UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Before the

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

SECURITIES ACT OF 1933

Release No. 10288 / January 24, 2017

ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEEDING

File No. 3-17808

In the Matter of

CITIGROUP GLOBAL 

MARKETS, INC.,

Respondent.

ORDER INSTITUTING CEASE-ANDDESIST PROCEEDINGS PURSUANT TO 

SECTION 8A OF THE SECURITIES ACT 

OF 1933, MAKING FINDINGS, AND 

IMPOSING A CEASE-AND-DESIST 

ORDER

I.

The Securities and Exchange Commission (“Commission”) deems it appropriate that ceaseand-desist proceedings be, and hereby are, instituted pursuant to Section 8A of the Securities Act 

of 1933 (“Securities Act”) against Citigroup Global Markets, Inc. (“CGMI” or “Respondent”).

II.

In anticipation of the institution of these proceedings, Respondent has submitted an Offer 

of Settlement (the “Offer”) which the Commission has determined to accept. Solely for the 

purpose of these proceedings and any other proceedings brought by or on behalf of the 

Commission, or to which the Commission is a party, and without admitting or denying the findings 

herein, except as to the Commission’s jurisdiction over it and the subject matter of these 

proceedings, which are admitted, Respondent consents to the entry of this Order Instituting Ceaseand-Desist Proceedings Pursuant to Section 8A of the Securities Act of 1933, Making Findings, 

and Imposing a Cease-and-Desist Order (“Order”), as set forth below.

III.

On the basis of this Order and Respondent’s Offer, the Commission finds1that:

 

1 The findings herein are made pursuant to Respondent’s Offer of Settlement and are not binding on any other

person or entity in this or any other proceeding.
Summary

1. Between August 2010 and July 2011, certain registered representatives of CGMI 

and certain registered representatives of Morgan Stanley Smith Barney LLC (“MSSB”) presented 

to certain brokerage customers and advisory clients of MSSB (the “Relevant Investors”) a foreign 

exchange trading program known as “CitiFX Alpha.” The program was pitched both in writing 

and orally to investors based on its past performance and risk metrics. These presentations, 

however, were rendered materially misleading because they failed to adequately disclose that the

Relevant Investors could be placed into the program using substantially more leverage than was 

disclosed and that mark-ups would be charged on each trade. The undisclosed leverage and markups caused the Relevant Investors to suffer significant losses.

Respondent

2. CGMI is a corporation organized under the laws of New York, has its principal 

office and place of business in New York, New York, and is a wholly owned indirect subsidiary 

of Citigroup, Inc. At all relevant times, CGMI held a 49% ownership interest in MSSB. CGMI 

(SEC File Nos. 801-3387 and 8-8177) has been registered with the Commission since February 

1964 as both a broker-dealer and an investment adviser.

Other Relevant Entity

3. MSSB is a limited liability company organized under the laws of Delaware with its 

principal office and place of business in Purchase, New York. MSSB (SEC File Nos. 801-70103 

and 8-68191) has been registered with the Commission since May 2009 as both a broker-dealer 

and an investment adviser.

Background

The CitiFX Alpha Program

4. Prior to the relevant time period, CGMI developed a variety of quantitative foreign 

exchange trading models, which it referred to as the CitiFX Alpha family of strategies. CGMI 

incorporated these models into various financial programs, including the program in which the 

Relevant Investors participated (the “CitiFX Alpha Program”). As it operated with respect to the 

Relevant Investors, the CitiFX Alpha Program constituted an investment contract.

5. The CitiFX Alpha Program included seven quantitative trading models that 

collectively generated trading signals for 16 currency pairs. CGMI generated the signals every 

morning and executed the trades shortly thereafter. The Relevant Investors did not play a role in 

generating the trading signals (such as by customizing the currencies they would trade or the 

models they would follow), and they often were not told about the signals before the trades were 

executed. To the contrary, the CitiFX Alpha Program was marketed and offered as a way for the 

Relevant Investors to track CGMI’s quantitative trading models, and the Relevant Investors were 

completely dependent on CGMI and its trading models to generate their profits. 
6. Everyone enrolled in the CitiFX Alpha Program received proportionately identical 

signals. While investors could trade different notional amounts—that is, the size of the foreign 

exchange portfolio being traded could vary—the signals were identical in all other respects. The 

signals were not based on the Relevant Investors’ financial situations or investment objectives. 

Nor were the Relevant Investors given the opportunity to place any restrictions that would affect 

the trade signals that they would receive or the trades that would be executed.

7. When the Relevant Investors enrolled in the CitiFX Alpha Program, they opened 

foreign exchange trading accounts at CGMI and posted either cash or securities to those accounts 

as collateral. Some of the Relevant Investors generated the cash that they used as collateral by 

selling securities in securities accounts at MSSB.

8. The Relevant Investors’ MSSB financial advisors, in consultation with CGMI 

personnel, selected the notional amounts that the Relevant Investors traded. The amount of 

collateral that each of the Relevant Investors posted was less than the notional amount of the 

foreign exchange portfolio they traded. Some of the Relevant Investors posted collateral equal to 

as little as ten percent of their notional amount.

9. The Relevant Investors’ MSSB financial advisors selected the size of the mark-ups 

CGMI charged on each CitiFX Alpha trade, using a range of mark-ups provided by CGMI 

personnel. CGMI and MSSB each received half of the mark-ups, and each thereby obtained 

money or property from the Relevant Investors.

