FIFTH DIVISION

RICKMAN, C. J.,

MCFADDEN, P. J., and SENIOR APPELLATE JUDGE PHIPPS

NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be

physically received in our clerk’s office within ten

days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed.

https://www.gaappeals.us/rules

DEADLINES ARE NO LONGER TOLLED IN THIS

COURT. ALL FILINGS MUST BE SUBMITTED WITHIN

THE TIMES SET BY OUR COURT RULES.

September 7, 2021

In the Court of Appeals of Georgia

A21A0667. BRANCH v. THE STATE. 

MCFADDEN, Presiding Judge.

Demetric Branch appeals from his aggravated stalking conviction. He

challenges the sufficiency of the evidence supporting the conviction; but the trial

transcript shows that there was enough evidence from which the jury was authorized

to find guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. He also claims that the trial judge failed to

fulfill his duty to act as the “thirteenth juror” in reviewing his motion for a new trial;

however, the record reveals that the judge did in fact fulfill that duty. Branch further

contends that the court failed to apply the proper three-part test before admitting

evidence of prior difficulties; but there is no indication in the record that the court did

not know the law and apply it before allowing the evidence. Branch’s additional

claim of ineffective assistance of counsel fails because he has not shown that trial
counsel’s performance was deficient. And his final request that we review the harm

of the alleged cumulative errors of the trial court and trial counsel is without merit

since there are not multiple errors from which to assess cumulative harm. We

therefore affirm the judgment of conviction. 

1. Facts and procedural posture. 

Shaquitta Shepherd filed a verified petition for a protective order against

Branch, alleging that after she had refused to have sex with him, he sent her numerous

threatening text messages and came to her home, where he tried to break down a

screen door and spit on her. After a hearing, the superior court issued a 12-month

protective order enjoining Branch from threatening, harassing, or intimidating

Shepherd and prohibiting him from having any contact or communication with her.

Thereafter, Branch sent numerous threatening text messages to Shepherd and

contacted her through a social media account. 

Branch was indicted for aggravated stalking by contacting Shepherd for the

purpose of harassing and intimidating her in violation of the protective order. The

case was tried before a jury, which found Branch guilty of the aggravated stalking

charge. The trial court sentenced Branch to serve five years in confinement and five

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years on probation. After Branch’s motion for a new trial was denied, this appeal

followed. 

2. Sufficiency of the evidence. 

Branch challenges the sufficiency of the evidence supporting his conviction,

arguing that there is no evidence that the protective order was legally issued or that

it was served upon him. Both arguments are without merit. 

[W]hen reviewing a defendant’s challenge to the sufficiency of

the evidence, we view the evidence in the light most favorable to the

jury’s verdict, and the defendant no longer enjoys the presumption of

innocence. We do not weigh the evidence or determine witness

credibility, but only determine if the evidence was sufficient for a

rational trier of fact to find the defendant guilty of the charged offense

beyond a reasonable doubt. 

McAllister v. State, 343 Ga. App. 213 (1) (807 SE2d 14) (2017) (citation and

punctuation omitted).

With regard to the legality of the protective order, Branch argues that the

superior court did not have personal jurisdiction over him because there was no

evidence of service of process of the petition on himbefore the court issued the order.

But the trial transcript shows that the state introduced, without objection, two

sheriff’s entry of service documents indicating that Branch was personally served

with the petition and summons prior to the hearing. See OCGA § 24-8-802

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(unobjected to hearsay “shall be legal evidence and admissible”). So contrary to

Branch’s claim, there was evidence that he was served notice prior to the hearing. 

