, which are 

in percentage (%) of sample dry weight.

Table 1—Names, symbols, units, and class membership of 

elements analyzed in the study

Element Symbol (unit) Class

Phosphorus P (%) Plant-essential 

macronutrients Potassium K (%)

Magnesium Mg (%) Plant-essential secondary 

Calcium Ca (%) nutrients

Sulfur S (%)

Molybdenum Mo (mg/kg) Plant-essential 

Manganese Mn (mg/kg) micronutrients

Iron Fe (mg/kg)

Nickel Ni (mg/kg)

Copper Cu (mg/kg)

Zinc Zn (mg/kg)

Boron B (mg/kg)

Sodium Na mg/kg) Soil mineral elementsa

Strontium Sr (mg/kg)

Barium Ba (mg/kg)

Aluminum Al (mg/kg)

Silicon Si (mg/kg)

Chromium Cr (mg/kg) Environmentally important 

trace elementsb

Cobalt Co (mg/kg)

Cadmium Cd (mg/kg)

Lead Pb (mg/kg)

Arsenic As (mg/kg)

a

 Na and Si are plant beneficial for some taxa, but not essential.

b

 Generally toxic to plant life, animal life (except Cr(III) at low levels) or both. 
6

GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-938

Correlations Between Metal Distributions

We computed sample descriptive statistics, including the mean, median, minimum, 

and maximum concentrations of all the elements. We assessed associations between 

elements by computing their correlations. Many of the elements measured belong 

to the same functional group or class (table 1). For example, P and K are essential 

macronutrients for plants. We would thus expect them to exhibit some level of correlation. Note that even in environments virtually free from anthropogenic effects, 

the distribution of a given element can vary substantially because elements may be 

released at different levels by natural sources. We also calculated the Fisher-Pearson 

skewness coefficient for each element (Shepard 1968) to identify elements with 

exceptionally high (i.e., high relative to the rest of the concentration data for that 

element) (table 4) concentrations. Elements with exceptionally high values have 

higher skewness coefficients than elements without.

Table 2—Quality control data for inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry for element 

analysis of Orthotrichum lyellii repeat analysis sample (n = 12)a

Element (unit) Measured range

Measured mean 

± std err

Detection limit 

(mg/kg)b Class

P (%) 0.198 - 0.215 0.206 ± 0.002 0.283 Plant-essential 

K (%) macronutrients 0.401 - 0.466 0.442 ± 0.007 0.255

Mg (%) 0.189 - 0.206 0.199 ± 0.002 0.002 Plant-essential secondary 

Ca (%) nutrients 0.487 - 0.523 0.500 ± 0.003 0.001

S (%) 0.111 - 0.126 0.119 ± 0.001 0.111

Mo (mg/kg) 0.380 - 0.520 0.470 ± 0.010 0.056 Plant-essential 

Mn (mg/kg) micronutrients 108 - 116 111 ± 1 0.011

Fe (mg/kg) 698 - 817 767 ± 11 0.040

Ni (mg/kg) 1.0 - 1.2 1.1 ± 0.0 0.115

Cu (mg/kg) 7.9 - 9.0 8.4 ± 0.1 0.118

Zn (mg/kg) 35.9 - 41.8 37.3 ± 0.5 0.030

B (mg/kg) 15.2 - 16.4 15.7 ± 0.1 Not available

Na (mg/kg) 200 - 229 215 ± 3 0.090 Soil mineral elements

Sr (mg/kg) 27.6 - 29.7 28.6 ± 0.2 0.002

Ba (mg/kg) 33.3 - 37.3 34.7 ± 0.3 0.009

Al (mg/kg) 320 - 371 345 ± 5 0.076

Si (mg/kg) 322 - 498 400 ± 17 Not available

Cr (mg/kg) 1.38 - 1.76 1.58 ± 0.03 0.043 Environmentally 

Co (mg/kg) important trace elements 0.37 - 0.43 0.40 ± 0.01 0.058

Cd (mg/kg) 0.09 - 0.12 0.104 ± 0.002 0.0095

Pb (mg/kg) 1.90 - 2.90 2.3 ± 0.1 0.225

As (mg/kg) 0.07 - 0.32 0.161 ± 0.029 0.237

Note: gray shading used to demarcate element classes shown in table 1.

a The Orthotricum sample was used to track analysis repeatability and is not a certified reference standard. b

 As dictated by established standards, detection limits for plant-essential macro and secondary nutrients are reported in mg/kg and their concentrations 

in percentage of dry weight. 

Note that even in 

environments virtually 

free from anthropogenic 

effects, the distribution 

of a given element 

can vary substantially 

because elements may 

be released at different 

levels by natural 

sources.
7

Elemental Atmospheric Pollution Assessment Via Moss-Based Measurements in Portland, Oregon

Mapping

Dot maps, one per element, were generated, and sampling locations were color 

coded by concentrations measured in the moss. A green-yellow-brown color ramp 

was used to indicate low–to–high relative concentrations. Histograms of element 

concentrations were color coded using the same scheme. Where sampling locations 

were in close proximity, the one reporting the highest concentration was shown in 

the foreground. The maps include freeways and major road arterials for reference 

purposes. A color-blind-friendly version of the maps is available at 

http://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/pnw_gtr938_maps.pdf

For elements with highly skewed distributions exhibiting a few extremely 

high concentrations, the color scheme was restricted to an upper, element-specific, 

threshold. These thresholds were imposed arbitrarily by examining the form of the 

Table 3—Quality control data for inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry for element 

analysis of the IAEA-336 Evernia prunastri reference sample (n = 9)

Element (unit) IAEA value (95% CI)

Measured 

range

Measured 

mean ± std err

Detection 

limit (mg/kga) Class

P (%) 0.061 (0.049-0.073) 0.047-0.053 0.051 ± 0.001 0.283 Plant-essential 

K (%) macronutrients 0.184 (0.164-0.204) 0.121-0.165 0.145 ± 0.004 0.255

Mg (%) 0.058 0.047-0.053 0.051 ± 0.001 0.002 Plant-essential 

secondary 

nutrients Ca (%) 0.282 0.210-0.238 0.222 ± 0.003 0.001

S (%) None listed 0.058-0.085 0.063 ± 0.003 0.111

Mo (mg/kg) None listed 0.00-0.12 0.03 ± 0.02 0.056 Plant-essential 

Mn (mg/kg) micronutrients 63 (46-70) 51-57 54 ± 1 0.011

Fe (mg/kg) 430 (380-480) 229-314 277 ± 8 0.040

Ni (mg/kg) 1.65 0.6-0.8 0.7 ± 0.0 0.115

Cu (mg/kg) 3.6 (3.1-4.1) 2.0-2.5 2.3 ± 0.1 0.118

Zn (mg/kg) 30.4 (27.0-33.8) 26.9-29.7 28.1 ± 0.4 0.030

B (mg/kg) None listed 1.2-2.0 1.5 ± 0.1 Not available

Na (mg/kg) 320 (280-360) 236-276 261 ± 4 0.090 Soil mineral 

elements Sr (mg/kg) 9.3 (8.2-10.4) 6.1-7.0 6.5 ± 0.1 0.002

Ba (mg/kg) 6.4 (5.3-7.5) 1.8-4.8 3.2 ± 0.4 0.009

Al (mg/kg) 680 (570-790) 206-240 217 ± 4 0.076

Si (mg/kg) None listed 197-370 280 ± 23 Not available

Cr (mg/kg) 1.06 (0.89-1.23) 0.39-0.52 0.46 ± 0.02 0.043 Environmentally 

important trace 

elements Co (mg/kg) 0.29 (0.24-0.34) 0.19-0.26 0.22 ± 0.01 0.058

Cd (mg/kg) 0.117 (0.100-0.134) 0.07-0.10 0.084 ± 0.004 0.0095

Pb (mg/kg) 4.9 (4.3-5.5) 4.0-4.8 4.4 ± 0.1 0.225

As (mg/kg) 0.63 (0.55-0.71) 0.18-0.60 0.42 ± 0.05 0.237

Note: The P, Mg, Ca, Ni, Al, Cr, Cd, and Pb concentration values supplied with the IAEA-336 sample are not recommended reference values and are 

for informational purposes only (Mg, Ca, and Ni are listed as uncertain). IAEA = International Atomic Energy Agency. CI = confidence interval. 

Gray shading used to demarcate element classes shown in table 1.

a As dictated by established standards, detection limits for plant-essential macro and secondary nutrients are reported in mg/kg and their concentrations 

in percentage of dry weight. 

Dot maps, one 

per element, were 

generated, and 

sampling locations 

were color coded 

by concentrations 

measured in the moss.
8

GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-938

histograms for Pb, Ni, Cu, Cd, Mo, Cr, Fe, Co, Al, and As. High outlying values 

are shown in black on the histogram and as black squares on the map instead of 

filled circles. The element concentration is reported next to each square on the map. 

This alternative color scheme was devised to ensure that the variability in sample 

values remains evident even in the presence of a few high values. Subsequently, we 

created a ranked list of locations based on the number of elements measured at that 

site with concentrations in the top eight highest values. Sample locations with high 

concentrations for several elements is one way to prioritize hotspots for further air 

quality investigations.

To protect the privacy of individual landowners, the coordinates of samples 

located on private property were shifted manually to the closest trees in public 

areas using as reference orthorectified, high-resolution aerial imagery taken at the 

Table 4—Element descriptive statistics 

Element Minimum Maximum Mean Median

Fisher-Pearson 

Skewness coefficient

Samples with value 

below detection limits

P 0.0958 0.4333 0.2133 0.2074 0.5739 0

K 0.2537 1.2120 0.5219 0.5146 1.1343 0

Mg 0.0775 0.3130 0.1646 0.1592 0.5536 0

Ca 0.2598 0.8659 0.5189 0.5042 0.4161 0

S 0.0712 0.2406 0.1261 0.1234 0.8035 0

Mo BDa 3.7700 0.8008 0.6675 2.6471 2

Mn 18.1650 449.8050 87.6504 63.5525 2.0260 0

Fe 447.1600 4802.8300 1115.2190 996.4600 2.5414 0

Ni 0.6750 43.4500 2.8338 2.2000 8.8199 0

Cu 5.3550 357.2500 19.0601 12.8925 8.2733 0

Zn 24.0750 250.0600 71.9426 60.3025 1.6644 0

B 2.7600 101.2050 19.3121 15.7025 1.6918 0

Na BD 382.5900 138.7499 138.9000 0.5663 1

Sr 12.8300 113.7550 35.7719 33.7275 1.7317 0

Ba 16.1450 175.0100 51.1529 46.4400 1.6553 0

Al 220.3050 1713.4400 527.4580 487.1700 1.8221 0

Si 23.8950 1324.8900 459.6801 445.1550 0.8157 0

Cr 1.0150 10.0400 2.3852 2.0500 2.5543 0

Co 0.2700 2.5200 0.6577 0.5975 2.4552 0

Cd BD 4.3800 0.3083 0.2300 6.7973 1

Pb 1.0300 128.9500 7.0914 4.9950 9.2178 0

As BD 0.9450 0.3757 0.3500 1.7642 177

Note: Measurement units per element are given in table 1. Gray shading used to demarcate element classes shown in table 1.

a

 BD indicates concentration below detection limits.
9

Elemental Atmospheric Pollution Assessment Via Moss-Based Measurements in Portland, Oregon

same time the moss data were collected. Of the 346 sample points, 121 were shifted. 

The mean planar shifting distance was 5.00 m, more than two orders of magnitude 

smaller than mean minimum distance between sample locations. It is unlikely that 

such a small shift will affect any spatial analysis conducted by users of the moss 

data. Appendix table 6 and dot maps show the shifted coordinates.

Results and Discussion

For each element, sample descriptive statistics and number of samples with concentration values below the detection limit are shown in table 4. Correlations between 

element concentrations measured in moss are shown in table 5. Correlations higher 

than 0.50 are shaded in gray; shading becomes progressively darker as the strength 

of the correlation increases.

Element Associations

Identification of pollution emissions sources can be aided by examining associations between elements. Strong positive correlations between elements suggest they 

are often co-emitted or share a common origin. Here we provide the table of correlations (table 5) and a basic summary mainly for reference. Further analysis using 

multivariate techniques, such as Principal Components Analysis, is recommended 

to help resolve the relative contribution of different types of emissions sources (e.g., 

natural vs. vehicular vs. industrial) to element concentrations measured in moss 

(e.g., Berg and Steinnes 1997b, Schaug et al. 1990). The correlation between P and 

K is substantial (0.62), suggesting P and K are often high in the same locations. 

This is unsurprising considering that both elements are naturally abundant plant 

macronutrients that are also widely used in plant and grass fertilizers. Otherwise, 

highly correlated elements spanned multiple classes. Sulfur, a plant-essential 

secondary nutrient, and a product of combustion of sulfur-containing fuels, exhibits 

correlations higher than 0.50 with seven elements (Mo, Fe, Zn, B, Al, Cr, and Co), 

none of which belong to its class (table 1). This closely correlated group of elements 

and S are commonly, but not exclusively, emitted by various industrial processes. 

For instance, Al and Fe levels in moss are often associated with wind-blown soil 

particulates (Steinnes 1995), and Mo and Zn may occur from vehicular sources 

(e.g., exhaust, tire and brake wear) (Zechmeister et al. 2005). Sulfur may also be 

released by natural sources, the most likely in Portland being biomass burning and 

decomposition of organic matter (Bates and Lamb 1992). Seven other elements 

commonly emitted from industrial sources were not associated strongly with any 

(As, Cu, Mn, and Pb) or at most two other elements (Cd, Ni, Sr) (table 5).

Identification of 

pollution emissions 

sources can be 

aided by examining 

associations between 

elements. Strong 

positive correlations 

between elements 

suggest they are often 

co-emitted or share a 

common origin.
10

GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-938 Table 5—Correlations between metal concentrations observed in the sample P K Mg Ca S Mo Mn Fe Ni Cu Zn B Na Sr Ba Al Si Cr Co Cd Pb As P • 0.62 0.45 0.20 0.46 0.18 0.06 0.17 0.08 -0.05 0.17 0.38 0.16 0.12 0.28 0.13 0.14 0.23 0.17 0.19 0.05 -0.02

K • 0.41 0.06 0.29 0.08 0.12 0.05 0.05 -0.06 0.04 0.38 0.48 -0.06 0.09 0.02 0.05 0.12 0.06 0.13 0.04 -0.03Mg • 0.15 0.31 0.20 0.06 0.17 0.09 -0.03 0.10 0.46 0.22 0.14 0.23 0.12 0.20 0.23 0.19 0.16 -0.05 0.06Ca • 0.50 0.23 -0.28 0.26 0.10 0.20 0.17 0.70 -0.15 0.63 0.52 0.29 0.26 0.32 0.21 0.36 0.26 0.33S • 0.59 0.09 0.66 0.22 0.17 0.53 0.51 0.25 0.29 0.45 0.56 0.39 0.69 0.54 0.40 0.37 0.29Mo • 0.12 0.72 0.56 0.14 0.51 0.24 0.19 0.15 0.35 0.59 0.25 0.83 0.71 0.23 0.27 0.31Mn • 0.11 -0.01 -0.07 0.14 -0.16 0.22 -0.20 0.09 0.06 0.10 0.09 0.09 -0.09 -0.02 -0.01Fe • 0.28 0.19 0.61 0.21 0.23 0.25 0.38 0.92 0.44 0.87 0.89 0.24 0.34 0.31Ni • 0.02 0.16 0.10 0.08 0.03 0.13 0.32 0.14 0.45 0.59 0.08 0.12 0.28Cu • 0.19 0.10 -0.01 0.14 0.13 0.14 0.06 0.21 0.12 0.11 0.17 0.19Zn • 0.22 0.11 0.13 0.23 0.52 0.22 0.59 0.54 0.37 0.33 0.21B • 0.10 0.38 0.39 0.20 0.27 0.28 0.20 0.58 0.20 0.28Na • -0.14 0.02 0.21 0.24 0.24 0.21 0.06 0.05 0.12Sr • 0.57 0.31 0.16 0.19 0.23 0.14 0.15 0.18Ba • 0.41 0.35 0.37 0.36 0.22 0.19 0.23Al • 0.53 0.72 0.88 0.20 0.28 0.37Si • 0.35 0.42 0.19 0.18 0.17Cr • 0.79 0.29 0.41 0.33Co • 0.23 0.27 0.35Cd • 0.18 0.30Pb • 0.08As •Note: Darker cell background indicates higher correlations values. Dotted lines demarcate element classes shown in table 1.
11

Elemental Atmospheric Pollution Assessment Via Moss-Based Measurements in Portland, Oregon

High Concentrations and “Hotspots”

Dot maps of element concentrations in moss and corresponding histograms are 

shown in figure 3. As might be expected, the dot maps show unique spatial distributions for the seven elements that lacked strong associations with other elements. 

