# Review of the National Ambient Air Quality

Standards for Ozone:

Policy Assessment of Scientific

and Technical Information

Appendices to OAQPS Staff Paper

### EPA-452/R-07-007
July 2007



# REVIEW OF THE NATIONAL AMBIENT AIR QUALITY

STANDARDS FOR OZONE:

POLICY ASSESSMENT OF SCIENTIFIC AND

TECHNICAL INFORMATION

Appendices to OAQPS STAFF PAPER

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina

### viii APPENDICES

APPENDIX 2A. PLOTS OF DIURNAL POLICY RELEVANT BACKGROUND

OZONE PATTERNS FOR 12 URBAN AREAS BASED ON RUNS OF THE GEOSCHEM MODEL FOR APRIL-OCTOBER 2001 ..................................................................... 2A-1

APPENDIX 3A. MECHANISMS OF TOXICITY ................................................................. 3A-1

APPENDIX 3B. TABLE OF KEY EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES................................... 3B-1

APPENDIX 3C. TABLE OF KEY CONTROLLED HUMAN EX POSURE STUDIES....... 3C-1

APPENDIX 4A: EXPOSURE TABLES................................................................................. 4A-1

APPENDIX 5A.1: OZONE AIR QUALITY IN FORMATION FOR 12 URBAN AREAS... 5A-1

APPENDIX 5A.2: SCATTER PLOTS.................................................................................. 5A-10

APPENDIX 5B1: TABLES OF STUDY-SPECIFIC INFORMATION................................. 5B-1

APPENDIX 5B2: CONCENTRATION- RESPONSE FUNCTIONS AND HEALTH

IMPACT FUNCTIONS............................................................................................................ 5B- 8

APPENDIX 5B3: THE CALCULATION OF “SHRINKAGE” ESTIMATES FROM

THE LOCATION-SPECIFIC ESTI MATES REPORTED IN HUAN G ET AL. (2004)....... 5B-11

APPENDIX 5C: ADDITIONAL HEALTH RI SK ASSESSMENT ESTIMATES ................ 5C-1

APPENDIX 6A: PREDICTED PERCENT OF COUNTIES WITH MONITORS (AND

PERCENT OF POPULATION IN CO UNTIES) NOT LIKELY TO MEET

ALTERNATIVE OZONE STANDARDS ............................................................................... 6A-1

### 2A-1 

## APPENDIX 2A. PLOTS OF DIURNAL POLICY RELEVANT

BACKGROUND OZONE PATTER NS FOR 12 URBAN AREAS

BASED ON RUNS OF THE GE OS-CHEM MODEL FOR APRILOCTOBER 2001

### 2A-2 Figure 2A-1. Atlanta CSA: Diurnal Polic y Relevant Background Ozone Patterns.

Month 4 5 6 7 8 9 10Concentration, PPBv

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Hour 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 2 3



### Figure 2A-2. Boston CSA: Diurnal Policy Relevant Background Ozone Patterns.

Month 4 5 6 7 8 9 10Concentration, PPBv

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Hour 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

### 2A-3 Figure 2A-3. Chicago CSA: Diurnal Polic y Relevant Background Ozone Patterns.

Month 4 5 6 7 8 9 10Concentration, PPBv

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Hour 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 2 3



### Figure 2A-4. Cleveland CSA: Diurnal Po licy Relevant Background Ozone Patterns.

Month 4 5 6 7 8 9 10Concentration, PPBv

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Hour 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 2 3

### 2A-4 Figure 2A-5. Detroit CSA: Diurnal Policy Relevant Background Ozone Patterns.

Month 4 5 6 7 8 9 10Concentration, PPBv

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Hour 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 2 3



### Figure 2A-6. Houston CSA: Diurnal Polic y Relevant Background Ozone Patterns.

Month 4 5 6 7 8 9 10Concentration, PPBv

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Hour 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 2 3

### 2A-5 Figure 2A-7. Los Angeles CSA: Diurnal Po licy Relevant Background Ozone Patterns.

Month 4 5 6 7 8 9 10Concentration, PPBv

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Hour 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 2 3



### Figure 2A-8. New York CSA: Diurnal Po licy Relevant Background Ozone Patterns.

Month 4 5 6 7 8 9 10Concentration, PPBv

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Hour 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 2 3

### 2A-6 Figure 2A-9. Philadelphia CSA: Diurnal Po licy Relevant Background Ozone Patterns.

Month 4 5 6 7 8 9 10Concentration, PPBv

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Hour 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 2 3



### Figure 2A-10. Sacramento CSA: Diurnal Poli cy Relevant Background Ozone Patterns.

Month 4 5 6 7 8 9 10Concentration, PPBv

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Hour 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 2 3

### 2A-7 Figure 2A-11. St. Louis CSA: Diurnal Po licy Relevant Background Ozone Patterns.

Month 4 5 6 7 8 9 10Concentration, PPBv

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Hour 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 2 3



### Figure 2A-12. Washington CSA: Diurnal Poli cy Relevant Background Ozone Patterns.

Month 4 5 6 7 8 9 10Concentration, PPBv

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Hour 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 2 3

### 3A-1 APPENDIX 3A: MECHANISMS OF TOXICITY

This Appendix provides an overview of eviden ce covered in Chapters 5 and 6 of the CD

on possible mechanisms by which exposure to O 3 

### may result in acute and ch ronic health effects.

Pulmonary Function Responses

The direct pulmonary effects of O 3 

### include changes in breath ing pattern, symptoms of

breathing discomfort, lung functi on changes, and airway hyperre activity. Subjects who engage

in physical activity for severa l hours while exposed to O 3 

### may experience respiratory tract

symptoms and acute physiological changes. Airway irritation is consistently the most typical

symptomatic response reported in studies a nd can be accompanied by several physiological

changes. These physiological changes include alteration in breathing pattern, airway

hyperresponsiveness, airway inflammation, immune system activation, a nd epithelial injury.

Severity of symptoms and magnitude of response depend on dose of inhaled O 3 

### , individual

sensitivity to O 3 

### , and the extent of tolerance resulting from previous O 3 

### exposures. Development

of effects is time-dependent w ith a substantial degree of overl ap of increasing and receding

effects. Time sequences, magnitude s, and types of responses of this series of events, in terms of

development and recovery, indicate that several mechanisms, activat ed at different times, must

contribute to the overall lung function response. For the full discussion of the mechanisms of

pulmonary function responses, see section 6.2.5 of the CD.

Breathing Pattern Changes

Human controlled-exposure studies have c onsistently found that inhalation of O 3 

### alters

the breathing pattern without significantly affect ing minute ventilation. A progressive decrease

in tidal volume and an increase in frequency of breathing to maintain st eady ventilation during

exposure of human subjects indicates a direct im pact on ventilation. These changes are similar

to responses in many animal species exposed to O 3 

### and other respiratory irritants. Bronchial Cfibers and rapidly adapting receptors app ear to be the primary modulators of O 3 

### -induced changes

in ventilatory rate and O 3 

### penetration in both humans and animals (CD, section 6.2.5.1).

Symptoms and Lung Function Changes

In addition to changes in ventilatory control, O 3 

### inhalation by humans induces a variety

of symptoms (e.g., cough, pain on deep inspirati on), reduces inspiratory capacity (IC) and vital

capacity (VC) and related functional measures, and increases airway resistance. The reduction in

VC caused by exposure to O 3 

### is a reflex action and not a voluntary early termination of

inspiration resulting from discomfort. An inha led topical anesthetic substantially reduces O 3 

### - induced symptom responses (mediated in part by bronchial C-fibers) while having only minor

### 3A-2 and irregular effect on pulmonary function de crements and rapid, shallow breathing. Since

respiratory symptom responses were largely abolished by anesthetic , these findings support

reflex inhibition of VC due to stimulation by both bronchial and pulmo nary C-fibers.

Intersubject variability in FEV 1 

### responses is not explained by differences in O 3 

### doses between

similarly exposed individua ls (CD, section 6.2.5.1).

Airway Hyperresponsiveness

Bronchial or airway hyperresponsiveness ( AHR) refers to a condition in which the

propensity for the airways to bronchoconstrict, due to a variety of specific (e.g., allergens and

antigens) or nonspecific (e.g., hist amine and cold air) st imuli, becomes increased. Despite a

common mechanism, post- O 3 

### exposure pulmonary function cha nges and AHR (either early or

late phase) are poorly correla ted either in time or magn itude. Neither does post-O 3 

### exposure

AHR seem to be related to baseline airway re sponsiveness. These findings imply that the

mechanisms are either not relate d or are activated independently in time. Animal studies (with

limited support from human studies) have suggested that stimulation of C-fibers can lead to

increased responsiveness of bronchial smoot h muscle independently of systemic and

inflammatory changes which may be absent. A characteristic of O 3 

### -induced inflammatory airway

neutrophilia, which at one time was considered a leading AHR mechanism, has been found to be

only coincidentally associated with AHR, i.e., th ere was no cause and effect relationship. This

observation does not rule out invo lvement of other cells in AHR modulation. However, there is

some evidence that release of inflammatory me diators can sustain AHR and bronchoconstriction.

Late AHR observed in some st udies is plausibly due to sust ained damage of the airway

epithelium and continual release of infl ammatory mediators. In conclusion, O 3 

### -induced AHR

appears to be a product of many me chanisms acting at different time periods and levels of the

bronchial smooth muscle signaling pathways (CD, section 6.2.5.1)..

Extrapulmonary Effects

Ozone reacts rapidly on contact with lipids and antioxidants in the epithelial lining fluid

(ELF) and the epithelial cell layer and is not absorbed or transpor ted to extrapulmonary sites to

any significant degree. Laborat ory animal studies suggest that reaction products formed by the

interaction of O 3 

### with respiratory system fluids or tissu es may produce effects measured outside

the respiratory tract. Studies of the effects on hematological parameters and blood chemistry in

rats have shown that erythr ocytes are a target of O 3 

### . Exposures to 1.0 ppm O 3 

### for 3 hr have been

found to decrease heart rate (HR), mean arteri al pressure (MAP), and core temperature (T CO 

### ) and

to induce arrhythmias with some exposures in rats. These effects are more pronounced in adult

and awake rats than in younger or sleeping animals. Exposures of 0.2 ppm for 48 hr have been

### 3A-3 shown to cause bradycardia, while exposures of 0.1 ppm O 3 

### for 3 days have been shown to cause

bradyarrhythmia in these animals (CD, Section 5.3.3).

More recent studies of rats have consistently demonstrated effects on heart rate, T CO 

### and

activity levels. One study exposed rats to FA for 6 hr, followed 2 days later by a 5 hr exposure

to 0.1 ppm O 3 

### , 5 days later by a 5 hr exposure to 0.3 ppm O 3 

### , and 10 days later by a 5 hr

exposure to 0.5 ppm O 3 

### (Arito et al., 1997). Each of the O 3 

### exposures was preceded by a 1 hr

exposure to FA. Transient rapid, shallow breathing with slightly increase d HR appeared 1 to 2

min after the start of O 3 

### exposures and was attributed to an olfactory response. Persistent rapid,

shallow breathing with a progressi ve decrease in HR occurred w ith a latent period of 12 hr.

During the last 90-min of exposure, averaged values for relative V 0 E 

### tended to decrease with the

increase in O 3 

### concentration for young (4 to 6 months ) but not old (20 to 22 months) rats.

Studies by Watkinson et al. (1995, 2 001) and Highfill and Watkinson (1996)

demonstrated that when HR wa s reduced during a 5-day, 0.5 ppm O 3 

### exposure, T CO 

### and activity

levels also decreased. The decreases in T CO 

### and BP reported in these studies and by Arito et al.

(1997) suggest that the changes in ventilation and HR are medi ated through physiological and

behavioral defense mechanisms in an atte mpt to minimize the irritant effects of O 3 

### inhalation.

Similar cardiovascular and thermore gulatory responses in rats to O 3 

### were reported by

Iwasaki et al. (1998). Repeated exposure to 0.1, 0.3, and 0.5 ppm O 3 

### 8 hr/day for 4 consecutive

days caused disruption of cir cadian rhythms of HR and T CO 

### on the first and second exposure days

that was concentration-dependent. The decreased HR and T CO 

### recovered to control values on the

third and fourth days of O 3 

### exposure.

The thermoregulatory response to O 3 

### was further characterized by Watkinson et al.

(2003). Rats were either exposed to 0.0 ppm for 24 hr/day (air), 0.5 ppm for 6 hr/day

(intermittent), or to 0.5 ppm for 23 hr/day (con tinuous) at 3 temperatures, 10 °C (cold), 22 °C

(room), or 34 °C (warm). Another pr otocol examined the effects of O 3 

### exposure (0.5 ppm) and

exercise (described as rest , moderate, or heavy) or CO 2 

### -stimulated ventilation. Both intermittent

and continuous O 3 

### exposure caused decreases in HR and T CO 

### and increases in BALF

inflammatory markers. Exercise in FA caused increases in HR and T CO 

### while exercise in O 3 

### caused decreases in those parameters. Several factors were suggested that may modulate the

hypothermic response, including dose, anim al mass, and environmental stress.

One of the major postulated molecular mechanisms of action of O 3 

### is peroxidation of

mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids and unsatur ated neutral lipids in the lung, resulting in

lipid ozonation products. Ozone can penetrate only a short distan ce into the ELF; and, therefore,

it reacts with epithelial ce ll membranes only in regions of distal lung where ELF is very thin or

absent. The inflammatory cascade initiated by O 3 

### generates a mix of secondary reactants which

then are likely to oxidize lipids and prot eins in cell membranes (CD Section 5.1.2.4).

### 3A-4 Recent in vitro studies of O 3 

### reactions with cholestero l in lung surfactant found

consequent generation of highly reactiv e products such as oxysterols and β -epoxide in BALF

isolated from rats exposed to 2.0 ppm O 3 

### for 4 hr (Pulfer and Murphy, 2004). Additionally, both

5 β ,6 β - epoxycholesterol and its most a bundant metabolite, cholestan-6-oxo-3 β ,5 α -diol, were

shown to be cytotoxic to human lung epithelia l (16-HBE) cells and to inhibit cholesterol

synthesis. Studies (Pulfer et al., 2005) of mice exposed to 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, or 3.0 ppm O 3 

### for 3 hr

also demonstrated that these oxysterols were prod uced in vivo. These resu lts suggest that this

may be an additional mechanism of O 3 

### toxicity, including a pathway by which O 3 

### may play a

possible role in the development of atheroscle rosis and other cardiova scular effects.

The presence of oxysterols in human atherosc lerotic lesions implicates the oxidation of

cholesterol in the pathogenesis of atherosclero sis, a well-known contribu tor to development of

cardiovascular disease. Oxysterols may arise fr om different cholesterol oxidation mechanisms,

(including free radical-mediated oxidations), and their unabated accumulation in macrophages

and smooth muscle cells of arterial walls lead to formation of fatty streaks in advanced lesions.

The presence of one of the O 3 

### -induced oxysterols, secosterol, in endogenously formed arterial

plaques (Wentworth et al., 2003) suggests that th e oxysterols produced in th e lung either due to

direct O 3 

### interaction with surfactant cholesterol or with oxidant radicals at the O 3 

### -induced

inflammation site may have potential involvement in the development of cardiovascular and

myocardial diseases. In addition, the recent in vitro observation (Sathishkumar et al., 2005) of

increased apoptosis (programme d cell death) induced by secost erol in H9c2 cardiomyocytes

(heart cells) supports pos sible involvement of such biol ogically active oxysterols in O 3 

### -induced

cardiovascular effects observed in the epidemiologi c studies. Also, the det ection of oxysterols in

the BALF of rats exposed to O 3 

### suggests their potential to be used as biomarkers of O 3 

### exposure.

Demonstration of relationships between oxysterols of the type generated in lung surfactant with

O 3 

### exposure and cardiovascular disease outcomes in clinical settings or epidemiologic studies

would add considerable value to the experimental observations t hus for reported in the animal

toxicology studies.

Other potential mechanisms by which O 3 

### exposure may be associat ed with cardiovascular

disease outcomes have been described. Labor atory animals exposed to relatively high O 3


### concentrations ( ≥ 0.5 ppm) demonstrate tissue edema in the heart and lungs. This may be due to

increased circulating levels of atrial natriuretic factor (ANF ), which is known to mediate

capillary permeability, vasodilation, and BP (Daly et al., 2002). Ozone-induced changes in heart

rate, edema of heart tissue, and increased tissu e and serum levels of ANF found with 8-hr 0.5

ppm O 3 

### exposure in animal toxicology studies (Vesel y et al., 1994a,b,c) rais e the possibility of

potential cardiovascular effects of acute O 3 

### exposures.

### 3A-5 Earlier work demonstrated O 3 

### -induced release of functionall y active platelet activating

factor (PAF) from rodent epithe lial cells and the presence of PAF receptors on AMs. New work

examining lipid metabolism (CD, Section 5.2.1.4) and mediators of inflammatory response and

injury (CD, Section 5.2.3.4) conf irm earlier findings indicating that PAF (Kafoury et al., 1999)

and PAF receptors (Longphre et al., 1999) are involved in responses to O 3 

### . In addition to the role

of PAF in pulmonary inflammation and hyperper meability, this potent inflammatory mediator

may have clotting and thrombolytic effect s, though this has not been demonstrated

experimentally. This cardiovascular effect may help explain, in part, some limited epidemiologic

findings suggestive of possible association of heart attack and stroke with ambient O 3 

### exposure

described in section 3.3.1.3 of this Staff Paper. As indicated by the studies described above, an

emerging body of animal toxicology evidence is beginning to suggest mechanisms by which O 3 

### can affect the cardiovascular system.

In a controlled human exposure study descri bed in the CD in Chapter 6, Gong et al.

(1998) exposed 10 hypertensive and 6 healthy adult males, 41 to 78 years of age, to 0.3 ppm O 3 

### for 3 hr while at intermittent exercise, at 30 L/min. For all subjects combined (no significant

group differences), there was an O 3 

### -induced decrement of 7% in FEV 1 

### and a statistically

significant increase (70%) in the alveolar-arterial oxygen tensi on gradient. The overall results did

not indicate any major acute ca rdiovascular effects of O 3 

### in either the hypertensive or normal

subjects. Foster et al. (1993) demonstrated that even in relatively young healthy adults (26.7 ± 7

yrs old), O 3 

### exposure can cause ventilation to shift away from the well perfused basal lung. This

effect of O 3 

### on ventilation distribution (and, by associ ation, the small airways) may persist

beyond 24-hr postexposure (Foster et al., 1997). Gong et al. (1998) suggested that by impairing

alveolar-arterial oxyge n transfer, the O 3 

### exposure could potentially lead to adverse cardiac events

by decreasing oxygen supply to the myocardium. Howe ver, the subjects in their study apparently

had sufficient functional reserve so as to not ex perience significant ECG changes or myocardial

ischemia and/or injury. Info rmation about the impact of O 3 

### exposure on the cardiovascular

system from epidemiologic studie s is discussed in section 3.3.1.Appendix 3B. Ozone Epidemiological Study Results: Summary of effect estimates and air quality data reportedin studies, distribution statistics for8-hr daily maximum ozone concentrations for the study period and location,and information about monitoring data used in study.Air Quality Data fromStudy *Statistics for 8-hr daily max airquality data **Study;LocationEffect Estimate(lower CL, upper CL)Ave time;LagMean 98th% 99th% RangeStudy period;Monitoring informationRespiratory Symptoms:Mortimer et al., 20028 U.S. citiesmorning symptoms1.35 (1.06, 1.71)8h 48 64.3 66 28.8-66 6/1/93 - 8/31/93AQS, all monitors in correspondingcounty, averaged for 10am to 6pmGent et al., 2003New England citieschest tightness1.19 (1.05, 1.34)8h1d51.3 95.2 91.8 27.1-99.64/1/01 - 9/30/0110 sites in CT and 4 in Springfield MAGent et al., 2003New England citiesshortness of breath1.17 (1.03, 1.33)8h1d51.3 95.2 91.8 27.1-99.64/1/01 - 9/30/0110 sites in CT and 4 in Springfield MAOstro et al., 20012 S Cal countiesAsthma med use1.15 (1.12, 1.19)1h 59.5/95.8(57.2)121 122 14-122 Aug-Nov 19932 sites - downtown LA and Pasadena,individuals matched to closest siteOstro et al., 20012 S Cal countiesshortness of breath1.01 (0.92, 1.10)1h3d59.5/95.8(57.2)121 122 14-122 Aug-Nov 19932 sites - downtown LA and Pasadena,individuals matched to closest siteOstro et al., 20012 S Cal countiesWheeze0.94 (0.88, 1.00)1h3d59.5/95.8(57.2)121 122 14-122 Aug-Nov 19932 sites - downtown LA and Pasadena,individuals matched to closest siteOstro et al., 20012 S Cal countiesCough0.93 (0.87, 0.99)1h3d59.5/95.8(57.2)121 122 14-122 Aug-Nov 19932 sites - downtown LA and Pasadena,individuals matched to closest siteAir Quality Data fromStudy *Statistics for 8-hr daily max airquality data **Study;LocationEffect Estimate(lower CL, upper CL)Ave time;LagMean 98th% 99th% RangeStudy period;Monitoring informationNeas et al., 1995Uniontown PApm cough1.36 (0.86, 2.14)12h0d37.2(56.1)85.3 98 15-986/10/90 - 8/23/901 site near Laurel Highlands HSDelfino et al., 2003San Diego, CASymptom score>10.75 (0.24, 2.33)8h0d 17.1 34.8 35.2 5.8-35.2Nov 99 - Jan 00Huntington Park central siteDelfino et al., 2003San Diego, CASymptom score>11.55 (0.52, 4.63)8h1d17.1 34.8 35.2 5.8-35.2Nov 99 - Jan 00Huntington Park central siteDelfino et al., 2003San Diego, CASymptom score>26.67 (1.09, 40.88)8h0d17.1 34.8 35.2 5.8-35.2Nov 99 - Jan 00Huntington Park central siteDelfino et al., 2003San Diego, CASymptom score>21.15 (0.41, 3.17)8h1d17.1 34.8 35.2 5.8-35.2Nov 99 - Jan 00Huntington Park central siteDelfino et al., 1998San Diego, CAAsthma symptoms1.26 (1.00, 1.58)8h0d73 107 109 43-1098/1/95 - 10/30/95SDAPCD siteSchwartz et al., 19946 US citiesCough1.15 (0.99, 1.33)24h1d36.9Harvard 6 cities sites; school yearperiod for each, from 1985/6 to 1987/8Schwartz et al., 19946 U.S. citieslower respiratorysymptoms1.22 (1.00, 1.50)24h1d36.9Harvard 6 cities sites; school yearperiod for each, from 1985/6 to 1987/8Air Quality Data fromStudy *Statistics for 8-hr daily max airquality data **Study;LocationEffect Estimate(lower CL, upper CL)Ave time;LagMean 98th% 99th% RangeStudy period;Monitoring informationRoss et al., 2002East Moline, ILmorning symptoms1.12 (1.05, 1.20)8h3d ave41.5 68.8 75 8.9-78.3Apr-Oct 1994AQS data - East Moline sitesRoss et al., 2002East Moline, ILEvening symptoms1.12 (1.06, 1.19)8h3d ave41.5 68.8 75 8.9-78.3Apr-Oct 1994AQS data - East Moline sitesRoss et al., 2002East Moline, ILAsthma med use1.08 (0.99, 1.17)8h3d ave41.5 68.8 75 8.9-78.3Apr-Oct 1994AQS data - East Moline sitesThurston et al., 1997Connecticutchest symptoms1.21 (1.12, 1.31)1h0d83.6 NA NA NAlast wk of June 1991-93on-site monitorThurston 1997ConnecticutAsthma med use1.19 (1.08, 1.32)1h0d83.6 NA NA NAlast wk of June 1991-93on-site monitorLung Function Changes:Mortimer et al., 20028 U.S. citiesam PEF (%)-0.59% (-1.05, -0.13)8h 48 64.3 66 28.8-66 6/1/93 - 8/31/93AQS, all monitors in correspondingcounty, averaged for 10am to 6pmLinn et al., 1996Los AngelesFEV1 (ml)-0.26 (SE 0.25) (am)-0.18 (SE 0.20) (pm)24h0d23 150 164 2.5-192.5Jan 91-Dec 92SCAQMD sites in 3 communities:Upland, Rubidoux, TorranceAir Quality Data fromStudy *Statistics for 8-hr daily max airquality data **Study;LocationEffect Estimate(lower CL, upper CL)Ave time;LagMean 98th% 99th% RangeStudy period;Monitoring informationNewhouse et al., 2004Tulsa, OKam PEF (L/min)-0.274 (p<0.05)(mean O3)-0.289 (p<0.05)(max O3)24h1d30 92.7 104.7 17.3-104.79/1/00 - 10/31/00OK DEQ site about 1 km from UTulsaRoss et al., 2002East Moline, ILPEF (L/min)-2.29 (-4.26, -0.33)(am)-2.58 (-4.26, -0.89)(pm)8h0-1d1d41.5 68.8 75 8.9-78.3Apr-Oct 1994AQS data - East Moline sitesNeas et al., 1995Uniontown PAPEF (L/min)-2.79 (-6.7, -1.1) (pm)12h0d37.2(56.1)85.3 98 15-986/10/90 - 8/23/901 site near Laurel Highlands HSNeas et al., 1999Philadelphia PAPEF (L/min)-1.38 (-2.81, 0.04)(am)-2.58 (-4.91, -0.35)(pm)12h0d1-5d ave56 96.9 104.5 17.7-104.57/8/93 - 9/3/932 sites: Airport and PresbyterianNursing Home (58th and Greenway)Korrick et al., 1998Mt. Washington NHFEV1 (%)-2.6 (-4.1, -0.4)1h0d40 87 89 24 – 91summers 1991, 922 sites: Mt. Washington Observatoryand mountain base at Auto RdThurston et al., 1997Connecticut summercampPEF (L/min)-0.096 (p<0.05)1h0d83.6 NA NA NAlast wk of June, 1991-1993on-site monitorNaeher et al., 1999SW VirginiaPEF (L/min)-7.65 (-13.0, -2.25)(pm)24h1-5d ave34.87 74 79 13-87summers 1995-19961 site in Vinton VAAir Quality Data fromStudy *Statistics for 8-hr daily max airquality data **Study;LocationEffect Estimate(lower CL, upper CL)Ave time;LagMean 98th% 99th% RangeStudy period;Monitoring informationBrauer et al., 1996Fraser Valley, BCFEV1 (mL)-3.8 (SE 0.4) (endshift)-4.5 (SE 0.6) (nextday)1h0d40.3 55 55 3-55June-August 1993BC Ministry of Environment sitesEmergency Department Visits: Respiratory DiseasesPeel et al., 2005Atlanta2.89 (1.03, 4.77)8h3d ave55.6 127 140 3-1521/1/93 to 12/21/02AQS Confederate Ave monitorDelfino et al., 1997Montreal (>64yo)28.93 (11.98, 45.88)8h1d34.7 57.5 64.9 7-64.9May-Aug 1988 and 1989AQS data, 5 sitesDelfino et al., 1997Montreal (>64yo)31.61 (12.91, 50.31)1h1d34.7(28.9)57.5 64.9 7-64.9May-Aug 1988 and 1989AQS data, 5 sitesJones et al., 1995Baton Rouge, LA(1-17 yo)-13.00 (-32.82, 12.66)24h0d28.2(56.4)111.8 118 21-1196/1/90 - 8/31/90DEQ 3 sitesJones et al., 1995Baton Rouge, LA(18-60 yo)20.00 (2.29, 40.78)24h0d28.2(56.4)111.8 118 21-1196/1/90 - 8/31/90DEQ 3 sitesJones et al., 1995Baton Rouge, LA(>60 yo)27.00 (-3.48, 67.10)24h0d28.2(56.4)111.8 118 21-1196/1/90 - 8/31/90DEQ 3 sitesWilson et al., 2005Portland NH,-3.00 (-8.49, 2.82)8h0d43.1 108 121 15-142Apr-Oct 1998-2000AQS data, single monitor in each cityWilson et al., 2005Manchester NH-3.00 (-8.53, 2.87)8h0d85 93 5-121Apr-Oct 1998-2000AQS data, single monitor in each cityAir Quality Data fromStudy *Statistics for 8-hr daily max airquality data **Study;LocationEffect Estimate(lower CL, upper CL)Ave time;LagMean 98th% 99th% RangeStudy period;Monitoring informationStieb et al., 1996St. John, Canada9.33 (-0.07, 18.74)1h2d41.6(36.1)83 91 5-140.5May-Sept 1984-1992EC data averaged across sitesEmergency Department Visits: AsthmaPeel et al., 2005Atlanta, GA2.65 (-0.50, 5.89)8h3d ave55.6 127 140 3-1521/1/93 to 12/21/02AQS Confederate Ave monitorWilson et al., 2005Manchester NH-3.00 (-8.91, 3.29)8h0dNA 108 121 15-142Apr-Oct 1998-2000AQS data, single monitor in each cityWilson et al., 2005Portland NH9.40 (10.26, 8.55)8h0dNA 85 93 5-121Apr-Oct 1998-2000AQS data, single monitor in each cityFriedman et al., 2001Atlanta GA (1-16 yo)30.89 (5.34, 62.64)1h0-1d77.2(60.7)85.8 85.8 20-85.87/19/96 - 8/4/963 sites in AtlantaTolbert et al., 2000Atlanta, GA6.37 (2.53, 10.34)8h1d59.3(60.7)92.4 112.6 16.2-135.8AQS, GA and Fulton Co., SOS,USGS; 7 sites in Atlanta MSAZhu et al., 2003Atlanta, GA (0-16 yo)2.41 (-2.39, 7.44)8h0dJaffe et al., 20033 Ohio cities9.27 (0.13, 19.25)8h2-3d(66.1) 104 108 24-1247/1/91 to 6/30/96all data from active monitorsJaffe et al., 2003Cincinnati15.76 (-1.01, 35.38)8h2d60 106 116 24-1247/1/91 to 6/30/96all data from active monitorsJaffe et al., 2003Cleveland3.03 (-8.52, 16.04)8h2d50 104 107 27-1117/1/91 to 6/30/96all data from active monitorsJaffe et al., 2003Columbus15.76 (-2.49, 37.44)8h3d57 98 106 25-1177/1/91 to 6/30/96all data from active monitorsAir Quality Data fromStudy *Statistics for 8-hr daily max airquality data **Study;LocationEffect Estimate(lower CL, upper CL)Ave time;LagMean 98th% 99th% RangeStudy period;Monitoring informationCassino et al., 1999NYC(in heavy smokers)-5.42 (-8.38, -2.36)24h0d17.5(32.6)83.3 88.8 3-114.61/1/89 - 12/31/93data from sites throughout NYCCassino et al., 1999NYC(in heavy smokers)2.74 (-3.00, 8.83)24h1d17.5(32.6)83.3 88.8 3-114.61/1/89 - 12/31/93data from sites throughout NYCCassino et al., 1999NYC(in heavy smokers)9.69 (3.93, 15.76)24h2d17.5(32.6)83.3 88.8 3-114.61/1/89 - 12/31/93data from sites throughout NYClCassino et al., 1999NYC(in heavy smokers)-1.62 (-7.01, 4.08)24h3d17.5(32.6)83.3 88.8 3-114.61/1/89 - 12/31/93data from sites throughout NYCEmergency Department Visits: Other respiratory diseases:Peel et al., 2005Atlanta, GAPneumonia1.80 (-2.27, 6.04)8h3d ave55.6 127 140 3-1521/1/93 to 12/21/02AQS Confederate Ave monitorPeel et al., 2005Atlanta, GACOPD3.49 (-2.77,10.15)8h3d ave55.6 127 140 3-1521/1/93 to 12/21/02AQS Confederate Ave monitorPeel et al., 2005Atlanta, GAupper respiratoryinfection3.25 (1.10, 5.44)8h3d ave55.6 127 140 3-1521/1/93 to 12/21/02AQS Confederate Ave monitorCardiovascular outcomes, biomarkers, and physiological changes:Air Quality Data fromStudy *Statistics for 8-hr daily max airquality data **Study;LocationEffect Estimate(lower CL, upper CL)Ave time;LagMean 98th% 99th% RangeStudy period;Monitoring informationLiao et al., 20043 US citiesHRV (high frequencypower)-0.010 (SE 0.016)8h1d411996-1998AQS dataLiao et al., 20043 US citiesSD of normal RRintervals-0.336 (SE 0.290)8h1d411996-1998AQS dataPeters et al., 2000BostonDefibrillator dischargeOR 0.96 (0.47, 1.98)(patients with 1+event)OR 1.23 (0.53, 2.87)(patients with 10+events)24h0d18.6 75.2 78.1 15.7-102.7Jan 95 - Dec 971 sitePeters et al., 2001BostonMyocardial infarctionOR 1.31 (0.85, 2.03)(2h O3)OR 0.94 (0.60, 1.49)(24h O3)24h and2h1d and 1h19.9 75.8 81.5 17.7-102.7Jan 95 - May 961 site(case-crossover)Park et al., 2004BostonHRV (low frequencypower)-11.5% (-21.3, -0.4) 4h 23 81.8 92 10-122.6Nov 2000- Oct 2003Mass Dept. Environ. Protection sitesGold et al., 2000BostonHRV (r-MSSD) (ms)-3.0 (SE 1.9)(first rest period)-5.8 (SE 2.4)(slow breathing period)1h 34 77.3 92.5 21.8-100June-Sept 19971 site, MA Dept. Environ. ProtectionAir Quality Data fromStudy *Statistics for 8-hr daily max airquality data **Study;LocationEffect Estimate(lower CL, upper CL)Ave time;LagMean 98th% 99th% RangeStudy period;Monitoring informationDockery et al., 2005BostonVentricular arrhythmiaOR 1.09 (0.93, 1.29)(all events)48h 22.9 75 82.1 2–102.77/11/95 - 7/11/026 sites, Mass Dept. Envir. ProtectionRich et al., 2005BostonVentricular arrhythmiaOR 1.21 (1.00, 1.45)(all events)24h 22.6 74 81.5 2-102.7Aug 1995 - June 20026 sites, Mass Dept. Envir. ProtectionEmergency Department Visits: Cardiovascular DiseasesMetzger et al., 2004Atlanta, GAall CV0.96 (-1.59, 3.58)8h3dave53.9 127 140 3-1521/1/93 to 12/21/02AQS Confederate Ave monitorMetzger et al., 2004Atlanta, GADysrrhythmia0.96 (-3.96, 6.13)8h3dave53.9 127 140 3-1521/1/93 to 12/21/02AQS Confederate Ave monitorMetzger et al., 2004Atlanta, GACHF-4.19 (-9.74, 1.71)8h3dave53.9 127 140 3-1521/1/93 to 12/21/02AQS Confederate Ave monitorMetzger et al., 2004Atlanta, GAIHD2.28 (-2.30, 7.09)8h3dave53.9 127 140 3-1521/1/93 to 12/21/02AQS Confederate Ave monitorMetzger et al., 2004Atlanta, GAperipheral vascular1.68 (-1.57, 5.05)8h3dave53.9 127 140 3-1521/1/93 to 12/21/02AQS Confederate Ave monitorHospital Admissions: Cardiovascular DiseasesAir Quality Data fromStudy *Statistics for 8-hr daily max airquality data **Study;LocationEffect Estimate(lower CL, upper CL)Ave time;LagMean 98th% 99th% RangeStudy period;Monitoring informationLinn et al., 2000Los Angeles CA(summer)2.02 (-16.14, 24.11)24h0d32.9(98.7)175 180 188Los Angeles basin - averaged frommonitors across basinFung et al., 2003WindsorCV <65 yo-0.14 (-11.79, 13.06)1h0d39.3(31.6)78 85 0-1064/1/95 - 12/31/004 sites in WinsdorFung et al., 2003WindsorCV <65 yo5.84 (-10.50, 25.16)1h0-2d ave39.3(31.6)78 85 0-1064/1/95 - 12/31/004 sites in WinsdorFung et al., 2003WindsorCV 65+ yo-3.57 (-10.35, 3.72)1h0d39.3(31.6)78 85 0-1064/1/95 - 12/31/004 sites in WinsdorFung et al., 2003WindsorCV 65+ yo1.94 (-8.01, 12.95)1h0-2d ave39.3(31.6)78 85 0 -1064/1/95 - 12/31/004 sites in WinsdorBurnett et al., 1997Toronto CV20.47 (9.32, 32.76)1h2-4d ave41.2(31.6)62 64 0-79summers 1992, 93, 947-9 sites in metro TorontoGwynn et al., 2000Buffalocirculatory0.23 (-1.27, 1.74)24h1d26.2(38.7)92.5 104 4.5-1231988-1990AQS data from multiple sites inBuffalo/Rochester areaHospital Admissions: Specific Cardiovascular DiseasesKoken et al., 2003Denver COmyocardial infarction-32.91 (-47.16, -14.82)24h0d25(44.2)64.5 65.5 11-76July-August 1993-1997AQS sites in Denver County (2 sites)Air Quality Data fromStudy *Statistics for 8-hr daily max airquality data **Study;LocationEffect Estimate(lower CL, upper CL)Ave time;LagMean 98th% 99th% RangeStudy period;Monitoring informationKoken et al., 2003DenverCoronaryAtheroschlerosis27.02 (8.30, 48.98)24h2d25(44.2)64.5 65.5 11-76July-August 1993-1997AQS sites in Denver County (2 sites)Koken et al., 2003DenverPulm Heart Disease49.16 (8.35, 105.22)24h1d25(44.2)64.5 65.5 11-76July-August 1993-1997AQS sites in Denver County (2 sitesIto, 2003Detroit MIischemic heart disease0.52 (-2.27, 3.39)24h3d25(38.7)80 85 4.3-101.31992-1994AQS data, 4 ozone sitesIto, 2003Detroit MIdysrrhythmia-1.04 (-5.87, 4.04)24h3d25(38.7)80 85 4.3-101.31992-1994AQS data, 4 ozone sitesIto, 2003Detroit MIheart failure0.76 (-2.47, 4.09)24h3d25(38.7)80 85 4.3-101.31992-1994AQS data 4 ozone sitesIto, 2003Detroit MIstroke0.50 (-3.03, 4.15)24h3d25(38.7)80 85 4.3-101.31992-1994AQS data 4 ozone sitesHospital Admissions: Respiratory DiseasesLuginaah et al., 2003Windsor (males)5.56 (-10.57, 24.59)1h0d39.3(31.6)78 85 0-1064/1/95 - 12/31/004 sites in WinsdorLuginaah et al., 2003Windsor (females)-6.83 (-23.92, 14.09)1h0d39.3(31.6)78 85 0-1064/1/95 - 12/31/004 sites in WinsdorAir Quality Data fromStudy *Statistics for 8-hr daily max airquality data **Study;LocationEffect Estimate(lower CL, upper CL)Ave time;LagMean 98th% 99th% RangeStudy period;Monitoring informationThurston et al., 1992Buffalo NY4.94 (-0.23, 10.12)1h2d60(58.9)125.5 133 24-133June-Aug 1988-1989NYDEC monitorsDelfino et al., 1994Montreal4.05 (1.00, 7.11)8h4d32.1 69 73.8 8.6-82.3Jul-Aug 1984-19887 sites in Montreal; 2 sites near heavytraffic areas not usedBurnett et al., 1994Toronto3.95 (2.50, 5.43)1h1d(41.7) 79 81.5 15-104.31983-1988Ont Min Environ 22 sites May-AugustBurnett et al., 199716 Canadian city6.72 (3.52, 10.02)1h1d32.9(25.3)47.1 51.3 6.2-68.44/1/81 - 12/31/91used Apr-Dec data, all stations in eachcityBurnett et al., 1997Toronto17.57 (10.44, 25.15)1h1-3d ave41.2(31.6)62 64 0-79summers 1992, 93, 947-9 sites in metro TorontoYang et al., 2003Vancouver (<3 yo)50.43 (32.64, 70.61)24h4d13.41(21.3)42.7 47.3 1.1-71.91/1/86 - 12/31/9825 sites, Great Vancouver RegionalDistrictYang et al., 2003Vancouver (65+yo)28.53 (18.47, 39.43)24h4d13.41(21.3)42.7 47.3 1.1-71.91/1/86 - 12/31/9825 sites, Great Vancouver RegionalDistrictSchwartz et al., 1996Cleveland3.51 (0.88, 6.20)1h1-2d ave56(55.1)91 99 5-120.31988-1990Cuyahoga county warm season onlyMoolgavkar et al., 1997Minneapolis/St. Paul8.08 (4.47, 11.81)24h1d26.2(45.1)83.2 87.7 4.6-101.81/1/86 - 12/31/91AQS data from all monitoring stationsGwynn et al., 2001NYC (white)1.08 (-0.44, 2.63)24h1d22.1(34.2)90.6 106 6-1251988-1990AQS dataAir Quality Data fromStudy *Statistics for 8-hr daily max airquality data **Study;LocationEffect Estimate(lower CL, upper CL)Ave time;LagMean 98th% 99th% RangeStudy period;Monitoring informationGwynn et al., 2001NYC (nonwhite)4.01 (2.47, 5.57)24h1d22.1(34.2)90.6 106 6-1251988-1990AQS dataGwynn et al., 2001NYC (uninsured)4.51 (2.80, 6.25)24h1d22.1(34.2)90.6 106 6-1251988-1990AQS dataThurston et al., 1992NYC0.42 (0.10, 0.74)1h3d29.1June-Aug 1988-1989NYDEC monitorsGwynn et al., 2000Buffalo3.94 (1.78, 6.15)24h1d26.2(38.7)92.5 104 4.5-1231988-1990AQS data from multiple sites inBuffalo/Rochester areaSchwartz et al., 1996Spokane19.08 (0.17, 41.57)1h2d79 NA NA NA1988-19901 residential siteThurston et al., 1994Toronto15.30 (4.11, 26.50)1hr0d57.47(45.8)92 94 8-125July-Aug, 1986-1988Breadalbane siteHospital Admissions: AsthmaSheppard et al., 2003Seattle, WA3.44 (0.58, 6.39)8h2d30.4 65 73 2-1001987-19941 site at Lake SammamishNauenberg et al., 1999Los Angeles(all insurance)1.00 (-6.28, 8.84)24h0d19.88(19.1)46.5 50.5 2-67(11/15-3/1)1991-19942 SCAQMD sites in zip codes 90025and 90012Burnett et al., 2001Toronto (<2 yo)30.25 (16.87, 45.15)1h5d ave45.2(38.6)77.7 83.7 9-110.81/1/80 - 12/31/944 sitesThurston et al., 1992Buffalo NY6.59 (1.29, 11.89)1h3d60(58.9)125.5 133 24-133June-Aug 1988-1989NYDEC monitorsAir Quality Data fromStudy *Statistics for 8-hr daily max airquality data **Study;LocationEffect Estimate(lower CL, upper CL)Ave time;LagMean 98th% 99th% RangeStudy period;Monitoring informationBurnett et al., 1999Toronto6.47 (3.68, 9.33)24h1-3d ave19.5(26.7)68.4 74.8 0.1-110.8summers 1992, 93, 947-9 sites in metro TorontoLin et al., 2003Toronto,6-12 yo-7.84 (-22.02, 8.92)(female)-26.04 (-44.53, -1.39)(male)1h0d28.2 68.4 74.8 0.14-110.81981-19934 sites, Ontario Ministry ofEnvironment and Energy(case-crossover)Thurston et al., 1992New York City0.95 (0.20, 1.69)1h1d29.1June-Aug 1988-1989NYDEC monitorsSchwartz et al., 1994Detroit10.81 (5.13, 16.80)24h1d21(37.6)82.8 88.5 10-122.71986-1989AQS data 9 sites in 86 and 89, 8 sitesin 87 and 88Hospital Admissions: Other respiratory diseasesMoolgavkar et al., 1997Minneapolis/St. Paulpneumonia8.90 (4.62, 13.34)24h1d26.2(45.1)83.2 87.7 4.6-101.81/1/86 - 12/31/91AQS data from all monitoring stationsIto, 2003Detroit MIpneumonia3.10 (-1.84, 8.28)24h3d25(38.7)80 85 4.3-101.31992-1994AQS data, 4 ozone sitesIto, 2003Detroit MICOPD1.25 (-3.55, 6.28)24h3d25(38.7)80 85 4.3-101.31992-1994AQS data 4 ozone sitesBurnett et al., 1999TorontoCOPD7.49 (4.00, 11.10)24h2-4d ave19.5(26.7)68.4 74.8 0.1-110.8summers 1992, 93, 947-9 sites in metro TorontoAir Quality Data fromStudy *Statistics for 8-hr daily max airquality data **Study;LocationEffect Estimate(lower CL, upper CL)Ave time;LagMean 98th% 99th% RangeStudy period;Monitoring informationSchwartz et al., 1994DetroitCOPD11.68 (2.92, 21.19)24h1d21(37.6)82.8 88.5 10-122.71986-1989AQS data 9 sites in 86 and 89, 8 sitesin 87 and 88Moolgavkar et al., 1997Minneapolis/St. PaulCOPD6.04 (1.22, 11.10)24h1d26.2(45.1)83.2 87.7 4.6-101.81/1/86 - 12/31/91AQS data from all monitoring stationsBurnett et al., 1999TorontoRespiratory Infection4.52 (2.43, 6.64)24h1-2d ave19.5 68.4 74.8 0.1-110.8summers 1992, 93, 947-9 sites in metro TorontoMortality: Total nonaccidentalBell et al., 200495 U.S. cities (warm)0.44 (0.14, 0.74)24h0d26.841987-2000AQS data, 10% trimmed mean toaverage across monitors aftercorrection for each monitorBell et al., 200495 U.S. cities (warm)0.78 (0.26, 1.30)24h0-6d dl26.841987-2000AQS data, 10% trimmed mean toaverage across monitors aftercorrection for each monitorSchwartz et al., 200414 U.S. cities (warm)1.04 (0.30, 1.79)1h0d45.91986-1993AQS data, May-September(case-crossover)Ostro et al., 2003Coachella Valley CA-1 (-4.42, 2.55)1h621/1/89 – 12/20/98sites in Palm Springs and IndioAir Quality Data fromStudy *Statistics for 8-hr daily max airquality data **Study;LocationEffect Estimate(lower CL, upper CL)Ave time;LagMean 98th% 99th% RangeStudy period;Monitoring informationOstro et al., 19952 Southern CA counties0.80 (-0.18, 1.78)1h0d1401980-19864 sites in San Bernardino andRiverside counties: Upland,Rubidoux, Redlands, PerrisMoolgavkar et al., 1995Philadelphia (summer)2.82 (1.33, 4.33)24h1d35.51973-1988AQS dataIto, 2003Detroit MI0.86 (-0.36, 2.09)24h0d20.9(34.3)81.5 88.7 2-123.51985-1990AQS data, 4 ozone sitesIto, 2003Detroit MI1.88 (-1.69, 5.58)24h0d25(38.7)80 85 4.3-101.31992-1994AQS data, 4 ozone sitesFairley, 2003San Jose CA2.81 (-0.27, 5.99)8-h0d29 67 74 2-1051989-1996San Jose 4th St. siteChock et al., 2000Pittsburg PA (<75 yo)-1.48 (-5.63, 2.85)1h0d(35.4) 80 88.9 2.3-92.51989-19911 site with daily obs, used only databetween 1200 and 2000 hoursChock et al., 2000Pittsburg PA (75+ )-1.82 (-6.03, 2.59)1h0d(35.4) 80 88.9 2.3-92.51989-19911 site with daily obs, used only databetween 1200 and 2000 hoursKinney et al., 1995Los Angeles0.00 (-4.90, 5.15)1h1d70(53.4)115.3 130 5.4-156.11985-19908 ozone sitesGamble et al., 1998Dallas TX3.69 (0.85, 6.62)24h1-2d22(37.9)81 86.3 2-98.71990-1994TNRCC data, 2-3 sites in Dallas Co.Dockery et al., 1992St. Louis0.60 (-2.46, 3.75024h1d22.5Sept 1985-August 1986Harvard site on S side of cityAir Quality Data fromStudy *Statistics for 8-hr daily max airquality data **Study;LocationEffect Estimate(lower CL, upper CL)Ave time;LagMean 98th% 99th% RangeStudy period;Monitoring informationDockery et al., 1992E Tennesse-1.30 (-7.91, 5.78)24h1d23Sept 1985-August 1986Harvard site, ~50 km SW of KnoxvilleIto et al., 1996Cook County3.89 (2.21, 5.59)1h0-1d38.1(31.8)76 85.6 2.7-1241985-1990AQS sites with at least 4 y data, 5 O3sitesKlemm et al., 2004Atlantaquartknot **2.40 (-3.39, 8.54)8h0-1d47.036.63-124.41ARIES database, as described inKlemm 2000Klemm et al., 2004Atlantamonthknot **4.16 (-2.42, 11.19)8h0-1d47.036.63-124.41ARIES database, as described inKlemm 2000Goldberg et al., 2003Montreal(CHFunderlying)4.26 (-5.30, 14.78)24h0-2d291984-1993Environment Canada data, 9 sitesVedal et al., 2003Vancouver16.63 (5.54, 28.88)1h0d27.4(21.4)53.3 47.3 1.1-58.7Jan 94 - Dec 9619 sites in Greater VancouverRegional District and ECVilleneuve et al., 2003Vancouver1.31 (-0.78, 3.45)24h0d13.4(21.3)69.3 47.3 3.1-71.91/1/86 - 12/31/9813 census subdivisionsMortality: Cardiovascular or Cardiorespiratory diseasesBell et al., 200495 U.S. cities1.28 (0.61, 1.96)24h0-6d dl26.841987-2000AQS data, 10% trimmed mean toaverage across monitors aftercorrection for each monitorAir Quality Data fromStudy *Statistics for 8-hr daily max airquality data **Study;LocationEffect Estimate(lower CL, upper CL)Ave time;LagMean 98th% 99th% RangeStudy period;Monitoring informationHuang et al., 200419 U.S. cities1.47 (0.54, 2.40)24h0d18-56June 1- Sept 30, 1987-1994AQS dataLipfert, et al., 2000Philadelphia30.19 (p<0.055)1h0-1dave44.76(39.7)88.8 93.6 2.3-116.6May 92 - Sept 951 Camden and 1 Phila siteLipfert, et al., 2000Philadelphia-2.00 (p<0.055)1h0-1dave44.76(39.7)88.8 93.6 2.3-116.6May 92 - Sept 951 Camden and 1 Phila siteOstro et al., 2003Coachella Valley-4 (-8.88, 1.14)1h621/1/89 – 12/20/98sites in Palm Springs and IndioIto, 2003Detroit MI1.45 (-0.29, 3.21)24h0d20.9(34.3)81.5 88.7 2-123.51985-1990AQS data, 4 ozone sitesIto, 2003Detroit MI1.79 (-3.38, 7.24)24h0d25(38.7)80 85 4.3-101.31992-1994AQS data, 4 ozone sitesFairley, 2003San Jose CA2.36 (-2.12, 7.04)8h0d29 67 74 2-1051989-1996,San Jose 4th St. siteGamble et al., 1998Dallas TX3.28 (-1.48, 8.27)24h1-2d22(37.9)81 86.3 2-98.71990-1994TNRCC data, 2-3 sites in Dallas Co.Ito et al., 1996Cook County4.64 (2.07, 7.27)1h0-1d38.1(31.8)76 85.6 2.7-1241985-1990,AQS sites with at least 4 y data, 5 O3sitesMoolgavkar et al., 2003Cook County0.30 (0.16, 0.44)24h0d181987-1995AQS dataVilleneuve et al., 2003Vancouver0.66 (-2.57, 3.99)24h0d13.4(21.3)69.3 47.3 3.1-71.91/1/86 - 12/31/9813 census subdivisionsAir Quality Data fromStudy *Statistics for 8-hr daily max airquality data **Study;LocationEffect Estimate(lower CL, upper CL)Ave time;LagMean 98th% 99th% RangeStudy period;Monitoring informationGoldberg et al., 2001Montreal2.81 (1.35, 4.30)24h0-2d291984-1993Environment Canada data, 9 sitesVedal et al., 2003Vancouver16.19 (-0.67, 35.91)1h0d27.4(21.4)53.3 47.3 1.1-58.7Jan 94 - Dec 9619 sites in Greater VancouverRegional District and ECMortality: Respiratory DiseasesOstro et al., 2003Coachella Valley3 (-8.77, 16.29) 1h 621/1/89 – 12/20/98sites in Palm Springs and IndioIto, 2003Detroit MI0.07 (-4.34, 4.68)24h0d20.9(34.3)81.5 88.7 2-123.51985-1990AQS data, 4 ozone sitesIto, 2003Detroit MI7.44 (-5.37, 21.99)24h0d25(38.7)80 85 4.3-101.31992-1994AQS data, 4 ozone sitesVedal et al., 2003Vancouver6.01 (-22.53, 45.06)1h0d27.4(21.4)53.3 47.3 1.1-58.7Jan 94 - Dec 9619 sites in Greater VancouverRegional District and ECVilleneuve et al., 2003Vancouver1.50 (-4.24, 7.58)24h0d13.4(21.3)69.3 47.3 3.1-71.91/1/86 - 12/31/9813 census subdivisionsMoolgavkar et al., 2003Cook County (COPD)0.30 (-0.10, 0.71)24h0d181987-1995AQS data* Includes ozone averaging period and lag period for effect estimatecalculation; for example, 1h represents 1-hour maximum concentration and0d represents a 0-day lag period. Mean values taken from studypublications, for the ozone averaging period used in the study(e.g., 1h, 8h, 24h).Where 8-hour daily max ozone concentrations were used, the mean8-hour daily max concentration is presented in parentheses.** Using ozone data obtained for the study period in the locationof the study, 8-hour daily maximum concentrations were derived and statisticscalculated. The 98thand 99thpercentile values for the full studyperiod distribution are presented here, along with the range (minimum-maximum)of concentrations. Since the time periods of the studies vary in length, from several weeks to over 10 years, the 98thand 99thpercentile valueswere selected for presentation here as a high studyperiod concentration that roughly approximates a 4thmaximum concentration, depending onthe study period length. NA= data not availableTable C-1. Controlled Exposure of Healthy Humans to Ozone for 1 to 2 Hours During ExerciseaOzoneConcentrationbExposureDuration andActivityExposureConditionscNumber andGender ofSubjectsSubjectCharacteristics Observed Effect(s) Referenceppm μg/m30.00.407842 h IE4 × 15 minon bicycle,V.E= 30 L/minNA 5 M, 4 F6 M, 7 FHealthy adults25 ± 2 years oldMild atopicasthmatics22 ± 0.7 years oldO3-induced reductions in FVC (12%, 10%) and FEV1(13%, 11%) for asthmatic and healthy subjects.Significant reductions in mid-flows in both asthmatics andhealthy subjects. Indomethacin pretreatment significantlydecreased FVC and FEV1responses to O3in healthy but notasthmatic subjects. See Section AX6.3.2 and Tables AX6-3and AX6-13.Alexis et al.(2000)0.00.203922 h IE4 × 15 minat V.E= 20L/min/m2BSA20 °C50% RH8 M, 5 F Healthy NSmedian age 23 yearsMedian O3-induced decrements of 70 mL, 190 mL, and400 mL/s in FVC, FEV1, and FEF25-75, respectively.Spirometric responses not predicted of inflammatoryresponses.See Sections AX6.2.5.2, AX6.5.6, and AX6.9.3and Table AX6-12.Blomberget al. (1999)0.00.203922 h IE4 × 15 minat V.E= 20L/min/m2BSA20 °C50% RH10 M, 12 F Healthy NSmean age 24 yearsSignificant O3-induced decrement in FEV1immediatelypostexposure but not significantly different from baseline2 h later. No correlation between Clara cell protein (CC16)and FEV1decrement. CC16 levels, elevated by O3exposure,remained high at 6 h postexposure, but returned to baselineby 18 h postexposure.See Table AX6-13.Blomberget al. (2003)0.00.3306472 h IE4 × 15 minon bicycleergometer(600 kpm/min)NA 9 M Healthy NS26.7 ± 7 years oldO3-induced reductions in FVC (7%). FRC not altered by O3exposure. Post FA, normal gradient in ventilation whichincreased from apex to the base of the lung. Post O3,ventilation shifted away from the lower-lung into middleand upper-lung regions. The post O3increase in ventilationto mid-lung region was correlated with decrease inmidmaximal expiratory flow (r = 0.76, p < 0.05).Foster et al.(1993)0.00.3506902.2 h IE2 × 30 minon treadmill(V.E.50 L/min)Final 10 min rest19-23 °C48-55%RH15 M Healthy NS25.4 ± 2 years oldPre- to post-O3, mean FVC and FEV1decreased by 12 and14%, respectively. Following O3exposure, there was apronounced slow phase evident in multibreath nitrogenwashouts which, on average, represented a 24% decreasein the washout rate relative to pre-O3.Foster et al.(1997)



