# Pest List for F **resh P**  **ineapple, Ananas comosus**  **(L.) Merr. ,** 

**from Malaysia to the Continental United States** 

**A ugust 2**  **4 , 2010** 
**Rev. 0**  **3**

**Agency Contact:** Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory Center for Plant Health Science and T echnology United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Plant Protection and Quarantine 1730 Varsity Drive, Suite 300 Raleigh, NC 27606Pest List for Pineapple from Malaysia



### Rev. 03 August 2 4 , 2010 2 **1.** 

## Introduction The Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHI S) of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) prepared this pest list to examine plant pest risks associated with the importation of fresh pineapple fruit , Ananas comosus (L .) Merr. , into the United States from Malaysia. The commodity will be imported to th e continental United States and Alaska , but not to Hawaii, Guam, or the other U.S. territories. For the anal ys is, we assumed the fruit would arrive with some or all of the crown (leaf) material. The taxonomy for pineapple includes the following s ynonym s: A nanas ananas (L .) Voss, A

. sativus Schult. and Schult. f., Bromelia ananas L. , and Bromelia comosa L. 

## 2. **Pest Categoriza tion**  Below we list the pests associated with pineapple reported in Malaysia (Table 1)

. In that list we identify the presence or absenc e of these pests in the United States; the generall y affected plant part or parts ; the quarantine status of the pest with respect to the United States; whether the pest is likely to follow the pathway

and enter the United States on commerciall y exported pineapple fruit; and pertinent references

. Pests highlighted with a gray background are quarantine pests identified for potential further analysis, as we consider them reasonabl y likely to follow the pathway of commercial fruit shipments

. We summarized these pests in a separate table ( Table 2 )

. Quarantine pests not following the pathway could harm U.S. agriculture or ecosystems , but were not further analyzed because either they are associated with plant parts other than the commodity, or they are unlikely to remain with the fruit through standard harvest and post

harvest processing

. Generally, we do not analy ze organisms not identified to the spec ies level . O ften many species occur within a genus, and we cannot know if the unidentified species occurs in the United States and, therefore , whether it meets the definition of a quarantine pest

. Lack of specific identification may indicate the limits of current taxonomic knowledge, or the life stage or quality of the specimen submitted for identification. By nec ess ity, pest risk assessments focus on organisms for which biological information is available. Lack of specific identification does not rule out the possibility

that a high risk quarantine pest was intercepted. Despite that , the development of detailed asses sments for known pests that inhabit a variety of ecological niches, such as internal fruit feeders or foliage pests, allow effective mitigation measures to eliminate the known organisms as well as similar but incompletely identified organisms that inhabit the same niche. If pests identified to higher taxa are intercepted in the future, we may reevaluate their risk.Pest List for Pineapple from Malaysia



### Rev. 03 August 2 4 , 2010 3 **Table 1**  . Pests in Malaysia associated with pineapple , Ananas comosus

. **Pest Geographic**  **d istribution**  **1 Plant p**  **art**

**a ffected** **2 Quaran** 
****

**tine p**  **est 3**  **F ollow** 

**p athway**  **References**
**ARTHROPODS ACARI**  **Acaridae** Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank) MY, US L, R No Yes CABI, 2005; Furumizo and Thomas, 1977; Sanches and Flechtmann, 1982 **Tenuipalpidae** Dolicotetranychus sp. MY L, S Yes Yes MDOA, 2004 Dolicotetranychus floridanus (Banks) MY, US L, S No Yes Jeppson et al ., 1975; MDOA, 2004 Dolicotetranychus sp. nr. vandergooti (Oudemans) MY L Yes Yes Yunus and Ho, 1980 **Tetranychidae** Eutetranychus orientalis (Klein) MY L Yes Yes Bolland et al ., 1998; Jeppson et al

. , 1975 **BLATTODEA Blaberidae**  Pycnoscelus surinamensis (L.) MY, US R No No AFFA, 2002; Atkinson et al ., 1990; Fullaway and Krauss, 1945 **COLEOPTERA Anthribidae**  Araecerus fasciculatus (De Geer) MY, US F No No 4 CABI, 2005; Carter, 1967
**Bostrichidae** Dino derus minutus (F.) MY, US F No No 5 CABI, 2005; PestID, 2008 **Curculionidae** Rhabdoscelus obscurus (Boisduval) MY, US (HI) F Yes Yes CABI, 2005; Petty et al ., 2002 Sitophilus oryzae (L.) MY, US F No No 6 Muda, 1985; PestID, 2008 ; Toews et al ., 2006 Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky MY, US F No No 7 CABI, 2005; PestID, 2008

1 Distribution : HI = Hawaii , MY = Malaysia, US = United States 2 Plant Parts: F = Fruit, I = Inflorescence, L = Leaf (including crown; Morton, 1987), R = Ro ot, S = Stem 3 Organisms listed at the level of genus, although regarded as quarantine pests becaus e of their uncertain identity, are not considered for further analysis as their identity is not defined clearly enough to ensure that the risk assessment is performed on a distinct organism ( IPPC, 2004 ). Brackets indicate that the species, although not fitting the definition of a quarantine pest (IPPC, 2002), is considered actionable (APHIS, PPQ, National Identification Services)

. 4 Species is a stored

-product s pest (CABI, 2005), and is unlikely to be associated with fresh pineapple fruit at harvest. 5 Hosts are primarily species of bamboo (Bambusa , Dendrocalamus , Phyllostachys ) and other Poaceae (CABI, 2005). The two port

- of

- entry interceptions (PestID) are no t indicative of a true host association

. 6 Species is primarily a stored

- products pest, but will attack cereals (Poaceae) in the field (CABI, 2005). The two port

- of

entry interceptions (PestID ) are not indicative of a true host association.Pest List for Pineapple from Malaysia



### Rev. 03 August 2 4 , 2010 4 **Pest Geographic**  **d istribution**  **1 Plant p**  **art**

**a ffected** **2 Quaran** 
****

**tine p**  **est 3**  **F ollow** 

**p athway**  **References Hydrophilidae**  Cyclonotum (= Dactylosternum ) abdominale (F.) MY, US F No No 8 Hansen et al ., 2004; Staines, 2007; Yunus and Ho, 1980 **Mycetophagidae** Litargus sp. MY I Yes No Lim and Lowings, 1977 **Nitidulidae** Carpophilus sp. MY F, I Yes No 9 Lim and Lowings, 1977 Carpophilus dimidiatus (F.) MY, US F No No 10 CABI, 2005; MDOA, 2004 Carpophilus foveicollis Murray MY F, I Yes No 9 Lim and Lowings, 1977 Carpophilus hemipterus (L.) MY, US (HI) F Y es No 10 CABI, 2005; Ewing and Cline, 2005 Carpophilus humeralis (F.) MY, US F No No 11 CABI, 2005 Carpophilus maculatus Murray MY, US F, I No No 9 Lim and Lowings, 1977; Williams et al ., 1992 Carpophilus mutilatus Erichson MY, US F, I No No 9 CABI, 2005; Lim and Lowings, 1977 Carpophilus obsoletus Erichson MY, US F No No 4 AFFA, 2002; CABI, 2005 Cryptarcha ocularis Rtt. MY F Yes No 9 Lim and Lowings, 1977 Epuraea luteola Erichson (= Haptoncus luteolus [Erichson]) MY, US F, I No No 9 Bartelt et al ., 1994; Ewing and Cline, 2005; Lim and Lowings, 1977; MDOA, 2004; Nagel et al ., 1989 Epuraea ocularis Fairmaire (= Haptoncus ocularis [Fairmaire]) MY, US (HI) F Yes No 9 Ewing and Cline, 2005; Yunus and Ho, 1980 Lasiodactylus pictus (MacLeay) MY F Yes No 9 Lim and Lo wings, 1977 **Scarabaeidae** Adoretus sinicus Burmeister MY, US (HI) L, R Yes Yes CABI, 2005; Illingworth, 1929; Rohrbach and Johnson, 2003 Glycyphana sinuata Wallace MY F, I Yes Yes Yunus and Ho, 1980 Lepidiota stigma (F.) MY R Yes No CABI, 2005; Petty et al ., 2002 Oryctes rhinoceros (L.) MY L Yes No 12 CABI, 2005

