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APPENDIX C

Summary of Submitted Ecological Effects Data (Excluding Bees)

Fish: Acute Toxicity

Sulfoxaflor is classified as practically non-toxic on an acute basis, with 96-h LC50 values of >400 mg ai/L 

for all three freshwater fish species tested (bluegill, Lepomis macrochirus; rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus 

mykiss; and common carp, Cyprinus carpio; MRID 47832112, 47832111, and 47832113, respectively). 

Mortality was 5% or less at the highest test treatments in each of these studies. Treatment-related 

sublethal effects included discoloration at the highest test treatment (100% of fish at 400 mg ai/L for 

bluegill) and fish swimming on the bottom (1 fish at 400 mg ai/L for rainbow trout). No other treatmentrelated sublethal effects were reported. For a saltwater species (sheepshead minnow, MRID 47832110), 

sulfoxaflor was also practically non-toxic with an LC50 of 288 mg ai/L. Sublethal effects included loss of 

equilibrium or lying on the bottom at 200 and 400 mg ai/L. The primary degradate of sulfoxaflor 

(X11719474) is also classified as practically non-toxic to rainbow trout (LC50 > 500 mg ai/L; MRID 

47832105).

Fish: Chronic Toxicity

Adverse effects from chronic exposure to sulfoxaflor were examined with two fish species (fathead 

minnow, Pimephales promelas, MRID 47832126; and sheepshead minnow, Cyprinodon variegatus; MRID 

47832129) during early life stage tests. For fathead minnow, the 30-d NOAEC is 5 mg ai/L based on a 

30% reduction in mean fish weight relative to controls at the next highest concentration (10 mg ai/L). 

No statistically significant (and treatment-related) effects were reported for hatching success, fry 

survival and length. For sheepshead minnow, the 30-d NOAEC is 1.3 mg ai/L based on a statistically 

significant reduction in mean length (3% relative to controls) at 2.5 mg ai/L. No statistically significant 

(and treatment-related) effects were reported for hatching success, fry survival and mean weight.

Invertebrates: Acute Toxicity

The acute toxicity of sulfoxaflor was evaluated for one freshwater species (waterflea, Daphnia magna) 

and two saltwater species (mysid shrimp, Americamysis bahia and eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica). 

For D. magna, the 48-h EC50 is > 400 mg ai/L, the highest concentration tested. The NOAEC is 100 mg 

ai/L based on 15% and 20% immobilization at 200 and 400 mg ai/L. For eastern oyster, new shell growth 

was significantly reduced at 120 and 200 mg ai/L (75% and 85% reduction relative to control, 

respectively). The 96-h EC50 for shell growth is 93 mg ai/L and the NOAEC is 72 mg ai/L. No mortality 

occurred at any test concentration. Mysid shrimp are the most acutely sensitive invertebrate species 

tested with sulfoxaflor, with a 96-h LC50 of 0.67 mg ai/L. The NOAEC from this study is 0.40 mg ai/L with 

no sublethal effects observed on surviving mysids. The primary degradate of sulfoxaflor (X11719474) is 

also classified as practically non-toxic to D. magna (EC50 > 240 mg ai/L; MRID 47832106).

The toxicity of sulfoxaflor to benthic invertebrates via sediment exposure was investigated for larvae of 

the freshwater chironomid, Chironomus dilutus (MRID 47832109). Following 10 days exposure to 

sulfoxaflor administered in spiked sediments, 43% and 0% survival was observed at mean sediment 

concentrations of 0.17 and 0.36 mg ai/kg dry sediment, respectively and the 96-h LC50 is calculated as 

0.161 mg TRR/kg dry sediment. Survival in all other treatments (0.025 to 0.09 mg ai/kg dry sediment 

and controls) was 93% or greater. The NOAEC based on reduction in dry weight is 0.0488 mg TRR/kg dry 

sediment, with 31% reduction in mean dry weight occurring in the next highest treatment (0.09 mg 

TRR/kg dry sediment).
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Invertebrates: Chronic Toxicity