### C-1Table C-1 (cont’d). Controlled Exposure of Healthy Humans to Ozone for 1 to 2 Hours during ExerciseaOzoneConcentrationbExposureDuration andActivityExposureConditionscNumber andGender ofSubjectsSubjectCharacteristics Observed Effect(s) Referenceppm μg/m30.00.120.180.240.300.4002353534715897842 h rest or IE(4 × 15 minat V.E= 25 or 35L/min/m2BSA)22 °C40% RH485 M (eachsubjectexposed at oneactivity levelto one O3concentration)Healthy NS18 to 36 years oldmean age 24 yearsStatistical analysis of 8 experimental chamber studiesconducted between 1980 and 1993 by the U.S. EPA inChapel Hill, NC. Decrement in FEV1described by sigmoidshaped curve as a function of subject age, O3concentration,V.E, and time. Response decreased with age, was minimallyaffected by body size corrections, and was not moresensitive to O3concentration than V.E.Also see SectionAX6.5.McDonnellet al. (1997)0.4 784 2 h IE20 min mild-mod.exercise,10 min restNA 4 M, 5 F Healthy NS30 ± 3 years oldSubjects previously in Nightingale et al. (2000) study.Placebo-control: Immediately postexposure decrementsin FVC (9%) and FEV1(14%) relative to pre-exposurevalues. FEV1decrement only 9% at 1 hr postexposure.By 3 h postexposure, recovery in FVC to 97% and FEV1to 98% of preexposure values. Significant increases in8-isoprostane at 4 h postexposure. Budesonide for2 wk prior to exposure did not affect responses.Montuschiet al. (2002)0.00.2392 2 h IE4 × 15 minat V.E= 20L/min/m2BSA20 °C50% RH6 M, 9 F9 M, 6 FHealthy adults24 years oldMild asthmatics29 years oldO3-induced FEV1decrement (8%, healthy adults;3% asthmatics) and PMN increase (20.6%, healthy adults;15.2% asthmatics). Primary goal was to investigaterelationship between antioxidant defenses and O3responses in asthmatics and healthy adults.See TablesAX6-3 and AX6-13.Mudwayet al. (2001)Stenforset al. (2002)0.4 784 2 h IE20 min mild-mod.exercise,10 min restNA 6 M, 9 F Healthy NSmean age ~31 yearsPlacebo-control: O3caused significant decrements in FEV1(13.5%) and FVC (10%) immediately following exposure,a small increase in MCh-reactivity, and increased PMNs andmyeloperoxidase in induced sputum at 4 h postexposure.FEV1at 96% and FVC at 97% preexposure values at 3 hpostexposure. Budesonide for 2 wk prior to exposure didnot affect spirometric responses.See Section AX6.2.5 andTable AX6-13.Nightingaleet al. (2000)



### C-2Table C-1 (cont’d). Controlled Exposure of Healthy Humans to Ozone for 1 to 2 Hours during ExerciseaOzoneConcentrationbExposureDuration andActivityExposureConditionscNumber andGender ofSubjectsSubjectCharacteristics Observed Effect(s) Referenceppm μg/m30.00.4784 2 h IE4 × 15 min at.VE=18 L/min/m2BSA2 exposures:25% subjectsexposed to air-air,75% to O3-O321 °C40% RHWeakresponders7 M, 13FStrongresponders21 M, 21 FHealthy NS20 to 59 years oldSignificant O3-induced decrements in spirometric lungfunction. Young adults (<35 years) were significantly moreresponsive than older individuals (>35 years). Sufentanil,a narcotic analgesic, largely abolished symptom responsesand improved FEV1in strong responders. Naloxone, anopioid antagonist, did not affect O3effects in weakresponders.See Section AX6.2.5.1.Passannanteet al. (1998)0.00.4784 2 h IE4 × 15 minat V.E= 20L/min/m2BSA20 °C40% RHPlacebo group15 M, 1 FAntioxidantgroup13 M, 2 FHealthy NSmean age 27 yearsPlacebo and antioxidant groups had O3-induced decrementsin FEV1(20 and 14%) and FVC (13 and 10%), respectively.Percent neutrophils and IL-6 levels in BAL fluid obtained1 h postexposure were not different in the two treatmentgroups.See Table AX6-13.Samet et al.(2001)Steck-Scottet al. (2004)0.00.25490 1 h CEV.E= 30 L/minNAFace maskexposure32 M, 28 F Healthy NS22.6 ± 0.6 years oldMean O3-induced FEV1decrements of 15.9% in males and9.4% in females (gender differences not significant). FEV1decrements ranged from!4 to 56%; decrements >15% in20 subjects and >40% in 4 subjects. Uptake of O3greater inmales than females, but uptake not correlated withspirometric responses.Ultman et al.(2004)aSee Appendix A for abbreviations and acronyms.bListed from lowest to highest O3concentration.cStudies conducted in exposure chamber unless otherwise indicated.



### C-3Table C-2. Pulmonary Function Effects after Prolonged Exposures to OzoneaOzone ConcentrationbExposureDurationand ActivityExposureConditionsNumber andGender ofSubjectsSubjectCharacteristics Observed Effect(s) Referenceppm μg/m3Studies with 4 hr Exposures0.18 353 4 h IE(4 × 50 min)V.E= 35 L/min23 °C50% RH2 M, 2 F Adults NS, 21 to33 years oldFVC decreased 19% and FEV1decreased 29% in these fourpre-screened sensitive subjects.Adams (2000a)0.00.2003924 h IE(4 × 50 min cycleergometry ortreadmill running[ V.E= 40 L/min])20 °C50% RHFA: 11 M, 3FO3: 9 M, 3 FAdult NS, 19 to41 years oldDecrease in FVC, FEV1, VT, and SRaw and increase in fBwithO3exposure compared with FA; total cell count and LDH increased inisolated left main bronchus lavage and inflammatory cell influxoccurred with O3exposure compared to FA exposure.Aris et al.(1993)0.2 392 4 h IE(4 × 50 min)V.E= 25 L/min/m2BSA20 °C50% RH42 M, 24 F Adults NS, 18 to50 years oldFEV1decreased by 18.6%; Pre-exposure methacholine responsivenesswas weakly correlated with the functional response to O3exposure.Symptoms were also weaklycorrelated with the FEV1response (r =-0.31 to!0.37)Aris et al.(1995)0.00.2404704 h IE(4 × 15 min).VE= 20 L/min24 °C40% RH10 M9 MHealthy NS,60 to 69 yearsCOPD59 to 71 yearsHealthy: small, 3.3%, decline in FEV1(p = 0.03 [not reported inpaper], paired-t on O3versus FA pre-post FEV1). COPD: 8% declinein FEV1(p = ns, O3versus FA). Adjusted for exercise, ozone effectsdid not differ significantly between COPD patients and healthysubjects.See Section AX6.5.1.Gong et al.(1997a)Studies with >6 hr Exposures0.00.060.080.04 (mean,peak of 0.05)0.06 (mean,peak of 0.09)0.08 (mean,peak of 0.15)0118157781181576.6 hIE (6 × 50min)V.E= 20 L/min/m2BSA25 °C40-60% RH15 M, 15 F Healthy NSMales 23.5 ± 3.0yrsFemales22.8 ± 1.2 yrsFEV1and symptom responses after 6.6 h exposure to 0.04 and0.06 ppm not significantly differentfrom FA. Following exposure to0.08 ppm, O3-induced FEV1(!6.1%, square-wave;!7.0%, triangular)and symptom responses significantly greater than after 0.04 and 0.06ppm exposures. Triangular exposure to 0.08 ppm caused peakdecrement in FEV1at 5.6 h of exposure, whereas peak for square-waveexposure occurred at 6.6 h.Adams (2006)0.00.040.080.120781572356.6 hIE (6 × 50min)V.E= 20 L/min/m2BSA23 °C50% RH15 M, 15 F Healthy NS,22.4 ± 2.4 yrsoldFEV1and total symptoms after 6.6 h exposure to 0.04 ppm notsignificantly different from FA. FEV1(!6.4%) and total symptomssignificant at 6.6 h exposure to 0.08 ppm. FEV1(!15.4%) at 6.6 h notsignificantly different between chamber and face mask exposure to0.12 ppm.Adams (2002)



### C-4Table C-2 (cont'd). Pulmonary Function Effects after Prolonged Exposures to OzoneaOzone ConcentrationbExposure Durationand ActivityExposureConditionsNumber andGender ofSubjectsSubjectCharacteristics Observed Effect(s) Referenceppm μg/m30.12 235 3 day-6.6h/dayIE (6 × 50 min)V.E= 17 L/min/m2,20 L/min/m2BSA,and 23 L/min/m2BSA23 °C50% RH15 M, 15 F Healthy NS, 18 to31 years oldFEV1at 6.6 h decreased significantly by9.3%, 11.7%, and 13.9%, respectively atthree different exercise V.Erates, but were not significantly different from eachother. Total symptoms at the highest V.Eprotocol were significantly greater thanfor the lowest V.Eprotocol beginning at 4.6 h. Largest subjects (2.2 m2BSA)had significantly greater average FEV1decrement for the three protocols, 18.5%compared to the smallest subjects (1.4 m2BSA), 6.5%.Adams (2000b)(a) 0.08(b) 0.08 (mean)varied from 0.03to 0.15235235(mean)6.6 hIE (6 × 50 min)V.E= 20 L/min/m2BSA23 °C50% RH15 M15 FHealthy NS, 18 to25 years old(a) FEV1decreased 6.2% after 6.6 h in square-wave exposures. Total symptomssignificantly increased at 5.6 and 6.6 h.(b) FEV1decreased 5.6 to 6.2% after 4.6 to 6.6 h, respectively, in variedexposure; total symptoms significantly increased also after 4.6 to 6.6 h.No significant difference between face mask and chamber exposures.Adams (2003a)(a) 0.08(b) 0.301575886.6 hIE (6 × 50 min)V.E= 20 L/min/m2BSA2 hIE (4 × 15 min)V.E= 35 L/min/m2BSA23 °C50% RH15 M15 FHealthy NS, 18 to25 years oldSignificantly greater FEV1decrement (12.4%) for 2-h, 0.30 ppm exposure thanfor 6.6-h, 0.08 ppm exposure (3.6%).Adams (2003b)(a) 0.12(b) 0.12 (mean)varied from 0.07to 0.16(c) 0.12 (mean)varied from 0.11to 0.13(d) 0.12235235(mean)235(mean)2356.6 h IE(6 × 50 min)(a,b,c) V.E= 20L/min/m2BSA(d) V.E= 12 L/min/m2BSA23 °C50% RH6 M, 6 F Healthy NS, 19 to25 years old(a) FEV1decreased 11% at 6.6 h in square-wave exposure. Total symptomssignificant from 4.6 to 6.6 h.(b) FEV1decreased 13% at 6.6 h; not significantly different from square-waveexposure. Total symptoms significant from 4.6 to 6.6 h.(c) FEV1decreased 10.3% at 6.6 h; not significantly different from square-waveexposure. Total symptoms significant from 4.6 to 6.6 h.(d) FEV1decreased 3.6% at 6.6 h; significantly less than for 20 L/min/m2BSAprotocols.Adams andOllison (1997)aSee Appendix A for abbreviations and acronyms.bListed from lowest to highest O3concentration.



### C-5

## Appendix 4A. Exposure Tables

### Tables Table numbers Pages

Percent of people with 1 or more 8-hour exposures above 0.06,
0.07, and 0.08 ppm-8hr for Children , under moderate exertion, for
the years 2002, 2003, and 2004 4A-1 to 4A-9 4A-1 to 4A-5

Percent of people with 1 or more 8-hour exposures above 0.06,
0.07, and 0.08 ppm-8hr for Asthmatic Children , under moderate
exertion, for the years 2002, 2003, and 2004 4A-10 to 4A-18 4A-6 to 4A-10

Number of people with 1 or more 8-hour exposures above 0.06,
0.07, and 0.08 ppm-8hr for Children , under moderate exertion, for
the years 2002, 2003, and 2004 4A-19 to 4A-27 4A-11 to 4A-15

Number of people with 1 or more 8-hour exposures above 0.06,
0.07, and 0.08 ppm-8hr for Asthmatic Children , under moderate
exertion, for the years 2002, 2003, and 2004 4A-28 to 4A-36 4A-15 to 4A-19

Number of person-days (occurrences) with 8-hour exposures
above 0.06, 0.07, and 0.08 ppm-8hr for Children , under moderate
exertion, for the years 2002, 2003, and 2004 4A-37 to 4A-45 4A-20 to 4A-24

Number of person-days (occurrences) with 8-hour exposures
above 0.06, 0.07, and 0.08 ppm-8hr for Asthmatic Children , under
moderate exertion, for the years 2002, 2003, and 2004 4A-46 to 4A-54 4A-24 to 4A-28

Number of persons and person-days (occurrences) with 8-hour
exposures above 0.06, 0.07, and 0.08 ppm-8hr for Asthmatic
Children and for Children , under moderate exertion, for the years

2002, 2003, and 2004. 12-City Totals

. 4A-55 to 4A-60 4A-29 to 4A-34Numbers are rounded to th e nearest percent. 4A-1 

### Table 4A-1. Percent of people with 1 or more 8- hour exposures above 0.06 ppm-8hr for Children,
moderate exertion for the year 2002

City recent

base 84/4 84/3 80/4 74/5 74/4 74/3 70/4 64/4

Atlanta 68% 53% 53% 45% 35% 29% 29% 18% 5%

Boston 66% 54% 48% 47% 44% 35% 29% 25% 11%

Chicago 69% 53% 48% 44% 37% 28% 23% 17% 3%

Cleveland 77% 66% 62% 60% 51% 48% 40% 35% 13%

Detroit 72% 61% 55% 54% 52% 39% 30% 25% 6%

Houston 58% 27% 21% 19% 11% 9% 7% 5% 1%

Los Angeles 61% 7% 6% 4% 1% 1% 1% 0% 0%

New York 74% 50% 46% 41% 23% 25% 21% 15% 3%

Philadelphia 77% 64% 60% 58% 49% 46% 41% 36% 17%

Sacramento 66% 33% 29% 24% 15% 12% 10% 6% 1%

St. Louis 70% 63% 60% 58% 50% 46% 40% 34% 14%

Washington 73% 59% 52% 51% 43% 38% 30% 28% 10%



### Table 4A-2. Percent of people with 1 or more 8- hour exposures above 0.06 ppm-8hr for Children,
moderate exertion for the year 2003

City recent

base 84/4 84/3 80/4 74/5 74/4 74/3 70/4 64/4

Atlanta 52% 33% . . . 10% . . 1%

Boston 38% 28% . . . 9% . . 1%

Chicago 37% 26% . . . 7% . . 0%

Cleveland 49% 22% . . . 9% . . 0%

Detroit 56% 26% . . . 10% . . 0%

Houston 67% 19% . . . 4% . . 0%

Los Angeles 71% 8% . . . 2% . . 0%

New York 57% 24% . . . 7% . . 0%

Philadelphia 58% 33% . . . 11% . . 1%

Sacramento 59% 15% . . . 3% . . 0%

St. Louis 54% 39% . . . 15% . . 1%

Washington 47% 21% . . . 8% . . 1%Numbers are rounded to th e nearest percent. 4A-2 

### Table 4A-3. Percent of people with 1 or more 8- hour exposures above 0.06 ppm-8hr for Children,
moderate exertion for the year 2004

City recent

base 84/4 84/3 80/4 74/5 74/4 74/3 70/4 64/4

Atlanta 48% 26% 25% 18% 11% 8% 8% 3% 0%

Boston 30% 13% 8% 8% 6% 2% 1% 1% 0%

Chicago 12% 1% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

Cleveland 26% 5% 3% 2% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

Detroit 22% 7% 4% 3% 2% 0% 0% 0% 0%

Houston 57% 25% 20% 17% 10% 9% 6% 4% 1%

Los Angeles 69% 5% 4% 3% 1% 1% 1% 0% 0%

New York 35% 6% 4% 3% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

Philadelphia 47% 16% 11% 9% 3% 2% 1% 0% 0%

Sacramento 43% 6% 4% 3% 1% 0% 0% 0% 0%

St. Louis 22% 8% 5% 3% 1% 0% 0% 0% 0%

Washington 48% 21% 15% 14% 7% 6% 2% 1% 0%



### Table 4A-4. Percent of people with 1 or more 8- hour exposures above 0.07 ppm-8hr for Children,
moderate exertion for the year 2002

City recent

base 84/4 84/3 80/4 74/5 74/4 74/3 70/4 64/4

Atlanta 42% 21% 19% 12% 7% 5% 5% 1% 0%

Boston 46% 28% 21% 20% 18% 10% 7% 5% 1%

Chicago 44% 20% 15% 12% 6% 3% 2% 1% 0%

Cleveland 63% 38% 29% 27% 12% 9% 3% 2% 0%

Detroit 51% 29% 20% 17% 15% 4% 1% 0% 0%

Houston 31% 7% 4% 4% 1% 1% 0% 0% 0%

Los Angeles 36% 1% 1% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

New York 54% 16% 13% 9% 2% 3% 2% 1% 0%

Philadelphia 60% 37% 30% 28% 16% 13% 8% 5% 0%

Sacramento 39% 7% 5% 4% 2% 1% 1% 0% 0%

St. Louis 51% 37% 31% 27% 15% 11% 7% 5% 0%

Washington 53% 29% 21% 20% 12% 8% 4% 3% 0%Numbers are rounded to th e nearest percent. 4A-3 

### Table 4A-5. Percent of people with 1 or more 8- hour exposures above 0.07 ppm-8hr for Children,
moderate exertion for the year 2003

City recent

base 84/4 84/3 80/4 74/5 74/4 74/3 70/4 64/4

Atlanta 17% 7% . . . 1% . . 0%

Boston 13% 7% . . . 1% . . 0%

Chicago 10% 4% . . . 0% . . 0%

Cleveland 25% 8% . . . 1% . . 0%

Detroit 32% 7% . . . 1% . . 0%

Houston 42% 3% . . . 0% . . 0%

Los Angeles 49% 1% . . . 0% . . 0%

New York 31% 6% . . . 0% . . 0%

Philadelphia 32% 10% . . . 2% . . 0%

Sacramento 28% 2% . . . 0% . . 0%

St. Louis 24% 11% . . . 2% . . 0%

Washington 22% 8% . . . 2% . . 0%



### Table 4A-6. Percent of people with 1 or more 8- hour exposures above 0.07 ppm-8hr for Children,
moderate exertion for the year 2004

City recent

base 84/4 84/3 80/4 74/5 74/4 74/3 70/4 64/4

Atlanta 17% 6% 5% 3% 1% 1% 1% 0% 0%

Boston 8% 2% 1% 1% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

Chicago 1% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

Cleveland 4% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

Detroit 3% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

Houston 30% 7% 4% 3% 1% 1% 0% 0% 0%

Los Angeles 38% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

New York 11% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

Philadelphia 15% 1% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

Sacramento 10% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

St. Louis 1% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

Washington 19% 5% 1% 1% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%Numbers are rounded to th e nearest percent. 4A-4 

### Table 4A-7. Percent of people with 1 or more 8- hour exposures above 0.08 ppm-8hr for Children,
moderate exertion for the year 2002

City recent

base 84/4 84/3 80/4 74/5 74/4 74/3 70/4 64/4

Atlanta 15% 4% 4% 2% 1% 0% 0% 0% 0%

Boston 24% 10% 6% 6% 5% 2% 1% 0% 0%

Chicago 17% 3% 2% 1% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

Cleveland 38% 7% 2% 2% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

Detroit 20% 3% 1% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

Houston 13% 1% 1% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

Los Angeles 16% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

New York 28% 3% 2% 1% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

Philadelphia 38% 11% 6% 5% 2% 1% 0% 0% 0%

Sacramento 15% 1% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

St. Louis 21% 10% 6% 4% 1% 1% 0% 0% 0%

Washington 29% 7% 4% 3% 1% 1% 0% 0% 0%



### Table 4A-8. Percent of people with 1 or more 8- hour exposures above 0.08 ppm-8hr for Children,
moderate exertion for the year 2003

City recent

base 84/4 84/3 80/4 74/5 74/4 74/3 70/4 64/4

Atlanta 4% 1% . . . 0% . . 0%

Boston 3% 1% . . . 0% . . 0%

Chicago 1% 0% . . . 0% . . 0%

Cleveland 11% 1% . . . 0% . . 0%

Detroit 16% 1% . . . 0% . . 0%

Houston 18% 0% . . . 0% . . 0%

Los Angeles 26% 0% . . . 0% . . 0%

New York 13% 1% . . . 0% . . 0%

Philadelphia 14% 3% . . . 0% . . 0%

Sacramento 8% 0% . . . 0% . . 0%

St. Louis 8% 2% . . . 0% . . 0%

Washington 11% 3% . . . 0% . . 0%Numbers are rounded to th e nearest percent. 4A-5 

### Table 4A-9. Percent of people with 1 or more 8- hour exposures above 0.08 ppm-8hr for Children,
moderate exertion for the year 2004

City recent

base 84/4 84/3 80/4 74/5 74/4 74/3 70/4 64/4

Atlanta 4% 1% 1% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

Boston 2% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

Chicago 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

Cleveland 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

Detroit 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

Houston 12% 1% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

Los Angeles 14% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

New York 2% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

Philadelphia 2% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

Sacramento 1% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

St. Louis 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

Washington 6% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%Numbers are rounded to th e nearest percent. 4A-6 

### Table 4A-10. Percent of people with 1 or more 8-hour exposures above 0.06 ppm-8hr for Asthmatic
children, moderate exertion for the year 2002

City recent

base 84/4 84/3 80/4 74/5 74/4 74/3 70/4 64/4

Atlanta 74% 58% 58% 49% 39% 34% 34% 22% 6%

Boston 68% 57% 50% 49% 45% 37% 30% 26% 11%

Chicago 72% 55% 50% 46% 38% 29% 23% 15% 3%

Cleveland 79% 66% 60% 59% 50% 46% 38% 34% 11%

Detroit 71% 60% 54% 52% 51% 39% 29% 23% 5%

Houston 60% 27% 20% 18% 10% 9% 7% 4% 1%

Los Angeles 63% 7% 6% 4% 2% 1% 1% 0% 0%

New York 78% 52% 48% 44% 25% 27% 23% 16% 4%

Philadelphia 80% 69% 65% 63% 53% 51% 46% 41% 19%

Sacramento 69% 33% 28% 24% 13% 11% 9% 6% 1%

St. Louis 69% 63% 60% 58% 49% 45% 38% 31% 13%

Washington 77% 63% 57% 56% 47% 41% 34% 31% 10%



### Table 4A-11. Percent of people with 1 or more 8-hour exposures above 0.06 ppm-8hr for Asthmatic
children, moderate exertion for the year 2003

City recent

base 84/4 84/3 80/4 74/5 74/4 74/3 70/4 64/4

Atlanta 56% 34% . . . 10% . . 1%

Boston 39% 30% . . . 10% . . 1%

Chicago 37% 26% . . . 7% . . 0%

Cleveland 47% 21% . . . 8% . . 0%

Detroit 56% 25% . . . 8% . . 1%

Houston 73% 21% . . . 5% . . 0%

Los Angeles 72% 9% . . . 2% . . 0%

New York 61% 25% . . . 7% . . 0%

Philadelphia 64% 38% . . . 14% . . 1%

Sacramento 61% 16% . . . 3% . . 0%

St. Louis 54% 38% . . . 14% . . 1%

Washington 51% 22% . . . 8% . . 1%Numbers are rounded to th e nearest percent. 4A-7 

### Table 4A-12. Percent of people with 1 or more 8-hour exposures above 0.06 ppm-8hr for Asthmatic
children, moderate exertion for the year 2004

City recent

base 84/4 84/3 80/4 74/5 74/4 74/3 70/4 64/4

Atlanta 51% 28% 26% 19% 11% 8% 7% 3% 0%

Boston 31% 14% 9% 8% 6% 2% 1% 1% 0%

Chicago 11% 1% 1% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

Cleveland 26% 5% 2% 2% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

Detroit 24% 8% 4% 3% 2% 0% 0% 0% 0%

Houston 61% 27% 21% 19% 11% 9% 6% 3% 1%

Los Angeles 69% 6% 5% 3% 1% 1% 1% 0% 0%

New York 38% 6% 4% 3% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

Philadelphia 51% 19% 14% 10% 3% 3% 1% 1% 0%

Sacramento 43% 5% 3% 2% 1% 0% 0% 0% 0%

St. Louis 22% 7% 4% 3% 1% 0% 0% 0% 0%

Washington 53% 25% 17% 15% 8% 6% 2% 2% 0%



### Table 4A-13. Percent of people with 1 or more 8-hour exposures above 0.07 ppm-8hr for Asthmatic
children, moderate exertion for the year 2002

City recent

base 84/4 84/3 80/4 74/5 74/4 74/3 70/4 64/4

Atlanta 45% 25% 24% 15% 9% 6% 6% 1% 0%

Boston 49% 30% 20% 20% 17% 11% 7% 6% 1%

Chicago 46% 20% 14% 11% 6% 2% 2% 0% 0%

Cleveland 62% 36% 28% 26% 11% 8% 3% 2% 0%

Detroit 50% 28% 19% 16% 14% 3% 1% 0% 0%

Houston 31% 7% 4% 3% 1% 1% 0% 0% 0%

Los Angeles 38% 1% 1% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

New York 57% 18% 15% 11% 3% 4% 2% 1% 0%

Philadelphia 66% 41% 34% 31% 17% 14% 9% 6% 0%

Sacramento 38% 7% 5% 4% 2% 1% 1% 0% 0%

St. Louis 49% 35% 29% 25% 14% 10% 7% 4% 0%

Washington 58% 32% 22% 22% 13% 9% 5% 4% 0%Numbers are rounded to th e nearest percent. 4A-8 

### Table 4A-14. Percent of people with 1 or more 8-hour exposures above 0.07 ppm-8hr for Asthmatic
children, moderate exertion for the year 2003

City recent

base 84/4 84/3 80/4 74/5 74/4 74/3 70/4 64/4

Atlanta 17% 7% . . . 1% . . 0%

Boston 14% 7% . . . 1% . . 0%

Chicago 10% 4% . . . 0% . . 0%

Cleveland 23% 7% . . . 1% . . 0%

Detroit 31% 7% . . . 1% . . 0%

Houston 45% 3% . . . 0% . . 0%

Los Angeles 51% 1% . . . 0% . . 0%

New York 32% 6% . . . 0% . . 0%

Philadelphia 36% 12% . . . 2% . . 0%

Sacramento 29% 2% . . . 0% . . 0%

St. Louis 23% 11% . . . 2% . . 0%

Washington 23% 8% . . . 1% . . 0%



### Table 4A-15. Percent of people with 1 or more 8-hour exposures above 0.07 ppm-8hr for Asthmatic
children, moderate exertion for the year 2004

City recent

base 84/4 84/3 80/4 74/5 74/4 74/3 70/4 64/4

Atlanta 18% 5% 5% 2% 1% 1% 1% 0% 0%

Boston 9% 2% 1% 1% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

Chicago 1% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

Cleveland 4% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

Detroit 3% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

Houston 31% 7% 4% 3% 1% 1% 0% 0% 0%

Los Angeles 40% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

New York 12% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

Philadelphia 18% 1% 1% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

Sacramento 8% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

St. Louis 1% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

Washington 22% 5% 1% 1% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%Numbers are rounded to th e nearest percent. 4A-9 

### Table 4A-16. Percent of people with 1 or more 8-hour exposures above 0.08 ppm-8hr for Asthmatic
children, moderate exertion for the year 2002

City recent

base 84/4 84/3 80/4 74/5 74/4 74/3 70/4 64/4

Atlanta 18% 5% 5% 2% 1% 1% 1% 0% 0%

Boston 25% 11% 7% 7% 6% 2% 1% 0% 0%

Chicago 17% 2% 1% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

Cleveland 36% 6% 3% 2% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

Detroit 19% 2% 1% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

Houston 12% 1% 1% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

Los Angeles 17% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

New York 31% 4% 2% 1% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

Philadelphia 42% 12% 7% 6% 2% 1% 0% 0% 0%

Sacramento 14% 1% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

St. Louis 20% 9% 6% 4% 2% 1% 0% 0% 0%

Washington 31% 8% 4% 4% 1% 1% 0% 0% 0%



### Table 4A-17. Percent of people with 1 or more 8-hour exposures above 0.08 ppm-8hr for Asthmatic
children, moderate exertion for the year 2003

City recent

base 84/4 84/3 80/4 74/5 74/4 74/3 70/4 64/4

Atlanta 4% 1% . . . 0% . . 0%

Boston 3% 1% . . . 0% . . 0%

Chicago 0% 0% . . . 0% . . 0%

Cleveland 10% 1% . . . 0% . . 0%

Detroit 14% 1% . . . 0% . . 0%

Houston 19% 0% . . . 0% . . 0%

Los Angeles 27% 0% . . . 0% . . 0%

New York 13% 1% . . . 0% . . 0%

Philadelphia 16% 4% . . . 0% . . 0%

Sacramento 8% 0% . . . 0% . . 0%

St. Louis 8% 2% . . . 0% . . 0%

Washington 11% 2% . . . 0% . . 0%Numbers are rounded to th e nearest percent. 4A-10 

### Table 4A-18. Percent of people with 1 or more 8-hour exposures above 0.08 ppm-8hr for Asthmatic
children, moderate exertion for the year 2004

City recent

base 84/4 84/3 80/4 74/5 74/4 74/3 70/4 64/4

Atlanta 4% 1% 1% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

Boston 2% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

Chicago 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

Cleveland 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

Detroit 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

Houston 13% 1% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

Los Angeles 16% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

New York 2% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

Philadelphia 3% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

Sacramento 1% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

St. Louis 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

Washington 6% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%Numbers are rounded to 3 significant digits. 4A-11 

### Table 4A-19. Number of people with 1 or mo re 8-hour exposures above 0.06 ppm-8hr, Children,
moderate exertion, 2002

City recent base 84/4 84/3 80/4 74/5 74/4 74/3 70/4 64/4

Atlanta 642,000 503,000 497,000 423,000 334,000 276,000 271,000 171,000 49,000

Boston 718,000 592,000 522,000 514,000 481,000 381,000 316,000 278,000 117,000

Chicago 1,350,000 1,030,000 939,000 863,000 716,000 547,000 449,000 334,000 61,300

Cleveland 458,000 393,000 366,000 358,000 302,000 283,000 237,000 208,000 74,200

Detroit 799,000 681,000 616,000 601,000 581,000 438,000 336,000 276,000 61,100

Houston 627,000 292,000 233,000 209,000 115,000 101,000 72,300 50,100 10,100

Los Angeles 2,240,000 258,000 226,000 154,000 49,700 51,000 40,700 15,300 3,270

New York 3,070,000 2,070,000 1,910,000 1,720,000 940,000 1,030,000 856,000 604,000 130,000

Philadelphia 910,000 757,000 711,000 692,000 580,000 550,000 482,000 430,000 203,000

Sacramento 271,000 137,000 120,000 101,000 59,800 50,000 39,400 24,200 5,210

St. Louis 406,000 369,000 351,000 340,000 293,000 269,000 236,000 200,000 83,400

Washington 1,090,000 879,000 767,000 761,000 639,000 570,000 452,000 411,000 148,000



### Table 4A-20. Number of people with 1 or mo re 8-hour exposures above 0.06 ppm-8hr, Children,
moderate exertion, 2003

City recent base 84/4 84/3 80/4 74/5 74/4 74/3 70/4 64/4

Atlanta 491,000 309,000 . . . 94,700 . . 6,220

Boston 418,000 309,000 . . . 101,000 . . 8,950

Chicago 726,000 504,000 . . . 135,000 . . 1,710

Cleveland 292,000 133,000 . . . 51,200 . . 2,060

Detroit 623,000 293,000 . . . 112,000 . . 4,640

Houston 733,000 212,000 . . . 48,400 . . 2,730

Los Angeles 2,620,000 295,000 . . . 75,000 . . 2,460

New York 2,380,000 987,000 . . . 287,000 . . 11,000

Philadelphia 692,000 397,000 . . . 136,000 . . 12,700

Sacramento 242,000 62,600 . . . 14,200 . . 129

St. Louis 316,000 228,000 . . . 88,600 . . 6,560

Washington 696,000 312,000 . . . 116,000 . . 8,450Numbers are rounded to 3 significant digits. 4A-12 

### Table 4A-21. Number of people with 1 or mo re 8-hour exposures above 0.06 ppm-8hr, Children,
moderate exertion, 2004

City recent base 84/4 84/3 80/4 74/5 74/4 74/3 70/4 64/4

Atlanta 452,000 246,000 235,000 168,000 101,000 76,300 71,700 29,200 3,260

Boston 326,000 142,000 90,400 82,400 65,400 24,200 14,200 7,900 0

Chicago 225,000 19,200 9,160 5,740 2,640 931 466 310 0

Cleveland 153,000 30,100 16,000 11,500 1,870 1,230 344 49 0

Detroit 249,000 80,900 41,700 31,100 22,700 3,570 268 89 0

Houston 624,000 273,000 214,000 189,000 112,000 94,800 61,500 43,700 8,830

Los Angeles 2,510,000 182,000 152,000 104,000 31,700 25,600 19,100 5,180 0

New York 1,450,000 246,000 175,000 119,000 6,760 10,300 4,270 1,070 0

Philadelphia 553,000 191,000 129,000 101,000 31,300 23,500 10,200 4,960 97

Sacramento 176,000 25,100 17,000 11,200 2,190 1,640 836 322 0

St. Louis 126,000 47,000 26,900 19,600 3,990 2,570 1,240 229 0

Washington 720,000 319,000 217,000 207,000 108,000 82,800 32,400 20,300 1,770



### Table 4A-22. Number of people with 1 or mo re 8-hour exposures above 0.07 ppm-8hr, Children,
moderate exertion, 2002

City recent base 84/4 84/3 80/4 74/5 74/4 74/3 70/4 64/4

Atlanta 393,000 193,000 178,000 114,000 67,800 44,900 44,500 12,600 152

Boston 504,000 312,000 230,000 223,000 192,000 112,000 72,200 56,900 9,900

Chicago 860,000 389,000 300,000 233,000 118,000 53,100 39,300 10,200 776

Cleveland 374,000 226,000 173,000 160,000 71,200 53,900 18,000 11,300 933

Detroit 572,000 322,000 220,000 194,000 166,000 40,500 12,500 5,180 89

Houston 333,000 80,000 48,500 40,300 12,800 9,470 4,810 2,090 160

Los Angeles 1,300,000 28,100 22,400 11,200 1,360 3,000 2,460 1,360 0

New York 2,250,000 675,000 531,000 384,000 77,600 110,000 64,100 29,900 5,340

Philadelphia 716,000 439,000 359,000 330,000 185,000 151,000 96,500 64,400 5,830

Sacramento 159,000 30,200 20,900 16,100 6,400 4,410 2,250 965 32

St. Louis 295,000 214,000 178,000 154,000 88,900 66,900 43,100 26,500 1,290

Washington 792,000 435,000 305,000 300,000 175,000 123,000 64,000 48,800 3,910Numbers are rounded to 3 significant digits. 4A-13 

### Table 4A-23. Number of people with 1 or mo re 8-hour exposures above 0.07 ppm-8hr, Children,
moderate exertion, 2003

City recent base 84/4 84/3 80/4 74/5 74/4 74/3 70/4 64/4

Atlanta 156,000 63,100 . . . 7,580 . . 0

Boston 146,000 78,300 . . . 11,500 . . 571

Chicago 196,000 83,000 . . . 2,480 . . 0

Cleveland 149,000 46,100 . . . 5,790 . . 0

Detroit 359,000 82,500 . . . 7,230 . . 0

Houston 457,000 28,600 . . . 2,410 . . 0

Los Angeles 1,810,000 50,800 . . . 1,640 . . 0

New York 1,280,000 250,000 . . . 14,200 . . 0

Philadelphia 377,000 123,000 . . . 26,000 . . 0

Sacramento 115,000 9,130 . . . 354 . . 0

St. Louis 142,000 65,700 . . . 11,100 . . 46

Washington 329,000 115,000 . . . 22,300 . . 0



### Table 4A-24. Number of people with 1 or mo re 8-hour exposures above 0.07 ppm-8hr, Children,
moderate exertion, 2004

City recent base 84/4 84/3 80/4 74/5 74/4 74/3 70/4 64/4

Atlanta 161,000 54,100 47,800 24,300 10,300 6,970 6,670 910 0

Boston 91,000 19,600 8,860 6,380 3,520 190 0 0 0

Chicago 12,400 1,090 621 0 0 0 0 0 0

Cleveland 26,600 785 245 0 0 0 0 0 0

Detroit 31,600 1,430 89 89 0 0 0 0 0

Houston 322,000 71,500 44,100 36,400 12,100 9,630 2,810 1,360 0

Los Angeles 1,400,000 14,700 10,900 1,910 0 0 0 0 0

New York 459,000 10,700 4,630 2,850 0 0 0 0 0

Philadelphia 181,000 12,300 5,440 3,210 194 0 0 0 0

Sacramento 41,100 708 515 225 0 0 0 0 0

St. Louis 7,480 1,510 551 46 0 0 0 0 0

Washington 289,000 68,400 20,600 20,200 4,670 3,410 1,010 631 0Numbers are rounded to 3 significant digits. 4A-14 

### Table 4A-25. Number of people with 1 or mo re 8-hour exposures above 0.08 ppm-8hr, Children,
moderate exertion, 2002

City recent base 84/4 84/3 80/4 74/5 74/4 74/3 70/4 64/4

Atlanta 144,000 41,700 38,600 16,700 7,120 3,640 3,940 455 0

Boston 261,000 112,000 70,200 67,600 52,900 17,600 8,000 4,570 571

Chicago 332,000 49,700 33,700 11,000 4,500 1,400 466 310 0

Cleveland 223,000 43,000 14,600 10,900 2,160 1,130 540 295 0

Detroit 220,000 32,100 8,040 5,540 3,390 179 0 0 0

Houston 137,000 12,800 6,420 4,730 160 642 80 0 0

Los Angeles 596,000 2,180 1,910 1,360 0 0 0 0 0

New York 1,150,000 108,000 63,400 36,300 6,050 7,480 3,920 2,140 0

Philadelphia 452,000 129,000 76,800 60,200 19,200 11,500 3,310 1,070 0

Sacramento 59,800 4,340 1,900 1,160 161 64 32 32 0

St. Louis 124,000 58,100 35,000 25,200 8,080 4,270 1,330 275 0

Washington 427,000 111,000 53,300 50,900 18,400 8,830 2,020 883 0



### Table 4A-26. Number of people with 1 or mo re 8-hour exposures above 0.08 ppm-8hr, Children,
moderate exertion, 2003

City recent base 84/4 84/3 80/4 74/5 74/4 74/3 70/4 64/4

Atlanta 37,500 8,570 . . . 227 . . 0

Boston 36,400 13,700 . . . 1,240 . . 286

Chicago 18,800 2,950 . . . 0 . . 0

Cleveland 67,200 7,510 . . . 0 . . 0

Detroit 173,000 8,040 . . . 0 . . 0

Houston 192,000 2,730 . . . 0 . . 0

Los Angeles 965,000 1,360 . . . 0 . . 0

New York 537,000 24,900 . . . 0 . . 0

Philadelphia 163,000 40,300 . . . 97 . . 0

Sacramento 31,900 579 . . . 0 . . 0

St. Louis 47,700 13,800 . . . 184 . . 0

Washington 163,000 38,700 . . . 379 . . 0Numbers are rounded to 3 significant digits. 4A-15 

### Table 4A-27. Number of people with 1 or mo re 8-hour exposures above 0.08 ppm-8hr, Children,
moderate exertion, 2004

City recent base 84/4 84/3 80/4 74/5 74/4 74/3 70/4 64/4

Atlanta 42,000 7,660 7,500 1,890 152 152 152 0 0

Boston 18,300 1,330 95 0 0 0 0 0 0

Chicago 1,090 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Cleveland 1,420 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Detroit 446 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Houston 129,000 12,000 4,980 3,130 80 80 0 0 0

Los Angeles 517,000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

New York 77,200 356 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Philadelphia 25,100 194 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Sacramento 5,600 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

St. Louis 46 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Washington 88,100 4,540 1,640 1,640 505 126 0 0 0



### Table 4A-28. Number of people with 1 or mo re 8-hour exposures above 0.06 ppm-8hr, Asthmatic
children, moderate exertion, 2002

City recent base 84/4 84/3 80/4 74/5 74/4 74/3 70/4 64/4

Atlanta 86,800 68,200 67,400 57,100 45,600 39,400 39,900 26,200 6,820

Boston 125,000 104,000 90,800 88,900 82,200 67,200 54,600 47,000 20,700

Chicago 200,000 155,000 141,000 130,000 107,000 81,200 63,800 43,300 7,600

Cleveland 69,600 58,200 53,600 52, 400 44,000 40,800 33,600 29,800 9,960

Detroit 115,000 97,700 87,500 84,300 82,600 63,300 46,200 37,800 7,680

Houston 80,900 37,000 27,700 24,300 13,500 12,200 9,150 5,860 1,770

Los Angeles 289,000 33,000 29,500 19,900 7,370 6,000 4,910 1,640 273

New York 500,000 337,000 310,000 280,000 161,000 175,000 148,000 105,000 25,300

Philadelphia 154,000 133,000 125,000 122,000 103,000 99,100 87,800 79,300 36,100

Sacramento 35,200 17,100 14,400 12,200 6,850 5,600 4,470 3,090 547

St. Louis 57,100 51,900 49,800 47, 700 40,200 36,800 31,600 25,900 11,200

Washington 143,000 118,000 106,000 105,000 87,300 75,600 62,800 57,500 19,600Numbers are rounded to 3 significant digits. 4A-16 

### Table 4A-29. Number of people with 1 or mo re 8-hour exposures above 0.06 ppm-8hr, Asthmatic
children, moderate exertion, 2003

City recent base 84/4 84/3 80/4 74/5 74/4 74/3 70/4 64/4

Atlanta 65,700 40,200 . . . 12,100 . . 1,060

Boston 72,000 53,900 . . . 17,500 . . 2,000

Chicago 104,000 72,900 . . . 19,600 . . 155

Cleveland 41,900 18,600 . . . 6,730 . . 245

Detroit 89,900 41,100 . . . 13,700 . . 893

Houston 98,600 28,200 . . . 6,420 . . 241

Los Angeles 330,000 39,000 . . . 9,000 . . 273

New York 390,000 163,000 . . . 43,400 . . 1,780

Philadelphia 123,000 73,300 . . . 26,100 . . 2,240

Sacramento 31,200 8,170 . . . 1,770 . . 0

St. Louis 44,700 31,400 . . . 11,500 . . 1,100

Washington 95,500 40,500 . . . 14,400 . . 1,010



### Table 4A-30. Number of people with 1 or mo re 8-hour exposures above 0.06 ppm-8hr, Asthmatic
children, moderate exertion, 2004

City recent base 84/4 84/3 80/4 74/5 74/4 74/3 70/4 64/4

Atlanta 59,900 32,100 30,500 22,300 13,100 9,470 8,720 3,110 303

Boston 56,700 25,400 16,000 14,700 11,700 4,290 2,670 1,330 0

Chicago 32,000 3,570 2,020 1,090 310 0 0 0 0

Cleveland 22,900 4,270 2,160 1,870 295 147 0 0 0

Detroit 38,300 12,200 6,430 4,460 3,840 625 0 0 0

Houston 82,500 36,400 28,500 25,800 15,200 12,600 7,540 4,730 802

Los Angeles 317,000 27,300 24,300 15,800 4,910 4,370 2,460 546 0

New York 241,000 40,200 26,700 17,100 1,070 1,070 712 356 0

Philadelphia 98,100 36,600 26,100 19,300 6,420 4,860 2,240 1,070 0

Sacramento 22,200 2,510 1,700 1,060 257 161 64 32 0

St. Louis 18,300 5,780 3,170 2,160 459 229 184 0 0

Washington 98,900 46,100 30,900 28,900 14,400 11,600 4,160 3,150 379Numbers are rounded to 3 significant digits. 4A-17 

### Table 4A-31. Number of people with 1 or mo re 8-hour exposures above 0.07 ppm-8hr, Asthmatic
children, moderate exertion, 2002

City recent base 84/4 84/3 80/4 74/5 74/4 74/3 70/4 64/4

Atlanta 52,700 28,800 27,400 17,800 10,400 6,750 6,520 1,590 0

Boston 89,200 55,000 37,300 36,900 31,900 19,700 13,000 10,500 2,290

Chicago 130,000 55,200 38,800 30,600 15,700 6,980 4,350 776 155

Cleveland 54,900 32,000 25,200 23,300 9,720 6,920 2,600 1,670 147

Detroit 81,200 45,200 30,500 26,200 22,900 5,270 1,700 446 0

Houston 42,600 10,100 6,100 4,730 1,440 1,520 481 401 0

Los Angeles 174,000 3,550 3,000 1,360 273 273 273 273 0

New York 364,000 119,000 95,400 70,100 16,400 23,100 12,500 7,830 1,780

Philadelphia 126,000 79,500 65,200 59,800 33,400 27,400 17,900 11,500 486

Sacramento 19,700 3,470 2,700 2,030 965 482 322 161 0

St. Louis 40,200 29,000 23,800 20,400 11,800 8,580 5,830 3,720 275

Washington 107,000 59,200 41,400 40,600 23,700 16,700 9,090 7,190 379



### Table 4A-32. Number of people with 1 or mo re 8-hour exposures above 0.07 ppm-8hr, Asthmatic
children, moderate exertion, 2003

City recent base 84/4 84/3 80/4 74/5 74/4 74/3 70/4 64/4

Atlanta 19,600 8,190 . . . 1,360 . . 0

Boston 26,100 13,600 . . . 2,190 . . 95

Chicago 27,600 11,200 . . . 155 . . 0

Cleveland 20,500 5,890 . . . 835 . . 0

Detroit 51,000 10,500 . . . 1,340 . . 0

Houston 60,500 3,850 . . . 241 . . 0

Los Angeles 231,000 6,550 . . . 0 . . 0

New York 206,000 40,200 . . . 2,490 . . 0

Philadelphia 69,600 23,800 . . . 3,990 . . 0

Sacramento 15,100 1,160 . . . 32 . . 0

St. Louis 18,900 8,720 . . . 1,510 . . 0

Washington 43,300 14,300 . . . 2,150 . . 0Numbers are rounded to 3 significant digits. 4A-18 

