RENDERED: AUGUST 29, 2019

TO BE PUBLISHED

2018-SC-000122-TG

WILLIAM M. LANDRUM III, IN HIS

OFFICIAL CAPACITY AS SECRETARY OF

THE FINANCE AND ADMINISTRATION

CABINET

APPELLANT

V.

ON TRANSFER FROM COURT OF APPEALS

CASE NO. 2018-CA-00352

FRANKLIN CIRCUIT COURT NO. 18-CI-00043

COMMONWEALTH OF KENTUCKY EX. APPELLEE

REL. ANDY BESHEAR, ATTORNEY

GENERAL AND ANDY BESHEAR IN HIS

OFFICIAL CAPACITY AS ATTORNEY

GENERAL FOR THE COMMONWEALTH OF

KENTUCKY

OPINION OF THE COURT BY CHIEF JUSTICE MINTON

REVERSING

The Office of the Attorney General (“OAG”) contracted on a contingencyfee basis with a team of law firms led by Morgan & Morgan to conduct 

investigation into and commence litigation on potential statutory violations

arising out of the manufacturing, distribution, and dispensing of prescription

opioid products within the Commonwealth. The Government Contract Review

Committee (“Committee”) of the Legislative Research Commission (“LRC”)

recommended that Secretary of the Finance and Administration Cabinet
(“Cabinet”) William Landrum disapprove and cancel the contract. And

Secretary Landrum ultimately did as the Committee recommended.

Asserting the right—free of the Committee’s and Secretary Landrum’s

interference—to contract with outside counsel on a contingency-fee basis, the

OAG brought this declaratory-judgment action in Franklin Circuit Court to

vindicate this asserted right. Finding that the OAG is subject to the

contracting-oversight requirements of the Model Procurement Code (“MPC”)1

and that the Committee and Secretary Landrum did not act inappropriately by

disapproving and ultimately canceling the contract, we find in favor of

Secretary Landrum. Accordingly, we reverse the judgment of the Franklin

Circuit Court and remand this case to that court with direction to enter

judgment in favor of Secretary Landrum.

I. BACKGROUND.

In June 2017, the OAG sought to contract with outside counsel on a

contingency-fee basis to investigate and litigate potential violations of state

consumer-protection, Medicaid, antitrust, and other statutes in the

manufacturing, distribution, and dispensing of prescription opioid products

within the Commonwealth. Out of the seventeen law firms submitting

proposals, the OAG review panel decided to contract with a team of law firms

and attorneys led by Morgan & Morgan.2

1 Kentucky Revised Statutes (“KRS”) 45A.005, et seq.

2 The OAG review panel considered a variety of factors, ranging from the skill of the

law firm to the law firm’s contingency-fee schedule bid, in deciding to award the

contingency-fee contract to the Morgan 8s Morgan team.

2
The OAG prepared its contract with the Morgan & Morgan team and

submitted it to the Cabinet on September 21, 2017. On October 31, 2017, the

Cabinet responded, rejecting the proposed contract. The Cabinet explained that

the contract should include additional language requiring that any funds

produced under the contract must first be paid in full to the State Treasurer

before the contingent fee would be distributed to counsel. On November 2,

2017, the Cabinet proposed language to address these concerns. The OAG

added this language and submitted the revised contract on November 14,

2017. On December 13, 2017, the Cabinet notified the OAG that it disapproved

the added language and rejected the revised contract. The OAG revised the

contract again and submitted a third version. The Cabinet ultimately approved

the contract on December 21, 2017.

The Cabinet then submitted the contract to the Committee. The

Committee held a meeting to review it on January 9, 2018. The Committee

voted to disapprove the contract and informed Secretary Landrum of this

decision in a letter dated January 10, 2018. In the letter, the LRC explained the

reason for its recommended disapproval of the contract: “The committee is

concerned, in consideration of the enormity of the potential financial settlement

resulting from litigation, a more favorable contingency fee schedule has not

been extended to the Commonwealth and there is no cap on the total amount

of fees to be paid to the contractor.” The letter then explained, “By disapproving

this contract, the committee was merely exercising its statutory oversight

duties in an attempt to protect taxpayer dollars.”

3
On January 16, 2018, before Secretary Landrum took any action

regarding the letter, the OAG filed this declaratory judgment action in Franklin

Circuit Court. The OAG sought the following relief, as specified in its

complaint:

I. That this Court issue a declaration and order that:

A. the Attorney General’s contracts for legal services are

exempt from review by the Finance and Administration 

Cabinet and Government Contract Review Committee,

pursuant to KRS 15.100(3), KRS 45A.700(l), and the

Kentucky Constitution;

B. the Government Contract Review Committee’s disapproval

of the Contract is null and void;

C. any attempt by Secretary Landrum to cancel or otherwise

interfere with the Contract is null and void; and

D. in the alternative, the review of the Contract was clearly 

erroneous, arbitrary and capricious, and contrary to law,

in violation of the Model Procurement Code.

The OAG also sought a permanent injunction, essentially preventing the LRC

and the Secretary from “interfering” with this contract with the Morgan &

Morgan team and any future contract for outside representation the OAG may

make.

On January 18, 2018, Secretary Landrum notified the OAG, the LRC, the

Committee, and the Morgan & Morgan team that he “will not overrule the

decision to disapprove the contract.” He also stated, “for all of the reasons

raised by the Committee, I have determined that the contract is canceled

pursuant to KRS 45A.705(6)(b).”