7 Hosts are pri marily cereals and various stored commodities (CABI, 2005). The two port interceptions (PestID) are not indicative of a true host association

. 8 Species is associated with decaying organic matter (Staines, 2007), and is unlikely to be found on market quality fruit. 9 Pest is associated with diseased or overripe fruit (Lim and Lo wings, 1977), and is unlikely to be found on market quality fruit. 10 Pest is associated with decaying fruit (Ewing and Cline, 2005), and is unlikely to be found on market quality fruit

. 11 Pest is associated with decaying or diseased fruit (CABI, 2005; Morton, 1987), and is unlikely to be found on market quality fruit

. 12 Adults, large (3.5

- 5.0 × 2.0

- 2.3 cm) and conspicuous (shiny brown to black) beetles, may attack leaves (CABI, 2005), but are unlikely to remain with the commodity through harvest and processing.Pest List for Pineapple from Malaysia



### Rev. 03 August 2 4 , 2010 5 **Pest Geographic**  **d istribution**  **1 Plant p**  **art**

**a ffected** **2 Quaran** 
****

**tine p**  **est 3**  **F ollow** 

**p athway**  **References**
**Scirtidae** Prionocyphon sp. MY I Yes No Lim and Lowings, 1977 **Scolytidae** Stephanoderes sp. MY F Yes Yes Yunus and Ho, 1980 Xyleborus ferrugineus (F.) MY, US F No Yes CABI, 2005; PestID, 2008 Xyleborus volvulus (F.) MY, US F No Yes CABI, 2005; PestID, 2008 **Silvanidae** Ahasverus advena (Waltl) MY, US F No No 13 CABI, 2005; Yunus and Ho, 1980 **Tenebrionidae** Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) MY, US F No No 4 CABI, 2005; MDOA, 2004 **DIPTERA Drosophilida**  **e** Drosophila sp. MY F, I Yes No 9 Lim and Lowings, 1977 Drosophila ananassae Doleschall MY, US F No Yes Bharathi et al ., 2003; Stone et al ., 1965; Yunus and Ho, 1980 **Lonchaeidae** Lamprolonchaea smaragdi (Walker) (= Lonchaea aurea Macquart) MY, US (HI) F Yes No 14 Nishida, 2002; Pitkin, 1996; Yunus and Ho, 1980 Lonchaea sp. MY F, I Yes No 9 Lim and Lowings, 1977 **Micropezidae** Gymnonerius sp. MY F, I Yes No 9 Lim and Lowings, 1977 Gymnonerius fuscus Wiedemann MY F Yes No 15 Yunus and Ho, 1980 Mimegralla sp. MY F Yes No 9 Lim and Lowings, 1977 Mimegralla leucopeza albitarsis Wiedemann MY F Yes No 16 Yunus and Ho, 1980
**Muscidae** Atherigona sp. MY F, I Yes No 9 Lim and Lowings, 1977 Atherigona orientalis Schiner (= A

. excisa Thoms.) MY, US All parts No Yes CABI, 2 005; MDOA, 2004; Yunus and Ho, 1980 **Tephritidae** Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett) MY, US (HI) F Yes No 17 AFFA, 2002; CABI, 2005; Py et al ., 1987

13 Pest feeds preferentially on damaged foods, particularly if they are moldy (CABI, 2005). 14 Larvae develop in damaged fruit (Pitkin, 1996), and are unlikely to infest market quality fruit

. 15 Species breeds in decaying organic matter (Preston

- Mafham, 2001), and is unlikely to be associated with market quality fruit

. 16 Adult Micropezidae are attracted to decaying fruit (Evenhuis, 1998), and are unlikely to be associated with marke t quality fruit. 17 Evidence indicates that pineapple is not a usual field host of the pest (Seo et al. , 1973; Armstrong et al. , 1979; Armstrong and Vargas, 1982 ).Pest List for Pineapple from Malaysia



### Rev. 03 August 2 4 , 2010 6 **Pest Geographic**  **d istribution**  **1 Plant p**  **art**

**a ffected** **2 Quaran** 
****

**tine p**  **est 3**  **F ollow** 

**p athway**  **References**
**HEMI PTERA**  **Aleyrodidae** Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) MY, US L No Yes AFFA, 2002; CABI, 2005 Trialeurodes vapo rariorum (Westwood) MY, US F No Yes Mound and Halsey, 1978; PestID, 2008 **Aphididae** Aphis gossypii Glover MY, US I, L, S No Yes CABI, 2005; Carter, 1967 Myzus persicae (Sulzer) MY, US I, L, S No Yes CABI, 2005; Carter, 1967 Pentalonia nigronervosa Coquerel MY, US F No Yes CABI, 2005; PestID, 2008 Rhopalosiphum rufiabdominale (Sasaki) MY, US L, R No Yes CABI, 2005; CTAHR, 2006 **Coccidae** Coccus viridis (Green) MY, US F, L, S [Yes] Yes Ben

-Dov et al ., 2006; CABI, 2005; Ibrahim et al ., 1993 Coccus hesperidum L. MY, US L, S No Yes AFFA, 2002; Ben

-Dov et al ., 2006; CABI, 2005 Kilifia acuminata (Signoret) MY, US F, L, S No Yes Ben

-Dov et al ., 2006; Gould and Raga, 2002; Swirski et al ., 1997 Parasaissetia nigra (Nietner) MY, US L, S No Yes CABI, 2005 **Coreid ae**  Leptocorisa acuta (Thunberg) MY I, L Yes Yes AFFA, 2002; CABI, 2005 **Diaspididae** Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell) MY, US F, L No Yes CABI, 2005; Hill, 1983 Aspidiotus destructor Signoret MY, US All parts No Yes Ben

-Dov et al ., 2006; MDOA, 2004 Diaspis boisduvalii Signoret MY, US L No Yes Ben

-Dov et al ., 2006; MDOA, 2004 Diaspis bromeliae (Kerner) MY, US F, L No Yes Ben

-Dov et al ., 2006; Hill, 1983; MDOA, 2004 Melanaspis bromiliae (Leonardi) MY, US F, L No Yes Ben

