Marine Sanctuaries Conservation Series NMSP-06-08

U.S. Department of Commerce 

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

National Ocean Service 

Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management 

M/V WAVE WALKER 

Coral Reef Restoration 

Baseline Monitoring Report – 2004 

Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary 

Monroe County, Florida

National Marine Sanctuary Program September 2006 
About the Marine Sanctuaries Conservation Series 

The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s National Ocean Service (NOS) 

administers the National Marine Sanctuary Program (NMSP). Its mission is to identify, 

designate, protect and manage the ecological, recreational, research, educational, 

historical, and aesthetic resources and qualities of nationally significant coastal and 

marine areas. The existing marine sanctuaries differ widely in their natural and 

historical resources and include nearshore and open ocean areas ranging in size from 

less than one to over 5,000 square miles. Protected habitats include rocky coasts, kelp 

forests, coral reefs, sea grass beds, estuarine habitats, hard and soft bottom habitats, 

segments of whale migration routes, and shipwrecks. 

Because of considerable differences in settings, resources, and threats, each marine 

sanctuary has a tailored management plan. Conservation, education, research, 

monitoring and enforcement programs vary accordingly. The integration of these 

programs is fundamental to marine protected area management. The Marine 

Sanctuaries Conservation Series reflects and supports this integration by providing a 

forum for publication and discussion of the complex issues currently facing the National 

Marine Sanctuary Program. Topics of published reports vary substantially and may

include descriptions of educational programs, discussions on resource management 

issues, and results of scientific research and monitoring projects. The series facilitates 

integration of natural sciences, socioeconomic and cultural sciences, education, and 

policy development to accomplish the diverse needs of NOAA’s resource protection 

mandate. 
M/V WAVE WALKER 

Coral Reef Restoration 

Baseline Monitoring Report – 2004 

Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary 

Monroe County, Florida

Erik C. Franklin 

J. Harold Hudson 

Jeff Anderson 

National Marine Sanctuary Program, National Ocean Service 

 National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration 

Silver Spring, Maryland

September 2006

U.S. Department of Commerce 

Carlos M. Gutierrez, Secretary 

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 

VADM Conrad C. Lautenbacher, Jr. (USN-ret.) 

Under Secretary of Commerce for Oceans and Atmosphere

National Ocean Service 

John H. Dunnigan, Assistant Administrator 

National Marine Sanctuary Program

Daniel J. Basta, Director 
DISCLAIMER 

The mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or 

recommendation for use. 

REPORT AVAILABILITY 

Electronic copies of this report may be downloaded from the National Marine Sanctuary 

Program web site at www.sanctuaries.nos.noaa.gov. Hard copies are available from the

following address: 

 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

 National Marine Sanctuary Program

 SSMC4, N/ORM62 

 1305 East-West Highway 

 Silver Spring, MD 20910 

COVER 

Restored M. annularis described in report—Photo credit: Jeff Anderson 

SUGGESTED CITATION

Franklin, E.C., J. H. Hudson, J. Anderson. 2005. M/V WAVE WALKER 

Coral reef restoration baseline monitoring report – 2004 Florida Keys National Marine 

Sanctuary, Monroe County, Fl. Marine Sanctuaries Conservation Series NMSP-06-08.

U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 

National Marine Sanctuary Program, Silver Spring, MD. 15 pp. 

CONTACT 

Hudson, J. H., corresponding author, at: Harold.Hudson@noaa.gov 
ABSTRACT 

This document presents the results of baseline monitoring of a repaired coral reef injured

by the M/V Wave Walker vessel grounding incident of January 19, 2001. This grounding 

occurred in Florida state waters within the boundaries of the Florida Keys National 

Marine Sanctuary (FKNMS). The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 

(NOAA) and the Board of Trustees of the Internal Improvement Trust Fund of the State 

of Florida, (“State of Florida” or “state”) are the co-trustees for the natural resources 

within the FKNMS. This report documents the efficacy of the restoration effort, the 

condition of the restored reef area two year and four months post-effort, and provides a 

picture of surrounding reference areas, so as to provide a basis for future comparisons by 

which to evaluate the long-term success of the restoration. 