### Table 4A-33. Number of people with 1 or mo re 8-hour exposures above 0.07 ppm-8hr, Asthmatic
children, moderate exertion, 2004

City recent base 84/4 84/3 80/4 74/5 74/4 74/3 70/4 64/4

Atlanta 21,100 5,990 5,460 2,650 1,440 910 834 76 0

Boston 16,600 3,900 1,330 1,140 667 95 0 0 0

Chicago 2,330 155 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Cleveland 3,680 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Detroit 4,820 357 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Houston 42,400 9,070 4,980 4,090 963 963 321 160 0

Los Angeles 184,000 2,180 1,360 273 0 0 0 0 0

New York 79,000 1,420 712 356 0 0 0 0 0

Philadelphia 34,300 2,720 1,260 875 97 0 0 0 0

Sacramento 4,340 64 32 32 0 0 0 0 0

St. Louis 872 184 46 0 0 0 0 0 0

Washington 41,500 9,840 2,780 2,400 883 757 379 126 0



### Table 4A-34. Number of people with 1 or mo re 8-hour exposures above 0.08 ppm-8hr, Asthmatic
children, moderate exertion, 2002

City recent base 84/4 84/3 80/4 74/5 74/4 74/3 70/4 64/4

Atlanta 21,500 6,370 5,910 2,050 1,210 606 606 0 0

Boston 45,400 19,600 12,900 12,100 10,200 3,520 1,520 476 95

Chicago 47,300 6,360 3,410 931 310 155 155 0 0

Cleveland 31,900 5,690 2,260 1,520 295 196 98 49 0

Detroit 30,300 4,020 1,070 536 89 0 0 0 0

Houston 16,900 2,010 802 642 0 160 0 0 0

Los Angeles 75,600 273 273 273 0 0 0 0 0

New York 199,000 22,800 12,800 8,900 2,140 2,490 1,420 712 0

Philadelphia 81,300 23,400 14,200 11,100 3,310 1,260 486 292 0

Sacramento 7,010 515 225 161 32 0 0 0 0

St. Louis 16,200 7,530 4,870 3,400 1,560 872 321 92 0

Washington 57,700 15,300 7,950 7,950 2,650 1,390 379 0 0Numbers are rounded to 3 significant digits. 4A-19 

### Table 4A-35. Number of people with 1 or mo re 8-hour exposures above 0.08 ppm-8hr, Asthmatic
children, moderate exertion, 2003

City recent base 84/4 84/3 80/4 74/5 74/4 74/3 70/4 64/4

Atlanta 5,080 1,520 . . . 0 . . 0

Boston 5,900 2,480 . . . 286 . . 95

Chicago 1,240 155 . . . 0 . . 0

Cleveland 8,840 884 . . . 0 . . 0

Detroit 22,800 1,430 . . . 0 . . 0

Houston 25,800 241 . . . 0 . . 0

Los Angeles 122,000 0 . . . 0 . . 0

New York 82,200 4,980 . . . 0 . . 0

Philadelphia 29,900 7,100 . . . 0 . . 0

Sacramento 4,340 64 . . . 0 . . 0

St. Louis 6,240 1,790 . . . 46 . . 0

Washington 20,900 3,910 . . . 0 . . 0



### Table 4A-36. Number of people with 1 or mo re 8-hour exposures above 0.08 ppm-8hr, Asthmatic
children, moderate exertion, 2004

City recent base 84/4 84/3 80/4 74/5 74/4 74/3 70/4 64/4

Atlanta 4,780 985 985 76 0 0 0 0 0

Boston 3,520 286 95 0 0 0 0 0 0

Chicago 155 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Cleveland 295 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Detroit 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Houston 17,600 1,440 642 321 0 0 0 0 0

Los Angeles 72,600 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

New York 11,000 356 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Philadelphia 5,250 97 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Sacramento 611 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

St. Louis 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Washington 12,000 757 379 379 126 0 0 0 0Numbers are rounded to 3 significant digits. 4A-20 

### Table 4A-37. Number of person-days with 8- hour exposures above 0.06 ppm-8hr, Children,
moderate exertion, 2002

City recent base 84/4 84/3 80/4 74/5 74/4 74/3 70/4 64/4

Atlanta 2,210,000 1,170,000 1,130,000 832,000 571,000 430,000 424,000 229,000 54,200

Boston 2,310,000 1,380,000 1,090,000 1,060,000 940,000 639,000 483,000 403,000 145,000

Chicago 4,160,000 2,070,000 1,720,000 1,490,000 1,140,000 799,000 617,000 432,000 68,300

Cleveland 2,270,000 1,210,000 977,000 928,000 631,000 561,000 417,000 346,000 94,500

Detroit 2,860,000 1,700,000 1,330,000 1,260,000 1,170,000 712,000 484,000 375,000 67,900

Houston 1,470,000 403,000 299,000 263,000 133,000 114,000 80,800 55,100 10,400

Los Angeles 8,260,000 349,000 299,000 194,000 53,800 57,600 45,300 15,800 3,270

New York 12,600,000 4,420,000 3,740,000 3,140,000 1,360,000 1,520,000 1,210,000 787,000 151,000

Philadelphia 4,880,000 2,470,000 2,030,000 1,880,000 1,270,000 1,150,000 906,000 755,000 274,000

Sacramento 1,000,000 263,000 214,000 168,000 85,700 68,800 52,200 30,900 5,850

St. Louis 1,480,000 1,070,000 924,000 844,000 614,000 523,000 419,000 325,000 103,000

Washington 4,500,000 2,270,000 1,710,000 1,680,000 1,210,000 988,000 713,000 620,000 184,000



### Table 4A-38. Number of person-days with 8- hour exposures above 0.06 ppm-8hr, Children,
moderate exertion, 2003

City recent base 84/4 84/3 80/4 74/5 74/4 74/3 70/4 64/4

Atlanta 999,000 466,000 . . . 113,000 . . 6,220

Boston 683,000 427,000 . . . 111,000 . . 9,430

Chicago 1,190,000 709,000 . . . 153,000 . . 1,860

Cleveland 602,000 178,000 . . . 57,000 . . 2,110

Detroit 1,430,000 396,000 . . . 126,000 . . 4,730

Houston 2,230,000 275,000 . . . 52,400 . . 2,730

Los Angeles 12,500,000 453,000 . . . 88,400 . . 2,460

New York 5,450,000 1,350,000 . . . 321,000 . . 11,400

Philadelphia 1,800,000 626,000 . . . 160,000 . . 12,900

Sacramento 739,000 95,600 . . . 16,900 . . 129

St. Louis 721,000 378,000 . . . 106,000 . . 6,790

Washington 1,310,000 394,000 . . . 127,000 . . 8,580Numbers are rounded to 3 significant digits. 4A-21 

### Table 4A-39. Number of person-days with 8- hour exposures above 0.06 ppm-8hr, Children,
moderate exertion, 2004

City recent base 84/4 84/3 80/4 74/5 74/4 74/3 70/4 64/4

Atlanta 846,000 335,000 315,000 209,000 115,000 84,100 78,900 30,600 3,490

Boston 481,000 170,000 105,000 93,600 74,100 25,900 15,000 8,190 0

Chicago 249,000 19,700 9,160 5,740 2,640 931 466 310 0

Cleveland 221,000 32,800 16,800 11,900 1,870 1,230 344 49 0

Detroit 309,000 85,400 42,700 31,700 23,000 3,570 268 89 0

Houston 1,530,000 403,000 286,000 246,000 132,000 109,000 68,500 47,800 9,230

Los Angeles 10,300,000 236,000 192,000 119,000 33,800 26,500 19,700 5,180 0

New York 2,320,000 272,000 189,000 128,000 6,760 10,300 4,270 1,070 0

Philadelphia 1,140,000 239,000 154,000 119,000 33,500 24,900 10,500 4,960 97

Sacramento 371,000 30,300 20,100 12,700 2,280 1,670 868 322 0

St. Louis 165,000 54,200 29,600 20,800 4,090 2,570 1,240 230 0

Washington 1,380,000 418,000 255,000 241,000 118,000 88,800 33,100 20,800 1,890



### Table 4A-40. Number of person-days with 8- hour exposures above 0.07 ppm-8hr, Children,
moderate exertion, 2002

City recent base 84/4 84/3 80/4 74/5 74/4 74/3 70/4 64/4

Atlanta 723,000 261,000 237,000 136,000 75,700 48,400 48,000 13,000 152

Boston 978,000 461,000 309,000 297,000 245,000 133,000 81,300 63,000 10,300

Chicago 1,490,000 516,000 371,000 275,000 132,000 57,100 42,100 11,300 776

Cleveland 1,020,000 380,000 259,000 232,000 89,000 64,800 19,900 12,500 1,030

Detroit 1,120,000 458,000 279,000 239,000 200,000 44,400 12,900 5,360 89

Houston 470,000 88,000 51,400 42,100 13,100 9,630 4,820 2,090 161

Los Angeles 2,860,000 30,300 23,700 11,500 1,360 3,000 2,460 1,360 0

New York 5,080,000 880,000 656,000 461,000 86,900 122,000 72,300 34,900 6,050

Philadelphia 2,050,000 768,000 563,000 499,000 240,000 186,000 113,000 71,800 6,030

Sacramento 315,000 38,200 25,300 19,000 6,920 4,730 2,350 965 32

St. Louis 607,000 352,000 267,000 220,000 108,000 78,000 48,700 28,500 1,290

Washington 1,770,000 649,000 413,000 405,000 215,000 147,000 72,200 53,400 3,910Numbers are rounded to 3 significant digits. 4A-22 

### Table 4A-41. Number of person-days with 8- hour exposures above 0.07 ppm-8hr, Children,
moderate exertion, 2003

City recent base 84/4 84/3 80/4 74/5 74/4 74/3 70/4 64/4

Atlanta 195,000 69,800 . . . 7,660 . . 0

Boston 166,000 83,000 . . . 11,800 . . 571

Chicago 227,000 91,100 . . . 2,640 . . 0

Cleveland 203,000 51,100 . . . 5,940 . . 0

Detroit 521,000 88,600 . . . 7,230 . . 0

Houston 803,000 30,000 . . . 2,410 . . 0

Los Angeles 5,020,000 57,300 . . . 1,640 . . 0

New York 1,880,000 273,000 . . . 14,200 . . 0

Philadelphia 563,000 137,000 . . . 26,500 . . 0

Sacramento 200,000 10,100 . . . 354 . . 0

St. Louis 187,000 73,500 . . . 11,400 . . 46

Washington 411,000 124,000 . . . 22,700 . . 0



### Table 4A-42. Number of person-days with 8- hour exposures above 0.07 ppm-8hr, Children,
moderate exertion, 2004

City recent base 84/4 84/3 80/4 74/5 74/4 74/3 70/4 64/4

Atlanta 197,000 57,700 50,400 25,300 10,500 7,130 6,750 910 0

Boston 104,000 21,100 9,330 6,670 3,810 191 0 0 0

Chicago 12,600 1,090 621 0 0 0 0 0 0

Cleveland 28,600 785 245 0 0 0 0 0 0

Detroit 32,200 1,430 89 89 0 0 0 0 0

Houston 486,000 77,500 47,300 39,100 12,800 10,000 2,810 1,360 0

Los Angeles 2,990,000 15,000 10,900 1,910 0 0 0 0 0

New York 527,000 10,700 4,630 2,850 0 0 0 0 0

Philadelphia 223,000 12,400 5,440 3,210 194 0 0 0 0

Sacramento 53,100 708 515 225 0 0 0 0 0

St. Louis 7,620 1,520 551 46 0 0 0 0 0

Washington 358,000 71,700 21,100 20,400 4,800 3,530 1,010 631 0Numbers are rounded to 3 significant digits. 4A-23 

### Table 4A-43. Number of person-days with 8- hour exposures above 0.08 ppm-8hr, Children,
moderate exertion, 2002

City recent base 84/4 84/3 80/4 74/5 74/4 74/3 70/4 64/4

Atlanta 178,000 43,800 40,600 17,200 7,200 3,640 3,940 455 0

Boston 356,000 130,000 78,100 74,700 57,500 18,900 8,100 4,570 571

Chicago 416,000 53,200 35,500 12,400 4,660 1,400 466 310 0

Cleveland 372,000 49,600 15,900 11,900 2,260 1,230 540 295 0

Detroit 280,000 34,600 8,210 5,710 3,480 179 0 0 0

Houston 156,000 12,900 6,420 4,730 161 642 80 0 0

Los Angeles 902,000 2,180 1,910 1,360 0 0 0 0 0

New York 1,710,000 119,000 70,800 41,300 6,050 8,190 3,920 2,140 0

Philadelphia 794,000 154,000 86,800 66,000 20,400 11,700 3,400 1,170 0

Sacramento 81,700 4,630 1,930 1,160 161 64 32 32 0

St. Louis 163,000 66,500 38,100 27,000 8,310 4,310 1,330 275 0

Washington 627,000 130,000 58,400 55,400 19,100 8,830 2,150 883 0



### Table 4A-44. Number of person-days with 8- hour exposures above 0.08 ppm-8hr, Children,
moderate exertion, 2003

City recent base 84/4 84/3 80/4 74/5 74/4 74/3 70/4 64/4

Atlanta 39,600 8,720 . . . 227 . . 0

Boston 37,600 13,900 . . . 1,240 . . 286

Chicago 19,600 3,100 . . . 0 . . 0

Cleveland 76,500 7,710 . . . 0 . . 0

Detroit 203,000 8,040 . . . 0 . . 0

Houston 239,000 2,730 . . . 0 . . 0

Los Angeles 1,810,000 1,360 . . . 0 . . 0

New York 620,000 24,900 . . . 0 . . 0

Philadelphia 186,000 41,600 . . . 97 . . 0

Sacramento 39,200 579 . . . 0 . . 0

St. Louis 51,700 14,200 . . . 184 . . 0

Washington 179,000 39,600 . . . 379 . . 0Numbers are rounded to 3 significant digits. 4A-24 

### Table 4A-45. Number of person-days with 8- hour exposures above 0.08 ppm-8hr, Children,
moderate exertion, 2004

City recent base 84/4 84/3 80/4 74/5 74/4 74/3 70/4 64/4

Atlanta 44,400 7,730 7,580 1,900 152 152 152 0 0

Boston 19,700 1,330 95 0 0 0 0 0 0

Chicago 1,090 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Cleveland 1,420 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Detroit 446 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Houston 148,000 12,200 4,980 3,130 80 80 0 0 0

Los Angeles 759,000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

New York 81,200 356 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Philadelphia 26,200 194 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Sacramento 5,890 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

St. Louis 46 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Washington 93,400 4,670 1,640 1,640 505 126 0 0 0



### Table 4A-46. Number of person-days with 8- hour exposures above 0.06 ppm-8hr, Asthmatic
children, moderate exertion, 2002

City recent base 84/4 84/3 80/4 74/5 74/4 74/3 70/4 64/4

Atlanta 310,000 164,000 158,000 115,000 80,400 61,900 62,700 34,900 7,130

Boston 408,000 245,000 192,000 186,000 165,000 115,000 84,600 69,100 27,500

Chicago 613,000 302,000 252,000 220,000 167,000 114,000 87,100 56,800 8,380

Cleveland 325,000 172,000 139,000 131,000 89,500 78,600 57,100 47,500 11,600

Detroit 401,000 240,000 188,000 177,000 165,000 99,000 65,500 51,100 8,120

Houston 189,000 51,500 35,400 31,100 15,500 14,000 10,100 6,580 1,850

Los Angeles 1,050,000 43,700 37,700 24,600 7,370 6,000 4,910 1,640 273

New York 2,110,000 748,000 638,000 544,000 251,000 271,000 221,000 143,000 28,500

Philadelphia 896,000 451,000 370,000 343,000 231,000 212,000 166,000 140,000 48,200

Sacramento 130,000 32,600 25,300 20,100 9,940 7,880 6,020 3,920 611

St. Louis 203,000 146,000 126,000 115,000 82,900 71,100 56,100 42,900 13,500

Washington 627,000 316,000 240,000 236,000 166,000 131,000 97,600 84,800 24,100Numbers are rounded to 3 significant digits. 4A-25 

### Table 4A-47. Number of person-days with 8- hour exposures above 0.06 ppm-8hr, Asthmatic
children, moderate exertion, 2003

City recent base 84/4 84/3 80/4 74/5 74/4 74/3 70/4 64/4

Atlanta 133,000 59,200 . . . 14,100 . . 1,060

Boston 120,000 76,200 . . . 19,700 . . 2,100

Chicago 170,000 99,800 . . . 21,400 . . 155

Cleveland 84,500 24,700 . . . 7,360 . . 245

Detroit 202,000 55,900 . . . 15,500 . . 893

Houston 293,000 35,900 . . . 6,980 . . 241

Los Angeles 1,580,000 56,800 . . . 9,280 . . 273

New York 884,000 220,000 . . . 47,300 . . 1,780

Philadelphia 326,000 117,000 . . . 29,900 . . 2,330

Sacramento 96,300 12,400 . . . 2,120 . . 0

St. Louis 97,700 51,800 . . . 14,000 . . 1,100

Washington 179,000 51,400 . . . 15,500 . . 1,010



### Table 4A-48. Number of person-days with 8- hour exposures above 0.06 ppm-8hr, Asthmatic
children, moderate exertion, 2004

City recent base 84/4 84/3 80/4 74/5 74/4 74/3 70/4 64/4

Atlanta 113,000 43,700 40,500 27,700 14,900 10,500 9,630 3,260 303

Boston 82,500 30,700 18,900 17,100 13,800 4,570 2,760 1,430 0

Chicago 36,900 3,570 2,020 1,090 310 0 0 0 0

Cleveland 31,100 4,760 2,310 1,960 295 147 0 0 0

Detroit 46,800 13,000 6,610 4,550 3,930 625 0 0 0

Houston 201,000 54,300 38,800 34,100 17,900 14,600 8,190 5,300 802

Los Angeles 1,310,000 36,300 31,100 18,000 5,180 4,370 2,460 546 0

New York 392,000 43,800 28,800 18,500 1,070 1,070 712 356 0

Philadelphia 212,000 48,500 32,400 23,500 6,710 5,150 2,240 1,070 0

Sacramento 44,400 2,930 2,060 1,190 257 161 64 32 0

St. Louis 23,200 6,430 3,490 2,250 459 230 184 0 0

Washington 195,000 62,200 36,900 34,300 16,200 12,500 4,160 3,160 379Numbers are rounded to 3 significant digits. 4A-26 

### Table 4A-49. Number of person-days with 8- hour exposures above 0.07 ppm-8hr, Asthmatic
children, moderate exertion, 2002

City recent base 84/4 84/3 80/4 74/5 74/4 74/3 70/4 64/4

Atlanta 99,100 39,400 36,600 20,900 11,100 6,970 6,590 1,590 0

Boston 177,000 81,400 51,600 50,700 42,400 25,200 15,100 11,700 2,380

Chicago 219,000 71,500 48,600 35,400 16,900 7,450 4,660 776 155

Cleveland 147,000 52,300 35,900 31,600 11,700 7,850 2,800 1,720 147

Detroit 156,000 63,000 38,300 31,800 27,500 5,540 1,700 446 0

Houston 60,100 11,400 6,580 5,060 1,530 1,610 482 401 0

Los Angeles 374,000 3,550 3,000 1,360 273 273 273 273 0

New York 856,000 159,000 119,000 83,300 18,200 25,300 14,200 9,260 1,780

Philadelphia 378,000 143,000 102,000 89,800 43,000 33,900 20,500 12,700 681

Sacramento 39,500 4,410 3,220 2,480 1,060 515 354 161 0

St. Louis 82,000 48,700 35,400 28,500 14,400 10,000 6,700 4,090 275

Washington 244,000 88,300 56,200 55,000 29,000 19,700 10,500 8,080 379



### Table 4A-50. Number of person-days with 8- hour exposures above 0.07 ppm-8hr, Asthmatic
children, moderate exertion, 2003

City recent base 84/4 84/3 80/4 74/5 74/4 74/3 70/4 64/4

Atlanta 24,500 8,870 . . . 1,360 . . 0

Boston 30,200 14,800 . . . 2,290 . . 95

Chicago 31,400 11,500 . . . 155 . . 0

Cleveland 28,000 6,430 . . . 884 . . 0

Detroit 73,500 11,700 . . . 1,340 . . 0

Houston 105,000 4,090 . . . 241 . . 0

Los Angeles 632,000 6,550 . . . 0 . . 0

New York 295,000 43,100 . . . 2,490 . . 0

Philadelphia 104,000 26,100 . . . 4,080 . . 0

Sacramento 26,100 1,290 . . . 32 . . 0

St. Louis 25,500 9,590 . . . 1,520 . . 0

Washington 55,000 15,300 . . . 2,270 . . 0Numbers are rounded to 3 significant digits. 4A-27 

### Table 4A-51. Number of person-days with 8- hour exposures above 0.07 ppm-8hr, Asthmatic
children, moderate exertion, 2004

City recent base 84/4 84/3 80/4 74/5 74/4 74/3 70/4 64/4

Atlanta 25,700 6,440 5,760 2,730 1,440 910 834 76 0

Boston 19,200 4,100 1,430 1,240 762 95 0 0 0

Chicago 2,330 155 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Cleveland 4,030 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Detroit 4,910 357 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Houston 64,800 9,630 5,300 4,330 1,040 963 321 161 0

Los Angeles 390,000 2,180 1,360 273 0 0 0 0 0

New York 90,800 1,420 712 356 0 0 0 0 0

Philadelphia 44,700 2,720 1,260 875 97 0 0 0 0

Sacramento 5,440 64 32 32 0 0 0 0 0

St. Louis 872 184 46 0 0 0 0 0 0

Washington 53,500 10,400 2,900 2,400 883 757 379 126 0



### Table 4A-52. Number of person-days with 8- hour exposures above 0.08 ppm-8hr, Asthmatic
children, moderate exertion, 2002

City recent base 84/4 84/3 80/4 74/5 74/4 74/3 70/4 64/4

Atlanta 26,900 6,520 6,060 2,050 1,210 606 606 0 0

Boston 62,800 24,300 14,500 13,500 11,200 3,910 1,520 476 95

Chicago 58,000 6,830 3,410 931 310 155 155 0 0

Cleveland 51,700 6,280 2,260 1,520 295 196 98 49 0

Detroit 38,200 4,200 1,070 536 89 0 0 0 0

Houston 19,400 2,090 802 642 0 161 0 0 0

Los Angeles 114,000 273 273 273 0 0 0 0 0

New York 305,000 24,200 14,200 9,970 2,140 2,490 1,420 712 0

Philadelphia 147,000 27,800 15,900 12,000 3,600 1,460 583 389 0

Sacramento 9,840 579 225 161 32 0 0 0 0

St. Louis 21,400 8,810 5,320 3,670 1,700 872 321 92 0

Washington 84,800 18,100 8,960 8,830 2,650 1,390 379 0 0Numbers are rounded to 3 significant digits. 4A-28 

### Table 4A-53. Number of person-days with 8- hour exposures above 0.08 ppm-8hr, Asthmatic
children, moderate exertion, 2003

City recent base 84/4 84/3 80/4 74/5 74/4 74/3 70/4 64/4

Atlanta 5,150 1,520 . . . 0 . . 0

Boston 6,000 2,570 . . . 286 . . 95

Chicago 1,240 155 . . . 0 . . 0

Cleveland 9,970 933 . . . 0 . . 0

Detroit 27,700 1,430 . . . 0 . . 0

Houston 31,700 241 . . . 0 . . 0

Los Angeles 231,000 0 . . . 0 . . 0

New York 91,800 4,980 . . . 0 . . 0

Philadelphia 33,500 7,290 . . . 0 . . 0

Sacramento 5,370 64 . . . 0 . . 0

St. Louis 6,700 1,790 . . . 46 . . 0

Washington 23,600 4,290 . . . 0 . . 0



### Table 4A-54. Number of person-days with 8- hour exposures above 0.08 ppm-8hr, Asthmatic
children, moderate exertion, 2004

City recent base 84/4 84/3 80/4 74/5 74/4 74/3 70/4 64/4

Atlanta 5,080 985 985 76 0 0 0 0 0

Boston 3,910 286 95 0 0 0 0 0 0

Chicago 155 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Cleveland 295 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Detroit 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Houston 19,900 1,440 642 321 0 0 0 0 0

Los Angeles 106,000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

New York 11,400 356 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Philadelphia 5,540 97 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Sacramento 643 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

St. Louis 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Washington 12,800 757 379 379 126 0 0 0 0Numbers smaller than 5,000 are rounded to the nearest 1, 000; larger numbers are roun ded to the nearest 10,000.

4A-29



### Table 4A-55. Exposure level=0.06 (ppm-8hr), Group=Asthmatic children, moderate exertion, 12-
city totals

Alt

std Year Persons
(percent) Persons Person-days

base 2002 72% 1,860,000 7,260,000

base 2003 58% 1,490,000 4,170,000

base 2004 42% 1,090,000 2,690,000

84/4 2002 47% 1,210,000 2,910,000

84/4 2003 24% 610,000 860,000

84/4 2004 11% 270,000 350,000

84/3 2002 43% 1,100,000 2,400,000

84/3 2004 8% 200,000 240,000

80/4 2002 40% 1,020,000 2,140,000

80/4 2004 6% 150,000 180,000

74/5 2002 30% 780,000 1,430,000

74/5 2004 3% 70,000 80,000

74/4 2002 27% 700,000 1,180,000

74/4 2003 7% 180,000 200,000

74/4 2004 2% 50,000 50,000

74/3 2002 23% 590,000 920,000

74/3 2004 1% 30,000 30,000

70/4 2002 18% 460,000 680,000

70/4 2004 1% 10,000 20,000

64/4 2002 6% 150,000 180,000

64/4 2003 0% 10,000 10,000

64/4 2004 0% 0 0Numbers smaller than 5,000 are rounded to the nearest 1, 000; larger numbers are roun ded to the nearest 10,000.

4A-30



### Table 4A-56. Exposure level=0.06 (ppm-8hr), Gr oup=Children, moderate exertion, 12-city totals

Alt

std Year Persons
(percent) Persons Person-days

base 2002 69% 12,580,000 48,000,000

base 2003 56% 10,220,000 29,640,000

base 2004 41% 7,570,000 19,300,000

84/4 2002 44% 7,970,000 18,760,000

84/4 2003 22% 4,040,000 5,750,000

84/4 2004 10% 1,800,000 2,300,000

84/3 2002 40% 7,260,000 15,450,000

84/3 2004 7% 1,320,000 1,610,000

80/4 2002 37% 6,730,000 13,730,000

80/4 2004 6% 1,050,000 1,240,000

74/5 2002 28% 5,090,000 9,190,000

74/5 2004 3% 490,000 550,000

74/4 2002 25% 4,550,000 7,560,000

74/4 2003 7% 1,260,000 1,430,000

74/4 2004 2% 350,000 380,000

74/3 2002 21% 3,790,000 5,850,000

74/3 2004 1% 220,000 230,000

70/4 2002 16% 3,000,000 4,370,000

70/4 2004 1% 110,000 120,000

64/4 2002 5% 950,000 1,160,000

64/4 2003 0% 70,000 70,000

64/4 2004 0% 10,000 10,000Numbers smaller than 5,000 are rounded to the nearest 1, 000; larger numbers are roun ded to the nearest 10,000.

4A-31



### Table 4A-57. Exposure level=0.07 (ppm-8hr), Group=Asthmatic children, moderate exertion, 12-
city totals

Alt

std Year Persons
(percent) Persons Person-days

base 2002 50% 1,280,000 2,830,000

base 2003 31% 790,000 1,430,000

base 2004 17% 440,000 710,000

84/4 2002 20% 520,000 770,000

84/4 2003 6% 150,000 160,000

84/4 2004 1% 40,000 40,000

84/3 2002 15% 400,000 540,000

84/3 2004 1% 20,000 20,000

80/4 2002 13% 330,000 440,000

80/4 2004 0% 10,000 10,000

74/5 2002 7% 180,000 220,000

74/5 2004 0% 0 0

74/4 2002 5% 120,000 140,000

74/4 2003 1% 20,000 20,000

74/4 2004 0% 0 0

74/3 2002 3% 70,000 80,000

74/3 2004 0% 0 0

70/4 2002 2% 50,000 50,000

70/4 2004 0% 0 0

64/4 2002 0% 10,000 10,000

64/4 2003 0% 0 0

64/4 2004 0% 0 0Numbers smaller than 5,000 are rounded to the nearest 1, 000; larger numbers are roun ded to the nearest 10,000.

4A-32



### Table 4A-58. Exposure level=0.07 (ppm-8hr), Gr oup=Children, moderate exertion, 12-city totals

Alt

std Year Persons
(percent) Persons Person-days

base 2002 47% 8,550,000 18,500,000

base 2003 30% 5,510,000 10,380,000

base 2004 17% 3,020,000 5,020,000

84/4 2002 18% 3,340,000 4,880,000

84/4 2003 5% 1,000,000 1,090,000

84/4 2004 1% 260,000 270,000

84/3 2002 14% 2,570,000 3,450,000

84/3 2004 1% 140,000 150,000

80/4 2002 12% 2,160,000 2,840,000

80/4 2004 1% 100,000 100,000

74/5 2002 6% 1,160,000 1,410,000

74/5 2004 0% 30,000 30,000

74/4 2002 4% 770,000 900,000

74/4 2003 1% 110,000 110,000

74/4 2004 0% 20,000 20,000

74/3 2002 3% 460,000 520,000

74/3 2004 0% 10,000 10,000

70/4 2002 1% 270,000 300,000

70/4 2004 0% 0 0

64/4 2002 0% 30,000 30,000

64/4 2003 0% 0 0

64/4 2004 0% 0 0Numbers smaller than 5,000 are rounded to the nearest 1, 000; larger numbers are roun ded to the nearest 10,000.

4A-33



### Table 4A-59. Exposure level=0.08 (ppm-8hr), Group=Asthmatic children, moderate exertion, 12-
city totals

Alt

std Year Persons
(percent) Persons Person-days

base 2002 24% 630,000 940,000

base 2003 13% 340,000 470,000

base 2004 5% 130,000 170,000

84/4 2002 4% 110,000 130,000

84/4 2003 1% 20,000 30,000

84/4 2004 0% 0 0

84/3 2002 3% 70,000 70,000

84/3 2004 0% 0 0

80/4 2002 2% 50,000 50,000

80/4 2004 0% 0 0

74/5 2002 1% 20,000 20,000

74/5 2004 0% 0 0

74/4 2002 0% 10,000 10,000

74/4 2003 0% 0 0

74/4 2004 0% 0 0

74/3 2002 0% 0 10,000

74/3 2004 0% 0 0

70/4 2002 0% 0 0

70/4 2004 0% 0 0

64/4 2002 0% 0 0

64/4 2003 0% 0 0

64/4 2004 0% 0 0Numbers smaller than 5,000 are rounded to the nearest 1, 000; larger numbers are roun ded to the nearest 10,000.

4A-34



### Table 4A-60. Exposure level=0.08 (ppm-8hr), Gr oup=Children, moderate exertion, 12-city totals

Alt

std Year Persons
(percent) Persons Person-days

base 2002 23% 4,130,000 6,030,000

base 2003 13% 2,430,000 3,500,000

base 2004 5% 910,000 1,180,000

84/4 2002 4% 700,000 800,000

84/4 2003 1% 160,000 170,000

84/4 2004 0% 30,000 30,000

84/3 2002 2% 400,000 440,000

84/3 2004 0% 10,000 10,000

80/4 2002 2% 290,000 320,000

80/4 2004 0% 10,000 10,000

74/5 2002 1% 120,000 130,000

74/5 2004 0% 0 0

74/4 2002 0% 60,000 60,000

74/4 2003 0% 0 0

74/4 2004 0% 0 0

74/3 2002 0% 20,000 20,000

74/3 2004 0% 0 0

70/4 2002 0% 10,000 10,000

70/4 2004 0% 0 0

64/4 2002 0% 0 0

64/4 2003 0% 0 0

64/4 2004 0% 0 0

## APPENDICES FOR CHAPTER 5

### 5A.1. Ozone Air Quality Information for 12 Urban Areas

Table 5A-1. Monitor-Specific O 3 Air Quality Information: Atlanta, GA

2002 2003 2004

1305700011 0.089

1306700031 0.100 0.084 0.073 0.085

1307700021 0.099 0.077 0.083 0.086

1308500012 0.088 0.077 0.068 0.077

1308900021 0.095 0.080 0.084 0.086

1308930011 0.090 0.091 0.088 0.089

1309700041 0.098 0.085 0.080 0.087

1311300011 0.088 0.077 0.084 0.083

1312100551 0.100 0.091 0.089 0.093

1313500021 0.089 0.088 0.092 0.089

1315100021 0.099 0.082 0.085 0.088

1322300031 0.099 0.083 0.073 0.085

1324700011 0.099 0.078 0.087 0.088

Average: 0.095 0.083 0.082

0.093

*The design value is the maximum of the monitor-specific averages of the annual
fourth daily maximum 8-hour average over the 3 year period.

Table 5A-2. Monitor-Specific O 3 Air Quality Information: Boston, MA

2002 2003 2004

2500900051 0.088

2500920061 0.100 0.079 0.081 0.086

2500940041 0.094 0.080 0.077 0.083

2501711021 0.096 0.073 0.070 0.079

2502130031 0.107 0.088 0.078 0.091

2502500411 0.102 0.078 0.079 0.086

2502500421 0.074 0.074 0.064 0.07

2502700151 0.091 0.080 0.074 0.081

Average: 0.094 0.079 0.075

0.091

*The design value is the maximum of the monitor-specific averages of the annual
fourth daily maximum 8-hour average over the 3 year period. Design Value*: AIRS Monitor ID Fourth Daily Maximum 8-Hour

Average (ppm) A verage of the 3

Year-Specific

Values (ppm)

AIRS Monitor ID Fourth Daily Maximum 8-Hour

Average (ppm) A verage of the 3

Year-Specific

Values (ppm) Design Value*:



### 5A-1Table 5A-3. Monitor-Specific O 3 Air Quality Information: Chicago, IL

2002 2003 2004

1703100011 0.094 0.077 0.065 0.078

1703100321 0.096 0.080 0.067 0.081

1703100422 0.103

1703100501 0.084 0.069

1703100641 0.085 0.067 0.054 0.068

1703100721 0.085 0.075 0.060 0.073

1703100761 0.068

1703110032 0.092 0.071 0.067 0.076

1703116011 0.081 0.075 0.067 0.074

1703140021 0.084 0.070 0.059 0.071

1703140071 0.093 0.073 0.064 0.076

1703142011 0.087 0.080 0.067 0.078

1703142012 0.067 0.051

1703170021 0.091 0.082 0.071 0.081

1703180031 0.074

1704360011 0.084 0.066 0.065 0.071

1708900051 0.082 0.076 0.069 0.075

1709710021 0.090 0.074 0.068 0.077

1709710071 0.100 0.078 0.071 0.083

1709730011 0.087

1711100011 0.090 0.079 0.068 0.079

1719710081 0.086 0.077 0.063 0.075

1719710111 0.087 0.073 0.068 0.076

1808900221 0.094 0.076 0.064 0.078

1808900241 0.086 0.081

1808900301 0.064

1808920081 0.101 0.081 0.067 0.083

1809100051 0.107 0.082 0.070 0.086

1809100101 0.100 0.084

1812700202 0.097 0.079

1812700241 0.101 0.077 0.069 0.082

1812700261 0.100 0.082 0.072 0.084

5505900021 0.110 0.085

5505900191 0.116 0.088 0.078 0.094

5505900221 0.096 0.088

Average: 0.092 0.077 0.066

0.094

*The design value is the maximum of the monitor-specific averages of the annual
fourth daily maximum 8-hour average over the 3 year period. Fourth Daily Maximum 8-Hour

Average (ppm) A verage of the 3

Year-Specific

V alues ( ppm ) AIRS Monitor ID

Design Value*:



### 5 A-2Table 5A-4. Monitor-Specific O 3 Air Quality Information: Cleveland, OH

2002 2003 2004

3900710011 0.103 0.099 0.081 0.094

3903500341 0.090 0.076 0.057 0.074

3903500641 0.090 0.079 0.063 0.077

3903550021 0.098 0.089 0.077 0.088

3905500041 0.115 0.097 0.075 0.095

3908500031 0.104 0.092 0.079 0.091

3908530021 0.088 0.080 0.076 0.081

3909300171 0.099 0.085 0.074 0.086

3910300031 0.091 0.086 0.077 0.084

3913310011 0.097 0.091 0.081 0.089

3915300201 0.103 0.089 0.077 0.089

Average: 0.098 0.088 0.074

0.095

*The design value is the maximum of the monitor-specific averages of the annual
fourth daily maximum 8-hour average over the 3 year period.

Table 5A-5. Monitor-Specific O 3 Air Quality Information: Detroit, MI

2002 2003 2004

2604900211 0.088 0.087 0.075 0.083

2604920011 0.089 0.091 0.077 0.085

2609900091 0.095 0.102 0.081 0.092

2609910031 0.092 0.101 0.071 0.088

2612500012 0.093 0.090 0.075 0.086

2614700051 0.100 0.086 0.074 0.086

2616100081 0.091 0.091 0.071 0.084

2616300012 0.088 0.085 0.065 0.079

2616300161 0.092 0.084 0.066 0.08

2616300192 0.083 0.098 0.066 0.082

Average: 0.091 0.092 0.072

0.092

*The design value is the maximum of the monitor-specific averages of the annual
fourth daily maximum 8-hour average over the 3 year period. Design Value*: Design Value*: Fourth Daily Maximum 8-Hour

Average (ppm) A verage of the 3

Year-Specific

V alues ( ppm ) AIRS Monitor ID

AIRS Monitor ID Fourth Daily Maximum 8-Hour

Average (ppm) A verage of the 3

Year-Specific

Values (ppm)



### 5A-3Table 5A-6. Monitor-Specific O 3 Air Quality Information: Houston, TX

2002 2003 2004

4803910032 0.095

4803910041 0.092 0.097 0.103 0.097

4803910161 0.081

4816700141 0.093 0.092 0.088 0.091

4816710022 0.083 0.082

4820100242 0.096 0.095 0.096 0.095

4820100263 0.088 0.098 0.085 0.09

4820100292 0.098 0.096 0.090 0.094

4820100461 0.078 0.093 0.084 0.085

4820100472 0.072 0.082 0.083 0.079

4820100512 0.101 0.103 0.095 0.099

4820100551 0.094 0.107 0.104 0.101

4820100621 0.095 0.094 0.097 0.095

4820100661 0.084 0.081 0.097 0.087

4820100701 0.088 0.100 0.078 0.088

4820100751 0.078 0.096 0.093 0.089

4820110151 0.108 0.093

4820110342 0.093 0.102 0.091 0.095

4820110353 0.092 0.105 0.092 0.096

4820110391 0.095 0.113 0.097 0.101

4820110411 0.090

4820110501 0.094 0.092 0.097 0.094

4833900781 0.082 0.094 0.080 0.085

Average: 0.090 0.097 0.091

0.101

*The design value is the maximum of the monitor-specific averages of the annual
fourth daily maximum 8-hour average over the 3 year period. Fourth Daily Maximum 8-Hour

Average (ppm) A verage of the 3

Year-Specific

V alues ( ppm ) AIRS Monitor ID

Design Value*:



### 5A-4Table 5A-7. Monitor-Specific O 3 Air Quality Information: Los Angeles, CA

2002 2003 2004

0603700021 0.097 0.104 0.092 0.097

0603700161 0.111 0.123 0.095 0.109

0603701131 0.073 0.083 0.076 0.077

0603710021 0.091 0.096 0.089 0.092

0603711031 0.077 0.082 0.078 0.079

0603712011 0.111 0.119 0.101 0.11

0603713011 0.049 0.057 0.065 0.057

0603716011 0.074 0.082 0.079 0.078

0603717011 0.099 0.109 0.095 0.101

0603720051 0.095 0.101 0.093 0.096

0603740021 0.059 0.063 0.070 0.064

0603750011 0.064 0.070

0603750051 0.085

0603760121 0.131 0.137 0.107 0.125

0603790331 0.102 0.103 0.095 0.1

0605900071 0.069 0.080 0.088 0.079

0605910031 0.066 0.079 0.076 0.073

0605920221 0.081 0.095 0.085 0.087

0605950011 0.071 0.080 0.075 0.075

0606500121 0.113 0.127 0.112 0.117

0606520021 0.097 0.100 0.094 0.097

0606550011 0.109 0.105 0.099 0.104

0606560011 0.107 0.116 0.095 0.106

0606580011 0.109 0.120 0.111 0.113

0606590011 0.104 0.112 0.100 0.105

0606590031 0.060

0607100011 0.092 0.088 0.082 0.087

0607100051 0.131 0.130 0.122 0.127

0607100121 0.115 0.103 0.097 0.105

0607100171 0.087 0.084 0.087 0.086

0607103061 0.106 0.104 0.085 0.098

0607110042 0.105 0.114 0.102 0.107

0607112341 0.089 0.087 0.082 0.086

0607120021 0.114 0.132 0.111 0.119

0607140011 0.113 0.110 0.099 0.107

0607140031 0.117 0.137 0.119 0.124

0607190021 0.101 0.111 0.102 0.104

0607190041 0.105 0.123 0.112 0.113

0611100051 0.076

0611100071 0.080 0.087 0.086 0.084

0611100091 0.087 0.093 0.086 0.088

0611110041 0.097 0.093 0.092 0.094

0611120021 0.092 0.093 0.092 0.092

0611120031 0.064 0.074 0.069 0.069

0611130011 0.064 0.069 0.065 0.066

Average: 0.093 0.099 0.091

0.127

*The design value is the maximum of the monitor-specific averages of the annual
fourth daily maximum 8-hour average over the 3 year period. Fourth Daily Maximum 8-Hour

Average (ppm ) A verage of the 3

Year-Specific

V alues (pp m ) AIRS Monitor ID

Design Value*:



### 5A-5Table 5A-8. Monitor-Specific O 3 Air Quality Information: New York, NY

2002 2003 2004

3600500831 0.096 0.079 0.074 0.083

3600501101 0.089 0.082 0.069 0.08

3602700071 0.111 0.081 0.076 0.089

3607150011 0.082 0.087 0.078 0.082

3607900051 0.102 0.082 0.082 0.088

3608100981 0.082 0.072 0.064 0.072

3608101241 0.089 0.086 0.075 0.083

3608500671 0.099 0.086 0.083 0.089

3610300021 0.108 0.094 0.081 0.094

3610300041 0.090 0.082

3610300092 0.103 0.102 0.079 0.094

3611110051 0.084 0.082 0.076 0.08

3611920041 0.102 0.091 0.078 0.09

Average: 0.095 0.085 0.076

0.094

*The design value is the maximum of the monitor-specific averages of the annual
fourth daily maximum 8-hour average over the 3 year period.

Table 5A-9. Monitor-Specific O 3 Air Quality Information: Philadelphia, PA

2002 2003 2004

4201700121 0.111 0.087 0.082 0.093

4202900501 0.104 0.085

4202901001 0.112 0.085 0.085 0.094

4204500021 0.106 0.080 0.081 0.089

4209100131 0.101 0.085 0.083 0.089

4210100041 0.082 0.069 0.054 0.068

4210100141 0.098 0.083 0.077 0.086

4210100241 0.110 0.082 0.091 0.094

4210101361 0.094 0.070 0.073 0.079

Average: 0.102 0.081 0.078

0.094

*The design value is the maximum of the monitor-specific averages of the annual
fourth daily maximum 8-hour average over the 3 year period. Design Value*: Design Value*: Fourth Daily Maximum 8-Hour

Average (ppm) A verage of the 3

Year-Specific

V alues ( ppm ) AIRS Monitor ID

AIRS Monitor ID Fourth Daily Maximum 8-Hour

Average (ppm) A verage of the 3

Year-Specific

Values (ppm)



### 5A-6Table 5A-10. Monitor-Specific O 3 Air Quality Information: Sacramento, CA

2002 2003 2004

0601700101 0.098 0.096 0.089 0.094

0601700111 0.067 0.065

0601700121 0.077 0.075 0.073 0.075

0601700201 0.111 0.106 0.089 0.102

0605700051 0.099 0.098 0.093 0.096

0605700071 0.093 0.090 0.085 0.089

0605710011 0.065

0606100021 0.101 0.094 0.092 0.095

0606100041 0.101 0.089 0.087 0.092

0606100061 0.095 0.085 0.082 0.087

0606100071 0.068

0606130011 0.097

0606700021 0.095 0.086 0.076 0.085

0606700061 0.105 0.097 0.083 0.095

0606700101 0.083 0.076 0.067 0.075

0606700111 0.069 0.087 0.077 0.077

0606700121 0.104 0.098 0.087 0.096

0606700131 0.079 0.075 0.067 0.073

0606750031 0.097 0.097 0.089 0.094

0611300041 0.076 0.077 0.071 0.074

0611310031 0.088 0.082 0.069 0.079

Average: 0.090 0.086 0.081

0.102

*The design value is the maximum of the monitor-specific averages of the annual
fourth daily maximum 8-hour average over the 3 year period. Fourth Daily Maximum 8-Hour

Average (ppm) A verage of the 3

Year-Specific

V alues ( ppm ) AIRS Monitor ID

Design Value*:



### 5A-7Table 5A-11. Monitor-Specific O 3 Air Quality Information: St. Louis, MO

2002 2003 2004

1708310011 0.100 0.083 0.073 0.085

1711700021 0.085 0.077 0.068 0.076

1711900081 0.094 0.089 0.074 0.085

1711910091 0.090 0.088 0.078 0.085

1711920072 0.090 0.082 0.068 0.08

1711930071 0.084 0.083 0.073 0.08

1716300102 0.093 0.079 0.073 0.081

2909900121 0.093 0.082 0.070 0.081

2918310021 0.099 0.091 0.077 0.089

2918310041 0.098 0.090 0.076 0.088

2918900041 0.098 0.088 0.070 0.085

2918900061 0.094 0.086 0.067 0.082

2918930011 0.094 0.082 0.067 0.081

2918950011 0.095 0.088 0.068 0.083

2918970031 0.093 0.088 0.069 0.083

2951000071 0.090 0.084

2951000721 0.081 0.071 0.058 0.07

2951000861 0.098 0.090 0.072 0.086

Average: 0.093 0.085 0.071

0.089

*The design value is the maximum of the monitor-specific averages of the annual
fourth daily maximum 8-hour average over the 3 year period.

Table 5A-12. Monitor-Specific O 3 Air Quality Information: Washington, D.C.

2002 2003 2004

1100100251 0.097 0.079 0.080 0.085

1100100411 0.102 0.082 0.070 0.084

1100100431 0.106 0.081 0.081 0.089

Average: 0.102 0.081 0.077

0.089

*The design value is the maximum of the monitor-specific averages of the annual
fourth daily maximum 8-hour average over the 3 year period. Design Value*: Fourth Daily Maximum 8-Hour

Average (ppm) A verage of the 3

Year-Specific

V alues ( ppm ) AIRS Monitor ID

AIRS Monitor ID Fourth Daily Maximum 8-Hour

Average (ppm) A verage of the 3

Year-Specific

Values (ppm) Design Value*:



### 5A-8Table 5A-13. Composite Monitor Statistics: 2004

Minimum Mean Maximum Minimum Mean Maximum Minimum Mean Maximum

Atlanta 0.0091 0.0279 0.0504 0.0170 0.0578 0.1267 0.0146 0.0499 0.1103

Boston 1* 0.0060 0.0276 0.0571 0.0185 0.0433 0.1060 0.0128 0.0379 0.0904

Boston 2* 0.0114 0.0310 0.0603 0.0218 0.0450 0.0956 0.0194 0.0411 0.0842
Chicago 0.0110 0.0270 0.0453 0.0152 0.0432 0.0758 0.0119 0.0389 0.0679

Cleveland 0.0080 0.0257 0.0445 0.0123 0.0404 0.0743 0.0090 0.0360 0.0676

Detroit 0.0074 0.0239 0.0459 0.0140 0.0430 0.0793 0.0094 0.0375 0.0730

Houston 0.0075 0.0262 0.0572 0.0155 0.0510 0.1243 0.0137 0.0443 0.1082

Los Angeles 1** 0.0204 0.0338 0.0491 0.0351 0.0634 0.1005 0.0319 0.0555 0.0867

Los Angeles 2** 0.0249 0.0398 0.0568 0.0410 0.0656 0.0992 0.0387 0.0597 0.0888

New York 1*** 0.0055 0.0242 0.0494 0.0128 0.0449 0.0920 0.0085 0.0378 0.0811

New York 2*** 0.0052 0.0241 0.0491 0.0115 0.0447 0.0883 0.0076 0.0378 0.0806

Philadelphia 0.0037 0.0272 0.0486 0.0090 0.0492 0.0915 0.0057 0.0426 0.0775

Sacramento 0.0164 0.0323 0.0462 0.0307 0.0593 0.0953 0.0241 0.0520 0.0806

St. Louis 0.0078 0.0248 0.0425 0.0175 0.0468 0.0890 0.0114 0.0409 0.0688
Washington, D.C. 0.0055 0.0283 0.0526 0.0140 0.0521 0.1020 0.0103 0.0450 0.0916

*"Boston 1" denotes Suffolk County; "Boston 2" denotes Essex, Middlesex, Norfolk, Suffolk, and Worcester Counties.

**"Los Angeles 1" denotes Los Angeles County; "Los Angeles 2" denotes Los Angeles, Riverside, San Bernardino, and Orange Counti es. ***"New York 1" denotes the 5 boroughs of New York City -- Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, Bronx, and Staten Island. "New York 2" denotes the 5

boroughs plus Westchester County.

Table 5A-14. Composite Monitor Statistics: 2003

Minimum Mean Maximum Minimum Mean Maximum Minimum Mean Maximum

Atlanta 0.0035 0.0265 0.0513 0.0083 0.0574 0.1133 0.0042 0.0492 0.1003

Boston 1* 0.0106 0.0305 0.0693 0.0190 0.0469 0.1110 0.0143 0.0407 0.0955

Boston 2* 0.0104 0.0339 0.0693 0.0190 0.0482 0.1089 0.0145 0.0439 0.0958
Chicago 0.0084 0.0287 0.0554 0.0158 0.0458 0.0819 0.0111 0.0410 0.0793

Cleveland 0.0073 0.0298 0.0676 0.0143 0.0483 0.1013 0.0102 0.0427 0.0919

Detroit 0.0074 0.0279 0.0550 0.0163 0.0503 0.1010 0.0150 0.0442 0.0945

Houston 0.0065 0.0270 0.0612 0.0181 0.0534 0.1161 0.0119 0.0455 0.1008

Los Angeles 1** 0.0155 0.0326 0.0537 0.0274 0.0650 0.1099 0.0245 0.0557 0.0952

Los Angeles 2** 0.0266 0.0396 0.0612 0.0390 0.0670 0.1044 0.0361 0.0605 0.0954

New York 1*** 0.0054 0.0251 0.0598 0.0146 0.0458 0.1078 0.0095 0.0386 0.0991

New York 2*** 0.0061 0.0259 0.0593 0.0140 0.0462 0.1057 0.0088 0.0395 0.0985

Philadelphia 0.0052 0.0285 0.0725 0.0155 0.0495 0.1074 0.0085 0.0430 0.0988

Sacramento 0.0217 0.0352 0.0554 0.0343 0.0640 0.1069 0.0319 0.0563 0.0950

St. Louis 0.0050 0.0285 0.0534 0.0117 0.0519 0.1200 0.0093 0.0462 0.1064
Washington, D.C. 0.0053 0.0276 0.0661 0.0110 0.0516 0.1153 0.0078 0.0441 0.1092

*"Boston 1" denotes Suffolk County; "Boston 2" denotes Essex, Middlesex, Norfolk, Suffolk, and Worcester Counties.