-Dov et al ., 2006; Petty et al ., 2 002 Pinnaspis aspidistrae (Signoret) MY, US F No Yes Ben

-Dov et al ., 2006; PPQ, interception Pinnaspis buxi (Bouché) MY, US L No Yes AFFA, 2002; Ben

-Dov et al ., 2006; Watson, 2005 Pinnaspis dysoxyli (Maskell) (= P

. minor [Maskell]) MY L Yes Yes 18 Ben

-Dov et al ., 2006; MDOA, 2004; Yunus and Ho, 1980

18 Armo red scales may enter on commercial fruit for consumption, but they are not expected to become established via this pathway (Miller, 1985; PERAL, 2007). See notes following pest list.Pest List for Pineapple from Malaysia



### Rev. 03 August 2 4 , 2010 7 **Pest Geographic**  **d istribution**  **1 Plant p**  **art**

**a ffected** **2 Quaran** 
****

**tine p**  **est 3**  **F ollow** 

**p athway**  **References** Pinnaspis strachani (Cooley) MY, US L, S No Yes Ben

-Dov et al ., 2006; CABI, 2005 Unaspis citri (Comstock) MY, US F, L, S No Yes CABI, 2005 **Pentatomidae** Nezara viridula (L.) MY, US F, L, S No Yes CABI, 2005; Carter, 1967 **Pseudococcidae** Antonina graminis (Maskell) MY, US S No No Ben

-Dov et al ., 2006; CTAHR, 2006 Dysmicoccus boninsis (Kuwana) MY, US L No Yes AFFA, 2002; Ben

-Dov et al ., 2006 Dysmicoccus brevipes (Cockerell) MY, US All parts No Yes Ben

-D ov et al ., 2006; MDOA, 2004 Dysmicoccus grassii (Leonardi) MY, US F No Yes Ben

-Dov et al ., 2006; Miller and Miller, 2002; PestID, 2008 Dysmicoccus neobrevipes Beardsley MY, US F, I, L [Yes] Yes Ben

-Dov et al ., 2006; Jahn et al ., 2003; Miller and Miller, 2002 Ferrisia virgata (Cockerell) MY, US F, L No Yes Ben

-Dov et al ., 2006; CABI, 2005 Geococcus coffeae Green MY, US R No No Ben

-Dov et al ., 2006 Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green) MY, US (CA, FL) F [Yes] Yes CABI, 2005; PestID, 2008 Planococcus citri (Risso) MY, US F, L No Yes CABI, 2005 Planococcus lilacinus (Cockerell) MY F Yes No 19 Ben

-Dov et al ., 2006; PestID, 2008 Planococcus minor (Maskell) MY F, I Yes Yes Ben

-Dov et al ., 2006; Ooi et al ., 2002 Pseudococcus sp. MY L Yes Yes Yunus and Ho, 1980 Ps eudococcus elisae Borchsenius MY F Yes No 20 PestID, 2008 ; Williams, 1988 Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi Gimpel and Miller MY, US F, L, S No Yes Ben

-Dov et al ., 2006; Pantoja et al ., 2002 Pseudococcus longispinus (Targioni Tozzetti) MY, US F, L, S No Yes CABI , 2005 Saccharicoccus sacchari (Cockerell) MY, US L, R, S No Yes CABI, 2005; Meagher et al ., 1993 **Tingidae** Stephanitis typica (Distant) MY L Yes Yes AFFA, 2002; CABI, 2005

19 We found no evidence from available sources (e.g., Cox, 1989; Williams and Granara de Willink, 1992; Petty et al ., 2002; CABI, 2005; Ben

- Dov et al ., 2006) that Ananas comosus is a host. The single port

- of

- entry interception on pineapple (P estID ) is an anomaly. 20 Records of occurrence outside of the neotropics likely refer to P

. jackbeardsleyi (Ben

- Dov et al ., 2006).Pest List for Pineapple from Malaysia



### Rev. 03 August 2 4 , 2010 8 **Pest Geographic**  **d istribution**  **1 Plant p**  **art**

**a ffected** **2 Quaran** 
****

**tine p**  **est 3**  **F ollow** 

**p athway**  **References**
**LEPIDOPTERA Limacodidae**  Darna trima (Moore) MY L Yes Yes CABI, 2005; Li et al ., 1997 Parasa (= Latoia ) lepida (Cramer) MY L Yes Yes CABI, 2005; Butani, 1975 Setothosea asigna (van Eecke) MY L Yes Yes Lay, 1996; Li et al ., 1997 **Noctuidae** Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel) MY, US L No Yes CABI, 2005; Petty et al ., 2002 Eudocima fullonia (Clerck) MY, US (HI) F Yes No 21 CABI, 2005 Ischyja manlia Cramer MY F Yes No 22 Gater, 1925; Robinson et al ., 2001 Spodoptera exempta (Walker) MY, US L, S No Yes AFFA, 2002; CABI, 2005 Spodoptera exigua (Hübner) MY, US L No Yes CABI, 2005; Petty et al ., 2002 Spodoptera (= Prodenia ) litura (F.) MY, US (HI) L Yes Yes CABI, 2005; Takahashi, 1939 **Pyralidae** Cadra cautella (Walker) MY, US F No No 4 CABI, 2005; Robinson et al ., 2005 Spoladea recurvalis (F.) MY, US F No Yes CABI, 2005; PestID, 2008 **Satyr idae**  Melanitis leda (L.) MY L Yes Yes CABI, 2005 **Tineidae** Neodecadarchis flavistriata (Walsingham) (= Erechthias flavistriata Walsingham) MY, US (HI) I Yes No CABI, 2005; Corbett, 1929; Petty et al ., 2002; Robinson et al ., 2005 **ORTHOPTERA Acrididae**  L ocusta migratoria (L.) MY All parts Yes No 23 MDOA, 2004 Oxya chinensis (Thunberg) MY, US (HI) L Yes No 24 CABI, 2005; Petty et al ., 2002 Stenocatantops splendens (Thunberg) MY L Yes No 25 Anonymous, 1969; Nafus and Schreiner, 1999

21 Fruit is attacked by the adult moth only (C ABI, 2005), which is unlikely to remain with fruit through harvest and processing. 22 Fruit is attacked by the adult moth only (Ngampongsai et al ., 2005), w hich is unlikely to remain with fruit through harvest and processing. 23 Pest is a large (adult ♀ length: 50

- 75 mm; adult ♂ length: 40

- 55 mm), active, external feeder (CABI, 2005), and is unlikely to remain with fruit through harvest and processing. 24 Pest is a large (adult ♀ length: 24.5

- 39.5 mm; adult ♂ length: 18.3

- 27 mm), external feeder (CABI, 2005), and is unlikely to remain with fruit through harvest and processing. 25 Pest is an external feeder (Anonymous, 1969), and is unlikely to remain with fruit through harvest and processing.Pest List for Pineapple from Malaysia