As for service of the court’s protective order on Branch, the aggravated

stalking statute, OCGA § 16-5-91 (a), does not include service as a necessary element

of the offense. It provides:

A person commitsthe offense of aggravated stalking when such person,

in violation of a bond to keep the peace posted pursuant to Code Section

17-6-110, temporary restraining order, temporary protective order,

permanent restraining order, permanent protective order, preliminary

injunction, good behavior bond, or permanent injunction or condition of

pretrial release, condition of probation, or condition of parole in effect

prohibiting the behavior described in this subsection, follows, places

under surveillance, or contacts another person at or about a place or

places without the consent of the other person for the purpose of

harassing and intimidating the other person. 

“[T]he only additional proof required by the aggravated stalking statute is that the

defendant violated a court order. [Cits.] As a result, it would be inappropriate for this

court to engraft onto the statute an additional [service] element for the offense.”

Revere v. State, 277 Ga. App. 393, 395 (1) (b) (626 SE2d 585) (2006) (rejecting

contention that tendering no-contact order into evidence failed to satisfy state’s

burden of proof for aggravated stalking conviction because state was required to

prove that defendant received actual notice of the order). See generally White v. State,

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305 Ga. 111, 114-115 (1) (823 SE2d 794) (2019) (statutory language is afforded its

plain and ordinary meaning); Patterson v. State, 299 Ga. 491, 495 (789 SE2d 175)

(2016) (refusing to engraft specific intent element on to plain statutory language for

an offense that did not include that element and noting that it would be a matter for

the General Assembly to include such an element).

Moreover, in this case, as in Revere, supra, the protective order was admitted

into evidence. So “even if notice of the order were required, proof of the written order

alone is sufficient to prove notice to [Branch] based on the presumption of regularity

in judicial proceedings.” Revere, supra. And we further note that there was additional

testimony and documentary evidence showing that Branch was actually informed of

and knew about the protective order. Because there was evidence “show[ing] that

[Branch] was aware that a court order was in place which prohibited him from . . .

contacting the victim[,] . . . [a]ny rational trier of fact could have found [him] guilty

beyond a reasonable doubt of aggravated stalking.” Fields v. State, 281 Ga. App. 733,

736 (1) (a) (637 SE2d 136) (2006), overruled in part on other grounds by State v.

Lane, 308 Ga. 10, 24 (838 SE2d 808) (2020). See also Littlejohn v. State, 225 Ga.

App. 900, 903 (4) (485 SE2d 230) (1997) (sufficient evidence for aggravated stalking

conviction where evidence showed that defendant had been informed that he was not

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allowed inside the victim’s home); Hooper v. State, 223 Ga. App. 515, 517 (3) (478

SE2d 606)(1996) (aggravated stalking conviction upheld where no-contact order was

verbally communicated to defendant). 

3. Thirteenth juror. 

Branch complains that the trial court failed to fulfill its duty to review his

motion for new trial under the “thirteenth juror” standard codified at OCGA §§ 5-5-

20 and 5-5-21. Under this standard, even if there is sufficient evidence to support the

verdict, “the trial court may [exercise its discretion and] order a new trial if the

‘verdict of a jury is found contrary to evidence and the principles of justice and

equity’ or if the verdict is ‘decidedly and strongly against the weight of the evidence

even though there may appear to be some slight evidence in favor of the finding.’”

Gresham v. State, 354 Ga. App. 835, 838 (1) (841 SE2d 484) (2020) (citations

omitted). “In exercising that discretion, the trial judge must consider some of the

thingsthat[he] cannot when assessing the legalsufficiency of the evidence, including

any conflicts in the evidence, the credibility of witnesses, and the weight of the

evidence.” Burney v. State, 299 Ga. 813, 815 (1) (c) (792 SE2d 354) (2016) (citation

and punctuation omitted). “But the trial court’s discretion to grant a new trial under

these circumstancesshould be exercised with caution and invoked only in exceptional

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cases in which the evidence preponderates heavily against the verdict.” Gresham,

supra (citation and punctuation omitted). On appeal, we presume, “in the absence of

affirmative evidence to the contrary, that the trial court properly exercised its

discretion pursuant to OCGA §§ 5-5-20 and 5-5-21. However, when the record

reflectsthat the trial court reviewed the motion for new trial only for legalsufficiency

of the evidence, the trial court hasfailed to exercise such discretion.” Holmes v. State,