Both parties filed motions for summary judgment in the declaratoryjudgment action. The trial court granted the OAG basically all the relief it

4
sought. Secretary Landrum then filed a Notice of Appeal and Motion for

Emergency Relief in the Court of Appeals. After the Court of Appeals denied

Secretary Landrum’s Motion for Emergency Relief, Secretary Landrum sought

to transfer the case to this Court, which we granted.

II. ANALYSIS.

A. The constitutional authority of the Attorney General to enter into a

contingency-fee contract with outside counsel is subject to the

overriding authority of the General Assembly.

The Kentucky Constitution names the Attorney General as a

constitutional state officer and prescribes his or her powers. Section 91 of the

Kentucky Constitution states: “A[n] . . . Attorney-General[] shall be elected by

the qualified voters of the State[.] . . . The duties of [the Attorney General] shall

be such as may be prescribed by law[.]”3 Section 93 of the Kentucky

Constitution provides further guidance on the power of the Attorney General:

“The duties and responsibilities of [the Attorney General] shall be prescribed by

law[.]”4 Sections 91 and 93 make clear that the Attorney General’s power

extends only so far as what the law prescribes. And since “[t]he Legislature

makes the laws,”5 the General Assembly is the body that outlines the power of

the Attorney General.

That the Attorney General’s power is essentially completely governed by

the General Assembly is a concept made clear by former Chief Justice Palmore

3 (emphasis added).

4 (emphasis added).

5 Sibert v. Garrett, 246 S.W. 455, 463 (Ky. 1922).

5
in Brown v. Barkley. “The officers named in Const. Sec. 91 [e.g., the Attorney

General] have no powers or duties not assigned to them by statute, except

for . . . the common-law prerogatives of the Attorney-General that have not

been removed or diminished by statute.”6 This Court expounded further on this

principle in Johnson v. Commonwealth ex rel. Meredith:

In conclusion, we are of opinion that, while the Attorney General

possesses all the power and authority appertaining to the office

under common law and naturally and traditionally belonging to it,

nevertheless the General Assembly may withdraw those powers

and assign them to others or may authorize the employment of

other counsel for the departments and officers of the state to

perform them. This, however, is subject to the limitation that the

office may not be stripped of all duties and rights so as to leave it

an empty shell, for, obviously, as the legislature cannot abolish the

office directly, it cannot do so indirectly by depriving the

incumbent of all his substantial prerogatives or by practically

preventing him from discharging the substantial things

appertaining to the office.7

What we can definitively say as it pertains to the present case: Whatever

the breadth of the constitutional power of the Attorney General to enter into a

contingency-fee contract with outside counsel may be, that power gives way to

the overriding authority of the General Assembly.

Other jurisdictions honor this principle, as well. “An attorney general has

the authority to appoint special private counsel in actions or proceedings

instituted in the attorney general’s name, including the authority to hire

private counsel in a civil action on a contingency fee basis, in the absence ofa

6 Brown v. Barkley, 628 S.W.2d 616, 624 (Ky. 1982).

7 165 S.W.2d 820, 829 (Ky. 1942); see also Commonwealth v. Johnson, 423 S.W.3d

718, 725 (Ky. 2014) (“Although the General Assembly may limit the authority of the

OAG, which is a part of the executive branch of government, it may not remove the

fundamental characteristics of the office, ‘so as to leave an empty shell.”’).

6
statutory prohibition.”8 Moreover, “When a statute governs the conditions to be

met and the procedure to be followed for obtaining outside counsel, the

attorney general mustfollow the procedural requisites in doing so.”9

In sum, regardless of any inherent constitutional authority of the

Attorney General to enter into a contingency-fee contract with outside counsel,

the Kentucky Constitution explicitly limits that authority to the will of the

General Assembly. We must determine the General Assembly’s will on this

issue as expressed through its pertinent statutes.

B. The oversight process of the MPC applies to the contract at issue

here.

Since we have determined that the General Assembly has full power over

the OAG’s ability to enter into contingency-fee contracts with outside counsel,

we next examine whether the General Assembly has exercised that power.

8 Lonnie E. Griffith, Jr., 7A C.J.S. Attorney General § 7, Authority of state attorneys

general—Private attorneys on fee basis (Mar. 2019 update) (emphasis added) (citing

State v. Hagerty, 580 N.W.2d 139, 147 (N.D. 1998) (“In view of this long-standing

acceptance of contingent fee arrangements and in view of the historical authority of

the Attorney General, we believe she has the authority to employ special assistant

attorneys general on a contingent fee agreement unless such agreements are

specifically prohibited by statute.”} (emphasis added); (State ex rel. Discover Financial

Services, Inc. v. Nibert, 744 S.E.2d 625, 647 (W. Va. 2013) (“[U]nder Article VIII,

Section 13 [of the West Virginia Constitution], the Legislature can expressly repeal

specific aspects ofthe Attorney General’s inherent common law powers.”} (emphasis

added); (Meredith v. Ieyoub, 700 So.2d 478, 482 (La. 1997) (“As the constitution does

not expressly give the Attorney General the financial power to hire and pay outside

attorneys on a contingency fee basis, we now look to statutory law to see ifthe

Legislature has granted him this power under the Legislature’s legislative power.”}-, see

also, Marie K. Pesando, 7 Am. Jur. 2d Attorney General § 4, Compensation of

assistants and special counsel (Feb. 2019 update) (“[T]he attorney general has

authority to employ special assistant attorneys general on a contingent fee agreement

unless such agreements are specifically prohibited by statute[.]” (emphasis added))

(citing Hagerty, 580 N.W.2d at 139).