### Rev. 03 August 2 4 , 2010 9 **Pest Geographic**  **d istribution**  **1 Plant p**  **art**

**a ffected** **2 Quaran** 
****

**tine p**  **est 3**  **F ollow** 

**p athway**  **References** Valanga nigricornis (Burmei ster) MY L Yes No 26 MDOA, 2004
**THYSANOPTERA Thripidae**  Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) MY, US I, L No Yes AFFA, 2002; CABI, 2005 Frankliniella schultzei (Trybom) MY, US I, L No Yes CABI, 2005; Willers, 1992 Thrips flavus Schrank MY I, L Yes Yes CABI , 2005; Hua, 2000 Thrips hawaiiensis (Morgan) MY, US I No No CABI, 2005; Rohrbach and Johnson, 2003 **VIRUSES** Cucumber mosaic (Bromoviridae) MY, US All parts No Yes CABI, 2005; Thornberry, 1966 Pineapple wilt

- associated (Closteroviridae) MY, US F, L, R No Yes CABI, 2005; MDOA, 2004 Tomato spotted wilt (Bunyaviridae) MY, US All parts No Yes Brunt et al ., 1996; CABI, 2005 **BACTERIA** Acetobacter sp. (Clostridiales) MY F Yes Yes Lim, 1985 Enterobacter sp. (Enterobacteriales) MY F, L Yes Yes Lim, 1985
Erw inia ananas Serrano (Enterobacteriales) MY, US F No Yes Bruton et al ., 1991; MDOA, 2004 Erwinia carotovora (Jones) Bergey et al

. (Enterobacteriales) MY, US F No No 27 Bradbury, 1977; CABI, 2005 Erwinia chrysanthemi (Burkh.) Young et al . (= E

. chrysanthemi pv. chrysanthemi Burkholder et al .) (Enterobacteriales) MY, US F, L, S No No 28 Bradbury, 1986; CABI, 2005; MDOA, 2004

Erwinia chrysanthemi pv. zeae (Sabet) Victoria et al

. (Enterobacteriales) MY, US S No No Bradbury, 1986; CABI, 2005 Gluconobacter sp. (Rhodospirillales) MY F Yes Yes Lim, 1985 Pantoea agglomerans (Beijerinck) Gavini et al

. (Enterobacteriales) MY, US F No Yes CABI, 2005

26 Pest is a large (adult length ≈ 65 mm; PNHS, 2007) external feeder (Nair and Sumardi, 2000), and is unlikely to remain with fruit through harvest and processing. 27 Apparently a misidentification of E

. chrysanthemi

. Erwinia carotovora does not attack pineapple in Malaysia (Lim, 1974). 28 Pathogen attacks white, basal portion of leaves in the central whorl; fruit collapse usually occurs on maturing fruit two

three weeks prior to normal ripening (Ploetz et al ., 1994). It is unlikely to be associated with market quality fruit.Pest List for Pineapple from Malaysia



### Rev. 03 August 2 4 , 2010 10 **Pest Geographic**  **d istribution**  **1 Plant p**  **art**

**a ffected** **2 Quaran** 
****

**tine p**  **est 3**  **F ollow** 

**p athway**  **References**
Pantoea ananas pv. ananas (Serrano) Mergaert et al . (= Erwinia herbicola var. ananas [Serrano] Dye, E

. ananas Serrano) (Enterobacteriales) MY, US F No Yes CABI, 2005; Eayre et al ., 1995; MDOA, 2004; Ploetz et al ., 1994

Pseudomonas ananas (Takimoto) Young et al

. (Pseudomonadales) 29 MY , US F No Yes McMillan, 1986; MDOA, 2004; Watson, 1971
**FUNGI** Alternaria alternata (Fr.:Fr.) Keissl. (Ascomycetes: Pleosporales) MY, US L No Yes Farr et al ., 2006

Antennularia sp. (Ascomycetes: Pleosporales) MY L Yes Yes MDOA, 2004 Armillaria mellea (Vahl:Fr.) P. Kumm. (Basidiomycetes: Agaricales) (= Armillariella mellea [Vahl:Fr.] P. Karst.) MY, US R No No Farr et al ., 2006

Aspergillus flavus Link:Fr. (Ascomycetes: Eurotiales) MY, US F No Yes Farr et al ., 2006; Rohrbach and Johnson, 2003 Aspergillus niger Tiegh. (Ascomycetes: Eurotiales) MY, US F, L, R No Yes CABI, 2005; Duke, 1983; Farr et al ., 2006 Athelia rolfsii (Curzi) Tu and Kim br. (Basidiomycetes: Polyporales) (= Corticium rolfsii Curzi) (anamorph: Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc.) MY, US L, R, S No Yes CABI, 2005; Farr et al ., 2006

Beltrania rhombica Penz. (= B

. indica Subram.) (Ascomycetes) MY, US L No Yes Farr et al ., 2006; MDOA, 2004 Candida guilliermondii (Castell.) Langeron and Guerra (Saccharomycetes: Saccharomycetales) MY, US F No Yes Farr et al ., 2006; Ngeow and Soo

-Hoo, 1989; Rohrbach and Apt, 1993; Rohrbach and Johnson, 2003 Capno dium sp. (Ascomycetes: Capnodiales) MY L Yes No 30 AFFA, 2002; MDOA, 2004 Ceratocystis fimbriata Ellis and Halst. (Ascomycetes: Microascales) MY, US L, R, S No Yes AFFA, 2002; Farr et al ., 2006

29 Name apparently has no standing (Bradbury, 1986). 30 Species is one of the non

-pathogenic sooty mold fungi, which grow superficially in insect honeyde w on plant surfaces (Agrios, 1997). It is unlikely to remain with the commodity through post

-harvest processing.Pest List for Pineapple from Malaysia



### Rev. 03 August 2 4 , 2010 11 **Pest Geographic**  **d istribution**  **1 Plant p**  **art**

**a ffected** **2 Quaran** 
****

**tine p**  **est 3**  **F ollow** 

**p athway**  **References** Ceratocystis paradoxa (Dade) C. Moreau (Ascomycetes: Microascales) (anamorph: Thielaviopsis paradoxa [De Seynes] Höhn. [= Chalara paradoxa (De Seynes) Sacc.]) MY, US F, L, S No Yes Farr et al ., 2006; MDOA, 2004

Cladosporium oxysporum Berk. and M.A. Curtis (Ascomycetes: Mycosphaerellales) MY, US L No Yes Farr et al ., 2006

Clonostachys sp. (Ascomycetes: Hypocreales) MY L Yes Yes MDOA, 2004 Clonostachys rosea f. rosea (Link:Fr.) Schroers et al

. (Ascomycetes: Hypocreales) (= Gliocladium roseum Bainier) MY, US L, R, S No Yes Farr et al ., 2006

Cochliobolus geniculatus R .R. Nelson (Ascomycetes: Pleosporales) (anamorph: Curvularia geniculata [Tracy and Earle] Boedijn) MY, US L No Yes Farr et al ., 2006; MDOA, 2004

Cochliobolus lunatus R.R. Nelson and Haasis (Ascomycetes: Pleosporales) (anamorph: Curvularia lunata [Wakker] Boedijn) MY, US L No Yes Farr et al ., 2006; MDOA, 2004