KEY WORDS 

Coral, Florida Keys, National Marine Sanctuary Program, grounding, restoration, 

monitoring, Montastrea annularis.

i 
TABLE OF CONTENTS 

Topic Page

Abstract and Key Words......................................................................................... i 

Table of Contents.................................................................................................... ii 

List of Figures and Tables....................................................................................... iii 

Introduction................................................................................. 1 

 Damage Assessment........................................................................................... 2 

 Coral Reef Restoration ...................................................................................... 4 

 Previous Studies................................................................................................. 4 

 Restoration Monitoring...................................................................................... 5 

Methodology........................................................................................................... 5 

 Field Methods .................................................................................................... 6 

 Photographic Analysis....................................................................................... 6 

Results..................................................................................................................... 7

 Structural Integrity............................................................................................. 7 

 Biological Condition.......................................................................................... 8 

Summary................................................................................................................. 12 

Literature Cited ....................................................................................................... 13 

Appendix................................................................................................................. 14 

ii 
LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES

Table Number and Title Page

Table 1 – Event timeline for the M/V Wave Walker grounding site restoration..... 2 

Table 2 – Observed structural characteristics of restoration module and reattached 

coral fragments in July 2004................................................................................... 7 

Figure Number and Title Page

Figure 1 – Approximate location (shown on NOAA Chart 11452) that the M/V 

Wave Walker ran aground on a large coral colony offshore of Plantation Key on 

January 19, 2001 ..................................................................................................... 2 

Figure 2 – The remains of the M/V Wave Walker following damage suffered from

grounding on a large coral colony offshore of Plantation Key............................... 3 

Figure 3 – Dislodged portion of the colony sidewall of a Montastrea annularis 

damaged by the grounding of the M/V Wave Walker. Photo view is toward the 

northwest................................................................................................................. 3 

Figure 4 – Schematic planar view map of the M/V Wave Walker restoration site.. 8 

Figure 5 – Views of the repaired coral colony looking to the north (A), west (B), 

south (C), and east (D)............................................................................................ 9 

Figure 6 – Photo mosaic of reattached corals in the reef crown installed adjacent 

to the repaired coral colony. For the photos, the reef crown was overlain with 

a 1 m2

 quadrat. The smaller squares are 1/16 m2................................................... 10 

Figure 7 – A large (> 1 m diameter) colony of Colpophyllia natans that exhibited 

signs of coral bleaching at “The Rocks” patch reef on July 23, 2004. This colony 

and several others adjacent to the restoration site were observed in various states of 

bleaching................................................................................................................. 11 

Figure 8 – Planar view of a section of the repaired coral colony damaged by 

the Wave Walker..................................................................................................... 11 

Figure 9 – Outline (in red) of the plastic sheet cut to delineate the interface of the 

concrete surface and live coral tissue along the rim of the coral colony ................ 12 

iii 

INTRODUCTION 

This document presents the results of baseline monitoring of a repaired coral reef injured

by the M/V Wave Walker vessel grounding incident of January 19, 2001. This grounding 

occurred in Florida state waters within the boundaries of the Florida Keys National 

Marine Sanctuary (FKNMS). The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 

(NOAA) and the Board of Trustees of the Internal Improvement Trust Fund of the State 

of Florida, (“State of Florida” or “state”) are the co-trustees for the natural resources 

within the FKNMS and, thus, are responsible for mediating the restoration of the 

damaged marine resources and monitoring the outcome of the restoration actions. The 

restoration monitoring program tracks patterns of biological recovery, determines the 

success of restoration measures, and assesses the resiliency to environmental and 

anthropogenic disturbances of the site over time. To evaluate restoration success, 

reference habitats adjacent to the restoration site are concurrently monitored to compare 

the condition of restored reef areas with “natural” coral reef areas unimpacted by the 

vessel grounding. 

The monitoring program of the Wave Walker site included an assessment of the structural 

stability and biological condition of the repaired coral colony, an installed restoration 

module, and reattached coral fragments performed on the following schedule: 

immediately (i.e., baseline), 1, 3, and 6 years after restoration and following a 

catastrophic event (Table 1). 

Restoration of this site was completed on March 22, 2002. Due to unavoidable delays in 

the settlement of the case, the monitoring schedule was adjusted accordingly and the 

“baseline” monitoring event for this site occurred in 2004. 

Table 1. Event timeline for the M/V Wave Walker grounding site restoration.