9 Griffith, supra note 8 (emphasis added) (citing Philip Morris Inc. v. Gladening, 709

A.2d 1230 (Md. 1998)).

7
Secretary Landrum and the Attorney General identify seemingly competing

statutes on this issue.

KRS 15.100(3) states, ‘[T]he Attorney General may enter into such

contracts for legal services as he deems necessary and advisable.”10 So the

General Assembly has broadly given the Attorney General the power to enter

into whatever contracts he or she deems necessary and advisable.

But this ability, if the General Assembly so desires, could still be subject

to the MPC. KRS 15.100(3) does not exempt the OAG’s contracts from the

provisions of the MPC; rather, the function of that statute is legislative

recognition that the OAG can enter into contracts, including contracts for legal

services. But recognizing the power of the OAG to do something is not the

same as providing the OAG complete and unfettered control over that power.

Secretary Landrum quotes in his brief how a former attorney general of this

state described, in a brief to a federal court, the relationship between KRS

15.100(3) and the MPC: “KRS 15.100(3) authorizes the retention of outside

counsel by the Attorney General. The manner in which such retention is made

is governed by KRS 45A.695, the state bidding process.”11

10 We note that after the inception of the case at hand, the General Assembly amended

this statute to include the following, which immediately follows the quoted language:

“Such contracts shall be subject to the relevant provisions of the Kentucky Model

Procurement Code in KRS Chapter 45A.” This explicit legislative clarification all but

negates the OAG’s argument in future contracts that the LRC and Secretary Landrum

cannot assert any control over the OAG’s entering into contingency-fee contracts with

outside counsel.

11 Defendant’s Memorandum of Law in Opposition to Merck’s Motion for Preliminary

Injunction at 27, Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp. v. Conway, 909 F.Supp. 2d 781 (E.D.

Ky. 2012) (Civil Action No. 3:11-CV-00051-DCR) (emphasis added).

8
This significant distinction is brought into focus by the fact that other

state agencies are also authorized by statute to enter into contracts they deem

“necessary and advisable.”12 The General Assembly’s recognition of the power

of these agencies to enter into contracts cannot be interpreted as exempting

those agencies from MPC oversight. Otherwise, a gaping loophole exists in the

MPC, making it is questionable whether any state agency’s contracting is

subject to the MPC mechanism. Recognizing this distinction in the statutes

offered up on both sides of the present case, it is our role to harmonize the law

to give meaningful effect to both statutes13 in furtherance of the General

Assembly’s intent in enacting them.14

The MPC creates a government-oversight mechanism over certain

government actors’ entering into of certain contracts. KRS 45A.020(l) provides

the general rule for application of the MPC: “This code shall apply to every

expenditure of public funds by this Commonwealth under any contract or like

business agreement.”15 KRS 446.010(41) defines “public funds” to “mean[]

12 See, e.g., KRS 156.070(3)(c) (“The Kentucky Board of Education . . . may enter into

one (1) or more contracts[.]”); KRS 353.756(7) (“]T]he [Kentucky Gas Pipeline Authority]

may: Enter into contracts with parties that are necessary and incidental to the

performance of its duties and execution of its powers].]”); KRS 211.820(l)(h) (“The

Cabinet for Health and Family Services shall have the following functions, power, and

duties: To enter into such contracts and agreements ... as may be deemed necessary

and advisable to carry out the general intent and purposes of this section.”).

13 “[I]t is the Court’s duty to harmonize the law so as to give effect to both statutes.”

Commonwealth v. Phon, 17 S.W.3d 106, 107-08 (Ky. 2000).

14 “All statutes of this state shall be liberally construed with a view to promote their

objects and carry out the intent of the legislature].]” KRS 446.080(1).

15 Just as it did with KRS 15.100(3), the General Assembly amended KRS 45A.020(1)

after the inception of the contract between the OAG and Morgan & Morgan to include

the following language: “This code shall apply to every expenditure of public funds by

this Commonwealth and every payment by contingencyfee under any contract or like

business agreement[.}” (emphasis added). Just as before, this legislative clarification all

but negates the OAG’s argument that the LRC and Secretary Landrum cannot assert

9
sums actually received in cash or negotiable instruments from all sources

unless otherwise described by any state agency ... or any other form of

organization whether or not the money has ever been paid into the Treasury 

and whether or not the money is still in the Treasury if the money is controlled

by any form of state organization[.]”

So we must determine whether the contingency-fee contract at issue here

constitutes “an expenditure of public funds[,]” “public funds” meaning “sums

actually received.” To assist us in our statutory interpretation, we note the

following duty this Court has in so doing:

In interpreting a statute, this Court must be guided by the intent

of the legislature in enacting the law. No single word or sentence is

determinative, but the statute as a whole must be considered. In

order to effectuate the legislative intent, words may be supplied,

omitted, substituted or modified. The purpose is to give effect to

the intent of the legislature. KRS 446.080 provides that all statutes

shall be liberally construed to carry out the intent of the

legislature.16

We explained the nature of a contingency-fee contract in First Nat. Bank

ofLouisville v. Progressive Cas. Ins. Co. :

Contingent fee contracts owe their very existence to the principle

that the attorney does not gain any share in the title ofthe thing he

has engaged himselfto recover. It was the law in England and has

been the law in this state from time immemorial that “an

agreement to aid in a suit, and then divide the thing recovered” is

champertous and void. An agreement to measure an attorney’s fee

by the value of what is recovered is valid only upon the theory that

the client “is not to give a part or profit of the thing in contest.” . . .