Cochliobolus verruculosus (Tsuda and Ueyama) Sivan. (Ascomycetes: Pleosporales) MY, US F, L No Yes Sivanesan, 1990

Colletotrichum sp. (Ascomycetes: Phyllachorales) MY L Yes Yes MDOA, 2004

Colletotrichum capsici (Syd.) E.J. Butler and Bisby (Ascomycetes: Phyllachorales) MY, US L No Yes Farr et al ., 2006; MDOA, 2004
Corynespora cassiicola (Berk. and M.A. Curtis) C.T. Wei (Ascomycetes: Pleosporales) MY, US L No Yes Farr et al ., 2006
Curvularia brachys

pora Boedijn (Ascomycetes: Pleosporales) MY, US F, L No Yes Farr et al ., 2006; Kore and Bhide, 1976; Mesturino, 1988; Salleh et al ., 1996Pest List for Pineapple from Malaysia



### Rev. 03 August 2 4 , 2010 12 **Pest Geographic**  **d istribution**  **1 Plant p**  **art**

**a ffected** **2 Quaran** 
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**tine p**  **est 3**  **F ollow** 

**p athway**  **References** Curvularia eragrostidis (Henn.) J.A. Mey. (= C

. maculans [C.K. Bancr.] Boedijn) (Ascomycetes: Pleosporales) MY, US L No Yes Farr et al ., 2006; MDOA, 2004
Fulvia fulva (Cooke) Cif. (Ascomycetes: Mycosphaerellales) (= Cladosporium fulvum Cooke) MY, US L No Yes Farr et al ., 2006

Fusarium sp. (Ascomycetes: Hypocreales) MY R Yes No Farr et al ., 2006 Fusarium culmorum (Wm.G

. Sm.) Sacc. (Ascomycetes: Hypocreales) MY, US R, S No No AFFA, 2002; Farr et al ., 2006 Fusarium equiseti (Corda) Sacc. (= F

. scirpi Lambotte and Fautrey) (Ascomycetes: Hypocreales) MY, US L, R, S No Yes Duke, 1983; Farr et al ., 2006
Fusarium moniliforme J. Sheld. (Ascomycetes: Hypocreales) MY, US F No Yes Farr et al ., 2006; MDOA, 2004 Fusarium oxysporum Schltdl.:Fr. (Ascomycetes: Hypocreales) MY, US F No Yes Farr et al ., 2006
Fusarium semitectum Berk. and Ravenel (Ascomycetes: Hypocreales) MY, US F No Yes AFFA, 2002; Farr et al ., 2006 Fusarium solani (Mart.) Sacc. (Ascomycetes: Hypocreales) MY, US R No No Farr et al ., 2006 Fusarium subglutinans (Wollenw. and Reinking) P.E. Nelson, Toussoun and Marasas (= F

. moniliforme var. subglutinans Wollenw. and Reinking) (Ascomycetes: Hypocreales) (teleomorph: Gibberella subglutinans [E. Edwards] P.E. Nelson, Toussoun and Marasas [= G

. fujikuroi var. subglutinans Edwards]) MY, US F, S No Yes Farr et al ., 2006; Krüger, 1977; Ploetz et al ., 1994

Fusicoccum dimidiatum (Penz.) D.F. Farr (Ascomycetes: Dothideales) (= Hendersonula toruloidea Nattrass) MY, US F, L No Yes Farr et al ., 2006; MDOA, 2004
Gibberella fujikuroi (Sawada) Ito (Ascomycetes: Hypocreales) MY, US R, S No No Farr et al ., 2006

Gliomastix luzulae (Fuc kel) E.W. Mason (Ascomycetes) MY L Yes Yes Farr et al ., 2006Pest List for Pineapple from Malaysia



### Rev. 03 August 2 4 , 2010 13 **Pest Geographic**  **d istribution**  **1 Plant p**  **art**

**a ffected** **2 Quaran** 
****

**tine p**  **est 3**  **F ollow** 

**p athway**  **References** Glomerella cingulata (Stoneman) Spauld. and H. Schrenk (Ascomycetes) (anamorph: Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Penz. and Sacc.) MY, US F, L, S No Yes CABI, 2005; Farr et al ., 2006

Lasio diplodia theobromae (Pat.) Griffon and Maubl. (Ascomycetes: Dothideales) (= Botryodiplodia theobromae Pat.) MY, US F, L No Yes Farr et al ., 2006; MDOA, 2004

Macrophoma sp. (Ascomycetes: Dothideales) MY L Yes Yes Farr et al ., 2006 Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goidanich (= Macrophomina phaseoli [Maubl.] S.F. Ashby) (Ascomycetes) MY, US L No Yes Farr et al ., 2006; Kirk, 2004a; MDOA, 2004

Marasmiellus scandens (Massee) Dennis and D.A. Reid (Basidiomycetes: Agaricales) MY L Yes Yes CABI, 2005; MDOA, 2004

Marasmius crinis

- equi F. Muell. ex Kalchbr. (= M

. equicrinis F. Muell. ex Berk.) (Basidiomycetes: Agaricales) MY L Yes Yes Farr et al ., 2006; Kirk, 2004e; MDOA, 2004
Marasmius palmivorus Sharples (Basidiomycetes: Agaricales) MY F Yes Yes CABI, 2005; MDOA, 2004; Thompson, 1937 Marasmius sacchari Wakker (Basidiomycetes: Agaricales) MY, US S No No CABI, 2005; Farr et al ., 2006 Mariannaea elegans (Corda) Samson (Ascomycetes) (= Paecilomyces elegans [Corda] E.W. Mason and S. Hughes) MY, US L No Yes Farr et al ., 2006; Kirk, 2004b; MDOA, 2004
Microsphaeropsis fuckelii (Sacc.) Boerema (Ascomycetes: Dothideales) (= Coniothyrium fuckelii Sacc.) MY, US S No No Farr et al ., 2006

Muyocopron sp. (Ascomycetes: Microthyriales) MY L Yes Yes Farr et al ., 2006 Mycosphaerella sp. (Ascomycetes: Mycosphaerellales) MY L Yes Yes Farr et al ., 2006
Myrothecium roridum Tode:Fr. (Ascomycetes: Hypocreales) MY, US L No Yes Farr et al ., 2006Pest List for Pineapple from Malaysia



### Rev. 03 August 2 4 , 2010 14 **Pest Geographic**  **d istribution**  **1 Plant p**  **art**

**a ffected** **2 Quaran** 
****

**tine p**  **est 3**  **F ollow** 

**p athway**  **References** Nigrospora sphaerica (Sacc.) E.W. Mason (Ascomycetes: Trichosphaeriales) MY, US L No Yes Farr et al ., 2006