**"Los Angeles 1" denotes Los Angeles County; "Los Angeles 2" denotes Los Angeles, Riverside, San Bernardino, and Orange Counti es. ***"New York 1" denotes the 5 boroughs of New York City -- Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, Bronx, and Staten Island. "New York 2" denotes the 5

boroughs plus Westchester County. Urban Area 24-Hour Average (ppm) 1-Hour Maximum (ppm) 8-Hour Maximum (ppm)

Urban Area 24-Hour Average (ppm) 1-Hour Maximum (ppm) 8-Hour Maximum (ppm)

5A-9Table 5A-15. Composite Monitor Statistics: 2002

Minimum Mean Maximum Minimum Mean Maximum Minimum Mean Maximum

Atlanta 0.0102 0.0308 0.0559 0.0193 0.0623 0.1307 0.0157 0.0540 0.1166

Boston 1* 0.0133 0.0314 0.0783 0.0210 0.0503 0.1185 0.0178 0.0434 0.1128

Boston 2* 0.0132 0.0359 0.0852 0.0213 0.0526 0.1213 0.0169 0.0479 0.1162
Chicago 0.0101 0.0295 0.0545 0.0206 0.0488 0.0986 0.0137 0.0437 0.0899

Cleveland 0.0103 0.0338 0.0685 0.0177 0.0548 0.1070 0.0138 0.0488 0.1044

Detroit 0.0085 0.0277 0.0572 0.0170 0.0516 0.0987 0.0151 0.0450 0.0923

Houston 0.0089 0.0258 0.0568 0.0163 0.0492 0.1167 0.0131 0.0427 0.1017

Los Angeles 1** 0.0158 0.0313 0.0492 0.0283 0.0613 0.1009 0.0252 0.0525 0.0842

Los Angeles 2** 0.0192 0.0385 0.0586 0.0292 0.0652 0.0967 0.0247 0.0587 0.0881

New York 1*** 0.0062 0.0280 0.0565 0.0130 0.0529 0.1294 0.0088 0.0448 0.0999

New York 2*** 0.0075 0.0286 0.0576 0.0133 0.0537 0.1333 0.0088 0.0458 0.1032

Philadelphia 0.0069 0.0322 0.0619 0.0133 0.0573 0.1235 0.0091 0.0501 0.0999

Sacramento 0.0182 0.0353 0.0604 0.0242 0.0647 0.1090 0.0212 0.0564 0.0954

St. Louis 0.0058 0.0289 0.0585 0.0157 0.0556 0.1127 0.0087 0.0484 0.1000
Washington, D.C. 0.0095 0.0357 0.0708 0.0193 0.0627 0.1430 0.0164 0.0548 0.1210

*"Boston 1" denotes Suffolk County; "Boston 2" denotes Essex, Middlesex, Norfolk, Suffolk, and Worcester Counties.

**"Los Angeles 1" denotes Los Angeles County; "Los Angeles 2" denotes Los Angeles, Riverside, San Bernardino, and Orange Counti es. ***"New York 1" denotes the 5 boroughs of New York City -- Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, Bronx, and Staten Island. "New York 2" denotes the 5

boroughs plus Westchester County. Urban Area 24-Hour Average (ppm) 1-Hour Maximum (ppm) 8-Hour Maximum (ppm)

5A-10

### 5A-10 

## 5A.2 Scatter Plots

This Appendix provides scatter plots compari ng 8-hr daily maximum concentrations at

the highest monitor with the average of the 24-hr average over all monitors within each

of the 12 urban areas include d in the risk assessment.

### 5A-11 Mean Daily 24-hr Average vs. Highest Maximum Daily 8-hr Average, 2002 Rollback Ozone City Name=AtlantaMean Daily 24-hr Average

0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07

Hi g hest Maximum Dail y 8-hr Avera g e 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.11 0.12

Mean Daily 24-hr Average vs. Highest Maximum Daily 8-hr Average, 2002 Rollback Ozone City Name=BostonMean Daily 24-hr Average

0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07

Hi g hest Maximum Dail y 8-hr Avera g e 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.11 0.12

### 5A-12 Mean Daily 24-hr Average vs. Highest Maximum Daily 8-hr Average, 2002 Rollback Ozone City Name=ChicagoMean Daily 24-hr Average

0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07

Highest Maximum Daily 8-hr Average 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.11 0.12

Mean Daily 24-hr Average vs. Highest Maximum Daily 8-hr Average, 2002 Rollback Ozone City Name=ClevelandMean Daily 24-hr Average

0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07

Highest Maximum Daily 8-hr Average 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.11 0.12

### 5A-13 Mean Daily 24-hr Average vs. Highest Maximum Daily 8-hr Average, 2002 Rollback Ozone City Name=DetroitMean Daily 24-hr Average

0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07

Hi g hest Maximum Dail y 8-hr Avera g e 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.11 0.12

Mean Daily 24-hr Average vs. Highest Maximum Daily 8-hr Average, 2002 Rollback Ozone City Name=HoustonMean Daily 24-hr Average

0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07

Highest Maximum Daily 8-hr Average 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.11 0.12

### 5A-14 Mean Daily 24-hr Average vs. Highest Maximum Daily 8-hr Average, 2002 Rollback Ozone City Name=Los AngelesMean Daily 24-hr Average

0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07

Hi g hest Maximum Dail y 8-hr Avera g e 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.11 0.12

Mean Daily 24-hr Average vs. Highest Maximum Daily 8-hr Average, 2002 Rollback Ozone City Name=New YorkMean Daily 24-hr Average

0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07

Highest Maximum Daily 8-hr Average 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.11 0.12

### 5A-15 Mean Daily 24-hr Average vs. Highest Maximum Daily 8-hr Average, 2002 Rollback Ozone City Name=PhiladelphiaMean Daily 24-hr Average

0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07

Hi g hest Maximum Dail y 8-hr Avera g e 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.11 0.12

Mean Daily 24-hr Average vs. Highest Maximum Daily 8-hr Average, 2002 Rollback Ozone City Name=SacramentoMean Daily 24-hr Average

0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07

Hi g hest Maximum Dail y 8-hr Avera g e 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.11 0.12

### 5A-16 Mean Daily 24-hr Average vs. Highest Maximum Daily 8-hr Average, 2002 Rollback Ozone City Name=St.LouisMean Daily 24-hr Average

0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07

Hi g hest Maximum Dail y 8-hr Avera g e 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.11 0.12

Mean Daily 24-hr Average vs. Highest Maximum Daily 8-hr Average, 2002 Rollback Ozone City Name=WashingtonMean Daily 24-hr Average

0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07

Hi g hest Maximum Dail y 8-hr Avera g e 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.11 0.12

### 5A-17 Mean Daily 24-hr Average vs. Highest Maximum Daily 8-hr Average, 2004 Rollback Ozone City Name=AtlantaMean Daily 24-hr Average

0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06

Hi g hest Maximum Dail y 8-hr Avera g e 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.11

Mean Daily 24-hr Average vs. Highest Maximum Daily 8-hr Average, 2004 Rollback Ozone City Name=BostonMean Daily 24-hr Average

0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06

Highest Maximum Daily 8-hr Average 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.11

### 5A-18 Mean Daily 24-hr Average vs. Highest Maximum Daily 8-hr Average, 2004 Rollback Ozone City Name=ChicagoMean Daily 24-hr Average

0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06

Hi g hest Maximum Dail y 8-hr Avera g e 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.11

Mean Daily 24-hr Average vs. Highest Maximum Daily 8-hr Average, 2004 Rollback Ozone City Name=ClevelandMean Daily 24-hr Average

0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06

Hi g hest Maximum Dail y 8-hr Avera g e 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.11

### 5A-19 Mean Daily 24-hr Average vs. Highest Maximum Daily 8-hr Average, 2004 Rollback Ozone City Name=DetroitMean Daily 24-hr Average

0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06

Hi g hest Maximum Dail y 8-hr Avera g e 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.11

Mean Daily 24-hr Average vs. Highest Maximum Daily 8-hr Average, 2004 Rollback Ozone City Name=HoustonMean Daily 24-hr Average

0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06

Hi g hest Maximum Dail y 8-hr Avera g e 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.11

### 5A-20 Mean Daily 24-hr Average vs. Highest Maximum Daily 8-hr Average, 2004 Rollback Ozone City Name=Los AngelesMean Daily 24-hr Average

0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06

Hi g hest Maximum Dail y 8-hr Avera g e 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.11

Mean Daily 24-hr Average vs. Highest Maximum Daily 8-hr Average, 2004 Rollback Ozone City Name=New YorkMean Daily 24-hr Average

0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06

Hi g hest Maximum Dail y 8-hr Avera g e 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.11

### 5A-21 Mean Daily 24-hr Average vs. Highest Maximum Daily 8-hr Average, 2004 Rollback Ozone City Name=PhiladelphiaMean Daily 24-hr Average

0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06

Hi g hest Maximum Dail y 8-hr Avera g e 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.11

Mean Daily 24-hr Average vs. Highest Maximum Daily 8-hr Average, 2004 Rollback Ozone City Name=SacramentoMean Daily 24-hr Average

0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06

Hi g hest Maximum Dail y 8-hr Avera g e 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.11

### 5A-22 Mean Daily 24-hr Average vs. Highest Maximum Daily 8-hr Average, 2004 Rollback Ozone City Name=St.LouisMean Daily 24-hr Average

0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06

Hi g hest Maximum Dail y 8-hr Avera g e 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.11

Mean Daily 24-hr Average vs. Highest Maximum Daily 8-hr Average, 2004 Rollback Ozone City Name=WashingtonMean Daily 24-hr Average

0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06

Hi g hest Maximum Dail y 8-hr Avera g e 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.115B.1 Tables of Study-Specific InformationTable 5B-1. Study-Specific Information for O3Studies in Atlanta, GAmin. max.Bell et al. (2004)Mortality, non-accidental < 800 all distributed lag 24 hr avg. log-linear none 0 71 0.00020 -0.00084 0.00123Bell et al. -- 95 US Cities(2004)Mortality, non-accidental < 800 all distributed lag 24 hr avg. log-linear none NA NA 0.00039 0.00013 0.00065Huang et al. (2004) Mortality, cardiorespiratory 390-448; 490-496;487; 480-486; 507.all distributed lag 24 hr avg. log-linear none 0 71 0.00120 -0.00039 0.00279Huang et al. -- 19 USCities (2004)Mortality, cardiorespiratory 390-448; 490-496;487; 480-486; 507.all distributed lag 24 hr avg. log-linear none NA NA 0.00124 0.00047 0.00201Huang et al. -- 19 USCities(2004)Mortality, cardiorespiratory 390-448; 490-496;487;480-486;507.all distributed lag 24 hr avg. log-linear PM10 NA NA 0.00074 -0.00033 0.00171Huang et al. -- 19 USCities(2004)Mortality, cardiorespiratory 390-448; 490-496;487;480-486;507.all distributed lag 24 hr avg. log-linear NO2 NA NA 0.00060 0.00011 0.00109Huang et al. -- 19 USCities(2004)Mortality, cardiorespiratory 390-448; 490-496;487;480-486;507.all distributed lag 24 hr avg. log-linear SO2 NA NA 0.00051 0.00001 0.00102Huang et al. -- 19 USCities (2004)Mortality, cardiorespiratory 390-448; 490-496;487; 480-486; 507.all distributed lag 24 hr avg. log-linear CO NA NA 0.00069 0.00020 0.00117*Health effects are associated with short-term exposures to O3.**Rounded to the nearest ppb.NA denotes "not available."Table 5B-2. Study-Specific Information for O3Studies in Boston, MAmin. max.Bell et al. -- 95 US Cities(2004)Mortality, non-accidental < 800 all distributed lag 24 hr avg. log-linear none -3 86 0.00028 -0.00079 0.00136Gent et al. (2003)Respiratory symptoms --chest tightness--- 0 - 12 1-day lag 1 hr max. logistic none 27 126 0.00462 0.00000 0.00784Gent et al. (2003)Respiratory symptoms --chest tightness--- 0 - 12 0-day lag 1 hr max. logistic PM2.5 27 126 0.00771 0.00331 0.01220Gent et al. (2003)Respiratory symptoms --chest tightness--- 0 - 12 1-day lag 1 hr max. logistic PM2.5 27 126 0.00701 0.00262 0.01153Gent et al. (2003)Respiratory symptoms --chest tightness--- 0 - 12 1-day lag 8 hr max. logistic none 21 100 0.00570 0.00172 0.00965Gent et al. (2003)Respiratory symptoms --shortness of breath--- 0 - 12 1-day lag 1 hr max. logistic none 27 126 0.00398 0.00040 0.00743Gent et al. (2003)Respiratory symptoms --shortness of breath--- 0 - 12 1-day lag 8 hr max. logistic none 21 100 0.00525 0.00098 0.00952Gent et al. (2003)Respiratory symptoms --wheeze--- 0 - 12 0-day lag 1 hr max. logistic PM2.5 21 100 0.00600 0.00209 0.01002*Health effects are associated with short-term exposures to O3.**Rounded to the nearest ppb.ObservedConcentrations** (ppb)O3CoefficientLower Bound Upper BoundOtherPollutantsin ModelHealth Effects*Study Ages LagExposureMetricICD-9 Codes ModelOtherPollutantsin ModelHealth Effects*Study Ages LagExposureMetricICD-9 Codes ModelObservedConcentrations** (ppb)O3CoefficientLower Bound Upper Bound5B-1Table 5B-3. Study-Specific Information for O3Studies in Chicago, ILmin. max.Bell et al. -- 95 US Cities(2004)Mortality, non-accidental < 800all distributed lag 24 hr avg. log-linear none NA NA 0.00039 0.00013 0.00065Schwartz (2004) Mortality, non-accidental < 800all 0-day lag 1 hr max. logistic none NA NA 0.00099 0.00031 0.00166Schwartz -- 14 US Cities(2004)Mortality, non-accidental < 800all 0-day lag 1 hr max. logistic none NA NA 0.00037 0.00012 0.00062Huang et al. (2004) Mortality, cardiorespiratory 390-448; 490-496;487; 480-486; 507.all distributed lag 24 hr avg. log-linear none 0 65 0.00075 -0.00067 0.00218Huang et al. -- 19 USCities (2004)Mortality, cardiorespiratory 390-448; 490-496;487; 480-486; 507.all distributed lag 24 hr avg. log-linear none NA NA 0.00124 0.00047 0.00201Huang et al. -- 19 USCities(2004)Mortality, cardiorespiratory 390-448; 490-496;487;480-486;507.all distributed lag 24 hr avg. log-linear PM10 NA NA 0.00074 -0.00033 0.00171Huang et al. -- 19 USCities(2004)Mortality, cardiorespiratory 390-448; 490-496;487;480-486;507.all distributed lag 24 hr avg. log-linear NO2 NA NA 0.00060 0.00011 0.00109Huang et al. -- 19 USCities (2004)Mortality, cardiorespiratory 390-448; 490-496;487; 480-486; 507.all distributed lag 24 hr avg. log-linear SO2 NA NA 0.00051 0.00001 0.00102Huang et al. -- 19 USCities (2004)Mortality, cardiorespiratory 390-448; 490-496;487; 480-486; 507.all distributed lag 24 hr avg. log-linear CO NA NA 0.00069 0.00020 0.00117*Health effects are associated with short-term exposures to O3.**Rounded to the nearest ppb.NA denotes "not available."Table 5B-4. Study-Specific Information for O3Studies in Cleveland, OHmin. max.Bell et al. (2004) Mortality, non-accidental< 800 all distributed lag 24 hr avg. log-linear none 2 75 0.00061 -0.00038 0.00161Bell et al. -- 95 US Cities(2004)Mortality, non-accidental < 800 all distributed lag 24 hr avg. log-linear none NA NA 0.00039 0.00013 0.00065Huang et al. (2004) Mortality, cardiorespiratory 390-448; 490-496;487; 480-486; 507.all distributed lag 24 hr avg. log-linear none 2 75 0.00148 -0.00004 0.00299Huang et al. -- 19 USCities (2004)Mortality, cardiorespiratory 390-448; 490-496;487; 480-486; 507.all distributed lag 24 hr avg. log-linear none NA NA 0.00124 0.00047 0.00201Huang et al. -- 19 USCities (2004)Mortality, cardiorespiratory 390-448; 490-496;487; 480-486; 507.all distributed lag 24 hr avg. log-linear PM10 NA NA 0.00074 -0.00033 0.00171Huang et al. -- 19 USCities (2004)Mortality, cardiorespiratory 390-448; 490-496;487; 480-486; 507.all distributed lag 24 hr avg. log-linear NO2 NA NA 0.00060 0.00011 0.00109Huang et al. -- 19 USCities (2004)Mortality, cardiorespiratory 390-448; 490-496;487; 480-486; 507.all distributed lag 24 hr avg. log-linear SO2 NA NA 0.00051 0.00001 0.00102Huang et al. -- 19 USCities (2004)Mortality, cardiorespiratory 390-448; 490-496;487; 480-486; 507.all distributed lag 24 hr avg. log-linear CO NA NA 0.00069 0.00020 0.00117Schwartz et al. (1996) Hospital admissions,respiratory illness460-51965+avg of 1-dayand 2-day lags1 hr max. log-linear none NA NA 0.00169 0.00039 0.00291*Health effects are associated with short-term exposures to O3.**Rounded to the nearest ppb.NA denotes "not available."Health Effects*Study Ages LagO3CoefficientLower Bound Upper BoundICD-9 CodesObservedConcentrations** (ppb)OtherPollutantsin ModelExposureMetricModelHealth Effects*Study Ages LagO3CoefficientLower Bound Upper BoundICD-9 Codes ModelObservedConcentrations** (ppb)OtherPollutantsin ModelExposureMetricJ20065B-2Table 5B-5. Study-Specific Information for O3Studies in Detroit, MImin. max.Bell et al. (2004) Mortality, non-accidental < 800 all distributed lag 24 hr avg. log-linear none 2 75 0.00076 -0.00024 0.00177Bell et al. -- 95 US Cities Mortality, non-accidental < 800 all distributed lag 24 hr avg. log-linear none NA NA 0.00039 0.00013 0.00065Schwartz (2004) Mortality, non-accidental < 800 all 0-day lag 1 hr max. logistic none NA NA 0.00068 -0.00011 0.00148Schwartz -- 14 US Cities(2004)Mortality, non-accidental < 800all 0-day lag 1 hr max. logistic none NA NA 0.00037 0.00012 0.00062Ito (2003) Mortality, non-accidental < 800all 0-day lag 24 hr avg.log-linear(GAM str.none NA 55 0.00093 -0.00085 0.00271Ito (2003) Mortality, respiratory 460-519 all 0-day lag 24 hr avg. log-linear none NA 55 0.00359 -0.00276 0.00993Huang et al. (2004) Mortality, cardiorespiratory 390-448; 490-496;487; 480-486; 507.all distributed lag 24 hr avg. log-linear none 2 75 0.00135 -0.00015 0.00286Huang et al. -- 19 US Cities(2004)Mortality, cardiorespiratory 390-448; 490-496;487;480-486;507.all distributed lag 24 hr avg. log-linear none NA NA 0.00124 0.00047 0.00201Huang et al. -- 19 US Cities(2004)Mortality, cardiorespiratory 390-448; 490-496;487;480-486;507.all distributed lag 24 hr avg. log-linear PM10 NA NA 0.00074 -0.00033 0.00171Huang et al. -- 19 US Cities(2004)Mortality, cardiorespiratory 390-448; 490-496;487;480-486;507.all distributed lag 24 hr avg. log-linear NO2 NA NA 0.00060 0.00011 0.00109Huang et al. -- 19 US Cities(2004)Mortality, cardiorespiratory 390-448; 490-496;487; 480-486; 507.all distributed lag 24 hr avg. log-linear SO2 NA NA 0.00051 0.00001 0.00102Huang et al. -- 19 US Cities(2004)Mortality, cardiorespiratory 390-448; 490-496;487;480-486;507.all distributed lag 24 hr avg. log-linear CO NA NA 0.00069 0.00020 0.00117Ito (2003) Hospital admissions(unscheduled), pneumonia480-48665+ 0-day lag 24 hr avg.log-linear(GAM str.estimation)**none NA 55 -0.00218 -0.00621 0.00186Ito (2003) Hospital admissions(unscheduled), pneumonia480-48665+ 1-day lag 24 hr avg.log-linear(GAM str.estimation)none NA 55 -0.00054 -0.00459 0.00352Ito (2003) Hospital admissions(unscheduled), pneumonia480-48665+ 2-day lag 24 hr avg.log-linear(GAM str.estimation)none NA 55 0.00066 -0.00342 0.00473Ito (2003) Hospital admissions(unscheduled), pneumonia480-48665+ 3-day lag 24 hr avg.log-linear(GAM str.estimation)none NA 55 0.00190 -0.00216 0.00595Ito (2003) Hospital admissions(unscheduled), COPD490-49665+ 0-day lag 24 hr avg.log-linear(GAM str.estimation)none NA 55 -0.00191 -0.00667 0.00286Ito (2003) Hospital admissions(unscheduled), COPD490-49665+ 1-day lag 24 hr avg.log-linear(GAM str.estimation)none NA 55 0.00187 -0.00293 0.00667Ito (2003) Hospital admissions(unscheduled), COPD490-49665+ 2-day lag 24 hr avg.log-linear(GAM str.estimation)none NA 55 -0.00027 -0.00513 0.00459Ito (2003) Hospital admissions(unscheduled), COPD490-49665+ 3-day lag 24 hr avg.log-linear(GAM str.estimation)none NA 55 0.00011 -0.00475 0.00497*Health effects are associated with short-term exposures to O3.**Rounded to the nearest ppb.NA denotes "not available."O3Coefficient***"GAM str. estimation" denotes that estimation of the log-linear C-R function used a generalized additive model with a stringent convergence criterion. This study also estimated log-linear C-R functions using generalized linearmodels (GLM).LowerBoundUpperBoundICD-9 CodesObservedConcentrations** (ppb)ModelOtherPollutantsin ModelExposureMetricHealth Effects*Study Ages Lag20065B-3Table 5B-6. Study-Specific Information for O3Studies in Houston, TXmin. max.Bell et al. (2004)Mortality, non-accidental < 800 all distributed lag 24 hr avg. log-linear none 1 76 0.00079 0.00005 0.00154Bell et al. -- 95 US CitiesMortality, non-accidental < 800 all distributed lag 24 hr avg. log-linear none NA NA 0.00039 0.00013 0.00065Schwartz (2004)Mortality, non-accidental < 800 all 0-day lag 1 hr max. logistic none NA NA 0.00044 0.00004 0.00084Schwartz -- 14 US Cities(2004)Mortality, non-accidental < 800 all 0-day lag 1 hr max. logistic none NA NA 0.00037 0.00012 0.00062Huang et al. (2004) Mortality, cardiorespiratory 390-448; 490-496;487; 480-486; 507.all distributed lag 24 hr avg. log-linear none 1 76 0.00122 -0.00016 0.00261Huang et al. -- 19 USCities (2004)Mortality, cardiorespiratory 390-448; 490-496;487; 480-486; 507.all distributed lag 24 hr avg. log-linear none NA NA 0.00124 0.00047 0.00201Huang et al. -- 19 USCities (2004)Mortality, cardiorespiratory 390-448; 490-496;487; 480-486; 507.all distributed lag 24 hr avg. log-linear PM10 NA NA 0.00074 -0.00033 0.00171Huang et al. -- 19 USCities (2004)Mortality, cardiorespiratory 390-448; 490-496;487; 480-486; 507.all distributed lag 24 hr avg. log-linear NO2 NA NA 0.00060 0.00011 0.00109Huang et al. -- 19 USCities (2004)Mortality, cardiorespiratory 390-448; 490-496;487; 480-486; 507.all distributed lag 24 hr avg. log-linear SO2 NA NA 0.00051 0.00001 0.00102Huang et al. -- 19 USCities (2004)Mortality, cardiorespiratory 390-448; 490-496;487; 480-486; 507.all distributed lag 24 hr avg. log-linear CO NA NA 0.00069 0.00020 0.00117*Health effects are associated with short-term exposures to O3.**Rounded to the nearest ppb.NA denotes "not available."O3CoefficientLower Bound Upper BoundICD-9 CodesObservedConcentrations** (ppb)OtherPollutantsin ModelExposureMetricModelHealth Effects*Study Ages Lag5B-4Table 5B-7. Study-Specific Information for O3Studies in Los Angeles, CAmin. max.Bell et al. (2004)*** Mortality, nonaccidental< 800 all distributed lag 24 hr avg. log-linear none 0 68 0.00018 -0.00043 0.00079Bell et al. -- 95 US Cities(2004)***Mortality, nonaccidental< 800 all distributed lag 24 hr avg. log-linear none NA NA 0.00039 0.00013 0.00065Huang et al. (2004)*** Mortality,cardiorespiratory390-448; 490-496;487; 480-486; 507.all distributed lag 24 hr avg. log-linear none 0 68 0.00107 0.00001 0.00213Huang et al. -- 19 USCities(2004)***Mortality,cardiorespiratory390-448; 490-496;487;480-486;507.all distributed lag 24 hr avg. log-linear none NA NA 0.00124 0.00047 0.00201Huang et al. -- 19 USCities (2004)***Mortality,cardiorespiratory390-448; 490-496;487; 480-486; 507.all distributed lag 24 hr avg. log-linear PM10 NA NA 0.00074 -0.00033 0.00171Huang et al. -- 19 USCities (2004)***Mortality,cardiorespiratory390-448; 490-496;487; 480-486; 507.all distributed lag 24 hr avg. log-linear NO2 NA NA 0.00060 0.00011 0.00109Huang et al. -- 19 USCities (2004)***Mortality,cardiorespiratory390-448; 490-496;487; 480-486; 507.all distributed lag 24 hr avg. log-linear SO2 NA NA 0.00051 0.00001 0.00102Huang et al. -- 19 USCities(2004)***Mortality,cardiorespiratory390-448; 490-496;487;480-486;507.all distributed lag 24 hr avg. log-linear CO NA NA 0.00069 0.00020 0.00117Linn et al. (2000)  Hospital admissions(unscheduled),pulmonary illness --75-101** *** 30+ 0-day lag 24 hr avg. log-linear none 1 70 0.00110 -0.00047 0.00267Linn et al. (2000)  Hospital admissions(unscheduled),pulmonary illness --75-101** *** 30+ 0-day lag 24 hr avg. log-linear none 1 70 0.00060 -0.00077 0.00197*Health effects are associated with short-term exposures to O3.**Rounded to the nearest ppb.***Los Angeles is defined in this study as Los Angeles County. Los Angeles is defined in this study as Los Angeles, Riverside, San Bernardino, and Orange Counties.** ***Linn et al. (2000) used DRG codes instead of ICD codes.Health Effects*Study Ages LagO3CoefficientLower Bound Upper BoundICD-9 Codes ModelObservedConcentrations** (ppb)OtherPollutantsin ModelExposureMetric5B-5Table 5B-8. Study-Specific Information for O3Studies in New York, NYmin. max.Bell et al. -- 95 US Cities(2004)***Mortality, nonaccidental< 800all distributed lag 24 hr avg. log-linear none NA NA 0.00039 0.00013 0.00065Huang et al. (2004)*** Mortality,cardiorespiratory390-448; 490-496;487; 480-486; 507.all distributed lag 24 hr avg. log-linear none -2 81 0.00170 0.00054 0.00286Huang et al. -- 19 USCities (2004)***Mortality,cardiorespiratory390-448; 490-496;487; 480-486; 507.all distributed lag 24 hr avg. log-linear none NA NA 0.00124 0.00047 0.00201Huang et al. -- 19 USCities (2004)***Mortality,cardiorespiratory390-448; 490-496;487; 480-486; 507.all distributed lag 24 hr avg. log-linear PM10 NA NA 0.00074 -0.00033 0.00171Huang et al. -- 19 USCities (2004)***Mortality,cardiorespiratory390-448; 490-496;487; 480-486; 507.all distributed lag 24 hr avg. log-linear NO2 NA NA 0.00060 0.00011 0.00109Huang et al. -- 19 USCities(2004)***Mortality,cardiorespiratory390-448; 490-496;487;480-486;507.all distributed lag 24 hr avg. log-linear SO2 NA NA 0.00051 0.00001 0.00102Huang et al. -- 19 USCities (2004)***Mortality,cardiorespiratory390-448; 490-496;487; 480-486; 507.all distributed lag 24 hr avg. log-linear CO NA NA 0.00069 0.00020 0.00117Thurston et al. (1992)  Hospital admissions(unscheduled),466, 480-486, 490,491, 492, 493all 3-day lag 1 hr max. linear none NA 206 1.370E-08 3.312E-09 2.409E-08Thurston et al. (1992)** ** Hospital admissions(unscheduled), asthma493all 1-day lag 1 hr max. linear none NA 206 1.170E-08 2.488E-09 2.091E-08*Health effects are associated with short-term exposures to O3.**Rounded to the nearest ppb.***New York in this study is defined as the five boroughs of New York City plus Westchester County.****New York in this study is defined as the five boroughs of New York City.NA denotes "not available."Table 5B-9. Study-Specific Information for O3Studies in Philadelphia, PAmin. max.Bell et al. -- 95 US Cities(2004)Mortality, nonaccidental< 800all distributed lag 24 hr avg. log-linear none NA NA 0.00039 0.00013 0.00065Moolgavkar et al. (1995) Mortality, nonaccidental< 800all 1-day lag 24 hr avg. log-linear none 1 159 0.00140 0.00086 0.00191Moolgavkar et al. (1995) Mortality, nonaccidental< 800all 1-day lag 24 hr avg. log-linear TSP, SO2 1 159 0.00139 0.00066 0.00212Huang et al. (2004) Mortality,cardiorespiratory390-448; 490-496;487; 480-486; 507.all distributed lag 24 hr avg. log-linear none -3 84 0.00151 0.00007 0.00296Huang et al. -- 19 USCities (2004)Mortality,cardiorespiratory390-448; 490-496;487; 480-486; 507.all distributed lag 24 hr avg. log-linear none NA NA 0.00124 0.00047 0.00201Huang et al. -- 19 USCities (2004)Mortality,cardiorespiratory390-448; 490-496;487; 480-486; 507.all distributed lag 24 hr avg. log-linear PM10 NA NA 0.00074 -0.00033 0.00171Huang et al. -- 19 USCities (2004)Mortality,cardiorespiratory390-448; 490-496;487; 480-486; 507.all distributed lag 24 hr avg. log-linear NO2 NA NA 0.00060 0.00011 0.00109Huang et al. -- 19 USCities (2004)Mortality,cardiorespiratory390-448; 490-496;487; 480-486; 507.all distributed lag 24 hr avg. log-linear SO2 NA NA 0.00051 0.00001 0.00102Huang et al. -- 19 USCities (2004)Mortality,cardiorespiratory390-448; 490-496;487; 480-486; 507.all distributed lag 24 hr avg. log-linear CO NA NA 0.00069 0.00020 0.00117*Health effects are associated with short-term exposures to O3.**Rounded to the nearest ppb.NA denotes "not available."Health Effects*Study Ages LagO3CoefficientLower Bound Upper BoundICD-9 CodesObservedConcentrations** (ppb)OtherPollutantsin ModelExposureMetricModelLower Bound Upper BoundObservedConcentrations** (ppb)ModelOtherPollutantsin ModelHealth Effects*O3CoefficientStudy Ages LagExposureMetricICD-9 Codes5B-6Table 5B-10. Study-Specific Information for O3Studies in Sacramento, CAmin. max.Bell et al. (2004) Mortality, nonaccidental< 800 all distributed lag 24 hr avg. log-linear none 0 71 0.00026 -0.00079 0.00131Bell et al. -- 95 US Cities(2004)Mortality, nonaccidental< 800 all distributed lag 24 hr avg. log-linear none NA NA 0.00039 0.00013 0.00065*Health effects are associated with short-term exposures to O3.**Rounded to the nearest ppb.NA denotes "not available."Table 5B-11. Study-Specific Information for O3Studies in St. Louis, MOmin. max.Bell et al. (2004) Mortality, nonaccidental< 800 all distributed lag 24 hr avg. log-linear none 0 118 0.00044 -0.00072 0.00159Bell et al. -- 95 US Cities(2004)Mortality, nonaccidental< 800 all distributed lag 24 hr avg. log-linear none NA NA 0.00039 0.00013 0.00065*Health effects are associated with short-term exposures to O3.**Rounded to the nearest ppb.NA denotes "not available."Table 5B-12. Study-Specific Information for O3Studies in Washington, D.C.min. max.Bell et al. -- 95 US Cities(2004)Mortality, nonaccidental< 800 all distributed lag 24 hr avg. log-linear none NA NA 0.00039 0.00013 0.00065*Health effects are associated with short-term exposures to O3.**Rounded to the nearest ppb.NA denotes "not available."ObservedConcentrations** (ppb)O3CoefficientLower Bound Upper BoundOtherPollutantsin ModelHealth Effects*Study Ages LagExposureMetricICD-9 Codes ModelHealth Effects*Study Ages LagICD-9 CodesExposureMetricO3CoefficientLower Bound Upper BoundModelOtherPollutantsin ModelObservedConcentrations** (ppb)O3CoefficientLower Bound Upper BoundICD-9 CodesObservedConcentrations** (ppb)ModelOtherPollutantsin ModelExposureMetricHealth Effects*Study Ages Lag5B-7

### 5B-8 5B.2 Concentration-Response Functions and Health Impact Functions

Notation:

c

c c c



### x x x conditions control under levels O x conditions baseline under levels O x y y y conditions control under Incidence y conditions baseline under Incidence y

− = ∆ = = − = ∆ = =

0 3 3 0 0 0



### 5B.2.1 Log-linear

The log-linear concentra tion-response function is: x 

### Be y β



### =

The derivation of the corresponding hea lth impact function is as follows:



# ( )



# ( ) ( )

x x x x x x x x

x x x x

c x x



### e y y e Be y e Be y Be Be Be y Be Be y Be y Be y Be y

c c c c

∆

− ∆

− − ⋅



### − ⋅ = ∆ − ⋅ = ∆ ⎟ ⎠ ⎞ ⎜ ⎝ ⎛

− ⋅ = ∆ ⎟ ⎟ ⎟

⎠ ⎞

⎜ ⎜ ⎜

⎝ ⎛

− ⋅ = ∆ − = ∆ = = =

β β β β β β β β β β β β β



### 1 1 1 1

0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0



### 5B.2.2 Linear

The linear concentratio n-response function is: 

### x y β α + =

The derivation of the corresponding hea lth impact function is as follows:

### 5B-9 x x x y x x y y y x y x y x y

c c c c c



### ∆
=

− = ∆ − =

− = ∆ + = + = + =

β β β β β α β α β α

) (

0 0 0 0 0



### 5B.2.3 Logistic

The logistic concentrat ion-response function is:

x x x



### e e e y β β β

− 

### + = ⎟ ⎟ ⎠ ⎞ ⎜ ⎜ ⎝ ⎛

+ = 1 1

1



### The derivation of the corresponding hea lth impact function is as follows:

x

x x x

x

x x x x x x



### e

e e ratio odds e

e

e e e odds e e

y y odds e y

c ∆ −

− − − − − −



### = = = = ⎟ ⎟ ⎠ ⎞ ⎜ ⎜ ⎝ ⎛

+ ⎟ ⎠ ⎞ ⎜ ⎝ ⎛

+

= ⎟ ⎠ ⎞ ⎜ ⎝ ⎛

+ − ⎟ ⎠ ⎞ ⎜ ⎝ ⎛

+

=

− = + =

β

β β β

β

β β β β β β

0 

### 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1

x

c c x c c



### e y y

y y e

y y y y

∆

− ∆

−



### ⋅ ⎟ ⎟ ⎠ ⎞ ⎜ ⎜ ⎝ ⎛

− =

− =

⎟ ⎟ ⎠ ⎞ ⎜ ⎜ ⎝ ⎛

− ⎟ ⎟ ⎠ ⎞ ⎜ ⎜ ⎝ ⎛

−

β β

0 0 0 0



### 1 1 1

1



# ( ) x

c c 

### e y y y y ∆

−



### ⋅ ⎟ ⎟ ⎠ ⎞ ⎜ ⎜ ⎝ ⎛

− ⋅ − = β

0 0



### 1 1

### 5B-10 

# ( )

( )

( ) ⎟ ⎟ ⎠ ⎞ ⎜ ⎜ ⎝ ⎛

+

⋅ − − ⋅ = ∆ +

⋅ − − =

− +

⋅ − = ⋅ +

− ⋅

= ⋅ ⎟ ⎟ ⎠ ⎞ ⎜ ⎜ ⎝ ⎛

− + ⋅ ⎟ ⎟ ⎠ ⎞ ⎜ ⎜ ⎝ ⎛

−

= ⋅ ⎟ ⎟ ⎠ ⎞ ⎜ ⎜ ⎝ ⎛

− = ⎥ ⎦ ⎤ ⎢ ⎣ ⎡

⋅ ⎟ ⎟ ⎠ ⎞ ⎜ ⎜ ⎝ ⎛

− +

⋅ ⋅ ⎟ ⎟ ⎠ ⎞ ⎜ ⎜ ⎝ ⎛

− = ⋅ ⎟ ⎟ ⎠ ⎞ ⎜ ⎜ ⎝ ⎛

− ⋅ +

∆ ∆ ∆ ∆

− ∆

− ∆

− ∆

− ∆

− ∆

− ∆

− ∆

−

0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0

0 0



### 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

y e y y y y e y y y y y y e y y y e y y e

y y e y y e y y

y e y y

e y y y e y y

e y y y y

x x c x c x x

c x x

c x x

c x x

c c

β β β β β β β β

β β β

### 5B-11 5B.3 The Calculation of “Shrinkage” Esti mates from the Location-Specific Estimates
Reported in Huang et al. (2004)



### “Shrinkage” estimates were calculated from the location-specific estimates reported in
Table 1 of Huang et al. (2004), using the met hod described in DuMouchel (1994). Both Huang
et al. (2004) and DuMouchel (199 4) consider a Bayesian hierarch ical model. Although they use

different notation, the models are the same. Th e notation comparison is given in Table B-13

below.

Given a posterior distribution for τ

, π ( τ | y), a shrinkage estimate for the ith location is

calculated as:



### τ τ π τ θ θ θ d y y E

i i i 

### ) | ( ) ( ] | [ * * 

# ∫

= ≡

where 

### ) /( )] ( [ ) ( ]

, | [ ) ( 2 2 2 * * *

i i i i 

### s y y E +

− + = ≡ τ τ τ μ τ μ τ θ τ θ

,

where 

# ∑

= ≡

i i i 

### y w y E ) ( ]

, | [ ) ( * 

### τ τ μ τ μ



### ,

where 

# ∑

− − 

### + + =

j j i i 

### s s w 1 2 2 1 2 2 

### ) ( / ) ( ) ( τ τ τ

.

A shrinkage estimate for the ith location is thus defined to be the expected value of the ith
location-specific parameter, given all the loca tion-specific estimates (see Table 1 for notation
explanations). The posterior variance of the true ith location-specific parameter, given all the
location-specific estimates, is given by:

τ τ π θ τ θ τ θ θ θ d y y V y V

i i i i i 

### ) | ( } ] ) ( [ ]

, | [ { ] | [ 2 * * * *



### − + = ≡ 

# ∫

,

where ) /( ) ( / )] /( [ ]

, | [ 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2

i i

j j i i i 

### s s s s s y V + + + + = − 

# ∑ τ τ τ τ τ θ

.

A 95 percent credible interv al around the ith shrinkage estimate was calculated as

) ( * 96

. 1 * * *

i i 

### θ θ ±



### .5B-12Table 5B-13. NotationHuang et al. (2004) DuMouchel (1994)Location indicator c iparameter being estimated for location c (ori)θcθiEstimate of parameter for location c (or i)*$ θcyivariance in the overalldistribution of trueθs.τ2τ2variance of the estimate ofθcor (θi)**vcsi2The mean of the overall distribution of trueθsμμThe model:),(~ˆ)2(&)1()2(),(~)1(),(~ˆ22 τ

μ

θ τ μ

θ θ

θ+⇒ccccccvNNvN),(~)4(&)3(),2(),1(),(~)3()2()4(),0(~)3(),0(~)2()1(22222iiiiiiiiiiisNyNandsNNy+⇒⇒+=++= τ μ

τ μ

θ

ε τ

δ δ

μ

θ ε

δ

μ*Given in Table 1 of Huang et al. (2004)**Estimated by taking the square of the location-specific standard error, reported in Huang et al. (2004) for each location.