Sales of the CitiFX Alpha Program

10. CGMI personnel sold the CitiFX Alpha Program to the Relevant Investors both 

directly and indirectly. CGMI personnel first approached MSSB financial advisors and pitched the 

CitiFX Alpha Program to them. CGMI personnel and MSSB financial advisors then pitched the 

CitiFX Alpha Program to the Relevant Investors. In some instances, CGMI personnel led 

presentations in which MSSB financial advisors participated. In other instances, MSSB financial 

advisors pitched the CitiFX Alpha Program themselves using written materials, in PowerPoint 

format, that CGMI had created.

11. At sales pitches, CGMI personnel and MSSB financial advisors gave the Relevant 

Investors a copy of a PowerPoint presentation that CGMI had created about the CitiFX Alpha 

Program. CGMI personnel gave some of the Relevant Investors an oral presentation that tracked 

the contents of the PowerPoint presentation. Both the PowerPoint and the oral presentations 

focused on the CitiFX Alpha Program’s past performance and risk metrics. These past 

performance and risk metrics assumed fully collateralized accounts—that is, accounts in which the 

amount of collateral was equal to the notional amount being traded—and that no mark-ups would 

be charged on trades. Neither of these assumptions were adequately disclosed to investors, and 

neither of them turned out to be true. 

12. The Relevant Investors included individuals who had no experience in foreign 

exchange trading and who did not understand what a notional amount is; that the cash they posted 
to their foreign exchange accounts merely served as collateral; or that there was a difference 

between the notional amounts they traded and the amount of collateral they posted to their 

accounts.

13. By pitching the CitiFX Alpha Program to the Relevant Investors based on its past 

performance and risk metrics, but failing to adequately disclose that these metrics did not reflect 

the degree of leverage that the Relevant Investors actually would employ, which would have 

materially altered the disclosed performance and risk metrics, CGMI omitted material information 

necessary in order to make statements about the CitiFX Alpha Program not misleading.

14. In addition, by pitching the CitiFX Alpha Program to the Relevant Investors based 

on its past performance, but failing to adequately disclose that the stated performance figures were 

gross of mark-ups and failing to adequately disclose the amount of the mark-ups, which would 

have materially altered the disclosed performance figures, CGMI omitted material information 

necessary in order to make statements about the CitiFX Alpha Program not misleading.

Violations

15. As a result of the conduct described above, CGMI violated Section 17(a)(2) of the 

Securities Act, which prohibits any person in the offer or sale of a security from obtaining money 

or property by means of any untrue statement of a material fact or any omission to state a material 

fact necessary in order to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which 

they were made, not misleading. Negligence is sufficient to establish a violation of Section 

17(a)(2) of the Securities Act.

IV.

In view of the foregoing, the Commission deems it appropriate to impose the sanctions 

agreed to in Respondent CGMI’s Offer.

Accordingly, it is hereby ORDERED that:

A. Pursuant to Section 8A of the Securities Act, Respondent CGMI cease and desist 

from committing or causing any violations and any future violations of Section 17(a)(2) of the 

Securities Act.

B. CGMI shall, within 21 days of the entry of this Order, pay disgorgement of 

$624,458.27, prejudgment interest of $89,277.34, and a civil money penalty in the amount of 

$2,250,000.00 to the Securities and Exchange Commission. If timely payment of disgorgement 

and prejudgment interest is not made, additional interest shall accrue pursuant to SEC Rule of 

Practice 600. If timely payment of the civil monetary penalty is not made, additional interest shall 

accrue pursuant to 31 U.S.C. §3717.

Payment must be made in one of the following ways: 
(1) Respondent may transmit payment electronically to the Commission, which 

will provide detailed ACH transfer/Fedwire instructions upon request;

(2) Respondent may make direct payment from a bank account via Pay.gov 

through the SEC website at http://www.sec.gov/about/offices/ofm.htm; or 

(3) Respondent may pay by certified check, bank cashier’s check, or United 

States postal money order, made payable to the Securities and Exchange 

Commission and hand-delivered or mailed to: 

Enterprise Services Center

Accounts Receivable Branch

HQ Bldg., Room 181, AMZ-341

6500 South MacArthur Boulevard

Oklahoma City, OK 73169

Payments by check or money order must be accompanied by a cover letter identifying 

CGMI as a Respondent in these proceedings, and the file number of these proceedings; a copy of 

the cover letter and check or money order must be sent to Glenn S. Gordon, Division of 

Enforcement, Securities and Exchange Commission, 801 Brickell Ave., Suite 1800, Miami, FL 

33131. 

C. Pursuant to Section 308(a) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, as amended, a Fair 

Fund is created for the disgorgement, prejudgment interest and penalties referenced in paragraph B 

above. Amounts ordered to be paid as civil money penalties pursuant to this Order shall be treated 

as penalties paid to the government for all purposes, including all tax purposes. To preserve the 

deterrent effect of the civil penalty, Respondent agrees that in any Related Investor Action, it shall 

not argue that it is entitled to, nor shall it benefit by, offset or reduction of any award of 

compensatory damages by the amount of any part of Respondent’s payment of a civil penalty in 

this action (“Penalty Offset”). If the court in any Related Investor Action grants such a Penalty 

Offset, Respondent agrees that it shall, within 30 days after entry of a final order granting the 

Penalty Offset, notify the Commission’s counsel in this action and pay the amount of the Penalty 

Offset to the Securities and Exchange Commission. Such a payment shall not be deemed an 

additional civil penalty and shall not be deemed to change the amount of the civil penalty imposed 

in this proceeding. For purposes of this paragraph, a “Related Investor Action” means a private 

damages action brought against Respondent by or on behalf of one or more investors based on 

substantially the same facts as alleged in the Order instituted by the Commission in this 

proceeding.

By the Commission.

Brent J. Fields

Secretary