Penicillium sp. (Ascomycetes: Eurotiales) MY F Yes Yes Farr et al ., 2006 Penicillium funiculosum Thom (Ascomycetes: Eurotiales) MY, US F No Yes Farr et al ., 2006 Penicillium vermiculatum P.A. Dangeard (Ascomycetes: Eurotiales) MY, US F N o Yes Farr et al ., 2006; Splittstoesser et al ., 1971 Periconia byssoides Pers. (Ascomycetes) MY, US L No Yes Farr et al ., 2006 Pestalotiopsis adusta (Ellis and Everh.) Steyaert (Ascomycetes: Xylariales) MY, US L, S No Yes Farr et al ., 2006
Pestalotiopsi

s guepinii (Desm.) Steyaert (Ascomycetes: Xylariales) (= Pestalotia guepinii Desm.) MY, US L No Yes Farr et al ., 2006; Kirk, 2004c; Wan Ishlah and Gendeh, 2005 Pestalotiopsis neglecta (Thüm.) Steyaert (Ascomycetes: Xylariales) (= Pestalotia neglecta Thüm. ) MY, US L, S No Yes AFFA, 2002; Farr et al ., 2006
Pestalotiopsis theae (Sawada) Steyaert (Ascomycetes: Xylariales) (= Pestalotia theae Sawada) MY, US L No Yes Farr et al ., 2006; Kirk, 2004d
Phialophora richardsiae (Nannf.) Conant (Ascomycetes) MY, US S No No Farr et al ., 2006; Williams, 1998 Phomopsis sp. (Ascomycetes: Diaporthales) MY L Yes Yes Farr et al ., 2006; MDOA, 2004 Phytophthora cactorum (Lebert and Cohn) J. Schröt. (Oomycetes: Pythiales) MY, US R, S No No CABI, 2005; Farr et al ., 2006 Phytop hthora cinnamomi Rands (Oomycetes: Pythiales) MY, US F, L No Yes Erwin and Ribeiro, 1996; Farr et al ., 2006 Phytophthora citrophthora (R.E. Sm. and E.H. Sm.) Leonian (Oomycetes: Pythiales) MY, US R, S No No Farr et al ., 2006
Phytophthora drechsleri Tucker (Oomycetes: Pythiales) MY, US R No No CABI, 2005; Farr et al ., 2006 Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary (Oomycetes: Pythiales) MY, US F, I, L, S No Yes Farr et al ., 2006; Marie, 1995Pest List for Pineapple from Malaysia



### Rev. 03 August 2 4 , 2010 15 **Pest Geographic**  **d istribution**  **1 Plant p**  **art**

**a ffected** **2 Quaran** 
****

**tine p**  **est 3**  **F ollow** 

**p athway**  **References** Phytophthora meadii McRae (Oomycetes: Pythiales) MY, US (HI) F, L, R, S Yes No 31 Erwin and Ribeiro, 1996; Farr et al ., 2006; Sideris and Paxton, 1931 Phytophthora nicotianae Breda de Haan (= P

. parasitica Dastur) (Oomycetes: Pythiales) MY, US F, L No Yes Erwin and Ribeiro, 1996; Farr et al ., 2006
Phytophthora palmivora (E.J. Butler) E.J. Butler (Oomycetes: Pythiales) MY, US F, L No Yes Erwin and Ribeiro, 1996; Farr et al ., 2006 Pithomyces chartarum (Berk. and M.A. Curtis) M.B. Ellis (Ascomycetes: Pleosporales) MY, US L No Yes Farr et al ., 2006
Pithomyces maydicus (Sacc .) M.B. Ellis (Ascomycetes: Pleosporales) MY, US L No Yes Farr et al ., 2006
Pithomyces sacchari (Speg.) M.B. Ellis (Ascomycetes: Pleosporales) MY, US L No Yes Farr et al ., 2006; Kirk, 1998a Prillieuxina stuhlmannii (Henn.) Arx (Ascomycetes) (= Asterinella stuhlmannii [Henn.] Theiss.) MY L Yes Yes Farr et al ., 2006; MDOA, 2004
Pythium sp. (Oomycetes: Pythiales) MY L, S, R Yes No Lim, 1985 Pythium acanthicum Drechsler (Oomycetes: Pythiales) MY, US R No No Farr et al ., 2006; Spencer, 2005 Pythium aphanidermatum (Edson) Fitzp. (= P

. butleri L. Subra) ( Oomycetes: Pythiales) MY, US R No No Farr et al ., 2006
Pythium arrhenomanes Drechsler ( Oomycetes: Pythiales) MY, US R No No CABI, 2005; Farr et al ., 2006 Pythium debaryanum Auct. non R. Hesse ( Oomycetes: Pythiales) MY, US R No No Farr et al ., 2006
Pythium graminicola Subram. ( Oomycetes: Pythiales) MY, US R No No CABI, 2005; Farr et al ., 2006 Pythium irregulare Buisman ( Oomycetes: Pythiales) MY, US R No No Farr et al ., 2006 Pythium myriotylum Drechsler (Oomycetes: Pythiales) MY, US R, S No No CABI, 2005; Farr et al ., 2006 Pythium splendens H. Braun (Oomycetes: Pythiales) MY, US R No No Farr et al ., 2006

31 Fungus may cause rot of green fruit (Erwin and Ribeiro, 1996), but is unlikely to be associated with market quality fruit.Pest List for Pineapple from Malaysia



### Rev. 03 August 2 4 , 2010 16 **Pest Geographic**  **d istribution**  **1 Plant p**  **art**

**a ffected** **2 Quaran** 
****

**tine p**  **est 3**  **F ollow** 

**p athway**  **References** Pythium vexans de Bary (Oomycetes: Pythiales) MY, US R No No Farr et al ., 2006 Rhizopus arrhizus A. Fis ch. (= R

. oryzae Went and Prins. Geerl.) (Zygomycetes: Mucorales) MY, US F No Yes Farr et al ., 2006; Rohrbach and Apt, 1993
Rhizopus stolonifer (Ehrenb.:Fr.) Vuill. (Zygomycetes: Mucorales) MY, US F No Yes Farr et al ., 2006
Spegazzinia tessarthra (Berk. and M.A. Curtis) Sacc. (Ascomycetes) MY, US L No Yes Farr et al ., 2006
Stachybotrys parvispora S. Hughes (Ascomycetes) MY, US L No Yes Farr et al ., 2006; Kirk, 1998b Stachylidium bicolor Link:Fr. (Ascomycetes) MY, US L No Yes Farr et al ., 2006; MDOA, 200 4 Stilbella annulata (Berk. and M.A. Curtis) Seifert (= S

. proliferans F. Stevens) (Ascomycetes: Hypocreales) MY, US L No Yes Farr et al ., 2006; MDOA, 2004
Stomiopeltis sp. (Ascomycetes) MY L Yes Yes AFFA, 2002; MDOA, 2004 Trichoderma viride Pers.:Fr. (Ascomycetes: Hypocreales) MY, US L, R No Yes Farr et al ., 2006 Zygosporium oscheoides Mont. (Ascomycetes) MY, US L No Yes Farr et al ., 2006
**NEMATODES** Aphelenchus avenae Bastian (Aphelenchidae) MY, US R No No Handoo and Ellington, 2005; Reddy, 1978; Wellman, 1977 Helicotylenchus dihystera (Cobb) Sher (Hoplolaimidae) MY, US R No No CABI, 2005 Helicotylenchus erythrinae (Zimmermann) Golden (Hoplolaimidae) MY, US R No No Duke, 1983; Handoo and Ellington, 2005; Sauer and Winoto, 1975a Helicotylenchus multicinctus (Cobb) Golden (Hoplolaimidae) MY, US R No No CABI, 2005; Timm, 1965
Helicotylenchus pseudorobustus (Steiner) Golden (Hoplolaimidae) MY, US R No No CABI, 2005; Handoo and Ellington, 2005 Meloidogyne arenaria (Neal) Chitwood (Meloidogynidae) MY, US R No No CABI, 2005; Duke, 1983 Meloidogyne hapla Chitwood (Meloidogynidae) MY, US R No No CABI, 2005; Duke, 1983Pest List for Pineapple from Malaysia