### APPENDIX 5C. ADDITIONAL HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT ESTIMATESTable 5C-1. Number of All Children (Ages 5-18) Engaged in Moderate Exertion Estimated to Experience At Least One Lung FunctionResponseAssociated with Exposure to O3 Concentrations That Just Meet the Current and Alternative Daily Maximum 8-Hour Standards, forLocation-Specific O3 Seasons: Based on Adjusting 2002 O3 Concentrations*0.084/4*** 0.084/3 0.080/4 0.074/5 0.074/4 0.074/3 0.070/4 0.064/494 92 79 69 63 63 53 40(71 - 133) (69 - 131) (58 - 117) (49 - 105) (44 - 98) (44 - 97) (35 - 84) (25 - 66)123 106 105 98 81 72 68 50(95 - 167) (80 - 150) (79 - 148) (73 - 141) (58 - 121) (50 - 110) (46 - 104) (31 - 80)186 172 160 141 124 116 104 77(140 - 268) (127 - 252) (116 - 238) (99 - 216) (85 - 195) (78 - 183) (68 - 167) (47 - 127)73 64 63 51 49 43 41 31(57 - 99) (49 - 90) (48 - 88) (37 - 77) (35 - 74) (30 - 67) (28 - 64) (20 - 50)121 106 103 99 80 71 67 50(92 - 169) (79 - 154) (76 - 151) (73 - 147) (56 - 124) (49 - 113) (45 - 107) (31 - 82)70 62 60 48 46 42 38 28(50 - 106) (43 - 96) (41 - 92) (31 - 76) (30 - 73) (27 - 67) (24 - 61) (16 - 44)120 115 99 70 70 66 52 28(87 - 187) (83 - 180) (71 - 155) (49 - 109) (49 - 108) (46 - 102) (36 - 80) (18 - 43)382 355 328 248 258 240 218 165(283 - 555) (259 - 524) (236 - 494) (166 - 392) (175 - 406) (160 - 382) (141 - 350) (99 - 270)149 134 129 106 101 92 85 65(117 - 201) (103 - 185) (99 - 179) (78 - 156) (74 - 150) (65 - 139) (60 - 131) (42 - 104)27 25 23 18 17 16 14 10(21 - 40) (19 - 37) (18 - 35) (14 - 29) (13 - 27) (12 - 25) (10 - 22) (7 - 16)72 65 61 52 48 44 40 30(56 - 96) (50 - 89) (47 - 86) (38 - 75) (35 - 71) (31 - 66) (28 - 62) (19 - 48)168 145 143 122 113 100 96 72(129 - 231) (109 - 207) (108 - 205) (89 - 182) (80 - 171) (69 - 155) (65 - 150) (46 - 117)36 35 29 23 21 20 16 11(21 - 54) (20 - 52) (15 - 44) (11 - 38) (8 - 34) (8 - 34) (5 - 28) (1 - 21)52 42 42 38 29 24 22 14(33 - 74) (25 - 62) (24 - 61) (21 - 57) (14 - 45) (11 - 39) (9 - 37) (3 - 26)71 63 57 47 40 36 31 20(41 - 106) (35 - 96) (29 - 88) (22 - 76) (15 - 66) (12 - 62) (9 - 55) (2 - 40)30 25 24 18 17 14 13 9(19 - 43) (15 - 37) (15 - 36) (10 - 28) (9 - 27) (6 - 23) (5 - 22) (2 - 16)47 40 38 36 27 22 21 14(29 - 69) (23 - 60) (21 - 58) (20 - 55) (12 - 43) (9 - 38) (7 - 35) (1 - 26)24 20 19 14 13 12 10 7(11 - 38) (8 - 34) (7 - 32) (3 - 25) (3 - 24) (2 - 22) (1 - 20) (0 - 14)35 33 27 18 18 17 13 7(7 - 62) (6 - 59) (4 - 51) (1 - 35) (1 - 35) (1 - 33) (0 - 26) (0 - 14)LocationNumber of All Children (in 1000s) Estimated to Experience at Least One Lung Function Response Associated with O3 Concentrationsthat Just Meetthe Current and Alternative O3 Standards**Response = Decrease in FEV1 Greater Than or Equal to 10%AtlantaBostonChicagoClevelandDetroitHoustonLos AngelesNew YorkPhiladelphiaSacramentoSt. LouisWashington, DCResponse = Decrease in FEV1 Greater Than or Equal to 15%AtlantaBostonChicagoClevelandDetroitHoustonLos Angeles5C-10.084/4*** 0.084/3 0.080/4 0.074/5 0.074/4 0.074/3 0.070/4 0.064/4LocationNumber of All Children (in 1000s) Estimated to Experience at Least One Lung Function Response Associated with O3 Concentrationsthat Just Meetthe Current and Alternative O3 Standards**142 128 114 76 81 73 64 43(79 - 216) (68 - 197) (57 - 181) (26 - 132) (29 - 138) (23 - 127) (16 - 115) (3 - 86)63 54 51 39 36 31 28 19(41 - 89) (34 - 78) (31 - 75) (21 - 59) (19 - 56) (15 - 50) (13 - 46) (5 - 34)10 8 8 6 5 5 4 3(5 - 15) (4 - 13) (3 - 12) (2 - 10) (1 - 9) (1 - 8) (1 - 7) (0 - 5)30 26 24 19 17 15 13 9(20 - 43) (16 - 38) (15 - 35) (11 - 29) (9 - 26) (7 - 24) (6 - 22) (2 - 16)68 55 55 44 39 32 30 20(42 - 98) (32 - 82) (31 - 82) (22 - 68) (18 - 62) (13 - 54) (12 - 51) (4 - 38)10 10 7 5 4 4 3 2(3 - 21) (3 - 20) (2 - 16) (1 - 13) (1 - 11) (1 - 11) (0 - 9) (0 - 6)18 13 13 11 7 5 5 2(8 - 33) (5 - 26) (5 - 25) (4 - 23) (2 - 16) (1 - 14) (1 - 12) (0 - 8)19 16 13 10 8 7 5 3(6 - 40) (4 - 35) (3 - 31) (1 - 26) (1 - 22) (0 - 20) (0 - 17) (0 - 12)97744331(4 - 18) (2 - 14) (2 - 14) (1 - 10) (1 - 9) (0 - 8) (0 - 7) (0 - 5)13 10 9 9 5 4 4 2(4 - 27) (2 - 22) (2 - 21) (2 - 20) (0 - 14) (0 - 12) (0 - 11) (0 - 8)64422221(1 - 14) (1 - 11) (1 - 11) (0 - 8) (0 - 7) (0 - 7) (0 - 6) (0 - 4)66433221(0 - 20) (0 - 19) (0 - 16) (0 - 10) (0 - 10) (0 - 10) (0 - 8) (0 - 4)37 31 26 14 16 13 11 6(11 - 81) (8 - 72) (5 - 64) (1 - 43) (1 - 45) (1 - 41) (0 - 36) (0 - 25)21 16 15 10 9 7 6 3(9 - 39) (6 - 32) (5 - 30) (2 - 22) (2 - 20) (1 - 17) (1 - 16) (0 - 11)22211110(0 - 5) (0 - 5) (0 - 4) (0 - 3) (0 - 3) (0 - 3) (0 - 2) (0 - 2)10 8 7 5 4 3 3 1(4 - 19) (3 - 15) (2 - 14) (1 - 11) (1 - 9) (0 - 8) (0 - 7) (0 - 5)21 15 15 10 9 7 6 3(8 - 41) (5 - 32) (5 - 31) (2 - 24) (1 - 21) (1 - 18) (1 - 17) (0 - 12)*Numbers are median (0.5 fractile) numbers of children. Numbers in parentheses below the median are 95% credible intervals based on statistical uncertaintysurrounding the O3 coefficient.**Incidence was quantified down to estimated policy relevant background levels. Incidences are rounded to the nearest 1000.New YorkPhiladelphiaSacramentoSt. LouisWashington, DCResponse = Decrease in FEV1 Greater Than or Equal to 20%AtlantaBostonChicagoClevelandDetroitHoustonLos AngelesWashington, DC***These 8-hr average standards, denoted m/n, are characterized by a concentration of m ppm and an nth daily maximum. So, forexample, the current standard is 0.084/4 -- 0.084 ppm, 4th daily maximum 8-hr average. These nth daily maximum standards require that the average of the 3 annual nth daily maxima over a 3-year period beat or below the specified level (e.g., 0.084 ppm).New YorkPhiladelphiaSacramentoSt. Louis5C-2Table 5C-2. Percent of All Children (Ages 5-18) Engaged in Moderate Exertion Estimated to Experience At Least One Lung Function ResponseAssociated with Exposure to O3 Concentrations That Just Meet the Current and Alternative Daily Maximum 8-Hour Standards, forLocation-Specific O3 Seasons: Based on Adjusting 2002 O3 Concentrations*0.084/4*** 0.084/3 0.080/4 0.074/5 0.074/4 0.074/3 0.070/4 0.064/49.9% 9.7% 8.4% 7.3% 6.7% 6.7% 5.6% 4.3%(7.5% - 14.1%) (7.3% - 13.9%) (6.2% - 12.5%) (5.2% - 11.1%) (4.7% - 10.4%) (4.6% - 10.3%) (3.7% - 8.9%) (2.6% - 7%)11.2% 9.7% 9.6% 9% 7.4% 6.6% 6.2% 4.6%(8.7% - 15.3%) (7.3% - 13.7%) (7.2% - 13.5%) (6.7% - 12.8%) (5.3% - 11%) (4.6% - 10%) (4.2% - 9.5%) (2.9% - 7.3%)9.6% 8.8% 8.2% 7.2% 6.4% 5.9% 5.3% 4%(7.2% - 13.7%) (6.5% - 12.9%) (6% - 12.2%) (5.1% - 11.1%) (4.4% - 10%) (4% - 9.4%) (3.5% - 8.6%) (2.4% - 6.5%)12.3% 10.8% 10.5% 8.7% 8.2% 7.3% 6.9% 5.2%(9.6% - 16.7%) (8.3% - 15.2%) (8% - 14.9%) (6.3% - 12.9%) (5.9% - 12.4%) (5.1% - 11.3%) (4.7% - 10.8%) (3.3% - 8.4%)10.9% 9.6% 9.3% 9% 7.2% 6.4% 6% 4.5%(8.3% - 15.2%) (7.1% - 13.9%) (6.9% - 13.6%) (6.6% - 13.2%) (5.1% - 11.2%) (4.4% - 10.2%) (4% - 9.6%) (2.8% - 7.4%)6.5% 5.7% 5.5% 4.4% 4.2% 3.9% 3.5% 2.6%(4.6% - 9.7%) (4% - 8.8%) (3.8% - 8.5%) (2.9% - 7%) (2.7% - 6.7%) (2.4% - 6.2%) (2.2% - 5.6%) (1.4% - 4.1%)3.3% 3.1% 2.7% 1.9% 1.9% 1.8% 1.4% 0.8%(2.4% - 5.1%) (2.3% - 4.9%) (1.9% - 4.2%) (1.3% - 3%) (1.3% - 2.9%) (1.3% - 2.8%) (1% - 2.2%) (0.5% - 1.2%)9.2% 8.6% 7.9% 6% 6.2% 5.8% 5.3% 4%(6.8% - 13.4%) (6.2% - 12.6%) (5.7% - 11.9%) (4% - 9.4%) (4.2% - 9.8%) (3.8% - 9.2%) (3.4% - 8.4%) (2.4% - 6.5%)12.6% 11.3% 10.9% 9% 8.5% 7.7% 7.2% 5.5%(9.9% - 16.9%) (8.7% - 15.6%) (8.3% - 15.1%) (6.6% - 13.1%) (6.2% - 12.6%) (5.5% - 11.7%) (5% - 11.1%) (3.6% - 8.8%)6.5% 6% 5.5% 4.5% 4.2% 3.9% 3.4% 2.5%(5.1% - 9.7%) (4.7% - 9.1%) (4.3% - 8.4%) (3.4% - 7%) (3.2% - 6.6%) (2.9% - 6.1%) (2.5% - 5.4%) (1.8% - 3.8%)12.3% 11.2% 10.5% 8.9% 8.2% 7.5% 6.9% 5.1%(9.7% - 16.5%) (8.6% - 15.4%) (8.1% - 14.7%) (6.6% - 12.9%) (6% - 12.2%) (5.4% - 11.4%) (4.8% - 10.6%) (3.3% - 8.3%)11.3% 9.7% 9.7% 8.2% 7.6% 6.7% 6.4% 4.9%(8.7% - 15.6%) (7.3% - 13.9%) (7.2% - 13.8%) (6% - 12.3%) (5.4% - 11.5%) (4.6% - 10.4%) (4.4% - 10.1%) (3.1% - 7.9%)3.8% 3.7% 3% 2.5% 2.2% 2.2% 1.7% 1.2%(2.2% - 5.7%) (2.2% - 5.5%) (1.6% - 4.7%) (1.1% - 4%) (0.9% - 3.6%) (0.9% - 3.6%) (0.5% - 3%) (0.1% - 2.2%)4.7% 3.9% 3.8% 3.5% 2.6% 2.2% 2% 1.3%(3% - 6.8%) (2.3% - 5.7%) (2.2% - 5.6%) (2% - 5.2%) (1.3% - 4.1%) (1% - 3.6%) (0.8% - 3.3%) (0.3% - 2.4%)3.6% 3.2% 2.9% 2.4% 2% 1.8% 1.6% 1%(2.1% - 5.4%) (1.8% - 4.9%) (1.5% - 4.5%) (1.1% - 3.9%) (0.8% - 3.4%) (0.6% - 3.2%) (0.4% - 2.8%) (0.1% - 2.1%)5.1% 4.3% 4.1% 3.1% 2.9% 2.4% 2.2% 1.5%(3.3% - 7.2%) (2.6% - 6.2%) (2.5% - 6%) (1.7% - 4.8%) (1.5% - 4.5%) (1.1% - 3.9%) (0.9% - 3.7%) (0.3% - 2.7%)4.3% 3.6% 3.4% 3.2% 2.4% 2% 1.8% 1.2%(2.6% - 6.3%) (2% - 5.4%) (1.9% - 5.2%) (1.8% - 5%) (1.1% - 3.9%) (0.8% - 3.4%) (0.6% - 3.2%) (0.1% - 2.4%)2.2% 1.9% 1.7% 1.3% 1.2% 1.1% 0.9% 0.6%(1% - 3.5%) (0.7% - 3.1%) (0.6% - 2.9%) (0.3% - 2.3%) (0.3% - 2.2%) (0.2% - 2%) (0.1% - 1.8%) (0% - 1.3%)0.9% 0.9% 0.7% 0.5% 0.5% 0.5% 0.3% 0.2%(0.2% - 1.7%) (0.2% - 1.6%) (0.1% - 1.4%) (0% - 1%) (0% - 1%) (0% - 0.9%) (0% - 0.7%) (0% - 0.4%)LocationPercent of All Children Estimated to Experience at Least One Lung Function Response Associated with O3 Concentrations that JustMeet the Currentand Alternative O3 Standards**Response = Decrease in FEV1 Greater Than or Equal to 10%AtlantaBostonChicagoClevelandDetroitHoustonLos AngelesNew YorkPhiladelphiaSacramentoSt. LouisWashington, DCResponse = Decrease in FEV1 Greater Than or Equal to 15%AtlantaBostonChicagoClevelandDetroitHoustonLos Angeles5C-30.084/4*** 0.084/3 0.080/4 0.074/5 0.074/4 0.074/3 0.070/4 0.064/4LocationPercent of All Children Estimated to Experience at Least One Lung Function Response Associated with O3 Concentrations that JustMeet the Currentand Alternative O3 Standards**3.4% 3.1% 2.8% 1.8% 2% 1.8% 1.5% 1%(1.9% - 5.2%) (1.6% - 4.8%) (1.4% - 4.4%) (0.6% - 3.2%) (0.7% - 3.3%) (0.6% - 3.1%) (0.4% - 2.8%) (0.1% - 2.1%)5.4% 4.6% 4.3% 3.3% 3% 2.6% 2.4% 1.6%(3.5% - 7.5%) (2.8% - 6.6%) (2.6% - 6.3%) (1.8% - 5%) (1.6% - 4.7%) (1.3% - 4.2%) (1.1% - 3.9%) (0.4% - 2.9%)2.3% 2% 1.8% 1.4% 1.3% 1.1% 1% 0.6%(1.1% - 3.5%) (0.9% - 3.2%) (0.7% - 2.9%) (0.4% - 2.3%) (0.3% - 2.2%) (0.3% - 2%) (0.2% - 1.7%) (0% - 1.2%)5.2% 4.5% 4.2% 3.3% 2.9% 2.6% 2.3% 1.5%(3.4% - 7.4%) (2.8% - 6.5%) (2.5% - 6.1%) (1.8% - 5%) (1.5% - 4.5%) (1.2% - 4.1%) (1% - 3.7%) (0.4% - 2.7%)4.6% 3.7% 3.7% 2.9% 2.6% 2.2% 2.1% 1.4%(2.9% - 6.6%) (2.1% - 5.6%) (2.1% - 5.5%) (1.5% - 4.6%) (1.2% - 4.2%) (0.9% - 3.6%) (0.8% - 3.4%) (0.3% - 2.5%)1.1% 1% 0.7% 0.6% 0.5% 0.4% 0.3% 0.2%(0.4% - 2.2%) (0.3% - 2.2%) (0.2% - 1.7%) (0.1% - 1.4%) (0.1% - 1.2%) (0.1% - 1.2%) (0% - 0.9%) (0% - 0.7%)1.6% 1.2% 1.1% 1% 0.6% 0.5% 0.4% 0.2%(0.7% - 3%) (0.5% - 2.3%) (0.4% - 2.3%) (0.4% - 2.1%) (0.2% - 1.5%) (0.1% - 1.2%) (0.1% - 1.1%) (0% - 0.7%)1% 0.8% 0.7% 0.5% 0.4% 0.3% 0.3% 0.2%(0.3% - 2.1%) (0.2% - 1.8%) (0.1% - 1.6%) (0.1% - 1.3%) (0% - 1.1%) (0% - 1%) (0% - 0.9%) (0% - 0.6%)1.6% 1.2% 1.1% 0.7% 0.6% 0.5% 0.4% 0.2%(0.6% - 3%) (0.4% - 2.4%) (0.3% - 2.3%) (0.1% - 1.7%) (0.1% - 1.6%) (0% - 1.3%) (0% - 1.2%) (0% - 0.8%)1.2% 0.9% 0.8% 0.8% 0.5% 0.4% 0.3% 0.2%(0.4% - 2.4%) (0.2% - 2%) (0.2% - 1.9%) (0.2% - 1.8%) (0% - 1.3%) (0% - 1.1%) (0% - 1%) (0% - 0.7%)0.5% 0.4% 0.4% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.1% 0.1%(0.1% - 1.3%) (0.1% - 1%) (0.1% - 1%) (0% - 0.7%) (0% - 0.7%) (0% - 0.6%) (0% - 0.5%) (0% - 0.4%)0.2% 0.2% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0% 0%(0% - 0.5%) (0% - 0.5%) (0% - 0.4%) (0% - 0.3%) (0% - 0.3%) (0% - 0.3%) (0% - 0.2%) (0% - 0.1%)0.9% 0.8% 0.6% 0.3% 0.4% 0.3% 0.3% 0.2%(0.3% - 2%) (0.2% - 1.7%) (0.1% - 1.5%) (0% - 1%) (0% - 1.1%) (0% - 1%) (0% - 0.9%) (0% - 0.6%)1.8% 1.4% 1.3% 0.8% 0.7% 0.6% 0.5% 0.3%(0.8% - 3.3%) (0.5% - 2.7%) (0.4% - 2.5%) (0.2% - 1.8%) (0.2% - 1.7%) (0.1% - 1.5%) (0.1% - 1.3%) (0% - 0.9%)0.5% 0.4% 0.4% 0.3% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.1%(0.1% - 1.3%) (0.1% - 1.1%) (0% - 1%) (0% - 0.8%) (0% - 0.7%) (0% - 0.6%) (0% - 0.5%) (0% - 0.4%)1.7% 1.4% 1.2% 0.8% 0.7% 0.6% 0.5% 0.3%(0.7% - 3.2%) (0.5% - 2.7%) (0.4% - 2.4%) (0.2% - 1.8%) (0.1% - 1.6%) (0.1% - 1.4%) (0% - 1.2%) (0% - 0.8%)1.4% 1% 1% 0.7% 0.6% 0.4% 0.4% 0.2%(0.6% - 2.8%) (0.3% - 2.1%) (0.3% - 2.1%) (0.2% - 1.6%) (0.1% - 1.4%) (0% - 1.2%) (0% - 1.1%) (0% - 0.8%)*Percents are median (0.5 fractile) percents of children. Percents in parentheses below the median are 95% credible intervalsbased on statistical uncertaintysurrounding the O3 coefficient.**Incidence was quantified down to estimated policy relevant background levels. Percents are rounded to the nearest tenth.New YorkPhiladelphiaSacramentoSt. LouisWashington, DCResponse = Decrease in FEV1 Greater Than or Equal to 20%AtlantaBostonChicagoClevelandDetroitHoustonLos AngelesWashington, DC***These 8-hr average standards, denoted m/n, are characterized by a concentration of m ppm and an nth daily maximum. So, forexample, the current standard is 0.084/4 -- 0.084 ppm, 4th daily maximum 8-hraverage. These nth daily maximum standards require that the average of the 3 annual nth daily maxima over a 3-year period be ator below the specified level (e.g., 0.084 ppm).New YorkPhiladelphiaSacramentoSt. Louis5C-4Table 5C-3. Estimated Number of Occurrences of Lung Function Response Associated with Exposure to O3 Concentrations That JustMeetthe Current and Alternative Daily Maximum 8-Hour Standards Among All Children (Ages 5-18) Engaged in Moderate Exertion, forLocation-Specific O3 Seasons: Based on Adjusting 2002 O3 Concentrations*0.084/4*** 0.084/3 0.080/4 0.074/5 0.074/4 0.074/3 0.070/4 0.064/4782 770 693 621 580 577 510 415(312 - 1365) (304 - 1348) (254 - 1230) (210 - 1115) (185 - 1050) (184 - 1045) (145 - 935) (95 - 777)795 718 711 679 594 550 527 433(326 - 1379) (273 - 1267) (268 - 1256) (247 - 1208) (193 - 1079) (166 - 1008) (152 - 972) (99 - 820)1286 1202 1140 1038 946 895 827 670(521 - 2239) (465 - 2111) (424 - 2018) (360 - 1858) (303 - 1711) (273 - 1629) (233 - 1517) (149 - 1255)564 513 502 433 417 383 367 300(254 - 962) (217 - 889) (209 - 872) (162 - 770) (151 - 744) (129 - 692) (119 - 666) (79 - 557)864 782 764 743 633 578 553 450(374 - 1490) (317 - 1369) (304 - 1342) (291 - 1311) (218 - 1140) (184 - 1052) (169 - 1012) (110 - 841)404 362 346 278 264 239 209 106(153 - 679) (131 - 610) (124 - 583) (91 - 467) (85 - 443) (74 - 398) (64 - 343) (35 - 150)1504 1447 1266 863 851 796 575 206(336 - 2792) (314 - 2692) (255 - 2364) (149 - 1613) (146 - 1590) (134 - 1486) (90 - 1058) (35 - 323)3053 2879 2730 2237 2304 2189 2044 1654(1184 - 5374) (1070 - 5107) (971 - 4878) (663 - 4097) (700 - 4205) (633 - 4019) (548 - 3783) (350 - 3125)1232 1132 1100 958 925 860 818 677(565 - 2082) (493 - 1939) (470 - 1891) (371 - 1680) (349 - 1631) (306 - 1529) (279 - 1464) (192 - 1237)315 296 279 238 229 216 199 156(106 - 566) (95 - 534) (86 - 506) (65 - 439) (60 - 423) (54 - 402) (46 - 371) (29 - 296)515 476 455 396 374 350 326 264(235 - 869) (208 - 814) (193 - 782) (154 - 695) (139 - 661) (124 - 623) (109 - 586) (73 - 484)1327 1190 1183 1055 994 908 882 728(560 - 2293) (465 - 2090) (460 - 2078) (377 - 1884) (338 - 1788) (285 - 1651) (269 - 1610) (182 - 1358)196 192 166 143 131 130 111 86(39 - 442) (37 - 435) (25 - 392) (16 - 352) (12 - 330) (12 - 328) (6 - 291) (1 - 240)210 181 179 167 139 124 117 91(56 - 458) (40 - 412) (39 - 408) (34 - 389) (20 - 341) (14 - 316) (12 - 304) (4 - 252)325 297 276 243 215 200 180 139(68 - 727) (54 - 679) (45 - 644) (31 - 588) (21 - 537) (16 - 510) (11 - 472) (2 - 388)153 133 129 105 99 88 83 64(43 - 320) (32 - 290) (30 - 284) (18 - 245) (15 - 236) (11 - 217) (9 - 208) (2 - 172)226 197 190 183 147 130 123 94(56 - 488) (41 - 441) (38 - 431) (34 - 420) (18 - 359) (12 - 328) (9 - 315) (2 - 259)99 87 82 64 61 55 48 26(13 - 223) (9 - 199) (8 - 191) (4 - 153) (3 - 145) (2 - 131) (1 - 114) (0 - 54)315 302 261 175 173 161 117 46(9 - 869) (8 - 837) (5 - 735) (1 - 502) (1 - 496) (1 - 463) (0 - 333) (0 - 112)LocationNumber of Occurrences (in 1000s) of Lung Function Response Associated with O3 Concentrations that Just Meet the Current and Alternative O3Standards**Response = Decrease in FEV1 Greater Than or Equal to 10%AtlantaBostonChicagoClevelandDetroitHoustonLos AngelesNew YorkPhiladelphiaSacramentoSt. LouisWashington, DCResponse = Decrease in FEV1 Greater Than or Equal to 15%AtlantaBostonChicagoClevelandDetroitHoustonLos Angeles5C-50.084/4*** 0.084/3 0.080/4 0.074/5 0.074/4 0.074/3 0.070/4 0.064/4LocationNumber of Occurrences (in 1000s) of Lung Function Response Associated with O3 Concentrations that Just Meet the Current and Alternative O3Standards**753 695 646 494 513 480 439 339(140 - 1727) (113 - 1630) (91 - 1547) (35 - 1277) (40 - 1314) (31 - 1252) (20 - 1174) (4 - 962)335 297 284 234 223 202 189 147(92 - 696) (71 - 638) (64 - 619) (39 - 539) (34 - 521) (25 - 485) (20 - 462) (7 - 386)72 67 62 51 49 46 41 31(8 - 179) (6 - 168) (5 - 159) (2 - 137) (2 - 132) (1 - 125) (1 - 115) (0 - 91)141 126 118 98 91 83 75 57(40 - 292) (32 - 269) (28 - 257) (18 - 224) (15 - 211) (11 - 198) (9 - 185) (2 - 150)345 296 293 250 231 205 197 154(82 - 752) (57 - 674) (55 - 670) (36 - 599) (28 - 564) (19 - 517) (16 - 503) (4 - 420)30 29 23 18 16 16 12 8(4 - 118) (4 - 116) (2 - 101) (1 - 88) (1 - 81) (1 - 80) (0 - 69) (0 - 55)39 30 29 26 19 15 14 9(10 - 130) (6 - 111) (6 - 110) (4 - 103) (2 - 85) (1 - 77) (1 - 73) (0 - 57)51 44 38 31 26 23 20 13(7 - 195) (5 - 179) (3 - 166) (1 - 148) (1 - 132) (0 - 123) (0 - 112) (0 - 88)27 22 20 15 13 11 10 7(5 - 91) (3 - 79) (3 - 77) (1 - 63) (1 - 60) (0 - 54) (0 - 51) (0 - 40)37 30 28 26 18 15 14 9(5 - 134) (3 - 117) (2 - 114) (2 - 110) (0 - 89) (0 - 80) (0 - 76) (0 - 59)14 11 10 7 7 6 5 3(1 - 60) (1 - 52) (1 - 50) (0 - 39) (0 - 37) (0 - 33) (0 - 29) (0 - 15)31 29 24 15 15 14 10 4(0 - 199) (0 - 191) (0 - 166) (0 - 112) (0 - 110) (0 - 103) (0 - 75) (0 - 28)112 98 86 56 59 53 46 32(13 - 455) (9 - 421) (6 - 392) (1 - 306) (1 - 317) (1 - 298) (0 - 275) (0 - 216)61 50 46 33 31 26 23 16(13 - 201) (8 - 177) (7 - 170) (3 - 141) (2 - 134) (1 - 123) (1 - 115) (0 - 92)98755543(1 - 44) (0 - 41) (0 - 38) (0 - 32) (0 - 31) (0 - 29) (0 - 26) (0 - 20)26 22 19 14 13 11 9 6(6 - 84) (4 - 75) (3 - 71) (1 - 59) (1 - 55) (1 - 50) (0 - 46) (0 - 36)58 45 44 34 30 24 23 15(11 - 208) (6 - 179) (6 - 177) (3 - 152) (2 - 141) (1 - 126) (1 - 122) (0 - 97)*Numbers are median (0.5 fractile) numbers of occurrences. Numbers in parentheses below the median are 95% credible intervalsbased on statistical uncertaintysurrounding the O3 coefficient.**Incidence was quantified down to estimated policy relevant background levels. Incidences are rounded to the nearest 1000.New YorkPhiladelphiaSacramentoSt. LouisWashington, DCResponse = Decrease in FEV1 Greater Than or Equal to 20%AtlantaBostonChicagoClevelandDetroitHoustonLos AngelesWashington, DC***These 8-hr average standards, denoted m/n, are characterized by a concentration of m ppm and an nth daily maximum. So, forexample, the current standard is 0.084/4 -- 0.084 ppm, 4th daily maximum 8-hr average. These nth daily maximum standards require that the average of the 3 annual nth daily maxima over a 3-year period beat or below the specified level (e.g., 0.084 ppm).New YorkPhiladelphiaSacramentoSt. Louis5C-6Table 5C-4. Number of Asthmatic Children (Ages 5-18) Engaged in Moderate Exertion Estimated to Experience AtLeast One Lung Function Response (Change in FEV1>=10%) Associated with Exposure to O3Concentrations That Just Meet the Current and Two Alternative Daily Maximum 8-Hour Standards, forFive Location-Specific O3Seasons, Based on 2002, 2003, and 2004 O3 Concentrations*A Recent Year of Air Quality 0.084/4*** 0.074/4 0.064/418 13 9 5(14 - 23) (10 - 18) (6 - 13) (3 - 9)40 27 18 11(32 - 53) (20 - 39) (12 - 29) (7 - 19)17 9 6 4(13 - 23) (6 - 14) (4 - 9) (2 - 6)61 16 9 4(51 - 79) (11 - 24) (6 - 14) (2 - 6)118 63 43 27(97 - 147)(47 - 91)(29 - 67)(16 - 44)12 9 6 4(9 - 17) (6 - 13) (4 - 10) (2 - 6)21 18 12 7(15 - 32) (12 - 28) (7 - 19) (4 - 12)20 8 5 3(17 - 26) (5 - 12) (3 - 8) (2 - 5)77 16 9 3(65 - 95) (12 - 25) (6 - 14) (2 - 5)81 42 27 17(64 - 109)(29 - 64)(17 - 44)(9 - 27)12 8 5 3(9 - 17) (6 - 12) (3 - 9) (2 - 5)14 9 6 3(9 - 22) (5 - 14) (3 - 9) (1 - 6)17 9 6 4(14 - 23) (6 - 14) (4 - 10) (2 - 6)62 16 9 4(52 - 81) (11 - 25) (6 - 14) (2 - 6)51 26 17 11(37 - 76)(16 - 42)(9 - 28)(4 - 17)*Numbers are median (0.5 fractile) numbers of children. Numbers in parentheses below the median are 95% credible intervals based on statistical uncertaintysurrounding the O3 coefficient.**Incidence was quantified down to estimated policy relevant background levels. Incidences are rounded to the nearest 1000.LocationNumber of Asthmatic Children (in 1000s) Estimated to Experience at Least One Lung Function ResponseAssociated with O3 Concentrations that Just Meet the Current and Alternative O3 Standards**Based on 2002 Air Quality DataAtlantaChicagoHoustonLos AngelesNew YorkBased on 2003 Air Quality DataAtlantaChicagoHoustonLos AngelesNew YorkBased on 2004 Air Quality DataAtlanta***These 8-hr average standards, denoted m/n, are characterized by a concentration of m ppm and an nth daily maximum. So, forexample, the current standardis 0.084/4 -- 0.084 ppm, 4th daily maximum 8-hr average. These nth daily maximum standards require that the average of the 3 annual nth daily maxima over a 3-year period be at or below the specified level (e.g., 0.084 ppm).ChicagoHoustonLos AngelesNew York5C-7Table 5C-5. Percent of Asthmatic Children (Ages 5-18) Engaged in Moderate Exertion Estimated to Experience AtLeast One Lung Function Response (Change in FEV1>=10%) Associated with Exposure to O3Concentrations That Just Meet the Current and Two Alternative Daily Maximum 8-Hour Standards, forFive Location-SpecificO3Seasons, Based on 2002, 2003, and 2004 O3 Concentrations*A Recent Year of Air Quality 0.084/4*** 0.074/4 0.064/415.2% 10.9% 7.3% 4.6%(12.2% - 19.8%) (8.3% - 15.3%) (5.1% - 11.2%) (2.9% - 7.4%)14.5% 9.8% 6.5% 4.1%(11.6% - 18.9%) (7.3% - 14%) (4.5% - 10.2%) (2.5% - 6.7%)12.5% 6.7% 4.4% 2.7%(9.9% - 16.7%) (4.8% - 10.1%) (2.8% - 7%) (1.5% - 4.2%)13.3% 3.4% 2% 0.8%(11.1% - 17.2%) (2.5% - 5.3%) (1.4% - 3%) (0.5% - 1.2%)18.3% 9.8% 6.6% 4.2%(15.1% - 22.9%) (7.3% - 14.1%) (4.5% - 10.3%) (2.6% - 6.8%)10.1% 7.5% 5.1% 3.2%(7.6% - 14.5%) (5.4% - 11.5%) (3.3% - 8.2%) (1.8% - 5.2%)7.6% 6.3% 4.2% 2.6%(5.5% - 11.5%) (4.3% - 9.8%) (2.6% - 6.8%) (1.4% - 4.2%)15.1% 5.9% 3.9% 2.2%(12.3% - 19.5%) (4% - 9.2%) (2.4% - 6.2%) (1.1% - 3.4%)16.8% 3.5% 1.9% 0.7%(14.3% - 20.9%) (2.6% - 5.4%) (1.4% - 3%) (0.5% - 1.2%)12.7% 6.5% 4.2% 2.6%(10% - 17%) (4.5% - 10%) (2.6% - 6.9%) (1.3% - 4.2%)9.9% 6.9% 4.6% 2.9%(7.4% - 14.2%) (4.8% - 10.6%) (2.9% - 7.4%) (1.6% - 4.7%)4.9% 3.2% 2.1% 1.2%(3.1% - 7.8%) (1.8% - 5.1%) (1% - 3.4%) (0.3% - 2%)12.6% 6.7% 4.4% 2.6%(10% - 16.8%) (4.7% - 10.1%) (2.9% - 7%) (1.5% - 4.2%)13.6% 3.5% 2% 0.8%(11.4% - 17.7%) (2.5% - 5.5%) (1.4% - 3.1%) (0.5% - 1.2%)8% 4.1% 2.7% 1.6%(5.8% - 11.8%) (2.5% - 6.6%) (1.4% - 4.3%) (0.6% - 2.7%)*Percents are median (0.5 fractile) percents of children. Percents in parentheses below the median are 95% credible intervalsbased on statistical uncertaintysurrounding the O3 coefficient.**Incidence was quantified down to estimated policy relevant background levels. Percents are rounded to the nearest tenth.LocationPercent of Asthmatic Children Estimated to Experience at Least One Lung Function Response Associated withO3 Concentrations that Just Meet the Current and Alternative O3 Standards**Based on 2002 Air Quality DataAtlantaChicagoHoustonLos AngelesNew YorkBased on 2003 Air Quality DataAtlantaChicagoHoustonLos AngelesNew YorkBased on 2004 Air Quality DataAtlanta***These 8-hr average standards, denoted m/n, are characterized by a concentration of m ppm and an nth daily maximum. So, forexample, the current standard is0.084/4 -- 0.084 ppm, 4th daily maximum 8-hr average. These nth daily maximum standards require that the average of the 3 annual nth daily maxima over a 3-yearperiod be at or below the specified level (e.g., 0.084 ppm).ChicagoHoustonLos AngelesNew York5C-8Table 5C-6. Estimated Number of Occurrences of Lung Function Response (Change in FEV1>=10%) Associated withExposure to O3Concentrations That Just Meet the Current and Two Alternative Daily Maximum 8-HourStandards Among Asthmatic Children (Ages 5-18) Engaged in Moderate Exertion, for Five Location-SpecificO3Seasons, Based on 2002, 2003, and 2004 O3 Concentrations*A Recent Year of Air Quality 0.084/4*** 0.074/4 0.064/4145 109 81 58(68 - 244) (44 - 190) (26 - 146) (13 - 108)257 186 137 97(125 - 427) (75 - 324) (44 - 247) (22 - 182)96 52 34 14(45 - 158) (20 - 88) (11 - 57) (5 - 19)561 182 102 25(255 - 942) (42 - 335) (18 - 189) (4 - 39)834 509 385 275(435 - 1356) (200 - 894) (119 - 700) (59 - 519)106 83 61 43(40 - 187) (26 - 150) (14 - 114) (7 - 82)163 137 100 69(56 - 291) (42 - 250) (22 - 187) (9 - 134)131 55 32 7(64 - 213) (19 - 95) (9 - 55) (3 - 6)690 177 86 11(352 - 1119) (45 - 320) (18 - 153) (4 - 8)506 304 227 158(215 - 868) (88 - 557) (47 - 431) (19 - 310)109 82 61 44(38 - 196) (22 - 151) (12 - 116) (5 - 86)114 80 57 38(27 - 214) (12 - 154) (5 - 113) (1 - 78)110 61 40 18(51 - 181) (22 - 103) (12 - 68) (5 - 27)660 219 134 46(308 - 1108) (49 - 405) (21 - 253) (4 - 84)399 240 179 124(131 - 720) (46 - 458) (21 - 353) (6 - 252)*Numbers are median (0.5 fractile) numbers of occurrences. Numbers in parentheses below the median are 95% credible intervalsbased on statistical uncertaintysurrounding the O3 coefficient.**Incidence was quantified down to estimated policy relevant background levels. Incidences are rounded to the nearest 1000.LocationNumber of Occurrences (in 1000s) of Lung Function Response Associated with O3 Concentrations that Just Meethe Current and Alternative O3 Standards**Based on 2002 Air Quality DataAtlantaChicagoHoustonLos AngelesNew YorkBased on 2003 Air Quality DataAtlantaChicagoHoustonLos AngelesNew YorkBased on 2004 Air Quality DataAtlanta***These 8-hr average standards, denoted m/n, are characterized by a concentration of m ppm and an nth daily maximum. So, forexample, the current standard is0.084/4 -- 0.084 ppm, 4th daily maximum 8-hr average. These nth daily maximum standards require that the average of the 3 annual nth daily maxima over a 3-yearperiod be at or below the specified level (e.g., 0.084 ppm).ChicagoHoustonLos AngelesNew York5C-9Table 5C-7. Estimated Incidence of Health Risks Associated with O3Concentrations that Just Meet the Current and Alternative 8-HourDaily Maximum Standards: Boston, MA, April - September, Based on 2004 O3ConcentrationsRespiratorySymptoms*Study Ages LagExposureMetricOtherPollutantsin Model0.084/4*** 0.084/3 0.080/4  0.074/5 0.074/4 0.074/3 0.070/4** ** 0.064/40 - 12 1-day lag 1 hr max. none 45 42 42 41 38 36 35 31(7 - 79) (7 - 75) (7 - 74) (7 - 73) (6 - 67) (6 - 64) (6 - 62) (5 - 55)0 - 12 0-day lag 1 hr max. PM2.5 72 68 67 66 61 58 56 50(32 - 107) (30 - 102) (30 - 101) (29 - 99) (27 - 92) (26 - 88) (25 - 85) (22 - 75)0 - 12 1-day lag 1 hr max. PM2.5 66 62 62 61 56 53 52 45(25 - 102) (24 - 97) (24 - 96) (23 - 94) (21 - 87) (20 - 83) (20 - 81) (17 - 71)0 - 12 1-day lag 8 hr max. none 46 44 43 42 39 37 36 31(15 - 75) (14 - 71) (14 - 70) (13 - 69) (12 - 63) (12 - 61) (11 - 59) (10 - 52)0 - 12 1-day lag 1 hr max. none 48 46 45 44 41 39 38 33(6 - 87) (6 - 83) (5 - 82) (5 - 80) (5 - 74) (5 - 71) (5 - 69) (4 - 60)0 - 12 1-day lag 8 hr max. none 53 50 50 49 45 43 41 36(10 - 92) (10 - 87) (10 - 87) (9 - 85) (9 - 78) (8 - 75) (8 - 72) (7 - 64)0 - 12 0-day lag 1 hr max. PM2.5 132 124 123 121 111 106 103 90(47 - 208) (44 - 197) (44 - 196) (43 - 192) (39 - 177) (37 - 169) (36 - 164) (32 - 145)*Respiratory symptoms among asthmatic medication-users associated with short-term exposures to O3.****This alternative 8-hr standard assumes an alternative rounding convention where the standard is specified to the third decimal place.Note: Numbers in parentheses are 95% confidence or credible intervals based on statistical uncertainty surrounding the O3coefficient.WheezeGent et al.(2003)ChesttightnessGent et al.(2003)Shortness ofbreathGent et al.(2003)Shortness ofbreath***An 8-hr average standard, denoted m/n is characterized by a concentration of m ppm and an nth daily maximum. So, for example, the current standard is 0.084/4 -- 0.084 ppm, 4th dailymaximum 8-hr average using the current rounding convention.Incidence of Respiratory Symptom-Days (in 100s) Associated with O3Concentrations that Just Meet theCurrent and Alternative O3Standards**ChesttightnessGent et al.(2003)ChesttightnessGent et al.(2003)**Incidence was quantified down to estimated policy relevant background levels. Incidences of respiratory symptom-days are rounded to the nearest 100.Gent et al.(2003)ChesttightnessGent et al.(2003)5C -10Table 5C-8. Estimated Percent of Total Incidence of Health Risks Associated with O3Concentrations that Just Meet the Current and Alternative 8-HourDaily Maximum Standards: Boston, MA, April - September, Based on 2004 O3ConcentrationsRespiratorySymptoms*Study Ages LagExposureMetricOtherPollutantsin Model0.084/4*** 0.084/3 0.080/4  0.074/5 0.074/4 0.074/3 0.070/4** ** 0.064/40 - 12 1-day lag 1 hr max. none 8% 7.6% 7.5% 7.4% 6.8% 6.5% 6.3% 5.5%(1.3% - 14.2%) (1.2% - 13.4%) (1.2% - 13.3%) (1.2% - 13.1%) (1.1% - 12%) (1% - 11.5%) (1% - 11.2%) (0.9% - 9.8%)0 - 12 0-day lag 1 hr max. PM2.5 12.9% 12.2% 12.1% 11.9% 11% 10.5% 10.1% 8.9%(5.8% - 19.3%) (5.5% - 18.3%) (5.4% - 18.2%) (5.3% - 17.8%) (4.9% - 16.5%) (4.6% - 15.8%) (4.5% - 15.3%) (3.9% - 13.5%)0 - 12 1-day lag 1 hr max. PM2.5 11.9% 11.2% 11.1% 10.9% 10% 9.6% 9.3% 8.2%(4.6% - 18.4%) (4.3% - 17.4%) (4.3% - 17.3%) (4.2% - 17%) (3.8% - 15.7%) (3.7% - 15%) (3.5% - 14.6%) (3.1% - 12.8%)0 - 12 1-day lag 8 hr max. none 8.3% 7.8% 7.8% 7.6% 7% 6.7% 6.5% 5.7%(2.6% - 13.4%) (2.5% - 12.7%) (2.5% - 12.6%) (2.4% - 12.4%) (2.2% - 11.4%) (2.1% - 10.9%) (2% - 10.6%) (1.8% - 9.3%)0 - 12 1-day lag 1 hr max. none 7% 6.6% 6.5% 6.4% 5.9% 5.6% 5.4% 4.7%(0.8% - 12.6%) (0.8% - 11.9%) (0.8% - 11.8%) (0.8% - 11.6%) (0.7% - 10.6%) (0.7% - 10.2%) (0.6% - 9.9%) (0.6% - 8.7%)0 - 12 1-day lag 8 hr max. none 7.6% 7.2% 7.2% 7% 6.4% 6.1% 5.9% 5.2%(1.5% - 13.2%) (1.4% - 12.5%) (1.4% - 12.4%) (1.4% - 12.2%) (1.2% - 11.2%) (1.2% - 10.7%) (1.1% - 10.4%) (1% - 9.1%)0 - 12 0-day lag 1 hr max. PM2.5 10.1% 9.6% 9.5% 9.3% 8.6% 8.2% 7.9% 6.9%(3.6% - 16%) (3.4% - 15.2%) (3.4% - 15.1%) (3.3% - 14.8%) (3% - 13.7%) (2.9% - 13%) (2.8% - 12.7%) (2.4% - 11.2%)*Respiratory symptoms among asthmatic medication-users associated with short-term exposures to O3.****This alternative 8-hr standard assumes an alternative rounding convention where the standard is specified to the third decimal place.Note: Numbers in parentheses are 95% confidence or credible intervals based on statistical uncertainty surrounding the O3coefficient.Gent et al.(2003)Chest tightness Gent et al.(2003)Shortness ofbreathGent et al.(2003)Shortness ofbreathGent et al.(2003)***An 8-hr average standard, denoted m/n is characterized by a concentration of m ppm and an nth daily maximum. So, for example, the current standard is 0.084/4 -- 0.084 ppm, 4th daily maximum 8-hr average usingthe current rounding convention.Percent of Total Incidence of Respiratory Symptom-Days Associated with O3Concentrations that Just Meet the Current andAlternative O3Standards**Chest tightness Gent et al.(2003)Chest tightness Gent et al.(2003)Chest tightness Gent et al.(2003)Wheeze**Incidence was quantified down to estimated policy relevant background levels. Percents are rounded to the nearest tenth.5C -11Table 5C-9. Estimated Incidence of Health Risks Associated with O3Concentrations that Just Meet the Current and Alternative 8-HourDaily Maximum Standards: Boston, MA, April - September, Based on 2002 O3Concentrations0.084/4*** 0.084/3 0.080/4  0.074/5 0.074/4 0.074/3 0.070/4** ** 0.064/40 - 121-day lag 1 hr max. none 61 58 58 57 53 52 50 46(10 - 105) (9 - 101) (9 - 1) (9 - 99) (9 - 93) (8 - 90) (8 - 88) (7 - 80)0 - 120-day lag 1 hr max. PM2.5 96 93 92 90 85 82 80 73(44 - 141) (42 - 136) (42 - 135) (41 - 133) (38 - 126) (37 - 122) (36 - 119) (33 - 109)0 - 121-day lag 1 hr max. PM2.5 89 85 85 83 78 76 74 67(35 - 135) (33 - 130) (33 - 129) (32 - 127) (30 - 120) (29 - 116) (29 - 114) (26 - 104)0 - 121-day lag 8 hr max. none 64 61 60 59 56 54 53 48(21 - 101) (20 - 97) (20 - 97) (19 - 95) (18 - 90) (17 - 87) (17 - 85) (15 - 77)0 - 121-day lag 1 hr max. none 66 63 63 61 58 56 54 49(8 - 117) (8 - 113) (8 - 112) (8 - 110) (7 - 103) (7 - 1) (7 - 98) (6 - 89)0 - 121-day lag 8 hr max. none 73 70 70 68 64 62 61 55(15 - 125) (14 - 120) (14 - 119) (13 - 117) (13 - 110) (12 - 107) (12 - 104) (11 - 95)0 - 120-day lag 1 hr max. PM2.5 178 171 169 166 156 151 147 134(65 - 277) (62 - 266) (61 - 264) (60 - 259) (56 - 245) (54 - 238) (53 - 232) (48 - 212)*Respiratory symptoms among asthmatic medication-users associated with short-term exposures to O3.****This alternative 8-hr standard assumes an alternative rounding convention where the standard is specified to the third decimal place.Note: Numbers in parentheses are 95% confidence or credible intervals based on statistical uncertainty surrounding the O3coefficient.Ages LagGent et al.(2003)Shortness ofbreathChest tightnessGent et al.(2003)Chest tightness Gent et al.(2003)Wheeze Gent et al.(2003)Chest tightnessShortness ofbreathGent et al.(2003)***An 8-hr average standard, denoted m/n is characterized by a concentration of m ppm and an nth daily maximum. So, for example, the current standard is 0.084/4 -- 0.084 ppm, 4th daily maximum 8-hr average using the current rounding convention.Incidence of Respiratory Symptom-Days (in 100s) Associated with O3Concentrations that Just Meet theCurrent and Alternative O3Standards**OtherPollutantsin ModelRespiratorySymptoms*Chest tightness Gent et al.(2003)ExposureMetricStudy**Incidence was quantified down to estimated policy relevant background levels. Incidences of respiratory symptom-days are rounded to the nearest 100.Gent et al.(2003)5C -12Table 5C-10. Estimated Percent of Total Incidence of Health Risks Associated with O3Concentrations that Just Meet the Current and Alternative 8-HourDaily Maximum Standards: Boston, MA, April - September, Based on 2002 O3Concentrations0.084/4*** 0.084/3 0.080/4  0.074/5 0.074/4 0.074/3 0.070/4** ** 0.064/40 - 121-day lag 1 hr max. none 11% 10.5% 10.4% 10.2% 9.6% 9.3% 9% 8.2%(1.8% - 18.9%) (1.7% - 18.2%) (1.7% - 18.1%) (1.6% - 17.7%) (1.5% - 16.7%) (1.5% - 16.2%) (1.4% - 15.8%) (1.3% - 14.4%)0 - 120-day lag 1 hr max. PM2.5 17.3% 16.6% 16.5% 16.2% 15.3% 14.8% 14.4% 13.1%(7.9% - 25.4%) (7.6% - 24.5%) (7.5% - 24.3%) (7.3% - 23.9%) (6.9% - 22.6%) (6.7% - 21.9%) (6.5% - 21.4%) (5.9% - 19.6%)0 - 121-day lag 1 hr max. PM2.5 16% 15.3% 15.2% 14.9% 14% 13.6% 13.3% 12%(6.3% - 24.3%) (6% - 23.3%) (6% - 23.2%) (5.8% - 22.7%) (5.5% - 21.5%) (5.3% - 20.9%) (5.1% - 20.4%) (4.6% - 18.7%)0 - 121-day lag 8 hr max. none 11.4% 10.9% 10.9% 10.6% 10% 9.7% 9.5% 8.6%(3.7% - 18.2%) (3.5% - 17.5%) (3.5% - 17.4%) (3.4% - 17%) (3.2% - 16.1%) (3.1% - 15.6%) (3% - 15.2%) (2.7% - 13.9%)0 - 121-day lag 1 hr max. none 9.5% 9.1% 9% 8.8% 8.3% 8% 7.8% 7.1%(1.2% - 16.9%) (1.1% - 16.2%) (1.1% - 16.1%) (1.1% - 15.8%) (1% - 14.9%) (1% - 14.4%) (0.9% - 14%) (0.9% - 12.8%)0 - 121-day lag 8 hr max. none 10.6% 10.1% 10% 9.8% 9.2% 8.9% 8.7% 7.9%(2.1% - 17.9%) (2% - 17.2%) (2% - 17.1%) (1.9% - 16.8%) (1.8% - 15.8%) (1.8% - 15.4%) (1.7% - 15%) (1.5% - 13.7%)0 - 120-day lag 1 hr max. PM2.5 13.7% 13.1% 13% 12.8% 12% 11.6% 11.3% 10.3%(5% - 21.3%) (4.8% - 20.5%) (4.7% - 20.4%) (4.6% - 20%) (4.3% - 18.9%) (4.2% - 18.3%) (4.1% - 17.9%) (3.7% - 16.3%)*Respiratory symptoms among asthmatic medication-users associated with short-term exposures to O3.****This alternative 8-hr standard assumes an alternative rounding convention where the standard is specified to the third decimal place.Note: Numbers in parentheses are 95% confidence or credible intervals based on statistical uncertainty surrounding the O3coefficient.**Incidence was quantified down to estimated policy relevant background levels. Percents are rounded to the nearest tenth.Wheeze Gent et al.(2003)Chest tightness Gent et al.(2003)Shortness ofbreathGent et al.(2003)Shortness ofbreathGent et al.(2003)Chest tightness Gent et al.(2003)Chest tightness Gent et al.(2003)ExposureMetric***An 8-hr average standard, denoted m/n is characterized by a concentration of m ppm and an nth daily maximum. So, for example, the current standard is 0.084/4 -- 0.084 ppm, 4th daily maximum 8-hr average usingthe current rounding convention.Percent of Total Incidence of Respiratory Symptom-Days Associated with O3Concentrations that Just Meet the Current andAlternative O3Standards**OtherPollutantsin ModelRespiratorySymptoms*Study Ages LagChest tightness Gent et al.(2003)5C -13Table 5C-11. Estimated Incidence, Incidence per 100,000 Relevant Population, and Percent of Total Incidence of HospitalAdmissions Associated with O3Concentrations that Just Meet the Current and Alternative 8-Hour Daily MaximumStandards: New York, NY, April - September, Based on 2004 O3Concentrations*0.084/4*** 0.084/3 0.080/4  0.074/5 0.074/4 0.074/3 0.070/4** ** 0.064/43-day lag 366 334 341 314 304 279 278 241(89 - 644) (81 - 588) (82 - 599) (76 - 551) (73 - 534) (67 - 490) (67 - 489) (58 - 424)1-day lag 313 286 291 268 259 238 238 206(66 - 559) (61 - 510) (62 - 520) (57 - 479) (55 - 464) (51 - 425) (51 - 425) (44 - 368)0.084/4*** 0.084/3 0.080/4  0.074/5 0.074/4 0.074/3 0.070/4** ** 0.064/43-day lag 4.6 4.2 4.3 3.9 3.8 3.5 3.5 3(1.1 - 8) (1 - 7.3) (1 - 7.5) (0.9 - 6.9) (0.9 - 6.7) (0.8 - 6.1) (0.8 - 6.1) (0.7 - 5.3)1-day lag 3.9 3.6 3.6 3.3 3.2 3 3 2.6(0.8 - 7) (0.8 - 6.4) (0.8 - 6.5) (0.7 - 6) (0.7 - 5.8) (0.6 - 5.3) (0.6 - 5.3) (0.5 - 4.6)0.084/4*** 0.084/3 0.080/4  0.074/5 0.074/4 0.074/3 0.070/4** ** 0.064/43-day lag 1% 0.9% 1% 0.9% 0.9% 0.8% 0.8% 0.7%(0.3% - 1.8%) (0.2% - 1.7%) (0.2% - 1.7%) (0.2% - 1.6%) (0.2% - 1.5%) (0.2% - 1.4%) (0.2% - 1.4%) (0.2% - 1.2%)1-day lag 2.4% 2.2% 2.2% 2% 2% 1.8% 1.8% 1.6%(0.5% - 4.3%) (0.5% - 3.9%) (0.5% - 4%) (0.4% - 3.6%) (0.4% - 3.5%) (0.4% - 3.2%) (0.4% - 3.2%) (0.3% - 2.8%) This alternative 8-hr standard assumes an alternative rounding convention where the standard is specified to the third decimal place.Note: Numbers in parentheses are 95% confidence or credible intervals based on statistical uncertainty surrounding the O3coefficient.Incidence of Health Effects Associated with O3Concentrations that Just Meet the Current and Alternative O3Standards** *Based on single-pollutant models from Thurston et al. (1992) relating daily hospital admissions among all ages to daily 1-hr maximum O3exposures. New York in this study isdefined as the five boroughs of New York City.Incidence of Health Effects per 100,000 Relevant Population Associated with O3Concentrations that Just Meet the Current andAlternative O3StandardsPercent of Total Incidence of Health Effects Associated with O3Concentrations that Just Meet the Current and Alternative O3StandardsHospital AdmissionsHospital Admissions LagAsthma (unscheduled)Hospital AdmissionsRespiratory illness(unscheduled)***An 8-hr average standard, denoted m/n is characterized by a concentration of m ppm and an nth daily maximum. So, for example, the current standard is 0.084/4 -- 0.084 ppm,4th daily maximum 8-hr average using the current rounding convention.Respiratory illness(unscheduled)Asthma (unscheduled)LagRespiratory illness(unscheduled)Asthma (unscheduled)**Incidence was quantified down to estimated policy relevant background levels. Incidences are rounded to the nearest whole number; incidences per 100,000 relevant populationand percent of total incidence are rounded to the nearest tenth.Lag5C-14-Table 5C-12. Estimated Incidence, Incidence per 100,000 Relevant Population, and Percent of Total Incidence of HospitalAdmissions Associated with O3Concentrations that Just Meet the Current and Alternative 8-Hour Daily MaximumStandards: New York, NY, April - September, Based on 2002 O3Concentrations*0.084/4*** 0.084/3 0.080/4  0.074/5 0.074/4 0.074/3 0.070/4** ** 0.064/43-day lag 513 472 483 452 439 404 410 365(124 - 902) (114 - 830) (117 - 850) (109 - 795) (106 - 772) (98 - 710) (99 - 721) (88 - 642)1-day lag 438 403 413 386 375 345 350 312(93 - 783) (86 - 720) (88 - 738) (82 - 690) (80 - 670) (73 - 617) (75 - 626) (66 - 558)0.084/4*** 0.084/3 0.080/4  0.074/5 0.074/4 0.074/3 0.070/4** ** 0.064/43-day lag 6.4 5.9 6 5.6 5.5 5 5.1 4.6(1.5 - 11.3) (1.4 - 10.4) (1.5 - 10.6) (1.4 - 9.9) (1.3 - 9.6) (1.2 - 8.9) (1.2 - 9) (1.1 - 8)1-day lag 5.5 5 5.2 4.8 4.7 4.3 4.4 3.9(1.2 - 9.8) (1.1 - 9) (1.1 - 9.2) (1 - 8.6) (1 - 8.4) (0.9 - 7.7) (0.9 - 7.8) (0.8 - 7)0.084/4*** 0.084/3 0.080/4  0.074/5 0.074/4 0.074/3 0.070/4** ** 0.064/43-day lag 1.5% 1.3% 1.4% 1.3% 1.2% 1.1% 1.2% 1%(0.4% - 2.6%) (0.3% - 2.3%) (0.3% - 2.4%) (0.3% - 2.2%) (0.3% - 2.2%) (0.3% - 2%) (0.3% - 2%) (0.2% - 1.8%)1-day lag 3.3% 3.1% 3.1% 2.9% 2.9% 2.6% 2.7% 2.4%(0.7% - 6%) (0.7% - 5.5%) (0.7% - 5.6%) (0.6% - 5.3%) (0.6% - 5.1%) (0.6% - 4.7%) (0.6% - 4.8%) (0.5% - 4.2%) This alternative 8-hr standard assumes an alternative rounding convention where the standard is specified to the third decimal place.Note: Numbers in parentheses are 95% confidence or credible intervals based on statistical uncertainty surrounding the O3coefficient.Incidence of Health Effects Associated with O3Concentrations that Just Meet the Current and Alternative O3Standards** *Based on single-pollutant models from Thurston et al. (1992) relating daily hospital admissions among all ages to daily 1-hr maximum O3exposures. New York in this study isdefined as the five boroughs of New York City.Incidence of Health Effects per 100,000 Relevant Population Associated with O3Concentrations that Just Meet the Current andAlternative O3StandardsPercent of Total Incidence of Health Effects Associated with O3Concentrations that Just Meet the Current and Alternative O3StandardsAsthma (unscheduled)Hospital Admissions LagAsthma (unscheduled)Hospital Admissions***An 8-hr average standard, denoted m/n is characterized by a concentration of m ppm and an nth daily maximum. So, for example, the current standard is 0.084/4 -- 0.084 ppm,4th daily maximum 8-hr average using the current rounding convention.Respiratory illness(unscheduled)Asthma (unscheduled)**Incidence was quantified down to estimated policy relevant background levels. Incidences are rounded to the nearest whole number; incidences per 100,000 relevant populationand percent of total incidence are rounded to the nearest tenth.Respiratory illness(unscheduled)LagHospital AdmissionsRespiratory illness(unscheduled)Lag5C-15Table 5C-13. Estimated Incidence of Non-Accidental Mortality Associated with O3Concentrations that Just Meet the Current andAlternative 8-Hour Daily Maximum Standards: April - September, Based on 2004O3Concentrations*Location Study LagExposureMetric0.084/4*** 0.084/3 0.080/4  0.074/5 0.074/4 0.074/3 0.070/4** ** 0.064/4distributed lag 24 hr avg. 5 5 4 4 4 4 3 3(-20 - 29) (-20 - 29) (-18 - 26) (-16 - 23) (-15 - 22) (-15 - 22) (-13 - 19) (-11 - 16)distributed lag 24 hr avg. 9 9 8 7 7 7 6 5(3 - 15) (3 - 15) (3 - 14) (2 - 12) (2 - 12) (2 - 12) (2 - 10) (2 - 8)distributed lag 24 hr avg. 6 5 5 5 4 4 4 3(2 - 9) (2 - 9) (2 - 9) (2 - 8) (1 - 7) (1 - 7) (1 - 7) (1 - 6)distributed lag 24 hr avg. 33 31 29 26 23 22 19 14(11 - 55) (10 - 52) (10 - 48) (9 - 43) (8 - 39) (7 - 36) (6 - 32) (5 - 24)0-day lag 1 hr max. 314 300 288 268 249 238 222 183(99 - 525) (95 - 501) (91 - 482) (85 - 448) (79 - 417) (75 - 399) (70 - 372) (58 - 307)0-day lag 1 hr max. 118 113 108 101 93 89 83 69(37 - 199) (35 - 190) (34 - 182) (31 - 170) (29 - 157) (28 - 151) (26 - 140) (21 - 116)distributed lag 24 hr avg. 19 18 17 15 14 14 13 10(-12 - 49) (-11 - 46) (-11 - 44) (-9 - 39) (-9 - 37) (-9 - 36) (-8 - 33) (-6 - 26)distributed lag 24 hr avg. 12 11 11 9 9 9 8 6(4 - 20) (4 - 19) (4 - 18) (3 - 16) (3 - 15) (3 - 14) (3 - 13) (2 - 11)Bell et al. (2004)distributed lag 24 hr avg. 24 22 21 21 17 16 15 11(-8 - 56) (-7 - 51) (-7 - 49) (-7 - 48) (-6 - 40) (-5 - 38) (-5 - 35) (-4 - 27)distributed lag 24 hr avg. 12 11 11 11 9 8 8 6(4 - 20) (4 - 19) (4 - 18) (4 - 18) (3 - 15) (3 - 14) (3 - 13) (2 - 10)Schwartz (2004)0-day lag 1 hr max. 107 102 99 97 87 83 78 66(-17 - 229) (-17 - 218) (-16 - 212) (-16 - 209) (-14 - 186) (-13 - 178) (-13 - 168) (-11 - 142)0-day lag 1 hr max. 58 55 54 53 47 45 42 36(18 - 98) (17 - 93) (17 - 91) (17 - 89) (15 - 79) (14 - 76) (13 - 72) (11 - 61)Ito (2003)0-day lag 24 hr avg. 29 27 26 25 21 20 18 14(-27 - 85) (-25 - 78) (-24 - 75) (-23 - 73) (-20 - 62) (-18 - 57) (-17 - 53) (-13 - 41)Bell et al. (2004)distributed lag 24 hr avg. 22 20 19 17 16 15 13 8(1 - 42) (1 - 39) (1 - 37) (1 - 32) (1 - 30) (1 - 28) (1 - 25) (0 - 15)distributed lag 24 hr avg. 11 10 10 8 8 7 6 4(4 - 18) (3 - 16) (3 - 16) (3 - 13) (3 - 13) (2 - 12) (2 - 11) (1 - 6)Schwartz (2004)0-day lag 1 hr max. 70 66 65 59 57 55 52 42(6 - 132) (6 - 126) (6 - 123) (5 - 112) (5 - 109) (5 - 104) (5 - 99) (4 - 80)0-day lag 1 hr max. 58 55 54 49 48 46 43 35(18 - 98) (17 - 93) (17 - 91) (15 - 83) (15 - 81) (14 - 77) (14 - 73) (11 - 59)Incidence of Non-Accidental Mortality Associated with O3Concentrations that Just Meet the Current andAlternative O3Standards**AtlantaBostonChicagoClevelandHoustonSchwartz -- 14 USCities (2004)DetroitSchwartz -- 14 USCities (2004)Bell et al. -- 95 USCities (2004)Bell et al. -- 95 USCities (2004)Bell et al. (2004)Bell et al. -- 95 USCities (2004)Schwartz -- 14 USCities (2004)Schwartz (2004)Bell et al. -- 95 USCities (2004)Bell et al. (2004)Bell et al. -- 95 USCities (2004)Bell et al. -- 95 USCities (2004)5C-16Location Study LagExposureMetric0.084/4*** 0.084/3 0.080/4  0.074/5 0.074/4 0.074/3 0.070/4** ** 0.064/4Incidence of Non-Accidental Mortality Associated with O3Concentrations that Just Meet the Current andAlternative O3Standards**Bell et al. (2004)distributed lag 24 hr avg. 31 30 27 22 20 19 16 9(-74 - 135) (-72 - 131) (-66 - 120) (-52 - 95) (-49 - 90) (-46 - 83) (-38 - 69) (-22 - 41)distributed lag 24 hr avg. 67 64 59 47 44 41 34 20(22 - 111) (22 - 107) (20 - 98) (16 - 78) (15 - 74) (14 - 68) (11 - 56) (7 - 33)distributed lag 24 hr avg. 43 38 39 35 33 29 29 24(15 - 72) (13 - 63) (13 - 65) (12 - 58) (11 - 55) (10 - 48) (10 - 49) (8 - 39)distributed lag 24 hr avg. 17 15 15 13 13 12 11 9(6 - 28) (5 - 25) (5 - 25) (4 - 22) (4 - 21) (4 - 20) (4 - 19) (3 - 15)1-day lag 24 hr avg. 59 54 54 47 46 42 41 33(37 - 81) (34 - 75) (34 - 74) (30 - 65) (29 - 63) (27 - 58) (26 - 56) (21 - 46)Bell et al. (2004)distributed lag 24 hr avg. 8 8 8 7 7 7 6 5(-25 - 42) (-25 - 41) (-23 - 39) (-21 - 35) (-21 - 34) (-20 - 34) (-19 - 31) (-16 - 26)distributed lag 24 hr avg. 12 12 11 10 10 10 9 8(4 - 21) (4 - 20) (4 - 19) (4 - 17) (3 - 17) (3 - 17) (3 - 15) (3 - 13)Bell et al. (2004)distributed lag 24 hr avg. 3 2 2 2 2 1 1 1(-4 - 9) (-4 - 8) (-4 - 8) (-3 - 6) (-3 - 6) (-2 - 5) (-2 - 5) (-1 - 3)distributed lag 24 hr avg. 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1(1 - 4) (1 - 3) (1 - 3) (1 - 3) (0 - 2) (0 - 2) (0 - 2) (0 - 1)distributed lag 24 hr avg. 7 6 6 6 6 5 5 4(2 - 12) (2 - 10) (2 - 11) (2 - 9) (2 - 9) (2 - 8) (2 - 8) (1 - 7)*All results are for mortality (among all ages) associated with short-term exposures to O3. All results are based on single-pollutant models.**Incidence was quantified down to estimated policy relevant background levels. Incidences are rounded to the nearest whole number.Note: Numbers in parentheses are 95% confidence or credible intervals based on statistical uncertainty surrounding the O3coefficient.g y pp y p pp y8-hr average.St LouisSacramentoWashingtonPhiladelphiaNew YorkLos AngelesBell et al. -- 95 USCities (2004)Bell et al. -- 95 USCities (2004)Bell et al. -- 95 USCities (2004)Bell et al. -- 95 USCities (2004)Moolgavkar et al.(1995)Bell et al. -- 95 USCities (2004)Bell et al. -- 95 USCities (2004)5C-17Table 5C-14. Estimated Percent of Total Incidence of Non-Accidental Mortality Associated with O3Concentrations that Just Meet the Current andAlternative 8-Hour Daily Maximum Standards: April - September, Based on 2004O3Concentrations*Location Study LagExposureMetric0.084/4*** 0.084/3 0.080/4  0.074/5 0.074/4 0.074/3 0.070/4** ** 0.064/424 hr avg. 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1%(-0.4% -0.6%) (-0.4% -0.6%) (-0.4% -0.6%) (-0.3% -0.5%) (-0.3% -0.5%) (-0.3% -0.5%) (-0.3% -0.4%) (-0.2% -0.3%)24 hr avg. 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.1% 0.1%(0.1% -0.3%) (0.1% -0.3%) (0.1% -0.3%) (0.1% -0.3%) (0.1% -0.3%) (0.1% -0.3%) (0% -0.2%) (0% -0.2%)24 hr avg. 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.1%(0.1% -0.4%) (0.1% -0.3%) (0.1% -0.3%) (0.1% -0.3%) (0.1% -0.3%) (0.1% -0.3%) (0.1% -0.3%) (0% -0.2%)24 hr avg. 0.2% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1%(0.1% -0.3%) (0% -0.2%) (0% -0.2%) (0% -0.2%) (0% -0.2%) (0% -0.2%) (0% -0.2%) (0% -0.1%)0-day lag 1 hr max. 1.5% 1.4% 1.4% 1.3% 1.2% 1.1% 1.1% 0.9%(0.5% -2.5%) (0.5% -2.4%) (0.4% -2.3%) (0.4% -2.1%) (0.4% -2%) (0.4% -1.9%) (0.3% -1.8%) (0.3% -1.5%)0-day lag 1 hr max. 0.6% 0.5% 0.5% 0.5% 0.4% 0.4% 0.4% 0.3%(0.2% -0.9%) (0.2% -0.9%) (0.2% -0.9%) (0.1% -0.8%) (0.1% -0.7%) (0.1% -0.7%) (0.1% -0.7%) (0.1% -0.6%)24 hr avg. 0.3% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.1%(-0.2% -0.7%) (-0.1% -0.6%) (-0.1% -0.6%) (-0.1% -0.5%) (-0.1% -0.5%) (-0.1% -0.5%) (-0.1% -0.4%) (-0.1% -0.4%)24 hr avg. 0.2% 0.2% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1%(0.1% -0.3%) (0.1% -0.3%) (0% -0.2%) (0% -0.2%) (0% -0.2%) (0% -0.2%) (0% -0.2%) (0% -0.1%)Bell et al. (2004)24 hr avg. 0.3% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.1%(-0.1% -0.6%) (-0.1% -0.5%) (-0.1% -0.5%) (-0.1% -0.5%) (-0.1% -0.4%) (-0.1% -0.4%) (-0.1% -0.4%) (0% -0.3%)24 hr avg. 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1%(0% -0.2%) (0% -0.2%) (0% -0.2%) (0% -0.2%) (0% -0.2%) (0% -0.1%) (0% -0.1%) (0% -0.1%)Schwartz (2004)0-day lag 1 hr max. 1.1% 1.1% 1.1% 1% 0.9% 0.9% 0.8% 0.7%(-0.2% -2.4%) (-0.2% -2.3%) (-0.2% -2.3%) (-0.2% -2.2%) (-0.1% -2%) (-0.1% -1.9%) (-0.1% -1.8%) (-0.1% -1.5%)0-day lag 1 hr max. 0.6% 0.6% 0.6% 0.6% 0.5% 0.5% 0.5% 0.4%(0.2% -1%) (0.2% -1%) (0.2% -1%) (0.2% -0.9%) (0.2% -0.8%) (0.1% -0.8%) (0.1% -0.8%) (0.1% -0.6%)Ito (2003)0-day lag 24 hr avg. 0.3% 0.3% 0.3% 0.3% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.1%(-0.3% -0.9%) (-0.3% -0.8%) (-0.3% -0.8%) (-0.2% -0.8%) (-0.2% -0.7%) (-0.2% -0.6%) (-0.2% -0.6%) (-0.1% -0.4%)Bell et al. (2004)24 hr avg. 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.1% 0.1%(0% -0.5%) (0% -0.4%) (0% -0.4%) (0% -0.4%) (0% -0.3%) (0% -0.3%) (0% -0.3%) (0% -0.2%)24 hr avg. 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0%(0% -0.2%) (0% -0.2%) (0% -0.2%) (0% -0.1%) (0% -0.1%) (0% -0.1%) (0% -0.1%) (0% -0.1%)Schwartz (2004)0-day lag 1 hr max. 0.8% 0.7% 0.7% 0.6% 0.6% 0.6% 0.6% 0.5%(0.1% -1.5%) (0.1% -1.4%) (0.1% -1.4%) (0.1% -1.2%) (0.1% -1.2%) (0.1% -1.1%) (0.1% -1.1%) (0% -0.9%)0-day lag 1 hr max. 0.6% 0.6% 0.6% 0.5% 0.5% 0.5% 0.5% 0.4%(0.2% -1.1%) (0.2% -1%) (0.2% -1%) (0.2% -0.9%) (0.2% -0.9%) (0.2% -0.8%) (0.1% -0.8%) (0.1% -0.7%)distributedlagdistributedlagdistributedlagdistributedlagdistributedlagdistributedlagdistributedlagdistributedlagdistributedlagHoustonPercent of Total Incidence of Non-Accidental Mortality Associated with O3Concentrations that Just Meet the Current andAlternative O3Standards**AtlantaBostonChicagodistributedlagBell et al. -- 95 USCities (2004)ClevelandBell et al. -- 95 USCities (2004)Schwartz -- 14 USCities (2004)DetroitSchwartz -- 14 USCities (2004)Bell et al. -- 95 USCities (2004)Bell et al. (2004)Bell et al. -- 95 USCities (2004)Schwartz -- 14 USCities (2004)Schwartz (2004)Bell et al. -- 95 USCities (2004)Bell et al. (2004)Bell et al. -- 95 USCities (2004)5C-18Location Study LagExposureMetric0.084/4*** 0.084/3 0.080/4  0.074/5 0.074/4 0.074/3 0.070/4** ** 0.064/4Percent of Total Incidence of Non-Accidental Mortality Associated with O3Concentrations that Just Meet the Current andAlternative O3Standards**Bell et al. (2004)24 hr avg. 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0%(-0.3% -0.5%) (-0.3% -0.5%) (-0.2% -0.4%) (-0.2% -0.3%) (-0.2% -0.3%) (-0.2% -0.3%) (-0.1% -0.3%) (-0.1% -0.2%)24 hr avg. 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.1% 0.1%(0.1% -0.4%) (0.1% -0.4%) (0.1% -0.4%) (0.1% -0.3%) (0.1% -0.3%) (0.1% -0.3%) (0% -0.2%) (0% -0.1%)24 hr avg. 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1%(0% -0.2%) (0% -0.2%) (0% -0.2%) (0% -0.2%) (0% -0.2%) (0% -0.2%) (0% -0.2%) (0% -0.1%)24 hr avg. 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1%(0.1% -0.3%) (0.1% -0.3%) (0.1% -0.3%) (0.1% -0.3%) (0.1% -0.3%) (0% -0.2%) (0% -0.2%) (0% -0.2%)1-day lag 24 hr avg. 0.7% 0.7% 0.7% 0.6% 0.6% 0.5% 0.5% 0.4%(0.5% -1%) (0.4% -0.9%) (0.4% -0.9%) (0.4% -0.8%) (0.4% -0.8%) (0.3% -0.7%) (0.3% -0.7%) (0.3% -0.6%)Bell et al. (2004)24 hr avg. 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.1% 0.1%(-0.6% -1%) (-0.6% -1%) (-0.6% -0.9%) (-0.5% -0.8%) (-0.5% -0.8%) (-0.5% -0.8%) (-0.5% -0.7%) (-0.4% -0.6%)24 hr avg. 0.3% 0.3% 0.3% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2%(0.1% -0.5%) (0.1% -0.5%) (0.1% -0.5%) (0.1% -0.4%) (0.1% -0.4%) (0.1% -0.4%) (0.1% -0.4%) (0.1% -0.3%)Bell et al. (2004)24 hr avg. 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0%(-0.2% -0.5%) (-0.2% -0.4%) (-0.2% -0.4%) (-0.1% -0.3%) (-0.1% -0.3%) (-0.1% -0.3%) (-0.1% -0.2%) (-0.1% -0.1%)24 hr avg. 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0%(0% -0.2%) (0% -0.2%) (0% -0.2%) (0% -0.1%) (0% -0.1%) (0% -0.1%) (0% -0.1%) (0% -0.1%)24 hr avg. 0.3% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2%(0.1% -0.4%) (0.1% -0.4%) (0.1% -0.4%) (0.1% -0.3%) (0.1% -0.3%) (0.1% -0.3%) (0.1% -0.3%) (0.1% -0.3%)*All results are for mortality (among all ages) associated with short-term exposures to O3. All results are based on single-pollutant models.Note: Numbers in parentheses are 95% confidence or credible intervals based on statistical uncertainty surrounding the O3coefficient.distributedlag***An 8-hr average standard, denoted m/n is characterized by a concentration of m ppb and an nth daily maximum. So, for example, the current standard is 84/4 -- 84 ppb, 4th daily maximum 8-hr average.distributedlagdistributedlagdistributedlag**Incidence was quantified down to estimated policy relevant background levels. Percents are rounded to the nearest tenth.Bell et al. -- 95 USCities (2004)WashingtonNew YorkLos AngelesdistributedlagdistributedlagSt LouisSacramentoBell et al. -- 95 USCities (2004)PhiladelphiaBell et al. -- 95 USCities (2004)Bell et al. -- 95 USCities (2004)distributedlagdistributedlagdistributedlagBell et al. -- 95 USCities (2004)Moolgavkar et al.(1995)Bell et al. -- 95 USCities (2004)5C-19Table 5C-15. Estimated Incidence of Non-Accidental Mortality Associated with O3Concentrations that Just Meet the Current andAlternative 8-Hour Daily Maximum Standards: April - September, Based on 2002O3Concentrations*Location Study LagExposureMetric0.084/4*** 0.084/3 0.080/4  0.074/5 0.074/4 0.074/3 0.070/4** ** 0.064/4distributed lag 24 hr avg. 7 7 6 6 6 6 5 4(-30 - 43) (-30 - 43) (-28 - 40) (-26 - 38) (-24 - 35) (-24 - 35) (-22 - 32) (-19 - 27)distributed lag 24 hr avg. 14 14 13 12 11 11 10 9(5 - 23) (5 - 23) (4 - 21) (4 - 20) (4 - 19) (4 - 19) (3 - 17) (3 - 14)distributed lag 24 hr avg. 9 8 8 8 7 7 7 6(3 - 15) (3 - 14) (3 - 14) (3 - 13) (3 - 12) (2 - 12) (2 - 12) (2 - 10)distributed lag 24 hr avg. 55 52 50 47 44 43 40 34(18 - 91) (18 - 87) (17 - 84) (16 - 79) (15 - 74) (14 - 71) (13 - 67) (11 - 57)0-day lag 1 hr max. 427 412 401 381 361 350 335 294(136 - 712) (131 - 687) (127 - 669) (121 - 636) (115 - 603) (111 - 585) (106 - 559) (93 - 493)0-day lag 1 hr max. 161 156 151 144 136 132 126 111(51 - 271) (49 - 261) (47 - 254) (45 - 242) (43 - 229) (41 - 222) (39 - 212) (35 - 187)distributed lag 24 hr avg. 49 47 46 43 42 40 39 35(-31 - 128) (-30 - 123) (-29 - 120) (-27 - 112) (-26 - 109) (-25 - 105) (-25 - 102) (-22 - 91)distributed lag 24 hr avg. 31 30 29 27 27 26 25 22(10 - 52) (10 - 50) (10 - 49) (9 - 45) (9 - 44) (9 - 43) (8 - 41) (7 - 37)Bell et al. (2004)distributed lag 24 hr avg. 46 43 43 42 38 35 34 29(-15 - 106) (-14 - 100) (-14 - 98) (-14 - 97) (-12 - 87) (-11 - 81) (-11 - 79) (-9 - 67)distributed lag 24 hr avg. 24 22 22 22 19 18 18 15(8 - 39) (7 - 37) (7 - 36) (7 - 36) (6 - 32) (6 - 30) (6 - 29) (5 - 25)Schwartz (2004)0-day lag 1 hr max. 158 150 148 147 134 128 125 111(-26 - 336) (-24 - 320) (-24 - 316) (-24 - 313) (-22 - 287) (-21 - 274) (-20 - 268) (-18 - 239)0-day lag 1 hr max. 86 82 81 80 73 70 68 61(27 - 144) (26 - 137) (25 - 136) (25 - 134) (23 - 123) (22 - 117) (21 - 115) (19 - 102)Ito (2003)0-day lag 24 hr avg. 56 53 52 51 46 43 42 36(-52 - 162) (-49 - 151) (-48 - 150) (-48 - 147) (-42 - 132) (-40 - 124) (-39 - 120) (-33 - 103)Bell et al. (2004)distributed lag 24 hr avg. 18 16 16 13 13 12 11 7(1 - 34) (1 - 32) (1 - 31) (1 - 26) (1 - 25) (1 - 23) (1 - 21) (0 - 13)distributed lag 24 hr avg. 9 8 8 7 6 6 5 3(3 - 15) (3 - 13) (3 - 13) (2 - 11) (2 - 10) (2 - 10) (2 - 9) (1 - 5)Schwartz (2004)0-day lag 1 hr max. 63 59 58 53 51 48 46 36(6 - 119) (5 - 113) (5 - 110) (5 - 100) (5 - 97) (4 - 92) (4 - 87) (3 - 69)0-day lag 1 hr max. 53 50 49 44 43 40 38 30(16 - 88) (16 - 84) (15 - 82) (14 - 74) (13 - 72) (13 - 68) (12 - 64) (9 - 51)Incidence of Non-Accidental Mortality Associated with O3Concentrations that Just Meet the Current andAlternative O3Standards**AtlantaBostonChicagoClevelandHoustonSchwartz -- 14 USCities (2004)DetroitSchwartz -- 14 USCities (2004)Bell et al. -- 95 USCities (2004)Bell et al. -- 95 USCities (2004)Bell et al. (2004)Bell et al. -- 95 USCities (2004)Schwartz -- 14 USCities (2004)Schwartz (2004)Bell et al. -- 95 USCities (2004)Bell et al. (2004)Bell et al. -- 95 USCities (2004)Bell et al. -- 95 USCities (2004)5C-20Location Study LagExposureMetric0.084/4*** 0.084/3 0.080/4  0.074/5 0.074/4 0.074/3 0.070/4** ** 0.064/4Incidence of Non-Accidental Mortality Associated with O3Concentrations that Just Meet the Current andAlternative O3Standards**Bell et al. (2004)distributed lag 24 hr avg. 24 23 21 15 15 13 11 7(-58 - 105) (-55 - 100) (-50 - 91) (-36 - 66) (-35 - 64) (-32 - 59) (-26 - 48) (-16 - 29)distributed lag 24 hr avg. 52 49 45 33 32 29 24 14(17 - 86) (17 - 82) (15 - 74) (11 - 54) (11 - 53) (10 - 48) (8 - 39) (5 - 23)distributed lag 24 hr avg. 84 76 78 73 70 64 65 57(28 - 139) (25 - 126) (26 - 130) (24 - 121) (23 - 116) (21 - 106) (22 - 108) (19 - 95)distributed lag 24 hr avg. 30 28 28 26 26 24 24 21(10 - 50) (10 - 47) (9 - 47) (9 - 43) (9 - 42) (8 - 40) (8 - 40) (7 - 35)1-day lag 24 hr avg. 107 101 101 93 91 86 85 75(67 - 146) (63 - 138) (63 - 137) (58 - 127) (57 - 124) (54 - 117) (53 - 116) (47 - 103)Bell et al. (2004)distributed lag 24 hr avg. 12 12 11 11 10 10 10 9(-37 - 60) (-36 - 58) (-35 - 57) (-32 - 53) (-32 - 52) (-31 - 50) (-30 - 49) (-27 - 44)distributed lag 24 hr avg. 18 17 17 16 15 15 14 13(6 - 30) (6 - 29) (6 - 28) (5 - 26) (5 - 26) (5 - 25) (5 - 24) (4 - 22)Bell et al. (2004)distributed lag 24 hr avg. 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 3(-9 - 20) (-9 - 19) (-8 - 18) (-8 - 16) (-7 - 15) (-7 - 15) (-6 - 14) (-5 - 12)distributed lag 24 hr avg. 5 5 4 4 4 4 3 3(2 - 8) (2 - 8) (1 - 7) (1 - 7) (1 - 6) (1 - 6) (1 - 6) (1 - 5)distributed lag 24 hr avg. 14 12 13 12 12 10 11 10(5 - 23) (4 - 20) (4 - 21) (4 - 19) (4 - 19) (3 - 17) (4 - 18) (3 - 16)*All results are for mortality (among all ages) associated with short-term exposures to O3. All results are based on single-pollutant models.**Incidence was quantified down to estimated policy relevant background levels. Incidences are rounded to the nearest whole number.Note: Numbers in parentheses are 95% confidence or credible intervals based on statistical uncertainty surrounding the O3coefficient.***An 8-hr average standard, denoted m/n is characterized by a concentration of m ppb and an nth daily maximum. So, for example, the current standard is 84/4 -- 84 ppb, 4th daily maximum8-hr average.St LouisSacramentoWashingtonPhiladelphiaNew YorkLos AngelesBell et al. -- 95 USCities (2004)Bell et al. -- 95 USCities (2004)Bell et al. -- 95 USCities (2004)Bell et al. -- 95 USCities (2004)Moolgavkar et al.(1995)Bell et al. -- 95 USCities (2004)Bell et al. -- 95 USCities (2004)5C-21Table 5C-16. Estimated Percent of Total Incidence of Non-Accidental Mortality Associated with O3Concentrations that Just Meet the Current andAlternative 8-Hour Daily Maximum Standards: April - September, Based on 2002O3Concentrations*Location Study LagExposureMetric0.084/4*** 0.084/3 0.080/4  0.074/5 0.074/4 0.074/3 0.070/4** ** 0.064/424 hr avg. 0.2% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1%(-0.7% -0.9%) (-0.6% -0.9%) (-0.6% -0.9%) (-0.6% -0.8%) (-0.5% -0.8%) (-0.5% -0.8%) (-0.5% -0.7%) (-0.4% -0.6%)24 hr avg. 0.3% 0.3% 0.3% 0.3% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2%(0.1% -0.5%) (0.1% -0.5%) (0.1% -0.5%) (0.1% -0.4%) (0.1% -0.4%) (0.1% -0.4%) (0.1% -0.4%) (0.1% -0.3%)24 hr avg. 0.3% 0.3% 0.3% 0.3% 0.3% 0.3% 0.3% 0.2%(0.1% -0.6%) (0.1% -0.5%) (0.1% -0.5%) (0.1% -0.5%) (0.1% -0.5%) (0.1% -0.5%) (0.1% -0.5%) (0.1% -0.4%)24 hr avg. 0.3% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2%(0.1% -0.4%) (0.1% -0.4%) (0.1% -0.4%) (0.1% -0.4%) (0.1% -0.3%) (0.1% -0.3%) (0.1% -0.3%) (0.1% -0.3%)1 hr max. 2% 2% 1.9% 1.8% 1.7% 1.7% 1.6% 1.4%(0.6% -3.4%) (0.6% -3.3%) (0.6% -3.2%) (0.6% -3%) (0.5% -2.9%) (0.5% -2.8%) (0.5% -2.7%) (0.4% -2.3%)1 hr max. 0.8% 0.7% 0.7% 0.7% 0.6% 0.6% 0.6% 0.5%(0.2% -1.3%) (0.2% -1.2%) (0.2% -1.2%) (0.2% -1.1%) (0.2% -1.1%) (0.2% -1.1%) (0.2% -1%) (0.2% -0.9%)24 hr avg. 0.7% 0.6% 0.6% 0.6% 0.6% 0.5% 0.5% 0.5%(-0.4% -1.7%) (-0.4% -1.7%) (-0.4% -1.6%) (-0.4% -1.5%) (-0.4% -1.5%) (-0.3% -1.4%) (-0.3% -1.4%) (-0.3% -1.2%)24 hr avg. 0.4% 0.4% 0.4% 0.4% 0.4% 0.3% 0.3% 0.3%(0.1% -0.7%) (0.1% -0.7%) (0.1% -0.7%) (0.1% -0.6%) (0.1% -0.6%) (0.1% -0.6%) (0.1% -0.6%) (0.1% -0.5%)Bell et al. (2004)24 hr avg. 0.5% 0.5% 0.5% 0.4% 0.4% 0.4% 0.4% 0.3%(-0.2% -1.1%) (-0.1% -1.1%) (-0.1% -1%) (-0.1% -1%) (-0.1% -0.9%) (-0.1% -0.9%) (-0.1% -0.8%) (-0.1% -0.7%)24 hr avg. 0.3% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2%(0.1% -0.4%) (0.1% -0.4%) (0.1% -0.4%) (0.1% -0.4%) (0.1% -0.3%) (0.1% -0.3%) (0.1% -0.3%) (0.1% -0.3%)Schwartz (2004)1 hr max. 1.7% 1.6% 1.6% 1.6% 1.4% 1.4% 1.3% 1.2%(-0.3% -3.6%) (-0.3% -3.4%) (-0.3% -3.4%) (-0.3% -3.3%) (-0.2% -3%) (-0.2% -2.9%) (-0.2% -2.8%) (-0.2% -2.5%)1 hr max. 0.9% 0.9% 0.9% 0.8% 0.8% 0.7% 0.7% 0.6%(0.3% -1.5%) (0.3% -1.5%) (0.3% -1.4%) (0.3% -1.4%) (0.2% -1.3%) (0.2% -1.2%) (0.2% -1.2%) (0.2% -1.1%)Ito (2003)24 hr avg. 0.6% 0.6% 0.6% 0.5% 0.5% 0.5% 0.4% 0.4%(-0.6% -1.7%) (-0.5% -1.6%) (-0.5% -1.6%) (-0.5% -1.6%) (-0.5% -1.4%) (-0.4% -1.3%) (-0.4% -1.3%) (-0.3% -1.1%)Bell et al. (2004)24 hr avg. 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1%(0% -0.4%) (0% -0.3%) (0% -0.3%) (0% -0.3%) (0% -0.3%) (0% -0.2%) (0% -0.2%) (0% -0.1%)24 hr avg. 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0%(0% -0.2%) (0% -0.1%) (0% -0.1%) (0% -0.1%) (0% -0.1%) (0% -0.1%) (0% -0.1%) (0% -0.1%)Schwartz (2004)1 hr max. 0.7% 0.7% 0.6% 0.6% 0.6% 0.5% 0.5% 0.4%(0.1% -1.3%) (0.1% -1.2%) (0.1% -1.2%) (0.1% -1.1%) (0.1% -1.1%) (0% -1%) (0% -1%) (0% -0.8%)1 hr max. 0.6% 0.5% 0.5% 0.5% 0.5% 0.4% 0.4% 0.3%(0.2% -1%) (0.2% -0.9%) (0.2% -0.9%) (0.2% -0.8%) (0.1% -0.8%) (0.1% -0.7%) (0.1% -0.7%) (0.1% -0.6%)distributedlagdistributedlag0-day lag0-day lagdistributedlag0-day lag0-day lag0-day lagdistributedlagdistributedlagdistributedlagdistributedlag0-day lag0-day lagdistributedlagdistributedlagdistributedlagPercent of Total Incidence of Non-Accidental Mortality Associated with O3Concentrations that Just Meet the Current andAlternative O3Standards**AtlantaBostonChicagoClevelandHoustonSchwartz -- 14 USCities (2004)DetroitSchwartz -- 14 USCities (2004)Bell et al. -- 95 USCities (2004)Bell et al. -- 95 USCities (2004)Bell et al. (2004)Bell et al. -- 95 USCities (2004)Schwartz -- 14 USCities (2004)Schwartz (2004)Bell et al. -- 95 USCities (2004)Bell et al. (2004)Bell et al. -- 95 USCities (2004)Bell et al. -- 95 USCities (2004)5C-22Location Study LagExposureMetric0.084/4*** 0.084/3 0.080/4  0.074/5 0.074/4 0.074/3 0.070/4** ** 0.064/4Percent of Total Incidence of Non-Accidental Mortality Associated with O3Concentrations that Just Meet the Current andAlternative O3Standards**Bell et al. (2004)24 hr avg. 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0% 0% 0%(-0.2% -0.4%) (-0.2% -0.4%) (-0.2% -0.3%) (-0.1% -0.2%) (-0.1% -0.2%) (-0.1% -0.2%) (-0.1% -0.2%) (-0.1% -0.1%)24 hr avg. 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1%(0.1% -0.3%) (0.1% -0.3%) (0.1% -0.3%) (0% -0.2%) (0% -0.2%) (0% -0.2%) (0% -0.1%) (0% -0.1%)24 hr avg. 0.3% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2%(0.1% -0.4%) (0.1% -0.4%) (0.1% -0.4%) (0.1% -0.4%) (0.1% -0.4%) (0.1% -0.3%) (0.1% -0.3%) (0.1% -0.3%)24 hr avg. 0.4% 0.4% 0.4% 0.3% 0.3% 0.3% 0.3% 0.3%(0.1% -0.6%) (0.1% -0.6%) (0.1% -0.6%) (0.1% -0.5%) (0.1% -0.5%) (0.1% -0.5%) (0.1% -0.5%) (0.1% -0.4%)24 hr avg. 1.3% 1.3% 1.3% 1.2% 1.1% 1.1% 1.1% 0.9%(0.8% -1.8%) (0.8% -1.7%) (0.8% -1.7%) (0.7% -1.6%) (0.7% -1.5%) (0.7% -1.5%) (0.7% -1.4%) (0.6% -1.3%)Bell et al. (2004)24 hr avg. 0.3% 0.3% 0.3% 0.3% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2%(-0.9% -1.4%) (-0.8% -1.4%) (-0.8% -1.3%) (-0.8% -1.3%) (-0.8% -1.2%) (-0.7% -1.2%) (-0.7% -1.2%) (-0.6% -1%)24 hr avg. 0.4% 0.4% 0.4% 0.4% 0.4% 0.4% 0.3% 0.3%(0.1% -0.7%) (0.1% -0.7%) (0.1% -0.7%) (0.1% -0.6%) (0.1% -0.6%) (0.1% -0.6%) (0.1% -0.6%) (0.1% -0.5%)Bell et al. (2004)24 hr avg. 0.3% 0.3% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2%(-0.5% -1%) (-0.4% -0.9%) (-0.4% -0.9%) (-0.4% -0.8%) (-0.4% -0.8%) (-0.3% -0.7%) (-0.3% -0.7%) (-0.3% -0.6%)24 hr avg. 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.1%(0.1% -0.4%) (0.1% -0.4%) (0.1% -0.4%) (0.1% -0.3%) (0.1% -0.3%) (0.1% -0.3%) (0.1% -0.3%) (0% -0.2%)24 hr avg. 0.5% 0.4% 0.5% 0.4% 0.4% 0.4% 0.4% 0.4%(0.2% -0.8%) (0.1% -0.7%) (0.2% -0.8%) (0.1% -0.7%) (0.1% -0.7%) (0.1% -0.6%) (0.1% -0.7%) (0.1% -0.6%)*All results are for mortality (among all ages) associated with short-term exposures to O3. All results are based on single-pollutant models.Note: Numbers in parentheses are 95% confidence or credible intervals based on statistical uncertainty surrounding the O3coefficient.distributedlagdistributedlagdistributedlagdistributedlagdistributedlagdistributedlag***An 8-hr average standard, denoted m/n is characterized by a concentration of m ppb and an nth daily maximum. So, for example, the current standard is 84/4 -- 84 ppb, 4th daily maximum 8-hr average.St LouisSacramentoWashingtonPhiladelphiaNew YorkLos AngelesBell et al. -- 95 USCities (2004)Bell et al. -- 95 USCities (2004)**Incidence was quantified down to estimated policy relevant background levels. Percents are rounded to the nearest tenth.Bell et al. -- 95 USCities (2004)Bell et al. -- 95 USCities (2004)Moolgavkar et al.(1995)Bell et al. -- 95 USCities (2004)Bell et al. -- 95 USCities (2004)1-day lagdistributedlagdistributedlagdistributedlag5C-23Table 5C-17. Sensitivity Analysis: Impact of Alternative Estimates of Policy Relevant Background (PRB) on Estimated Number ofAll Children (Ages 5-1Engaged in Moderate Exertion Estimated to Experience At Least One Lung Function Response (Change in FEV1>=15%) Associatedwith Exposure to O3Concentrations That Just Meet the Current and Alternative Daily Maximum 8-Hour Standards, for Location-SpecificO3Seasons*2004 Air Quality 0.084/4*** 0.074/4 0.064/4 2002 Air Quality 0.084/4*** 0.074/4 0.064/434 20 12 6 59 36 21 11(19 - 51) (8 - 34) (2 - 22) (0 - 14) (40 - 81) (21 - 54) (8 - 34) (1 - 21)35 21 12 7 60 37 21 12(19 - 54) (8 - 36) (2 - 25) (0 - 16) (40 - 84) (21 - 56) (8 - 37) (1 - 24)33 19 11 5 58 35 20 10(19 - 48) (8 - 31) (2 - 19) (0 - 11) (40 - 79) (21 - 51) (8 - 31) (1 - 18)220 34 17 6 220 35 18 7(149 - 298) (5 - 62) (1 - 36) (0 - 14) (150 - 297) (7 - 62) (1 - 35) (0 - 14)225 38 22 11 225 39 23 11(149 - 312) (5 - 75) (1 - 49) (0 - 27) (150 - 311) (7 - 75) (1 - 48) (0 - 27)218 32 16 4 218 33 16 5(149 - 293) (5 - 57) (1 - 31) (0 - 9) (150 - 292) (7 - 57) (1 - 30) (0 - 9)112 43 25 14 346 142 81 43(55 - 176) (6 - 84) (0 - 56) (0 - 35) (244 - 462) (79 - 216) (29 - 138) (3 - 86)114 45 27 16 348 144 83 45(55 - 183) (6 - 92) (0 - 63) (0 - 43) (244 - 469) (79 - 222) (29 - 145) (3 - 93)110 41 23 12 343 140 79 41(55 - 169) (6 - 78) (0 - 49) (0 - 29) (244 - 455) (79 - 208) (29 - 131) (3 - 79)*Numbers are median (0.5 fractile) numbers of children. Numbers in parentheses below the median are 95% credible intervals based on statistical uncertaintysurrounding the O3coefficient.**Incidence was quantified down to estimated policy relevant background levels. Incidences are rounded to the nearest 1000.***These 8-hr average standards, denoted m/n, are characterized by a concentration of m ppm and an nth daily maximum. So, forexample, the current standard is 0.084/4 -- 0.084 ppm, 4th daily maximum 8-hraverage. These nth daily maximum standards require that the average of the 3 annual nth daily maxima over a 3-year period be ator below the specified level (e.g., 0.084 ppm).Los Angeles - with higher PRBNew YorkNew York - with lower PRBNew York - with higher PRBAtlanta - with lower PRBAtlanta - with higher PRBLos AngelesLos Angeles - with lower PRBLocationAtlantaNumber of All Children (in 1000s) with at Least One Response,Based on Adjusting 2004 O3Concentrations**Number of All Children (in 1000s) with at Least One Response,Based on Adjusting 2002 O3Concentrations**5C-24Table 5C-18 . Sensitivity Analysis: Impact of Alternative Estimates of Policy Relevant Background (PRB) on Estimated