306 Ga. 524, 528 (2) (832 SE2d 392) (2019) (citations and punctuation omitted). 

Here, Branch has cited no affirmative evidence showing that the trial court

failed to exercise its discretion as the thirteenth juror and the record does not reflect

that the trial court reviewed Branch’s motion for new trial only for legal sufficiency

of the evidence. On the contrary, the trial court’s order denying the motion plainly

shows that the court first reviewed the legal sufficiency of the evidence and then, in

a separate division, expressly noted its discretion under OCGA §§ 5-5-20 and 5-5-21,

found that “this is not an exceptional case in which the evidence preponderates

heavily against the verdict,” and declined to exercise its discretion to order a new

trial. Because it is clear from the record “that the trial court exercised its discretion

as the thirteenth juror in denying [the] motion for a new trial[, t]his claim of error

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fails.” Blackshear v. State, 309 Ga. 479, 486 (2) (847 SE2d 317) (2020) (punctuation

omitted). 

4. Prior difficulties evidence. 

Branch contends that the trial court erred in admitting evidence of prior

difficulties between him and the victim without applying the three-part test for

determining the admissibility of such evidence under OCGA §§ 24-4-403 and 24-4-

404 (b). See Flowers v. State, 307 Ga. 618, 621 (2) (837 SE2d 824) (2020) (“The trial

court must find that: (1) the other acts evidence is relevant to an issue other than the

defendant’s character, (2) the probative value is not substantially outweighed by

undue prejudice under OCGA § 24-4-403. . . , and (3) there is sufficient proof that a

jury could find by a preponderance of the evidence that the defendant committed the

acts.”) (citation omitted). But Branch has cited nothing in the record showing that the

trial judge did not apply the test before admitting the evidence; instead, he simply

cites to the portion of the transcript where the judge, after hearing the arguments of

counsel, overruled his objection to the evidence. 

“The trial judge is presumed to know the law and presumed to faithfully and

lawfully performthe duties devolving upon (him) by law. This court will not presume

the trial court committed error where that fact does not affirmatively appear.”

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Harrison v. State, 330 Ga. App. 570, 572 (1) (768 SE2d 762) (2015) (citation and

punctuation omitted). See also Holmes v. State, ___ Ga. ___ (3) (859 SE2d 475)

(2021) (“Trial judges . . . are presumed to know the law and apply it in making their

decisions, absent some indication in the record suggesting otherwise.”) (citation and

punctuation omitted). Given the absence of an affirmative indication in the record

suggesting that the trial court did not know the law and apply it, we will not presume

error. 

And to the extent Branch suggests that the trial court erred in failing to explain

on the record how it determined the admissibility of the prior difficulties evidence

under OCGA §§ 24-4-403 and 24-4-404 (b), he “did not object to the failure to make

Rule 403 and Rule 404 findings on the record, and such a failure was not plain error.”

Jordan v. State, 307 Ga. 450, 453 (2) n. 6 (836 SE2d 86) (2019). See also Brewner

v. State, 302 Ga. 6, 15 (III) (804 SE2d 94) (2017) (no requirement for on-the-record

findings in support of admission of evidence under the three prongs of Rule 404 (b),

so no plain error where court failed to make such findings on the record). 

5. Ineffective assistance of counsel. 

Branch claims that his trial counsel was ineffective in failing to object to

evidence of text messages and Facebook messages sent by him to the victim as

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hearsay that was not properly authenticated. To prevail on this claim, Branch “must

show both that his counsel’s performance was professionally deficient and that, but

for the unprofessional performance, there is a reasonable probability that the outcome

of the proceeding would have been different. We need not review both parts of this

test if [Branch] fails to prove one of them.” St. Germain v. State, 358 Ga. App. 163

(1) (853 SE2d 394) (2021) (citation and punctuation omitted). Branch has failed to

prove that trial counsel’s performance was deficient, so we need not reach the

prejudice prong of the test. 

