OCS Study 

•

MMS 2006-053 

Spatial and Temporal Variation in 

Recruitment to Rocky Shores: 

Relationship to Recovery Rates of 

Intertidal Communities 

Final Technical Summary 

Final Study Report 

U.S. Department of the Interior 

Minerals Management Service

Pacific OCS Region 

OCS Study 

MMS 2006-053 

Spatial and Temporal Variation in 

Recruitment to Rocky Shores: 

Relationship to Recovery Rates of 

Intertidal Communities 

Final Technical Summary 

Final Study Report 

Authors 

Tish Conway-Cranos 

Peter T. Raimondi 

Richard Ambrose 

Principal Investigators 

Peter T. Raimondi 

Richard Ambrose 

Prepared under MMS Cooperative 

Agreement No. 14-35-0001-31063 

by 

Coastal Marine Institute 

Marine Science Institute 

University of California 

Santa Barbara, CA 93106-6150 

U.S. Department of the Interior 

Minerals Management Service Camarillo

Pacific OCS Region June 2006
Disclaimer 

This report has been reviewed by the Pacific Outer Continental Shelf Region, Minerals Management 

Service, U.S. Department of the Interior and approved for publication. The opinions, findings, 

conclusions, or recommendations in this report are those of the authors, and do not necessarily reflect 

the views and policies of the Minerals Management Service. Mention of trade names or commercial 

products does not constitute an endorsement or recommendation for use. This report has not been 

edited for conformity with Minerals Management Service editorial standards. 

Availability of Report

Extra copies of the report may be obtained from: 

U.S. Dept. of the Interior 

Minerals Management Service 

Pacific OCS Region 

770 Paseo Camarillo 

Camarillo, CA 93010 

Phone: 805-389-7621 

A PDF file of this report is available at: 

http://www.coastalresearchcenter.ucsb.edu/CMI/ 

Suggested Citation 

The suggested citation for this report is: 

Raimondi, P. and R. Ambrose. Spatial and Temporal Variation in Recruitment to Rocky Shores: 

Relationship to Recovery Rates of Intertidal Communities. MMS OCS Study 2006-053. Coastal 

Research Center, Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, California. MMS 

Cooperative Agreement Number 14-35-0001-31063. 38 pages. 
Table of Contents 

FINAL TECHNICAL SUMMARY....................................................................... 1 

FINAL STUDY REPORT...................................................................................... 4 

 Introduction....................................................................................................... 4 

 Propagule input ............................................................................................. 4 

 Disturbance area............................................................................................ 4 

 Longevity ...................................................................................................... 4 

 Biogeographic region.................................................................................... 5 

 Rocky intertidal............................................................................................. 5 

 The California current................................................................................... 5 

 How do recovery dynamics change with biogeographic region?.................. 6 

 Is recruitment rate a good predictor of recovery rate?................................. 6 

 To what extent does disturbance magnitude drive recovery processes? ..... 6 

 Materials and methods ..................................................................................... 7 

 Site selection and sampling........................................................................... 7 

 Measuring recruitment .................................................................................. 8

 Measuring recovery....................................................................................... 9 

 Recovery analysis ......................................................................................... 10 

 Population-level ...................................................................................... 10 

 Community level..................................................................................... 10 

 Results................................................................................................................ 10 

 Spatial variation in recruitment rate.............................................................. 10 

 Temporal variation in recruitment rate ......................................................... 12 

 Recovery rates – population level response.................................................. 13 

 Chthamalus.............................................................................................. 13 

 Mytilus .................................................................................................... 15 

 Comparison of Chthamalus and Mytilus recovery rates......................... 16 

 Endocladia............................................................................................... 16 

 Silvetia .................................................................................................... 18 

 Life history characteristics ...................................................................... 18 

 Recovery rates – community level response................................................. 19 

 Chthamalus.............................................................................................. 19 

 Mytilus .................................................................................................... 19 

 Endocladia............................................................................................... 20 

 Silvetia .................................................................................................... 20 

 Discussion........................................................................................................... 21

 Biogeographic region.................................................................................... 21 

 Recruitment................................................................................................... 22 

 Disturbance size ............................................................................................ 22 

 Life history characteristics ............................................................................ 22 

 Species interactions....................................................................................... 23 

 
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................................................... 24 

WORKS CITED....................................................................................................... 25 

APPENDICES.......................................................................................................... 28 

Appendix A.......................................................................................................... 28 

Appendix B .......................................................................................................... 29 

Appendix C .......................................................................................................... 30 

Appendix D.......................................................................................................... 31 

Appendix E .......................................................................................................... 32 

Appendix F........................................................................................................... 33 

Appendix G.......................................................................................................... 34 

Appendix H.......................................................................................................... 35 

Appendix I ........................................................................................................... 36 

Appendix J ........................................................................................................... 37 

Appendix K.......................................................................................................... 38 
OCS Study 

MMS 

2006-053 

List of Tables

Table 1. Life history characteristics of species assemblages ............................... 5 

Table 2. ANCOVA of Mytilus recovery rate ....................................................... 16 

Table 3. Two-way ANOVA of Mytilus and Chthamalus recovery rates ............. 16 

Table 4. ANCOVA of Endocladia recovery rate ................................................. 17 

List of Figures 

Figure 1. Simplified schematic of water movement patterns................................. 7 

Figure 2. Recruitment collectors targeted towards each species............................. 8 

Figure 3. Schematic drawing of recovery and control plots ................................... 9 

Figure 4. Monthly Chthamalus recruitment ............................................................ 11 

Figure 5. Monthly Endocladia recruitment ............................................................ 11 

Figure 6. Monthly fucoid recruitment .................................................................... 12 

Figure 7. Temporal variation in Chthamalus, Endocladia, and fucoid recruitment 13 

Figure 8. Mean % Chthamalus recovery................................................................ 14 

Figure 9. Results of regression analysis of recovery rate........................................ 14 

Figure 10. Mean % Mytilus recovery...................................................................... 15 

Figure 11. Results of regression analysis of recovery rate...................................... 15 

Figure 12. Comparison of Chthamalus and Mytilus recovery rates........................ 16 

Figure 13. Mean % Endocladia recovery................................................................ 17 

Figure 14. Results of regression analysis of recovery rate...................................... 18 

Figure 15. Mean % Silvetia recovery..................................................................... 18 

Figure 16. Overall Mean ± SD % recovery............................................................. 19 

Figure 17. Community recovery trajectories for all plots in the Chthamalus zone 19 

Figure 18. Community recovery trajectories for all plots in the Mytilus zone ....... 20 

Figure 19. Community recovery trajectories for all plots in the Endocladia.......... 20 

Figure 20. Community recovery trajectories for all plots in the Silvetia zone ....... 21 

Figure 21. Conceptual diagram of possible factors affecting recovery rate............ 23

 

Spatial and Temporal Variation in Recruitment to Rocky Shores 

1

FINAL TECHNICAL SUMMARY 

STUDY TITLE: Spatial and Temporal Variation in Recruitment to Rocky Shores: 

Relationship to Recovery Rates of Intertidal Communities 

REPORT TITLE: Spatial and Temporal Variation in Recruitment to Rocky Shores: 

Relationship to Recovery Rates of Intertidal Communities 

CONTRACT NUMBER: 14-35-0001-31063 

SPONSORING OCS REGION: Pacific 

APPLICABLE PLANNING AREA(S): Southern California 

FISCAL YEAR(S) OF PROJECT FUNDING: FY 03, FY 04, FY 05, FY 06 

COMPLETION DATE OF REPORT: March 2007 

COSTS: FY 03: $31,708; FY 04: $31,708; FY 05: $31,708 FY06: $31,708 

CUMULATIVE PROJECT COST: $126,835 

PROJECT MANAGERS: Russell J. Schmitt

AFFILIATION: Coastal Research Center, Marine Science Institute, University of 

California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 

ADDRESS: University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 

REPORT AUTHORS: Tish Conway-Cranos1 and Peter T. Raimondi1

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATORS: Peter Raimondi1 and Richard Ambrose2

ADDRESSES: 1

Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of 

California, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 2School of Public Health, Department of Environmental 

Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1772 

KEY WORDS: Recovery, succession, rocky intertidal, recruitment, Chthamalus, Mytilus, 

Endocladia, Silvetia

BACKGROUND: Community dynamics in the rocky intertidal may be governed to a 

large extent by the process of recovery after a disturbance, which may be variable across 

biogeographic regions or intertidal taxa. This study investigates the recovery process by 

performing experimental disturbances at three sites along the California coast in four 

different intertidal assemblages. Recruitment could be a key driver of recovery rates so we 
Final Technical Summary – Raimondi and Ambrose 

2

measured the recruitment rate of each target species to see if recruitment is responsible for 

driving observed differences in recovery rate and trajectories. 

OBJECTIVES: The goals of this study were, broadly, to determine which processes were 

most important in driving recovery rates in rocky intertidal assemblages and more specifically 

to address the following questions: 

1. How do recovery dynamics change with biogeographic region? 

2. Is recruitment rate a good predictor of recovery rate? 

3. To what extent does disturbance magnitude (area) drive recovery processes at both the 

population and community level? 

4. How do species with differing life history characteristics respond to disturbance? 

DESCRIPTION: We made experimental clearings in an array of sizes at three sites along 

the California coast. Each site was chosen for its proximity to a long-term monitoring site 

and its location as north, near to or south of Point Conception, a major biogeographic 

barrier along the west coast of the United States. At each site, clearings were located in 

four different intertidal zones dominated by species with differing combinations of life 

history characteristics. The species chosen were Mytilus californianus, Silvetia compressa, 

Endocladia muricata and Chthamalus dalli/fissus. We also established control 

(unmanipulated) plots in each intertidal assemblage. We tracked the recovery of these 

clearings by assessing the percent cover of benthic invertebrates and algae in recovery and 

control plots over time. To determine the extent to which recruitment drives recovery rates, 

we measured recruitment onto natural and artificial substrata for each target species. 

SIGNIFICANT CONCLUSIONS: 

• Recovery rate as a function of initial disturbance size was distinctly different across 

sites and rocky intertidal assemblages such that for the Chthamalus assemblage, there 

was significantly negative relationship between initial disturbance size and recovery 

rate near Point Conception but no relationship at the sites north and south of Point 

Conception. For Mytilus, there was a significantly negative relationship between initial 

disturbance size and recovery rate at all three sites. For Endocladia, at Point Sierra 

Nevada (north of Point Conception), there was a negative relationship between initial 

disturbance size and recovery rate while at Stairs (near Point Conception), there was a 

positive relationship between initial disturbance size and recovery rate. 

• Recruitment was highly variable across sites and assemblages and had a non-linear 

relationship with recovery rate. 

• Community recovery was a strongly site-specific for all assemblages. 

STUDY PRODUCTS: 

Publications: 

June 2006: Contribution to Cabrillo Beach Aquarium quarterly newsletter Tidelines

“Disturbance and recovery of rocky seashores” Tish Conway-Cranos 
Spatial and Temporal Variation in Recruitment to Rocky Shores 

3

Research Presentations:

March 2007: Pacific Ecology and Evolution Conference “Geographic variation in succession: 

Linking recovery rate, species interactions and recruitment” Tish Conway-Cranos 

June 2006: International Temperate Reef Symposium: “Geographical variation in recovery of 

intertidal communities following a disturbance: Linking recruitment to recovery” Tish 

Conway-Cranos 

November 2005: Western Society of Naturalists Conference “Geographical variation in 

recovery of intertidal communities following a disturbance: Linking recruitment to recovery” 

Tish Conway-Cranos 

Posters: 

March 2005: Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary Symposium “Geographical variation 

in recovery of rocky intertidal communities following a disturbance.” Tish Conway-Cranos 
Final Study Report – Raimondi and Ambrose 

4

FINAL STUDY REPORT

This project has become part of the PhD thesis of Tish Conway-Cranos, who has continued to 

monitor plots after the MMS funded portion of the project ended. 

Introduction 

The concept of ecological succession has intrigued ecologists since it was first studied by 

Cowles (1899). In addition to providing insight into how communities develop over time, 

studies of succession have contributed to a deeper understanding of the ecological 

consequences of disturbance (e.g. Connell 1978; Dayton 1971) as well as the processes 

structuring natural communities in general (e.g. Odum 1969; Walker et al. 1986). Although 

there has been a great deal of work investigating succession and recovery processes in both 

terrestrial and marine systems, the circumstances governing both the likelihood and rate of 

ecological convergence remain poorly understood. 

Propagule input: The importance of recruitment or propagule input to population dynamics is 

well established (e.g. Hanski 1999, Gaines and Roughgarden 1985), and studies of succession 

(e.g. Wood and del Moral 1987, Chapin et al. 1994) have indicated that arrival of new 

propagules may be one of the most important factors in determining successional dynamics. 

For species with open populations where input of propagules is decoupled from local 

production, recovery trajectories are likely to vary as a function of local recruitment patterns, 

whereas recovery trajectories of species with closed populations may vary as a function of 

local production rates. For this reason, species in the same geographic location with 

contrasting dispersal distances may respond very differently to the same magnitude of 

disturbance. 

Disturbance area: Empirical work has shown that community processes and rates of recovery 

differ among disturbed patches of different sizes, often in non-intuitive ways (e.g. Hubbell et 

al. 1999, Bruna 2002, Levin and Paine 1974). In part, this is because the surrounding edge 

habitat may have strong and varying effects on new recruits. If organisms in intact edge 

habitat have a negative impact on incoming propagules or early life history stages, large 

disturbances may be expected to recover more quickly than small ones, since the center of 

such disturbances would represent a refuge from negative edge effects. In marine systems, 

negative effects could come in the form of algal whiplash (Jenkins et al. 1999, Cervin et al. 

2004) or predation of larvae by adults (Young and Gotelli 1988). Conversely, surrounding 

biota may have a positive effect on recovering propagules through amelioration of 

physiological conditions (Shumway and Bertness 1994) or through gregarious settlement 

(Raimondi 1990; Michinton 1997). In such cases, smaller disturbances would be expected to 

exhibit faster recovery rate that large ones. 

Longevity: Although the role of life history characteristics has long been recognized as 

important in determining the order of species replacement throughout succession (Littler and 

Littler 1981; Chapin et al. 1994; Walker et al. 1986), species with differing lifespans may also 

experience predictably different rates of recovery, yet this aspect of succession remains 

unresolved. For example, longer-lived species are likely to experience slower population 
Spatial and Temporal Variation in Recruitment to Rocky Shores 

5

growth rates, which can result in slower population turnover and potentially slower recovery 

rates, whereas shorter-lived species are more likely to have faster population growth rates, 

faster population turnover and potentially more rapid recovery rates. 