Incidence of Non-Accidental Mortality Associated with O 3 Concentrations that Just Meet the Current

Standard (0.084 ppm, 4th Daily Maximum): April - September, 2002*

Estimates of PRB

Concentrations Estimates of PRB

Concentrations Minus

5 ppb*** Estimates of PRB

Concentrations Plus 5

ppb

distributed lag 24 hr avg. 7 15 4
(-30 - 43) (-63 - 90) (-18 - 26)

distributed lag 24 hr avg. 14 29 8 (5 - 23) (10 - 48) (3 - 14)

distributed lag 24 hr avg. 9 13 6 (3 - 15) (4 - 21) (2 - 9)

distributed lag 24 hr avg. 55 88 31
(18 - 91) (29 - 146) (10 - 51)

0-day lag 1 hr max. 427 526 333
(136 - 712) (167 - 876) (106 - 556)

0-day lag 1 hr max. 161 199 126 (51 - 271) (62 - 334) (39 - 212)

distributed lag 24 hr avg. 49 69 33
(-31 - 128) (-44 - 180) (-21 - 87)

distributed lag 24 hr avg. 31 44 21 (10 - 52) (15 - 73) (7 - 35)

Bell et al. (2004) distributed lag 24 hr avg. 46 73 27
(-15 - 106) (-24 - 169) (-9 - 63)

distributed lag 24 hr avg. 24 38 14
(8 - 39) (13 - 62) (5 - 23)

Schwartz (2004) 0-day lag 1 hr max. 158 189 128
(-26 - 336) (-31 - 403) (-21 - 273)

0-day lag 1 hr max. 86 103 70
(27 - 144) (32 - 173) (22 - 117)

Ito (2003) 0-day lag 24 hr avg. 56 89 33 (-52 - 162) (-83 - 256) (-31 - 95)

Bell et al. (2004) distributed lag 24 hr avg. 18 34 8
(1 - 34) (2 - 65) (1 - 16)

distributed lag 24 hr avg. 9 17 4
(3 - 15) (6 - 28) (1 - 7)

Schwartz (2004) 0-day lag 1 hr max. 63 80 48
(6 - 119) (7 - 151) (4 - 92)

0-day lag 1 hr max. 53 66 40 (16 - 88) (21 - 112) (13 - 68)

Bell et al. (2004) distributed lag 24 hr avg. 24 44 9
(-58 - 105) (-106 - 192) (-22 - 41)

distributed lag 24 hr avg. 52 95 20 (17 - 86) (32 - 157) (7 - 33)

distributed lag 24 hr avg. 84 121 45 (28 - 139) (41 - 202) (15 - 74)

distributed lag 24 hr avg. 30 43 19
(10 - 50) (14 - 71) (6 - 32)

1-day lag 24 hr avg. 107 152 68 (67 - 146) (96 - 208) (43 - 94)

Bell et al. (2004) distributed lag 24 hr avg. 12 17 8
(-37 - 60) (-51 - 83) (-24 - 40)

distributed lag 24 hr avg. 18 25 12 (6 - 30) (8 - 41) (4 - 20)

Bell et al. (2004) distributed lag 24 hr avg. 5 9 3
(-9 - 20) (-15 - 31) (-5 - 11)

distributed lag 24 hr avg. 5 8 3 (2 - 8) (3 - 13) (1 - 4)

distributed lag 24 hr avg. 14 17 9
(5 - 23) (6 - 28) (3 - 14)

*All results are for mortality (among all ages) associated with short-term exposures to O 3 . All results are based on single-pollutant models.

***In Atlanta, 10 ppb were subtracted from estimated PRB concentrations; in all other locations, 5 ppb were subtracted.

Note: Numbers in parentheses are 95% confidence or credible intervals based on statistical uncertainty surrounding the O 3 coefficient. Bell et al. -- 95 US Cities (2004)

New York

Bell et al. -- 95 US Cities (2004)

Bell et al. -- 95 US Cities (2004)

Moolgavkar et al. (1995)

Bell et al. -- 95 US Cities (2004)

Bell et al. -- 95 US Cities (2004)

Washington Bell et al. -- 95 US Cities (2004)

Bell et al. -- 95 US Cities (2004)

Schwartz -- 14 US Cities (2004) Schwartz (2004)

Bell et al. -- 95 US Cities (2004)

**Incidences are rounded to the nearest whole number; incidences per 100,000 relevant population and percents are rounded to the nearest tenth. Los Angeles

Philadelphia

Sacramento

St Louis Schwartz -- 14 US Cities (2004)

Schwartz -- 14 US Cities (2004)

Bell et al. -- 95 US Cities (2004)

Bell et al. -- 95 US Cities (2004) Detroit

Houston Bell et al. (2004)

Bell et al. -- 95 US Cities (2004) Atlanta

Boston

Chicago

Cleveland Bell et al. (2004)

Bell et al. -- 95 US Cities (2004) Incidence of Non-Accidental Mortality Associated with O 3 Above:**

Location Study Lag Exposure

Metric5C-26Figure 5C-1. Percent of All Children (Ages 5-18) Engaged in Moderate ExertionEstimated to Experience At Least One LungFunction Response (Decrement in FEV1≥15%) Associated with Exposure to O3Concentrations That Just Meetthe Current and Alternative Average 4thDaily Maximum 8-Hour Standards, for Location-Specific O3Seasons(Based on Adjusting 2004 Air Quality)*95% confidence intervals associated with these risk estimates are provided in Table 5C-2 of this Appendix. An 8-hr average standard, denoted m/n ischaracterized by a concentration of m ppm and an nth daily maximum. So, for example, the current standard is 0.084/4 – 0.084 ppm, 4th dailymaximum 8-hr average. The 4th daily maximum standards, denoted m/4, require that the average of the 3 annual nth daily maximaover a 3-yearperiod be at or below the specified levelRecent (2004)8480747064 A t l a n t a B o s t o n C h i c a g o C l e v e l a n d D e t r o i t

H o u s t o n L o s A n g e l e s N e w Y o r k

P h i l a d e l p h i a S a c r a m e n t o S t . L o u i s W a s h i n g t o n , D . C .0%1%2%3%4%5%6%7%8%9%10% Percent All Children RespondingOzoneConcentration/Standards (ppb)Urban Areas

### 5C-27 Figure 5C-2.Percent of All Children (Ages 5-18) Engaged in Moderate Exertion Esti mated to Experience At
Least One Lung Function Response (Decrement in FEV 1 

### ≥ 15 %) Associated with Recent Air
Quality (2004) and Exposure to O 3 

### Concentrations That Just Meet the Current and Alternative
Average 4th Daily Maximum 8-Hour St andards, for Location-Specific O 3 

### Seasons (Based on
Adjusting 2004 Air Quality)*

Atlanta

0% 2% 4% 6% 8% 10% 12%

Recent ( 2004) 0.084/4 0.084 / 3 0.080 / 4

0.

074/ 5 0.074/4 0.074/3 0.070/4 0.064/4

Ozone Concentrations/StandardsPercent All ChildrenResponding (and 95% CI) Boston

0% 2% 4% 6% 8% 10% 12%

R

ecent ( 2004)

0

.

084/4 0.084/3 0.080/4

0.

074/ 5

0.

074/ 4

0.

074/ 3

0

.

070/4 0.064/4

Ozone Concentrations/StandardsPercent of All ChildrenResponding (and 95% CI)

Chicago

0% 2% 4% 6% 8% 10% 12%

Recent (200 4)

0.084/4

0.

084/ 3

0.

080/ 4

0.

074/ 5

0.

074

/4

0.

074

/3

0.

070/ 4

0.

064/ 4

Ozone Concentrations/StandardsPercent All ChildrenResponding (and 95% CI) Cleveland

0% 2% 4% 6% 8% 10% 12%

Recent (200 4 ) 0.084/4 0.084/3 0.080/4

0.

074/ 5

0.

074/ 4

0.

074/ 3 0.070/4 0.064 / 4

Ozone Concentrations/StandardsPercent All ChildrenResponding (and 95% CI)

Detroit

0% 2% 4% 6% 8% 10% 12%

R

ecent (2004) 0.084/4 0.084 / 3

0

.

080/4 0.074/5 0.074/4

0.

074/ 3

0.

070/ 4 0.064/4

Ozone Concentrations/StandardsPercent All ChildrenResponding (and 95% CI) Houston

0% 2% 4% 6% 8% 10% 12%

R

ecent ( 2004) 0.084 / 4 0.084/3

0.

080/ 4 0.074/5 0.074/4

0.

074/ 3 0.070 / 4 0.064/4

Ozone Concentrations/StandardsPercent All ChildrenResponding (and 95% CI)

### 5C-28 Figure 5C-2. (Continued)

Los Angeles

0% 2% 4% 6% 8% 10% 12%

Recent (2004) 0.084/4

0.

084/ 3

0.

080/ 4 0.074/5 0.07 4 /4

0.074/3

0.

070/ 4 0.064/4

Ozone Concentrations/StandardsPercent All Children Responding(and 95% CI) New York

0% 2% 4% 6% 8% 10% 12%

Recent (200 4 ) 0.084/4

0.

084/ 3 0.080/4

0.

074/ 5

0.

074/ 4 0.074/3

0.

070/ 4 0.064 / 4

Ozone Concentrations/StandardsPercent All Children Responding(and 95% CI)

Philadelphia

0% 2% 4% 6% 8% 10% 12%

Recen t ( 2004)

0.

084/ 4 0.084 / 3

0

.

080/4

0.

074/ 5 0.074/4

0.

074/ 3 0.070/4

0.

064/ 4

Ozone Concentrations/StandardsPercent All Children Responding(and 95% CI) Sacramento

0% 2% 4% 6% 8% 10% 12%

Recent (2004)

0

.

084/4

0.

084/ 3 0.080/4 0.074/5

0.

074/ 4 0.074/3

0

.

070/4

0.

064/ 4

Ozone Concentrations/StandardsPercent All Children Responding(and 95% CI)

St. Louis

0% 2% 4% 6% 8% 10% 12%

R

ecent ( 2004)

0

. 084/4

0 .084/ 3

0 .080/ 4

0

. 074

/ 5

0

. 074/4

0

. 074/3

0 .070/ 4

0

. 064/4

Ozone Concentrations/StandardsPercent All Children Responding(and 95% CI) Washington, D.C.

0% 2% 4% 6% 8% 10% 12%

Recent (200 4 ) 0.084/4

0.

084/ 3

0.

080/ 4 0.074/5

0.

074/ 4

0.

074/ 3 0.070/4

0.

064/4

Ozone Concentrations/StandardsPercent All Children Responding(and 95% CI)

* An 8-hr average standard, denoted m/n is characterized by a concentration of m ppm and an nth daily maximum. So, for
example, the current standard is 0.084/4 – 0.084 ppm, 4th daily maximum 8-hr average. The 4th daily maximum standards,
denoted m/4, require that the average of the 3 annual nth daily maxima over a 3-year period be at or below the specified level.

.

### 5C-29 Figure 5C-3. Percent of Asthmatic Children (Ages 5-18) Engaged in Moderate Exertion Estimated
to Experience At Least One Lung Function Response (Decrement in FEV 1 

### ≥ 10%)
Associated with Exposure to O 3 

### Concentrations That Just Meet the Current and
Alternative Average 4 th 

### Daily Maximum 8-Hour Standards, for Location-Specific O 3 

### Seasons (Based on Adjusting 2004 Air Quality)

*95% confidence intervals associated with these risk estimates are provided in Table 5C-5 of this Appendix. An 8-
hr average standard, denoted m/n is characterized by a concentration of m ppm and an nth daily maximum. So, for
example, the current standard is 0.084/4 – 0.084 ppm, 4th daily maximum 8-hr average. The 4th daily maximum
standards, denoted m/4, require that the average of the 3 annual nth daily maxima over a 3-year period be at or
below the specified level

Recent (2004)

84

74

64

Atlanta Chicago Houston Los Angeles New York 0% 5% 10% 15% 20%Percent Asthmatic Children Responding

Ozone Conc./

Standards (ppb)

Urban Areas

### 5C-30 Figure 5C-4. Percent of Asthmatic Children (Ages 5- 18) Engaged in Moderate Exertion Estimated to
Experience At Least One Lung Func tion Response (Decrement in FEV 1 ≥ 10 %) Associated with
Recent Air Quality (2004) and Exposure to O 3 Concentrations That Just Meet the Current and

Alternative 8-Hour Standard s, for Location-Specific O 3 Seasons: Based on Adjusting 2004 O 3 Concentrations*

Atlanta

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25%

Recent ( 2004)

0

. 0 8 4/4

0

. 0 7 4/4 0.0

6 4/4

0.084/12

0

. 074/12

0

. 0 6 4/12

Ozone Concentrations/StandardsPercent Asthmatic ChildrenResponding (and 95% CI) Chicago

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25%

Recent (2004)

0 .0

8 4/

4

0

. 074/4

0

. 064/4 0.08 4/

12

0.