### Rev. 03 August 2 4 , 2010 17 **Pest Geographic**  **d istribution**  **1 Plant p**  **art**

**a ffected** **2 Quaran** 
****

**tine p**  **est 3**  **F ollow** 

**p athway**  **References** Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid and White) Chitwood (Meloidogynidae) MY, US R No No CABI, 2005
Meloidogyne javanica (Treub) Chitwood (Meloido gynidae) MY, US R No No CABI, 2005 Pratylenchus brachyurus (Godfrey) Filipjev and Schuurmans Stekhoven (Pratylenchidae) MY, US R No No CABI, 2005

Pratylenchus coffeae (Zimmermann) Filipjev and Schuurmans Steckhoven (Pratylenchidae) MY, US R No No CABI, 2 005; Rama and Dasgupta, 1987
Pratylenchus zeae Graham (Pratylenchidae) MY, US R No No CABI, 2005; Ryss and Fam, 1989 Radopholus similis (Cobb) Thorne (Pratylenchidae) MY, US R No No CABI, 2005 Rotylenchulus reniformis Linford and Oliveira (Hoplolaimidae ) MY, US R No No CABI, 2005
Scutellonema brachyurus (Steiner) Andrássy (Hoplolaimidae) MY, US R No No CABI, 2005, 2006
Tylenchorhynchus annulatus (Cassidy) Golden (Dolichodoridae) MY, US R No No CABI, 2005; Duke, 1983
Xiphinema ensiculiferum (Cobb) Thorne (Xiphinematidae) MY, US R32 No No Duke, 1983; Lehman, 2002; Sauer and Winoto, 1975b Xiphinema insigne Loos (Xiphinematidae) MY, US R33 No No AFFA, 2002; Handoo and Ellington, 2005; Razak and Loof, 1998 Xiphinema radicicola Goodey (Xiphinematidae) MY, US R34 No No Lehman, 2002; Nath et al ., 1998; Razak and Loof, 1998 **MOLLUSCS** Achatina fulica Bowdich (Achatinidae) MY, US (HI) L, S Yes Yes PPQ, 200 2b; Bishop Museum, 2004 Bradybaena similaris (Ferussac) (Eulotidae) MY, US L No Yes AFFA, 2002; Chang, 2002; Idris and Abdullah, 1999; Minton and Perez, 2005

32 Isolated from the rhizosphere of hosts (Sauer and Winoto, 1975b), and presumably associated with roots. 33 Isolated from the rhizosphere of hosts (Chen et al ., 2004), and pre sumably associated with roots. 34 Isolated from the rhizosphere of pineapple (Nath et al ., 1998), and presumably as sociated with roots.Pest List for Pineapple from Malaysia



### Rev. 03 August 2 4 , 2010 18 

## 3. **Quarantine Pests Following the P athway**  After preliminary

evaluation, w e found 22 quarantine pests likely to follow the import pathway (Table 2). Armored scales identified in this risk analysis (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) were not expected to follow the pathway

because although armored scales may enter on commercial fruit for consumption, they

are not expected to become established, and therefore introduced, via this pathway (Miller, 1985; PERAL , 2007 ). A recent critical review of the literature, APHI S

- PPQ operational data, and expert opinion concludes that even assuming high quantities of imported fruit infested with armored scale species that could be parthenogenic, highly fecund, poly phagous, invasive, theoreticall y able to survive in most of the United States, and cause high level consequences, the specific pathway represented by

commerciall y produced fruit shipped without leaves, significant stems or contaminants constitutes an extremely low risk (PERAL , 2007 ). This low risk is explained by poor ability

of armored scales to disperse to new host plants from fruits for consumption, and consequently, by their low probability

of establishment (PERAL , 2007 ). The following characteristics of armored scales contribute to their poor dispersal capabilities:

- Legs and wings are absent in females and in feeding immature forms. Males possess wings but are short

- lived, do not feed, and tend to mate with nearb y females.

- Self

- dispersal of armored scales occurs b y immature forms, or “crawlers.” They are the most vulnerable life stage, survival of which decreases with long distance wind dispersal. Crawlers can be passively dispersed b y wind from one plant to another only during a time period of approximately

24 hours. No further dispersal is possible after the crawlers start feeding as they

lose their legs during the first molt and the mouth parts are deepl y inserted in the host, anchoring them firml y to the substrate. Dispersal from fruit discarded in the environment is considered very unlikely because of low wind speeds at ground level and low survival rate of crawlers on the ground or on decay ing fruit or fruit peel. The probability

of crawlers active ly

dispersing by

walking from their natural host is low because they cannot move easily over bare soil or rough surfaces (PERAL, 2007). We did not include Bactrocera dorsa lis (Hendel) (= Dacus dorsalis Hendel) in the pest list, because despite some earlier reports (e.g., CABI , 2005) it is not known to occur in Malaysia. Records for the species in that country

probably involve one or more closely related, sibling species (Drew & Hancock, 1994; Clarke et al., 2001).Pest List for Pineapple from Malaysia



### Rev. 03 August 2 4 , 2010 19 **Table 2** . Quarantine pests likely to follow the pathway on fresh pineapple fruit from Malaysia. **Type Organism**  **Tax onomy**  Arthropods Adoretus sinicus Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae

Coccus viridis Hemiptera: Coccidae Darna trima Lepidoptera: Limacodidae Dysmicoccus neobrevipes Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae Eutetranychus orientalis Acari: Tetranychidae Glycyphana sinu ata Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae Leptocorisa acuta Hemiptera: Coreidae Melanitis leda Lepidoptera: Satyridae Maconellicoccus hirsutus Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae Parasa lepida Lepidoptera: Limacodidae Planococcus minor Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae R habdoscelus obscurus Coleoptera: Curculionidae Setothosea asigna Lepidoptera: Limacodidae Spodoptera litura Lepidoptera: Noctuidae Stephanitis typica Hemiptera: Tingidae Thrips flavus Thysanoptera: Thripidae Fungi Gliomastix luzulae Ascomycete s

Marasmiellus scandens Basidiomycetes: Agaricales Marasmius crinis

- equi Basidiomycetes: Agaricales Marasmius palmivorus Basidiomycetes: Agaricales Prillieuxina stuhlmannii Ascomycetes Mollusca Achatina fulica Achatinidae



## 4. **Authors and Re view**  **ers** U

. S

. D epartment of A griculture, Animal and P lant H ealth Inspection S ervice P lant P rotection and Quarantine, C enter for P lant H ealth S cience and T echnology Author Thomas Culliney , Entomologist Reviewers Stephanie Dubon, Plant Pathology Shawn Robertson , Entomologist Barney Caton, Asst. Lab DirectorPest List for Pineapple from Malaysia