Biogeographic region: Despite agreement that geographic effects are likely to be important in 

determining the outcome of succession (e.g. Murray and Littler 1978; Dudgeon and Petraitis 

2001; Foster et al. 2003), there have been relatively few succession studies that encompass 

more than one biogeographic region. Because geographic location may affect the relative 

importance of the abiotic and biotic factors that drive successional outcomes, conclusions 

drawn from one region may not hold true across larger spatial scales. We address this issue 

this by explicitly examining the relative importance of factors that drive recovery rates across 

multiple biogeographic regions. 

Rocky intertidal: The rocky intertidal is characterized by assemblages or “zones” that are 

each numerically dominated by species whose life history characteristics differ significantly 

from one another, with dispersive phases that range from hours to weeks and lifespans that 

range from months to decades. Such differences may be important in determining a particular 

assemblage’s recovery potential. We have chosen four species that are common in the rocky 

intertidal, occur in discrete zones and show different combinations of lifespan and dispersal 

potential (Table I). This orthogonal approach in choice of species will allow insight into the 

relative importance of lifespan and dispersal distance in determining the outcome of 

successional trajectories. 

Table I. Life history characteristics of species assemblages. 

 Long-dispersing Short-dispersing 

Long-lived 

California mussel – Mytilus 

 californianus 

Fucoid rockweed - Silvetia 

compressa

Short-lived Acorn barnacle - Chthamalus 

dalli/fissus

Red turf alga - Endocladia 

muricata

The California current: This study was conducted at intertidal sites on the Pacific Coast of 

the United States, spanning a major biogeographic boundary. Pt. Conception (Santa Barbara 

County, California) separates two biogeographic regions: The cooler (12 ̊C - 14 ̊C) Oregonian 

province to the north and the warmer (14 ̊C - 17 ̊C) Californian province to the south (Figure 

1). This headland represents the boundary of many species’ ranges (e.g. Murray and Littler 

1978). The cooler Oregonian province is characterized by frequent seasonal upwelling (a 

process which delivers cool water and nutrients to shore) while the warmer Californian 

province experiences sporadic, weaker upwelling intensity (Hickey 1993). Variation in 

upwelling intensity is often correlated with variation in recruitment of species with planktonic 

propagules (e.g. Ebert and Russell 1988). In addition to contributing to faunal differences 

among marine biogeographic regions, water temperature affects processes that could change 

succession rates and outcomes such as development rates of larvae and growth rates of 

individuals. Oceanic currents themselves may also play a role in determining recruitment 

patterns. The equator-toward California current and the pole-ward Southern California 
Final Study Report – Raimondi and Ambrose 

6

counter-current come together at Pt. Conception, potentially creating a region of offshore 

water movement near the point (Figure 1). The mussel Mytilus californianus and the acorn 

barnacle Chthamalus fissus/dalli both show a striking pattern of high recruitment both north 

and south of Pt. Conception but very low recruitment near the point itself (Raimondi et al. 

1999), indicating that water movement may play a role in determining recruitment dynamics 

for species with planktonic larvae. Differences in abiotic (temperature, nutrients, currents) 

and biotic (recruitment) factors north, near to and south of Pt. Conception indicate that each of 

these three areas can be treated as a region likely to experience different recovery dynamics 

from one another. By taking this approach, we can directly assess the extent to which 

successional dynamics change as a function of biogegraphic region. Within the framework, 

we set out to answer the following questions: 

I. How do recovery dynamics change with biogeographic region? 

It is well established that many biological and ecological processes vary in intensity and 

relative importance in a site or region-specific manner (e.g. Connolly et al. 2001; McAuliffe 

1988). To further understand and reliably predict successional rates and trajectories for 

intertidal species, it is necessary to obtain empirical recovery data from multiple 

biogoegraphic regions or oceanic regimes. Because of its proximity to Point Conception and 

susceptibility to offshore movement of dispersive propagules, we expected Stairs to exhibit 

slower recovery rates for the two long-dispersing species, Chthamalus and Mytilus when 

compared to recovery rates at Point Sierra Nevada and Point Fermin. Because recovery rates 

of short-dispersing species will likely be large determined by local production, we had no a 

priori prediction for a biogeographic pattern in the recovery rates of Silvetia and Endocladia. 

II. Is recruitment rate a good predictor of recovery rate? 

In marine systems, input of propagules settling from a planktonic dispersive phase has been 

shown to be important in driving population (Caley et al 1996; Sutherland 1970; Gaines and 

Roughgarden 1985; Raimondi 1991) and community (Forde and Doak 2004) dynamics. 

Recruitment rate can also show strong spatial variation (Underwood et al. 1983; Caffey 1985; 

Connolly et al. 2001). The process of recovery could be driven primarily by larval input or by 

post-settlement processes. Understanding the extent to which recovery is determined by 

recruitment relative to other processes can aid in the prediction of recovery estimates 

III. To what extent does disturbance magnitude (area) drive recovery processes? 

Disturbance magnitude can have profound effects on recovery rate and trajectory (e.g. Sousa 

1984). For Chthamalus, presence of adult conspecifics has been shown to increase settlement 

rate (Raimondi 1990) so large plots are expected to recover more slowly than small ones. For 

Mytilus, adults may slowly encroach from the edges and fill up gaps (Paine and Levin 1981) 

and recruits settle preferentially to adult byssal threads (Levin and Paine 1974). Both 

processes lead to the expectation that large disturbances will recover more slowly than small 

ones since large plots have a smaller edge-to-area ratio. Endocladia is a unique organism to 

study in this respect in that it reproduces both vegetatively and through spores, so a given 

disturbed patch could recover via recruitment of new individuals or through slow 
Spatial and Temporal Variation in Recruitment to Rocky Shores 

7

encroachment from the edges. This creates an interesting tension between larger plot sizes, 

which often have lower grazer densities (Underwood et al. 1983; Sousa 1984; Farrell 1991) 

yet also have less potential for lateral encroachment relative to small plots due to the 

decreased edge-to-area ratio. Previous work on fucoid establishment suggests an optimum 

level of canopy cover for settlement with too much canopy resulting in dislodgement of 

recruits by adults (Cervin et al. 2004; Jenkins et al. 1999) and too little canopy resulting in 

mortality due to desiccation stress (Dudgeon and Petraitis 2001). Additionally, fucoid 

establishment has been positively associated with microhabitat refuges such as facilitator 

species such as Endocladia (Johnson and Brawley 1998) and rock crevices (Lubchenco 1983). 

Materials and Methods 

Site selection and sampling: We have selected three sites along the California coast at which 

to conduct this study; Point Sierra Nevada to the north of Point Conception, Stairs near Point 

Conception and Point Fermin to the south of Point Conception (Figure 1). 

Scale: 80 miles

Pt. Sierra Nevada

Stairs

Pt. Conception

Pt. Fermin

Figure 1. Simplified schematic of water movement patterns around Point Conception, California and location of 

field sites Point Sierra Nevada, Stairs and Point Fermin. 

These sites encompass two major biogeographic regions yet have many of the same dominant 

benthic species. Each site is adjacent to long-term intertidal monitoring site conducted by the 

Multi-Agency Rocky Intertidal Network (MARINe). This was done intentionally so that 

recovery rates can be placed in the context of long-term species change. In Fall 2003, we 

established 8 recovery plots of varying sizes ranging from 8 cm x 12 cm to 50 cm x 75 cm 

(Figure 2) and three control plots in each of the Mytilus, Chthamalus, Endocladia and Silvetia

zones at three sites along the California coast (Figure 1). We denuded the substratum of all 
Final Study Report – Raimondi and Ambrose 

8

visible biota and then burned each plot with a hand-held propane torch to remove microscopic 

propagules. Sampling consisted of placing a PVC frame with a uniform grid of monofilament 

line strung into it and noting the identity and location in the grid of species occupying the 

primary substratum and canopy (if present) under each intersection. All plots were marked 

with stainless screws in the corners to ensure consistency in the placement of the quadrat each 

sampling visit. All plots were sampled prior to clearing, then post-clearing in March 2004, 

June 2004, October 2004, February 2005, and June 2005. 

Measuring recruitment: We determined relative recruitment rates onto artificial and natural 

substrata for all four taret species (Mytilus, Chthamalus, Endocladia, and Silvetia) at each of 

the three sites. From this information, we tested whether relative recovery rates across a 

broad spatial scale for a given dominant species can be predicted by recruitment rates. 

Because recruitment may be driven by substratum type (Raimondi 1988; Johnson and 

Brawley 1998), artificial recruitment substrata are used to explicitly compare recruitment 

dynamics across sites in a way that standardizes the amount of larval supply. We have put out 

collectors in each assemblage to provide a standardized settling environment for the dominant 

species. The recruitment collectors allowed us to compare the relative larval or spore 

availability among sites in a way that is not affected by the natural substratum at each site. 

Recruitment onto natural substrata was measured in all four assemblages except for Mytilus, 

where the only way to sample natural recruitment is by sampling destructively, which we are 

not doing. Chthamalus recruits were counted on bare rock and scraped off monthly (Figure 

2A). 

A Chthamalus recruitment onto artificial (Left)

and natural (Right) substrata

B Endocladia recruitment onto natural (Left)

and artificial (Right) substrata

c Silvetia recruitment onto natural (Left)

and artificial (Right) substrata D Mytilus recruitment onto artificial substratum

Figure 2. Recruitment collectors targeted towards each species. 
Spatial and Temporal Variation in Recruitment to Rocky Shores 

9

For Endocladia and Silvetia, we have targeted areas within the assemblage where known 

facilitator species occur. We counted new Endocladia recruits in permanent 10 cm x 10 cm 

plots of barnacles adjacent to the collectors within the Endocladia zone (Figure 2B). For 

Silvetia, we counted new Silvetia recruits in permanent 10 cm x 10 cm patches of Endocladia

adjacent to the collectors within the Silvetia zone (Figure 2C). Recruits are counted and 

removed monthly. To assess recruitment onto artificial (standardized across sites) substrata, 

Chthamalus recruitment was measured on PVC plates covered with Safety-walk grip tape 

(Figure 2A). Endocladia recruits were collected on barnacle mimics made from plaster 

casting material (Figure 2B). Endocladia mimics made from boat carpet and Safety-walk 

grip tape were used to collect Silvetia recruits (Figure 2C). Tuffy-brand dish scrubbers that 

mimic byssal threads (Menge 1991) were used to collect Mytilus recruits (Figure 2D). Each 

collector provides a benign settlement surface for the target organism, which will allow a 

standardized, relative estimate of propagule availability across sites. Each collecting method 

has been field-tested and works well. This combination of recruitment onto both artificial and 

natural substrata allowed us to measure recruitment under both standardized and natural 

conditions, which then permitted the assessment of site-specific differences in recruitment 

rate. 

Measuring recovery: Recovery plots ranging from 8 cm x 12 cm to 50 cm x 75 cm in size 

(Figure 3) were established in Fall of 2003 in the Mytilus, Chthamalus, Endocladia and 

Silvetia zones at Point Sierra Nevada, Stairs and Point Fermin. 

R 4

R 6

R 7

C 1

C2

C3

R 5

R 8

C 2

R1 R3

Recovery Plots

Control Plots

Legend

C 3

50 cm

75 cm

8 cm

12 cm

10 cmR 2

15 cm

13 cm

20 cm

16 cm

24 cm

22 cm

33 cm

30 cm

45 cm

40 cm

60 cm

75 cm

50 cm

50 cm

75 cm

50 cm

75 cm

R 4

R 6

R 7

C 1

C2

C3

R 5

R 8

C 2

R1 R3

Recovery Plots

Control Plots

Legend

C 3

50 cm

75 cm

8 cm

12 cm

10 cmR 2

15 cm

13 cm

20 cm

16 cm

24 cm

22 cm

33 cm

30 cm

45 cm

40 cm

60 cm

75 cm

50 cm

50 cm

75 cm

50 cm

75 cm

Figure 3. Schematic drawing of recovery (eight sizes ranging from 8 cm x 12 cm to 50 cm x 75 cm) and control 

plots (all 50 cm x 75 cm) in each assemblage (Chthamalus, Endocladia, Silvetia and Mytilus). 

This gradient (rather than replicated tiers) of clearing sizes was chosen to allow taking a 

regression approach to understanding the effect of clearing size on the recovery rate. Each 
Final Study Report – Raimondi and Ambrose 

10

clearing size was chosen to maintain a constant ratio between length and width (1:1.5) so that 

edge effects would scale in a similar manner. All recovery plots were sampled with 100 

uniformly distributed points, except for the smallest three sizes, which were sampled with 50, 

40 and 30 points, respectively. Control (uncleared) plots were the same size as the largest 

experimental plot (50 cm x 75 cm) and were sampled with 100 points. 

Recovery analyses: 

Population – level: Recovery rate of the target species for each plot at each site was 

calculated over time such that a slope (rate) was generated for each plot. For Endocladia and 

Mytilus, the first and last points in the recovery trajectory were used for this analysis. In all 

cases, the percent cover data were Arcsin-SquareRoot transformed prior to analysis and plot 

size (area) was log-transformed. To examine the relationship between recovery rate and 

disturbance area at each site, we either conducted a regression analysis of recovery rates as a 

function of disturbance area for a given site (Chthamalus) or conducted an Analysis of 

Covariance (ANCOVA) using disturbance area as the covariate (Mytilus and Endocladia). 

Recovery rates were not calculated for Silvetia since benthic percent cover is not a good 

indicator of biomass for this species. To assess the relationship between recovery rates of 

Mytilus and Chthamalus (both long-dispersing invertebrates) across all three sites, we 

conducted a two-away ANOVA. To calculate % recovery for each assemblage at each site, 

we divided the mean percent cover of each target species in recovery plots in June 2005 by 

the mean percent cover in control plots for the same date. 

Community-level: Although experimental clearings were made in areas dominated by a 

particular species, each species is associated with a community other invertebrates and algae. 

Whether or not the suite of species that typically co-occur in each of the target intertidal zones 

show similar recovery dynamics is a key part of understanding recovery. Community-level 

analyses address the recovery trajectory of the entire assemblage. We have conducted a 

Multidimensional Scaling (MDS) analysis (Primer Software v.6) using recovery data from all 

four target assemblages from pre-clearing to June 2005. This method compares community 

composition across sites and disturbance sizes using a Bray-Curtis similarity index. We first 

examined community composition at all three sites prior to clearing and in June 2005. We 

then plotted the recovery trajectory of each individual plot over time. To assess the relative 

importance of initial disturbance area and geographic location in determining the shape of the 

community recovery trajectory, we conducted a Second-Stage MDS whereby community 

trajectories are formally compared using similarity matrices, resulting in an MDS plot where 

each point represents the recovery trajectory of a given disturbance plot at each site. 

