# Patent

## Title
Method of decoding a macroblock based on a macroblock level of the macroblock

## Abstract

In one embodiment, the method includes obtaining a reference picture list including multiple reference pictures, and determining an initial reference picture index of the multiple reference pictures in the reference picture list based on display order information for the multiple reference pictures. The reference picture index numbers increase for reference pictures having a decreasing display order with respect to a picture including the macroblock, and the reference picture numbers increase for reference pictures having an increasing display order with respect to the picture including the macroblock. The reference picture index numbers of the reference pictures having a decreasing display order are greater than the reference picture index numbers of the reference pictures having an increasing display order. The initial reference picture index is selectively modified to produce a determined reference picture index based on the macroblock level of the macroblock. The determined reference picture index is the initial reference picture index if the macroblock level of the macroblock is a frame, and the determined reference picture index is a modification of the initial reference picture index if the macroblock level of the macroblock is a field. The macroblock is decoded by selecting at least one reference picture from the reference picture list using the determined reference picture index.

## Background
PRIORITY INFORMATION
The present invention claims priority under 35 U.S.C. 119 on Korean Application No. 10-2003-0013198 filed on Mar. 3, 2003; the contents of all of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.
This is a divisional of, and claims priority under 35 U.S.C. §120 to, U.S. application Ser. No. 10/541,540, filed May 19, 2006 now U.S. Pat. No. 7,843,999, which is the U.S. National Stage of International Application No. PCT/KR/2004/000445, filed Mar. 3, 2004, the entire contents of all of which are hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety


BACKGROUND
1. Technical Field
The present invention relates to coding and encoding a moving picture.
2. Description of Related Art
Moving picture coding systems compensate for motion using motion vector information. In the case of moving picture coding system that uses multiple reference pictures, reference picture index information as well as motion vector information is required for motion compensation. The reference picture index is a value that is used to distinguish multiple reference pictures from each other. A coder transfers the reference picture index to a decoder. The decoder selects the reference picture as indicated by the reference picture index, and performs motion compensation using the selected reference picture.
Generally, scanning methods for images are classified into either progressive scanning or interlaced scanning. In the case of the progressive scanning, an image of one frame consists of data that are sampled at the same time. In case of the interlaced scanning, an image of one frame consists of data that are sampled at different times, and the samples are alternated line by line.
The interlaced image of a frame is usually divided into two fields called a top field and a bottom field. In the interlaced scanning, one frame is divided into two field images. In this specification, an image is treated based on a unit of a picture. A frame or a field may be referred to as a picture.
Three coding methods for an interlaced moving picture are proposed. A first coding method is a field picture coding method which performs a coding process, considering each field as an independent picture at a picture or slice level. A second coding method is the frame picture coding method which performs a coding process after combining two fields into one frame at a picture or slice level. A third coding method is a frame picture coding method with frame/field macroblock, which performs a coding process by combining two fields into one frame and selecting a frame mode or a field mode at a macroblock level.
In the third coding method, two vertically adjacent macroblocks are bound into a pair and the coding is performed in unit of a macroblock pair. In FIG. 1, numbers assigned in the macroblock pairs indicate macroblock addresses that are used to distinguish the macroblocks from each other.
Here, a frame macroblock is a macroblock which is coded at upper and lower macroblocks of the macroblock pair in units of a frame. In other words, each macroblock is coded in units of a frame after two fields are combined into one frame.
Meanwhile, a field macroblock is a macroblock that is coded at upper and lower macroblocks of macroblock pairs in units of a field. The macroblock pair is divided into top and bottom field components and each field is coded independently. At this time, the macroblock pairs are rearranged so that the upper and lower macroblocks may respectively contain only a top field component and only a bottom field component. The upper macroblock is called a top field macroblock and the lower macroblock is called a bottom field macroblock.
A reference buffer for storing multiple reference pictures is configured in units of a frame. In the frame picture coding, all reference pictures are considered as units of a frame in which two fields are combined into one frame, and one picture among the reference frame pictures is used for motion compensation. Accordingly, values are allocated to the reference picture indexes in units of a frame.
The reference picture index for a P frame is obtained by sorting all the reference frames in an order reverse to a coding order and then sequentially allocating an index, which is increased by one, to the sorted reference frames. The reference picture index for a B frame is classified into a list 0 and a list 1, and is determined based on a display order of the reference frame.
First, in case of the reference frame list 0, indexes are allocated in a reverse order to the reference frames whose display order lags behind the B frame, and then, the remaining indexes are allocated in the display order to the reference frames whose display order leads the B frame. In case of the reference frame list 1, in contrast to the reference frame list 0, indexes are allocated in the display order to the reference frames whose display order leads the B frame, and then, the remaining indexes are allocated in a reverse order to the reference frame whose display order lags behind the B frame. FIG. 2 shows a reference picture index for a P frame when a size of the reference buffer is 5, and FIG. 3 shows the reference picture index lists 0 and 1 for a B frame.
In the field picture coding, the fields of all reference pictures are considered as independent pictures and one of the reference field pictures is used for motion compensation. Accordingly, values are allocated to the reference picture indexes in units of a field. At this time, the reference fields are combined in the unit of a frame, and then, the reference picture indexes in each field of the P frame are sorted in an order reverse to a coding order of the frame. Then, index values that are increased by one are alternately allocated in an order that starts from a reference field having parity equal to a current picture to a reference field having parity different from the current picture, while visiting the sorted reference frames in sequence.
In addition, in the case of the reference picture index lists 0 and 1 for each field of a B frame, all the reference fields are combined in units of a frame and then a reference frame is sorted in the same manner as the method of determining reference frame index of a B frame. Thereafter, the indexes that are increased by one are alternately allocated in an order that starts from a reference field having parity equal to a current picture to a reference field having parity different from the current picture, while visiting the sorted reference frames in sequence.
FIG. 4 shows reference picture indexes of top and bottom fields of a P frame when a size of a reference buffer is 5, and FIG. 5 shows reference picture index lists 0 and 1 of top and bottom fields of a B frame that can be used as a reference.
In order to improve coding efficiency, the moving picture coding system using multiple reference pictures provides a function of reordering the reference picture indexes before decoding a picture or a slice. The reference picture indexes are arbitrarily reordered so as to enhance the coding efficiency after determining an initial reference picture index for the frame and field pictures. FIG. 6 shows a result of determining an initial reference picture index for a P frame and arbitrarily reordering indexes according to the above-described method.
When the moving picture coding system using the multiple reference pictures codes an interlaced moving picture into a frame picture having frame/field macroblocks, all the reference pictures for the frame macroblock are considered as a frame unit and one of the reference frame pictures must be used for motion compensation. In addition, all the reference pictures for the field macroblock are considered as independent pictures and one of the reference field pictures must be used for motion compensation.
Accordingly, in the frame picture coding that selects the frame/field coding modes at the macroblock level, it is necessary to allocate values to the reference picture index in frame unit or field unit according to the coding mode of each macroblock.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
An embodiment of the present invention provides reference picture information used for motion compensation by determining the reference picture index differently according a coding mode of macroblock when interlaced moving picture is coded with a frame picture having frame/field macroblocks in a moving picture coding system using multiple reference pictures.
In one embodiment, the method of selecting a reference picture for processing a field macroblock includes selecting at least one reference picture for processing a field macroblock from at least one reference picture list using reference picture index information. Here, each selected at least one reference picture is a field. For example, the reference field may a top field or a bottom field.
In another embodiment, the method may further include processing the field macroblock using the selected at least one reference picture.
In a further embodiment, the method may include forming the at least one reference picture list. For example, the forming step may include initializing the at least one reference picture list, and reordering the at least one reference picture list.
In another embodiment, if the reference picture index information is an even index number, then the selected at least one reference field has a same field parity as the field macroblock.
In yet another embodiment, if the reference picture index information is an odd index number, then the selected at least one reference field has a field parity different from the field macroblock.
In one embodiment, the method of selecting a reference picture for processing a field macroblock includes selecting at least one reference picture for processing a field macroblock from at least one reference picture list using reference picture index information. Here, each selected at least one reference picture is a field, and a parity of the selected at least one reference field may be based on the parity of the field macroblock and the reference picture index information.
The present invention relates to a method of decoding a macroblock based on a macroblock level of the macroblock.
In one embodiment, the method includes obtaining a reference picture list including multiple reference pictures, and determining an initial reference picture index of the multiple reference pictures in the reference picture list based on display order information for the multiple reference pictures. The reference picture index numbers increase for reference pictures having a decreasing display order with respect to a picture including the macroblock, and the reference picture numbers increase for reference pictures having an increasing display order with respect to the picture including the macroblock. The reference picture index numbers of the reference pictures having a decreasing display order are greater than the reference picture index numbers of the reference pictures having an increasing display order. The initial reference picture index is selectively modified to produce a determined reference picture index based on the macroblock level of the macroblock. The determined reference picture index is the initial reference picture index if the macroblock level of the macroblock is a frame, and the determined reference picture index is a modification of the initial reference picture index if the macroblock level of the macroblock is a field. The macroblock is decoded by selecting at least one reference picture from the reference picture list using the determined reference picture index.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The accompanying drawings, which are included to provide a further understanding of the invention and are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate embodiments of the invention and together with the description serve to explain the principles of the invention. In the drawings:
FIG. 1 shows macroblock pair in frame picture having general frame/field macroblock;
FIG. 2 shows reference picture indexes of P frame coding in a moving picture coding system according to the related art;
FIG. 3 shows the reference picture index lists 0 and 1 of B frame coding in a moving picture coding system according to the related art;
FIG. 4 shows reference picture indexes in a coding of top and bottom fields of a P frame in a moving picture coding system according to the related art;
FIG. 5 shows reference picture index lists 0 and 1 in a coding of top and bottom fields of a B frame in a moving picture coding system according to the related art;
FIG. 6 shows reference picture indexes reordered in a coding of a P frame in a moving picture coding system according to the related art;
FIG. 7 shows reference picture indexes of a P frame and a B frame having frame macroblocks in a moving picture coding system according to the present invention;
FIG. 8 shows reference picture indexes of P frame and B frame having field macroblock in a moving picture coding system according to an embodiment of the present invention (case 1);
FIG. 9 shows reference picture indexes of a P frame and a B frame having field macroblocks in a moving picture coding system according to another embodiment of the present invention (case 2);
FIG. 10 shows reference picture indexes of a P frame having field macroblocks in a moving picture coding system according to another embodiment of the present invention (case 3);
FIG. 11 shows reference picture indexes of a B frame having field macroblocks in a moving picture coding system according to a further embodiment of the present invention (case 3); and
FIG. 12 shows reference picture indexes of a P frame and a B frame having field macroblocks in a moving picture coding system according to another embodiment of the present invention (case 4).



DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EXAMPLE EMBODIMENTS
Hereinafter, example embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail with reference to accompanying drawings.
As stated previously, moving picture coding systems compensate for motion using motion vector information. In the case of a′ moving picture coding system that uses multiple reference pictures, reference picture index information as well as motion vector information is used for motion compensation. The reference picture index is a value that is used to distinguish multiple reference pictures from each other. A coder transfers the reference picture index to a decoder. The decoder selects the reference picture as indicated by the reference picture index, and performs motion compensation using the selected reference picture.
When an interlaced moving picture is coded into a frame picture having frame/field macroblocks, a moving picture coding system using multiple reference pictures performs a motion compensation from a reference frame in order for frame coding in the frame macroblock. In other words, the reference pictures may be considered as a frame unit. The moving picture coding system, however, performs a motion compensation from a reference field in order for a field coding in the field macroblocks. In other words, the reference pictures may be considered as a field unit.
Accordingly, the frame pictures having frame/field macroblock use indexes having different structures at the macroblock level. For example, the frame macroblock uses a reference picture index of a frame unit and the field macroblock uses a reference picture index of a field unit. It should be considered that the reference picture indexes may be reordered at a picture or slice level.
Therefore, the frame picture having frame/field macroblocks should consider the reference picture in a frame unit at a picture or slice level and have the reordered reference picture indexes of a frame unit. The reference picture index may be determined according to a coding mode of macroblock based on the reference picture indexes of the frame unit at the macroblock level.
The present invention provides an embodiment of a method for determining reference picture indexes in a frame picture having frame/field macroblocks. The method includes a process of determining reference picture indexes at a picture (or slice) level and a process of determining reference picture indexes at a macroblock level.
[1] Determination (or Initialization) of Reference Picture Indexes at a Picture (or Slice) Level
The reference pictures may be considered in a frame unit at a picture or slice level and reference picture indexes of frame unit are calculated.
In the method of determining a reference picture index for a P frame, reference frames are sorted in an order reverse to a coding order and indexes are allocated while visiting the sorted reference frames in sequence.
Reference picture indexes for a B frame are determined based on a display order of the reference frames. First, in case of a reference frame list 0, indexes are allocated in a reverse order to reference frames whose display orders lag behind the B frame and the remaining indexes are allocated in the display order to reference frames whose display order lead the B frame.
In case of a reference frame list 1, in contrast to the reference frame list 0, indexes are allocated in the display order to reference frames whose display orders are higher than the B frame and the remaining indexes are allocated in a reverse order to reference frames whose display orders are lower than the B frame.
In this and the other embodiment described below, in order to improve coding efficiency, the moving picture coding system using multiple reference pictures may provide a function of reordering the reference picture indexes before decoding a picture or a slice. The reference picture indexes are arbitrarily reordered so as to enhance the coding efficiency after determining an initial reference picture index for the frame and field pictures. When the reference picture indexes are reordered so as to enhance a coding efficiency, the reference picture indexes of a frame unit may be reordered.
[2] Determination (or reordering) of Reference Picture Index at Macroblock Level
The reference picture index is modified according to the coding mode of the macroblock while performing a coding in unit of a macroblock pair with respect to the reference picture indexes of a frame unit, which are obtained at the picture (or slice) level. This process will be described below.
[2.1] Case of Frame Macroblock
motion compensation may be performed to frame macroblocks from a reference frame, the reference picture index may be a frame unit. Accordingly, the reference picture indexes of a frame unit, which are obtained at the picture (or slice) level, are used.
A reference frame stored in a reference buffer may be configured with a field pair having parities (e.g., top and bottom) opposite to each other. FIG. 7 shows reference picture indexes for a frame macroblock in a P frame and a B frame when a size of the reference buffer is 5.
[2.2] Case of Field Macroblock
Since motion compensation may be performed to field macroblocks from a reference field, the reference picture index may be a field unit. In this case, a field pair having parities opposite to each other is also present in the reference buffer. Accordingly, each reference frame is divided into two fields while sequentially visiting the reference frame according to the reference picture indexes of a frame unit, which are obtained at the picture (or slice) level. Then, the reference picture indexes are newly allocated to each field. The reference picture indexes for two fields of each reference frame are allocated in various methods (Cases 1 to 4).
(Case 1)
Regardless of the top and bottom field macroblocks of a current field macroblock, a lower index is allocated to the top reference field and a higher index is allocated to the bottom reference field while sequentially visiting the reference frames in an order of the reference picture indexes, which are obtained at the picture (or slice) level.
In other words, the top and bottom reference field indexes may be given by the equation below.