Event Date

Vessel Grounding January 19, 2001 

Assessment January 26, 2001

Restoration March 22, 2002 

Baseline Monitoring July 23, 2004 

Year One Monitoring Summer 2005 

Year Three Monitoring Summer 2007 

Year Six Monitoring Summer 2010 

Post-catastrophic Monitoring (once) Summer 2004-2010 

1 
Damage Assessment 

[Note: The information in this section was adapted from the Discussion section of the Walker Vessel

Grounding Assessment prepared by William B. Goodwin] 

The Wave Walker, a 52-foot motor vessel, struck and damaged a large coral colony at 

“The Rocks,” a patch reef offshore of Plantation Key, Florida, on January 19, 2001 

(Figure 1). The vessel suffered significant hull damage and sunk as a result of the

grounding (Figure 2). The Rocks are a cluster of sizeable Montastrea annularis colonies 

located 1 nautical mile inshore of the much more highly developed “Hen and Chickens” 

reef. Typical for large specimens of this species, the injured colony displayed a “volcanolike” shape, in which the top central area was mostly dead and sunken due to bioerosion, 

with a crown of living tissue encircling the rim of the depression. When the hull and 

running gear of the vessel struck the colony, much of the live tissue along the colony rim 

was broken into relatively large pieces. These pieces sheared off and landed either in the 

colony’s central depression or on the surrounding substrate. Additionally, a large (1.5 

m2

) portion of the colony’s sidewall was broken off, exposing the interior framework 

(Figure 3). In total, 10 m2

 of coral cover was lost as result of this grounding incident. 

Figure 1. Approximate location (shown on NOAA Chart 11452) that the M/V Wave Walker ran aground

on a large coral colony offshore of Plantation Key on January 19, 2001. 

2 
Figure 2. The remains of the M/V Wave Walker following damage suffered from grounding on a large 

coral colony offshore of Plantation Key.

Figure 3. Dislodged portion of the colony sidewall of a Montastrea annularis damaged by the grounding

of the M/V Wave Walker. Photo view is towards the northwest.

3 
Coral Reef Restoration 

[Note: The following information was adapted from the Wave Walker Restoration Plan prepared by J. 

Harold Hudson] 

The objectives of the M/V Wave Walker site restoration were to 1) repair the sidewall and 

rim of the injured coral colony (Figure 3), and 2) reattach dislodged live coral fragments 

on the colony’s skirt and in an adjacent “reef crown” restoration module. To accomplish 

these objectives, the damaged rim and sidewall of the colony were stabilized with a layer 

of 50/50 Portland cement and silica sand grout anchored to the framework with concrete 

nails. Three large, broken sections of coral were also reattached to the flank of the 

damaged colony with cement grout. Additional coral fragments were cemented into a

reef crown placed on the seafloor approximately 2 meters from the restored colony. The 

reef crown was a 1.2 m diameter, cylindrical structure created with Portland type II 

cement, sand, limestone rock aggregate, and boulders and anchored to the substrate with 

iron reinforcing rods. Short-length (15cm) fiberglass reinforcing rods were used to 

ensure structural integrity of cement layers with modules. Restoration activities were 

completed on March 22, 2002. 

Project oversight was provided by Harold Hudson, FKNMS, with the restoration 

performed by Marine Resources, Inc. (MRI). Field operations by MRI during the habitat

restoration were conducted using a 9-m (30-ft) MAKO® vessel with sufficient deck space 

to allow transport of reef replacement modules and to accommodate SCUBA and 

construction equipment. On-board navigation during transit to and from the project site

was achieved using a Furuno® differential global positioning system (dGPS). 

Previous Studies

Ginsburg and colleagues (2001) recorded the condition of 3,232 coral colonies at 22 

shallow patch reef sites throughout the Florida Reef Tract. From their surveys, they 

distinguished two primary types of patch reef sites: cluster reefs and composite reefs. 

Cluster reefs consisted of giant and coalesced coral colonies 1-5 m in diameter, typically 

of Montastraea annularis or M. faveolata or occasionally Siderastrea siderea and 

Colpophyllia natans. The patch reef “The Rocks” where the Wave Walker ran aground 

was identified as a cluster reef by Ginsburg and colleagues (2001). To estimate the live 

coral cover of large colonies (> 1 m in diameter) at 65 cluster reef sites throughout the 

Florida Keys, the authors used the line point intercept transect sampling method (Loya 

1978) in a radial array on each colony. Among the cluster reefs, sixty percent of coral 

colonies surveyed had a range of 30-60% coral cover. 