Results 

Spatial variation in recruitment rate: Chthamalus recruitment to natural substrata was 

highest Point Fermin followed by Point Sierra Nevada and Stairs (Figure 4A). Chthamalus

recruitment onto plates was much higher at Point Fermin than Point Sierra Nevada and Stairs 

(Figure 4B). 
Spatial and Temporal Variation in Recruitment to Rocky Shores 

11

Pt. Sierra N

Stairs

PointFermin

SITE

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

ME2CHTHPLATE

PSN

Stairs

PointFermin

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

PSN

Stairs

Point Fermin

0

100

200

300

Mean Chthamalus Recruitment

PSN

Stairs

Point Fermin

0

100

200

300

Mean Chthamalus Recruitment

A Plots B Plates

Pt. Sierra N

Stairs

PointFermin

SITE

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

ME2CHTHPLATE

PSN

Stairs

PointFermin

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

Pt. Sierra N

Stairs

PointFermin

SITE

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

ME2CHTHPLATE

PSN

Stairs

PointFermin

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

PSN

Stairs

Point Fermin

0

100

200

300

Mean Chthamalus Recruitment

PSN

Stairs

Point Fermin

0

100

200

300

Mean Chthamalus Recruitment

A Plots B Plates

Figure 4. Monthly Chthamalus recruitment (mean ± SD) into 10 cm x 10 cm plots (A) and onto 10 cm x 10 cm 

PVC plates (B). 

Endocladia recruitment to natural substrata was very similar at all three sites (Figure 5A) 

while Stairs experienced the highest recruitment onto plates (Figure 5B). 

Pt. Sierra N

Stairs

Point Fermin SITE

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

PSN

Stairs

Point Fermin

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

Pt. Sierra N

Stairs

Point Fermin SITE

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

PSN

Stairs

Point Fermin

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

Pt. Sierra N

Stairs

Point Fermin Site

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

Mean Monthly Endocladia Recruitment

PSN

Stairs

Point Fermin

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

Mean Monthly Endocladia Recruitment

Pt. Sierra N

Stairs

Point Fermin Site

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

Mean Monthly Endocladia Recruitment

PSN

Stairs

Point Fermin

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

Mean Monthly Endocladia Recruitment

A Plots B Plates

Pt. Sierra N

Stairs

Point Fermin SITE

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

PSN

Stairs

Point Fermin

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

Pt. Sierra N

Stairs

Point Fermin SITE

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

PSN

Stairs

Point Fermin

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

Pt. Sierra N

Stairs

Point Fermin Site

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

Mean Monthly Endocladia Recruitment

PSN

Stairs

Point Fermin

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

Mean Monthly Endocladia Recruitment

Pt. Sierra N

Stairs

Point Fermin Site

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

Mean Monthly Endocladia Recruitment

PSN

Stairs

Point Fermin

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

Mean Monthly Endocladia Recruitment

Pt. Sierra N

Stairs

Point Fermin SITE

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

PSN

Stairs

Point Fermin

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

Pt. Sierra N

Stairs

Point Fermin SITE

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

PSN

Stairs

Point Fermin

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

Pt. Sierra N

Stairs

Point Fermin Site

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

Mean Monthly Endocladia Recruitment

PSN

Stairs

Point Fermin

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

Mean Monthly Endocladia Recruitment

Pt. Sierra N

Stairs

Point Fermin Site

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

Mean Monthly Endocladia Recruitment

PSN

Stairs

Point Fermin

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

Mean Monthly Endocladia Recruitment

A Plots B Plates

Figure 5. Monthly Endocladia recruitment (mean ± SD) into 10 cm x 10 cm plots (A) and onto 10 cm x 10 cm 

plaster barnacle mimics (B). 

Fucoid recruitment to natural substrata was much higher at both Point Sierra Nevada and 

Stairs than at Point Fermin (Figure 6A). Recruitment to artificial substrata showed the same 

pattern (Figure 6B). 
Final Study Report – Raimondi and Ambrose 

12

PSN

Stairs

Point Fermin

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

Mean Fucoid Recruitment

PSN

Stairs

Point Fermin

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

Mean Fucoid Recruitment

Point Sierra

Stairs

Point Fermin

SITE

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

PSN

Stairs

Point Fermin

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Point Sierra

Stairs

Point Fermin

SITE

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

PSN

Stairs

Point Fermin

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

A Plots B Plates

PSN

Stairs

Point Fermin

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

Mean Fucoid Recruitment

PSN

Stairs

Point Fermin

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

Mean Fucoid Recruitment

Point Sierra

Stairs

Point Fermin

SITE

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

PSN

Stairs

Point Fermin

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Point Sierra

Stairs

Point Fermin

SITE

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

PSN

Stairs

Point Fermin

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

PSN

Stairs

Point Fermin

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

Mean Fucoid Recruitment

PSN

Stairs

Point Fermin

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

Mean Fucoid Recruitment

Point Sierra

Stairs

Point Fermin

SITE

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

PSN

Stairs

Point Fermin

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Point Sierra

Stairs

Point Fermin

SITE

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

PSN

Stairs

Point Fermin

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

A Plots B Plates

Figure 6. Monthly fucoid recruitment (mean ± SD) into 10 cm x 10 cm plots (A) and onto 10 cm x 10 cm 

Endocladia/rock mimics (B). 

Temporal variation in recruitment: Chthamalus recruitment showed strong seasonal 

variability throughout the two years of data collection. At all three sites, there was a peak in 

December while at Point Fermin, there was a very high midsummer peak both years that was 

not experienced by the two other sites (Figure 7A). Endocladia recruitment was also highly 

variable, with highest recruitment all three sites in Fall (Figure 7B). Silvetia recruitment was 

also seasonal, with peaks in Spring and in Fall at Point Sierra Nevada and Stairs (Figure 7C). 
Spatial and Temporal Variation in Recruitment to Rocky Shores 

13

A) 

JAN

FEB

MAR

APR

MAY

JUN

JUL

AUG

SEP

OCT

NOV

DEC

JAN

FEB

MAR

APR

MAY

JUN

JUL

AUG

SEP

OC

0 T

500

1000

2000

Mean Chthamalus Recruitment

JANFEB

MAR

APR

MAY

JUN

JUL

AUG

SEP

OCT

NOV

DEC

JAN

FEB

MAR

APR

MAY

JUN

JUL

AUG

SEP

OC

0 T

1500

JAN

FEB

MAR

APR

MAY

JUN

JUL

AUG

SEP

OCT

NOV

DEC

JAN

FEB

MAR

APR

MAY

JUN

JUL

AUG

SEP

OC

0 T

500

1000

2000

Mean Chthamalus Recruitment

JANFEB

MAR

APR

MAY

JUN

JUL

AUG

SEP

OCT

NOV

DEC

JAN

FEB

MAR

APR

MAY

JUN

JUL

AUG

SEP

OC

0 T

1500

B) FEB

MAR

APR

MAY

JUN

JUL

AUG

SEP

OCT

NOV

DEC

JAN

FEB

0

1

2

3

4

5

Mean EndocladiaRecruitment

FEB

MAR

APR

MAY

JUN

JUL

AUG

SEP

OCT

NOV

DEC

JAN

FEB

0

1

2

3

4

5

Mean EndocladiaRecruitment

FEB

MAR

APR

MAY

JUN

JUL

AUG

SEP

OCT

NOV

DEC

JAN

FEB

0

1

2

3

4

5

Mean EndocladiaRecruitment

FEB

MAR

APR

MAY

JUN

JUL

AUG

SEP

OCT

NOV

DEC

JAN

FEB

0

1

2

3

4

5

Mean EndocladiaRecruitment

C) 

FEB

MAR

APR

MAY

JUN

JUL

AUG

SEP

OCT

NOV

DEC

JANFEB

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

Mean fucoid recruitment

FEB

MAR

APR

MAY

JUN

JUL

AUG

SEP

OCT

NOV

DEC

JANFEB

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

Mean fucoid recruitment

Figure 7. Temporal variation in Chthamalus (A), Endocladia (B), and fucoid (C) recruitment onto natural 

substrata at Point Fermin (solid lines), Point Sierra Nevada (dotted lines) and Stairs (dashed lines). 

Recovery rates – population level response: 

Chthamalus – Point Sierra Nevada and Point Fermin both showed more similarity to control 

plots (% Recovery) than did Stairs (Figure 8). This is the expected pattern if low recruitment 

due to oceanic currents is driving recovery. 
Final Study Report – Raimondi and Ambrose 

14

PSN STA PF

SITE

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

1.1

%

Ch ht ama ul s recovery

Figure 8. Mean % Chthamalus recovery (Mean Recovery/Mean Control) at Point Sierra Nevada (PSN), Stairs 

(STA) and Point Fermin (PF) in June 2005. 

Chthamalus showed strong recovery at nearly all plots at Point Sierra (Appendix A) by June 

2005. Stairs Chthamalus plots showed a slower recovery rate, particularly in the larger plots 

(Appendix A). Point Fermin Chthamalus plots showed relatively rapid recovery (Appendix 

A). Chthamalus cover in control plots was fairly stable over time at Point Sierra Nevada and 

Stairs while showing a decrease followed by an increase at Point Fermin (Appendix B). 

Regression analysis of the recovery rates at all three site as a function of initial disturbance 

size revealed that at Point Sierra Nevada (F1,5 = 0.0199; p = 0.893) and at Point Fermin (F1,5 = 

0.0092; p = 0.927), there was no relationship between recovery rate and disturbance area, but 

at Stairs (F1,5 = 7.816; p = 0.0338), larger plots had lower recovery rates than small plots 

(Figure 9). 

4 5 6 7 8 9

Log of disturbance area at PSN

0.20

0.25

0.30

0.35

SLOPE

P = 0.893

4 5 6 7 8 9

Log of disturbance area at PSN

0.20

0.25

0.30

0.35

SLOPE

P = 0.893

 

4 5 6 7 8 9

Log of disturbance area at Stairs

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

SLOPE

P = 0.0338

4 5 6 7 8 9

Log of disturbance area at Stairs

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

SLOPE

P = 0.0338

 

4 5 6 7 8 9

Log of disturbance area at Pt. Fermin

0.21

0.22

0.23

0.24

0.25

0.26

0.27

0.28

0.29

0.30

SLOPE

P = 0.92

4 5 6 7 8 9

Log of disturbance area at Pt. Fermin

0.21

0.22

0.23

0.24

0.25

0.26

0.27

0.28

0.29

0.30

SLOPE

P = 0.92

Figure 9. Results of regression analysis of recovery rate as a function of disturbance area in Chthamalus plots at 

Point Sierra Nevada, Stairs and Point Fermin. . Relationship between recovery rate and disturbance size in 

Chthamalus plots at Point Sierra Nevada (left), Stairs (middle) and Point Fermin (right). 

These results are consistent with the idea that gregariousness among conspecific barnacles 

could be occurring at Stairs, resulting in the observed pattern of faster establishment of 

barnacles in smaller plots (Figure 9). One outlier plot size was left out of the analysis at all 

three sites (plot size 6). 
Spatial and Temporal Variation in Recruitment to Rocky Shores 

15

Mytilus - Overall, Mytilus plots at Point Fermin showed much higher percent recovery than 

Point Sierra Nevada and Stairs, which exhibited similar overall recovery (Figure 10). 

Figure 10. Mean % Mytilus recovery (Mean Recovery/Mean Control) at Point Sierra Nevada (PSN), Stairs 

(STA) and Point Fermin (PF) in June 2005. 

At Point Sierra Nevada, Mytilus showed much faster recovery in smaller plots than larger 

ones (Appendix C). Both Stairs (Appendix C) and Point Fermin (Appendix C) showed this 

pattern as well. Control plots at all three sites were relatively stable over time (Appendix D). 

ANCOVA revealed that there was a larger plots showed significantly slower recovery rates 

than small ones and that this was consistent across all three sites (Table II; Figure 11). Plots 

with recovery rates of zero were omitted from the analysis. 

4 5 6 7 8 9

Log of disturbance area

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

Recovery ra et

 

4 5 6 7 8 9

Log of disturbance area

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

Recovery rate

 

4 5 6 7 8 9

Log of disturbance area

0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

Recovery rate

Figure 11. Results of regression analysis of recovery rate as a function of disturbance area in Mytilus plots at 

Point Sierra Nevada, Stairs and Point Fermin. . Relationship between recovery rate and disturbance size in 

Mytilus plots at Point Sierra Nevada (left), Stairs (middle) and Point Fermin (right) 2005. 
Final Study Report – Raimondi and Ambrose 

16

Table II: ANCOVA of Mytilus recovery rate as a function of site and initial disturbance size. 

 SS df MS F p 

site 0.0032 2 0.0016 0.4948 0.6192 

plot size 0.0275 1 0.0275 8.5989 0.0102 

site x plot size 0.004 2 0.0021 0.6577 0.5323 

error 0.0480 15 0.0032 

Comparison of Chthamalus and Mytilus recovery rates – A two-way ANOVA revealed that 

despite the fact that both of these invertebrates are long-dispersing, recovery rates were 

significantly different between them and across sites (Table III) such that Chthamalus

recovery overall was much more rapid than that of Mytilus at Point Sierra Nevada and at Point 

Fermin while at Stairs, the two species exhibited very similar recovery rates (Figure 12), 

indicating that there may be an important interplay among lifespan, recruitment rate and 

geographic location in determining recovery rates. 

PSN STA PF

Site

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

Recovery ra et

Mytilus

Chthamalus

SPECIES

Figure 12. Comparison of Chthamalus (solid) and Mytilus (striped) recovery rates at Point Sierra Nevada 

(PSN), Stairs (STA) and Point Fermin (PF). Data are mean ± SD. 

Table III: Two-way ANOVA of Mytilus and Chthamalus recovery rates across sites. 

 SS df MS F p 

species 0.1159 1 0.1159 35.9299 < 0.0001 

site 0.0286 2 0.0143 4.4413 0.01829 

species x site 0.0599 2 0.0299 9.2947 < 0.0001 

error 0.1258 39 0.0032 

Endocladia – Overall Endocladia recovery was much higher at Stairs than at Point Sierra 

Nevada and Point Fermin (Figure 13). 
Spatial and Temporal Variation in Recruitment to Rocky Shores 

17

PSN STA PF

SITE

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

% Endoc al d ai Recovery

Figure 13. Mean % Endocladia recovery (Mean Recovery/Mean Control) at Point Sierra Nevada (PSN), Stairs 

(STA) and Point Fermin (PF) in June. 

Endocladia at Point Sierra Nevada showed faster recovery in small plots than in large ones 

(Appendix E) although percent cover in all plots was low. By contrast, at Stairs, there was a 

trend towards larger plots exhibiting faster recovery than smaller ones, although percent cover 

in all plots was low (Appendix E). At Point Fermin, all plots exhibited very little recovery 

during the time of this study. There was no pattern with respect to clearing size in those plots 

that did exhibit some recovery (Appendix E). Endocladia control plots at Point Sierra Nevada 

were relatively stable while control plots at Stairs and Point Fermin showed some decline 

over time (Appendix F). ANCOVA confirmed this pattern by showing that the effect of 

clearing size caused different recovery patterns across sites (Table IV)(Figure 14). Plots with 

recovery rates of zero were omitted from the analysis. 