The chronic effects of sulfoxaflor to Daphnia magna were determined in a semi-static system over a 

period of 21 days to nominal concentrations of 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50 and 100 mg a.i./L plus a dilution water 

control. Adult mortality, reproduction rate (number of young), length of the surviving adults, and days to 

first brood were used to determine the endpoints. The test substance was stable and the mean 

measured concentrations approximated the nominal concentrations (100-101% of nominal); therefore, 

the biological endpoints are reported as nominal concentrations. No treatment-related effects on adult 

mortality or adult length were observed. The reproduction rate and days to first brood were significantly 

different in the 100 mg a.i./L test group (means: 42.6 offpsring per adult and 14.6 days to first brood) 

relative to the controls (means: 71.1 offpsring per adult and 10.8 days to first brood). No significant 

effects were observed at the lower test concentrations. The 21-day EC50 was >100 mg a.i./L and the 21-

day NOAEC was determined to be 50 mg a.i./L

The chronic effects of sulfoxaflor to mysid shrimp (Americamysis bahia) were determined in a flowthrough system over a period of 28 days to nominal concentrations of 0.063, 0.13, 0.25, 0.50 and 1.0 mg 

a.i./L plus a dilution water control. Mortality of F0 and F1 generation, reproduction rate of F0 (number of 

young), length of the surviving F0 and F1, and days to first brood by F0 were used to determine the 

endpoints. Complete F0 mortality (100%) was observed at the highest test concentration of 1.0 mg a.i./L 

within 7 days; no treatment-related effects on F0/F1 mortality, F0 reproduction rate, or F0/F1 length were 

observed at the lower test concentrations. The days to first brood by F0 were significantly different in 

the 25 and 0.50 mg a.i./L test groups (both means: 17.0 days to first brood) relative to the controls 

(mean: 17.8 days to first brood); no significant effects on days to first brood by F0 were observed at the 

lower test concentrations. The 28-day LC50 was 0.633 mg a.i./L and the 28-day NOEC was determined to 

be 0.13 mg a.i./L.

Aquatic Plants

Sulfoxaflor exhibited relatively low toxicity to aquatic non-vascular plants, as indicated by a 96-h EC50 of 

> 95.6 mg ai/L (green algae, Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, MRID 47832121), a 72-h EC50 of 90.3 mg 

ai/L (bluegreen algae, alga Anabaena flos-aquae, MRID 47832124), a 96-h EC50 of 81.2 mg 

ai/L(freshwater diatom, Navicula pelliculosa, MRID 47832123), and a 72-h EC50 of > 95.6 mg ai/L 

(saltwater diatom, Skeletonema costatum, MRID 47832122) based on reduction in biomass. A 96-h EC50

was not available for the bluegreen algae and saltwater diatom due to the onset of a stationary growth 

phase near the end of the test. Similarly, sulfoxaflor was not toxic to the freshwater vascular aquatic 

plant, Lemna gibba, up to the limit amount, as indicated by a 7-d EC50 for frond count, dry weight and 

growth rate of > 100 mg ai/L (MRID 47832125). No significant adverse effects on these endpoints were 

observed at any test treatment. 

Birds

Based on an acute oral LD50 of 676 mg ai/kg bw for bobwhite quail, sulfoxaflor is considered slightly toxic 

to birds (MRID 47832101). The NOAEL for this study was 360 mg ai/kg bw based on weight loss and 

mortality. The acute oral LD50 could not be determined for the zebra finch (MRID 47832072) due to 

regurgitation at treatments above 29 mg ai/kg bw, which was the NOAEL from this study). On a 

subacute, dietary basis, sulfoxaflor is classified as practically nontoxic to birds, with 5-d LC50 values of > 

5620 mg/kg-diet for mallard and bobwhite quail (MRID 47832104 and 47832074, respectively). The 

NOAEL from these studies is 5620 mg/kg-diet as no treatment related mortality of sublethal effects were 

observed at any treatment. Similarly, the primary degradate (X11719474) is classified as practically 

nontoxic to birds on an acute, oral basis with a LD50 of > 2250 mg ai/kg bw (MRID 47832073).
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In two avian reproductive toxicity studies, the NOAELs ranged from 200 mg/kg-diet (mallard, MRID 

47832120, highest concentration tested) to 1000 mg/kg-diet (bobwhite quail, highest concentration 

tested). No treatment-related adverse effects were observed at any test treatment in these studies.

Mammals

Sulfoxaflor is classified as slightly toxic to mammals on an acute, oral basis, with LD50 values of 1405 mg 

ai/kg bw (male rat) and 1000 mg ai/kg bw (female rat) using the reduced “up/down” test protocol. The 

chronic toxicity of sulfoxaflor was evaluated using a 2-generation feed study with the rat, Rattus 

norvegicus, using concentrations of 0, 25, 100 and 400 mg/kg-diet. The NOAEL for systemic and 

reproductive toxicity is 100 ppm based on liver effects in P1 and P2 males, and decreased neonatal 

survival delayed PPS, respectively. 

Terrestrial Plants

Sulfoxaflor did not exhibit treatment-related signs of toxicity to terrestrial plants at or above the 

proposed maximum seasonal application rate on cotton (200 g/ha) based on vegetative vigor and 

seedling emergence tests (MRID 47832425 and 47832427, respectively).