It is customary for insurance companies, as well as others against

whom claims for money are asserted, to make a settlement draft

any control over the OAG’s entering into contingency-fee contracts with outside

counsel in contracts entered into after the General Assembly’s addition of that

language.

16 County, ofHarlan v. Appalachian Reg’l Healthcare, Inc., 85 S.W.3d 607, 611 (Ky.

2002) (internal citations omitted).

10
payable to the claimant and his attorney. That is for the protection

of the lawyer and for the protection of the payor against a claim by

the lawyer that he was dealt around and divested of his lien. It

gives him no real ownership interest, since he is not entitled to afee

for money collected until he delivers it over to his client. Only then

does the client owe him anything. And it is no answer to say that

[the attorney] had a lien on the proceeds of the draft. The bank had

no more of a right to pay him off separately than would [the losing 

party]. . . . The stubborn fact is that [the attorney] did not have any

ownership or other interest in these drafts that would entitle him to

collect upon them independently of his clients, who were the

owners.17

Before the Morgan & Morgan team can recover for its work on behalf of the

Commonwealth, the Commonwealth must “actually receive[]” any and all

“sums” of money recovered through the lawsuit. Not only is this mandated by

common law, but it is also mandated by the contract in this case: “Prior to

accepting a monetary recovery on behalf of the Commonwealth, Contractor

shall advise the Court of the statutory requirements of KRS 48.005(3)

mandating that the total monetary recovery be paid directly to the

Commonwealth and deposited in the State Treasury.”

Any sum recovered in the OAG’s lawsuit will be “actually received” by the

Commonwealth, making that whole sum “public funds.” The Commonwealth

will then use a portion of these “public funds” to pay the Morgan & Morgan

team for professional services rendered. Unquestionably, this an “expenditure

of public funds.” As such, the MPC applies to the contract at issue here.

The OAG argues that the possibility that recovery could be nothing,

meaning that the Commonwealth would not “actually receive[]” any “sums,”

exempts the contract from application of the MPC. This argument bleeds into

17 517 S.W.2d 226, 230 (Ky. 1974) (internal citations omitted) (emphasis added).

11
the OAG’s additional argument that even if the MPC applies to the contract at

issue here, KRS 45A.700 does as well. And KRS 45A.700(1) provides, “Personal

service contracts in aggregate amounts of ten thousand dollars ($10,000) or

less during any one (1) fiscal year shall be exempt from routine review by the

committee and shall be filed with the committee not more than thirty (30) days

after their effective date for informational purposes only.” The OAG argues that

although the contingency-fee contract could amount to a contract worth much

more than $10,000, it could also amount to nothing. Because of this potential

of no recovery, the contract falls within the $10,000-or-less exemption of KRS

45A.700, so the OAG argues.

Accepting the OAG’s argument would circumvent the purpose of the

MPC. KRS 45A.010(2) defines some of the purposes of the MPC to include:

(d) To provide for increased public confidence in the procedures

followed in public procurement;

(e) To insure the fair and equitable treatment of all persons who

deal with the procurement system of the Commonwealth;

(f) To provide increased economy in state procurement activities by

fostering effective competition; and

(g) To provide safeguards for the maintenance of a procurement

system of quality and integrity.

Allowing any governmental entity to avoid the MPC’s process for the

procurement of a government contract by structuring its contract on some sort

of contingency basis could effectively nullify application of the MPC. It would

seem absurd to think that the General Assembly intended for contracts entered

into on a contingency basis that could be worth millions of dollars of public

12
money to be exempted from government oversight simply because of the

possibility that they could be worth nothing.18

Moreover, a helpful secondary source terms KRS 45A.700(1) a

“purchasing threshold statute.”19 “The main purpose of establishing

purchasing thresholds is to identify a dollar amount for requiring competition

for government contracts.”20 So the inclusion of a purchasing threshold statute

indicates an exemption from the requirement of competition for government

contracts more so than it indicates a wholesale exemption from the application

of the entire MPC. Furthermore, requiring competition for government

contracts is one of the purposes of the MPC, as expressed by KRS 45A.010(2)(f).

Considering the potential multi-million-dollar recovery at stake, coupled with

the pervasiveness of the opioid-abuse epidemic in Kentucky, forcing a

competition among law firms for this contract would seem to further many of

the General Assembly’s purposes in enacting the MPC. It would seem at odds

with the purposes of the MPC to exempt contingency-fee contracts from the

government-review mechanism.

Finally, the OAG points to language in the General Assembly’s 2016

budget bill to support his argument that the MPC is no impediment to the

18 “We have a duty to accord to words of a statute their literal meaning unless to do so 

would lead to an absurd or wholly unreasonable conclusion.” Cosby v. Commonwealth,

147 S.W.3d 56, 59 (Ky. 2004) (quoting Bailey v. Reeves, 662 S.W.2d 832, 834 (Ky.

1984)).

19 Thomson Reuters, 50 State Statutory Surveys, 0095 Surveys 4, Government:

Government Contracts, Purchasing Thresholds (Feb. 2018).

20 Id.

13
OAG’s ability to enter into contingency-fee contracts with outside counsel. The

General Assembly included the following language in that budget bill:

The Office of the Attorney General may present proposals to state

agencies specifying legal work that is presently accomplished

through personal service contracts that indicate the Office of the

Attorney General’s capacity to perform the work at a lesser cost.

State agencies may agree to make arrangements with the Office of

the Attorney General to perform the legal work and compensate the

Office of the Attorney General for the legal services.

Notwithstanding KRS Chapter 45A, the Office of the Attorney

General may contract with outside law firms on a contingency

basis.21

The OAG points to the last sentence of that paragraph in support of its

argument that the MPC does not apply to the contract at issue here.