Table IV. ANCOVA of Endocladia recovery rate as a function of site and initial disturbance size. 

 SS df MS F p 

site 0.0032 2 0.0016 2.9200 0.0926 

plot size 0.0014 1 0.0014 2.5118 0.1389 

site x plot size 0.0056 2 0.0028 5.1637 0.0241 

error 0.0066 12 0.0005 
Final Study Report – Raimondi and Ambrose 

18

4 5 6 7 8 9

Log of disturbance area

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06

0.07

0.08

0.09

Recovery ra et

 

4 5 6 7 8 9

Log of disturbance area

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

Recovery ra et

 

4 5 6 7 8 9

Log of disturbance area

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06

0.07

0.08

0.09

Recovery rate

Figure 14. Results of regression analysis of recovery rate as a function of disturbance area in Endocladia plots 

at Point Sierra Nevada, Stairs and Point Fermin. Relationship between recovery rate and disturbance size in 

Endocladia plots at Point Sierra Nevada (left), Stairs (middle) and Point Fermin (right). 

Silvetia – Silvetia benthic cover was very low in both recovery and control plots over time 

(Appendix G). While Silvetia canopy cover was high in both recovery and control plots, it 

fluctuated seasonally more in recovery plots, increasing in the winter and decreasing in the 

summer (Appendix G). Overall, Silvetia % recovery was highest at Point Fermin and Stairs 

while % recovery at Point Sierra Nevada was the lowest (Figure 15). 

PSN STA PF

SITE

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

%

Si vl et ai Recovey

Figure 15. Mean % Silvetia recovery (Mean Recovery/Mean Control) at Point Sierra Nevada (PSN), Stairs 

(STA) and Point Fermin (PF) in June 2005. 

Life history characteristics – The assemblage exhibiting the most degree of recovery when 

compared to control plots was Chthamalus, followed by Silvetia, Mytilus, and Endocladia, 

respectively (Figure 16). 
Spatial and Temporal Variation in Recruitment to Rocky Shores 

19

C E M S

SPECIES

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

1.1

%

R

eco

v

ery

Figure 16. Overall Mean ± SD % recovery of Chthamalus (C), Endocladia (E), Mytilus (M) and Silvetia (S). 

Recovery rates - community level response: 

Chthamalus - All plots in the Chthamalus assemblage showed community compositions that 

differed the most between before the plots were cleared and the first time the plots were 

sampled after clearing. This was the case at all three sites (Appendix H). In most plots, 

community composition appeared to be in the process of converging with the composition of 

the plot before it was cleared. The second-stage MDS analysis revealed that recovery 

dynamics appear to be site-specific, rather than being driven solely by disturbance size 

(Figure 17). An ANOSIM test revealed that in the Chthamalus assemblage, all three sites 

showed significantly different recovery trajectories from one another (R = 0.732; p = 0.001). 

SITE

PF

PSN

STA

8

1

2

3 4

5 6

7 8

1

2

3 4

5

6

7

8 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

2D Stress: 0.09

Figure 17. Community recovery trajectories for all plots in the Chthamalus zone at Point Fermin (blue 

downwards triangles), Point SierraNevada (green upwards triangles), and Stairs (turquoise squares). Numbers 1-

8 represent clearing sizes where 1=smallest and 8=largest. 

Mytilus – Community composition of the recovery plots in the Mytilus assemblage at all three 

sites also appeared to be the process of becoming more similar to the composition of the plots 
Final Study Report – Raimondi and Ambrose 

20

before they were cleared (Appendix I). Smaller plots were closer to their initial composition 

than larger ones at all three sites (Appendix I). The second-stage MDS analysis showed that 

all three sites exhibited similar recovery trajectories (Figure 18) (R = 0.102; p = 0.25). 

SITE

PF

PSN

STA

8

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

2D Stress: 0.1

Figure 18. Community recovery trajectories for all plots in the Mytilus zone at Point Fermin (blue downwards 

triangles), Point Sierra Nevada (green upwards triangles), and Stairs (turquoise squares). Numbers 1-8 represent 

clearing sizes where 1=smallest and 8=largest. 

Endocladia – At Point Sierra Nevada, Endocladia community composition changed over time 

among all plots. None of the plots were similar to their initial composition (Appedix J). At 

Stairs, some of the larger plots appeared to be closer to their initial community composition 

than smaller ones (Appendix J). The Endocladia community at Point Fermin changed over 

time but was still different from the way the community was prior to clearing (Appendix J). 

Second-stage MDS showed that all three sites had significantly different community recovery 

trajectories from one another in the Endocladia assemblage (R = 0.552; p = 0.01) (Figure 19). 

SITE

PF

PSN

8 STA

1 2

3

4

5

6

7

8

1 2

3

4

5

6

7

8

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

2D Stress: 0.1

Figure 19. Community recovery trajectories for all plots in the Endocladia zone at Point Fermin (blue 

downwards triangles), Point SierraNevada (green upwards triangles) and Stairs (turquoise squares). Numbers 1-8 

represent clearing sizes where 1=smallest and 8=largest. 

Silvetia – Despite high canopy cover in recovery plots, the Silvetia assemblage did not show 

signs of converging with the community composition prior to clearing at Point Sierra Nevada 

(Appendix K). At Stairs, community composition in the Silvetia assemblage for some plots 

appeared to be approaching convergence (Appendix K). At Point Fermin, community 
Spatial and Temporal Variation in Recruitment to Rocky Shores 

21

composition was still very different in nearly all plots from that of before they were cleared 

(Appendix K). A second-stage MDS and ANOSIM test revealed that all three sites have 

significantly different recovery trajectories (R = 0.414; p = 0.01) (Figure 20). 

SITE

PF

PSN

STA

8 1

2

3 4

5

6

7

8

1

2 3

4

5

6

7

8

1 2

3

4

5

6

7

2D Stress: 0.14

Figure 20. Community recovery trajectories for all plots in the Silvetia zone at Point Fermin (blue downwards 

triangles), Point SierraNevada (green upwards triangles) and Stairs (turquoise squares). Numbers 1-8 represent 

clearing sizes where 1=smallest and 8=largest. 

Discussion 

Biogeographic region: Recovery dynamics changed dramatically among biogeographic 

regions for all four assemblages. Point Fermin exhibited the most recovery for Chthamalus, 

Mytilus and Silvetia but the least for Endocladia. Since Point Fermin is located south of Point 

Conception where water temperatures are typically higher than locations north of Point 

Conception, it is possible that higher temperatures at Point Fermin lead to faster growth rates 

of these species and faster recolonization of benthic substrata. If this were the case, then 

Endocladia did not respond in a positive way to such temperature differences. However, 

given that Stairs exhibited the highest degree of Endocladia recovery and temperature 

differences between Point Sierra Nevada and Stairs are not great, it is likely that Endocladia

recovery dynamics are not driven by temperature. 

Since Stairs is located near Point Conception, we hypothesized that it would experience the 

slowest recovery of the long-dispersing invertebrates Mytilus and Chthamalus. While 

recovery of Chthamalus was the lowest at Stairs, Mytilus recovery was the same at Point 

Sierra Nevada and Stairs, indicating that forces other than the oceanographic currents near 

Point Conception may be driving Mytilus recovery. This is not surprising given the fact that 

Mytilus in general are much more likely to be dependent upon interactions with conspecific 

adults than Chthamalus. Thus, the establishment of Mytilus is likely to be more dependent 

than Chthamalus on post-settlement or density-dependent processes. 

Silvetia recovery was the lowest at Point Sierra Nevada and considerably higher at Stairs and 

Point Fermin. This indicates that recovery dynamics are very different among regions. This 

could be related to biogeographic differences in recruitment or to differences in important 

species interactions such as Facilitation or Inhibition or some combination of both types of 

processes. 
Final Study Report – Raimondi and Ambrose 

22

Recruitment: While recruitment differed significantly across sites, it does not appear to 

completely explain differences in recovery. For example, all three sites had very comparable 

levels of Endocladia recruitment onto natural substrata but Stairs had the highest degree of 

Endocladia recovery. This shows that post-settlement processes may be important in 

determining the degree of Endocladia establishment into recovery plots. This idea is 

supported by the fact Endocladia recruitment to plates was the highest at Stairs, indicating 

that the plates may have represented a more benign environment for recruitment than the plots 

and that dynamics in the recovery plots became more similar to the plates (barnacle mimics) 

over time. Chthamalus recruitment appeared to at least partially explain geographic 

differences in recovery such that the lowest recruitment site (Stairs) also had the least 

recovery and Point Fermin experienced the most recruitment and also the highest degree of 

recovery. Since the amount of recovery at Point Fermin does not appear to scale in a linear 

way with recruitment, there could be density-dependent processes occurring to explain these 

dynamics. For Silvetia, post-settlement processes are clearly very important since the lowest 

recruitment site (Point Fermin) was the site that experienced the highest recovery. This 

indicates that the few Silvetia sporelings that settled at Point Fermin likely experienced very 

high per capita survivorship. It is also possible that differences in substrata quality (rugosity, 

etc) or grazer abundances could explain some of the differences in Silvetia establishment 

across sites. 

Disturbance size: Initial disturbance size was only important for Chthamalus at Stairs, where 

there was a negative relationship between clearing size and rate. Since Stairs was also the site 

with the lowest recruitment of Chthamalus onto natural substrata, it appears that 

gregariousness among conspecific barnacles is likely to be occurring at lower recruitment 

levels. Conversely, at Point Sierra Nevada and Point Fermin, gregariousness does not appear 

to be an important driver of recovery dynamics since large plots experienced the same rates of 

recovery as smaller ones. For Mytilus, initial disturbance size was a strong predictor of 

recovery rate such that the smallest plots experienced the fastest recovery rates at all three 

sites. This is likely due to encroachment from surrounding mussels in the small plots, a 

process which occurs more rapidly in small plots due to the higher perimeter:area ratio. For 

Endocladia, Point Sierra Nevada showed the fastest recovery in the smallest plot sizes 

whereas at Stairs, smallest plots experienced the slowest recovery. Such a pattern could be 

explained by grazer densities such that if there were more grazers at Stairs, the centers of 

large plots would represent a refuge for Endocladia recruits. Since smaller plots permit more 

access to grazers, it is unlikely that grazers are an important source of mortality for 

Endocladia recruits at Point Sierra Nevada. It is also possible that abiotic factors could be 

driving the contrasting patterns at Stairs and Point Sierra Nevada. Since desiccation stress 

could be also be an important source of mortality for Endocladia sporelings, the surrounding 

undisturbed Endocladia could represent a beneficial source of shade and moisture for 

developing recruits. If this were the case, we would expect the Endocladia zone of Point 

Sierra Nevada to experience more desiccation than that of Stairs. Since there was not a strong 

pattern between initial disturbance size and Silvetia recovery, it is clear that other, more sitespecific processes are more important in driving recovery rates. 

Life history characteristics: Chthamalus, the long-dispersing and short-lived species, 

showed dramatically higher percent recovery than the other three assemblages. This is not 
Spatial and Temporal Variation in Recruitment to Rocky Shores 

23

surprising given the combination of short population turnover and high likelihood of 

propagule delivery. The species that showed the lowest percent recovery, Endocladia is also 

short-lived. This indicates that species characteristics alone cannot explain observed 

differences in recovery rates, however it is worth noting that Endocladia also experienced the 

most amount of variability in percent recovery across sites. Mytilus % recovery was only 

slightly higher than that of Endocladia, indicating further that the characteristic of having 

long-dispersing propagules does not predict recovery rate. 

Species interactions: While much of this study has focused on the relationship between 

surrounding conspecifics and the target recovery species, there may also be important species 

interactions occurring within a plot that could strongly alter the course of succession and thus 

the recovery rate likely to be experienced by a given species at a given site. Such interactions 

are likely to change over space (e.g. biogeographic region, tidal height) and time (i.e. over the 

course of succession). Indeed, previous research has shown species interactions during the 

course of succession may have profound impacts on the overall rate and trajectory of 

succession. Connell and Slatyer (1977) categorized such interactions as Facilitation, 

Inhibition and Tolerance. Subsequent studies have shown that all three mechanisms can be 

important, depending on the particular suite of biotic and abiotic factors at play. For example, 

under more stressful abiotic conditions, Facilitation may be more likely to occur, whereas in 

more benign environments, Inhibition may become more important (Bertness and Callaway 

1994). Successional mechanisms may also change over time throughout the course of 

succession (Farrell 1991; Callaway and Walker 1997) or occur simultaneously among 

different tissues of the same organism (Chapin et al. 1994; Callaway and Walker 1997). 

While much work has focused on identifying the conditions under which different 

successional mechanisms become more important, little attention has been focused on seeing 

if a link exists between the dominant mechanism and the rate (or likelihood) of community 

recovery to a pre-disturbance state. If such a link is found to exist, our understanding of 

succession and our ability to predict successional rates will be greatly enhanced. Given the 

potential importance of species interactions in addition to species characteristics and 

biogeographic location, we propose the following conceptual model as a heuristic tool for 

understanding the manner in which recovery rates and successional trajectories may vary over 

space and time (Figure 21). 

Recovery 

Rate Lifespan

Dispersal

Distance

Recruitment

Rate

Facilitation

Species 

Characteristics

Geographically determined

Community 

Interactions

Inhibition

Tolerance Recovery 

Rate Lifespan

Dispersal

Distance

Recruitment

Rate

Facilitation

Species 

Characteristics

Geographically determined

Community 

Interactions

Inhibition

Tolerance

Figure 21. Conceptual diagram of possible factors affecting recovery rate. 

Investigation of species interactions along with ecological variables will enhance our 

understanding of the way species recover after a disturbance while also providing key insight 

to the way communities develop over time, a process that is both fundamental and ubiquitous 

in nature. 
Final Study Report – Raimondi and Ambrose 

24

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 

We could not have completed this study without the help of many people. We thank the 

intrepid souls who have helped with field work: Tom Adam, Christy Bell, Morgan Bond, 

Aimee Bullard, Hallie Cranos, Caroline Engel, Hilary Hayford, Melissa Foley, Nora Grant, 

Kelley Higgason, Galen Holt, Dawn Jech, Darren Johnson, Alison Kendall, Haven 

Livingston, Dave Lohse, Justin Milgrim, Eric Miller, Melissa Miner, Mark Readdie, Melissa 

Redfield, Lee Reeve, Katie Spencer, Yuri Springer, and Megan Williams. We especially 

thank Mary Elaine Helix for her time in the field. We also thank Libby Porzig and Alexandria 

Leckliter for their assistance in the lab. We thank Steve Murray and Dave Lohse for ideas and 

support. We thank Justin Milgrim, Katie Spencer, Mark Readdie, Jen Lape, and Melissa 

Kuypers for logistical support. We gratefully acknowledge Don and Miranda Canestro for 

assistance at Rancho Marino. We also thank Vandenberg Air Force Base for access to Stairs, 

Hearst Ranch and California State Parks for access to Point Sierra Nevada and the Cabrillo 

Aquarium for their continued support of our work at Point Fermin. 
Spatial and Temporal Variation in Recruitment to Rocky Shores 

25

WORKS CITED 

Bertness, M.D and R.M. Callaway. 1994. Positive interactions in communities. Trends in

 Ecology and Evolution. 9:191-193 

Bruna, Emilio. Oecologia. 2002. Effects of forest fragmentation on Heliconia acuminata

 seedling recruitment in central Amazonia 

Caffey, H. 1985. Spatial and temporal variation in settlement and recruitment of intertidal

 barnacles. Ecological Monographs. 55(3):313-332 

Caley, M.J., M. Carr, M. Hixon, T.P. Hughes, G.P. Jones and B. A. Menge. 1996.