Most exhibit one or a few hotspots (figs. 3i, 3j, 3t, and 3u) whereas possible As and 

Sr hotspots were numerous and widespread (figs. 3n and 3v).

Skewness coefficients (table 4) varied by element. All highly skewed histograms 

(fig. 3) showed a tail towards the right, indicating the presence of one or more 

exceptionally high concentrations in our dataset. In studies of small-scale industrial 

emissions, elements with highly right-skewed distributions typically indicate the 

presence of pollution point sources (Fernandez et al. 2007, Varela et al. 2014). The 

most skewed elements included all elements in the plant-essential micronutrients and 

environmentally important trace elements classes (Zn, B, As, Mn, Co, Fe, Cr, Mo, 

Cd, Cu, Ni, and Pb). All of these elements may be emitted from certain industrial 

activities and can be hazardous if present in high concentrations in the atmosphere. 

Also substantially skewed were the distributions of Sr, Al, and Ba, soil mineral elements that may also be emitted by industry. The elements Cd, Cu, Ni, and Pb had the 

highest coefficients owing to a few very high concentrations measured in the moss 

samples. Three of the four (Cd, Ni, and Pb) are heavy metals on the Environmental 

Protection Agency’s list of urban toxics posing the greatest health risk in urban areas.3

On the other hand, elements belonging to the plant-essential macro- and secondary nutrients, plus the soil minerals Na and Si, were relatively free of exceptionally high concentrations. These elements are all abundant in nature and, with the 

exception of S and Si, are less commonly released from industrial sources. Because 

elements with right-skewed distributions often indicate pollution point sources, it 

would thus be expected that elements primarily derived from natural sources would 

have more normally distributed data.

Ranking locations with high concentrations of multiple elements of concern 

is one approach to prioritizing hotspots for further investigation. Figure 4 shows 

where moss concentrations were in the top eight highest for the six most toxic 

metals in our dataset (Ni, Cr, Co, Cd, Pb, and As). Figure 5 shows locations in the 

top 8 for the 10 most skewed elements, which includes all 6 of the most toxic metals 

(Mo, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cr, Co, Cd, Pb, and As). Despite its highly skewed distribution, manganese (Mn) was excluded as prior research suggests levels measured in 

moss are controlled by factors other than atmospheric concentrations (Boquete et al. 

2011). Increasing the number of elements used in calculating the top 8 concentration 

from 6 to 10 does not alter the overall hotspot pattern although a few other sample 

locations with more than one value in the top-8 values emerge.

3Environmental Protection Agency. 2015. Urban air toxic pollutants. https://www.epa.gov/

urban-air-toxics/urban-air-toxic-pollutants. (April 2016).

The elements Cd, Cu, 

Ni, and Pb had the 

highest skewness 

coefficients owing 

to a few very high 

concentrations 

measured in the moss 

samples. Three of the 

four (Cd, Ni, and Pb) 

are heavy metals on 

the Environmental 

Protection Agency’s list 

of urban toxics posing 

the greatest health risk 

in urban areas.

Ranking locations with 

high concentrations 

of multiple elements 

of concern is one 

approach to prioritizing 

hotspots for further 

investigation.
12

GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-938

Figure 3a—Dot map of phosphorus concentrations found in moss samples and corresponding distribution histogram. See text pp. 7 and 8 

for details on the coloring scheme.

Phosphorus (P)

N

0 5 10

Kilometers

Number of moss samples

0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.4 .5

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Percent of sample dry weight

More research is needed to determine the exact relationship 

between moss concentrations and air concentrations. 
13

Elemental Atmospheric Pollution Assessment Via Moss-Based Measurements in Portland, Oregon

Potassium (K)

N

0 5 10

Kilometers

Number of moss samples

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.911.1 1. .3

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Percent of sample dry weight

More research is needed to determine the exact relationship 

between moss concentrations and air concentrations. 

Figure 3b—Dot map of potassium concentrations found in moss samples and corresponding distribution histogram. See text pp. 7 and 8 

for details on the coloring scheme.
14

GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-938

Magnesium (Mg)

N

0 5 10

Kilometers

Number of moss samples

0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35

0 10 20 30 40 50

Percent of sample dry weight

More research is needed to determine the exact relationship 

between moss concentrations and air concentrations. 

Figure 3c—Dot map of magnesium concentrations found in moss samples and corresponding distribution histogram. See text pp. 7 and 8 

for details on the coloring scheme.
15

Elemental Atmospheric Pollution Assessment Via Moss-Based Measurements in Portland, Oregon

Calcium (Ca)

N

0 5 10

Kilometers

Number of moss samples

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9

0 10 20 30 40 50

Percent of sample dry weight

More research is needed to determine the exact relationship 

between moss concentrations and air concentrations. 

Figure 3d—Dot map of calcium concentrations found in moss samples and corresponding distribution histogram. See text pp. 7 and 8 for 

details on the coloring scheme.
16

GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-938

Sulfur (S)

N

0 5 10

Kilometers

Number of moss samples

0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2 0.22 0.2

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Percent of sample dry weight

More research is needed to determine the exact relationship 

between moss concentrations and air concentrations. 

Figure 3e—Dot map of sulfur concentrations found in moss samples and corresponding distribution histogram. See text pp. 7 and 8 for 

details on the coloring scheme.
17

Elemental Atmospheric Pollution Assessment Via Moss-Based Measurements in Portland, Oregon

Molybdenum (Mo)

N

0 5 10

Kilometers

mg/kg

Number of moss samples

0 0.5 1 1.522.5 3 3.5 4

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

More research is needed to determine the exact relationship 

between moss concentrations and air concentrations. 

Figure 3f—Dot map of molybdenum concentrations found in moss samples and corresponding distribution histogram. See text pp. 7 and 

8 for details on the coloring scheme.
18

GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-938

Manganese (Mn)

N

0 5 10

Kilometers

mg/kg

Number of moss samples

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500

0 20 40 60 80 100

More research is needed to determine the exact relationship 

between moss concentrations and air concentrations. 

Figure 3g—Dot map of manganese concentrations found in moss samples and corresponding distribution histogram. See text pp. 7 and 8 

for details on the coloring scheme.
19

Elemental Atmospheric Pollution Assessment Via Moss-Based Measurements in Portland, Oregon

Iron (Fe)

N

0 5 10

Kilometers

3614

3883

4803

mg/kg

Number of moss samples

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000

0 10 20 30 40 50

More research is needed to determine the exact relationship 

between moss concentrations and air concentrations. 

Figure 3h—Dot map of iron concentrations found in moss samples and corresponding distribution histogram. See text pp. 7 and 8 for 

details on the coloring scheme.
20

GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-938

Nickel (Ni)

N

0 5 10

Kilometers

43.5

mg/kg

Number of moss samples

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

More research is needed to determine the exact relationship 

between moss concentrations and air concentrations. 

Figure 3i—Dot map of nickel concentrations found in moss samples and corresponding distribution histogram. See text pp. 7 and 8 for 

details on the coloring scheme.
21

Elemental Atmospheric Pollution Assessment Via Moss-Based Measurements in Portland, Oregon

Copper (Cu)

N

0 5 10

Kilometers

125

250

342

357

mg/kg

Number of moss samples

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

More research is needed to determine the exact relationship 

between moss concentrations and air concentrations. 

Figure 3j—Dot map of copper concentrations found in moss samples and corresponding distribution histogram. See text pp. 7 and 8 for 

details on the coloring scheme.
22

GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-938

Zinc (Zn)

N

0 5 10

Kilometers

mg/kg

Number of moss samples

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280

0 20 4 0

More research is needed to determine the exact relationship 

between moss concentrations and air concentrations. 

Figure 3k—Dot map of zinc concentrations found in moss samples and corresponding distribution histogram. See text pp. 7 and 8 for 

details on the coloring scheme.
23

Elemental Atmospheric Pollution Assessment Via Moss-Based Measurements in Portland, Oregon

Boron (B)

N

0 5 10

Kilometers

mg/kg

Number of moss samples

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110

0 20 40 60 80

More research is needed to determine the exact relationship 

between moss concentrations and air concentrations. 

Figure 3l—Dot map of boron concentrations found in moss samples and corresponding distribution histogram. See text pp. 7 and 8 for 

details on the coloring scheme.
24

GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-938

Sodium (Na)

N

0 5 10

Kilometers

mg/kg

Number of moss samples

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450

0 20 40 60 80

More research is needed to determine the exact relationship 

between moss concentrations and air concentrations. 

Figure 3m—Dot map of sodium concentrations found in moss samples and corresponding distribution histogram. See text pp. 7 and 8 for 

details on the coloring scheme.
25

Elemental Atmospheric Pollution Assessment Via Moss-Based Measurements in Portland, Oregon

Strontium (Sr)

N

0 5 10

Kilometers

mg/kg

Number of moss samples

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

More research is needed to determine the exact relationship 

between moss concentrations and air concentrations. 

Figure 3n—Dot map of strontium concentrations found in moss samples and corresponding distribution histogram. See text pp. 7 and 8 

for details on the coloring scheme.
26

GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-938

Barium (Ba)

N

0 5 10

Kilometers

mg/kg

Number of moss samples

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200

0 20 40 60 80 100

More research is needed to determine the exact relationship 

between moss concentrations and air concentrations. 

Figure 3o—Dot map of barium concentrations found in moss samples and corresponding distribution histogram. See text pp. 7 and 8 for 

details on the coloring scheme.
27

Elemental Atmospheric Pollution Assessment Via Moss-Based Measurements in Portland, Oregon

Aluminum (Al)

N

0 5 10

Kilometers

mg/kg

Number of moss samples

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800

0 20 40 60 80 100

More research is needed to determine the exact relationship 

between moss concentrations and air concentrations. 

Figure 3p—Dot map of aluminum concentrations found in moss samples and corresponding distribution histogram. See text pp. 7 and 8 

for details on the coloring scheme.
28

GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-938

Silicon (Si)

N

0 5 10

Kilometers

mg/kg

Number of moss samples

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400

0 10 2 40 30 50

More research is needed to determine the exact relationship 

between moss concentrations and air concentrations. 

Figure 3q—Dot map of silicon concentrations found in moss samples and corresponding distribution histogram. See text pp. 7 and 8 for 

details on the coloring scheme.
29

Elemental Atmospheric Pollution Assessment Via Moss-Based Measurements in Portland, Oregon

Chromium (Cr)

N

0 5 10

Kilometers

8.06

8.8

10.04

mg/kg

Number of moss samples

012345678 9 1 1

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

More research is needed to determine the exact relationship 

between moss concentrations and air concentrations. 

Figure 3r—Dot map of chromium concentrations found in moss samples and corresponding distribution histogram. See text pp. 7 and 8 

for details on the coloring scheme.
30

GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-938

Cobalt (Co)

N

0 5 10

Kilometers

2.02

2.15

2.52

mg/kg

Number of moss samples

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.822.2 2.4 2.6

0 10 20 30 40 50

More research is needed to determine the exact relationship 

between moss concentrations and air concentrations. 

Figure 3s—Dot map of cobalt concentrations found in moss samples and corresponding distribution histogram. See text pp. 7 and 8 for 

details on the coloring scheme.
31

Elemental Atmospheric Pollution Assessment Via Moss-Based Measurements in Portland, Oregon

Cadmium (Cd)

N

0 5 10

Kilometers

4.38

mg/kg

Number of moss samples

0 0.511.5 2 2.533. .5

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Figure 3t—Dot map of cadmium concentrations found in moss samples and corresponding distribution histogram. See text pp. 7 and 8 

for details on the coloring scheme.
32

GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-938

Lead (Pb)

N

0 5 10

Kilometers

129

mg/kg

Number of moss samples

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140

0 20 40 60 80 100

More research is needed to determine the exact relationship 

between moss concentrations and air concentrations. 

Figure 3u—Dot map of lead concentrations found in moss samples and corresponding distribution histogram. See text pp. 7 and 8 for 

details on the coloring scheme.
33

Elemental Atmospheric Pollution Assessment Via Moss-Based Measurements in Portland, Oregon

Arsenic (As)

N

0 5 10

Kilometers

mg/kg

Number of moss samples

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

0 50 100 150 200

More research is needed to determine the exact relationship 

between moss concentrations and air concentrations. 

Figure 3v—Dot map of arsenic concentrations found in moss samples and corresponding distribution histogram. See text pp. 7 and 8 for 

details on the coloring scheme. Mode of histogram is below the detection limit (0.237 mg/kg) for arsenic.
34

GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-938

N

0 5 10

Kilometers

Pb, Ni, Cd, Cr, Co, As

Element list

(selected locations)

 1: Ni, Cr, Co, As

 2: Pb, Cr, Co

 3: Cr, Co, As

 4: Cd, Cr, Co

 5: Pb, Cr, Co

 6: Ni, Co

 7: Cd, As

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

More research is needed to determine the exact relationship 

between moss concentrations and air concentrations. 

Figure 4—Sample locations with elevated concentrations for several of the six most toxic metals in our dataset (Pb, Ni, Cd, Cr, Co, and 

As). Filled points show the locations where the concentration of one or more of those elements was among the top 8. Numbers in filled 

circles link locations to the element list in the lower left corner. Blue circles indicate that the concentration of just one element was 

among the top 8 concentrations.
35

Elemental Atmospheric Pollution Assessment Via Moss-Based Measurements in Portland, Oregon

Figure 5—Sample locations with elevated concentrations for several of the 10 most toxic metals in our dataset (Pb, Ni, Cu, Cd, Mo, Cr, 

Fe, Co, Al, and As). Filled points show the locations where the concentration of one or more of those elements was among the top 8. 

Numbers in filled circles link locations to the element list in the lower left corner. Blue circles indicate that the concentration of just one 

element was among the top 8 concentrations.

N

0 5 10

Kilometers

Pb, Ni, Cu, Cd, Mo, Cr, Fe, Co, Al, As

Element list

(selected locations)

 1: Cu, Mo, Cr, Fe, Co, Al, As

 2: Pb, Mo, Cr, Fe, Co, Al

 3: Cd, Mo, Cr, Fe, Co, Al

 4: Pb, Mo, Cr, Fe, Co, Al

 5: Ni, Mo, Cr, Co, As

 6: Fe, Co, Al

 7: Mo, Cr, Fe

 8: Fe, Co, Al

 9: Pb, Cu

 10: Ni, Co

 11: Cd, As

 12: Cu, Al

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

More research is needed to determine the exact relationship 

between moss concentrations and air concentrations. 
36

GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-938

Limitations and Guidelines

At this stage in the research, the moss data should be regarded as a screening 

tool to identify possible problem areas for followup with actual air quality 

measurements. Even with a casual look at the element concentration dot maps 

in figure 3, the reader can identify many samples positioned very close to each 

other but with highly contrasting concentration values. This observation is 

both encouraging and concerning. It is encouraging because it suggests that the 

dispersion distance of most elements is relatively short and an isolated pollution point source will affect only those in its immediate vicinity, ultimately a 

very small percentage of an urban area’s population. It is concerning because 

a pollution point source can remain undetected for a long time if relying exclusively on sparse air monitoring networks. To reduce the probability of missing a 

hotspot, the mean distance between neighboring samples will need to be shorter 

than the one used in this study, and the spatial allocation of the sample free 

of sizeable gaps. Ensuring the latter can be logistically challenging, while the 

former would be costly.