But the OAG misconstrues the application of the phrase

“notwithstanding KRS Chapter 45A,” more specifically, the term

notwithstanding. As the OAG notes, the U.S. Supreme Court defines

notwithstanding to mean “in spite of’ or “without prevention or obstruction

from or by.”22 Here, “[notwithstanding KRS Chapter 45A” means that KRS 45A

cannot be interpreted in a way to negate the OAG’s ability to contract with

outside law firms on a contingency-fee basis. But the ability to contract with

outside law firms on a contingency-fee basis and the right to do so without

government oversight are two different and distinct rights, as discussed in

conjunction with our analysis of the relationship between KRS 15.100(3) and

the MPC.

21 2016 Ky. Acts Ch. 149 § 1, Part I(A)(19)(3).

22 N.L.R.B. v. SWGeneral, Inc., 137 S.Ct. 929, 939 (2017) (internal citations omitted).

14
Although the MPC cannot be interpreted to suggest that the OAG has no

ability to enter into a contingency-fee contract with outside counsel, the

sentence upon which the OAG relies cannot be interpreted to function as an

affirmative exemption from the application of the MPC’s government-oversight

mechanism. In other words, the use of the word notwithstanding is a shield but

not a sword—while the MPC cannot be construed to say that the OAG has no

power to enter into contingency-fee contracts with outside counsel, that right of

the OAG is still subject to the oversight mechanism of the MPC. Again, stated

differently, “notwithstanding KRS Chapter 45A” does not preclude application

of the MPC, it simply precludes construing the MPC to say that the OAG has no

ability to enter into contingency-fee contracts with outside counsel.

Moreover, “[g]eneral principles of statutory construction hold that a court

must not be guided by a single sentence of a statute but must look to the

provisions of the whole statute and its object and policy.”23 Considering the

entirety of the above-cited paragraph, that portion of the budget bill refers to

the ability of the OAG to contract with outside law firms for work done on

behalfofother state agencies. The contract at issue here is beyond the scope of

any purported exemption stated in the budget bill and championed by the OAG

because the OAG contracted with the Morgan & Morgan team to assist it in its

own lawsuit.

Additionally, we agree with Secretary Landrum’s position that the

General Assembly “does not alter the fundamental details of a regulatory

23 County ofHarlan, 85 S.W.3d at 611 (citing Democratic Party ofKy. v. Graham, 976

S.W.2d 423 (Ky. 1998)).

15
scheme in vague terms or ancillary provisions—it does not, one might say, hide

elephants in mouseholes.”24 If the General Assembly truly wished to allow the

OAG completely to escape the regulatory mechanism of the MPC, it would have

explicitly so indicated in the particular statutes that more specifically govern

this situation, i.e., KRS 15.100(3) or some portion of KRS 45A. One sentence in

a paragraph about doing work on behalf of other agencies, located in a budget

bill and not in the specific statutes governing this subject matter, does not

convince us that the General Assembly intended to exempt the OAG from the

safeguards of the MPC.

Finally, we cannot accept the OAG’s position that allowing the Committee

and Secretary Landrum to reject or cancel any contract between the OAG and

an outside law firm would render the OAG an “empty shell.” Nothing in the

MPC precludes the OAG from bringing this suit on behalf of the

Commonwealth itself. Time and again, the OAG has proven itself capable of

handling complex legal matters using the resources the Commonwealth

provides it.

We are satisfied that the OAG’s contract with the Morgan & Morgan team

at issue here is subject to the MPC. Allowing governmental entities to escape

application of the MPC by structuring their contracts with private entities on a

contingency-fee basis would circumvent the purposes of the MPC, a result that

we simply cannot accept as intended by the General Assembly. And applying

the MPC to the OAG’s entering into contingency-fee contracts with private

counsel would not reduce that office to “empty shell.”

24 Whitman v. Am. Trucking Ass’ns, 531 U.S. 457, 468 (2001) (citations omitted).

16
C. The LRC and Secretary Landrum did not arbitrarily reject the

contract in violation of Section 2 of the Kentucky Constitution.

Lastly, the OAG argues that even if the contract is subject to the

provisions of the MPC, the contract should remain in effect because the

Committee and Secretary Landrum acted arbitrarily and capriciously in

rejecting and cancelling it.

At the outset, the parties and the trial court appear to be confused about

the standard by which courts review this issue.25 Among the ways the trial

court and parties urge review of this issue, they have identified the general rule

that usually guides the judiciary’s review of administrative agency decisions,

the arbitrary and capricious standard: “Judicial review of an agency decision is

limited to the determination of whether the decision was arbitrary, i.e., whether

the action was taken in excess of granted powers, whether affected parties were

afforded procedural due process, and whether decisions were supported by

substantial evidence.”26 “As an appellate court, we stand in the shoes of the

circuit court and review the [agency’s] decision for arbitrariness.”27

Normally, a court reviews an agency’s decision for arbitrariness in the

three ways described in Louisville Metro. But our review is modified by the

25 The trial court suggested that KRS 45A.015(2) outlines the standard for review. This

statute provides, “Every contract or duly under this code shall impose an obligation of

good faith in its performance or enforcement.” The trial court is mistaken on this point

because that statute speaks to the duties of the contracting parties, not the duty of

the Committee and Secretary Landrum to review contracts.