 Recruitment and local dynamics of open marine populations. Annual Review of

 Ecological Systems. 27: 477 500 

Callaway, R. and L. Walker. 1997. Competition and facilitation: A synthetic approach to

 interactions in plant communities. Ecology. 78 (7): 1958-1965 

Cervin, G., M. Lindegarth, R. Viejo, and P. Aaberg. 2004. Effects of small scale

 disturbances of canopy and grazing on intertidal assemblages on the Swedish west

 coast. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and 

Chapin, F.S L.R. Walker, C.L. Fastie, and L.C. Sharman. 1994. Mechanisms of primary

 succession following deglaciation at Glacier Bay, Alaska. Ecological

 Monographs. 64(2):149-175 

Clements, F. 1916. Plant succession: An analysis of the development of vegetation. 

Connell, J. 1961. The influence of interspecific competition and other factors on the

 distribution of the barnacle Chthamalus stellatus. Ecology. 42 (4): 710-723 

Connell, J. and R. Slatyer. 1977. Mechanisms of succession in natural communities and

 their role in community stability and organization. The American Naturalist

 111(982): 1119-1144 

Connell, J.H. 1978. Diversity in tropical rain forests and coral reefs. Science. 199:1301 310 

Connolly. S.R, B.A. Menge, and J. Roughgarden. 2001. A latitudinal gradient of recruitment 

of intertidal inverterbrates in the northeast Pacific Ocean. Ecology. 82. 1799-1813 

Cowles, H.C. 1899. The Ecological Relations of the Vegetation on the Sand Dunes of

 Lake Michigan. Botanical Gazette, The University of Chicago Press 

Dayton, P.K. 1971. Competition, disturbance, and community organization: The provision 

and subsequent utilization of space in a rocky intertidal community. Ecological 

Monographs. 41:351-389 

Dudgeon, S and P.S. Petraitis. 2001. Scale-dependent recruitment and divergence of

 intertidal communities. Ecology. 82 (4). 991-1006 

Ebert, T.A. and M.P. Russell. 1988. Latitudinal variation in size structure of the west

 coast purple sea urchin: a correlation with headlands. Limnology and

 Oceanography. 33(2) 286-294 

Farrell, T. M. 1989. Succession in a rocky intertidal community: the importance of

 disturbance size and position within a disturbed patch. Journal of Experimental
Final Study Report – Raimondi and Ambrose 

26

 Marine Biology and Ecology 128:57-73 

Farrell. T.M. 1991 Models and mechanisms of succession: an example from a rocky

 intertidal community. Ecological Monographs. 61(1): 95-113 

Foster, M.S., E.W. Nigg, L.M.Kiguchi, D.D. Hardin, J.S. Pearse. 2003. Temporal variation 

and succession in an algal-dominated high intertidal assemblage. Journal of 

Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 289:15-39 

Forde and Doak. 2004. Multitrophic interactions mediate recruitment variability in a

 rocky intertidal community. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 275:33-45 

Gaines, S. and Roughgarden J. 1985. Larval settlement: a leading determinant of structure in 

an ecological community of the marine intertidal zone. Proceedings of the National 

Academy of Science. 82. 3707-3711 

Hanski, I. 1999. Metapopulation Ecology. Oxford University Press. Oxford, UK 

Hickey, B.M. 1993. Physical oceanography. p. 19-70. In M.D. Dailey, J.W. Anderson, D.J. 

Reish, and D.S. Gorsline (eds). Ecology of the Southern California Bight: A synthesis 

and interpretation. University of California Press, Berkeley Ca. 

Hubbell, S.P., R.B. Foster, S.T. O’Brian, K.E. Harms, R. Condit, B. Wechsler, S.J. Wright, 

and S. Loo de Lao. 1999. Light-gap disturbances, recruitment limitation, and tree 

diversity in a neotropical forest. Science. 282:554-557 

Jenkins, S., S. Hawkins, and T. Norton. 1999. Interaction between a Fucoid canopy and impet 

grazing in structuring a low shore intertidal community. Journal of Experimental 

Marine Biology and Ecology. 233:41-63 

Johnson, L.E. and S.H. Brawley. 1998. Dispersal and recruitment of a canopy-forming

 intertidal alga: the relative roles of propagule availability and post-settlement

 processes. Oecologia. 117:517-526 

Levin, S.A and R.T. Paine. 1974. Disturbance, patch formation, and community structure.

 Proceedings of National Academy of Science. 71:2744-2747 

Littler, M.M and D. S. Littler. 1981. The evolution of thallus form and survival strategies in 

benthic marine macroalgae: field and laboratory tests of a functional form model. 

American Naturalist. 116 ( 1) : 25-44 

Lubchenco, J. 1983. Littorina and Fucus: Effects of herbivores, substratum heterogeneity, and 

plant escapes during succession. Ecology. 64(5): 1116-1123 

McAuliffe, J. 1988. Markovian dynamics of simple and complex desert plant

 communities. American Naturalist. 131 (4): 459-490 

Menge, B. A. 1991. Relative importance of recruitment and other causes of variation in rocky 

intertidal community structure. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 

146: 69-100 

Menge, B.A. and J. Sutherland. 1987. Community regulation: variation in disturbance,

 competition and predation in relation to environmental stress and recruitment.

 American Naturalist. 130(5).730 - 757 

Michinton, T.E. 1997. Life on the edge: conspecific attraction and recruitment of populations 

to disturbed habitats. Oecologia. 111: 45-52 
Spatial and Temporal Variation in Recruitment to Rocky Shores 

27

Murray, S.N. and M.M. Littler. 1978. Patterns of algal succession in a perturbated marine

 intertidal community. Journal of Phycology. 14. 506-512 

Odum, E. 1969. The strategy of ecosystem development. Science. 164: 262-269 

Paine, R.T. and S.A. Levin. 1981. Intertidal landscapes: disturbance and the dynamics of

 pattern. Ecological Monographs. 51: 145-178 

Pastor, J. A. Sharp, and P. Wolter. 2005. An application of Markov models to the dynamics 

of Minnesota’s forests. Canadian Journal of Forestry Research. 35:3011-3019 

Raimondi, P.T. 1988. Rock type affects settlement, recruitment, and zonation of the

 barnacle Chthamalus anisopoma (Pilsbry). Journal of Experimental Marine

 Biology and Ecology, 123: 253-267 

Raimondi, P.T. 1990. Patterns, mechanisms, consequences of variability in settlement and 

recruitment of an intertidal barnacle .Ecological Monographs. 60(3) 283-309. 

Raimondi, P.T. 1991. The settlement behavior of Chthamalus anisopoma largely determines 

its adult distribution. Oecologia 85:349-360. 

Raimondi, P. T., R. F. Ambrose, J. M. Engle, S. N. Murray, M. Wilson. 1999. Monitoring of 

Rocky Intertidal Resources Along the Central and Southern California Mainland. 

Three year report for San Louis Obispo, Santa Barbara, and Orange Counties (Fall 

1995 to Spring 1998). OCS Study MMS 99-0032 

Shumway, S.W. and M.D. Bertness. 1994. Patch size effects on marsh plant succession

 mechanisms. Ecology. 75: 564-568 

Sousa, W.P. 1979. Experimental investigations of disturbance and ecological succession in a 

rocky intertidal algal community. Ecological Monographs. 49: 227-254 

Sousa, W.P. 1984. Intertidal mosaics: Patch size, propagule availability, and spatial

 patterns of succession. Ecology. 65:1918-1935 

Underwood, A.J. 1981. The effects of grazing by gastropods and physical factors on the

 upper limits of distribution of intertidal algae. Oecologia 46: 210-213 

Underwood, .A.J., E.J. Denley and M.J. Moran. 1983. Experimental analysis of the

 structure and dynamics of mid-shore rocky intertidal communities in New South

 Wales. Oecologia. 56:202-219 

Underwood, A. J. and E. J. Denley. 1984. Paradigms, explanations and generalizations in 

models for the structure of intertidal communities on rocky shores. pp. 151-180 In: D. 

R. Strong, D. Simberloff, L. G. Abele and A. B. Thistle, eds, Ecological Communities: 

Conceptual Issues and the Evidence. Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton, NJ. 

Walker, L.R., J.C. Zasada and F.S. Chapin. 1986. The role of life history processes in

 primary succession on Alaskan floodplains. Ecology. 67(5): 1243-1253 

Wood D. and R. del Moral. 1987. Mechanisms of early primary succession in subalpine

 habitats on Mount St. Helens. Ecology. 68(4): 780-790 

Young, C.M and N.J. Gotelli. 1988. Larval predation by barnacles: effects of patch size in 

shallow subtidal community. Ecology. 69 (3). 624-634 
Final Study Report – Raimondi and Ambrose 

28

APPENDIX A 

Appendix A. Chthamalus percent cover over time in Recovery plots from Spring 2004 - Summer 2005 at Point 

Sierra Nevada (PSN), Stairs (STA), and Point Fermin (PF) where R1 represents the smallest plots and R8 the 

largest. 

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.22

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.22

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.331

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.331 Slope = 0.23

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.23

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.299

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.299

Slope = 0.269

Slope = 0121 Slope = 0.272 Slope = 0.264

PSN R1 PSN R2 PSN R3 PSN R4

PSN R5 PSN R6 PSN R7 PSN R8

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.22

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.22

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.331

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.331 Slope = 0.23

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.23

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.299

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.299

Slope = 0.269

Slope = 0121 Slope = 0.272 Slope = 0.264

PSN R1 PSN R2 PSN R3 PSN R4

PSN R5 PSN R6 PSN R7 PSN R8

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.22

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.22

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.331

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.331 Slope = 0.23

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.23

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.299

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.299

Slope = 0.269

Slope = 0121 Slope = 0.272 Slope = 0.264

PSN R1 PSN R2 PSN R3 PSN R4

PSN R5 PSN R6 PSN R7 PSN R8

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.174

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.174 Slope = 0.127

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.127

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope =0.145

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope =0.145

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.0.131

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.0.131

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.038

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.038

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.116

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.116

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.081

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.081

0

20

40

60

80

100

STA R1 STA R2 STA R3 STA R4

STA R5 STA R6 STA R7 STA R8

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.174 Slope = 0.127

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.127

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope =0.145

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope =0.145

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.0.131

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.0.131

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.154 Slope = 0.116

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.116

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.081

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.081

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.174

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.174

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.174

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.174 Slope = 0.127

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.127

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.127

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.127

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope =0.145

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope =0.145

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope =0.145

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope =0.145

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.0.131

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.0.131

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.0.131

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.0.131

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.038

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.038

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.038

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.038

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.116

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.116

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.116

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.116

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.081

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.081

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.081

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.081

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

STA R1 STA R2 STA R3 STA R4

STA R5 STA R6 STA R7 STA R8

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.174 Slope = 0.127

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.127

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.127

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.127

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope =0.145

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope =0.145

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope =0.145

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope =0.145

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.0.131

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.0.131

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.0.131

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.0.131

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.154

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.154 Slope = 0.116

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.116

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.116

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.116

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.081

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.081

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.081

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.081

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.081

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.081

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.295 Slope = 0.227

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.254

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.219

0

20

40

60

80

100

SP04 SU04 WI05 SU05 0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.283 Slope = 0.250

SP04 SU04 FA04 WI05 SU05 0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0. 260

SU05 0

20

40

60

80

100

SP04 SU04 WI05

Slope = 0.249

0

20

40

60

80

100

SP04 SU04 WI05 SU05

PF R1 PF R2 PF R3 PF R4

PF R5 PF R6 PF R7 PF R8

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.295 Slope = 0.227

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.254

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.219

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

SP04 SU04 WI05 SU05 0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.283

SP04 SU04 WI05 SU05 0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.283 Slope = 0.250

SP04 SU04 FA04 WI05 SU05 0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.250

SP04 SU04 FA04 WI05 SU05 0

20

40

60

80

100

SP04 SU04 FA04 WI05 SU05 0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0. 260

SU05 0

20

40

60

80

100

SP04 SU04 WI05

Slope = 0. 260

SU05 0

20

40

60

80

100

SU05 0

20

40

60

80

100

SP04 SU04 WI05

Slope = 0.249

0

20

40

60

80

100

SP04 SU04 WI05 SU05

Slope = 0.249

0

20

40

60

80

100

SP04 SU04 WI05 SU05

PF R1 PF R2 PF R3 PF R4

PF R5 PF R6 PF R7 PF R8

Ch

ht

a

m

a

ul

s

P

e

r

c

e

n

t

C

o

v

e

r

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.22

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.22

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.331

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.331 Slope = 0.23

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.23

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.299

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.299

Slope = 0.269

Slope = 0121 Slope = 0.272 Slope = 0.264

PSN R1 PSN R2 PSN R3 PSN R4

PSN R5 PSN R6 PSN R7 PSN R8

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.22

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.22

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.331

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.331 Slope = 0.23

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.23

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.299

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.299

Slope = 0.269

Slope = 0121 Slope = 0.272 Slope = 0.264

PSN R1 PSN R2 PSN R3 PSN R4

PSN R5 PSN R6 PSN R7 PSN R8

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.22

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.22

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.331

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.331 Slope = 0.23

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.23

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.299

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.299

Slope = 0.269

Slope = 0121 Slope = 0.272 Slope = 0.264

PSN R1 PSN R2 PSN R3 PSN R4

PSN R5 PSN R6 PSN R7 PSN R8

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.174

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.174 Slope = 0.127

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.127

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope =0.145

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope =0.145

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.0.131

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.0.131

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.038

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.038

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.116

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.116

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.081

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.081

0

20

40

60

80

100

STA R1 STA R2 STA R3 STA R4

STA R5 STA R6 STA R7 STA R8

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.174 Slope = 0.127

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.127

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope =0.145

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope =0.145

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.0.131

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.0.131

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.154 Slope = 0.116

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.116

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.081

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.081

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.174

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.174

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.174

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.174 Slope = 0.127

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.127

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.127

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.127

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope =0.145

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope =0.145

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope =0.145

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope =0.145

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.0.131

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.0.131

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.0.131

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.0.131

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.038

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.038

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.038

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.038

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.116

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.116

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.116

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.116

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.081

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.081

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.081

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.081

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

STA R1 STA R2 STA R3 STA R4

STA R5 STA R6 STA R7 STA R8

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.174 Slope = 0.127

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.127

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.127

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.127

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope =0.145

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope =0.145

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope =0.145

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope =0.145

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.0.131

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.0.131

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.0.131

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.0.131

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.154

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.154 Slope = 0.116

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.116

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.116

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.116

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.081

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.081

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.081

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.081

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.081

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.081

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.295 Slope = 0.227

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.254

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.219

0

20

40

60

80

100

SP04 SU04 WI05 SU05 0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.283 Slope = 0.250