A key unknown is how accurately metal concentrations in the moss we used, 

Orthotrichum lyellii, reflect levels in the air. Donovan et al. (2016) found a very 

high correlation between moss Cd and atmospheric Cd measured by the Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ) (0.991 or 99.1 percent), but this relationship was based on only four data points and is thus not considered statistically 

significant. Otherwise, no calibration work (comparing moss-to-instrument 

values) has been done yet with Orthotrichum as this is the first time it has been 

used as a bioindicator.

It is likely that the strength of relationships between moss and atmospheric concentrations will vary by element. This is because elements differ in how strongly 

they bind to moss cells, how long they are retained in the moss, and how susceptible 

they are to displacement by other co-occurring elements (Gonzalez and Pokrovsky 

2014, Rühling and Tyler 1970). Additionally, moss cells regulate the uptake of 

elements with physiological roles, such as some of the plant essential nutrients (table 

1) (Bates 1992), potentially weakening relationships with atmospheric concentrations. Also, emissions from natural sources of elements (e.g., soils, leachates from 

overstory vegetation, marine aerosols) can contribute to levels measured in moss. 

Therefore, it is likely that some Orthotrichum-based maps will portray air quality 

more accurately than others.
37

Elemental Atmospheric Pollution Assessment Via Moss-Based Measurements in Portland, Oregon

Most past research calibrating moss-based concentrations with air quality 

data focused on comparing ground-dwelling moss species against bulk deposition measurements (Aboal et al. 2010). This may not accurately represent the 

epiphytic species we used and the DEQ’s high-volume particulate monitors used 

by Donovan et al. (2016) to calibrate our Cd data. Calibrating Orthotrichum

is a top research priority. It is only possible to convert moss concentrations 

to health thresholds and regulatory standards if relationships are sufficiently 

strong. Otherwise, validation of moss hotspots using monitoring instruments is 

required to make inferences about health risks and absolute concentrations in 

the atmosphere.

The time period represented by metals in Orthotrichum is unknown, but it 

likely ranges between several months to a few years. This means moss concentrations may indicate emissions sources that no longer exist and that repeat sampling over short time intervals may not accurately portray declining emissions 

after pollution abatement measures are taken. We analyzed elemental concentrations in only the upper two-thirds of moss stems and estimate that our samples 

could represent, at maximum, 3 years of exposure. In the reciprocal transplant 

study of Boquete et al. (2013), it took over 1.5 years for transplants from polluted 

environments to reach background concentrations of metals. Conversely, it took 

240 days for transplants from “clean” sites to reflect metal concentrations at a 

polluted site. As it is well known that different species have different accumulation and retention capacities (Castello 2007, Gonzalez and Pokrovsky 2014, 

Halleraker et al. 1998), determining what timeframe Orthotrichum represents is 

another research priority.

Environmental conditions, such as precipitation intensity, pH, and temperature, 

may affect element concentrations in moss tissues although results seem to vary 

across studies (Čeburnis and Valiulis 1999, Gjengedal and Steinnes 1990). Effects 

on Orthotrichum concentrations are another unknown that could potentially affect 

both timeframe and strength of relationships to atmospheric concentrations. Annual 

and daily temperature, humidity, and precipitation were not significant predictors of 

Cd in moss (Donovan et al. 2016). However, we intentionally sampled within a short 

timeframe (2.5 weeks) to minimize variability in weather conditions so results are 

not definitive.
38

GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-938

Conclusions

Mosses are a useful screening tool for atmospheric pollutants. They can be used to 

inexpensively and quickly identify areas for the placement of pollution monitoring 

instruments. Moss and lichen bioindicators have provided valuable low-cost information on pollution levels in hundreds of other studies from dozens of countries 

across the world (e.g., Ares et al. 2012, Fuga et al. 2008, Garty Ha2001, Nguyen 

Viet et al. 2010, Zvěřina et al. 2014).

While monitoring instruments are expensive and require one or more months to 

yield results for a single location, they provide real-time, accurate measurements of 

pollutant concentrations in the air without the uncertainties of working with living 

organisms like moss bioindicators. The complementary use of both techniques has 

the potential to revolutionize how we monitor air quality in urban areas, helping to 

more efficiently and effectively inform about pollution levels and sources, an excellent example being current monitoring activities taking place in Portland, Oregon. 

Moss monitoring research based on our Cd data helped identify two major, 

unregulated sources of Cd in Portland. Placement of an air monitor near one hotspot 

measured Cd and As levels that greatly exceeded health benchmarks (Donovan et 

al. 2016). These findings led to the installation of new pollution controls at both 

facilities, reexamination of regulatory exemptions for the stained-glass industry, 

and the creation of “Cleaner Air Oregon.” 4 This new state program will provide 

more resources for air monitoring and mandates the development of risk-based 

standards for air toxics. Hotspots identified in this study may likewise assist in 

uncovering additional unknown or unregulated pollution sources; the provision of 

our raw data (app., table 6) will enable others to carry forward such investigations.

English Equivalents

When you know: Multiply by: To get:

Meters (m) 3.27 Feet

Square kilometers (km2) 0.386 Squaremiles

Milliliters (mL) 0.061 Cubic inches

Grams (g) 0.0352 Ounces

Degrees Celsius (°C) 1.8 °C (+ 32) Degrees Fahrenheit

4Cleaner Air Oregon. http://cleanerairoregon.org/. (May 2016).
39

Elemental Atmospheric Pollution Assessment Via Moss-Based Measurements in Portland, Oregon

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42

GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-938 Appendix Table 6—Moss-derived element concentration data (continued) Latitudea (degrees) Longitudea (degrees) P K Mg Ca S Mo Mn Fe Ni Cu Zn B Na Sr Ba Al Si Cr Co Cd Pb As - - Percent of dry moss weight - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - mg / kg of dry moss - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 45.54782 -122.60665 0.186 0.542 0.105 0.826 0.121 0.130 61.5 671.0 1.91 10.23 50.91 32.03 112.8 58.0 42.2 371.7 451.3 1.77 0.395 0.430 14.23 BDb 2 45.57009 -122.64356 0.172 0.568 0.162 0.465 0.124 0.700 37.7 943.2 1.93 25.79 61.63 13.74 183.2 29.5 31.0 433.6 515.7 2.11 0.525 0.320 7.59 0.270 3 45.54787 -122.53965 0.209 0.479 0.198 0.481 0.134 0.580 53.0 1313.5 2.93 13.68 72.81 12.65 170.3 48.5 62.6 673.4 657.0 3.14 0.870 0.240 4.24 BD 4 45.45384 -122.51577 0.258 0.565 0.180 0.551 0.079 0.410 31.6 627.2 1.37 12.04 35.00 20.91 152.5 25.8 40.2 383.3 478.6 1.38 0.440 0.125 1.78 BD 5 45.46631 -122.58462 0.163 0.410 0.115 0.455 0.096 0.935 36.0 971.6 3.74 11.99 37.20 6.68 111.7 29.4 48.3 553.0 415.4 1.79 0.730 0.105 4.82 0.295 6 45.51493 -122.68193 0.339 0.677 0.185 0.620 0.179 1.165 175.0 1144.5 3.04 23.12 83.11 32.75 153.0 34.1 42.3 443.4 432.2 3.75 0.565 0.385 6.18 BD 7 45.53501 -122.79052 0.225 0.573 0.221 0.525 0.120 0.420 59.6 974.7 1.42 7.57 42.44 22.57 142.0 34.8 34.5 381.8 445.2 2.24 0.500 0.165 2.36 BD

8 45.55557 -122.68132 0.214 0.432 0.135 0.579 0.143 0.635 102.3 1385.5 3.15 18.88 94.61 15.75 98.8 37.7 60.3 553.9 460.4 3.39 0.775 0.360 12.52 0.2509 45.51080 -122.60269 0.246 0.512 0.133 0.349 0.133 0.655 101.8 1038.6 3.71 14.66 44.50 4.78 171.9 15.1 36.8 550.0 434.3 2.08 0.570 0.245 10.70 BD

10 45.46616 -122.71173 0.155 0.398 0.135 0.402 0.090 0.615 380.3 1086.1 1.38 7.52 51.75 6.99 119.1 21.7 51.1 488.1 595.7 1.68 0.645 0.160 3.58 BD

11 45.57014 -122.68977 0.132 0.442 0.174 0.739 0.153 1.165 56.2 1121.7 2.94 48.19 94.73 31.95 148.6 34.3 35.2 485.1 481.1 3.41 0.565 0.330 15.65 0.390

12 45.52379 -122.55503 0.194 0.455 0.153 0.784 0.119 0.175 30.8 857.0 2.06 11.48 35.45 39.79 117.3 58.9 85.5 433.4 432.7 1.74 0.535 0.190 3.20 0.315

13 45.45338 -122.73467 0.180 0.349 0.099 0.457 0.094 0.485 99.8 814.1 1.26 6.95 43.71 4.93 81.7 27.3 52.5 411.1 499.3 1.49 0.450 0.240 5.06 BD

14 45.54930 -122.65667 0.158 0.365 0.092 0.393 0.110 0.365 51.1 1030.5 2.26 18.58 89.66 3.47 98.0 24.8 35.3 468.5 454.2 2.37 0.635 0.275 13.29 BD

15 45.52254 -122.58347 0.284 0.502 0.159 0.706 0.178 0.625 84.7 1618.5 8.93 23.26 79.51 28.00 148.7 49.6 45.0 827.4 782.0 3.43 1.010 0.225 12.47 0.385

16 45.55561 -122.66570 0.317 0.630 0.198 0.672 0.169 0.295 56.5 1069.5 2.27 19.98 101.91 55.43 111.0 43.7 62.2 505.9 570.0 2.59 0.595 0.745 26.19 0.380

17 45.56018 -122.60090 0.346 0.606 0.195 0.580 0.159 1.435 64.7 2741.2 3.40 30.98 165.63 26.75 135.5 48.9 65.7 1042.8 518.2 3.81 1.270 0.250 17.50 0.520

18 45.47962 -122.69420 0.238 0.562 0.155 0.651 0.153 0.960 53.5 1167.1 1.39 14.66 68.70 65.44 155.4 43.2 79.1 475.5 509.2 2.25 0.630 0.250 4.67 BD

19 45.42759 -122.74598 0.200 0.355 0.083 0.442 0.121 0.670 40.8 1079.1 1.48 8.15 72.25 3.73 104.1 30.3 33.1 449.2 257.3 2.00 0.515 0.080 3.64 BD

20 45.44416 -122.72103 0.154 0.382 0.139 0.398 0.098 0.725 130.6 747.6 1.24 7.11 50.00 5.76 183.4 28.2 54.0 421.1 356.7 1.48 0.520 0.215 3.56 0.265

21 45.50859 -122.57343 0.222 0.633 0.095 0.417 0.073 0.455 76.3 689.6 1.91 5.89 30.54 7.56 92.8 19.1 20.2 366.2 368.3 1.30 0.370 0.075 2.78 BD

22 45.55619 -122.68085 0.236 0.515 0.120 0.431 0.168 1.070 83.2 1738.5 2.94 26.95 231.56 5.36 116.6 37.9 71.9 617.4 520.5 3.56 0.895 0.385 12.22 BD

23 45.50800 -122.57326 0.216 0.616 0.182 0.492 0.111 0.485 102.5 632.1 1.52 8.47 27.37 28.06 180.9 37.7 59.0 344.2 455.8 1.41 0.325 0.100 4.07 BD

24 45.54732 -122.62629 0.235 0.603 0.150 0.574 0.140 0.205 156.6 1282.0 2.31 18.51 66.16 21.52 136.1 33.4 44.8 606.4 683.5 2.40 0.770 0.370 14.29 BD

25 45.52816 -122.62103 0.214 0.706 0.223 0.475 0.146 0.210 26.9 869.0 2.21 25.54 43.14 30.39 200.3 33.6 48.6 445.3 561.5 1.98 0.520 0.340 9.99 BD

26 45.52351 -122.63601 0.165 0.435 0.185 0.421 0.141 0.320 34.8 894.5 2.22 16.69 65.56 22.98 167.6 35.7 38.9 418.6 452.6 1.94 0.595 0.625 10.05 0.240

27 45.52381 -122.55393 0.169 0.440 0.132 0.552 0.105 0.170 33.1 672.5 2.18 10.15 41.41 13.66 162.5 37.2 56.4 364.5 469.3 1.56 0.505 0.155 3.26 BD

28 45.51711 -122.63833 0.209 0.524 0.115 0.445 0.135 0.135 91.2 753.5 2.08 12.04 44.96 17.68 155.0 17.4 26.6 361.6 545.0 1.84 0.435 0.795 9.92 BD
43

Elemental Atmospheric Pollution Assessment Via Moss-Based Measurements in Portland, Oregon

Table 6—Moss-derived element concentration data (continued)

Latitudea

(degrees)

Longitudea

(degrees) P K Mg Ca S Mo Mn Fe Ni Cu Zn B Na Sr Ba Al Si Cr Co Cd Pb As

 - - Percent of dry moss weight - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - mg / kg of dry moss - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

29 45.46202 -122.48968 0.164 0.363 0.164 0.418 0.092 0.410 42.5 1003.7 1.76 6.25 41.24 8.06 131.1 28.1 46.8 615.8 482.7 1.95 0.710 0.080 4.19 0.300

30 45.57365 -122.59888 0.212 0.521 0.201 0.629 0.119 0.630 27.1 798.2 3.21 19.14 67.48 50.12 118.2 26.4 38.8 380.9 476.6 1.81 0.505 1.830 4.97 0.320

31 45.50634 -122.52350 0.211 0.486 0.189 0.418 0.119 0.665 31.8 731.1 1.67 7.38 32.66 11.33 164.8 31.1 21.4 417.9 490.4 1.36 0.460 0.095 2.69 BD

32 45.53835 -122.65159 0.313 1.132 0.136 0.485 0.124 0.095 173.9 737.5 2.73 25.11 51.11 36.35 185.2 21.3 37.2 450.2 658.0 1.94 0.480 0.190 11.26 BD

33 45.47915 -122.69419 0.164 0.357 0.120 0.540 0.101 0.835 60.4 934.1 1.29 10.99 184.15 11.83 129.7 31.6 38.1 410.2 421.0 2.03 0.540 0.165 5.86 BD

34 45.58456 -122.71014 0.197 0.465 0.132 0.374 0.119 1.350 90.9 871.7 2.56 11.91 55.73 6.29 165.0 22.0 32.8 334.2 372.4 2.83 0.420 0.210 3.65 0.260

35 45.60231 -122.67037 0.215 0.534 0.262 0.743 0.193 1.980 75.5 2249.7 4.05 85.05 162.08 55.12 166.1 34.6 44.1 787.3 634.2 5.65 1.110 1.090 14.07 0.630

36 45.51134 -122.54302 0.136 0.338 0.113 0.355 0.088 0.630 43.0 812.6 2.29 9.66 50.90 4.34 130.9 28.0 36.3 449.5 330.8 1.45 0.550 0.135 4.14 0.265

37 45.58499 -122.71017 0.267 0.572 0.190 0.701 0.150 1.660 235.5 1292.7 3.16 14.96 65.28 30.44 117.8 47.1 154.3 548.8 442.6 4.11 0.580 0.250 5.56 0.395

38 45.50124 -122.62694 0.153 0.448 0.104 0.380 0.090 0.590 75.0 1176.1 2.89 12.26 53.90 8.27 159.9 21.6 35.9 630.0 525.7 1.83 0.785 0.265 10.83 0.335

39 45.48577 -122.74040 0.186 0.526 0.124 0.428 0.095 0.495 119.3 672.7 1.30 7.96 51.18 8.55 139.6 28.1 37.6 309.0 358.3 1.55 0.405 0.210 3.23 BD

40 45.49453 -122.71698 0.178 0.437 0.126 0.652 0.104 0.430 33.6 610.6 0.82 357.25 43.93 16.38 108.2 48.6 56.1 320.4 394.7 1.37 0.305 0.145 4.95 0.255

41 45.54184 -122.66452 0.192 0.472 0.173 0.762 0.150 0.600 38.3 1153.0 2.25 18.17 79.26 43.36 117.9 50.1 50.7 538.4 540.5 2.74 0.735 0.660 12.01 BD