26 Louisville Metro Health Dept. v. Highway Manor Ass’n, LLC, 319 S.W.3d 380, 383

(Ky. 2010) (quoting Sebastian-Voor Props., LLC v. Lexington-Fayette Urban Cty. Gov’t,

265 S.W.3d 190, 195 (Ky. 2008)).

27 Martin Cty. Home Health Care v. Cabinetfor Health & Fam. Servs., 214 S.W.3d 324,

326 (Ky. App. 2007) (citing Am. Beauty Homes Corp. v. Louisville and Jefferson Cty.

Planning and Zoning Comm’n, 379 S.W.2d 450 (Ky. 1964)).

17
circumstances of this case, and the U.S. Supreme Court’s decision in Citizens

to Preserve Overton Park v. Volpe28 is particularly helpful to us.

At issue in Volpe was the Secretary of Transportation’s authorization of

the use of federal funds to finance the construction of a highway through a

public park.29 The Secretary of Transportation’s power to do this stemmed from

a statute “providing] that the Secretary ‘shall not approve any program or

project’ that requires the use of any public parkland Tinless (1) there is no

feasible and prudent alternative to the use of such land, and (2) such program

includes all possible planning to minimize harm to such park[.]”’30 A host of

parties challenged the Secretary of Transportation’s authorization, requiring

the U.S. Supreme Court to determine how to review such a challenge.31

The challengers argued for the application of the substantial-evidence

standard of review. The U.S. Supreme Court explicitly rejected reviewing the

Secretary of Transportation’s decision under the substantial-evidence test:

Review under the substantial-evidence test is authorized only when

the agency action is taken pursuant to a rulemaking provision ofthe

Administrative Procedure Act itself or when the agency action is

based on a public adjudicatory hearing. The Secretary’s decision to

allow the expenditure of federal funds to build 1-40 through

Overton Park was plainly not an exercise of a rulemaking function.

And the only hearing that is required by either the Administrative

Procedure Act or the statutes regulating the distribution of federal

funds for highway construction is a public hearing conducted by

local officials for the purpose of informing the community about

the proposed project and eliciting community views on the design

and route. The hearing is non-adjudicatory, quasi-legislative in

28 401 U.S. 402 (1971) (abrogated only on the rule that the Administrative Procedure

Act provides an independent grant of subject-matter jurisdiction to courts in reviewing

agency action by Califano v. Sanders, 430 U.S. 99 (1977)).

29 Volpe, 401 U.S. at 407.

30 Id. at 411 (citations omitted).

31 Id. at 415.

18
nature. It is not designed to produce a record that is to be the basis

ofagency action—the basic requirementfor substantial-evidence

review.32

Volpe is helpful because it identifies three types of agency action: (1)

rulemaking; (2) adjudicatory hearings; and (3) non-adjudicatory, quasilegislative hearings. Although the substantial-evidence test is the appropriate

standard of review when determining an agency’s action stemming from

rulemaking or adjudicatory hearings, as the Court in Volpe instructs, that test

is not the appropriate standard of review of an agency’s action stemming from

a non-adjudicatory, quasi-legislative hearing because such a hearing is not

designed to produce a record for review.

We must now determine the type of agency action at issue in this case.

KRS 45A.705 outlines the process for the Committee and Secretary Landrum’s

review of the propriety of the contract already entered into by an entity of the

Commonwealth. Subsection (1) of that statutes creates the “Government

Contract Review Committee[,]” which, under Subsection (2) meets monthly to

perform the duties outlined under Subsection (4):

All proposed personal service contracts . . . received by the [LRC]

shall be submitted to the [Government Contract Review

Committee] to:

(a) Examine the stated need for the service or benefit to the

Commonwealth ...[;]

(b) Examine whether the service could or should be

performed by state personnel, for personal service

contracts ...[;]

(c) Examine the amount and duration of the contract or

agreement; and

32 Id. at 414-15 (emphasis added).

19
(d) Examine the appropriateness of any exchange of

resources or responsibilities.

Subsection (5) provides, “If the committee determines that the contract service

or agreement ... is not needed or inappropriate, . . . the service could or

should be performed by state personnel, the amount or duration is excessive,

or the exchange of resources or responsibilities are inappropriate, the

committee shall attach a written notation of the reasons for its disapproval or

objection to the personal service contract . . . and shall return the personal

service contract... to the secretary of the Finance and Administration

Cabinet[.]” Finally, KRS 45A.705(6) then provides:

Upon receipt of the committee’s disapproval or objection to a

personal service contract, . . . the secretary of the Finance and

Administration Cabinet. . . shall determine whether the personal

service contract . . . shall:

(a) Be revised to comply with the objections of the committee;

(b) Be canceled and, if applicable, payment allowed for

services rendered under the contract or amendment; or

(c) Remain effective as originally approved.

The Committee reviews the propriety of the contract entered into between the

government entity and the private actor, rendering either approval or

disapproval of the contract. The Committee then submits its recommendation

to the Finance and Administration Cabinet, i.e., the Secretary, who orders the

contract to be revised, cancelled, or effective as originally approved. There is

nothing about the process outlined in KRS 45A.705 that involves “rulemaking,”

i.e., the promulgation of administrative regulations.33 Nor does the KRS

33 See KRS 13A.120.

20
45A.705 process involve adjudication and an adversarial hearing.34 Rather, the

KRS 45A.705 process constitutes a non-adjudicatory, quasi-legislative hearing

akin to the type of proceeding at issue in Volpe. We must determine the

applicable standard of review in this case.

The OAG does not argue that it was denied procedural due process at

any point. And while the OAG argues that the Committee and Secretary

Landrum’s actions taken in this process “w[ere] taken in excess of granted

powers[,]” the OAG’s basis for this argument is that the MPC does not apply to

the contract. But we have already rejected this argument and found that the

MPC does indeed apply to the contract at issue in this case. Finally, we cannot

apply the substantial-evidence test because, per Volpe, the application of that

kind of review is inappropriate.