SP04 SU04 FA04 WI05 SU05 0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0. 260

SU05 0

20

40

60

80

100

SP04 SU04 WI05

Slope = 0.249

0

20

40

60

80

100

SP04 SU04 WI05 SU05

PF R1 PF R2 PF R3 PF R4

PF R5 PF R6 PF R7 PF R8

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.295 Slope = 0.227

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.254

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.219

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

SP04 SU04 WI05 SU05 0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.283

SP04 SU04 WI05 SU05 0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.283 Slope = 0.250

SP04 SU04 FA04 WI05 SU05 0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.250

SP04 SU04 FA04 WI05 SU05 0

20

40

60

80

100

SP04 SU04 FA04 WI05 SU05 0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0. 260

SU05 0

20

40

60

80

100

SP04 SU04 WI05

Slope = 0. 260

SU05 0

20

40

60

80

100

SU05 0

20

40

60

80

100

SP04 SU04 WI05

Slope = 0.249

0

20

40

60

80

100

SP04 SU04 WI05 SU05

Slope = 0.249

0

20

40

60

80

100

SP04 SU04 WI05 SU05

PF R1 PF R2 PF R3 PF R4

PF R5 PF R6 PF R7 PF R8

Ch

ht

a

m

a

ul

s

P

e

r

c

e

n

t

C

o

v

e

r

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.174

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.174 Slope = 0.127

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.127

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope =0.145

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope =0.145

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.0.131

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.0.131

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.038

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.038

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.116

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.116

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.081

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.081

0

20

40

60

80

100

STA R1 STA R2 STA R3 STA R4

STA R5 STA R6 STA R7 STA R8

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.174 Slope = 0.127

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.127

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope =0.145

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope =0.145

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.0.131

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.0.131

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.154 Slope = 0.116

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.116

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.081

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.081

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.174

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.174

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.174

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.174 Slope = 0.127

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.127

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.127

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.127

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope =0.145

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope =0.145

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope =0.145

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope =0.145

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.0.131

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.0.131

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.0.131

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.0.131

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.038

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.038

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.038

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.038

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.116

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.116

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.116

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.116

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.081

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.081

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.081

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.081

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

STA R1 STA R2 STA R3 STA R4

STA R5 STA R6 STA R7 STA R8

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.174 Slope = 0.127

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.127

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.127

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.127

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope =0.145

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope =0.145

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope =0.145

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope =0.145

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.0.131

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.0.131

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.0.131

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.0.131

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.154

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.154 Slope = 0.116

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.116

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.116

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.116

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.081

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.081

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.081

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.081

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.081

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.081

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.295 Slope = 0.227

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.254

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.219

0

20

40

60

80

100

SP04 SU04 WI05 SU05 0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.283 Slope = 0.250

SP04 SU04 FA04 WI05 SU05 0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0. 260

SU05 0

20

40

60

80

100

SP04 SU04 WI05

Slope = 0.249

0

20

40

60

80

100

SP04 SU04 WI05 SU05

PF R1 PF R2 PF R3 PF R4

PF R5 PF R6 PF R7 PF R8

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.295 Slope = 0.227

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.254

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.219

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

SP04 SU04 WI05 SU05 0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.283

SP04 SU04 WI05 SU05 0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.283 Slope = 0.250

SP04 SU04 FA04 WI05 SU05 0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.250

SP04 SU04 FA04 WI05 SU05 0

20

40

60

80

100

SP04 SU04 FA04 WI05 SU05 0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0. 260

SU05 0

20

40

60

80

100

SP04 SU04 WI05

Slope = 0. 260

SU05 0

20

40

60

80

100

SU05 0

20

40

60

80

100

SP04 SU04 WI05

Slope = 0.249

0

20

40

60

80

100

SP04 SU04 WI05 SU05

Slope = 0.249

0

20

40

60

80

100

SP04 SU04 WI05 SU05

PF R1 PF R2 PF R3 PF R4

PF R5 PF R6 PF R7 PF R8

Ch

ht

a

m

a

ul

s

P

e

r

c

e

n

t

C

o

v

e

r
Spatial and Temporal Variation in Recruitment to Rocky Shores 

29

APPENDIX B 

Appendix B. Chthamalus percent cover over time in Control from Spring 2004 - Summer 2005 at Point Sierra 

Nevada (PSN), Stairs (STA), and Point Fermin (PF). 

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

SP04SU04FA04WI05SU05 0

20

40

60

80

100

SP04SU04FA04WI05SU05 0

20

40

60

80

100

SP04SU04FA04WI05SU05 0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

SP04SU04FA04WI05SU05 0

20

40

60

80

100

SP04SU04FA04WI05SU05 0

20

40

60

80

100

SP04SU04FA04WI05SU05 0

20

40

60

80

100

SP04SU04FA04WI05SU05 0

20

40

60

80

100

SP04SU04FA04WI05SU05 0

20

40

60

80

100

SP04SU04FA04WI05SU05 0

20

40

60

80

100

Chthamalus

Per

cent Cover
Final Study Report – Raimondi and Ambrose 

30

APPENDIX C 

Appendix C. Mytilus percent cover over time in Recovery plots from Spring 2004 - Summer 2005 at Point 

Sierra Nevada (PSN), Stairs (STA), and Point Fermin (PF) where R1 represents the smallest plots and R8 the 

largest. 

Slope = 0.312 Slope = 0.312

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.00

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.007

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.055

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.092

0

20

40

60

80

100

PSN R1 PSN R2 PSN R4 PSN R3

PSN R5 PSN R6

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.020

Slope = 0.059

0

20

40

60

80

100 PSN R7 PSN R8

Slope = 0.312 Slope = 0.312

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.00

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.007

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.055

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.092

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

PSN R1 PSN R2 PSN R4 PSN R3

PSN R5 PSN R6

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.020

Slope = 0.059

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100 PSN R7 PSN R8

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.180 Slope = 0.123

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.145

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.116

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.113

0

20

40

60

80

100

STA R1 STA R2 STA R3 STA R4

STA R5

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.00 Slope = 0.067

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.00

0

20

40

60

80

100 STA R6 STA R7 STA R8

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.180

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.180 Slope = 0.123

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.123

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.145

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.145

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.116

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.113

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.113

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

STA R1 STA R2 STA R3 STA R4

STA R5

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.00

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.00 Slope = 0.067

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.067

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.00

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.00

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100 STA R6 STA R7 STA R8

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.114

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.161 Slope = 0.131

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.128

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.107

PF R1 PF R2 PF R3 PF R4

PF R5 PF R6

Slope = 0.045

SP04 SU04 FA04 WI05 SU05 0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.080

SP04 SU04 FA04 WI05 SU05 0

20

40

60

80

100

SP04 SU04 FA04WI05 SU05 0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.119

SP04 SU04 FA04WI05 SU05

PF R7 PF R8

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.114

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.114

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.161

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.161 Slope = 0.131

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.131

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.128

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.128

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.107

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.107

PF R1 PF R2 PF R3 PF R4

PF R5 PF R6

Slope = 0.045

SP04 SU04 FA04 WI05 SU05 0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.045

SP04 SU04 FA04 WI05 SU05 0

20

40

60

80

100

SP04 SU04 FA04 WI05 SU05 0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.080

SP04 SU04 FA04 WI05 SU05 0

20

40

60

80

100

SP04 SU04 FA04 WI05 SU05 0

20

40

60

80

100

SP04 SU04 FA04WI05 SU05 0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.119

SP04 SU04 FA04WI05 SU05 0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.119

SP04 SU04 FA04WI05 SU05

PF R7 PF R8

Slope = 0.312 Slope = 0.312

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.00

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.007

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.055

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.092

0

20

40

60

80

100

PSN R1 PSN R2 PSN R4 PSN R3

PSN R5 PSN R6

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.020

Slope = 0.059

0

20

40

60

80

100 PSN R7 PSN R8

Slope = 0.312 Slope = 0.312

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.00

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.007

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.055

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.092

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

PSN R1 PSN R2 PSN R4 PSN R3

PSN R5 PSN R6

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.020

Slope = 0.059

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100 PSN R7 PSN R8

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.180 Slope = 0.123

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.145

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.116

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.113

0

20

40

60

80

100

STA R1 STA R2 STA R3 STA R4

STA R5

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.00 Slope = 0.067

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.00

0

20

40

60

80

100 STA R6 STA R7 STA R8

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.180

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.180 Slope = 0.123

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.123

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.145

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.145

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.116

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.113

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.113

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

STA R1 STA R2 STA R3 STA R4

STA R5

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.00

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.00 Slope = 0.067

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.067

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.00

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.00

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100 STA R6 STA R7 STA R8

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.114

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.161 Slope = 0.131

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.128

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.107

PF R1 PF R2 PF R3 PF R4

PF R5 PF R6

Slope = 0.045

SP04 SU04 FA04 WI05 SU05 0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.080

SP04 SU04 FA04 WI05 SU05 0

20

40

60

80

100

SP04 SU04 FA04WI05 SU05 0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.119

SP04 SU04 FA04WI05 SU05

PF R7 PF R8

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.114

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.114

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.161

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.161 Slope = 0.131

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.131

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.128

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.128

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.107

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.107

PF R1 PF R2 PF R3 PF R4

PF R5 PF R6

Slope = 0.045

SP04 SU04 FA04 WI05 SU05 0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.045

SP04 SU04 FA04 WI05 SU05 0

20

40

60

80

100

SP04 SU04 FA04 WI05 SU05 0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.080

SP04 SU04 FA04 WI05 SU05 0

20

40

60

80

100

SP04 SU04 FA04 WI05 SU05 0

20

40

60

80

100

SP04 SU04 FA04WI05 SU05 0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.119

SP04 SU04 FA04WI05 SU05 0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.119

SP04 SU04 FA04WI05 SU05

PF R7 PF R8
Spatial and Temporal Variation in Recruitment to Rocky Shores 

31

APPENDIX D 

Appendix D. Mytilus percent cover over time in Control from Spring 2004 - Summer 2005 at Point Sierra 

Nevada (PSN), Stairs (STA), and Point Fermin (PF). 

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

L

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

PSN C1 PSN C2 PSN C3

STA C1 STA C2 STA C3

SP04 SU04 FA04 WI05 SU05 0

20

40

60

80

100

SP04 SU04 FA04 WI05 SU05 0

20

40

60

80

100

SP04 SU04 FA04 WI05 SU05 0

20

40

60

80

100 PF C1 PF C2 PF C3 Mytilu

s

P

e

r

c

e

n

t

C

o

v

e

r

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

L

0

20

40

60

80

100

L

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

PSN C1 PSN C2 PSN C3

STA C1 STA C2 STA C3

SP04 SU04 FA04 WI05 SU05 0

20

40

60

80

100

SP04 SU04 FA04 WI05 SU05 0

20

40

60

80

100

SP04 SU04 FA04 WI05 SU05 0

20

40

60

80

100

SP04 SU04 FA04 WI05 SU05 0

20

40

60

80

100

SP04 SU04 FA04 WI05 SU05 0

20

40

60

80

100

SP04 SU04 FA04 WI05 SU05 0

20

40

60

80

100 PF C1 PF C2 PF C3 Mytilu

s

P

e

r

c

e

n

t

C

o

v

e

r
Final Study Report – Raimondi and Ambrose 

32

APPENDIX E 

Appendix E. Endocladia percent cover over time in Recovery plots from Spring 2004 - Summer 2005 at Point 

Sierra Nevada (PSN), Stairs (STA), and Point Fermin (PF) where R1 represents the smallest plots and R8 the 

largest. 

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.045

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.039 Slope = 0.80

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.071

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.025

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.035

Slope = 0.025

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.018

PSN R1 PSN R2 PSN R3 PSN R4

PSN R5 PSN R6 PSN R7 PSN R8

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.045

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.039 Slope = 0.80

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.071

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.025

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.035

Slope = 0.025

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.025

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.018

PSN R1 PSN R2 PSN R3 PSN R4

PSN R5 PSN R6 PSN R7 PSN R8

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.000

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.00 Slope = 0.071

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.00

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.134 Slope = 0.113

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.176

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.00

STA R1 STA R2 STA R3 STA R4

STA R5 STA R6 STA R7 STA R8

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.000

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.00 Slope = 0.071

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.071

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.00

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.134 Slope = 0.113

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.176

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.176

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.00

STA R1 STA R2 STA R3 STA R4

STA R5 STA R6 STA R7 STA R8

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.046 Slope = 0.080

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.035

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.00

SP04 SU04 FA04 WI05 SU05 0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.025 Slope = 0.112

SP04 SU04 FA04 WI05 SU05 0

20

40

60

80

100

SP04 SU04 FA04 WI05 SU05 0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.00

SP04SU04FA04 WI05SU05 0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.035

PF R1 PF R2 PF R3 PF R4

PF R5 PF R6 PF R7 PF R8

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.046

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.046 Slope = 0.080

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.035

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.00

SP04 SU04 FA04 WI05 SU05 0

20

40

60

80

100

SP04 SU04 FA04 WI05 SU05 0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.025 Slope = 0.112

SP04 SU04 FA04 WI05 SU05 0

20

40

60

80

100

SP04 SU04 FA04 WI05 SU05 0

20

40

60

80

100

SP04 SU04 FA04 WI05 SU05 0

20

40

60

80

100

SP04 SU04 FA04 WI05 SU05 0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.00

SP04SU04FA04 WI05SU05 0

20

40

60

80

100

SP04SU04FA04 WI05SU05 0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.035

PF R1 PF R2 PF R3 PF R4

PF R5 PF R6 PF R7 PF R8

Endocladia Percent Cover

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.045

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.039 Slope = 0.80

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.071

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.025

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.035

Slope = 0.025

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.018

PSN R1 PSN R2 PSN R3 PSN R4

PSN R5 PSN R6 PSN R7 PSN R8

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.045

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.039 Slope = 0.80

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.071

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.025

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.035

Slope = 0.025

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.025

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.018

PSN R1 PSN R2 PSN R3 PSN R4

PSN R5 PSN R6 PSN R7 PSN R8

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.000

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.00 Slope = 0.071

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.00

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.134 Slope = 0.113

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.176

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.00

STA R1 STA R2 STA R3 STA R4

STA R5 STA R6 STA R7 STA R8

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.000

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.00 Slope = 0.071

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.071

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.00

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.134 Slope = 0.113

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.176

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.176

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.00

STA R1 STA R2 STA R3 STA R4

STA R5 STA R6 STA R7 STA R8

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.046 Slope = 0.080

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.035

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.00

SP04 SU04 FA04 WI05 SU05 0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.025 Slope = 0.112

SP04 SU04 FA04 WI05 SU05 0

20

40

60

80

100

SP04 SU04 FA04 WI05 SU05 0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.00

SP04SU04FA04 WI05SU05 0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.035

PF R1 PF R2 PF R3 PF R4

PF R5 PF R6 PF R7 PF R8

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.046

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.046 Slope = 0.080

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.035

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.00

SP04 SU04 FA04 WI05 SU05 0

20

40

60

80

100

SP04 SU04 FA04 WI05 SU05 0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.025 Slope = 0.112

SP04 SU04 FA04 WI05 SU05 0

20

40

60

80

100

SP04 SU04 FA04 WI05 SU05 0

20

40

60

80

100

SP04 SU04 FA04 WI05 SU05 0

20

40

60

80

100

SP04 SU04 FA04 WI05 SU05 0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.00

SP04SU04FA04 WI05SU05 0

20

40

60

80

100

SP04SU04FA04 WI05SU05 0

20

40

60

80

100

Slope = 0.035

PF R1 PF R2 PF R3 PF R4

PF R5 PF R6 PF R7 PF R8

Endocladia Percent Cover
Spatial and Temporal Variation in Recruitment to Rocky Shores 

33

APPENDIX F 

Appendix F. Endocladia percent cover over time in Control from Spring 2004 - Summer 2005 at Point Sierra 

Nevada (PSN), Stairs (STA), and Point Fermin (PF). 