42 45.51748 -122.72871 0.180 0.383 0.136 0.404 0.093 0.080 60.4 663.5 1.48 6.41 44.91 4.57 132.9 29.7 31.8 248.7 291.6 1.70 0.340 0.165 3.57 BD

43 45.57101 -122.65191 0.151 0.501 0.147 0.441 0.120 0.760 73.4 992.2 1.85 22.25 56.23 11.25 142.6 30.7 36.4 429.0 371.4 2.18 0.530 0.225 10.84 0.300

44 45.50127 -122.62727 0.197 0.535 0.125 0.524 0.095 0.515 84.0 1114.1 2.77 10.62 46.80 26.35 147.5 27.3 31.3 601.0 482.1 1.78 0.710 0.300 7.87 0.440

45 45.46667 -122.58467 0.270 0.579 0.180 0.596 0.101 0.755 28.4 784.1 2.56 9.75 28.97 32.56 123.9 31.9 38.8 441.8 450.2 1.70 0.575 0.115 3.04 0.260

46 45.45405 -122.51686 0.221 0.675 0.160 0.379 0.092 0.510 292.8 759.2 1.79 8.91 47.28 9.38 382.6 17.9 27.9 446.0 552.7 1.68 0.535 0.135 2.27 BD

47 45.47129 -122.57483 0.248 0.547 0.193 0.538 0.123 0.635 33.4 896.6 3.14 8.82 57.65 26.60 224.3 35.9 41.0 496.0 547.7 1.74 0.670 0.135 8.39 BD

48 45.54122 -122.66386 0.233 0.618 0.152 0.396 0.143 0.255 202.3 901.5 3.48 13.67 139.91 18.42 205.4 23.6 43.3 424.3 416.1 2.21 0.650 0.550 10.62 BD

49 45.53746 -122.56834 0.401 0.653 0.220 0.779 0.189 0.480 60.8 1222.0 2.62 20.62 68.41 26.10 109.6 54.0 175.0 572.9 495.0 2.69 0.745 1.075 5.06 0.295

50 45.52763 -122.62106 0.312 0.590 0.188 0.826 0.164 0.365 76.3 1010.5 2.15 14.25 67.76 45.97 123.2 44.5 64.5 516.9 626.0 1.99 0.540 0.335 13.76 BD

51 45.54196 -122.49547 0.237 0.601 0.164 0.673 0.128 1.120 33.0 1312.2 2.14 16.91 83.63 33.54 152.5 54.6 64.2 637.3 478.2 3.02 0.745 0.300 3.69 0.420

52 45.52538 -122.49338 0.223 0.431 0.131 0.491 0.096 0.550 35.8 880.2 1.71 23.83 115.58 8.73 95.3 34.0 30.9 477.7 433.5 1.91 0.515 0.100 7.27 BD

53 45.43309 -122.65384 0.186 0.469 0.144 0.380 0.093 0.605 38.2 511.1 1.57 9.32 41.08 9.64 124.4 21.2 33.9 258.9 369.1 1.16 0.365 0.180 2.92 BD

54 45.51209 -122.51412 0.181 0.424 0.110 0.490 0.137 0.490 40.7 847.6 1.45 7.95 30.00 9.42 101.8 37.6 38.9 471.9 319.0 1.44 0.460 0.075 6.11 0.290

55 45.54732 -122.62629 0.265 0.468 0.198 0.586 0.167 0.510 90.0 1411.5 4.88 16.11 72.76 20.55 127.5 27.8 57.7 719.4 714.5 3.12 0.885 0.210 14.40 0.335

56 45.45569 -122.60137 0.175 0.496 0.209 0.395 0.083 0.775 94.2 516.2 6.47 7.48 44.43 7.01 127.2 25.4 28.6 311.6 391.8 1.81 0.820 0.165 2.58 BD

57 45.49625 -122.48980 0.223 0.357 0.120 0.444 0.092 0.460 72.0 1047.1 1.27 8.79 47.20 10.44 116.8 31.4 40.0 647.5 402.0 1.46 0.565 0.080 4.85 BD
44

GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-938 Table 6—Moss-derived element concentration data (continued) Latitudea (degrees) Longitudea (degrees) P K Mg Ca S Mo Mn Fe Ni Cu Zn B Na Sr Ba Al Si Cr Co Cd Pb As - - Percent of dry moss weight - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - mg / kg of dry moss - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 58 45.54196 -122.49547 0.268 0.569 0.200 0.637 0.155 1.545 52.9 2241.2 3.32 23.88 116.43 27.13 161.1 57.7 82.7 1078.8 644.7 4.66 1.210 0.450 6.51 0.450 59 45.45495 -122.74360 0.167 0.497 0.140 0.278 0.123 0.645 145.4 1557.6 1.85 14.93 194.15 4.76 176.4 22.5 46.4 665.5 623.2 1.95 0.800 0.340 8.65 BD 60 45.51789 -122.63825 0.172 0.431 0.216 0.780 0.118 BD 84.2 518.0 1.56 78.85 161.16 60.23 61.8 45.7 37.1 287.0 388.7 1.26 0.285 0.555 4.82 0.275 61 45.57019 -122.65226 0.180 0.489 0.130 0.723 0.133 0.870 53.7 1289.7 2.21 27.57 60.23 29.07 152.1 46.9 81.2 670.3 560.2 2.67 0.640 0.305 8.22 0.320 62 45.54775 -122.60657 0.280 0.604 0.197 0.411 0.133 BD 33.3 792.0 1.94 11.96 77.46 7.55 127.6 25.4 22.4 423.6 475.2 1.63 0.500 0.350 6.30 BD 63 45.53133 -122.61123 0.377 0.646 0.189 0.866 0.180 0.175 34.5 883.0 1.63 19.84 49.81 65.23 133.4 40.6 79.2 524.9 627.5 1.82 0.535 0.705 7.26 BD 64 45.50535 -122.55064 0.197 0.439 0.220 0.667 0.112 0.450 181.9 753.1 1.75 7.32 45.35 45.71 79.7 35.5 81.9 449.2 598.7 1.70 0.725 0.145 3.56 0.445 65 45.47364 -122.54831 0.147 0.352 0.184 0.613 0.126 0.850 35.9 1313.1 2.52 52.25 69.60 32.95 113.5 64.1 74.6 691.0 299.9 2.21 0.755 0.165 5.88 BD

66 45.53931 -122.66169 0.310 0.929 0.153 0.589 0.145 1.140 64.0 1675.5 2.87 26.83 118.71 44.01 200.9 43.0 74.8 694.4 750.5 3.86 0.885 0.570 17.05 BD

67 45.50851 -122.65086 0.181 0.570 0.097 0.349 0.087 0.655 57.7 729.6 2.27 10.25 64.05 12.98 190.4 20.1 32.7 357.2 358.0 1.93 0.520 0.795 13.22 BD

68 45.47747 -122.51351 0.139 0.323 0.140 0.461 0.110 0.680 77.4 1225.1 1.78 20.26 112.30 9.89 146.3 113.8 58.5 688.5 423.7 1.79 0.785 0.145 5.23 BD

69 45.52259 -122.56967 0.306 0.700 0.211 0.499 0.138 0.400 52.4 1101.0 2.75 11.61 73.86 22.97 198.4 40.9 56.7 547.9 743.0 2.15 0.660 0.225 6.01 BD

70 45.46438 -122.51847 0.275 0.575 0.171 0.465 0.107 0.445 120.9 472.9 1.61 5.93 46.32 7.94 97.9 61.5 66.0 260.9 317.9 1.22 0.550 0.215 1.22 BD

71 45.54170 -122.79429 0.196 0.434 0.173 0.642 0.092 0.345 51.2 447.2 0.68 5.78 82.35 23.65 111.6 45.8 60.2 220.3 263.8 1.07 0.500 1.130 1.11 BD

72 45.52217 -122.50902 0.189 0.388 0.106 0.399 0.105 0.770 77.8 1048.3 1.70 15.04 70.60 6.78 34.0 28.8 43.4 539.9 341.3 1.67 0.585 0.140 4.57 BD

73 45.49989 -122.74090 0.286 0.478 0.201 0.544 0.186 1.675 256.8 1657.7 2.23 22.49 118.71 18.83 143.5 51.4 86.9 666.2 505.0 3.10 0.865 0.285 7.66 0.270

74 45.51653 -122.49275 0.131 0.346 0.087 0.798 0.135 0.395 21.0 833.6 1.55 9.18 31.06 22.47 102.1 61.8 49.6 538.0 424.3 1.51 0.485 0.185 2.85 0.475

75 45.52884 -122.78434 0.235 0.505 0.140 0.339 0.101 0.405 104.2 773.6 1.05 6.36 48.20 6.44 149.7 22.5 32.5 392.8 408.4 1.57 0.410 0.140 2.91 BD

76 45.42611 -122.70844 0.210 0.356 0.152 0.395 0.096 0.710 35.2 727.6 1.63 8.14 44.90 6.64 89.0 39.0 57.1 376.7 472.6 1.52 0.385 0.140 3.25 BD

77 45.53195 -122.78238 0.179 0.347 0.144 0.563 0.092 0.575 53.5 656.1 1.09 7.41 40.64 19.46 63.7 52.4 45.4 249.0 125.2 1.49 0.435 0.100 1.80 BD

78 45.51745 -122.47676 0.171 0.456 0.148 0.430 0.116 0.970 103.7 1733.1 2.19 14.22 121.00 5.30 151.8 31.4 54.6 731.0 385.3 2.57 0.960 0.195 5.00 0.395

79 45.55684 -122.77936 0.179 0.474 0.144 0.284 0.126 0.735 109.2 1051.8 1.80 8.06 54.60 3.03 159.4 21.7 39.7 410.3 407.7 2.06 0.555 0.140 5.23 BD

80 45.43512 -122.73654 0.232 0.402 0.170 0.529 0.089 0.415 54.5 689.5 0.98 6.70 36.71 9.71 81.3 40.9 46.8 345.5 326.8 1.33 0.390 0.075 2.12 BD

81 45.51417 -122.74843 0.189 0.416 0.158 0.360 0.113 0.680 162.9 1062.1 1.86 9.75 47.10 6.68 112.9 23.7 34.2 426.1 463.6 2.72 0.480 0.320 4.57 BD

82 45.44006 -122.69839 0.203 0.541 0.163 0.381 0.136 0.770 76.1 1200.3 2.42 10.00 62.60 9.88 216.2 31.1 40.3 516.4 369.6 2.51 0.675 0.150 4.63 BD

83 45.48572 -122.74066 0.184 0.531 0.111 0.434 0.096 0.425 197.8 795.6 1.20 7.22 48.00 7.73 125.0 23.1 29.7 315.5 140.1 1.58 0.455 0.145 3.68 BD

84 45.51024 -122.49779 0.111 0.300 0.099 0.717 0.113 0.480 27.0 1056.3 1.93 9.64 41.37 17.58 36.4 46.2 67.0 743.9 504.3 1.85 0.605 0.185 3.46 0.435

85 45.48183 -122.47439 0.234 0.553 0.151 0.535 0.119 0.480 382.9 869.8 1.76 8.50 31.34 7.13 86.1 25.8 41.3 480.0 331.3 1.78 0.575 0.085 2.21 BD

86 45.49397 -122.61742 0.298 0.664 0.212 0.752 0.144 0.655 38.3 732.7 2.51 25.39 86.56 38.80 69.3 40.0 73.8 447.9 603.0 1.62 0.540 0.685 5.08 BD
45

Elemental Atmospheric Pollution Assessment Via Moss-Based Measurements in Portland, Oregon

Table 6—Moss-derived element concentration data (continued)

Latitudea

(degrees)

Longitudea

(degrees) P K Mg Ca S Mo Mn Fe Ni Cu Zn B Na Sr Ba Al Si Cr Co Cd Pb As

 - - Percent of dry moss weight - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - mg / kg of dry moss - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

87 45.47044 -122.60066 0.228 0.572 0.188 0.587 0.119 1.415 43.6 1113.6 7.09 15.10 62.15 27.09 157.8 38.7 86.1 651.0 381.0 2.26 0.830 0.400 6.40 0.715

88 45.55903 -122.68497 0.167 0.342 0.114 0.709 0.151 0.500 37.0 1098.5 3.74 15.38 129.41 20.60 82.7 46.0 90.8 465.6 444.5 2.88 0.585 0.260 15.22 0.285

89 45.42639 -122.67166 0.189 0.414 0.163 0.446 0.088 0.495 55.6 958.1 1.92 6.71 35.14 10.20 90.4 32.0 38.2 427.1 343.2 1.60 0.545 0.095 4.17 BD

90 45.45090 -122.70862 0.285 0.441 0.208 0.571 0.128 0.550 52.9 855.0 1.61 12.27 55.82 31.30 114.8 37.2 49.8 420.6 652.5 1.84 0.510 0.175 3.30 0.385

91 45.49054 -122.56085 0.193 0.405 0.143 0.317 0.136 0.870 86.1 1685.2 5.19 17.16 77.31 5.73 163.0 20.1 46.0 811.7 601.5 3.19 1.145 0.195 7.44 0.275

92 45.51144 -122.54308 0.142 0.358 0.123 0.372 0.098 0.710 43.8 1034.8 2.50 12.03 58.20 4.04 43.9 30.8 40.0 558.4 348.1 1.73 0.675 0.160 5.16 BD

93 45.53101 -122.78244 0.240 0.506 0.156 0.391 0.112 0.840 84.6 702.1 1.29 9.83 71.10 7.45 198.3 34.8 45.1 295.9 266.6 1.58 0.385 0.125 2.71 BD

94 45.46651 -122.65024 0.175 0.515 0.158 0.540 0.109 0.565 30.9 762.0 1.91 9.72 41.78 24.37 144.5 32.5 37.7 391.3 334.0 1.52 0.455 0.240 5.48 BD

95 45.51303 -122.68735 0.228 0.458 0.139 0.569 0.178 1.300 254.8 1516.7 3.21 20.76 148.21 9.18 84.1 45.6 75.6 657.7 452.9 3.35 0.705 0.235 11.76 0.250

96 45.48173 -122.47323 0.255 0.657 0.228 0.572 0.095 0.340 38.1 533.3 0.99 9.49 26.10 39.70 132.5 49.4 71.8 314.4 266.2 1.21 0.390 0.115 1.03 BD

97 45.50257 -122.48744 0.204 0.651 0.193 0.382 0.088 0.455 67.2 1133.7 1.50 6.71 30.31 19.90 148.5 27.0 55.1 684.2 616.0 1.72 0.630 0.100 2.98 BD

98 45.57014 -122.68977 0.132 0.443 0.182 0.685 0.162 1.350 73.1 1564.7 3.73 59.10 119.28 28.72 164.3 32.9 37.7 688.3 595.2 4.86 0.810 0.400 19.93 0.460

99 45.46148 -122.73864 0.198 0.588 0.155 0.443 0.095 0.445 244.0 708.0 1.12 10.89 60.22 8.15 152.1 25.9 42.0 328.1 443.2 1.24 0.470 0.240 3.17 BD

100 45.46417 -122.51832 0.235 0.592 0.211 0.509 0.102 0.425 62.3 530.0 1.45 5.56 29.10 28.53 128.2 51.2 90.9 312.9 365.9 1.26 0.365 0.080 1.17 BD

101 45.45049 -122.66206 0.180 0.343 0.206 0.542 0.128 0.705 70.9 1841.7 2.65 19.54 104.98 16.23 126.9 31.5 59.9 682.2 423.7 2.81 1.045 0.240 4.64 0.310

102 45.57088 -122.64357 0.215 0.605 0.163 0.422 0.124 0.620 31.5 799.7 1.76 19.21 59.83 14.65 199.1 23.6 31.1 368.5 445.1 1.82 0.440 0.330 5.91 0.290

103 45.54786 -122.50154 0.265 0.492 0.159 0.438 0.131 0.150 59.7 1100.0 1.95 10.28 61.96 6.29 157.7 24.4 40.7 546.4 392.6 2.23 0.675 0.125 3.25 BD

104 45.47822 -122.58279 0.211 0.514 0.225 0.505 0.088 0.650 24.7 748.0 2.75 24.45 33.53 31.61 116.3 35.9 53.7 403.1 411.8 1.64 0.605 0.120 4.27 0.320