0 7 4/

12

0 .0

6 4/

1 2

Ozone Concentrations/StandardsPercent Asthmatic ChildrenResponding (and 95% CI)

Houston

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25%

R

e cent ( 2 00

4 )

0

. 08

4/

4

0.0

7 4/

4 0.0 6 4/

4 0.084/12

0

. 0 74/12

0

. 0 64/12

Ozone Concentrations/StandardsPercent Asthmatic ChildrenResponding (and 95% CI) Los Angeles

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25%

Re

c en

t (2

0 04

)

0.084/4

0

. 0 74/4

0

. 0 64/4

0

. 0 84/12

0

. 0 74/12 0.064/12

Ozone Concentrations/StandardsPercent Asthmatic ChildrenResponding (and 95% CI)

New York

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25%

Re

c ent

( 200

4 )

0.084/4 0.07 4/

4 0.064/4

0

. 0 8 4/1

2 0.07 4/

12

0.06 4/

12

Ozone Concentrations/StandardsPercent Asthmatic ChildrenResponding (and 95% CI) * An 8-hr average standard, denoted m/n is characterized by a
concentration of m ppm and an nth daily maximum. So, for
example, the current standard is 0.084/4 – 0.084 ppm, 4th daily
maximum 8-hr average. The 4th daily maximu m standards,
denoted m/4, require that the average of the 3 annual nth daily
maxima over a 3-year period be at or below the specified level
(e.g., 0.084 ppm).

### 5C- 31 Figure 5C-5. Estimated Symptom-Days fo r Chest Tightness Among Moderate/Severe
Asthmatic Children (Ages 0 – 12) in Bo ston Associated with Recent (AprilSeptember 2004) O 3 

### Levels and with Levels Just Meeting Alternative Average

4 th 

### -HighestDaily Maximum 8-Hour Ozone Standards*
Based on Gent et al., 2003)

*95% confidence intervals associated with these risk estimates are provided in Table 5C-5 of this Appendix. An 8-
hr average standard, denoted m/n is characterized by a concentration of m ppm and an nth-highest daily maximum.
So, for example, the current standard is 0.084/4 – 0.084 ppm, 4 th -highest daily maximum 8-hr average. The 4th–
highest daily maximum standards, denoted m/4, require that the average of the 3 annual nth-highest daily maxima
over a 3-year period be at or below the specified level Recent (2004)

84

80

74

70

64

1-day lag/ 1 hr

max./ no other

pollutants 0-day lag/ 1 hr

max./ PM2.5 1-day lag/ 1 hr

max./ PM2.5 1-day lag/ 8 hr

max./ no other

pollutants 0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 8,000 9,000 10,000 11,000Estimated Symptom-Days

Ozone

Concentrations/

Standard

Levels (ppb)

Concentration-Response Model

### 5C- 32 Figure 5C-6. Estimated Incidence of (Unsche duled) Respiratory Hospital Admissions per
100,000 Relevant Population in New York Associated with Recent (April –
September, 2004) O 3 

### Levels and with O 3 

### Levels Just Meeting Alternative
Average 4 th 

### -Highest Daily Maximum 8-Hour Standards

(based on Thurston et al., 1992)

*95% confidence intervals associated with these risk estimates are provided in Table 5C-7 of this Appendix. An 8-
hr average standard, denoted m/n is characterized by a concentration of m ppm and an nth-highest daily maximum.
So, for example, the current standard is 0.084/4 – 0.084 ppm, 4 th -highest daily maximum 8-hr average. The 4 th

highest daily maximum standards, denoted m/4, require that the average of the 3 annual nth-highest daily maxima
over a 3-year period be at or below the specified level Recent

(2004) 84

80

74

70

64 Repiratory

Illness Asthma 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0

Incidence per 100,000

Relevant Population

Ozone Concentrations/

Standard Levels (ppb)

Diagnosis Category

### 5C- 33 Figure 5C-7. Estimated Incidence of No n-Accidental Mortality per 100,000 Relevant
Population Associated with Recent Air Quality (2004) and with Just Meeting
Alternative Average 4 th 

### -Highest Daily Maximum 8-Hour O 3 

### Standards
(Using Bell et al., 2004 – 95 U.S. Citi es Function), Based on 2004 Ozone

Concentrations

*95% confidence intervals associated with these risk estimates are provided in Table 5C-13 of this Appendix. An 8-
hr average standard, denoted m/n is characterized by a concentration of m ppm and an nth daily maximum. So, for
example, the current standard is 0.084/4 – 0.084 ppm, 4 th -highest daily maximum 8-hr average. The 4 th -highest
daily maximum standards, denoted m/4, require that the average of the 3 annual nth-highest daily maxima over a 3-
year period be at or below the specified level Recent (2004) 84 80 74 70 64

A t l a n t a

B o s t o n

C h i c a g o

C l e v e l a n d

D e t r o i t

H o u s t o n

L o s A

n g e l e s

N e w Y o r k

P h i l a d e l p h i a

S

a c r a m e n t o

S t

. L o u i s

W

a s h i n g t o n

, D

. C

. 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3Incidence per 100,000 Relevant Population

Ozone

Concentrations/

Standard Levels (ppb)

Urban Areas

### 5C- 34 Figure 5C-8. Annual Warm Season (A pril to September) Estimated O 3 

### -Related NonAccidental Mortality Associ ated with Recent (2004) O 3 

### Levels and Levels Just Meeting

Alternative 8-hr O 3 

### Standards (Using Bell et al ., 2004 – 95 U.S. Cities Function)

Atlanta

0.0 0.6 1.2 1.8 2.4 3.0 3.6 4.2 4.8

Recent (2004) 0.084 / 4

0.

084/ 3

0.

080/ 4

0.

074/ 5

0.

074/ 4

0.

074/ 3

0.

070/4 0.064/4

Ozone Concentrations/StandardsMortality per 100,000 RelevantPopulation (and 95% CI) Boston

0.0 0.6 1.2 1.8 2.4 3.0 3.6 4.2 4.8

R

ecent ( 2004)

0 .084/ 4

0 .084/ 3

0 .080/ 4

0

. 074

/ 5

0 .074/ 4

0 .074/ 3

0 .070/ 4

0 .064/ 4

Ozone Concentrations/StandardsMortality per 100,000 RelevantPopulation (and 95% CI)

Chicago

0.0 0.6 1.2 1.8 2.4 3.0 3.6 4.2 4.8

R

ecen t (2004) 0.084/4

0.

084/ 3

0.

080/ 4

0.

074/ 5

0.

074/ 4

0.

074/ 3 0.070/4 0.064 / 4

Ozone Concentrations/StandardsMortality per 100,000 RelevantPopulation (and 95% CI) Cleveland

0.0 0.6 1.2 1.8 2.4 3.0 3.6 4.2 4.8

Recent ( 2004)

0.

084/ 4

0.

084/3

0

.

080/4

0.

074/ 5

0.

074/ 4

0.

074/ 3 0.070/4 0.064/4

Ozone Concentrations/StandardsMortality per 100,000 RelevantPopulation (and 95% CI)

Detroit

0.0 0.6 1.2 1.8 2.4 3.0 3.6 4.2 4.8

Recent (2004)

0

.

084/4 0.084/3

0.

080/ 4

0.

074/ 5

0.

074/ 4 0.074/3 0.070 / 4 0.064/4

Ozone Concentrations/StandardsMortality per 100,000 RelevantPopulation (and 95% CI) Houston

0.0 0.6 1.2 1.8 2.4 3.0 3.6 4.2 4.8

R

ecent ( 2004)

0

. 084/4

0

. 084/3

0 .080/ 4

0

. 074

/ 5

0 .074/ 4

0

. 074/3

0

. 070/4

0 .064/ 4

Ozone Concentrations/StandardsMortality per 100,000 RelevantPopulation (and 95% CI)

### 5C- 35 Figure 5C-8 (continued)

Los Angeles

0.0 0.6 1.2 1.8 2.4 3.0 3.6 4.2 4.8

R

ecen t (2004)

0.

084/ 4 0.084/3 0.080/4

0.

074/ 5 0.074/4 0.074/3

0.

070/ 4 0.064 / 4

Ozone Concentrations/StandardsMortality per 100,000 RelevantPopulation (and 95% CI) New York

0.0 0.6 1.2 1.8 2.4 3.0 3.6 4.2 4.8

Recent ( 2004)

0.

084/ 4 0.084 / 3

0

.

080/4

0.

074/ 5

0.

074/ 4 0.074/3

0.

070/ 4 0.064/4

Ozone Concentrations/StandardsMortality per 100,000 RelevantPopulation (and 95% CI)

Philadelphia

0.0 0.6 1.2 1.8 2.4 3.0 3.6 4.2 4.8

Recent (2004)

0 .0

84

/ 4 0.0

84

/3

0.

0 80

/ 4 0.0

74

/5

0.

0 74

/ 4 0.0

74

/3

0.070/4

0.

0 64

/ 4

Ozone Concentrations/StandardsMortality per 100,000 RelevantPopulation (and 95% CI) Sacramento

0.0 0.6 1.2 1.8 2.4 3.0 3.6 4.2 4.8

R

ecent ( 2004)

0 .084/ 4

0

. 084/3

0 .080/ 4

0

. 074/5 0.074/4

0

. 074

/ 3

0

. 070/4

0 .06

4 / 4

Ozone Concentrations/StandardsMortality per 100,000 RelevantPopulation (and 95% CI)

St. Louis

0.0 0.6 1.2 1.8 2.4 3.0 3.6 4.2 4.8

R

ecen t (2004)

0.

084/ 4 0.084/3

0.

080/ 4

0.

074/ 5 0.074/4

0.

074/ 3 0.070/4

0.

064/4

Ozone Concentrations/StandardsMortality per 100,000 RelevantPopulation (and 95% CI) Washington, D.C.

0.0 0.6 1.2 1.8 2.4 3.0 3.6 4.2 4.8

Recen t ( 2004)

0.

084/ 4 0.084 / 3

0.080 / 4 0.074/5

0.

074/ 4

0.

074/ 3 0.070/4

0.

064/ 4

Ozone Concentrations/StandardsMortality per 100,000 RelevantPopulation (and 95% CI)

*An 8-hr average standard, denoted m/n is characterized by a concentration of m ppm and an nth-highest daily
maximum. So, for example, the current standard is 0.084/4 – 0.084 ppm, 4 th -highest daily maximum 8-hr average.

The 4 th -highest daily maximum standards, denoted m/4, require that the average of the 3 annual nth-highest daily
maxima over a 3-year period be at or below the specified levelTotal counties (population)Northeast SoutheastIndustrialMidwestUpperMidwestSouthwest NorthwestSouthernCAOutsideRegions**No. of counties with monitors(Population)641 (189,802,858) 122 187 187 29 23 74 17 20.085 4th max 31 (49) 52 22 35 0 22 15 71 00.085 3rd max 40 (58) 66 30 48 0 22 22 71 00.080 4th max 48 (66) 74 39 57 3 30 26 82 00.074 5th max 69 (78) 89 67 78 14 52 41 88 00.074 4th max 74 (81) 95 74 84 21 61 41 88 00.074 3rd max 79 (86) 97 81 88 28 65 46 88 00.070 4th max 86 (90) 98 88 95 34 87 55 94 00.064 4th max 95 (96) 99 99 100 62 91 80 100 0**"Outside Regions" include Alaska and Hawaii.*Based on 2002-2004 data for sites that are at least 75% complete for the ozone season. As such, these estimates are not basedon the same air quality datathat would be used to determine whether an area would attain a given standard or set of standards. These are estimates can only approximate the number ofcounties that are likely not to attain the given standards and should be interpreted with caution.Predicted percent of counties with monitors (and percent of population in counties with monitors) not likely to meetalternative ozone standards.Alternative Standards andLevels (ppm)Percent of counties, total and by region, (and total percent population) not likely to meet stated standard and level*3 year daily 8-hr max:

## APPENDICES FOR CHAPTER 7

## APPENDIX 7A: BIOLOGICAL LY RELEVANT FORMS OF
AIR QUALITY INDICES APPROPRIATE FOR

CHARACTERIZING VEGETA TION EXPOSURES AND

ASSOCIATED LEVELS

### 7A-2 APPENDIX 7A.

This appendix provides a gene ral overview of several bi ologically relevant forms

considered appropriate for characterizing expos ures relevant to ve getation and currently

in use or considered for use in a management context.

CUMULATIVE, CONCENTRATION WE IGHTED FORMS: SUM06, W126,

AOT40

In an analysis done by Lee, et al., 19 89, a group of cumulative, concentrationweighted forms performed equally well in pr edicting crop yield loss using data from the

NCLAN studies. All three indices were evaluate d in the 1996 Staff Paper. In some cases

such O 3 

### exposure indices have been shown to explain O 3 

### effects as well or better than

calculated internal O 3 

### dose (Grulke, et al. 2002; Hanson et al., 1994). Additional

research needs to be done to better evalua te the performance of these indices under a

wide range of exposure scenarios.

In the interim between the 1996 proposal notice and the 1997 final rule, the

results of a consensus-building workshop on the need for a long-term cumulative

secondary O 3 

### standard were published. At this wo rkshop, expert scientists expressed

their judgments on what standard form(s) a nd level(s) would provi de vegetation with

adequate protection from O 3 

### -related adverse effects. After agreeing that some form of a

cumulative standard would be most appropria te for a secondary standard, consensus was

achieved that the SUM06 and W126 forms woul d give very similar protection against O 3


### effects on vegetation. It was agreed that SUM06 was an acce ptable form of a secondary

standard with the caveat that the acceptance of the SUM06 should not be interpreted as

an acceptance of a threshold (Heck and Cowling, 1997).

Consensus was also reached with respect to selecting appropriate levels in terms

of a 3-month, 12-hr SUM06 standard. Be low are the 3-month, 12-hr SUM06 ranges

participants agreed should be considered for a number of endpoints. For foliar injury to

natural ecosystems – a SUM06 range of 8 to 12 ppm-hr; for growth effects to tree

seedlings in natural forest stands – a range of 10 to 15 ppm-hr; for growth effects to tree

seedlings and saplings in planta tions – a range of 12 to 16 ppm-hr; and for yield

reductions in agricultural crops – a range of 15 to 20 ppm-hr (Heck and Cowling, 1997).

Staff note that the AOT40 is another cumulativ e, concentration weighted form that is

currently in use in Europe. This form cumulates the area over the 40 ppb threshold by

subtracting 40 ppb from the value of the measured O 3 

### level. See the Critical Level

discussion below for levels of the AOT40 identified with protection for various

vegetation effects endpoints.

### 7A-3 FLUX-BASED INDICES

As discussed in Chapter 7 above, a measure or prediction of plant O 3 

### uptake is

intuitively a bette r predictor of pl ant response to O 3 

### exposure in the field than a measure

of ambient exposure because it accounts for the plant’s integration of environmental

factors that influence stomatal conductance. In practice, however, there are a number of

complicating factors that are not easily accounte d for in predictive uptake models. These

include:

(1) The potential disconn ect between the timing of tw o diunal patterns: 1) of

maximum stomatal conductance and 2) the timing of peak exposure events. In the

absence of synchronicity between these pa tterns, maximal stomatal conductance of O 3


### will not occur and the predicted O 3 

### effect for that species/in dividual on the basis of flux

will be an overestimation. This concern is espe cially apparent when assessing the impact

of O 3 

### across all the varied climatic regions and species occurring within the United

States.

(2) Not all O 3 

### stomatal uptake results in a re duction in yield. This nonlinear

relationship between O 3 

### uptake and plant injury (not gr owth alteration) response depends

to some degree on the amount of internal de toxification occurring wi th each particular

species; species having high amounts of det oxification potential may show less of a

relationship between O 3 

### stomatal uptake and plant res ponse. Because detoxification

potential is genetically determined, it cannot be generalized across species. Scientific

understanding of the detoxificat ion mechanisms is not yet complete, so that much more

needs to be learned about the detoxification processes availa ble to plants and to what

extent they modify the potential ly phytotoxic dose in the leaf interior before this factor

can be meaningfully considered in a biologically-relevant index.

(3) The varying significance of nocturnal stom atal conductance. Musselman and

Minnick (2000) performed an extensive review of the literature and reported that a large

number of species had varying degrees of nocturnal stomatal conductance (Musselman

and Minnick, 2000). Although stom atal conductance was lower at night than during the

day for most plants, nocturnal conductan ce could result in some measurable O 3 

### flux into

the plants. In addition, it was suggested th at plants might be more susceptible to O 3


### exposure at night than during the daytime, b ecause of possibly lower plant defenses at

night (Musselman and Minnick, 2000). Nocturnal O 3 

### flux also depends on the level of

### 7A-4 turbulence that intermittently occurs at night. Thus, it would appear that the importance

of nocturnal conductance and its contribution to total diurna l flux is species and site

specific. For additional information on noctu rnal conductance see Chapter 9 and AX9 of

CD (EPA, 2006).

As is evident from the above discussion, multiple meteorological, species- and

site-specific factors influence O 3 

### uptake. In order to integrat e those factors that drive the

patterns of stomatal conductan ce and exposure, the use of O 3 

### flux models is required.

Though significant new research into flux model development has occurred since the last

review, at this point in time these models remain species and site specific which limits

their usefulness in national or regional scal e risk assessments. However, in some

countries, efforts are under way to incorporat e flux into the policy context (see Critical

Level discussion below).

The Critical Level Approach

Both the concentration-based and flux-based exposure index forms can be used to

establish a “critical level” for plant exposure to O 3 

### . One definition of a critical level is

“the concentration of pollutant in the atmosphere above whic h direct adverse effects on

receptors, such as plants, ecosystems, or materials may occur according to present

knowledge” (UNECE, 1988). As used by th e United Nations Economic Commission for

Europe International Cooperative Programme (U NECE ICP), the critical levels are not air

quality regulatory standards in the U.S. sense, but rather planning targets for reductions in

pollutant emissions to protect ecological resources. Critical levels for O 3 

### are intended to

prevent long-term deleterious effects on the mo st sensitive plant species under the most

sensitive environmental condi tions, but not to quantify O 3 

### effects. The nature of the

“adverse effects” was not specif ied in the original definiti on, which provided for different

levels for different types of harmful effect (e.g., visible injury or loss of crop yield).

There are also different levels for crops, fo rests, and seminatural vegetation. The caveat,

“according to present knowledge,” is important b ecause critical levels are not rigid; they

are revised periodically as new scientific info rmation becomes available. To date, critical

levels (Level I) have been set for agricultural crops, for foliar injury symptoms in the

field and for forest trees in terms of th e AOT40 index (see section 7.2.5 and U.S. EPA,

2006). Specifically, critical levels of a 3 month, 3 ppm- hr and a 6 month, 10 ppm-hr

AOT40 have been established for crops and tree seedlings, respectively. An additional

provisional level of 7 ppm-hr over 6 mont hs for herbaceous perennials has been

recommended. Level I critical levels are cu rrently used to map and identify areas in

### 7A-5 Europe in which the levels are exceeded, and that information is then used to plan

optimized and effects-based abatement strategies.

In the 1990s, however, many exposure stud ies demonstrated that the simple,

exposure-based approach led to the overest imation of effects in some regions and

underestimation in others (Fuhrer et al., 1997; Kärenlampi and Skärby, 1996) because it

did not differentiate between plant species, and it did not include modifying site and

micrometeorological factors of O 3 

### uptake such vapor pressure deficit (VPD), water stress,

temperature, and light and variation in canopy height. At that time, a decision was made

by the UNECE ICP to work towards a flux-based approach for the critical levels (“Level

II”), with the goal of modeling O 3 

### flux-effect relationships for three vegetation types:

crops, forests, and seminatural vegetation (G rünhage and Jäger, 2003). Progress has been

made in modeling flux (Ashmore et al., 2004a,b) and the Mapping Manual is being

revised (Ashmore et al., 2004a,b; Grennfelt, 2004; Karlsson et al., 2003). The revisions

may include a flux-based approach for thre e crops: wheat, potatoes, and cotton.

However, because of a lack of flux-respons e data, a cumulative, cutoff concentrationbased (e.g., AOT40) exposure index will remain in use for the near future for most crops

and for forests and seminatural herbace ous vegetation (Ashmore et al., 2004a).

Summary

Flux-based models are currently lim ited by the species-specific information

required and by the observed nonlinearity betwee n total flux and plant response. Better

understanding of the detoxifi cation and compensation proces ses would be required to

account for this nonlinearity in future models. Other relevant information that should be

evaluated include the extent to which: (1 ) nighttime exposures represent a significant

percentage of total diurnal exposures, and whet her their impact on grow th or foliar injury

effects are proportional; (2) the degree to which elevation an d nocturnal turbulence alter

actual nocturnal uptake; and (3) differences in plant defense mechanisms and other

processes at night.

Until such research can be done, the curre nt CD (U.S. EPA, 2006) concludes that,

at this time, based on the current state of knowledge, exposure indices that differentially

weight the higher hourly average O 3 

### concentrations but include the mid-level values still

represent the best approach for relating vegetation effects to O 3 

### exposure in the U.S..

This is due in part to the existence of a larg e database that has been used for establishing

exposure-response relationships. Such a da tabase does not yet exist for relating O 3 

### flux

to growth response.

### 7A-6 Staff anticipate that, as the overla pping mathematical relationships of

conductance, concentration, and defens e mechanisms are better defined, O 3 

### -flux-based

models may be able to predict vegetation injury and/or damage at least for some

categories of canopy-types with more accuracy than the currently available exposureresponse models. The results of these studies and reviews indicate th e need to continue

to develop indices that are more physiologi cally and meteorologically connected to the

actual dose of O 3 

### the plant receives. The flux appro ach should provide an opportunity to

improve upon the concentration-based exposure index in the future, recognizing that a

concerted research effort is needed to de velop the necessary experimental data and

modeling tools that will provi de the scientific basis for such critical levels for O 3


### (Dämmgen et al., 1994; Fuhrer et al., 1997; Grünhage et al., 2004).

References

Ashmore, M.; Emberson, L.; Karlsson, P. E.; Pleijel, H. (2004a) New directions: a new generation of ozone
critical levels for the protection of vegetation in Europe (correspondence). Atmos. Environ. 38:

2213-2214.

Ashmore, M. E.; Karlsson, P. E.; Pleijel, H. (2004b) Introduction for ozone deposition special issue.

Atmos. Environ. 38: 2211-2212.

Dämmgen, U.; Grünhage, L.; Kusters, A.; Jäger, H. J. (1994) Response of a grassland ecosystem to air
pollutants:--II the chemical climate: fluxes of sedimenting airborne matter. Environ. Pollut. 85:

35-42.

Fuhrer, J.; Skärby, L.; Ashmore, M. R. (1997) Critical levels for ozone effects on vegetation in Europe.

Environ. Pollution 97: 91-106.

Grennfelt, P. (2004) New directions: recent research findings may change ozone control policies. Atmos.

Environ. 38: 2215-2216.

Grulke, N. E.; Preisler, H. K.; Rose, C.; Kirsch, J.; Balduman, L. (2002) O3 uptake and drought stress
effects on carbon acquisition of ponderosa pine in natural stands. New Phytol. 154: 621-631.

Grünhage, L.; Jäger, H. J. (2003) From critical levels to critical loads for ozone: a discussion of a new
experimental and modelling approach for establishing flux-response relationships for agricultural
crops and native plant species. Environ. Pollut. 125: 99-110.

Grünhage, L.; Krupa, S. V.; Legge, A. H.; Jäger, H. J. (2004) Ambient flux-based critical values of ozone
for protecting vegetation: differing spatial scales and uncertainties in risk assessment. Atmos.

Environ. 38: 2433-2437.

Hanson, P., Samuelson, L., Wullschleger, S., Tabberer, T. and Edwards, G. (1994) “Seasonal patterns of
light-saturated photosynthesis and leaf conductance for mature and seedling Quercus rubra L. foliage: differential sensitivity to ozone exposure.” Tree Physiology 14:1351-1366

Heck, W. W.; Cowling, E. B. (1997) The need for a long term cumulative secondary ozone standard - an
ecological perspective. EM (January): 23-33

### 7A-7 Kärenlampi, L.; Skärby, L. (1996) Critical levels for ozone in Europe: testing and finalizing the concepts
UN-ECE workshop report. In: Proceedings of UN-ECE convention on long-range transboundary
air pollution workshop; April; Kuopio, Finland. Kupio, Finland: University of Kuopio,
Department of Ecology and Environmental Science.
Karlsson, P. E.; Selldén, G.; Pleijel, H. (2003) Esta blishing ozone critical leve ls II. Gothen burg, Sweden:

IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute; IVL Report B 1523.

Lee, E. H.; Tingey, D. T.; Hogsett, W. E. (1989) Interrelation of ex perimental exposure and ambient air
quality data for comparison of ozone exposure indices and estimating agricultural losses.
Corvallis, OR: U.S. Environmental Protection Ag ency, Environmental Research Laboratory; EPA
report no. EPA-600/3-89-047. Available from: NTIS, Springfield, VA; PB89-195036.

Musselman, R. C.; Minnick, T. J. (2000) Nocturnal st omatal conductance and ambient air quality standards

for ozone. Atmos. Environ. 34: 719-733.

United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE). (1988) ECE Critical Levels Workshop; Bad
Harzburg, Germany [final report]. Geneva, Switzerland: United Nations Economic Commission
for Europe.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (2006) Air Quality Criteria for Ozone and Related Photochemical

Oxidants (Final). Office of Research and De velopment, National Center for Environmental
Assessment, Research Triangle Park, NC. EPA/600/R-05/004aF-cF, 2006.

## APPENDIX 7B: Comparison s between Ozone Metrics

### 7B-2 Calculation of Approximate Equi valent 12-hr SUM06 and 12-hr W126

Despite various metrics reported in the vegeta tion effects literature, there is no standard

method for calculating equivalent levels be tween metrics. The maximum 3-month 12-hr

SUM06 of 25 ppm-hr secondary standard that was proposed in the last review (62 FR

38877) was based on a yield loss prevention of approximately 10% in 50% of crop cases

studied in the National Crop Loss Analysis Network (NCLAN) experiments. For

consistency, staff judged it appropriate to use the NCLAN experiments to derive

equivalents between the 12-hr SUM06 and W 126. For example, below are the 12-hr

SUM06 and W126 NCLAN equations to protect 50% of crop cases from a specified

percent yield loss (L ee and Hogsett 1996):

Metric Weibull Equation

12-hr SUM06 Predicted Relative Yi eld Loss = 1- exp(-[SUM06/87.42]^1.82)

12-hr W126 Predicted Relative Yi eld Loss = 1- exp(-[W126/96.05]^1.48)

In the first equation, solving for a SUM06 of 25 ppm-hr equals a predicted relative yield

loss of 10%. Solving the second equation for a 10% yield loss equals a W126 of 21 ppmhr. Thus, staff considers a 12-hr SUM06 of 25 ppm-hr and a 12-hr W126 of 21 ppm-hr

approximately equivalent.

References

Lee, E. H.; Hogsett, W. E. (1996) Methodology for calculating inputs for ozone secondary standard
benefits analysis: part II. Report prepared for O ffice of Air Quality Plan ning and Standards, Air
Quality Strategies and Standards Division, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, N.C., March.

### 7B-3 

## Yearly plots of 8-hr versus 12-hr W126 metrics7B-4Figure 7B-1.The 2001 4th highest maximum 8-hr average versus the highest 3-month 12-hr W126, by countyHighest 3-month 12-hr W126 (ppm-hrs)0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

4th Highest Max. 8- hr Average (ppm)0.000.020.040.060.080.100.120.1412-hr W126 options analyzedCurrent standardAlternative standard7B-5Figure 7B-2.The 2004 4th highest maximum 8-hr average versus the highest 3-month 12-hr W126, by countyHighest 3-month 12-hr W126 (ppm-hrs)0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

4th Highest Max. 8-hr Average (ppm)0.000.020.040.060.080.100.120.1412-hr W126 options analyzedCurrent standardAlternative standard

## APPENDIX 7C: CMAQ EXPOSURE MODEL

### 7C-2 APPENDIX 7C.

Staff investigated the appropriateness of using the spatial scaling from the

EPA/NOAA Community Multi-scale Ai r Quality (CMAQ) model system

( http://www.epa.gov/asmdnerl/CMAQ , Byun and Ching, 1999; Ar nold et al. 2003, Eder

and Yu, 2005) O 3 

### outputs to improve spatial interpol ations based on a regionally limited

and unevenly distributed O 3 

### monitoring network in the western U.S. (see section 7.5.3).

The CMAQ model is a multi-pollutant, multiscale air quality model that contains stateof-science techniques for simulating all atmos pheric and land processe s that affect the

transport, transformation, and deposition of atmospheric pollutants and/or their

precursors on both regional and urban scales. It is designed as a science-based modeling

tool for handling many major pollutant s (including photochemical oxidants/O 3 

### , particulate matter, and nutrient deposition) holistically. The CMAQ model can generate

estimates of hourly O 3 

### concentrations for the conti guous U.S., making it possible to

express model outputs in terms of a vari ety of exposure indices (e.g., SUM06, 8-hr

average). Due to the significant resour ces required to run CMAQ, however, model

outputs are only available for a limited numbe r of years. For this review, 2001 outputs

from CMAQ version 4.5 were the most recent data available. This version of CMAQ

utilizes the more refined 12 km x 12 km grid for the eastern U.S., while using the 36 km

x 36 km grid for the western U.S. The 12 km x 12 km domain covers an area from

roughly central Texas, north to North Dakota, east to Maine, and south to central Florida.

The CMAQ modeling system has undergone two external peer reviews through

the Community Modeling and Analysis System (CMAS) based at the University of North

Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC ) Carolina Environmental Program (Amar et al. 2005,

2004). In addition, EPA/NOAA recently conduc ted an initial evalua tion of the eastern

U.S. domain of CMAQ vers ion 4.5 (Appel et al., 2005;

http://www.cmascenter.org/docs/CMAQ/v4.5/CMAQv4.5_EvaluationDocumentFinal2005.pdf ). Based on this evaluation, hourly O 3 

### patterns are predicted well during

the daytime. The prediction of daily maximum 8-hr average O 3 

### was relatively good,

showing a slight positive normalized mean bi as of 1.62% and a normalized mean error of

17.4%. Overall, CMAQ predictions of daily maximum 8-hr O 3 

### averages were improved

in the 12 km x 12 km grid size when compared to the 36 km x 36 km grid size. However,

the CMAQ consistently over-predicted hourly O 3 

### at night. Since many of the

assessments outlined below rely daytime O 3 

### accumulated in the 12-hr SUM06 (8 am-8

pm), the night-time over-prediction is less of an issue.

### 7C-3 The results of the CMAQ version 4.5 ev aluation should be used with caution for

several reasons. First, this evaluation i gnores the mismatch of spatial resolution and

treats CMAQ output as a point-value, a conc ern raised by Fuentes and Rafterty 2005.

The problem is well known, but is often ignor ed since there are not standard operational

methods that can be applied to the CMAQ m odel output to deal with this problem.

Secondly, the size of the grid being used is unable to capture the rapidly changing O 3


### gradients that often occur in complex te rrain, across urban/rural gradients and along

coastal areas. In these cases significant differences in O 3 

### concentration could occur with

a 12x12km cell and the uncertainties associat ed with these areas are unknown. Many

such features occur in rural areas of importa nce in this assessment and it is recognized

that any estimates of O 3 

### exposure in complex terrain are very uncertain. Unfortunately,

complex terrain is of greater significance in the west, where the CMAQ grid is even

larger and the monitoring network is for the most part, sparse. These limitations proved

to be determinant in selecting an interpolation technique for the west.

The CMAQ model incorporates output fiel ds from emissions and meteorological

modeling systems and several other data sour ces through special inte rface processors into

the CMAQ Chemical Transport Model (CCTM). Currently, the Sparse Matrix Operator

Kernel Emissions (SMOKE) System produces the emissions factors and the Fifth

Generation Penn State University/ National Ce nter for Atmospheric Research Mesoscale

Model (MM5) provides the meteorological fi elds. CCTM then performs chemical

transport modeling for multiple pollutants on multiple scales. Emission inventories of

SO 2 

### , CO, NOx, and VOCs are based on EPA’ s 2001 National Emission Inventory (NEI)

and are consistent with inventories used for th e analysis of the Clean Air Interstate Rule

(CAIR) rule (EPA, 2005b). Biogenic emissions , from natural sources, were processed

using the Biogenic Emissions Inventory System (BEIS) version 3.13. The staff

recognizes that O 3 

### exposures vary between years de pending on meteorology and other

factors.

Recently EPA/NOAA conducted an initial ev aluation of the eastern U.S. domain

of CMAQ version 4.5 (Appel et al., 2005;

http://www.cmascenter.org/docs/CMAQ/v4.5/CMAQv4.5_EvaluationDocumentFinal2005.pdf ). This evaluation used the same metrics published by Eder and Yu (2005)

for the CMAQ version 4.4 model release. For the modeled summer months of June, July

and August of 2001, CMAQ version 4.5 predicti ons were compared to AQS monitor

sites. The prediction of da ily maximum 8-hr average O 3 

### was relatively good, showing a

slight positive normalized mean bias of 1.62% and a normalized mean error of 17.4%.

Hourly ozone patterns are predicted well during the daytime. However, the CMAQ

### 7C-4 consistently over-predicted hourly O 3 

### at night. Nighttime over-predictions in O 3 

### have

been improved over CMAQ version 4.4 by modifications to the minimum K

z 

### approximation in CMAQ version 4.5, but additi onal investigations are needed. Again,

since many of the assessments outlined below rely daytime O 3 

### accumulated in the 12-hr

SUM06 (8 am to 8 pm), the night-time over-pre diction is less of an issue. Overall,

CMAQ predictions of daily 8hr O 3 

### averages were improved in the 12km x 12km grid size

when compared to the 36km x 36km grid size. Since CMAQ output is averaged over

large square blocks and monitor observations are effectively averages over much smaller

regions, CMAQ output and monitor observations have a mismatch in spatial resolution.

(Fuentes and Rafterty 2005). The problem is well known, but is often ignored since there

are not standard operational methods that ca n be applied to the CMAQ model output to

deal with this problem. The CMAQ versi on 4.5 evaluation describe d above ignores the

mismatch of spatial resolution and treats CMAQ output as a point-value. The staff

believes this simplification is reasonable in flat rural areas where many important crops

and vegetation grow, because O 3 

### is a secondary pollutant an d its concentration generally

varies fairly smoothly across those areas. However, O 3 

### is notably more variable in

complex terrain, across urban/ru ral gradients and along coasta l areas. In these cases

significant differences in O 3 

### concentration could occu r with a 12x12km cell and the

uncertainties associated with these areas are unknown. The current assessment is most

concerned with rural areas and it is recognized that any estimates of O 3 

### exposure in

complex terrain are very uncertain. Unfo rtunately, complex terrain is of greater

significance in the west, where the CMAQ grid is larger and the monitoring network is

for the most part, sparse. These limitations proved to be determinant in selecting an

interpolation technique for the west.

References

Amar, P., D. Chock, A. Hansen, M. Moran, A. Russell, D. Steyn, and W. Stockwell, (2005): Final Report:
Second Peer Review of the CMAQ Model. Report submitted to Community Modeling and
Analysis System Center, University of No rth Carolina at Chapel Hill, May, 28 pp.

( http://www.cmascenter.org/PDF/ CMAQ_Scd_Peer_Rev_July_5.pdf )

Amar, P., R. Bornstein, H. Feldman, H. Jeffries, D. Steyn, R. Yamartino, and Y. Zhang, (2004): Final
Report: December 2003 Peer Revi ew of the CMAQ Model. Report submitted to Community
Modeling and Analysis System Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, July, 24 pp.

Appel, K.W.; A. Gilliland; B. Eder (2005) An Opera tional Evaluation of the 2005 Release of Models-3

CMAQ Version 4.5. National Oceanic and At mospheric Administration – Air Resources

### 7C-5 Laboratory, Atmospheric Sciences Modeling Divisi on; In partnership with the National Exposure
Research Laboratory, U.S. En vironmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC

Arnold J.R.; R. L. Dennis; G. S. Tonnesen, (2003) Di agnostic evaluation of numerical air quality models
with specialized ambient observations: testing the Community Multiscale Air Quality modeling
system (CMAQ) at selected SOS 95 ground sites, Atmospheric Environment 37: 1185-1198.

Byun, D.W., Ching, J.K.S. (Eds.), 1999. Science Al gorithms of the EPA Models-3 Community Multiscale
Air Quality Model (CMAQ) Modeling System. EP A/600/R-99/030, US Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Research and Development, Washington, DC 20460.

Eder, B. and S. Yu, 2005: A pe rformance evaluation of the 2004 release of Models-3 CMAQ, Atmos.

Environ. , in press

Fuentes, M and Raftery, AE (2005). Model evaluation an d spatial interpolation by Bayesian combination of
observations with outputs from numerical models. Biometrics , 61, 36-45

.

## APPENDIX 7D. INTERPOLAT ED 3-MONTH, 12-HR SUM06

EXPOSURES7D-2Figure 7D-1. Estimated 12-Hr SUM06 Ozone Exposure – Max 3-months for 2001“As Is” scenario

## APPENDIX 7E. NCLAN C-R ANALYSIS USING THE 8-HR

AVERAGE AND SUM06 METRIC

### 7E-2 Figure 7E-1. Median crop yield loss from NCL AN crops characterized the annual 4 th



### highest maximum 8-hr average (t he current standard form).

Distribution of biomass loss predictions from Weibull exposure-response models that relate yield to O 3 exposure characterized with the 4 th highest max. 8-hr average statistic using data from 31 crop studies from

National Crop Loss Assessment Network (NCLAN). Sepa rate regressions were calculated for studies with

multiple harvests or cultivars, resulting in a total of 54 individual equations from the 31 NCLAN studies.

Each equation was used to calculate the predicted relative yield or biomass loss at 0.02, 0.04, 0.06, 0.10 and

0.12 ppm, and the distributions of the resulting loss were plotted. 4th highest maximum daily 8-h average (ppm)Predicted Relative Yield Loss (%)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12 a. current standard form

75th Percentile

50th Percentile

25th Percentile

### 7E-3 Figure E-2. Median crop yield loss from NCLAN crops characterized with the 12-hr

SUM06

Distribution of yield loss predictions from Weibu ll exposure-response models that relate yield to O 3 exposure characterized with the 12-hr SUM06 statistic using data from 31 crop studies from National Crop

Loss Assessment Network (NCLAN). Separate regre ssions were calculated for studies with multiple

harvests or cultivars, resulting in a total of 54 individual equations from the 31 NCLAN studies. Each

equation was used to calculate the predicted relative yield or biomass loss at 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60

ppm-h, and the distributions of the resulting loss were plotted. Source: EPA, 1996a; Lee and Hogsett 1995

. 12-hr SUM06 (ppm-h)Predicted Relative Yield Loss (%)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

10 20 30 40 50 60 a. 12-hr SUM06

75th Percentile

50th Percentile

25th Percentile

### 7E-4 Figure 7E-2 (A-D). Median soybean (A), wheat (B), cotton (C) and corn (D) yield loss

from NCLAN crops characterized with the 12hr SUM06

Distribution of yield loss predictions from Weibull exposure-response models that relate yield to O 3 exposure characterized with the 12-hr SUM06 statistic using data from 22 soybean, 7 wheat, 9 cotton and 2

corn studies from National Crop Loss Assessment Network (NCLAN). Separate regressions were

calculated for studies with multiple harvests or cultivars. Each equation was used to calculate the predicted

relative yield loss at a 12-h SUM06 of 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 ppm-h, and the distributions of the

resulting loss were plotted. Source: EPA, 1996a; Lee and Hogsett 1995. 12-hr SUM06 (ppm-h)Predicted Relative Yield Loss (%)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

10 20 30 40 50 60 B. Wheat 75th Percentile

50th Percentile

25th Percentile

12-hr SUM06 (ppm-h)Predicted Relative Yield Loss (%)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

10 20 30 40 50 60 A. Soybean

75th Percentile

50th Percentile

25th Percentile

12-hr SUM06 (ppm-h)Predicted Relative Yield Loss (%)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

10 20 30 40 50 60 D. Corn

12-hr SUM06 (ppm-h)Predicted Relative Yield Loss (%)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

10 20 30 40 50 60 C. Cotton

75th Percentile

50th Percentile

25th Percentile

## APPENDIX 7F. C-R FUNCTIONS USED IN CROP AND TREE

SEEDLING ANALYSES

### 7F-2 Table 7F-1. Ozone Exposure-Response Functions for Selected NCLAN Crops

Ozone Index Quantity Crop Function

W126 Max Cotton 1-exp(-(index/74.6)^1.068)

W126 Min Cotton 1-exp(-(index/113.3)^1.397)

W126 Median Cotton 1-exp(-(index/96.1)^1.482)

W126 Max Field Corn 1-exp(-(index/92.7)^2.585)

W126 Min Field Corn 1-exp(-(index/94.2)^4.167)

W126 Median Field Corn 1-exp(-(index/97.9)^2.966)

W126 Median Grain Sorghum* 1-exp(-(index/205.9)^1.963)

W126 Median Peanut* 1-exp(-(index/96.8)^1.890)

W126 Max Soybean 1-exp(-(index/130.1)^1)

W126 Min Soybean 1-exp(-(index/476.7)^1.113)

W126 Median Soybean 1-exp(-(index/110.2)^1.359)

W126 Max Winter Wheat 1-exp(-(index/24.7)^1.0)

W126 Min Winter Wheat 1-exp(-(index/76.8)^2.031)

W126 Median Winter Wheat 1-exp(-(index/53.4)^2.367)

W126 Median Lettuce* 1-exp(-(index/54.6)^4.917)

W126 Median Kidney Bean* 1-exp(-(index/43.1)^2.219)

W126 Min Potato 1-exp(-(index/113.8)^1.299)

W126 Max Potato 1-exp(-(index/96.3)^1)

W126 Median Potato 1-exp(-(index/99.5)^1.242)

Source: Lee and Hogsett (1996) table 10. *Peanuts, Grain Soghum, Lettuce and Kidne y Bean only have one C-R function and

therefore do not have a max and min.

### 7F-3 Table 7F-2. Ozone Exposure-Response Functions for Selected Fruits and Vegetable Crops

Ozone Index Quantity Fruit/Vegetable Function

12-hr Median Onion* 1-(5034-(10941*12hr))/(5034-

(10941*base12))

7-hr Median Rice* 1-(exp(-((7hr/0.2016)^2.474)))/

(exp(-((base7/0.2016)^2.474)))

12-hr Median Valencia Oranges* 1-(53.7-(261.1*12hr))/(53.7-

(261.1*base12))

7-hr Median Cantaloupes* 1-(35.8-(280.8*7hr))/(35.8-

(280.8*base7))

12-hr Min Grapes 1-(1.121-(6.63*12hr))/(1.121-

(6.63*base12))

12-hr Max Grapes 1-(9315-(64700*12hr))/(9315-

(64700*base12))

12-hr Median Grapes 1-(357.254-(2300*12hr))/(357.254-

(2300*base12))

12-hr Max TomatoesProcessing 1-(8590-(41277*12hr))/(8590-

(41277*base12))

12-hr Min TomatoesProcessing 1-(6315-(21070*12hr))/(6315-

(21070*base12))

12-hr Median TomatoesProcessing 1-(9055-(32367*12hr))/(9055-

(32367*base12))

Source: Abt (1995) Exhibit 11. *Onions, Rice, Oranges, and Cantaloupes only have one C-R function and therefore do not have a

max and min. base7 = 0.027 and base12 = 0.025 which are equal to th e concentrations in the charcoal-filtered treatments.

### 7F-4 Table 7F-3. Median Composite Ozone Exposu re-Response Functions* for Tree Seedlings

Ozone Index Quantity Crop Function

W126 Median Ponderosa Pine 1-exp(-(index/159.63)^1.190)

W126 Median Red Alder 1-exp(-(index/179.06)^1.2377)

W126 Median Black Cherry 1-exp(-(index/38.92)^0.9921)

W126 Median Tulip Poplar 1-exp(-(index/51.38)^2..0889)

W126 Median Sugar Maple 1-exp(-(index/36.35)^5.7785)

W126 Median E. White Pine 1-exp(-(index/63.23)^1.6582)

W126 Median Red Maple 1-exp(-(index/318.12)^1.3756)

W126 Median Douglas Fir 1-exp(-(index/106.83)^5.9631)

W126 Median Aspen 1-exp(-(index/109.81)^1.2198)

W126 Median Virginia Pine 1-exp(-(index/1714.64)^1)

Source: Lee and Hogsett (1996) table 14. *I ndividual exposure-response curves are repo rted using the 12-hr-SUM06 index adjuste d to

a 92-day exposure duration.

### 7F-5 Table 7F-4. Maximum county-level percent relative yield loss* for crops using

median C-R functions and 2001 exposures. The range of yield loss represents

calculations from exposures with hourly O 3 

### concentrations reduced by 10% and

without an adjustment.

Air Quality Scenarios

Crops As Is (2001) 8-hr, 84 ppb SUM06 25 8-hr, 70 ppb SUM06 15



### Kidney Bean 4-9% 2-5% 0-1% 0-1% 0-0.5%

Grapes 23-28% 21-25% 17-21% 17-21% 15-19%

Lettuce 0-0% 0-0% 0-0% 0-0% 0-0%

Potato 13-20% 9-15% 3-7% 3-7% 2-5%

Grain Sorghum 1-2% 0.5- 1% 0-0.5% 0-0.5% 0-0%

Cantaloupe 24-29% 19-24% 15-20% 15-20% 13-17%

Corn 0-0.5% 0-0% 0-0% 0-0% 0-0%

Cotton 8-14% 5-10% 1-3% 1-4% 1-2%

Onion 8-10% 7-8% 6-7% 6-7% 5-6%

Peanut 5-11% 3-8% 1-3% 1-2% 0-1%

Soybean 3-6% 2-4% 2-4% 1-2% 1-2%

Valencia

Orange 17-20% 15-18% 12-15% 12-15% 11-14%

Tomato

Processing 14-16% 12-14% 10-12% 10-12% 9-11%

Winter Wheat 1-4% 0.5-2% 0-0.5% 0-0.5% 0-0%

* Modified from Figures for Yield Loss (G-1 ) and Yield Gain (G-2 to G-6) in the

Environmental Assessment TSD (Abt, 2007)

### 7F-6 Table 7F-5. Maximum percent relative biomass loss* for tree seedlings using

median C-R functions and 2001 12-hr W126 ex posures. The range of biomass loss

represents calculations from exposures with hourly O 3 

### concentrations reduced by

10% and without an adjustment.

Air Quality Scenarios

Tree Species As Is (2001) 8-hr, 84 ppb SUM06 25 8-hr, 70 ppb SUM06 15



### Aspen 12-18% 6-12% 6-12% 2-8% 3-9%

Black Cherry 41-53% 24-36% 26-37% 12-24% 16-28%

Douglas Fir 0-0% 0-0% 0-0% 0-0% 0-0%

Ponderosa Pine 20-28% 11-18% 3-11% 4-12% 2-10%

Red Alder 0.5-1% 0.5-1% 0.5-1% 0.5-1% 0.5-1%

Red Maple 2-4% 1-2% 1-3% 0-2% 0.5-2%

Sugar Maple 3-25% 0-22% 0-22% 0-22% 0-22%

Tulip Poplar 14-26% 4-17% 5-18% 1-14% 1-14%

Virginia Pine 1-2% 1-1% 1-1% 0-1% 0-1%

Eastern White

Pine 14-24% 6-16% 6-16% 2-13% 2-13%

* Modified from Figures for Tree Seedling Biomass Loss (H-1) and Biomass Gain (H-2

to H-6) in the Environmenta l Assessment TSD (Abt, 2007)

## APPENDIX 7G. PREDICTED YIELD LOSS FOR SELECTED

MAJOR COMMODITY CROPS BA SED ON PLANTING AREAS

AND PREDICTIONS OF 2001 O 3 

## EXPOSURE USING THE 12-HR

W126 INDEX.7G-2Figure 7G-1.Estimated soybean yield loss based on interpolated 20013-month 12-hr W126. (Withouta 10% reduction in exposure.)7G-3Figure 7G-2.Estimated corn yield loss based on interpolated 2001 3-month 12-hr W126. (With andwithout a 10% reduction inexposure.)7G-4Figure 7G-3.Estimated cotton yield loss based on interpolated 2001 3-month 12-hr W126. (With a 10%reduction in exposure.)7G-5Figure 7G-4.Estimated cotton yield loss based on interpolated 2001 3-month 12-hr W126. (Without a10% reduction in exposure.)7G-6Figure 7G-5.Estimated winter wheat yield loss based on interpolated 2001 3-month 12-hr W126. (With a 10% reduction inexposure.)7G-7Figure 7G-6.Estimated winter wheat yield loss based on interpolated 2001 3-month 12-hr W126.(Without a 10% reduction inexposure.)

## APPENDIX 7H. TREE SEEDLI NG BIOMASS LOSS MAPS UNDER

VARYING AIR QUALITY SCENARIOS7H-2Figure 7H-1.Estimated quaking aspen seedling annual biomass lossbased on interpolated 2001maximum 3-month 12-hr W126withouta 10% downward adjustment of hourly O3concentrations. Thismap indicates the geographic range for quaking aspen(Populus tremoloides), but it does not necessarily indicate that quaking aspen will be found at every point within its range.7H-3Figure 7H-2..Estimated black cherry annualbiomass loss based on interpolated2001 maximum 3-month 12-hr W126witha 10%downward adjustment of hourly O3concentrations. This map indicatesthe geographic range for black cherry (Prunus serotina), but itdoes not necessarily indicate thatblack cherry will be found at every point within its range.7H-4Figure 7H-3.Estimated black cherry annual biomass loss based on interpolated 2001 maximum 3-month 12-hr W126withouta 10%downward adjustment of hourly O3concentrations. This map indicatesthe geographic range for black cherry (Prunus serotina), but itdoes not necessarily indicate thatblack cherry will be found at every point within its range..7H-5Figure 7H-4.Estimated ponderosa pine annual biomass loss based on interpolated 2001 maximum 3-month 12-hr W126witha 10%downward adjustment of hourly O3concentrations. This map indicates the geographic range for ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa),but it does not necessarily indicate that ponderosa pine will be found at every point within its range.7H-6Figure 7H-5Estimated ponderosa pine annual biomass loss based on interpolated 2001 maximum 3-month 12-hr W126withouta10% downward adjustment of hourly O3concentrations. This map indicatesthe geographic range for ponderosa pine (Pinusponderosa), but it does not necessarily indicate that ponderosapine will be found at every point within its range.