4 
Restoration Monitoring

The purpose of the coral restoration monitoring program is to evaluate the success of 

trustee actions in achieving restoration goals and to determine if remedial measures are 

needed. For a grounding site such as the M/V Wave Walker, the evaluation of restoration 

efforts involves the identification of appropriate success criteria and the design and 

implementation of a sampling and analysis plan. A list of success criteria measures for 

structural and functional aspects of coral reef restoration as well as a framework for 

monitoring activities is identified by NOAA (Thayer et al. 2003). 

The guiding hypotheses for the evaluation of the “restoration” site reflects the efficacy of 

the restoration techniques and the condition of the site relative to reference habitats. The

monitoring program addresses if the chosen restoration methods are effective and when 

the site could be considered restored. The structural integrity of the repaired coral colony

is evaluated with the following questions: 

1. Is the repaired sidewall and installed cement grout cap on the injured colony 

stable (i.e., firmly attached to the substrate)? Also, are the reattached colonies 

and the reef crown stable? 

2. Are there any visible cracks in the cement grout surface of the repaired colony, 

reattached fragments, or the reef crown? 

3. Is there any noticeable physical damage to the reattached coral colonies? 

In addition, the biological condition of the restoration site is evaluated with the following 

questions: 

1. What is the survivorship of the reattached coral fragments? 

2. Is there a difference in coral cover between the repaired colony and the reference 

for cluster patch reefs reported by Ginsburg and colleagues (2001)?

3. Is the coral tissue overgrowing, maintaining, or receding from the interface with

the cement grout on top of the colony?

The monitoring program is designed to detect significant changes in coral cover or 

damage to restoration components (structural enhancements, etc.) as a result of external 

events, such as major storms or vandalism, and to compare these conditions with the 

surrounding habitat. In addition, the monitoring assesses the effectiveness of the 

restoration based upon technical evaluation of appropriate parameters. 

5 
METHODOLOGY 

Field Methods 

On July 23, 2004, we monitored the Wave Walker restoration site using SCUBA from a

small vessel (6.4 m). The geographic location of the repaired coral colony was recorded 

with a dGPS Garmin 76 as latitude 24°57.229 N and longitude 80°32.884 W. To 

evaluate the physical characteristics of the restoration site, tactile and visual stability 

assessments were performed by searching for surface cracks and damaged coral 

fragments while attempting to displace parts of the repaired colony, reef crown, and 

reattached fragments. To track coral tissue growth or recession on the rim of the repaired 

colony, the tissue along the edge of the cement cap was mapped with a clear, colorless 

plastic sheet. The sheet was anchored to the surface of the colony with nails and cut 

underwater to the exact size and shape of the cement cap along the interface of live coral 

tissue. A planar photograph of the plastic sheet was digitized and analyzed in the 

software program Canvas

TM to determine the area of the cement grout cap. To determine 

the biological condition of the site, in situ observations, digital images, and digital videos

were recorded for the repaired coral colony, reattached fragments, installed reef crown, 

and surrounding reef area. Underwater digital images were collected with an Olympus

C-5050 digital camera in a Light & Motion Tetra 5050 underwater housing and digital 

videos were collected with a Sony DCR-DVD200 video camera in an Amphibico 

QuickView DVD underwater housing. 

Photographic Analysis 

Digital images were edited with Adobe Photoshop version 7 (Adobe 2002). Edits 

included hue changes to make water look more blue, brightness changes to compensate 

for original exposure, and sharpness changes to enhance images not in focus. Coral cover 

of the repaired colony and two nearby reference colonies was estimated from a set of 

horizontal digital images of a colony’s four sides (i.e., facing north, south, east, and 

west). The benthic type (i.e., coral or non-coral) was evaluated beneath fifty randomly 

generated points overlain on each image in the Coral Point Count (CPC) software 

program (Kohler 2004). Planar images of the quadrat were corrected for barrel distortion 

of the extreme wide angle image using the Panorama Tools plug-in for Photoshop. 

Finally, excess image information outside the quadrat boundary was cropped. 

6 
RESULTS 

Structural Integrity 

The stability and surface of the coral colony repair and restoration module were found to

be visually and tactilely sound (Table 2). The colony cement grout cap and module were 

found in place with a stable attachment to the substrate and no visible cracks in the

cement surface. There was no noticeable physical damage to the reattached coral 

fragments. The location of the fragments and reef crown were mapped in relation to the 

repaired coral colony (Figure 4). 