105 45.53053 -122.68639 0.284 0.469 0.191 0.751 0.224 3.440 142.2 3883.0 6.34 52.20 250.06 38.00 166.0 70.7 97.6 1497.4 714.5 8.80 2.015 0.670 35.03 0.455

106 45.58448 -122.69078 0.174 0.548 0.175 0.419 0.144 1.160 156.9 1477.7 3.00 23.32 85.63 11.06 218.3 27.6 42.1 530.8 545.2 4.61 0.725 0.185 7.33 0.260

107 45.52073 -122.70823 0.168 0.254 0.124 0.517 0.128 0.645 59.0 1497.0 2.83 341.70 107.96 5.08 116.3 37.3 75.7 547.9 475.2 3.76 0.745 0.295 27.09 0.355

108 45.58446 -122.69588 0.204 0.491 0.135 0.825 0.150 0.925 54.3 1360.7 2.82 20.97 84.38 33.71 107.2 64.8 82.9 617.8 540.7 4.49 0.705 0.270 128.95 BD

109 45.49158 -122.49444 0.225 0.510 0.186 0.316 0.078 0.455 80.1 1293.1 1.33 6.23 33.40 3.28 147.1 27.3 29.0 717.5 443.2 1.89 0.735 BD 1.91 BD

110 45.50086 -122.50851 0.108 0.276 0.077 0.704 0.101 0.355 22.6 854.1 1.27 7.64 48.10 13.79 86.5 56.5 48.5 633.0 342.4 1.45 0.490 0.130 2.77 0.595

111 45.53910 -122.76841 0.217 0.525 0.191 0.384 0.098 0.730 216.0 795.8 2.81 7.53 175.75 9.06 112.7 19.3 32.2 364.5 295.9 2.34 0.420 0.115 3.47 BD

112 45.51667 -122.51843 0.166 0.380 0.172 0.407 0.100 0.555 80.1 926.3 1.77 9.54 49.00 8.84 32.6 28.1 48.7 493.1 257.5 1.56 0.625 0.140 3.85 BD

113 45.47862 -122.55556 0.248 0.641 0.208 0.523 0.102 0.935 34.1 1130.0 3.53 9.45 39.37 28.87 146.0 25.2 35.8 532.1 418.5 2.09 0.780 0.165 3.79 BD

114 45.52609 -122.55619 0.153 0.338 0.122 0.350 0.107 1.150 57.8 1332.3 2.59 17.31 148.85 6.67 48.2 34.1 50.9 650.9 525.8 2.20 0.810 0.180 7.22 BD

115 45.51611 -122.73759 0.187 0.428 0.108 0.358 0.088 0.475 65.2 470.3 0.70 5.70 39.62 3.56 34.7 23.9 43.7 233.6 331.5 1.06 0.270 0.255 2.33 BD
46

GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-938 Table 6—Moss-derived element concentration data (continued) Latitudea (degrees) Longitudea (degrees) P K Mg Ca S Mo Mn Fe Ni Cu Zn B Na Sr Ba Al Si Cr Co Cd Pb As - - Percent of dry moss weight - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - mg / kg of dry moss - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 116 45.49994 -122.63753 0.265 0.671 0.164 0.502 0.128 0.665 42.9 892.2 2.49 22.69 92.31 36.81 168.8 36.0 38.8 430.9 472.5 2.09 0.520 0.925 14.22 0.295 117 45.44103 -122.70295 0.178 0.502 0.151 0.353 0.136 0.565 294.4 849.8 2.27 7.75 45.20 3.77 156.9 16.1 31.7 439.0 359.5 1.57 0.525 0.185 2.69 BD 118 45.44673 -122.75043 0.189 0.410 0.153 0.354 0.093 0.465 226.4 702.3 1.06 6.22 43.64 4.21 96.8 22.1 27.6 327.6 347.0 1.30 0.445 0.100 2.39 0.320 119 45.45544 -122.68400 0.302 0.527 0.173 0.567 0.140 0.905 57.9 1159.0 1.92 12.60 88.57 26.31 159.8 41.1 48.6 518.1 588.5 2.49 0.600 0.250 4.83 BD 120 45.57914 -122.69473 0.184 0.582 0.202 0.394 0.125 1.050 44.2 1032.8 2.37 16.39 53.20 12.40 228.9 19.9 30.0 412.8 308.8 3.43 0.520 0.160 5.13 BD 121 45.45872 -122.62917 0.151 0.396 0.178 0.541 0.111 0.825 39.1 782.8 5.63 8.63 34.74 29.40 136.2 46.3 58.8 383.3 418.1 2.12 0.620 0.245 3.45 0.240 122 45.42651 -122.68099 0.192 0.397 0.125 0.502 0.098 0.405 29.9 605.6 1.71 5.36 31.70 9.77 84.3 30.8 17.7 299.7 282.4 1.36 0.415 0.100 1.66 BD 123 45.46142 -122.73889 0.245 0.502 0.156 0.422 0.101 0.340 121.8 505.5 0.93 7.40 38.38 8.06 102.5 25.4 32.8 250.2 361.3 1.72 0.300 0.215 2.05 0.365

124 45.42662 -122.67186 0.170 0.454 0.125 0.309 0.071 0.470 70.5 1048.1 1.72 5.70 42.02 6.12 184.5 20.4 44.7 401.4 362.2 1.69 0.700 0.135 3.13 BD

125 45.46837 -122.65695 0.316 0.607 0.176 0.420 0.153 0.990 306.6 1444.0 4.37 16.46 159.22 23.90 144.4 26.2 53.2 727.6 576.0 2.89 0.995 0.410 9.68 BD

126 45.51363 -122.63053 0.261 0.529 0.149 0.596 0.129 0.550 57.7 575.8 1.94 12.08 131.05 33.96 50.6 40.1 60.1 296.4 195.3 1.36 0.435 0.505 37.53 BD

127 45.54965 -122.58253 0.180 0.570 0.128 0.554 0.131 0.555 69.2 839.8 1.98 10.05 42.60 14.08 171.7 33.9 48.7 414.0 346.1 1.58 0.455 0.195 4.29 BD

128 45.45421 -122.50691 0.248 0.614 0.211 0.398 0.106 0.335 184.8 541.8 1.82 5.97 29.17 14.75 224.6 42.0 76.9 311.1 285.1 1.15 0.495 0.060 1.93 BD

129 45.51355 -122.63098 0.204 0.464 0.126 0.466 0.100 0.600 46.3 655.7 2.21 12.06 40.70 14.73 64.2 31.7 27.9 345.9 401.9 1.59 0.420 0.280 12.65 0.280

130 45.54356 -122.59542 0.141 0.474 0.114 0.506 0.104 0.515 52.2 715.3 1.76 21.46 51.10 7.51 102.7 28.6 39.9 395.6 316.6 1.34 0.400 0.305 8.89 BD

131 45.49736 -122.48450 0.247 0.501 0.180 0.536 0.146 0.870 76.6 1833.7 2.63 13.30 91.46 14.69 150.0 51.1 82.1 951.7 535.0 2.91 0.975 0.270 7.82 0.285

132 45.47773 -122.62313 0.180 0.426 0.097 0.738 0.125 0.870 28.4 1047.5 7.57 11.72 40.38 18.07 66.1 36.3 35.1 526.6 324.7 2.32 0.705 0.260 5.95 0.360

133 45.53765 -122.55401 0.310 0.559 0.190 0.607 0.134 0.670 32.8 848.3 2.27 14.94 45.00 39.26 42.6 41.7 61.9 416.9 299.0 1.69 0.545 0.410 3.86 BD

134 45.49941 -122.65885 0.196 0.477 0.189 0.691 0.164 1.165 59.8 1461.7 3.50 19.54 107.86 45.72 158.7 48.5 66.6 648.2 544.0 3.02 0.745 0.555 8.11 0.430

135 45.46518 -122.72329 0.307 0.635 0.210 0.592 0.132 1.180 54.9 1610.0 1.98 19.55 96.47 20.05 134.0 45.2 82.4 648.1 660.0 3.06 0.885 0.220 4.89 BD

136 45.46541 -122.68134 0.223 0.746 0.153 0.591 0.127 0.830 226.1 975.0 2.13 12.02 65.32 19.96 183.5 43.8 104.3 496.6 619.0 2.33 0.555 0.370 3.57 0.295

137 45.54397 -122.77282 0.222 0.587 0.196 0.340 0.099 0.505 166.4 651.3 1.87 6.47 41.70 3.74 119.6 37.5 37.8 307.0 271.2 1.66 0.525 0.070 3.25 BD

138 45.60333 -122.83238 0.160 0.393 0.114 0.324 0.095 0.350 124.4 851.3 1.53 6.11 30.53 4.66 102.7 26.7 32.9 332.0 250.8 1.60 0.475 0.115 3.85 0.265

139 45.52418 -122.75928 0.227 0.473 0.157 0.665 0.100 0.535 60.6 646.8 1.14 7.37 52.05 22.33 BD 61.4 57.7 274.6 275.9 1.77 0.405 0.335 2.37 BD

140 45.47721 -122.60086 0.258 0.636 0.212 0.501 0.095 0.995 23.7 657.5 7.96 16.27 29.17 18.58 127.7 32.4 48.1 379.4 396.2 1.83 0.615 0.120 3.93 0.290

141 45.46653 -122.65317 0.208 0.515 0.146 0.396 0.114 0.945 55.8 1350.5 2.96 17.73 90.12 11.53 225.9 26.8 44.0 674.6 720.0 2.73 0.760 0.255 10.01 0.270

142 45.54961 -122.58270 0.180 0.709 0.145 0.633 0.129 0.590 108.0 704.8 1.49 10.16 51.75 23.03 113.0 36.9 60.0 359.7 246.7 1.29 0.425 0.305 3.10 BD

143 45.48972 -122.57211 0.189 0.558 0.189 0.585 0.129 0.925 37.9 1362.7 3.04 17.13 59.61 25.98 174.5 38.9 58.8 702.2 406.5 2.38 0.800 0.200 4.67 0.540

144 45.45925 -122.64899 0.308 0.663 0.188 0.573 0.149 0.705 85.3 1011.3 2.63 15.06 60.90 22.47 176.3 42.4 39.6 503.4 477.7 2.08 0.610 0.325 6.66 0.450
47

Elemental Atmospheric Pollution Assessment Via Moss-Based Measurements in Portland, Oregon

Table 6—Moss-derived element concentration data (continued)

Latitudea

(degrees)

Longitudea

(degrees) P K Mg Ca S Mo Mn Fe Ni Cu Zn B Na Sr Ba Al Si Cr Co Cd Pb As

 - - Percent of dry moss weight - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - mg / kg of dry moss - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

145 45.52542 -122.54492 0.239 0.491 0.115 0.384 0.096 0.650 33.9 863.8 2.08 8.93 63.35 4.63 51.8 25.9 27.8 453.3 480.4 1.58 0.550 0.155 5.62 BD

146 45.54629 -122.67079 0.141 0.319 0.133 0.381 0.138 1.440 98.7 1840.8 3.14 19.23 87.25 18.67 114.0 22.9 36.4 697.4 432.8 3.21 0.840 0.560 13.00 BD

147 45.48214 -122.75006 0.132 0.359 0.088 0.466 0.086 0.425 27.0 719.8 1.37 6.84 40.99 6.17 96.3 31.5 37.3 315.9 238.0 1.51 0.410 0.100 2.39 BD

148 45.55714 -122.56502 0.302 0.617 0.153 0.518 0.171 0.920 91.8 1172.8 2.04 15.16 65.40 10.80 153.0 26.1 62.7 581.9 544.6 2.08 0.640 0.175 4.73 0.740

149 45.52809 -122.74974 0.154 0.443 0.170 0.296 0.109 0.710 70.8 856.7 1.62 16.69 68.53 5.51 6.6 20.2 55.5 422.1 564.2 2.15 0.500 0.210 4.99 BD

150 45.47357 -122.75056 0.135 0.576 0.271 0.449 0.096 0.485 49.9 540.3 0.77 6.46 25.24 29.81 159.3 26.8 21.3 253.3 330.4 1.02 0.295 0.095 1.16 BD

151 45.43513 -122.74133 0.191 0.386 0.124 0.390 0.116 0.805 75.5 1080.6 1.42 10.24 69.25 4.58 111.3 35.9 46.5 466.6 379.9 2.05 0.560 0.105 4.23 BD

152 45.50232 -122.58188 0.324 0.640 0.216 0.532 0.141 0.680 84.1 982.7 4.08 10.82 49.06 39.34 106.8 36.1 50.6 489.1 365.8 1.95 0.615 0.180 3.49 0.340

153 45.55831 -122.61845 0.269 0.869 0.201 0.326 0.138 0.560 143.7 752.3 1.96 11.72 93.60 25.68 258.6 20.6 39.6 360.0 251.7 1.58 0.520 0.280 6.07 0.240

154 45.56746 -122.60368 0.269 0.912 0.233 0.668 0.211 2.370 129.9 4802.8 8.10 88.50 203.05 34.26 230.1 66.2 98.4 1713.4 499.1 10.04 2.520 1.075 23.30 0.730

155 45.47369 -122.67464 0.116 0.349 0.094 0.576 0.117 0.990 38.3 1190.0 2.29 12.18 68.27 11.86 92.2 29.0 33.9 513.1 423.7 2.67 0.635 0.265 5.87 0.470

156 45.49560 -122.50134 0.244 0.635 0.176 0.422 0.139 0.935 139.1 2773.7 3.70 15.49 99.61 22.42 212.3 36.6 70.5 1419.2 452.1 4.69 1.345 0.230 8.18 0.280

157 45.54055 -122.51990 0.255 0.798 0.150 0.370 0.125 0.675 182.1 942.8 2.32 8.61 89.40 11.85 193.5 21.9 34.9 490.7 363.1 1.65 0.665 0.150 6.20 BD

158 45.46553 -122.68210 0.169 0.442 0.158 0.354 0.139 1.140 159.8 1470.0 2.83 16.75 91.37 8.32 170.9 23.8 62.4 664.6 647.5 3.08 0.805 0.230 6.58 BD

159 45.47240 -122.62719 0.194 0.478 0.140 0.408 0.076 0.605 27.6 516.0 5.24 10.13 40.45 5.37 108.1 21.8 16.1 280.9 370.6 1.64 0.455 0.220 3.07 BD

160 45.46626 -122.74806 0.196 0.464 0.149 0.433 0.107 0.765 57.9 1383.0 1.51 10.25 69.32 5.17 121.1 33.0 38.2 494.2 336.7 2.05 0.770 0.130 3.68 BD

161 45.49599 -122.74435 0.234 0.740 0.195 0.312 0.116 0.435 85.9 609.6 0.99 5.88 46.30 13.58 153.4 24.4 22.3 246.5 214.9 1.40 0.330 0.085 2.32 BD

162 45.58397 -122.74148 0.260 0.689 0.182 0.558 0.146 0.870 58.6 1357.8 2.46 16.64 67.15 17.47 178.8 24.4 34.0 527.9 439.3 4.42 0.660 0.265 10.31 BD

163 45.47476 -122.52541 0.171 0.487 0.153 0.668 0.136 0.415 26.1 983.0 2.16 40.09 157.42 16.17 160.4 52.9 48.2 850.1 23.9 1.95 0.525 0.140 3.74 0.490

164 45.49579 -122.74427 0.138 0.426 0.158 0.367 0.096 0.445 220.9 729.6 1.41 7.97 60.25 6.25 136.9 27.8 24.4 308.2 311.9 1.55 0.445 0.115 3.02 BD

165 45.47883 -122.70946 0.226 0.513 0.177 0.386 0.117 0.510 36.0 634.7 1.21 14.38 43.71 10.96 133.9 23.3 36.4 303.6 197.5 1.28 0.340 0.155 2.65 BD

166 45.44025 -122.70269 0.166 0.489 0.304 0.347 0.103 0.455 381.5 535.3 2.08 6.06 34.44 11.84 102.5 28.3 43.8 248.7 281.6 1.15 0.305 0.095 1.70 BD

167 45.43338 -122.63999 0.195 0.574 0.154 0.554 0.137 0.760 69.6 2110.3 3.33 11.72 86.95 17.54 153.7 39.0 47.1 888.9 631.1 2.50 1.120 0.305 6.14 BD