Instead, Volpe defines the standard of review this Court will apply in its

review of non-adjudicatory, quasi-legislative agency determinations, which is

still a review for arbitrariness and capriciousness, but defined in the following

way: “To make this finding the court must consider whether the decision was

based on a consideration of the relevant factors and whether there has been a

clear error ofjudgment. Although this inquiry into the facts is to be searching

and careful, the ultimate standard of review is a narrow one. The Court is not

empowered to substitute its judgment for that of the agency.”35 To be clear,

34 See KRS 13B.080.

35 Volpe, 401 U.S. at 416 (internal citations omitted).

21
36

“the focal point for judicial review should be the administrative record already

in existence, not some new record made initially in the reviewing court.”36

In the LRC’s letter to Secretary Landrum and the OAG, the Committee’s

reasons for disapproving the contract are stated thus: “The committee is

concerned, in consideration of the enormity of the potential financial settlement

resulting from litigation, a more favorable contingency fee schedule has not

been extended to the Commonwealth and there is no cap on the total amount

of fees to be paid to the contractor.” These two reasons for disapproving the

contract were discussed at the Committee’s hearing on the contract, as well.

Secretary Landrum ultimately agreed with the Committee in his letter: “The

Committee’s concerns are well-taken, and I will not overrule the decision to

disapprove the contract. Accordingly, and for all the reasons raised by the

Committee, I have determined that the contract is canceled pursuant to KRS

45A.705(6)(b).”

Per KRS 45A.705(5), it is within the Committee’s prerogative to

“determine[] that the contract service or agreement... is not needed or

inappropriate, . . . the amount or duration is excessive, or the exchange of

resources or responsibilities are inappropriate[.]” While we remain skeptical of

the basis in reality for of the Committee’s belief that a more favorable

contingency-fee could have been contracted for, the Committee’s consideration

of that factor constitutes nonetheless a “relevant factor” for consideration.

Additionally, the contract does indeed fail to include a cap on the total amount

of fees to be paid to the contractor. Placing a cap on the amount of fees

Camp v. Pitts, 411 U.S. 138, 142 (1973).

22
obtained by outside counsel to maximize any potential recovery for the

Commonwealth also constitutes a “relevant factor[]” considered by the

Committee and Secretary Landrum in their ultimate decision. And we cannot

say that the Committee and Secretary Landrum committed a “clear error of

judgment” in deciding to cancel the contract based on the contract’s failure to

maximize any potential recovery for the Commonwealth.

Simply put, the Committee and Secretary Landrum considered relevant

factors and decided to cancel the contract based on those factors, making it

impossible for a reviewing court to say that the decision to cancel was a “clear

error ofjudgment.” We find that the Committee and Secretary Landrum did not

act arbitrarily in deciding to cancel the contract between the OAG and the

Morgan & Morgan team.

III. CONCLUSION.

We reverse the judgment of the Franklin Circuit Court and remand this

case to that court with directions to enter judgment in favor of Secretary

Landrum.

All sitting. Minton, C.J.; Buckingham, Lambert, VanMeter and Wright,

JJ., concur. Hughes concurs by separate opinion, in which Keller, J., joins.

Keller, J., concurs by separate opinion.

HUGHES, J., CONCURRING: I concur in the majority’s well-reasoned

analysis but write separately due to factors in the record that, absent a change

in circumstances, would lend credence to the Attorney General’s argument that

the Committee’s action disapproving the contingency-fee contract was

arbitrary. Given the representations of counsel for Secretary Landrum at oral

23
argument that the particularly concerning factor (a competing RFP from the

Justice Cabinet) “was withdrawn” and given the Committee’s ultimate focus on

the perceived unfavorable contingency fee terms and absence of a cap on the

legal fees as grounds for disapproval, I can concur that the Committee and

Secretary Landrum did not act arbitrarily. The concerning factors,

nonetheless, bear further comment.

KRS 45A.010(2) makes clear that the Model Procurement Code, in

addition to assuring the responsible expenditure of state funds, is intended to

increase “public confidence” in purchasing procedures; to “insure the fair and

equitable treatment of all persons who deal” with the MPC; and “to provide

safeguards for the maintenance of a procurement system of quality and

integrity.” Those goals are paramount and every person involved in the MPC

process should be guided by them and not by partisan concerns.

The record reflects that the OAG followed Finance Cabinet guidance in

creating a review panel that considered responses from seventeen different law

firms to the RFP for legal services necessary to pursue opioid product litigation

After the highest scoring firm was chosen by a four-person review panel, the

proposed contract was submitted to the Finance Cabinet on September 21,

2017. For the next three months, the OAG and Cabinet staff went back and

forth regarding revisions. On December 21, 2017, the Cabinet staff approved

the third version of the contract which the OAG had revised to meet all of the

Cabinet’s requests.

Then the Legislative Research Commission Government Contract Review

Committee met on January 9, 2018 to address the contract. In response to

24
Committee members’ questions regarding the fee structure, an OAG

representative noted it was based on language from a House Bill in the last

legislative session and was less generous than previous contingency fee

structures. While members raised understandable and legitimate concerns

regarding issues with prior contingency fee contracts, one member notably

referenced a competing RFP from the Justice Cabinet. The record contains

that draft RFP from the Justice and Public Safety Cabinet with a projected

issue date of January 29, 2018, twenty days after the Committee meeting and

months after the OAG RFP was public and the Cabinet staff had approved the

OAG’s proposed contract with a team of law firms. As the Attorney General

states, “the Justice Cabinet RFP borrowed the terms of the OAG RFP and

contract nearly word for word.”37 Obviously, at least one member of the

Committee was privy to the fact that the Justice Cabinet was seemingly

planning to preempt the OAG and pursue the opioid product litigation itself.