Top reference field index=2×picture index of reference frame

Bottom reference field index=2×picture index of reference frame+1

FIG. 8 shows reference picture indexes for field macroblocks of a P frame and a B frame.
(Case 2)
Regardless of the top and bottom field macroblocks of a current field macroblock, a lower index is allocated to the bottom reference field and a higher index is allocated to the top reference field while sequentially visiting the reference frames in an order of the reference picture indexes, which are obtained at the picture (or slice) level.
In other words, the top and bottom reference field indexes may be given by an equation below.

Top reference field index=2×picture index of reference frame+1

Bottom reference field index=2×picture index of reference frame
FIG. 9 shows reference picture indexes for field macroblocks of a P frame and a B frame.
(Case 3)
Indexes that are increased by one are alternately allocated to reference fields, starting from the reference field having a parity equal to the current field to the reference field having a parity different from the current field, while sequentially visiting the reference frames according to a reference picture index order of the picture (or slice) level. FIGS. 10 and 11 show reference picture indexes for the field macroblocks of a P frame and a B frame.
(Case 4)
Regardless of the top and bottom field macroblocks of a current field macroblock, a lower index is allocated to reference field close to the current field in view of time and a higher index is allocated to reference field farther from the current field in view of time while sequentially visiting the reference frames in an order of the reference picture indexes of the picture (or slice) level.
In other words, the reference field indexes may be given by the equation below.

Reference field index close to the current field=2×picture index of reference frame

Reference field index far from the current field=2×picture index of reference frame+1

In FIG. 12, there are shown reference picture indexes for a field macroblock of a P frame and a B frame.
While the present invention has been described and illustrated herein with reference to the example embodiments thereof, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations can be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Thus, it is intended that the present invention covers the modifications and variations.
According to a coding a moving picture method of at least one embodiment of the present invention, when a moving picture coding system using multiple reference pictures codes an interlaced moving picture into a frame picture having frame/field macroblocks, the moving picture coding system efficiently provides reference picture information used for motion compensation by differently determining reference picture indexes according to coding modes of macroblocks.

## Claims

1. A method of decoding a current field macroblock, comprising:
obtaining a reference frame picture list including multiple reference frame pictures;
determining a reference frame picture index of the multiple reference frame pictures in the reference frame picture list based on display order information for the multiple reference frame pictures, the reference frame picture index numbers being allocated to reference frame pictures having a greater display order than that of a picture including the current field macroblock in the display order, and the rest of the reference frame picture index numbers being allocated to reference frame pictures having a less display order than that of the picture including the current field macroblock in reverse order of the display order;
obtaining a reference field picture index associated with the current field macroblock;
determining a reference frame picture from the reference frame picture list based on the reference field picture index divided by 2 and the reference frame picture index;
selecting a reference field picture for the macroblock based on the reference field picture index and the determined reference frame picture; and
decoding the current field macroblock based on the selected reference field picture.