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

PSN C1 PSN C2 PSN C3

STA C1 STA C2 STA C3

SP04 SU04 FA04 WI05 SU05

0

20

40

60

80

100

SP04SU04FA04 WI05SU05

0

20

40

60

80

100

SP04SU04FA04 WI05SU05

0

20

40

60

80

100

PF C1 PF C2 PF C3

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

PSN C1 PSN C2 PSN C3

STA C1 STA C2 STA C3

SP04 SU04 FA04 WI05 SU05

0

20

40

60

80

100

SP04 SU04 FA04 WI05 SU05

0

20

40

60

80

100

SP04SU04FA04 WI05SU05

0

20

40

60

80

100

SP04SU04FA04 WI05SU05

0

20

40

60

80

100

SP04SU04FA04 WI05SU05

0

20

40

60

80

100

SP04SU04FA04 WI05SU05

0

20

40

60

80

100

PF C1 PF C2 PF C3

Endocladia Percent Cover

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

PSN C1 PSN C2 PSN C3

STA C1 STA C2 STA C3

SP04 SU04 FA04 WI05 SU05

0

20

40

60

80

100

SP04SU04FA04 WI05SU05

0

20

40

60

80

100

SP04SU04FA04 WI05SU05

0

20

40

60

80

100

PF C1 PF C2 PF C3

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

PSN C1 PSN C2 PSN C3

STA C1 STA C2 STA C3

SP04 SU04 FA04 WI05 SU05

0

20

40

60

80

100

SP04 SU04 FA04 WI05 SU05

0

20

40

60

80

100

SP04SU04FA04 WI05SU05

0

20

40

60

80

100

SP04SU04FA04 WI05SU05

0

20

40

60

80

100

SP04SU04FA04 WI05SU05

0

20

40

60

80

100

SP04SU04FA04 WI05SU05

0

20

40

60

80

100

PF C1 PF C2 PF C3

Endocladia Percent Cover
Final Study Report – Raimondi and Ambrose 

34

APPENDIX G 

Appendix G. Mean Silvetia benthic and canopy cover over time in recovery and control plots from prior to 

clearing (Preclearing) to Summer 2005) at Point Sierra Nevada (dashed), Stairs (dotted) and Point Fermin 

(solid). 

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Preclearing

SP04

SU04

FA04

WI05

SU05

0

20

40

60

80

100

Preclearing

SP04

SU04

FA04

WI05

SU05

0

20

40

60

80

100

A Recovery (Benthic) B Recovery (Canopy)

C Control (Benthic) D Control (Canopy)

Silvetia Percent Cover

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Preclearing

SP04

SU04

FA04

WI05

SU05

0

20

40

60

80

100

Preclearing

SP04

SU04

FA04

WI05

SU05

0

20

40

60

80

100

A Recovery (Benthic) B Recovery (Canopy)

C Control (Benthic) D Control (Canopy)

Silvetia Percent Cover

PSN

PF

STA
Spatial and Temporal Variation in Recruitment to Rocky Shores 

35

APPENDIX H 

Appendix H. MDS plots of Chthamalus community recovery of each clearing size (R1 = smallest, R8 = largest) 

at Point Sierra Nevada (PSN), Stairs (STA) and Point Fermin (PF) where 0 represents the community before the 

plot was cleared and points 1-5 represent subsequent sampling intervals. 

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

PLOT

PSN BR1

0

1

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

PSN R1 PSN R2 Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

PLOT

PSN BR2

0

1

2

3

45

2D Stress: 0

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

PLOT

PSN BR3

0

1

2

3 4

5

2D Stress: 0

PSN R3 Transf orm: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

PLOT

PSN BR 0

1

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0.01

PSN R5

PSN R4

PSN R6 PSN R7 Transf orm: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

PLOT

PSN BR5

0 1

2

3

45

2D Stress: 0

Transf orm: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

PLOT

PSN BR6

0

1

2

3

4 5

2D Stress: 0

STA R1 STA R3 STA R4

Transf orm: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

PLOT

PSN BR8

0

1

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

Transf orm: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

PLOT

PSN BR

0

1

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

PSN R8

Transf orm: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

PLOT

STA BR3

0 1

2

3 4

5

2D Stress: 0

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

PLOT

STA BR1

0

1

2

3

45 2D Stress: 0

STA R2 Transf orm: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

PLOT

STA BR2

1 0

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

Transf orm: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

PLOT

STA BR4

1 0

2

3

5 4

2D Stress: 0

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

PLOT

PSN BR1

0

1

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

PLOT

PSN BR1

0

1

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

PSN R1 PSN R2 Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

PLOT

PSN BR2

0

1

2

3

45

2D Stress: 0

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

PLOT

PSN BR2

0

1

2

3

45

2D Stress: 0

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

PLOT

PSN BR3

0

1

2

3 4

5

2D Stress: 0

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

PLOT

PSN BR3

0

1

2

3 4

5

2D Stress: 0

PSN R3 Transf orm: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

PLOT

PSN BR 0

1

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0.01

Transf orm: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

PLOT

PSN BR 0

1

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0.01

PSN R5

PSN R4

PSN R6 PSN R7 Transf orm: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

PLOT

PSN BR5

0 1

2

3

45

2D Stress: 0

Transf orm: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

PLOT

PSN BR5

0 1

2

3

45

2D Stress: 0

Transf orm: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

PLOT

PSN BR6

0

1

2

3

4 5

2D Stress: 0

Transf orm: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

PLOT

PSN BR6

0

1

2

3

4 5

2D Stress: 0

STA R1 STA R3 STA R4

Transf orm: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

PLOT

PSN BR8

0

1

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

Transf orm: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

PLOT

PSN BR8

0

1

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

Transf orm: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

PLOT

PSN BR

0

1

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

Transf orm: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

PLOT

PSN BR

0

1

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

PSN R8

Transf orm: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

PLOT

STA BR3

0 1

2

3 4

5

2D Stress: 0

Transf orm: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

PLOT

STA BR3

0 1

2

3 4

5

2D Stress: 0

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

PLOT

STA BR1

0

1

2

3

45 2D Stress: 0

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

PLOT

STA BR1

0

1

2

3

45 2D Stress: 0

STA R2 Transf orm: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

PLOT

STA BR2

1 0

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

Transf orm: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

PLOT

STA BR2

1 0

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

Transf orm: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

PLOT

STA BR4

1 0

2

3

5 4

2D Stress: 0

Transf orm: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

PLOT

STA BR4

1 0

2

3

5 4

2D Stress: 0

Transf orm : Square root

R es em blanc e: S17 Bray C urtis s im ilarity

PLOT

STA BR5

0 1

2

3

4 5

2D Stress: 0

Transf orm : Square root

R es em blanc e: S17 Bray C urtis sim ilarity

PLOT

STA BR6

0

1

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

Transf orm : Square root

R es em blanc e: S17 Bray C urtis s im ilarity

PLOT

STA BR7

0 1

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

Transf orm : Square root

R esem blance: S17 Bray C urtis sim ilarity

SITE

STA

0

1

2 3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

Transf orm: Square root

R esem blance: S17 Bray C urtis sim ilarity

PLOT

PF BR1

0

1

2

3 4

5

2D Stress: 0

Transf orm : Square root

R esem blance: S17 Bray Curtis sim ilarity

PLOT

PF BR2

1 0

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

Transf orm : Square root

R esem blance: S17 Bray C urtis sim ilarity

PLOT

PF BR3 0

1

2

4 3

5

2D Stress: 0.01

Trans f orm : Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

PLOT

PF BR4

435

0

2 1

2D Stress: 0

STA R5 STA R6 STA R7 STA R8

PF R1 PF R2 PF R3 PF R4

Transf orm : Square root

R es em blanc e: S17 Bray C urtis sim ilarity

PLOT

PF BR5

1 0

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

Transf orm : Square root

R es em blanc e: S17 Bray C urtis s im ilarity

PLOT

PF BR6

0

1

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

Transf orm : Square root

R es em blanc e: S17 Bray C urtis s im ilarity

PLOT

PF BR7

0

1

2

4

5

PF R6 2D Stress: 0

Transf orm : Square root

R esem blance: S17 Bray C urtis sim ilarity

PLOT

PF BR8

0

1

2

3

4

5

PF R5 2D Stress: 0

PF R7 PF R8

Transf orm : Square root

R es em blanc e: S17 Bray C urtis s im ilarity

PLOT

STA BR5

0 1

2

3

4 5

2D Stress: 0

Transf orm : Square root

R es em blanc e: S17 Bray C urtis s im ilarity

PLOT

STA BR5

0 1

2

3

4 5

2D Stress: 0

Transf orm : Square root

R es em blanc e: S17 Bray C urtis sim ilarity

PLOT

STA BR6

0

1

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

Transf orm : Square root

R es em blanc e: S17 Bray C urtis sim ilarity

PLOT

STA BR6

0

1

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

Transf orm : Square root

R es em blanc e: S17 Bray C urtis s im ilarity

PLOT

STA BR7

0 1

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

Transf orm : Square root

R es em blanc e: S17 Bray C urtis s im ilarity

PLOT

STA BR7

0 1

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

Transf orm : Square root

R es em blanc e: S17 Bray C urtis s im ilarity

SITE

STA

0

1

2 3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

Transf orm : Square root

R es em blanc e: S17 Bray C urtis s im ilarity

SITE

STA

0

1

2 3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

Transf orm: Square root

R esem blance: S17 Bray C urtis sim ilarity

PLOT

PF BR1

0

1

2

3 4

5

2D Stress: 0

Transf orm: Square root

R esem blance: S17 Bray C urtis sim ilarity

PLOT

PF BR1

0

1

2

3 4

5

2D Stress: 0

Transf orm : Square root

R esem blance: S17 Bray Curtis sim ilarity

PLOT

PF BR2

1 0

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

Transf orm : Square root

R esem blance: S17 Bray Curtis sim ilarity

PLOT

PF BR2

1 0

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

Transf orm : Square root

R esem blance: S17 Bray C urtis sim ilarity

PLOT

PF BR3 0

1

2

4 3

5

2D Stress: 0.01

Transf orm : Square root

R esem blance: S17 Bray C urtis sim ilarity

PLOT

PF BR3 0

1

2

4 3

5

2D Stress: 0.01

Trans f orm : Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

PLOT

PF BR4

435

0

2 1

2D Stress: 0

Trans f orm : Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

PLOT

PF BR4

435

0

2 1

2D Stress: 0

STA R5 STA R6 STA R7 STA R8

PF R1 PF R2 PF R3 PF R4

Transf orm : Square root

R es em blanc e: S17 Bray C urtis sim ilarity

PLOT

PF BR5

1 0

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

Transf orm : Square root

R es em blanc e: S17 Bray C urtis sim ilarity

PLOT

PF BR5

1 0

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

Transf orm : Square root

R es em blanc e: S17 Bray C urtis s im ilarity

PLOT

PF BR6

0

1

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

Transf orm : Square root

R es em blanc e: S17 Bray C urtis s im ilarity

PLOT

PF BR6

0

1

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

Transf orm : Square root

R es em blanc e: S17 Bray C urtis s im ilarity

PLOT

PF BR7

0

1

2

4

5

2D Stress: 0

Transf orm : Square root

R es em blanc e: S17 Bray C urtis s im ilarity

PLOT

PF BR7

0

1

2

4

5

PF R6 2D Stress: 0

Transf orm : Square root

R esem blance: S17 Bray C urtis sim ilarity

PLOT

PF BR8

0

1

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

Transf orm : Square root

R esem blance: S17 Bray C urtis sim ilarity

PLOT

PF BR8

0

1

2

3

4

5

PF R5 2D Stress: 0

PF R7 PF R8
Final Study Report – Raimondi and Ambrose 

36

APPENDIX I 

Appendix I. MDS plots of Mytilus community recovery of each clearing size (R1 = smallest, R8 = largest) at 

Point Sierra Nevada (PSN), Stairs (STA) and Point Fermin (PF) where 0 represents the community before the 

plot was cleared and points 1-5 represent subsequent sampling intervals. 