### Rev. 03 August 2 4 , 2010 20 

## 5. **Literature Cited** AFFA. 2002. Import Risk Analysis (IRA) for the Importation of Fresh Pineapple Fruit. Final IRA Report (July

2002): Appendix 1

– Preliminary pest categorisation for non weed pests. Australian Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry (AFFA) ; http://www.daffa.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/22401/fin_app1.pdf

. Agrios, G.N. 1997. Plant Pathology , 4th ed. New York: Academic Press. Anony mous. 1969. Pests of legume covers. Plrs. Bull. Rubb. Res. Inst. Malaya (102): 105

- 112. [CAB Abstracts Archive] Armstrong, J.W. and R.I . Vargas. 1982. Resistance of pineapple variety ’59

- 656’ to field populations of o riental fruit flies and melon flies (Diptera: Tephritidae). Journal of Economic Entomology

75(5): 781

- 782. Armstrong, J.W., J.D. Vriesenga, and C.Y.L. Lee. 1979. Resistance of pineapple varieties D

- 10 and D

- 20 to field populations of oriental fruit flies and melon flies. Journal of Economic Entomology

72(1): 6

- 7. Atkinson, T.H., P.G. Koehler, and R.S. Patterson. 1990. Annotated checklist of the cockroaches of Florida (Dictyoptera: Blattaria: Blattidae, Pol yphagidae, Blattellidae, Blaberidae). Fla. Entomol. 73(2): 303

- 327. Bartelt, R.J., R.S. Vetter, D.G. Carlson, and T.C. Baker. 1994. Responses to aggregation pheromones for five Carpophilus species (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) in a California date garden. Environ. Entomol. 23(6): 1534

- 1543. [CAB Abstracts] Ben

- Dov, Y., D.R. Miller, and G.A.P. Gibson. 2006. ScaleNet; http://198.77.169.79/scalenet/scalenet.htm [accessed January 2007]. Bharathi, N.S., N.G. Prasad, M. Shakarad, and A. Joshi. 2003. Variation in adult life history and stress resistance across five species of Drosophila . J. Genet. 82(3): 191

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Databases. Honolulu: B.P. Bishop Museum; http://hbs.bishopmuseum.org/aliensnailsearch.html [accessed October 2007]. Bolland, H.R., J. Guitierrez, and C.H.W. Flechtmann. 1998. World Catalogue of the Spider Mite Family (Acari: Tetranychidae). Leiden, Netherlands: E.J. Brill. Bradbury , J.F. 1977. Bacterial diseases, pp. 52

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. Bradbury , J.F. 1986. Guide to Plant Pathogenic Bacteria. Slough, U.K.: CAB International. Brunt, A.A., K. Crabtree, M.J. Dallwitz, A.J. Gibbs, L . Watson, and E.J. Zurcher (eds.). 1996. Plant Viruses Online: Descriptions and Lists from the VIDE Database. 20th ver.; http://image.fs.uidaho.edu/vide/refs.htm#authors [accessed January 2007]. Bruton, B.D., J.M. Wells, G.E. Lester, and C.L . Patterson. 1991. Pathogenicity and characterization o f Erwinia ananas causing a postharvest disease of cantaloup e fruit. Plant Dis. 75(2): 180

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– 13: pine

- apple. Pesticides 9(1): 21

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- P. 2002. Bradybaena similaris (de Férussac) (Bradybaenidae ) as a pest on grapevines of Taiwan, pp. 241

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- T. Tsay . 2004. Variability within Xiphinema insigne populations in Taiwan. P lant Pathol. Bull. 13(2): 127

- 142. [CAB Abstracts] Clarke, A.R., A. Allwood, A. Chinajariyawong, R.A.I . Drew, C. Hengsawad, M. Jirasurat, C. Kong Krong, S. Kritsaneepaiboon, and S. Vijaysegaran. 2001. Seasonal abundance and host use patterns of seven Bactrocera Macquart species (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Thailand and Peninsular Malaysia. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 49(2): 207

- 220. Corbett, G.H. 1929. Divison of Entomology . Annual Report for 1928. Malay . Agric. J. 17(8): 261

- 276. [CAB Abstracts Archive] Cox, J.M. 1989. The mealy bug genus Planococcus (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae). Bull. Br. Mus. Nat. Hist. (Ent.) 58(1): 1

- 78. CTAHR. 2006. Pineapple. Crop Knowledge Master. Univ. of Hawaii Coll. Trop. Agric. Hum. Resour (CTAHR) . Integrated Pest Manage. Prog.; http://www.extento.hawaii.edu/kbase/crop/crops/pineappl.htm [accessed January 2007]. Drew, R.A.I. and D.L. Hancock. 1994. The Bactrocera dorsalis complex of fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae: Dacinae) in Asia. Bulletin of Entomological Research Supplement (2): 1

- 68. Duke, J.A. 1983. Ananas comosus (L.) Merr. In Handbook of Energy Crops; http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke_energy/Ananas_comosus.html#Biotic%20Fac tors [accessed January

2007]. Eay re, C.G., J.A. Bartz, and D.E. Concelmo. 1995. Bacteriophages of Erwinia carotovora and Erwinia ananas isolated from freshwater lakes. Plant Dis. 79(8): 801

- 804. Erwin, D.C. and O.K. Ribeiro. 1996. Phy tophthora Diseases Worldwide. St. Paul, MN: APS Press. Evenhuis, N.L. 1998. Family Micropezidae. In N.L. Evenhuis (ed.). Catalog of the Diptera of the Australasian and Oceanian Regions [web version]; http://hbs.bishopmuseum.org/aocat/micropezidae.html [accessed January 2007]. Ewing, C.P. and A.R. Cline. 2005. Key to adventive sap beetles (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) in Hawaii, with no tes on records and habits. Coleopt. Bull. 59(2): 167

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Laboratory, ARS, USDA; http://nt.ars

grin.gov/fungaldatabases/index.cfm [accessed January 2007]. Fullaway, D.T. and N.L.H. Krauss. 1945. Common Insects of Hawaii. Honolulu: Tongg Publ. Co. Furumizo, R.T. and V. Thomas. 1977. Mites of house dust. S.E. Asian J. Trop. Med. Publ. Heath 8(3): 411

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### Rev. 03 August 2 4 , 2010 22 Hansen, M., C. Hernando, and I. Ribera. 2004. Dactylosternum abdominale (Fabricius 1792). Fauna Europaea, vers. 1.2; http://www.faunaeur.org/full_results.php?id=189443 [accessed January

2007]. Hill, D.S. 1983. Agricultural Insect Pests of the Tropics and Their Control, 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press

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- Z . 2000. List of Chinese Insects. Vol. I. Guangzhou: Zhongshan (Sun Yat

- sen) Univ. Press. Ib rahim, Y.B., T.K. Lim, M.K. Tang, and H.M. Teng. 1993. Influence of temperature, pH and selected growth media on germination, growth and sporulation of As chersonia placenta and Hypocrella raciborskii . Biocontr. Sci. Technol. 3(1): 55

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