As an initial matter, we note that Branch has not cited any case law that

supports his evidentiary claim or shows that such an objection at trial would have

been meritorious. Instead, he has simply included a string cite to general code

sections concerning hearsay and self-authentication, without presenting any legal

argument about which particular sections of those lengthy statutes support his claim

of error. See OCGA §§ 24-8-801 to 24-8-804, and 24-9-902. While Branch may have

technically complied with the requirement that he include supporting authority for the

issue presented in his brief, see Court of Appeals Rule 25 (a) (3), we reiterate that

“[i]t is not this court’s role to speculate about [or formulate] the legal basis for an

appellant’s argument[.]” Evans v. State, ___ Ga. App. ___ (11) (a) (859 SE2d 593)

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(2021). Nevertheless, we will addressBranch’s argument to the extent we understand

it from his brief. Wimbush v. State, 345 Ga. App. 54, 60 (812 SE2d 489) (2018). 

There are no special requirements for authentication of text messages and

Facebook messages.

Regarding authentication of evidence, OCGA § 24-9-901 (a) and

(b) (1) provide: The requirement of authentication or identification as a

condition precedent to admissibility shall be satisfied by evidence

sufficient to support a finding that the matter in question is what its

proponent claims and the following is an example of authentication or

identification conforming with the requirements of this Code section:

Testimony of a witness with knowledge that a matter is what it is

claimed to be. Recently, the Supreme Court of Georgia reiterated that

documents from electronic sources such as the printouts from a website

like Facebook are subject to the same rules of authentication as other

more traditional documentary evidence and may be authenticated

through circumstantial evidence. Indeed, as we have acknowledged,

there are no special rules under Georgia law governing the

authentication of electronic documents or communications.Finally, once

the party seeking to authenticate a document presents a prima facie case

that the proffered evidence is what it purports to be, the evidence is

admitted and the ultimate question of authenticity is decided by the jury. 

Johnson v. State, 348 Ga. App. 667, 674-675 (1) (b) (824 SE2d 561) (2019)

(citations, punctuation, and emphasis omitted). 

Here, the state made a prima facie showing that the text and Facebook

messages were what they purported to be through the testimony of the victim who

identified the various messages sent by Branch to her. See United States v. Arnold,

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696 Fed. Appx. 903, 906-907 (II) (A) (2) (10th Cir. 2017) (finding that government

properly authenticated evidence through testimonyofwitness identifying screen-shots

of text messages saved to his cell phone). So contrary to Branch’s arguments, the

evidence was properly admitted and the ultimate question of its authenticity was a

matter for the jury to decide. And since an authentication objection to the evidence

would have been meritless, the lack of such an objection provides no grounds for

finding ineffective assistance of trial counsel. See Ivey v. State, 305 Ga. 156, 162 (2)

(c) (824 SE2d 242) (2019) (failure to raise a meritless objection does not constitute

deficient performance). The trial court therefore did not err in denying the motion for

new trial on this ground. 

6. Cumulative error. 

Branch contends that the purported cumulative errors of the trial court and his

trial counsel must be addressed under State v. Lane, 308 Ga. 10, 17-18 (838 SE2d

808) (2020). But as explained above, “there are not multiple errors from which to

assess cumulative harm. See Cox v. State, 306 Ga. 736, 743 (832 SE2d 354) (2019)

(‘[W]e evaluate only the effects of matters determined to be error, not the cumulative

effect of non-errors.’ (citation and punctuation omitted)).” Hughes v. State, ___ Ga.

___ (3) (Case No. S21A0730, decided July 7, 2021). 

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Judgment affirmed. Rickman, C. J., and Senior Appellate Judge Herbert E.

Phipps concur.

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