Transf orm: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

Transf orm: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

Transf orm: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3

4

5

PSN R1 2D Stress: 0

PSN R2 PSN R3 PSN R4

Transf orm: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

PSN R5 Transf orm: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

PSN R6 Transf orm: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3

4 5

2D Stress: 0

Transf orm: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

PSN R7 PSN R8

Transf orm: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3

45

2D Stress: 0

STA R1 Transf orm: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0 1

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0.01

STA R2 Transf orm: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

1 0

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

STA R3 Transf orm: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0 1

32

4

5

2D Stress: 0

STA R4

Transf orm: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

Transf orm: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

Transf orm: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

Transf orm: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

Transf orm: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

Transf orm: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

Transf orm: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3

4

5

PSN R1 2D Stress: 0

PSN R2 PSN R3 PSN R4

Transf orm: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

Transf orm: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

PSN R5 Transf orm: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

Transf orm: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

PSN R6 Transf orm: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3

4 5

2D Stress: 0

Transf orm: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3

4 5

2D Stress: 0

Transf orm: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

Transf orm: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

PSN R7 PSN R8

Transf orm: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3

45

2D Stress: 0

Transf orm: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3

45

2D Stress: 0

STA R1 Transf orm: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0 1

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0.01

Transf orm: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0 1

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0.01

STA R2 Transf orm: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

1 0

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

Transf orm: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

1 0

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

STA R3 Transf orm: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0 1

32

4

5

2D Stress: 0

Transf orm: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0 1

32

4

5

2D Stress: 0

STA R4

Transf orm : Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1 2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

Transf orm: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0 1 2

3 4

5

2D Stress: 0

Transf orm: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3

54

2D Stress: 0

Transf orm: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

34

5

2D Stress: 0

Transf orm: Square root

R esemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0.06

Transf orm: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

Transf orm: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

STA R5 STA R6 STA R7

PF R1 PF R2 PF R3 Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

2 1

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

PF R4

T ransform : Square root

Resem blance: S17 Bray Curtis sim ilarity

0 1

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

PF R5 Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0 1

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

PF R6 Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

T ransform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1 2

34

5

2D Stress: 0.01

PF R7 PF R8

Transf orm : Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1 2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

Transf orm : Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1 2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

Transf orm: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0 1 2

3 4

5

2D Stress: 0

Transf orm: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0 1 2

3 4

5

2D Stress: 0

Transf orm: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3

54

2D Stress: 0

Transf orm: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

34

5

2D Stress: 0

Transf orm: Square root

R esemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0.06

Transf orm: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

Transf orm: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

Transf orm: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

STA R5 STA R6 STA R7

PF R1 PF R2 PF R3 Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

2 1

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

PF R4

T ransform : Square root

Resem blance: S17 Bray Curtis sim ilarity

0 1

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

T ransform : Square root

Resem blance: S17 Bray Curtis sim ilarity

0 1

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

PF R5 Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0 1

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

PF R6 Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

T ransform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1 2

34

5

2D Stress: 0.01

T ransform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1 2

34

5

2D Stress: 0.01

PF R7 PF R8
Spatial and Temporal Variation in Recruitment to Rocky Shores 

37

APPENDIX J 

Appendix J. MDS plots of Endocladia community recovery of each clearing size (R1 = smallest, R8 = largest) 

at Point Sierra Nevada (PSN), Stairs (STA) and Point Fermin (PF) where 0 represents the community before the 

plot was cleared and points 1-5 represent subsequent sampling intervals. 

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1 2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2 3

4 5

2D Stress: 0.01

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0 1

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0.01

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

23

54

2D Stress: 0

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3 4

5

2D Stress: 0

PSN R5

STA R2

PSN R1 PSN R3 PSN R4

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

12

3

45

2D Stress: 0

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0.01

PSN R6 PSN R7 Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3 4

5 2D Stress: 0.01

PSN R8

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0 1

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

12 0

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0.01

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1 2

3

4 5

2D Stress: 0

STA R1

PSN R2

STA R3 STA R4

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1 2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1 2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2 3

4 5

2D Stress: 0.01

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2 3

4 5

2D Stress: 0.01

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0 1

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0.01

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0 1

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0.01

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

23

54

2D Stress: 0

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

23

54

2D Stress: 0

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3 4

5

2D Stress: 0

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3 4

5

2D Stress: 0

PSN R5

STA R2

PSN R1 PSN R3 PSN R4

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

12

3

45

2D Stress: 0

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0.01

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0.01

PSN R6 PSN R7 Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3 4

5 2D Stress: 0.01

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3 4

5 2D Stress: 0.01

PSN R8

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0 1

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0 1

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

12 0

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

12 0

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0.01

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0.01

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1 2

3

4 5

2D Stress: 0

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1 2

3

4 5

2D Stress: 0

STA R1

PSN R2

STA R3 STA R4

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

12 34

5

2D Stress: 0

STA R5 Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

STA R6 STA R7 STA R8

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0 1

2

34

5

2D Stress: 0

PF R5

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3 4

5 2D Stress: 0.05

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

43

5

PF R2 PF R3 2D Stress: 0PF R1 PF R4

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0 1

2

43

5

2D Stress: 0

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3

4 5 2D Stress: 0

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

23 4

5 2D Stress: 0

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

PF R6 PF R7 PF R8

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

12 34

5

2D Stress: 0

STA R5 Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

STA R6 STA R7 STA R8

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0 1

2

34

5

2D Stress: 0

PF R5

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3 4

5 2D Stress: 0.05

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3 4

5 2D Stress: 0.05

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

43

5

2D Stress: 0

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

43

5

PF R2 PF R3 2D Stress: 0PF R1 PF R4

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0 1

2

43

5

2D Stress: 0

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0 1

2

43

5

2D Stress: 0

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3

4 5 2D Stress: 0

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3

4 5 2D Stress: 0

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

23 4

5 2D Stress: 0

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

23 4

5 2D Stress: 0

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

PF R6 PF R7 PF R8

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1 2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2 3

4 5

2D Stress: 0.01

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0 1

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0.01

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

23

54

2D Stress: 0

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3 4

5

2D Stress: 0

PSN R5

STA R2

PSN R1 PSN R3 PSN R4

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

12

3

45

2D Stress: 0

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0.01

PSN R6 PSN R7 Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3 4

5 2D Stress: 0.01

PSN R8

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0 1

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

12 0

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0.01

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1 2

3

4 5

2D Stress: 0

STA R1

PSN R2

STA R3 STA R4

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1 2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1 2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2 3

4 5

2D Stress: 0.01

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2 3

4 5

2D Stress: 0.01

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0 1

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0.01

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0 1

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0.01

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

23

54

2D Stress: 0

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

23

54

2D Stress: 0

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3 4

5

2D Stress: 0

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3 4

5

2D Stress: 0

PSN R5

STA R2

PSN R1 PSN R3 PSN R4

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

12

3

45

2D Stress: 0

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0.01

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0.01

PSN R6 PSN R7 Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3 4

5 2D Stress: 0.01

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3 4

5 2D Stress: 0.01

PSN R8

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0 1

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0 1

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

12 0

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

12 0

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0.01

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0.01

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1 2

3

4 5

2D Stress: 0

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1 2

3

4 5

2D Stress: 0

STA R1

PSN R2

STA R3 STA R4

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

12 34

5

2D Stress: 0

STA R5 Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

STA R6 STA R7 STA R8

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0 1

2

34

5

2D Stress: 0

PF R5

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3 4

5 2D Stress: 0.05

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

43

5

PF R2 PF R3 2D Stress: 0PF R1 PF R4

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0 1

2

43

5

2D Stress: 0

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3

4 5 2D Stress: 0

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

23 4

5 2D Stress: 0

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

PF R6 PF R7 PF R8

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

12 34

5

2D Stress: 0

STA R5 Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

STA R6 STA R7 STA R8

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0 1

2

34

5

2D Stress: 0

PF R5

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3 4

5 2D Stress: 0.05

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3 4

5 2D Stress: 0.05

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

43

5

2D Stress: 0

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

43

5

PF R2 PF R3 2D Stress: 0PF R1 PF R4

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0 1

2

43

5

2D Stress: 0

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0 1

2

43

5

2D Stress: 0

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3

4 5 2D Stress: 0

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3

4 5 2D Stress: 0

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

23 4

5 2D Stress: 0

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

23 4

5 2D Stress: 0

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

PF R6 PF R7 PF R8
Final Study Report – Raimondi and Ambrose 

38

APPENDIX K 

Appendix K. MDS plots of Silvetia community recovery of each clearing size (R1 = smallest, R8 = largest) at Point Sierra Nevada (PSN), 

Stairs (STA) and Point Fermin (PF) where 0 represents the community before the plot was cleared and points 1-5 represent subsequent 

sampling intervals. 5 represent subsequent sampling intervals. 

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3 45

2D Stress: 0

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0.01

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3 4

5

2D Stress: 0

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

21

3

45

2D Stress: 0

PSN R1 PSN R2 PSN R3 PSN R4

PSN R5 PSN R6 Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

PSN R7 Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

12

3

45

2D Stress: 0

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

PSN R8

Transf orm: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3

4 5

2D Stress: 0.01

STA R1 Transf orm: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0 1

23

4

5

2D Stress: 0.01

STA R2 Transf orm: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

STA R3 Transf orm: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3

4

5 2D Stress: 0

STA R4

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3 45

2D Stress: 0

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3 45

2D Stress: 0

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0.01

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0.01

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3 4

5

2D Stress: 0

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

21

3

45

2D Stress: 0

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

21

3

45

2D Stress: 0

PSN R1 PSN R2 PSN R3 PSN R4

PSN R5 PSN R6 Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

PSN R7 Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

12

3

45

2D Stress: 0

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

12

3

45

2D Stress: 0

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

PSN R8

Transf orm: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3

4 5

2D Stress: 0.01

STA R1 Transf orm: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0 1

23

4

5

2D Stress: 0.01

STA R2 Transf orm: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

STA R3 Transf orm: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3

4

5 2D Stress: 0

Transf orm: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3

4

5 2D Stress: 0

STA R4

Transf orm: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

Transf orm: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

STA R5 STA R6 Transf orm: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

STA R7 Transf orm: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3 4

5 2D Stress: 0

STA R8

Transf orm: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0.02

PF R1 Transf orm: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

Transf orm: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3

4

5 2D Stress: 0.01

PF R2 PF R3 Transf orm: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1 2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

Transf orm: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

PF R5 Transf orm: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

12

3

4

5 2D Stress: 0

PF R6

PF R4

Transf orm: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

12

3

45

2D Stress: 0

PF R7 Transf orm: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

PF R8

Transf orm: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

Transf orm: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

Transf orm: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

Transf orm: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

STA R5 STA R6 Transf orm: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

Transf orm: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

STA R7 Transf orm: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3 4

5 2D Stress: 0

Transf orm: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3 4

5 2D Stress: 0

STA R8

Transf orm: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0.02

PF R1 Transf orm: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

Transf orm: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

Transf orm: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3

4

5 2D Stress: 0.01

PF R2 PF R3 Transf orm: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1 2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

Transf orm: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1 2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

Transf orm: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

PF R5 Transf orm: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

12

3

4

5 2D Stress: 0

PF R6

PF R4

Transf orm: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

12

3

45

2D Stress: 0

Transf orm: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

12

3

45

2D Stress: 0

PF R7 Transf orm: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

Transf orm: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

PF R8

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3 45

2D Stress: 0

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0.01

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3 4

5

2D Stress: 0

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

21

3

45

2D Stress: 0

PSN R1 PSN R2 PSN R3 PSN R4

PSN R5 PSN R6 Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

PSN R7 Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

12

3

45

2D Stress: 0

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

PSN R8

Transf orm: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3

4 5

2D Stress: 0.01

STA R1 Transf orm: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0 1

23

4

5

2D Stress: 0.01

STA R2 Transf orm: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

STA R3 Transf orm: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3

4

5 2D Stress: 0

STA R4

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3 45

2D Stress: 0

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3 45

2D Stress: 0

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0.01

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0.01

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3 4

5

2D Stress: 0

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

21

3

45

2D Stress: 0

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

21

3

45

2D Stress: 0

PSN R1 PSN R2 PSN R3 PSN R4

PSN R5 PSN R6 Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

PSN R7 Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

12

3

45

2D Stress: 0

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

12

3

45

2D Stress: 0

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

Transform: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

PSN R8

Transf orm: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3

4 5

2D Stress: 0.01

STA R1 Transf orm: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0 1

23

4

5

2D Stress: 0.01

STA R2 Transf orm: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

STA R3 Transf orm: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3

4

5 2D Stress: 0

Transf orm: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3

4

5 2D Stress: 0

STA R4

Transf orm: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

Transf orm: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

STA R5 STA R6 Transf orm: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

STA R7 Transf orm: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3 4

5 2D Stress: 0

STA R8

Transf orm: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0.02

PF R1 Transf orm: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

Transf orm: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3

4

5 2D Stress: 0.01

PF R2 PF R3 Transf orm: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1 2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

Transf orm: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

PF R5 Transf orm: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

12

3

4

5 2D Stress: 0

PF R6

PF R4

Transf orm: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

12

3

45

2D Stress: 0

PF R7 Transf orm: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

PF R8

Transf orm: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

Transf orm: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

Transf orm: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

Transf orm: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

STA R5 STA R6 Transf orm: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

Transf orm: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

STA R7 Transf orm: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3 4

5 2D Stress: 0

Transf orm: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3 4

5 2D Stress: 0

STA R8

Transf orm: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0.02

PF R1 Transf orm: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

Transf orm: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

Transf orm: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3

4

5 2D Stress: 0.01

PF R2 PF R3 Transf orm: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1 2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

Transf orm: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1 2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

Transf orm: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

PF R5 Transf orm: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

12

3

4

5 2D Stress: 0

PF R6

PF R4

Transf orm: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

12

3

45

2D Stress: 0

Transf orm: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

12

3

45

2D Stress: 0

PF R7 Transf orm: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

Transf orm: Square root

Resemblance: S17 Bray Curtis similarity

0

1

2

3

4

5

2D Stress: 0

PF R8
Spatial and Temporal Variation in Recruitment to Rocky Shores 

39

The Department of the Interior Mission

As the Nation's principal conservation agency, the Department of the Interior has responsibility for most 

of our nationally owned public lands and natural resources. This includes fostering sound use of our 

land and water resources; protecting our fish, wildlife, and biological diversity; preserving the 

environmental and cultural values of our national parks and historical places; and providing for the 

enjoyment of life through outdoor recreation. The Department assesses our energy and mineral 

resources and works to ensure that their development is in the best interests of all our people by 

encouraging stewardship and citizen participation in their care. The Department also has a major 

responsibility for American Indian reservation communities and for people who live in island territories 

under U.S. administration. 

The Minerals Management Service Mission 

As a bureau of the Department of the Interior, the Minerals Management Service's (MMS) primary 

responsibilities are to manage the mineral resources located on the Nation's Outer Continental Shelf 

(OCS), collect revenue from the Federal OCS and onshore Federal and Indian lands, and distribute 

those revenues. 

Moreover, in working to meet its responsibilities, the Offshore Minerals Management Program

administers the OCS competitive leasing program and oversees the safe and environmentally sound 

exploration and production of our Nation's offshore natural gas, oil and other mineral resources. The 

MMS Royalty Management Program meets its responsibilities by ensuring the efficient, timely and 

accurate collection and disbursement of revenue from mineral leasing and production due to Indian 

tribes and allottees, States and the U.S. Treasury. 

The MMS strives to fulfill its responsibilities through the general guiding principles of: (1) being 

responsive to the public's concerns and interests by maintaining a dialogue with all potentially affected 

parties and (2) carrying out its programs with an emphasis on working to enhance the quality of life for 

all Americans by lending MMS assistance and expertise to economic development and environmental 

protection.