168 45.50064 -122.61130 0.189 0.656 0.142 0.595 0.146 0.935 122.2 1401.7 4.02 14.95 71.51 24.80 169.1 29.7 41.8 674.7 726.5 2.56 0.745 0.190 8.38 0.410

169 45.53769 -122.55425 0.296 0.717 0.210 0.526 0.148 0.740 35.6 1137.3 2.80 16.41 47.25 29.59 195.4 36.8 64.6 577.9 368.3 2.48 0.675 0.345 4.22 BD

170 45.52412 -122.59906 0.193 0.497 0.197 0.525 0.101 0.580 23.1 659.8 1.83 14.73 40.67 18.35 48.2 36.8 32.6 360.3 385.1 1.42 0.405 0.270 5.62 BD

171 45.49306 -122.67220 0.265 0.673 0.246 0.698 0.176 1.265 86.6 2382.7 3.12 22.83 86.46 65.47 157.5 32.7 43.8 1019.2 920.5 4.16 1.310 0.290 5.41 0.405

172 45.49290 -122.73293 0.224 0.632 0.139 0.398 0.106 0.460 202.8 926.7 1.65 8.21 49.71 6.33 184.1 34.4 62.5 487.8 622.5 2.15 0.495 0.170 3.67 BD

173 45.49339 -122.54821 0.172 0.524 0.137 0.562 0.120 0.655 81.4 1392.2 3.11 10.78 54.56 17.70 148.2 40.2 69.9 699.2 501.5 2.59 0.830 0.215 6.47 0.405
48

GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-938 Table 6—Moss-derived element concentration data (continued) Latitudea (degrees) Longitudea (degrees) P K Mg Ca S Mo Mn Fe Ni Cu Zn B Na Sr Ba Al Si Cr Co Cd Pb As - - Percent of dry moss weight - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - mg / kg of dry moss - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 174 45.48123 -122.71861 0.114 0.333 0.093 0.540 0.093 0.395 28.3 786.5 1.41 6.18 41.26 10.93 75.0 34.5 37.8 406.3 349.3 1.76 0.435 0.120 3.80 BD 175 45.50905 -122.51736 0.224 0.924 0.181 0.311 0.104 0.340 140.3 756.8 1.44 8.53 85.90 19.48 216.9 25.8 43.9 432.7 335.2 1.24 0.505 0.175 4.05 BD 176 45.56034 -122.63946 0.182 0.641 0.175 0.519 0.118 0.575 27.5 661.3 1.33 13.53 79.60 18.88 166.1 27.5 30.4 327.8 316.8 1.39 0.435 0.280 6.44 BD 177 45.49884 -122.65847 0.200 0.495 0.153 0.530 0.150 1.305 88.2 1638.7 3.49 15.84 124.36 16.54 134.0 37.6 56.2 690.2 409.2 3.21 0.920 0.435 9.35 0.365 178 45.54955 -122.65420 0.240 0.563 0.150 0.726 0.158 0.870 41.1 1249.3 2.03 25.94 75.00 24.38 103.0 48.2 65.3 617.9 198.8 2.50 0.670 0.580 12.71 BD 179 45.54955 -122.65550 0.223 0.744 0.190 0.508 0.138 0.640 38.5 916.8 1.67 24.75 58.75 28.76 157.2 27.9 37.4 442.7 305.7 1.75 0.585 0.370 8.06 BD 180 45.54661 -122.67006 0.144 0.491 0.128 0.404 0.134 1.330 88.9 1434.8 2.50 15.18 73.45 23.75 116.0 26.6 42.6 569.4 551.8 2.35 0.685 0.650 12.21 BD 181 45.55684 -122.77936 0.155 0.450 0.139 0.299 0.119 0.675 106.3 1023.3 1.66 8.19 56.60 3.93 147.9 21.7 38.7 428.6 409.7 1.85 0.590 0.170 4.88 BD

182 45.52099 -122.52939 0.168 0.462 0.141 0.626 0.152 0.635 48.4 1069.3 2.40 14.40 52.75 23.75 60.9 43.2 47.6 678.9 534.8 2.07 0.640 0.180 6.16 BD

183 45.51567 -122.76734 0.234 0.608 0.231 0.435 0.078 0.400 21.9 615.6 0.83 16.75 24.08 20.84 139.3 31.3 28.7 286.8 310.9 1.23 0.340 0.070 1.38 BD

184 45.59534 -122.82330 0.257 0.558 0.155 0.349 0.119 0.420 135.9 910.3 1.73 8.71 36.09 3.11 156.0 29.0 39.8 511.4 504.1 1.50 0.565 0.105 2.44 BD

185 45.57382 -122.67631 0.313 0.670 0.162 0.630 0.190 1.320 91.1 1693.8 3.26 57.10 139.90 20.07 157.8 32.7 53.4 676.4 344.3 4.90 0.775 0.395 14.94 0.400

186 45.45042 -122.67220 0.182 0.439 0.152 0.433 0.112 0.655 121.3 836.0 1.90 10.41 65.17 8.88 108.0 25.0 44.4 397.8 458.3 2.06 0.485 0.330 4.88 BD

187 45.45076 -122.71790 0.176 0.597 0.225 0.417 0.105 0.550 25.7 732.0 1.32 15.77 30.01 18.38 161.8 34.6 29.8 365.7 504.5 1.64 0.445 0.110 2.11 BD

188 45.59650 -122.76447 0.222 0.550 0.217 0.469 0.158 1.230 97.4 1908.8 3.28 29.93 138.55 11.23 191.5 22.4 30.5 601.9 525.1 6.21 0.845 0.420 13.78 0.240

189 45.47902 -122.63369 0.173 0.427 0.184 0.450 0.119 0.765 102.0 878.7 3.81 11.50 52.56 25.49 90.1 21.0 41.6 433.3 381.9 1.99 0.580 0.335 4.17 BD

190 45.59518 -122.82254 0.201 0.551 0.143 0.345 0.104 0.455 208.1 666.8 1.41 7.31 26.11 4.22 153.7 35.7 37.2 331.5 384.5 1.34 0.390 0.075 2.42 BD

191 45.48082 -122.55965 0.167 0.440 0.112 0.540 0.113 0.695 32.5 1154.2 3.83 12.66 63.16 10.85 107.7 37.5 48.2 615.7 669.0 2.45 0.865 0.210 4.97 0.320

192 45.48571 -122.57693 0.171 0.523 0.125 0.648 0.126 0.760 65.6 1173.7 3.73 11.82 54.11 24.75 138.0 45.5 70.6 568.2 410.6 2.43 0.730 0.195 6.77 BD

193 45.49038 -122.53257 0.282 0.603 0.217 0.475 0.099 0.535 58.0 1000.2 2.18 8.79 184.56 21.70 130.5 34.6 46.1 555.2 624.5 1.82 0.635 0.225 4.91 0.265

194 45.53446 -122.71470 0.283 0.546 0.208 0.551 0.133 0.985 75.7 1186.8 2.85 16.32 113.45 25.84 65.5 32.9 72.0 474.3 506.3 3.38 0.645 0.370 12.87 BD

195 45.49498 -122.51519 0.161 0.363 0.232 0.475 0.095 0.480 52.9 1253.2 2.02 10.88 45.81 14.84 108.0 45.7 64.0 826.7 839.5 1.86 0.720 1.110 4.46 0.370

196 45.44293 -122.66765 0.177 0.415 0.128 0.409 0.102 0.750 79.7 1087.0 2.23 10.34 63.82 3.82 96.0 21.3 26.3 494.5 479.3 2.25 0.680 0.195 4.55 BD

197 45.55805 -122.58105 0.249 0.590 0.154 0.509 0.120 0.645 107.8 874.3 1.98 13.11 56.00 19.33 147.7 36.5 56.1 391.8 321.8 1.64 0.510 0.330 4.80 BD

198 45.50624 -122.55455 0.255 0.554 0.167 0.527 0.128 0.610 54.3 1231.7 3.51 10.54 58.66 13.89 125.2 31.7 44.5 640.2 460.3 2.49 0.885 0.315 3.82 BD

199 45.48894 -122.58215 0.160 0.560 0.198 0.382 0.114 0.815 132.2 1300.2 4.78 16.76 78.01 12.49 175.8 25.0 41.5 718.7 481.4 2.54 0.875 0.220 6.65 0.480

200 45.55537 -122.63473 0.280 0.635 0.186 0.624 0.169 1.065 40.5 1456.8 2.26 28.49 133.30 28.65 147.4 34.3 62.8 637.4 305.6 2.99 0.765 0.615 10.94 0.430

201 45.45931 -122.65157 0.234 0.497 0.150 0.628 0.109 0.730 30.3 862.0 2.11 10.62 72.12 22.25 114.5 39.6 48.8 476.6 556.0 2.03 0.490 0.395 15.17 BD

202 45.48274 -122.57410 0.244 0.502 0.182 0.429 0.111 0.715 52.3 1282.2 3.47 10.90 54.01 14.88 144.1 26.1 47.7 697.2 599.5 2.42 0.870 0.180 6.78 BD
49

Elemental Atmospheric Pollution Assessment Via Moss-Based Measurements in Portland, Oregon

Table 6—Moss-derived element concentration data (continued)

Latitudea

(degrees)

Longitudea

(degrees) P K Mg Ca S Mo Mn Fe Ni Cu Zn B Na Sr Ba Al Si Cr Co Cd Pb As

 - - Percent of dry moss weight - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - mg / kg of dry moss - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

203 45.44538 -122.70971 0.203 0.444 0.135 0.409 0.110 0.615 152.6 1096.5 1.74 11.32 75.32 4.47 75.9 30.2 63.6 472.9 367.0 2.02 0.615 0.125 4.57 BD

204 45.50937 -122.67740 0.296 0.558 0.184 0.515 0.147 1.695 143.8 1739.2 3.27 23.69 129.86 16.53 104.1 32.9 58.5 662.7 458.6 4.07 0.850 0.355 7.41 0.245

205 45.47245 -122.70355 0.237 0.637 0.313 0.650 0.150 0.645 60.0 1775.5 2.01 10.04 46.77 46.03 86.5 53.6 57.2 625.1 539.0 2.93 0.995 0.230 3.49 0.305

206 45.54310 -122.59541 0.201 0.604 0.185 0.327 0.138 0.655 37.7 874.8 2.02 11.29 47.25 8.68 153.2 20.3 25.3 469.7 343.8 1.67 0.515 0.210 11.57 BD

207 45.53578 -122.63135 0.198 0.515 0.128 0.419 0.115 0.935 99.1 1062.8 2.14 15.70 79.15 9.31 64.3 28.1 43.6 476.9 269.8 2.10 0.560 0.290 7.07 0.270

208 45.45516 -122.56026 0.260 0.541 0.226 0.602 0.107 0.635 37.0 696.3 2.95 11.59 32.18 32.65 132.8 61.5 86.5 315.2 267.8 1.43 0.605 0.115 1.71 BD

209 45.49736 -122.48450 0.208 0.476 0.167 0.479 0.123 0.640 69.2 1376.7 2.02 10.60 80.31 12.04 137.6 44.9 72.7 735.2 425.6 2.36 0.805 0.260 6.51 0.350

210 45.55718 -122.60689 0.136 0.449 0.129 0.497 0.134 0.810 117.4 934.3 2.42 13.21 46.85 13.41 149.5 24.4 46.6 421.3 407.4 1.79 0.525 0.225 8.23 0.265

211 45.56016 -122.64085 0.210 0.443 0.132 0.363 0.137 0.755 44.2 1030.3 1.98 20.57 153.90 5.77 143.3 21.6 35.6 443.1 231.8 2.04 0.565 0.320 10.83 BD

212 45.52059 -122.69917 0.184 0.479 0.132 0.589 0.119 1.135 51.8 1078.8 2.09 14.68 144.15 11.66 64.8 34.0 60.2 475.0 457.9 2.89 0.555 0.200 7.92 BD

213 45.49545 -122.50062 0.265 0.598 0.184 0.491 0.138 0.810 124.1 2108.7 2.85 12.95 74.61 22.90 248.0 45.2 61.5 1147.7 925.0 3.68 1.040 0.180 6.07 0.250

214 45.50672 -122.55975 0.313 0.642 0.173 0.425 0.129 0.765 72.1 1027.8 2.42 12.11 49.75 15.76 115.2 34.7 57.5 570.4 391.5 1.79 0.645 0.175 4.66 BD

215 45.47032 -122.64999 0.151 0.378 0.108 0.447 0.104 0.785 41.6 1095.5 2.68 13.17 49.87 7.68 125.8 37.9 35.0 501.6 364.1 2.28 0.705 0.340 6.11 0.240

216 45.49011 -122.53269 0.292 0.688 0.247 0.482 0.095 0.445 43.4 739.7 2.01 8.68 33.08 13.87 108.5 31.4 40.0 445.0 552.5 1.56 0.525 0.105 2.63 BD

217 45.59994 -122.74126 0.239 0.576 0.241 0.558 0.149 2.130 147.9 1780.3 3.54 12.14 80.60 32.33 165.6 26.8 39.7 519.1 521.5 7.48 0.695 0.210 7.04 BD

218 45.45653 -122.56993 0.279 0.708 0.291 0.452 0.145 1.240 39.9 880.8 5.16 17.94 71.00 13.76 148.9 28.3 35.7 375.5 328.2 2.15 0.950 0.150 3.11 BD

219 45.43562 -122.75134 0.189 0.399 0.212 0.399 0.117 1.100 250.8 1319.8 1.88 13.05 114.65 12.78 137.9 22.7 43.8 503.6 517.0 2.52 0.695 0.130 3.71 BD

220 45.55375 -122.68817 0.241 0.603 0.190 0.590 0.134 1.185 99.3 1284.3 2.70 14.41 62.35 23.90 153.1 36.4 72.4 547.1 510.5 3.12 0.660 0.345 10.11 0.320

221 45.48013 -122.59011 0.243 0.570 0.104 0.463 0.131 0.470 24.5 609.2 4.00 7.72 34.90 6.73 108.5 28.7 21.5 310.6 197.9 1.58 0.515 0.145 3.66 BD

222 45.44671 -122.74477 0.223 0.745 0.154 0.460 0.100 0.555 222.2 682.2 1.30 7.14 42.71 13.65 197.9 30.9 47.1 313.2 199.2 1.53 0.400 0.185 1.92 0.565

223 45.49050 -122.62877 0.270 0.549 0.153 0.363 0.110 0.950 44.0 781.7 3.35 11.64 51.23 7.27 123.1 25.6 31.2 369.9 215.8 1.68 0.475 0.195 5.17 0.355

224 45.59107 -122.74757 0.210 0.596 0.136 0.576 0.140 0.970 97.6 1348.3 2.65 12.83 74.80 18.06 168.9 28.0 58.1 511.6 391.5 4.01 0.615 0.325 8.36 0.245

225 45.52137 -122.69840 0.433 0.623 0.240 0.739 0.241 2.255 102.8 2571.5 4.08 43.90 148.36 33.51 154.4 59.3 90.4 941.9 530.4 6.33 1.245 0.970 14.41 0.400

226 45.48665 -122.69424 0.098 0.380 0.109 0.598 0.114 0.865 53.3 952.7 1.89 249.50 44.98 12.67 110.1 41.6 49.7 486.0 144.6 2.15 0.480 0.275 5.25 0.625

227 45.44710 -122.74476 0.163 0.447 0.120 0.408 0.096 0.650 166.3 727.7 1.20 5.73 41.02 5.46 141.7 24.9 41.7 322.0 199.8 1.52 0.420 0.120 2.15 0.290

228 45.44681 -122.69329 0.207 0.511 0.145 0.301 0.090 0.545 149.2 618.7 1.64 6.34 35.41 6.24 104.5 22.2 25.8 296.8 137.4 1.47 0.365 0.105 2.50 BD

229 45.54810 -122.54804 0.227 0.586 0.226 0.655 0.164 1.040 54.2 1501.8 2.02 17.10 88.45 41.87 135.9 57.0 84.0 650.1 529.5 2.62 0.730 0.270 4.46 0.285