If the OAG contract was disapproved to make way for the Justice Cabinet

to step in with its competing RFP and take the Attorney General’s place, it

would raise a host of issues including inter alia impeding the authority of the

Attorney General and depriving Kentuckians of certain legal remedies that can

be pursued only by the Commonwealth’s chief legal officer. It would also

render the Committee’s decision arbitrary; the alleged contract term reasons for

37 Notably, the Justice Cabinet’s RFP also did not have a cap on the legal fees,

one of the two objections raised by the Committee, and the fee structure was not

significantly different than that in the OAG RFP and contract.

25
disapproval would be pretextual.38 Given counsel’s assurance that the Justice

Cabinet is no longer pursuing the competing RFP39 and the identification of

legitimate concerns that the Commonwealth receive “a more favorable

contingency fee schedule”40 and that a legal fee cap be included, I can concur.

Keller, J., joins.

KELLER, J., CONCURRING: In this case, the majority has concluded

that the General Assembly “completely govern[s]” the Attorney General’s power.

The majority acknowledges that this control is “subject to the limitation that

the office may not be stripped of all duties and rights so as to leave it an empty

shell.” Johnson v. Commonwealth ex rel. Meredith, 165 S.W.2d 820, 829 (Ky.

1942). Nevertheless, the majority concludes that the Secretary's ability to

reject or cancel the Attorney General’s contracts under the MPC does not leave

that office as an empty shell because “[t]ime and again, the OAG has proven

itself capable of handling complex legal matters using the resources the

Commonwealth provides it.” I find this language somewhat troubling. The

determination that outside counsel is necessary to pursue complex litigation is

best left to the Attorney General, the chief law enforcement officer of the

Commonwealth, and the OAG’s previous reliance on its own staff should not in

38 It is noteworthy that concerns about the contingency fee structure and

absence of a legal fee cap apparently had never been raised in the months of

interaction between the OAG and Cabinet staff.

39 The Secretary’s reply brief also states: “the RFP discussed on p. 38 [of the

Attorney General’s brief] was not approved by the Secretary (because contracts, not

RFPs, are approved by the Secretary) and neither was a contract ever entered for the

RFP.”

40 As Chief Justice Minton writes, I too am “skeptical of the basis in reality for

the Committee’s beliefthat a more favorable contingency-fee could have been

contracted for. . . .” Nonetheless, without more of a record on this issue, I cannot

conclude the Committee’s concern is unfounded.

26
any way hamper its ability to seek outside help in the future. This is especially

true in highly complex matters of public importance, like the litigation against

the opioid manufacturers.

In this case, the Attorney General determined that the office needed the

assistance of outside legal counsel in handling this complex litigation. It then

proceeded through a thorough vetting process. The process involved the

issuance of an RFP, to which seventeen law firms responded with proposals. A

review panel then reviewed and scored the proposals. Morgan & Morgan PLLC

received the highest technical score, and according to Deputy Attorney General

Brown, its proposed recovery rates were among the lowest ever produced in

this state for a contingency-fee case of this type. The OAG then prepared a

contingency-fee contract, which it submitted to the Cabinet on September 21,

2017. Over the next several months, the proposed contract floated back and

forth between the OAG and the Cabinet. During that time, the Cabinet twice

rejected the proposed contract language, and the OAG complied with the

Cabinet’s suggested edits each time. The Cabinet ultimately approved the

OAG’s third version of the contract and submitted it to the Committee.

Nevertheless, the Committee disapproved the contract, which was then

canceled by the Secretary.

In reviewing the decision to cancel the contract, we were limited by the

narrow standard of review applicable to non-adjudicatory, quasi-legislative

proceedings: “whether the decision was based on a consideration of the

relevant factors and whether there was a clear error ofjudgment.” Citizens to

Preserve Overton Park v. Volpe, 401 U.S. 402, 416 (1971) (citations omitted).

27
Because we concluded that the Committee and Secretary Landrum considered

relevant factors, we could not find that their decision to cancel the contract

constituted a “clear error ofjudgment.”

My concern is that the Secretary or a similarly-situated official,

emboldened by the narrow standard of review recited above and practically

unfettered discretion afforded to his position, could reject or cancel a similar

carefully drafted contingency-fee contract for outside counsel having

considered nothing more than this Court’s own statement that “[t]ime and

again, the OAG has proven itself capable of handling complex legal matters

using the resources the Commonwealth provides it.” I therefore write separately

to express my opinion that the OAG’s use of its own staff in past litigation, even

complex litigation, without more, should be irrelevant to the Secretary’s

decision to reject or cancel a proposed contract for outside legal services. In

other words, it should not qualify as a “relevant factor” under this standard of

review.

28
1

COUNSEL FOR APPELLANT:

Mark Stephen Pitt

Stephen Chad Meredith

Berry Lee Dunn

Matthew Kuhn

Office of the Governor

Brett Nolan

Office of the General Counsel

COUNSEL FOR APPELLEE:

Andy Beshear

Attorney General of Kentucky

John Michael Brown

La Tasha Arnae Buckner

Steven Travis Mayo

Laura Tipton

Taylor Allen Payne

Marc Farris

Office of the Attorney General

29