Table 2. Observed structural characteristics of restoration module and reattached coral fragments in July

2004. 

Analysis Coral Species

Stable 

Attachment 

(Yes/No) 

Surface 

Cracks 

(Yes/No) 

Damaged 

Corals 

(Yes/No) 

Live Coral 

Tissue 

(Yes/No) 

Colony top Montastrea annularis Yes No No Yes

Reef crown Multiple Yes No No Yes 

Coral 1 Diploria labyrinthiformis Yes No No Yes

Coral 2 M. annularis Yes No No Yes

Coral 3 M. annularis Yes No No Yes

Coral 4 Colpophyllia natans Yes No No Yes

Coral 5 M. annularis Yes No No Yes

Coral 6 M. annularis Yes No No Yes

Coral 7 Porites astreoides Yes No No Yes

7 
Figure 4. Schematic planar view map of the M/V Wave Walker restoration site. 

Biological Condition 

The Wave Walker restoration site was composed of a large (> 2 m diameter) repaired

colony of Montastrea annularis (Figure 5) with adjacent reattached coral fragments and 

an installed reef crown. Reattached coral species included Colpophyllia natans, Diploria 

labyrinthiformis, Montastrea annularis, and Porites astreoides (Table 2). The site and

surrounding habitat were defined as a cluster patch reef as described by Ginsburg and 

colleagues (2001). Live coral tissue was observed on the seven reattached fragments (see 

photos in Appendix) and five colonies within the reef crown (Figure 6). The tissues of

several corals in the surrounding area and one of the reattached colonies (colony #1) were 

pale or bleached (Figures 7 & 8), but there was no way to determine if these observations 

were related to restoration activities. In general, the color of the corals appeared “pale” 

but it was uncertain if this was a common condition for the corals of this patch reef. An 

estimate of coral cover of the repaired colony was 68%. Coral cover on two nearby, 

similarly-sized colonies of M. annularis were 85% and 67%. The area of the plastic that 

outlined the cement colony top was 2.66 m2

 (Figure 9). 

8 
A B

C D

Figure 5. Views of the repaired coral colony looking to the north (A), west (B), south (C), and east (D).

9 
 

Figure 6. Photo mosaic of reattached corals in the reef crown installed adjacent to the repaired coral 

colony. For the photos, the reef crown was overlain with a 1 m2

 quadrat. The smaller squares

are 1/16 m2

. 

10 
Figure 7. A large (> 1 m diameter) colony of Colpophyllia natans that exhibited signs of coral bleaching 

at “The Rocks” patch reef on July 23, 2004. This colony and several others adjacent to the 

restoration site were observed in various states of bleaching. 

Figure 8. Planar view of a section of the repaired coral colony damaged by the Wave Walker. 

11 
Figure 9. Outline (in red) of the plastic sheet cut to delineate the interface of the concrete surface and live 

coral tissue along the rim of the coral colony.

SUMMARY 

Baseline monitoring suggests that the structural repair of the damaged coral colony was

successful. The structural stability of the repaired colony, a restoration module, and 

several reattached corals was excellent with no sign of displacement or physical damage 

(Table 2). Among 65 cluster reefs throughout the Florida Keys, Ginsburg and colleagues 

(2001) found that nearly 60% of coral colonies had between 30-60% coral cover. Coral 

cover of the repaired colony exceeded this reported range for cluster reef habitat and was 

similar to two adjacent reference corals colonies. In addition, several pale or bleached

colonies were observed within the patch reef habitat surrounding the repaired colony but

these conditions were probably not the result of the restoration efforts. The next

scheduled monitoring event is during the summer of 2007. 

12 
LITERATURE CITED 

Adobe, Inc. 2002. Photoshop (image processing software), version 7. www.adobe.com. 

ACD Systems of America, Inc. (2004) Canvas (technical illustration program), version 9. 

www.deneba.com. 

Ginsburg RN, Gischler E, Kiene WE (2001) Partial mortality of massive reef-building 

corals: an index of patch reef condition, Florida Reef Tract. Bull Mar Sci 69(3):1149-

1173. 

Goodwin WB (2001) Wave Walker vessel grounding assessment report. Confidential 

report prepared for NOAA General Counsel and FDEP Office of General Counsel. 3 pp. 

plus figures. 

Kohler KE (2004) CPCe - Coral Point Count with Excel extensions. Computer software. 