230 45.56447 -122.64840 0.288 0.677 0.225 0.585 0.131 0.720 53.8 876.3 1.33 15.01 35.66 38.66 102.9 92.2 45.8 567.6 487.2 1.84 0.380 0.190 5.48 0.360

231 45.58055 -122.72910 0.204 0.588 0.209 0.756 0.129 1.260 53.6 905.3 2.41 17.83 55.75 34.80 91.4 63.2 110.0 353.4 294.2 2.84 0.430 0.420 10.01 BD
50

GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-938 Table 6—Moss-derived element concentration data (continued) Latitudea (degrees) Longitudea (degrees) P K Mg Ca S Mo Mn Fe Ni Cu Zn B Na Sr Ba Al Si Cr Co Cd Pb As - - Percent of dry moss weight - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - mg / kg of dry moss - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 232 45.55243 -122.59547 0.202 0.483 0.124 0.640 0.132 0.575 31.7 976.3 1.83 15.66 44.56 20.59 123.4 40.2 40.2 432.6 295.4 1.78 0.555 0.820 4.83 BD 233 45.55995 -122.66825 0.160 0.478 0.168 0.665 0.160 1.265 46.4 1652.3 2.88 37.95 94.05 29.00 143.7 42.0 51.2 652.6 409.7 3.84 0.845 0.515 10.84 0.350 234 45.48458 -122.60857 0.181 0.575 0.112 0.489 0.105 1.070 156.7 1051.2 7.81 13.40 56.68 10.85 134.0 28.9 54.2 470.5 247.1 2.81 0.765 0.130 6.68 0.285 235 45.45280 -122.61880 0.181 0.372 0.134 0.572 0.097 1.235 26.7 808.3 8.96 8.91 39.12 14.51 77.0 35.2 30.7 368.0 365.1 2.08 0.695 0.130 2.87 BD 236 45.50500 -122.73208 0.207 0.491 0.185 0.482 0.115 0.420 59.3 921.5 2.20 10.58 63.16 7.03 112.2 18.1 34.0 458.1 620.9 1.99 0.565 0.165 4.27 BD 237 45.44176 -122.73767 0.183 0.439 0.144 0.407 0.109 0.775 147.9 836.7 1.36 8.78 58.58 8.23 140.9 39.9 58.4 375.4 246.4 1.65 0.445 0.135 3.44 BD 238 45.53647 -122.62751 0.231 0.601 0.195 0.480 0.133 0.745 39.8 1230.0 1.93 15.99 65.41 22.70 136.2 32.4 42.0 562.9 591.4 2.48 0.660 0.390 10.16 BD 239 45.50890 -122.61925 0.340 0.684 0.229 0.606 0.159 0.535 179.4 915.0 2.63 13.33 53.36 44.96 143.3 41.1 79.2 525.4 669.9 2.08 0.590 0.220 10.65 BD

240 45.48285 -122.48777 0.115 0.283 0.084 0.700 0.099 0.460 39.9 1673.1 1.74 9.35 51.35 9.24 125.6 69.9 54.4 1041.0 697.2 2.11 0.905 0.155 5.10 BD

241 45.48326 -122.69262 0.199 0.519 0.160 0.678 0.144 0.730 68.1 1388.2 2.35 12.65 59.98 30.14 152.8 49.6 52.5 545.2 385.2 2.80 0.735 0.230 4.22 0.290

242 45.50440 -122.70728 0.184 0.515 0.171 0.446 0.143 0.745 50.1 1046.0 1.94 13.97 72.51 9.12 200.1 26.7 44.4 483.6 584.4 2.78 0.575 0.195 4.50 BD

243 45.45372 -122.54464 0.164 0.375 0.145 0.318 0.088 0.430 54.5 508.3 2.72 72.90 73.65 3.54 90.1 29.3 30.0 269.3 252.2 1.52 0.480 0.080 5.91 BD

244 45.53565 -122.76608 0.246 0.449 0.221 0.766 0.129 0.515 73.8 589.5 1.39 8.74 81.21 29.57 130.2 99.8 80.5 300.2 495.4 1.62 0.535 0.250 1.69 BD

245 45.48117 -122.67374 0.143 0.457 0.132 0.646 0.146 1.665 151.2 1810.7 2.70 21.06 109.58 21.95 151.7 37.4 58.8 698.2 416.6 3.64 0.920 0.245 6.46 0.380

246 45.49099 -122.59060 0.202 0.454 0.113 0.622 0.140 0.680 26.7 956.7 5.09 18.06 78.88 15.01 133.8 47.9 65.0 532.7 239.1 2.11 0.695 0.300 6.08 0.465

247 45.53711 -122.69246 0.283 0.629 0.217 0.760 0.159 2.840 101.1 2093.0 5.58 26.06 98.61 46.43 187.8 43.1 82.6 741.9 472.2 5.89 0.980 0.835 8.16 0.330

248 45.45190 -122.58316 0.128 0.400 0.115 0.611 0.100 0.665 151.3 1130.3 5.51 8.66 52.15 12.33 91.6 49.5 82.9 561.6 469.6 2.47 1.005 0.195 7.03 BD

249 45.45068 -122.71718 0.282 0.512 0.228 0.459 0.173 0.820 174.5 1557.2 2.66 12.75 73.08 18.94 164.3 42.4 62.3 859.2 501.3 3.05 0.940 0.325 4.06 0.325

250 45.49494 -122.47893 0.279 0.643 0.210 0.706 0.097 0.510 43.6 918.3 1.29 9.30 30.44 22.97 162.6 49.0 119.3 543.1 499.5 1.55 0.515 0.200 1.76 0.510

251 45.48127 -122.52397 0.216 0.468 0.168 0.464 0.102 0.560 31.0 885.7 1.99 8.79 45.13 9.25 116.3 81.0 49.9 496.3 338.0 1.64 0.605 0.190 3.10 0.370

252 45.54061 -122.56555 0.184 0.519 0.145 0.525 0.125 0.605 39.0 852.0 2.25 9.29 60.36 10.03 104.5 55.8 23.4 438.5 516.9 1.66 0.600 0.260 3.46 BD

253 45.47443 -122.70737 0.156 0.411 0.147 0.379 0.096 0.575 70.2 1585.2 1.80 8.06 47.68 7.07 148.3 26.0 29.9 656.2 360.4 2.43 0.975 0.190 3.73 BD

254 45.53584 -122.78024 0.232 0.561 0.130 0.309 0.084 0.500 216.0 629.6 0.92 8.89 58.94 2.76 218.9 12.8 27.2 293.5 549.3 1.20 0.440 0.160 1.98 0.330

255 45.51610 -122.60221 0.249 0.655 0.192 0.723 0.192 0.820 56.5 1449.0 3.95 23.44 63.86 45.92 211.9 46.6 68.8 710.9 748.9 3.18 0.820 0.920 8.49 0.375

256 45.47538 -122.73318 0.234 0.542 0.137 0.400 0.098 0.480 84.5 685.2 1.29 8.27 48.23 6.97 120.8 24.7 38.9 332.6 179.4 1.51 0.430 0.300 3.12 BD

257 45.50562 -122.74868 0.286 0.462 0.166 0.432 0.156 0.810 449.8 1258.8 3.11 12.97 115.20 18.51 139.8 28.2 42.7 565.1 454.9 2.75 0.880 0.250 6.57 0.665

258 45.54665 -122.57104 0.199 0.557 0.126 0.666 0.135 0.610 29.4 838.3 2.13 64.75 73.15 25.36 128.5 53.5 47.2 396.3 366.6 1.89 0.485 0.245 6.62 0.430

259 45.53662 -122.62843 0.280 0.589 0.195 0.564 0.144 0.760 81.1 1171.5 2.57 18.95 88.86 34.56 153.1 38.0 47.4 556.9 596.4 2.87 0.705 1.200 11.93 0.455

260 45.50535 -122.52877 0.268 0.512 0.170 0.475 0.106 0.390 30.3 704.5 1.79 11.44 48.11 13.30 149.7 30.4 40.5 445.4 593.4 1.50 0.515 0.220 2.60 0.535
51

Elemental Atmospheric Pollution Assessment Via Moss-Based Measurements in Portland, Oregon

Table 6—Moss-derived element concentration data (continued)

Latitudea

(degrees)

Longitudea

(degrees) P K Mg Ca S Mo Mn Fe Ni Cu Zn B Na Sr Ba Al Si Cr Co Cd Pb As

 - - Percent of dry moss weight - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - mg / kg of dry moss - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

261 45.54043 -122.49921 0.225 0.577 0.168 0.373 0.121 0.655 44.5 958.3 1.85 10.57 61.50 8.08 208.9 28.1 34.8 451.2 315.0 1.83 0.580 0.160 3.48 0.260

262 45.42379 -122.69823 0.206 0.581 0.255 0.509 0.121 1.150 47.1 1387.0 2.09 25.53 100.26 15.66 170.6 32.9 67.1 571.9 654.4 2.72 0.785 0.165 3.02 BD

263 45.60517 -122.65903 0.287 0.618 0.206 0.386 0.191 1.435 39.0 1111.8 2.43 28.15 61.45 15.96 153.8 18.3 21.6 410.3 429.3 2.25 0.540 0.420 5.77 BD

264 45.43382 -122.73524 0.228 0.497 0.147 0.441 0.101 0.550 191.0 676.8 1.56 6.89 52.00 7.11 105.7 28.7 41.3 298.7 258.3 1.41 0.430 0.190 2.20 BD

265 45.59477 -122.65171 0.270 0.594 0.287 0.851 0.181 1.450 67.8 1774.3 3.59 59.15 151.35 83.57 107.9 40.1 41.1 679.1 568.5 3.67 1.045 1.315 9.49 0.460

266 45.52682 -122.51866 0.211 0.491 0.274 0.753 0.147 0.550 43.1 1066.8 2.20 16.20 73.90 17.12 143.7 39.8 39.6 567.6 619.5 2.34 0.635 1.085 4.02 0.275

267 45.51716 -122.64627 0.155 0.629 0.216 0.453 0.143 0.750 88.3 1083.5 3.17 15.99 130.16 64.91 278.3 32.6 57.4 542.9 603.4 2.54 0.725 0.900 18.51 0.350

268 45.42505 -122.72501 0.233 0.517 0.214 0.519 0.107 0.575 35.2 725.8 1.39 14.26 36.71 20.11 140.4 47.9 36.6 321.4 286.9 1.40 0.380 0.125 1.83 0.280

269 45.58378 -122.73971 0.224 0.572 0.199 0.643 0.160 1.390 66.4 1590.8 2.96 16.96 68.15 26.33 150.7 37.6 103.7 623.6 594.0 4.61 0.705 0.255 7.92 0.465

270 45.46504 -122.62616 0.318 0.823 0.167 0.626 0.159 1.065 94.7 1530.7 6.74 16.05 70.03 53.38 135.3 31.0 61.6 775.2 423.4 3.32 1.000 0.780 7.15 0.285

271 45.48326 -122.69262 0.175 0.583 0.175 0.673 0.136 0.675 60.5 1179.2 1.99 10.35 54.33 31.83 198.1 48.9 44.9 474.3 342.2 2.13 0.640 0.195 3.27 BD

272 45.47962 -122.59075 0.140 0.448 0.191 0.493 0.125 1.140 61.0 1512.7 7.28 15.29 104.93 15.18 138.9 40.3 55.2 775.7 351.3 3.30 1.060 0.260 12.28 0.475

273 45.47973 -122.52852 0.227 0.434 0.120 0.416 0.099 0.475 58.7 776.7 2.35 6.69 43.73 4.58 106.8 30.6 46.7 467.1 303.0 1.86 0.565 0.295 4.17 0.400

274 45.45275 -122.60490 0.307 0.613 0.165 0.590 0.138 1.145 40.7 750.3 11.83 8.06 39.19 26.54 153.1 31.5 41.3 384.3 396.1 2.60 0.860 0.330 2.72 BD

275 45.46562 -122.74958 0.182 0.374 0.152 0.464 0.114 1.175 120.1 2528.8 2.84 16.25 141.40 5.37 100.0 35.7 63.6 1161.1 672.5 3.62 1.540 0.235 13.03 0.270

276 45.51722 -122.64707 0.293 0.689 0.151 0.711 0.167 0.855 51.3 1033.0 2.01 37.48 164.46 56.01 174.0 51.9 86.4 481.9 647.4 2.41 0.575 0.670 9.35 0.375

277 45.48037 -122.46949 0.157 0.446 0.162 0.327 0.096 0.570 55.4 1051.8 1.75 10.71 63.05 3.10 162.6 19.2 23.4 524.6 431.6 1.81 0.635 0.115 2.80 0.510

278 45.48019 -122.47050 0.303 0.697 0.250 0.594 0.136 0.825 37.9 1088.3 1.49 15.35 70.30 29.77 152.0 43.4 73.1 616.1 483.7 1.56 0.640 0.190 2.32 0.380

279 45.54647 -122.57101 0.347 0.694 0.177 0.544 0.152 0.680 63.2 890.3 2.39 13.23 57.00 31.52 149.9 30.9 46.0 408.3 365.6 1.86 0.480 0.550 3.58 0.345

280 45.55514 -122.63496 0.197 0.566 0.194 0.530 0.144 0.750 145.7 904.8 1.92 17.77 55.35 27.73 143.5 22.2 43.7 440.0 687.0 1.86 0.465 0.275 10.28 BD

281 45.50918 -122.58902 0.319 0.618 0.166 0.745 0.141 0.560 40.7 986.0 2.99 13.33 60.66 38.77 111.0 40.6 52.7 548.4 672.9 2.18 0.610 0.225 3.89 0.270

282 45.52237 -122.67912 0.240 0.478 0.168 0.579 0.170 1.790 93.2 1589.5 3.97 26.61 131.51 18.84 173.5 35.7 63.3 602.4 649.4 4.38 0.885 0.450 17.30 BD

283 45.47907 -122.62067 0.156 0.362 0.134 0.472 0.124 1.550 53.9 2012.7 13.81 18.17 105.68 5.18 138.5 30.0 41.9 901.2 325.3 4.40 1.350 0.260 20.00 0.295

284 45.46626 -122.74806 0.221 0.473 0.153 0.450 0.118 0.860 55.9 1483.5 1.66 11.38 72.62 5.65 124.7 35.1 39.1 543.1 511.0 2.48 0.815 0.150 3.84 BD

285 45.50117 -122.64471 0.220 0.517 0.147 0.760 0.158 0.975 39.5 1116.5 2.97 31.31 179.36 101.21 134.0 47.8 77.5 573.4 571.9 3.09 0.810 4.380 8.97 0.945

286 45.52084 -122.71061 0.254 0.512 0.192 0.516 0.123 0.680 52.5 1025.0 1.94 14.15 93.61 14.74 177.0 27.5 63.8 463.2 616.4 2.86 0.585 0.305 11.72 BD

287 45.53499 -122.67268 0.268 0.588 0.180 0.698 0.197 2.885 109.9 2819.5 5.18 26.58 159.86 44.17 234.7 40.4 70.7 1096.9 669.9 6.21 1.540 1.150 12.90 0.480

288 45.49927 -122.72348 0.252 0.526 0.167 0.474 0.147 0.630 175.2 1188.7 2.04 10.49 84.83 6.67 133.3 41.0 45.8 480.2 203.9 2.50 0.560 0.610 4.98 0.365

289 45.46725 -122.63049 0.203 0.563 0.155 0.578 0.100 0.735 26.0 819.7 3.82 8.77 29.43 12.09 92.0 32.0 30.9 462.3 356.4 1.75 0.535 0.180 4.16 BD
52

GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-938 Table 6—Moss-derived element concentration data (continued) Latitudea (degrees) Longitudea (degrees) P K Mg Ca S Mo Mn Fe Ni Cu Zn B Na Sr Ba Al Si Cr Co Cd Pb As - - Percent of dry moss weight - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - mg / kg of dry moss - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 290 45.51413 -122.51594 0.132 0.288 0.108 0.708 0.131 0.330 34.0 1362.0 2.27 12.48 40.11 16.50 117.4 40.4 45.7 741.2 876.7 2.13 0.750 0.130 4.05 0.810 291 45.58185 -122.70919 0.230 0.594 0.142 0.406 0.141 1.640 114.3 1388.3 3.76 14.87 65.50 10.48 177.0 21.4 47.9 515.1 393.0 4.28 0.640 0.255 5.77 0.275 292 45.43225 -122.72210 0.240 0.420 0.152 0.364 0.147 0.760 252.1 1069.8 2.01 10.61 67.65 7.92 103.8 32.9 53.4 486.6 402.0 2.15 0.620 0.210 4.07 BD 293 45.49096 -122.59018 0.220 0.645 0.199 0.461 0.115 0.760 122.2 609.2 4.49 8.98 41.58 15.23 180.8 28.7 35.4 330.3 228.6 1.50 0.515 0.150 3.99 0.375 294 45.55170 -122.55247 0.190 0.555 0.153 0.589 0.121 0.580 29.2 945.3 1.51 10.99 37.11 28.97 144.6 48.0 69.5 431.0 388.6 1.71 0.540 0.235 3.80 BD 295 45.45253 -122.74459 0.166 0.371 0.171 0.402 0.114 0.495 98.1 799.3 1.27 6.47 52.75 12.51 89.2 30.6 43.4 352.7 375.2 1.72 0.415 0.330 2.84 0.330 296 45.42253 -122.73292 0.223 0.416 0.198 0.503 0.121 0.740 109.1 897.8 1.35 11.99 81.35 12.72 110.4 31.9 47.8 376.6 345.5 1.71 0.465 0.125 2.40 0.410 297 45.48117 -122.67463 0.203 0.540 0.137 0.621 0.110 0.860 74.5 864.2 1.86 39.25 114.23 20.89 104.3 36.4 40.8 351.1 166.6 2.10 0.495 0.330 4.52 0.270

298 45.50142 -122.58172 0.187 0.482 0.100 0.747 0.102 0.400 30.8 1219.0 3.00 124.90 49.91 15.55 102.1 48.6 59.3 681.4 803.4 2.41 0.795 0.210 4.28 0.275

299 45.49530 -122.67195 0.288 0.635 0.205 0.746 0.171 1.735 74.7 2054.5 3.73 23.53 131.81 31.70 152.6 46.5 56.3 819.4 521.4 4.53 1.105 0.430 7.19 BD

300 45.53427 -122.59669 0.229 0.502 0.188 0.465 0.139 0.725 45.3 1170.0 3.02 16.03 66.16 13.28 206.1 38.1 40.9 579.4 589.9 2.74 0.655 0.255 6.77 BD

301 45.42985 -122.64429 0.101 0.331 0.085 0.689 0.105 0.590 24.5 868.8 2.39 14.57 36.92 15.32 110.5 37.8 32.7 446.7 412.5 1.71 0.445 0.250 3.34 0.420

302 45.54741 -122.64209 0.255 1.212 0.145 0.450 0.133 0.525 101.8 656.8 1.55 18.12 57.90 26.34 186.8 23.8 18.7 292.2 301.2 1.58 0.360 0.290 6.04 BD

303 45.46416 -122.69178 0.172 0.341 0.126 0.388 0.119 0.750 65.3 1188.2 2.26 16.68 129.87 4.38 128.8 35.5 47.3 592.9 559.9 2.53 0.635 0.260 9.61 BD

304 45.56452 -122.64922 0.192 0.532 0.168 0.540 0.121 0.635 64.5 602.3 1.29 12.65 35.12 24.57 124.0 34.2 48.3 320.0 390.9 1.33 0.290 0.165 7.45 0.245

305 45.52666 -122.64997 0.165 0.383 0.124 0.520 0.151 1.230 140.5 1615.5 4.23 24.38 87.71 14.28 154.3 49.9 53.8 711.4 727.4 3.42 0.845 0.455 10.91 0.415

306 45.57057 -122.66571 0.171 0.749 0.133 0.642 0.158 0.860 86.9 967.3 2.02 25.57 58.60 31.96 228.3 31.3 52.6 414.2 446.8 2.59 0.475 0.365 26.45 0.380

307 45.53392 -122.53325 0.096 0.325 0.213 0.585 0.120 0.715 115.6 916.2 1.80 10.83 42.53 24.35 134.4 35.1 71.7 446.3 411.5 1.62 0.480 0.215 4.47 0.295

308 45.57057 -122.66571 0.172 0.554 0.105 0.686 0.128 0.720 56.6 624.8 1.56 15.87 49.90 23.13 153.5 33.1 51.4 278.6 338.6 1.66 0.315 0.240 32.75 0.265

309 45.50124 -122.47951 0.191 0.476 0.141 0.381 0.086 0.380 93.6 667.7 1.06 5.76 32.72 10.06 217.4 18.1 28.0 382.8 397.5 1.23 0.435 0.125 2.66 0.300

310 45.54995 -122.52736 0.273 0.602 0.129 0.501 0.123 0.795 30.9 1094.8 2.28 18.88 44.42 11.47 152.6 37.0 29.4 525.1 480.2 2.11 0.620 0.180 4.80 BD

311 45.55243 -122.59548 0.177 0.473 0.119 0.589 0.123 0.580 28.5 890.7 1.60 11.49 42.02 17.41 119.2 38.2 45.9 492.7 562.9 1.86 0.530 0.565 4.53 0.285

312 45.53392 -122.53325 0.099 0.344 0.208 0.646 0.122 0.545 88.8 823.5 1.60 10.32 42.57 28.62 141.1 39.1 72.4 438.6 664.9 1.79 0.415 0.250 3.30 0.500

313 45.47192 -122.60602 0.224 0.524 0.137 0.488 0.137 2.010 32.2 866.2 19.33 11.06 50.07 13.47 139.7 40.4 70.5 520.4 574.4 3.49 1.115 0.265 4.90 0.515

314 45.53703 -122.69205 0.324 0.608 0.204 0.728 0.170 3.105 107.1 1908.7 5.11 28.26 109.22 55.30 167.7 42.6 98.5 732.4 552.4 5.84 0.895 0.600 7.81 0.345

315 45.46789 -122.60908 0.237 0.623 0.238 0.567 0.148 3.770 125.6 1535.7 43.45 18.47 68.57 36.76 182.7 39.1 79.5 882.4 680.4 6.68 2.150 0.275 6.98 0.825

316 45.47247 -122.70244 0.221 0.564 0.198 0.460 0.124 0.620 54.5 1512.2 2.63 15.89 46.13 18.54 133.1 41.7 57.4 594.2 299.6 4.10 0.815 0.175 4.05 0.375

317 45.48983 -122.61204 0.129 0.433 0.152 0.356 0.106 0.670 155.4 933.2 4.25 23.68 175.67 9.26 155.9 17.2 28.0 512.9 449.0 2.10 0.685 0.320 6.00 0.415

318 45.53615 -122.53157 0.209 0.426 0.151 0.521 0.142 0.625 121.8 987.3 2.70 10.49 47.20 11.07 120.8 33.6 54.3 469.2 477.9 1.92 0.605 0.235 5.04 0.485
53

Elemental Atmospheric Pollution Assessment Via Moss-Based Measurements in Portland, Oregon

Table 6—Moss-derived element concentration data (continued)

Latitudea

(degrees)

Longitudea

(degrees) P K Mg Ca S Mo Mn Fe Ni Cu Zn B Na Sr Ba Al Si Cr Co Cd Pb As

 - - Percent of dry moss weight - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - mg / kg of dry moss - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

319 45.55498 -122.57764 0.251 0.592 0.200 0.734 0.146 0.730 56.4 964.7 2.15 15.96 71.77 37.37 142.3 59.3 121.1 539.4 604.4 1.92 0.560 0.605 5.33 BD

320 45.48927 -122.61191 0.207 0.534 0.179 0.506 0.123 0.765 32.2 829.7 4.88 12.84 42.15 15.17 134.4 27.8 33.7 403.3 214.7 1.91 0.530 0.225 4.77 0.375

321 45.44739 -122.64110 0.212 0.392 0.123 0.418 0.136 1.305 84.1 1301.2 6.79 14.48 103.87 8.61 92.0 27.9 50.2 594.9 513.4 3.55 0.880 0.445 7.44 BD

322 45.47818 -122.62070 0.160 0.435 0.136 0.451 0.113 1.250 50.2 1481.7 11.71 14.84 67.63 7.37 114.5 25.4 37.0 733.2 314.4 3.20 1.130 0.265 9.85 0.340

323 45.55817 -122.62454 0.216 0.567 0.153 0.485 0.147 0.730 38.7 1122.7 2.32 37.93 71.22 16.88 183.6 24.8 39.4 540.9 418.1 2.51 0.620 0.315 6.38 0.360

324 45.48758 -122.48510 0.221 0.631 0.173 0.432 0.120 0.550 189.0 1149.7 1.69 10.90 64.77 7.91 188.3 33.4 47.3 681.9 747.9 1.67 0.690 0.165 22.82 0.290

325 45.51420 -122.68235 0.190 0.482 0.198 0.661 0.229 3.395 122.9 3614.0 7.43 45.49 154.11 24.59 185.8 43.5 78.2 1168.9 685.9 8.07 1.410 0.430 34.75 0.320

326 45.52265 -122.53901 0.234 0.649 0.173 0.669 0.195 1.720 226.9 1776.2 2.61 30.00 115.52 26.72 178.6 53.3 89.6 888.9 811.9 2.73 0.955 0.215 7.09 0.370

327 45.51588 -122.61927 0.230 0.533 0.159 0.534 0.131 0.650 92.5 1012.2 3.17 15.04 66.77 17.93 170.8 35.4 54.0 542.9 624.9 2.22 0.580 0.450 10.26 0.290

328 45.51793 -122.61337 0.216 0.478 0.175 0.543 0.137 0.565 35.9 933.0 2.55 16.25 57.36 15.84 147.3 33.5 44.0 480.7 572.4 2.09 0.530 0.345 11.20 BD

329 45.49944 -122.60185 0.186 0.590 0.123 0.480 0.111 0.635 170.0 992.7 4.60 12.32 54.57 11.16 171.4 28.6 63.7 524.9 495.3 2.11 0.670 0.250 7.16 0.280

330 45.44731 -122.64137 0.191 0.412 0.124 0.473 0.168 1.860 129.0 1876.2 6.96 17.36 230.07 11.18 136.4 35.1 57.4 885.4 602.4 4.24 1.130 0.265 12.73 0.300

331 45.46143 -122.52337 0.209 0.406 0.147 0.343 0.107 0.535 54.7 702.7 2.04 9.60 46.57 5.24 169.3 35.7 53.0 396.1 433.0 1.66 0.525 0.120 2.09 BD

332 45.50440 -122.70728 0.181 0.429 0.151 0.395 0.129 0.735 44.3 870.2 1.52 11.72 63.47 9.22 168.7 23.3 41.7 388.7 451.0 1.90 0.465 0.195 3.94 BD

333 45.55797 -122.62457 0.200 0.566 0.146 0.463 0.138 0.660 34.3 892.1 1.78 37.65 52.69 17.83 155.5 26.6 38.9 470.6 646.2 1.92 0.540 0.290 5.19 BD

334 45.46461 -122.54997 0.166 0.780 0.198 0.260 0.116 0.620 235.0 703.2 2.66 8.66 79.32 11.19 270.6 18.1 34.0 421.8 468.3 1.39 0.650 0.180 3.27 0.380

335 45.52075 -122.76605 0.184 0.438 0.128 0.376 0.098 0.390 161.8 561.9 1.22 6.59 52.72 10.06 146.2 25.5 37.7 308.6 513.1 1.39 0.440 0.130 1.84 0.410

336 45.52694 -122.51728 0.196 0.524 0.291 0.517 0.132 0.460 190.7 992.4 2.67 8.85 35.10 25.73 136.8 41.1 83.1 593.1 1041.9 1.78 0.600 0.490 2.69 BD

337 45.47372 -122.52452 0.155 0.431 0.127 0.324 0.076 0.445 38.8 712.2 1.91 9.11 37.49 3.46 141.9 25.9 37.5 452.9 565.9 1.59 0.550 0.130 3.00 0.455

338 45.52257 -122.53930 0.219 0.501 0.141 0.512 0.181 2.100 305.9 2513.4 3.43 84.29 121.83 13.25 227.4 48.6 125.5 1141.9 1324.9 3.35 1.240 0.210 10.16 BD

339 45.51498 -122.51593 0.165 0.436 0.106 0.845 0.131 0.385 18.2 700.7 1.39 9.07 28.54 38.14 99.8 45.4 45.7 497.3 508.4 1.35 0.440 0.155 3.12 0.400

340 45.46950 -122.50686 0.128 0.528 0.172 0.350 0.084 0.610 191.5 786.2 1.61 8.44 41.56 7.01 178.6 27.9 34.8 482.7 558.4 1.35 0.540 0.165 2.38 0.470

341 45.54629 -122.67079 0.200 0.420 0.163 0.490 0.182 1.825 126.5 2323.2 4.62 25.41 97.47 18.20 146.7 28.6 49.6 873.4 713.9 4.59 1.035 0.810 18.16 0.270

342 45.53567 -122.60985 0.191 0.448 0.180 0.690 0.141 0.630 67.9 1023.4 1.84 15.16 49.80 26.06 99.5 41.9 87.3 628.0 882.5 2.98 0.590 0.330 9.50 0.770

343 45.59437 -122.65132 0.192 0.519 0.197 0.716 0.127 0.925 45.8 1026.8 2.18 33.04 113.90 44.22 108.2 31.8 28.8 415.9 396.0 2.17 0.640 1.125 5.46 0.535

344 45.54168 -122.51285 0.109 0.279 0.091 0.689 0.119 0.650 30.0 945.5 1.56 10.27 44.17 18.98 112.3 44.3 61.7 583.8 814.2 1.76 0.540 0.150 2.50 BD

345 45.50882 -122.56902 0.128 0.330 0.140 0.737 0.135 1.120 48.9 2146.2 4.86 21.24 90.42 15.43 118.9 61.3 82.1 1026.9 662.9 3.37 1.175 0.290 9.07 0.390

346 45.47240 -122.62679 0.239 0.555 0.161 0.520 0.118 1.120 42.3 1411.2 9.13 13.37 212.28 10.81 101.3 29.7 29.3 711.7 402.8 3.46 0.940 0.315 6.63 0.240

a Latitude and longitude of shifted locations. See the “Mapping” section in “Methods” for details.b BD indicates concentration below detection limits.
54

GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-938

GEOGCS[“WGS 84”,

 DATUM[“WGS_1984”,

 SPHEROID[“WGS 84”,6378137,298.257223563,

 AUTHORITY[“EPSG”,”7030”]],

 AUTHORITY[“EPSG”,”6326”]],

 PRIMEM[“Greenwich”,0,

 AUTHORITY[“EPSG”,”8901”]],

 UNIT[“degree”,0.01745329251994328,

 AUTHORITY[“EPSG”,”9122”]],

 AUTHORITY[“EPSG”,”4326”]

]

Figure 6—Global positioning system recorded sample coordinate system definition.

PROJCS[“NAD_1983_HARN_StatePlane_Oregon_North_FIPS_3601_Feet_Intl”,

 GEOGCS[“GCS_North_American_1983_HARN”,

 DATUM[“D_North_American_1983_HARN”,

 SPHEROID[“GRS_1980”,6378137.0,298.257222101]],

 PRIMEM[“Greenwich”,0.0],

 UNIT[“Degree”,0.0174532925199433]],

 PROJECTION[“Lambert_Conformal_Conic”],

 PARAMETER[“False_Easting”,8202099.737532808],

 PARAMETER[“False_Northing”,0.0],

 PARAMETER[“Central_Meridian”,-120.5],

 PARAMETER[“Standard_Parallel_1”,44.33333333333333],

 PARAMETER[“Standard_Parallel_2”,46.0],

 PARAMETER[“Latitude_Of_Origin”,43.66666666666666],

 UNIT[“Foot”,0.3048]

]

Figure 7—Definition of sample coordinate system used in mapping.
55

Elemental Atmospheric Pollution Assessment Via Moss-Based Measurements in Portland, Oregon

Figure 8—Skewness coefficients for a set of sample distributions: A and B are symmetric, C skewed to the left, and D skewed strongly to 

the right. 



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