National Coral Reef Institute, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, FL. 

Loya Y (1978) Plotless and transect methods. Pp. 197-217 in Stoddart DR, Johannes RE. 

Coral reefs: research methods. UNESCO monographs on oceanographic methodology 5. 

Weinberg: London, UK. 

Thayer, G. W. , T. A. McTigue, R. J. Bellmer, F. M. Burrows, D. H. Merkey, A. D. 

Nickens, S.J. Lozano, P. F. Gayaldo, P. J. Polmateer, and P. T. Pinit. 2003. Science-based 

restoration monitoring of coastal habitats, volume one: A framework for monitoring plans 

under the Estuaries and Clean Waters Act of 2000 (Public Law 160-457). NOAA Coastal 

Ocean Program Decision Analysis Series No.23, Volume 1. NOAA National Centers for 

Coastal Ocean Science, Silver Spring, MD. 35 pp. plus appendices. 

13 
APPENDIX 

Photographs of coral fragments reattached at the M/V Wave Walker grounding site taken 

on July 23, 2004. 

Coral colony #1 Coral colony #2

Coral colony #3 Coral colony #4

Coral colony #5 Coral colony #6

14 
APPENDIX (CONT.) 

Coral colony #7 

15 
ONMS CONSERVATION SERIES PUBLICATIONS 

To date, the following reports have been published in the Marine Sanctuaries Conservation Series. All

publications are available on the National Marine Sanctuary Program website

(http://www.sanctuaries.noaa.gov/). 

Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary Habitat Mapping: Survey report and classification of side scan 

sonar data from surveys HMPR-114-2004-02 and HMPR-116-2005-01 (NMSP-06-07)

A Pilot Study of Hogfish (Lachnolaimus maximus Walbaum 1792) Movement in the Conch Reef Research

Only Area (Northern Florida Keys) (NMSP-06-06)

Comments on Hydrographic and Topographic LIDAR Acquisition and Merging with Multibeam Sounding

Data Acquired in the Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary (ONMS-06-05)

Conservation Science in NOAA's National Marine Sanctuaries: Description and Recent Accomplishments 

(ONMS-06-04)

Normalization and characterization of multibeam backscatter: Koitlah Point to Point of the Arches, 

Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary - Survey HMPR-115-2004-03 (ONMS-06-03)

Developing Alternatives for Optimal Representation of Seafloor Habitats and Associated Communities in

Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary (ONMS-06-02) 

Benthic Habitat Mapping in the Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary (ONMS-06-01) 

Channel Islands Deep Water Monitoring Plan Development Workshop Report (ONMS-05-05) 

Movement of yellowtail snapper (Ocyurus chrysurus Block 1790) and black grouper (Mycteroperca 

bonaci Poey 1860) in the northern Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary as determined by acoustic

telemetry (MSD-05-4) 

The Impacts of Coastal Protection Structures in California's Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary

(MSD-05-3) 

An annotated bibliography of diet studies of fish of the southeast United States and Gray's Reef 

National Marine Sanctuary (MSD-05-2) 

Noise Levels and Sources in the Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary and the St. Lawrence 

River Estuary (MSD-05-1) 

Biogeographic Analysis of the Tortugas Ecological Reserve (MSD-04-1) 

A Review of the Ecological Effectiveness of Subtidal Marine Reserves in Central California (MSD-04-

2, MSD-04-3) 

Pre-Construction Coral Survey of the M/V Wellwood Grounding Site (MSD-03-1) 

Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary: Proceedings of the 1998 Research Workshop, Seattle, 

Washington (MSD-01-04) 

Workshop on Marine Mammal Research & Monitoring in the National Marine Sanctuaries (MSD-01-

03) 

A Review of Marine Zones in the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary (MSD-01-2) 

16 

Distribution and Sighting Frequency of Reef Fishes in the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary

(MSD-01-1) 
Flower Garden Banks National Marine Sanctuary: A Rapid Assessment of Coral, Fish, and Algae 

Using the AGRRA Protocol (MSD-00-3) 

The Economic Contribution of Whalewatching to Regional Economies: Perspectives From Two 

National Marine Sanctuaries (MSD-00-2) 

Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary Area to be Avoided Education and Monitoring Program

(MSD-00-1) 

Multi-species and Multi-interest Management: an Ecosystem Approach to Market Squid (Loligo

opalescens) Harvest in California (MSD-99-1)

17