## APPENDIX 7I. COUNTY-LEV EL INCIDENCE OF FOLIAR

INJURY7I-2Figure 7I-1.2002 County-level incidence of visible foliar injury in the eastern and westernU.S. as measured by the US ForestService FIA program

## APPENDIX 7J. OZONE SENSITIV E PLANTS IN CLASS I AREAS

AND BY STATE

### 7J-2 

## Table 7J-1

Ozone Sensitive Plant Species in National Parks and Class I Areas

Modified from:

http://www2.nature.nps.gov/air/Pubs/ pdf/flag/NPSozonesensppFLAG06.pdf

Alaska

Denali NP

Saskatoon serviceberry Amelanchier alnifolia

Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides

Thimbleberry Rubus parviflorus

Scouler’s willow Salix scouleriana

Red elderberry Sambucus racemosa

Arizona

Chiricahua NM

Dogbane, Indian hemp Apocynum cannibinum

Silver wormwood Artemisia ludoviciana

Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia

Arizona pine Pinus ponderosa

Black cherry Prunus serotina

Choke cherry Prunus virginiana

Skunkbush Rhus trilobata

Cutleaf coneflower Rudbeckia laciniata

Gooding’s willow Salix goodingii

Scouler’s willow Salix scouleriana

Goldenrod Solidago altissima

Grand Canyon NP

Tree-of-heaven Ailanthus altissima

Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium

Dogbane, Indian hemp Apocynum cannibinum

Silver wormwood Artemisia ludoviciana

Ponderosa pine Pinus ponderosa

Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides

Skunkbush Rhus trilobata

Gooding’s willow Salix goodingii

Scouler’s willow Salix scouleriana

Goldenrod Solidago altissima

### 7J-3 Petrified Forest NP

Tree-of-heaven Ailanthus altissima

Silver wormwood Artemisia ludoviciana

Skunkbush Rhus trilobata

Gooding’s willow Salix goodingii

Saguaro NP

Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium

Dogbane, Indian hemp Apocynum cannibinum

Silver wormwood Artemisia ludoviciana

Evening primrose Oenothera elata

Ponderosa pine Pinus ponderosa

Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides

Skunkbush Rhus trilobata

Cutleaf coneflower Rudbeckia laciniata

Gooding’s willow Salix goodingii

Scouler’s willow Salix scouleriana

Blue elderberry Sambucus mexicana

Goldenrod Solidago altissima

California

Joshua Tree NP

Dogbane, Indian hemp Apocynum cannibinum

Silver wormwood Artemisia ludoviciana

Skunkbush Rhus trilobata

Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia

Gooding’s willow Salix goodingii

Blue elderberry Sambucus mexicana

Kings Canyon NP

Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium

Dogbane, Indian hemp Apocynum cannibinum

Mugwort Artemisia douglasiana

Ninebark Physocarpus capitatus

Jeffrey pine Pinus jeffreyi

Ponderosa pine Pinus ponderosa

Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides

California black oak Quercus kelloggii

Skunkbush Rhus trilobata

Thimbleberry Rubus parviflorus

Scouler’s willow Salix scouleriana

Blue elderberry Sambucus mexicana

### 7J-4 Lassen Volcanic NP

Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium

Mugwort Artemisia douglasiana

Jeffrey pine Pinus jeffreyi

Ponderosa pine Pinus ponderosa

Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides

California black oak Quercus kelloggii

Skunkbush Rhus trilobata

Thimbleberry Rubus parviflorus

Scouler’s willow Salix scouleriana

Blue elderberry Sambucus mexicana

Lava Beds NM

Jeffrey pine Pinus jeffreyi

Ponderosa pine Pinus ponderosa

Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides

Choke cherry Prunus virginiana

Scouler’s willow Salix scouleriana

Pinnacles NM

Tree-of-heaven Ailanthus altissima

Dogbane, Indian hemp Apocynum cannibinum

Mugwort Artemisia douglasiana

Blue elderberry Sambucus mexicana

Point Reyes National Seashore

Red alder Alnus rubra

Mugwort Artemisia douglasiana

Ninebark Physocarpus capitatus

Monterey pine Pinus radiata

Virginia pine Pinus virginiana

Thimbleberry Rubus parviflorus

Blue elderberry Sambucus mexicana

Redwood NP

Red alder Alnus rubra

Saskatoon serviceberry Amelanchier alnifolia

Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium

Dogbane, Indian hemp Apocynum cannibinum

Mugwort Artemisia douglasiana

Yellow-poplar Liriodendron tulipifera

Evening primrose Oenothera elata

### 7J-5 Ninebark Physocarpus capitatus

Jeffrey pine Pinus jeffreyi

Monterey pine Pinus radiata

Chokecherry Prunus virginiana

California black oak Quercus kelloggii

Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia

Thimbleberry Rubus parviflorus

Scouler’s willow Salix scouleriana

Blue elderberry Sambucus mexicana

Red elderberry Sambucus racemosa

Sequoia NP

Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifoli um

Dogbane, Indian hemp Apocynum cannibinum

Mugwort Artemisia douglasiana

Ninebark Physocarpus capitatus

Jeffrey pine Pinus jeffreyi

Ponderosa pine Pinus ponderosa

Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides

California black oak Quercus kelloggii

Skunkbush Rhus trilobata

Thimbleberry Rubus parviflorus

Scouler’s willow Salix scouleriana

Blue elderberry Sambucus mexicana

Yosemite NP

Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium

Dogbane, Indian hemp Apocynum cannibinum

Mugwort Artemisia douglasiana

Ninebark Physocarpus capitatus

Jeffrey pine Pinus jeffreyi

Ponderosa pine Pinus ponderosa

Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides

California black oak Quercus kelloggii

Skunkbush Rhus trilobata

Thimbleberry Rubus parviflorus

Scouler’s willow Salix scouleriana

Blue elderberry Sambucus mexicana

Colorado

Arches NP

Dogbane, Indian hemp Apocynum cannibinum

### 7J-6 Silver wormwood Artemisia ludoviciana

Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia

Black Canyon of the Gunnison NP

Serviceberry Amelanchier alnifolia

Pinus ponderosa Pinus ponderosa

Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides

Great Sand Dunes NM

Serviceberry Amelanchier alnifolia

Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium

Dogbane, Indian hemp Apocynum cannibinum

Silver wormwood Artemisia ludoviciana

Evening primrose Oenothera elata

Ponderosa pine Pinus ponderosa

Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides

Virginia pine Prunus virginiana

Skunkbush Rhus trilobata

Cutleaf coneflower Rudbeckia laciniata

Scouler’s willow Salix scouleriana

Red elderberry Sambucus racemosa

Mesa Verde NP

Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium

Dogbane, Indian hemp Apocynum cannibinum

Silver wormwood Artemisia ludoviciana

Ponderosa pine Pinus ponderosa

Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides

Choke cherry Prunus virginiana

Skunkbush Rhus trilobata

Rocky Mountain NP

Saskatoon serviceberry Amelanchier alnifolia

Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium

Dogbane, Indian hemp Apocynum cannibinum

Silver wormwood Artemisia ludoviciana

Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides

Cutleaf coneflower Rudbeckia laciniata

Scouler’s willow Salix scouleriana

Florida

Everglades NP

### 7J-7 Groundnut Apios americana

Swamp milkweed Asclepias incarnata

Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia

American elder Sambucus canadensis

Smooth cordgrass Spartina alterniflora

Hawaii

Haleakala NP

Jack pine Pinus banksiana

Jeffrey pine Pinus jeffreyi

Ponderosa pine Pinus ponderosa

Monterey pine Pinus radiata

Hawaii Volcanoes NP

White ash Fraxinus americana

Sweetgum Liquidambar styraciflua

Monterey pine Pinus radiata

Loblolly pine Pinus taeda

Blue elderberry Sambucus mexicana

Idaho

Craters of the Moon NM

Saskatoon serviceberry Amelanchier alnifolia

Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium

Silver wormwood Artemisia ludoviciana

Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides

Choke cherry Prunus virginiana

Thimbleberry Rubus parviflorus

Scouler’s willow Salix scouleriana

Kentucky

Mammoth Cave NP

Tree-of-heaven Ailanthus altissima

Groundnut Apios americana

Dogbane, Indian hemp Apocynum cannibinum

Silver wormwood Artemisia ludoviciana

Poke milkweed Asclepias exaltata

Swamp milkweed Asclepias incarnata

Common milkweed Asclepias syriaca

Big-leaf aster Aster macrophyllus

### 7J-8 Redbud Cercis canadensis

Virgin’s bower Clematis virginiana

American hazelnut Corylus americana

White snakeroot Eupatorium rugosum

White ash Fraxinus americana

Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica

Black huckleberry Gaylussacia baccata

Sweetgum Liquidambar styraciflua

Yellow-poplar Liriodendron tulipifera

Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia

Loblolly pine Pinus taeda

Virginia pine Pinus virginiana

American sycamore Platanus occidentalis

Black cherry Prunus serotina

Winged sumac Rhus copallina

Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia

Cutleaf coneflower Rudbeckia laciniata

American elder Sambucus canadensis

Sassafras Sassafras Sassafras albidum

Goldenrod Solidago altissima

Crownbeard Verbesina occidentalis

Maine

Acadia NP

Groundnut Apios americana

Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium

Dogbane, Indian hemp Apocynum cannibinum

Common milkweed Asclepias syriaca

Big-leaf aster Aster macrophyllus

Virgin’s bower Clematis virginiana

White ash Fraxinus americana

Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica

Black huckleberry Gaylussacia baccata

Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia

Jack pine Pinus banksiana

Pitch pine Pinus rigida

Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides

Black cherry Prunus serotina

Choke cherry Prunus virginiana

Allegheny blackberry Rubus allegheniensis

Thornless blackberry Rubus canadensis

American elder Sambucus canadensis

### 7J-9 Smooth cordgrass Spartina alterniflora

Common snowberry Symphoricarpos albus

Michigan

Isle Royale NP

Speckled alder Alnus rugosa

Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium

Common milkweed Asclepias syriaca

Big-leaf aster Aster macrophyllus

Virgin’s bower Clematis virginiana

White ash Fraxinus americana

Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica

Black huckleberry Gaylussacia baccata

Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia

Jack pine Pinus banksiana

Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides

Black cherry Prunus serotina

Chokecherry Prunus virginiana

Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia

Thornless blackberry Rubus canadensis

Thimbleberry Rubus parviflorus

Red elderberry Sambucus racemosa

Goldenrod Solidago altissima

Common snowberry Symphoricarpos albus

Huckleberry Vaccinium membranaceum

Minnesota

Voyageurs NP

Saskatoon serviceberry Amelanchier alnifolia

Groundnut Apios americana

Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium

Dogbane, Indian hemp Apocynum cannibinum

Silver wormwood Artemisia ludoviciana

Swamp milkweed Asclepias incarnata

Common milkweed Asclepias syriaca

Virgin’s bower Clematis virginiana

American hazelnut Corylus americana

Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica

Black huckleberry Gaylussacia baccata

Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia

Jack pine Pinus banksiana

### 7J-10 Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides

Black cherry Prunus serotina

Chokecherry Prunus virginiana

Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia

Allegheny blackberry Rubus allegheniensis

Thornless blackberry Rubus canadensis

Thimbleberry Rubus parviflorus

Cutleaf coneflower Rudbeckia laciniata

American elder Sambucus canadensis

Snowberry Symphoricarpos albus

Montana

Glacier NP

Saskatoon serviceberry Amelanchier alnifolia

Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium

Dogbane, Indian hemp Apocynum cannibinum

Pacific ninebark Physocarpus malvaceum

Ponderosa pine Pinus ponderosa

Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides

Thimbleberry Rubus parviflorus

Scouler’s willow Salix scouleriana

Red elderberry Sambucus racemosa

Snowberry Symphoricarpos albus

Huckleberry Vaccinium membranaceum

New Mexico

Bandelier NM

Tree-of-heaven Ailanthus altissima

Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium

Dogbane, Indian hemp Apocynum cannibinum

Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia

Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides

Skunkbush Rhus trilobata

Thimbleberry Rubus parviflorus

Cutleaf coneflower Rudbeckia laciniata

Goldenrod Solidago altissima

Carlsbad Caverns NP

Silver wormwood Artemisia ludoviciana

Ponderosa pine Pinus ponderosa

Skunkbush Rhus trilobata

### 7J-11 North Carolina/Tennessee

Great Smoky Mountains NP

Tree-of-heaven Ailanthus altissima

Groundnut Apios americana

Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium

Dogbane, Indian hemp Apocynum cannibinum

Silver wormwood Artemisia ludoviciana

Tall milkweed Asclepias exaltata

Swamp milkweed Asclepias incarnata

Common milkweed Asclepias syriaca

Whorled aster Aster acuminatus

Big-leaf aster Aster macrophyllus

Redbud Cercis canadensis

Virgin’s bower Clematis virginiana

American hazelnut Corylus americana

White ash Fraxinus americana

Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica

Black huckleberry Gaylussacia baccata

Mountain dandelion Krigia montana

Sweetgum Liquidambar styraciflua

Yellow-poplar Liriodendron tulipifera

Maleberry Lyonia ligustrina

Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia

Table-mountain pine Pinus pungens

Pitch pine Pinus rigida

Loblolly pine Pinus taeda

Virginia pine Pinus virginiana

American sycamore Platanus occidentalis

Black cherry Prunus serotina

Choke cherry Prunus virginiana

Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia

Allegheny blackberry Rubus allegheniensis

Thornless blackberry Rubus canadensis

Cutleaf coneflower Rudbeckia laciniata

American elder Sambucus canadensis

Sassafras Sassafras albidum

Goldenrod Solidago altissima

Crown-beard Verbesina occidentalis

Northern fox grape Vitis labrusca

### 7J-12 North Dakota

Theodore Roosevelt NP

Saskatoon serviceberry Amelanchier alnifolia

Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium

Dogbane, Indian hemp Apocynum cannibinum

Silver wormwood Artemisia ludoviciana

Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica

Ponderosa pine Pinus ponderosa

Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides

Chokecherry Prunus virginiana

Skunkbush Rhus trilobata

Common snowberry Symphoricarpos albus

Oregon

Crater Lake NP

Saskatoon serviceberry Amelanchier alnifolia

Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium

Ponderosa pine Pinus ponderosa

Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides

Thimbleberry Rubus parviflorus

Scouler’s willow Salix scouleriana

Red elderberry Sambucus racemosa

Common snowberry Symphoricarpos albus

Huckleberry Vaccinium membranaceum

South Dakota

Badlands NP

Dogbane, Indian hemp Apocynum cannibinum

Silver wormwood Artemisia ludoviciana

Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica

Ponderosa pine Pinus ponderosa

Chokecherry Prunus virginiana

Skunkbush Rhus trilobata

Snowberry Symphoricarpos albus

Wind Cave NP

Saskatoon serviceberry Amelanchier alnifolia

Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium

Dogbane, Indian hemp Apocynum cannibinum

Silver wormwood Artemisia ludoviciana

Swamp milkweed Asclepias incarnata

### 7J-13 Common milkweed Asclepias syriaca

Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica

Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia

Ponderosa pine Pinus ponderosa

Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides

Chokecherry Prunus virginiana

Skunkbush Rhus trilobata

Red elderberry Sambucus racemosa

Common snowberry Symphoricarpos albus

Texas

Big Bend NP

Silver wormwood Artemisia ludoviciana

Swamp milkweed Asclepias incarnata

Ponderosa pine Pinus ponderosa

Skunkbush Rhus trilobata

Guadalupe Mountains NP

Silver wormwood Artemisia ludoviciana

Ponderosa pine Pinus ponderosa

Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides

Chokecherry Prunus virginiana

Utah

Arches NP

Cottonwood Populus fremontii

Single-leaf ash Fraxinus anomala

Skunkbush Rhus trilobata

White stem blazingstar Mentzelia albicaulis

Bryce Canyon NP

Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium

Silver wormwood Artemisia ludoviciana

Ponderosa pine Pinus ponderosa

Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides

Choke cherry Prunus virginiana

Skunkbush Rhus trilobata

Canyonlands NP

Serviceberry Amelanchier alnifolia

Dogbane, Indian hemp Apocynum cannibinum

### 7J-14 Silver wormwood Artemisia ludoviciana

Ponderosa pine Pinus ponderosa

Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides

Choke cherry Prunus virginiana

Gooding’s willow Salix goodingii

Capitol Reef NP

Tree-of-heaven Ailanthus altissima

Saskatoon serviceberry Amelanchier alnifolia

Dogbane, Indian hemp Apocynum cannibinum

Silver wormwood Artemisia ludoviciana

White ash Fraxinus americana

Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica

Ponderosa pine Pinus ponderosa

Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides

Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia

Gooding’s willow Salix goodingii

Northern fox grape Vitis labrusca

Zion NP

Tree-of-heaven Ailanthus altissima

Saskatoon serviceberry Amelanchier alnifolia

Dogbane, Indian hemp Apocynum cannibinum

Ponderosa pine Pinus ponderosa

American sycamore Platanus occidentalis

Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides

Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia

Gooding’s willow Salix goodingii

Scouler’s willow Salix scouleriana

Red elderberry Sambucus racemosa

Virginia

Shenandoah NP

Tree-of-heaven Ailanthus altissima

Speckled alder Alnus rugosa

Groundnut Apios americana

Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium

Dogbane, Indian hemp Apocynum cannibinum

Tall milkweed Asclepias exaltata

Swamp milkweed Asclepias incarnata

Common milkweed Asclepias syriaca

Whorled aster Aster acuminatus

### 7J-15 Big-leaf aster Aster macrophyllus

Redbud Cercis canadensis

Virgin’s bower Clematis virginiana

American hazelnut Corylus americana

White snakeroot Eupatorium rugosum

White ash Fraxinus americana

Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica

Black huckleberry Gaylussacia baccata

Sweetgum Liquidambar styraciflua

Yellow-poplar Liriodendron tulipifera

Maleberry Lyonia ligustrina

Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia

Sweet mock orange Philadelphus coronarius

Table-mountain pine Pinus pungens

Pitch pine Pinus rigida

Loblolly pine Pinus taeda

Virginia pine Pinus virginiana

American sycamore Platanus occidentalis

Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides

Black cherry Prunus serotina

Choke cherry Prunus virginiana

Winged sumac Rhus copallina

Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia

Allegheny blackberry Rubus allegheniensis

Sand blackberry Rubus cuneifolius

Cutleaf coneflower Rudbeckia laciniata

American elder Sambucus canadensis

Red elderberry Sambucus racemosa

Sassafras Sassafras albidum

Goldenrod Solidago altissima

Common snowberry Symphoricarpos albus

Crownbeard Verbesina occidentalis

Northern fox grape Vitis labrusca

Washington

Mount Rainier NP

Red alder Alnus rubra

Serviceberry Amelanchier alnifolia

Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium

Dogbane, Indian hemp Apocynum cannibinum

Mugwort Artemisia douglasiana

Silver wormwood Artemisia ludoviciana

### 7J-16 Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia

Ninebark Physocarpus capitatus

Ponderosa pine Pinus ponderosa

Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides

Thimbleberry Rubus parviflorus

Cutleaf coneflower Rudbeckia laciniata

Scouler’s willow Salix scouleriana

Snowberry Symphoricarpos albus

Huckleberry Vaccinium membranaceum

North Cascades NP

Ponderosa pine Pinus ponderosa

Black poplar Populus balsamifera trichocarpa

Paper birch Betula papyrifera

Box elder Acer negundo

Twinberry Lonicera involucrata

Serviceberry Amelanchier alnifolia

Snowberry Symphoricarpos albus

Olympic NP

Red alder Alnus rubra

Ninebark Physocarpus capitatus

Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides

Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia

Scouler’s willow Salix scouleriana

Huckleberry Vaccinium membranaceum

Wyoming

Grand Teton NP

Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium

Pacific ninebark Physocarpus malvaceum

Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides

Scouler’s willow Salix scouleriana

Yellowstone NP

Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium

Dogbane, Indian hemp Apocynum cannibinum

Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica

Pacific ninebark Physocarpus malvaceum

Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides

Skunkbush Rhus trilobata

Thimbleberry Rubus parviflorus

### 7J-17 Scouler’s willow Salix scouleriana

Huckleberry Vaccinium membranaceum

### 7J-18 

## Table 7J-2. Ozone sens itive plants by state

This table lists the O 3 

### sensitive plant species and important crops that occur in each of the

50 states. Ozone sensitive plant species were identified by the National Park Service in

the 2003 report entitled “Ozone Sensitive Pl ant Species on National Park Service and

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Lands” 1 

### . Important sensitive crops were identified in the

National Crop Loss Assessment 2 

### . Current distrubution information of the O 3 

### sensitive

plant species is from the USDA PLANTS database 3



### .

1 

### National Park Service Ozone Sensitive (2003) Ozone Sensitive Plant Species on

National Park Service and U.S. Fish and Wild life Service Lands: Results of a June 24-25,

2003 Workshop Baltimore, Maryland. Natu ral Resource Report NPS/NRARD/NRR2003/01. http://www2.nature.nps.gov/air/ Pubs/pdf/BaltFinalReport1.pdf

2 

### Heck, W. W.; Taylor, O. C.; Tingey, D. T., eds. (1988) Assessment of crop loss from air

pollutants: proceedings of an internationa l conference; October 1987; Raleigh, NC. New

York, NY: Elsevier Applied Science.

3 

### USDA, NRCS (2006) The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov, December 2006).

National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA.

Alaska

Saskatoon serviceberry Amelanchier alnifolia

Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides

Thimbleberry Rubus parviflorus

Scouler’s willow Salix scouleriana

Red elderberry Sambucus racemosa

Choke cherry Prunus virginiana

Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium

Alabama

Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia

Black cherry Prunus serotina

Cutleaf coneflower Rudbeckia laciniata

Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium

Sweetgum Liquidambar styraciflua

### 7J-19 Yellow-poplar Liriodendron tulipifera

Loblolly pine Pinus taeda

Tall milkweed Asclepias exaltata

Goldenrod Solidago altissima

Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia

Allegheny blackberry Rubus allegheniensis

Redbud Cercis Canadensis

White ash Fraxinus americana

Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica

American elder Sambucus canadensis

Virginia pine Pinus virginiana

Sensitive Crops

Winter Wheat

Peanuts

Soybeans

Cotton

Potatoes

Arkansas

Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia

Black cherry Prunus serotina

Cutleaf coneflower Rudbeckia laciniata

Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium

Sweetgum Liquidambar styraciflua

Yellow-poplar Liriodendron tulipifera

Loblolly pine Pinus taeda

Goldenrod Solidago altissima

Common milkweed Asclepias syriaca

Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia

Choke cherry Prunus virginiana

Allegheny blackberry Rubus allegheniensis

Redbud Cercis Canadensis

White ash Fraxinus americana

Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica

American elder Sambucus canadensis

Sensitive Crops

Winter Wheat

Soybeans

Cotton

### 7J-20 Arizona

Dogbane, Indian hemp Apocynum cannibinum

Silver wormwood Artemisia ludoviciana

Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia

Black cherry Prunus serotina

Choke cherry Prunus virginiana

Cutleaf coneflower Rudbeckia laciniata

Gooding’s willow Salix goodingii

Tree-of-heaven Ailanthus altissima

Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium

Ponderosa pine Pinus ponderosa

Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides

Skunkbush Rhus trilobata

Scouler’s willow Salix scouleriana

Goldenrod Solidago altissima

Evening primrose Oenothera elata

Blue elderberry Sambucus mexicana

Thimbleberry Rubus parviflorus

Red elderberry Sambucus racemosa

Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia

American elder Sambucus canadensis

Sensitive Crops

Winter Wheat

Cotton

Potatoes

California

Dogbane, Indian hemp Apocynum cannibinum

Silver wormwood Artemisia ludoviciana

Skunkbush Rhus trilobata

Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia

Gooding’s willow Salix goodingii

Blue elderberry Sambucus mexicana

Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium

Mugwort Artemisia douglasiana

Ninebark Physocarpus capitatus

Jeffrey pine Pinus jeffreyi

Ponderosa pine Pinus ponderosa

Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides

California black oak Quercus kelloggii

Thimbleberry Rubus parviflorus

### 7J-21 Scouler’s willow Salix scouleriana

Choke cherry Prunus virginiana

Tree-of-heaven Ailanthus altissima

Red alder Alnus rubra

Monterey pine Pinus radiata

Virginia pine Pinus virginiana

Saskatoon serviceberry Amelanchier alnifolia

Yellow-poplar Liriodendron tulipifera

Evening primrose Oenothera elata

Ninebark Physocarpus capitatus

Red elderberry Sambucus racemosa

Skunkbush Rhus trilobata

Sweetgum Liquidambar styraciflua

Goldenrod Solidago altissima

Allegheny blackberry Rubus allegheniensis

Sensitive Crops

Winter Wheat

Cotton

Potatoes

Colorado

Dogbane, Indian hemp Apocynum cannibinum

Silver wormwood Artemisia ludoviciana

Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia

Serviceberry Amelanchier alnifolia

Pinus ponderosa Pinus ponderosa

Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides

Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium

Evening primrose Oenothera elata

Virginia pine Prunus virginiana

Skunkbush Rhus trilobata

Cutleaf coneflower Rudbeckia laciniata

Scouler’s willow Salix scouleriana

Red elderberry Sambucus racemosa

Choke cherry Prunus virginiana

Saskatoon serviceberry Amelanchier alnifolia

Thimbleberry Rubus parviflorus

Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia

Goldenrod Solidago altissima

White ash Fraxinus americana

Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica

### 7J-22 American elder Sambucus canadensis

Sensitive Crops

Winter Wheat

Potatoes

Connecticut

Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia

Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides

Red elderberry Sambucus racemosa

Black cherry Prunus serotina

Cutleaf coneflower Rudbeckia laciniata

Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium

Sweetgum Liquidambar styraciflua

Yellow-poplar Liriodendron tulipifera

Tall milkweed Asclepias exaltata

Goldenrod Solidago altissima

Common milkweed Asclepias syriaca

Thornless blackberry Rubus canadensis

Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia

Choke cherry Prunus virginiana

Allegheny blackberry Rubus allegheniensis

Speckled alder Alnus rugosa

Whorled aster Aster acuminatus

Big-leaf aster Aster macrophyllus

Redbud Cercis Canadensis

White ash Fraxinus americana

Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica

American elder Sambucus canadensis

Sensitive Crops

Tobacco

Delaware

Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia

Black cherry Prunus serotina

Cutleaf coneflower Rudbeckia laciniata

Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium

Sweetgum Liquidambar styraciflua

Yellow-poplar Liriodendron tulipifera

Loblolly pine Pinus taeda

### 7J-23 Tall milkweed Asclepias exaltata

Goldenrod Solidago altissima

Common milkweed Asclepias syriaca

Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia

Choke cherry Prunus virginiana

Allegheny blackberry Rubus allegheniensis

Redbud Cercis Canadensis

White ash Fraxinus americana

Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica

American elder Sambucus canadensis

Virginia pine Pinus virginiana

Sensitive Crops

Winter Wheat

Soybeans

Potatoes

Florida

Groundnut Apios americana

Swamp milkweed Asclepias incarnata

Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia

American elder Sambucus canadensis

Smooth cordgrass Spartina alterniflora

Black cherry Prunus serotina

Cutleaf coneflower Rudbeckia laciniata

Sweetgum Liquidambar styraciflua

Yellow-poplar Liriodendron tulipifera

Loblolly pine Pinus taeda

Goldenrod Solidago altissima

Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia

Redbud Cercis Canadensis

White ash Fraxinus americana

Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica

Sensitive Crops

Winter Wheat

Peanuts

Soybeans

Cotton

Tobacco

Potatoes

### 7J-24 Georigia

Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia

Red elderberry Sambucus racemosa

Black cherry Prunus serotina

Cutleaf coneflower Rudbeckia laciniata

Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium

Sweetgum Liquidambar styraciflua

Yellow-poplar Liriodendron tulipifera

Loblolly pine Pinus taeda

Tall milkweed Asclepias exaltata

Goldenrod Solidago altissima

Thornless blackberry Rubus canadensis

Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia

Choke cherry Prunus virginiana

Allegheny blackberry Rubus allegheniensis

Whorled aster Aster acuminatus

Big-leaf aster Aster macrophyllus

Redbud Cercis Canadensis

White ash Fraxinus americana

Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica

American elder Sambucus canadensis

Virginia pine Pinus virginiana

Sensitive Crops

Winter Wheat

Peanuts

Soybeans

Cotton

Tobacco

Hawaii

Jack pine Pinus banksiana

Jeffrey pine Pinus jeffreyi

Ponderosa pine Pinus ponderosa

Monterey pine Pinus radiata

White ash Fraxinus americana

Sweetgum Liquidambar styraciflua

Loblolly pine Pinus taeda

Blue elderberry Sambucus mexicana

White ash Fraxinus americana

### 7J-25 Iowa

Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia

Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides

Red elderberry Sambucus racemosa

Black cherry Prunus serotina

Cutleaf coneflower Rudbeckia laciniata

Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium

Goldenrod Solidago altissima

Common milkweed Asclepias syriaca

Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia

Choke cherry Prunus virginiana

Allegheny blackberry Rubus allegheniensis

Speckled alder Alnus rugosa

Big-leaf aster Aster macrophyllus

Redbud Cercis Canadensis

White ash Fraxinus americana

Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica

American elder Sambucus canadensis

Sensitive Crops

Winter Wheat

Soybeans

Idaho

Saskatoon serviceberry Amelanchier alnifolia

Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium

Silver wormwood Artemisia ludoviciana

Choke cherry Prunus virginiana

Thimbleberry Rubus parviflorus

Scouler’s willow Salix scouleriana

Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides

Red elderberry Sambucus racemosa

Ponderosa pine Pinus ponderosa

Cutleaf coneflower Rudbeckia laciniata

Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia

Evening primrose Oenothera elata

Sensitive Crops

Winter Wheat

Potatoes

### 7J-26 Illinois

Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia

Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides

Red elderberry Sambucus racemosa

Black cherry Prunus serotina

Cutleaf coneflower Rudbeckia laciniata

Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium

Sweetgum Liquidambar styraciflua

Yellow-poplar Liriodendron tulipifera

Loblolly pine Pinus taeda

Tall milkweed Asclepias exaltata

Goldenrod Solidago altissima

Common milkweed Asclepias syriaca

Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia

Choke cherry Prunus virginiana

Allegheny blackberry Rubus allegheniensis

Speckled alder Alnus rugosa

Big-leaf aster Aster macrophyllus

Redbud Cercis Canadensis

White ash Fraxinus americana

Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica

American elder Sambucus canadensis

Virginia pine Pinus virginiana

Sensitive Crops

Winter Wheat

Soybeans

Potatoes

Indiana

Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia

Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides

Red elderberry Sambucus racemosa

Black cherry Prunus serotina

Cutleaf coneflower Rudbeckia laciniata

Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium

Sweetgum Liquidambar styraciflua

Yellow-poplar Liriodendron tulipifera

Tall milkweed Asclepias exaltata

Goldenrod Solidago altissima

Common milkweed Asclepias syriaca

### 7J-27 Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia

Choke cherry Prunus virginiana

Allegheny blackberry Rubus allegheniensis

Speckled alder Alnus rugosa

Big-leaf aster Aster macrophyllus

Redbud Cercis Canadensis

White ash Fraxinus americana

Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica

American elder Sambucus canadensis

Virginia pine Pinus virginiana

Sensitive Crops

Winter Wheat

Soybeans

Kansas

Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia

Black cherry Prunus serotina

Cutleaf coneflower Rudbeckia laciniata

Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium

Goldenrod Solidago altissima

Common milkweed Asclepias syriaca

Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia

Choke cherry Prunus virginiana

Allegheny blackberry Rubus allegheniensis

Redbud Cercis Canadensis

White ash Fraxinus americana

Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica

American elder Sambucus canadensis

Sensitive Crops

Winter Wheat

Soybeans

Cotton

Potatoes

Kentucky

Tree-of-heaven Ailanthus altissima

Groundnut Apios americana

Dogbane, Indian hemp Apocynum cannibinum

Silver wormwood Artemisia ludoviciana

### 7J-28 Poke milkweed Asclepias exaltata

Swamp milkweed Asclepias incarnata

Common milkweed Asclepias syriaca

Big-leaf aster Aster macrophyllus

Redbud Cercis canadensis

Virgin’s bower Clematis virginiana

American hazelnut Corylus americana

White snakeroot Eupatorium rug osum

White ash Fraxinus americana

Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica

Black huckleberry Gaylussacia baccata

Sweetgum Liquidambar styraciflua

Yellow-poplar Liriodendron tulipifera

Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia

Loblolly pine Pinus taeda

Virginia pine Pinus virginiana

American sycamore Platanus occidentalis

Black cherry Prunus serotina

Winged sumac Rhus copallina

Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia

Cutleaf coneflower Rudbeckia laciniata

American elder Sambucus canadensis

Sassafras Sassafras Sassafras albidum

Goldenrod Solidago altissima

Crownbeard Verbesina occidentalis

Allegheny blackberry Rubus allegheniensis

Red elderberry Sambucus racemosa

Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium

Tall milkweed Asclepias exaltata

Thornless blackberry Rubus canadensis

Choke cherry Prunus virginiana

Whorled aster Aster acuminatus

Sensitive Crops

Winter Wheat

Soybeans

Tobacco

Louisiana

Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia

Black cherry Prunus serotina

Cutleaf coneflower Rudbeckia laciniata

### 7J-29 Sweetgum Liquidambar styraciflua

Yellow-poplar Liriodendron tulipifera

Loblolly pine Pinus taeda

Goldenrod Solidago altissima

Common milkweed Asclepias syriaca

Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia

Redbud Cercis Canadensis

White ash Fraxinus americana

Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica

American elder Sambucus canadensis

Sensitive Crops

Winter Wheat

Soybeans

Cotton

Maryland

Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia

Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides

Red elderberry Sambucus racemosa

Black cherry Prunus serotina

Cutleaf coneflower Rudbeckia laciniata

Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium

Sweetgum Liquidambar styraciflua

Yellow-poplar Liriodendron tulipifera

Tall milkweed Asclepias exaltata

Goldenrod Solidago altissima

Common milkweed Asclepias syriaca

Thornless blackberry Rubus canadensis

Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia

Choke cherry Prunus virginiana

Allegheny blackberry Rubus allegheniensis

Loblolly pine Pinus taeda

Speckled alder Alnus rugosa

Whorled aster Aster acuminatus

Big-leaf aster Aster macrophyllus

Redbud Cercis Canadensis

White ash Fraxinus americana

Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica

American elder Sambucus canadensis

Virginia pine Pinus virginiana

### 7J-30 Sensitive Crops

Winter Wheat

Soybeans

Potatoes

Massachussets

Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia

Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides

Red elderberry Sambucus racemosa

Black cherry Prunus serotina

Cutleaf coneflower Rudbeckia laciniata

Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium

Yellow-poplar Liriodendron tulipifera

Tall milkweed Asclepias exaltata

Goldenrod Solidago altissima

Common milkweed Asclepias syriaca

Thornless blackberry Rubus canadensis

Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia

Choke cherry Prunus virginiana

Allegheny blackberry Rubus allegheniensis

Speckled alder Alnus rugosa

Whorled aster Aster acuminatus

Big-leaf aster Aster macrophyllus

Redbud Cercis Canadensis

White ash Fraxinus americana

Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica

American elder Sambucus canadensis

Sensitive Crops

Tobacco

Potatoes

Maine

Groundnut Apios americana

Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium

Dogbane, Indian hemp Apocynum cannibinum

Common milkweed Asclepias syriaca

Big-leaf aster Aster macrophyllus

Virgin’s bower Clematis virginiana

White ash Fraxinus americana

Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica

### 7J-31 Black huckleberry Gaylussacia baccata

Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia

Jack pine Pinus banksiana

Pitch pine Pinus rigida

Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides

Black cherry Prunus serotina

Allegheny blackberry Rubus allegheniensis

Thornless blackberry Rubus canadensis

American elder Sambucus canadensis

Smooth cordgrass Spartina alterniflora

Common snowberry Symphoricarpos albus

Choke cherry Prunus virginiana

Speckled alder Alnus rugosa

Whorled aster Aster acuminatus

Red elderberry Sambucus racemosa

Cutleaf coneflower Rudbeckia laciniata

Tall milkweed Asclepias exaltata

Goldenrod Solidago altissima

Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia

Sensitive Crops

Potatoes

Michigan

Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium

Common milkweed Asclepias syriaca

Big-leaf aster Aster macrophyllus

Virgin’s bower Clematis virginiana

White ash Fraxinus americana

Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica

Black huckleberry Gaylussacia baccata

Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia

Jack pine Pinus banksiana

Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides

Black cherry Prunus serotina

Chokecherry Prunus virginiana

Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia

Thornless blackberry Rubus canadensis

Thimbleberry Rubus parviflorus

Red elderberry Sambucus racemosa

Goldenrod Solidago altissima

Common snowberry Symphoricarpos albus

Huckleberry Vaccinium membranaceum

### 7J-32 Speckled alder Alnus rugosa

Cutleaf coneflower Rudbeckia laciniata

Yellow-poplar Liriodendron tulipifera

Tall milkweed Asclepias exaltata

Allegheny blackberry Rubus allegheniensis

Redbud Cercis Canadensis

American elder Sambucus canadensis

Sensitive Crops

Winter Wheat

Soybeans

Potatoes

Minnesota

Saskatoon serviceberry Amelanchier alnifolia

Groundnut Apios americana

Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium

Dogbane, Indian hemp Apocynum cannibinum

Silver wormwood Artemisia ludoviciana

Swamp milkweed Asclepias incarnata

Common milkweed Asclepias syriaca

Virgin’s bower Clematis virginiana

American hazelnut Corylus americana

Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica

Black huckleberry Gaylussacia baccata

Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia

Jack pine Pinus banksiana

Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides

Black cherry Prunus serotina

Chokecherry Prunus virginiana

Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia

Allegheny blackberry Rubus allegheniensis

Thornless blackberry Rubus canadensis

Thimbleberry Rubus parviflorus

Cutleaf coneflower Rudbeckia laciniata

American elder Sambucus canadensis

Snowberry Symphoricarpos albus

Red elderberry Sambucus racemosa

Tall milkweed Asclepias exaltata

Goldenrod Solidago altissima

Speckled alder Alnus rugosa

Big-leaf aster Aster macrophyllus

### 7J-33 White ash Fraxinus americana

Sensitive Crops

Winter Wheat

Soybeans

Potatoes

Missouri

Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia

Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides

Red elderberry Sambucus racemosa

Black cherry Prunus serotina

Cutleaf coneflower Rudbeckia laciniata

Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium

Sweetgum Liquidambar styraciflua

Yellow-poplar Liriodendron tulipifera

Loblolly pine Pinus taeda

Goldenrod Solidago altissima

Common milkweed Asclepias syriaca

Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia

Choke cherry Prunus virginiana

Allegheny blackberry Rubus allegheniensis

Big-leaf aster Aster macrophyllus

Redbud Cercis Canadensis

White ash Fraxinus americana

Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica

American elder Sambucus canadensis

Virginia pine Pinus virginiana

Sensitive Crops

Winter Wheat

Soybeans

Cotton

Tobacco

Potatoes

Mississippi

Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia

Black cherry Prunus serotina

Cutleaf coneflower Rudbeckia laciniata

Sweetgum Liquidambar styraciflua

### 7J-34 Yellow-poplar Liriodendron tulipifera

Loblolly pine Pinus taeda

Goldenrod Solidago altissima

Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia

Redbud Cercis Canadensis

White ash Fraxinus americana

Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica

American elder Sambucus canadensis

Virginia pine Pinus virginiana

Sensitive Crops

Winter Wheat

Peanuts

Soybeans

Cotton

Montana

Saskatoon serviceberry Amelanchier alnifolia

Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium

Dogbane, Indian hemp Apocynum cannibinum

Pacific ninebark Physocarpus malvaceum

Ponderosa pine Pinus ponderosa

Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides

Thimbleberry Rubus parviflorus

Scouler’s willow Salix scouleriana

Red elderberry Sambucus racemosa

Snowberry Symphoricarpos albus

Huckleberry Vaccinium membranaceum

Choke cherry Prunus virginiana

Cutleaf coneflower Rudbeckia laciniata

Goldenrod Solidago altissima

Common milkweed Asclepias syriaca

Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica

Evening primrose Oenothera elata

American elder Sambucus canadensis

Sensitive Crops

Winter Wheat

Potatoes

Nebraska

### 7J-35 Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia

Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides

Saskatoon serviceberry Amelanchier alnifolia

Ponderosa pine Pinus ponderosa

Black cherry Prunus serotina

Cutleaf coneflower Rudbeckia laciniata

Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium

Goldenrod Solidago altissima

Common milkweed Asclepias syriaca

Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia

Choke cherry Prunus virginiana

Allegheny blackberry Rubus allegheniensis

Redbud Cercis Canadensis

White ash Fraxinus americana

Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica

American elder Sambucus canadensis

Sensitive Crops

Winter Wheat

Soybeans

Potatoes

Nevada

Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides

Saskatoon serviceberry Amelanchier alnifolia

Thimbleberry Rubus parviflorus

Scouler’s willow Salix scouleriana

Red elderberry Sambucus racemosa

Ponderosa pine Pinus ponderosa

Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium

Jeffrey pine Pinus jeffreyi

Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia

Choke cherry Prunus virginiana

Evening primrose Oenothera elata

Sensitive Crops

Winter Wheat

Potatoes

New Mexico

Tree-of-heaven Ailanthus altissima

### 7J-36 Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium

Dogbane, Indian hemp Apocynum cannibinum

Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia

Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides

Skunkbush Rhus trilobata

Thimbleberry Rubus parviflorus

Cutleaf coneflower Rudbeckia laciniata

Goldenrod Solidago altissima

Silver wormwood Artemisia ludoviciana

Ponderosa pine Pinus ponderosa

Scouler’s willow Salix scouleriana

Red elderberry Sambucus racemosa

Black cherry Prunus serotina

Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium

Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia

Choke cherry Prunus virginiana

Redbud Cercis Canadensis

Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica

Evening primrose Oenothera elata

American elder Sambucus canadensis

Sensitive Crops

Winter Wheat

Peanuts

Cotton

Potatoes

New Hampshire

Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia

Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides

Red elderberry Sambucus racemosa

Black cherry Prunus serotina

Cutleaf coneflower Rudbeckia laciniata

Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium

Tall milkweed Asclepias exaltata

Goldenrod Solidago altissima

Common milkweed Asclepias syriaca

Thornless blackberry Rubus canadensis

Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia

Choke cherry Prunus virginiana

Allegheny blackberry Rubus allegheniensis

Speckled alder Alnus rugosa

### 7J-37 Whorled aster Aster acuminatus

Big-leaf aster Aster macrophyllus

White ash Fraxinus americana

Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica

American elder Sambucus canadensis

New Jersey

Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia

Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides

Red elderberry Sambucus racemosa

Black cherry Prunus serotina

Cutleaf coneflower Rudbeckia laciniata

Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium

Sweetgum Liquidambar styraciflua

Yellow-poplar Liriodendron tulipifera

Loblolly pine Pinus taeda

Tall milkweed Asclepias exaltata

Goldenrod Solidago altissima

Common milkweed Asclepias syriaca

Thornless blackberry Rubus canadensis

Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia

Choke cherry Prunus virginiana

Allegheny blackberry Rubus allegheniensis

Speckled alder Alnus rugosa

Whorled aster Aster acuminatus

Big-leaf aster Aster macrophyllus

Redbud Cercis Canadensis

White ash Fraxinus americana

Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica

American elder Sambucus canadensis

Virginia pine Pinus virginiana

Sensitive Crops

Winter Wheat

Soybeans

Potatoes

New York

Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia

Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides

Red elderberry Sambucus racemosa

### 7J-38 Black cherry Prunus serotina

Cutleaf coneflower Rudbeckia laciniata

Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium

Sweetgum Liquidambar styraciflua

Yellow-poplar Liriodendron tulipifera

Tall milkweed Asclepias exaltata

Goldenrod Solidago altissima

Common milkweed Asclepias syriaca

Thornless blackberry Rubus canadensis

Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia

Choke cherry Prunus virginiana

Allegheny blackberry Rubus allegheniensis

Speckled alder Alnus rugosa

Whorled aster Aster acuminatus

Big-leaf aster Aster macrophyllus

Redbud Cercis Canadensis

White ash Fraxinus americana

Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica

American elder Sambucus canadensis

Virginia pine Pinus virginiana

Sensitive Crops

Winter Wheat

Soybeans

Potatoes

North Carolina

Tree-of-heaven Ailanthus altissima

Groundnut Apios americana

Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium

Dogbane, Indian hemp Apocynum cannibinum

Silver wormwood Artemisia ludoviciana

Tall milkweed Asclepias exaltata

Swamp milkweed Asclepias incarnata

Common milkweed Asclepias syriaca

Whorled aster Aster acuminatus

Big-leaf aster Aster macrophyllus

Redbud Cercis canadensis

Virgin’s bower Clematis virginiana

American hazelnut Corylus americana

White ash Fraxinus americana

Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica

### 7J-39 Black huckleberry Gaylussacia baccata

Mountain dandelion Krigia montana

Sweetgum Liquidambar styraciflua

Yellow-poplar Liriodendron tulipifera

Maleberry Lyonia ligustrina

Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia

Table-mountain pine Pinus pungens

Pitch pine Pinus rigida

Loblolly pine Pinus taeda

Virginia pine Pinus virginiana

American sycamore Platanus occidentalis

Black cherry Prunus serotina

Choke cherry Prunus virginiana

Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia

Allegheny blackberry Rubus allegheniensis

Thornless blackberry Rubus canadensis

Cutleaf coneflower Rudbeckia laciniata

American elder Sambucus canadensis

Sassafras Sassafras albidum

Goldenrod Solidago altissima

Crown-beard Verbesina occidentalis

Northern fox grape Vitis labrusca

Red elderberry Sambucus racemosa

Sensitive Crops

Winter Wheat

Peanuts

Soybeans

Cotton

Tobacco

Potatoes

North Dakota

Saskatoon serviceberry Amelanchier alnifolia

Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium

Dogbane, Indian hemp Apocynum cannibinum

Silver wormwood Artemisia ludoviciana

Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica

Ponderosa pine Pinus ponderosa

Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides

Chokecherry Prunus virginiana

Skunkbush Rhus trilobata

### 7J-40 Common snowberry Symphoricarpos albus

Red elderberry Sambucus racemosa

Black cherry Prunus serotina

Cutleaf coneflower Rudbeckia laciniata

Goldenrod Solidago altissima

Common milkweed Asclepias syriaca

Speckled alder Alnus rugosa

American elder Sambucus canadensis

Sensitive Crops

Soybeans

Potatoes

Ohio

Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia

Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides

Red elderberry Sambucus racemosa

Black cherry Prunus serotina

Cutleaf coneflower Rudbeckia laciniata

Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium

Sweetgum Liquidambar styraciflua

Yellow-poplar Liriodendron tulipifera

Tall milkweed Asclepias exaltata

Goldenrod Solidago altissima

Common milkweed Asclepias syriaca

Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia

Choke cherry Prunus virginiana

Allegheny blackberry Rubus allegheniensis

Speckled alder Alnus rugosa

Whorled aster Aster acuminatus

Big-leaf aster Aster macrophyllus

Redbud Cercis Canadensis

White ash Fraxinus americana

Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica

American elder Sambucus canadensis

Virginia pine Pinus virginiana

Sensitive Crops

Winter Wheat

Soybeans

Tobacco

Potatoes

### 7J-41 Oklahoma

Black Cherry Prunus serotina

Cottonwood Populus deltoids

Sweetgum Liquadambar styraciflua

Loblolly Pine Pinus taeda

Ohio Buckeye, Horse chestnut Aesculus glabra

Basswood Tilia Americana

Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia

Ponderosa pine Pinus ponderosa

Cutleaf coneflower Rudbeckia laciniata

Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium

Goldenrod Solidago altissima

Common milkweed Asclepias syriaca

Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia

Choke cherry Prunus virginiana

Allegheny blackberry Rubus allegheniensis

Redbud Cercis Canadensis

White ash Fraxinus americana

Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica

Evening primrose Oenothera elata

American elder Sambucus canadensis

Sensitive Crops

Winter Wheat

Peanuts

Soybeans

Cotton

Oregon

Saskatoon serviceberry Amelanchier alnifolia

Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium

Ponderosa pine Pinus ponderosa

Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides

Thimbleberry Rubus parviflorus

Scouler’s willow Salix scouleriana

Red elderberry Sambucus racemosa

Common snowberry Symphoricarpos albus

Huckleberry Vaccinium membranaceum

Common milkweed Asclepias syriaca

### 7J-42 Jeffrey pine Pinus jeffreyi

Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia

Choke cherry Prunus virginiana

Evening primrose Oenothera elata

Sensitive Crops

Winter Wheat

Potatoes

Pennsylvania

Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia

Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides

Red elderberry Sambucus racemosa

Black cherry Prunus serotina

Cutleaf coneflower Rudbeckia laciniata

Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium

Sweetgum Liquidambar styraciflua

Yellow-poplar Liriodendron tulipifera

Tall milkweed Asclepias exaltata

Goldenrod Solidago altissima

Common milkweed Asclepias syriaca

Thornless blackberry Rubus canadensis

Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia

Choke cherry Prunus virginiana

Allegheny blackberry Rubus allegheniensis

Speckled alder Alnus rugosa

Whorled aster Aster acuminatus

Big-leaf aster Aster macrophyllus

Redbud Cercis Canadensis

White ash Fraxinus americana

Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica

American elder Sambucus canadensis

Virginia pine Pinus virginiana

Sensitive Crops

Winter Wheat

Soybeans

Tobacco

Potatoes

Rhode Island

### 7J-43 Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia

Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides

Red elderberry Sambucus racemosa

Black cherry Prunus serotina

Cutleaf coneflower Rudbeckia laciniata

Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium

Sweetgum Liquidambar styraciflua

Yellow-poplar Liriodendron tulipifera

Tall milkweed Asclepias exaltata

Goldenrod Solidago altissima

Common milkweed Asclepias syriaca

Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia

Choke cherry Prunus virginiana

Speckled alder Alnus rugosa

Whorled aster Aster acuminatus

Big-leaf aster Aster macrophyllus

White ash Fraxinus americana

Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica

American elder Sambucus canadensis

Sensitive Crops

Potatoes

South Carolina

Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia

Black cherry Prunus serotina

Cutleaf coneflower Rudbeckia laciniata

Sweetgum Liquidambar styraciflua

Yellow-poplar Liriodendron tulipifera

Loblolly pine Pinus taeda

Tall milkweed Asclepias exaltata

Goldenrod Solidago altissima

Common milkweed Asclepias syriaca

Thornless blackberry Rubus canadensis

Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia

Allegheny blackberry Rubus allegheniensis

Big-leaf aster Aster macrophyllus

Redbud Cercis Canadensis

White ash Fraxinus americana

Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica

American elder Sambucus canadensis

Virginia pine Pinus virginiana

### 7J-44 Sensitive Crops

Winter Wheat

Peanuts

Soybeans

Cotton

Tobacco

South Dakota

Dogbane, Indian hemp Apocynum cannibinum

Silver wormwood Artemisia ludoviciana

Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica

Ponderosa pine Pinus ponderosa

Chokecherry Prunus virginiana

Skunkbush Rhus trilobata

Snowberry Symphoricarpos albus

Saskatoon serviceberry Amelanchier alnifolia

Swamp milkweed Asclepias incarnata

Common milkweed Asclepias syriaca

Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia

Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides

Red elderberry Sambucus racemosa

Common snowberry Symphoricarpos albus

Thimbleberry Rubus parviflorus

Scouler’s willow Salix scouleriana

Cutleaf coneflower Rudbeckia laciniata

Goldenrod Solidago altissima

Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia

American elder Sambucus canadensis

Sensitive Crops

Winter Wheat

Soybeans

Potatoes

Tennessee

Tree-of-heaven Ailanthus altissima

Groundnut Apios americana

Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium

Dogbane, Indian hemp Apocynum cannibinum

Silver wormwood Artemisia ludoviciana

### 7J-45 Tall milkweed Asclepias exaltata

Swamp milkweed Asclepias incarnata

Common milkweed Asclepias syriaca

Whorled aster Aster acuminatus

Big-leaf aster Aster macrophyllus

Redbud Cercis canadensis

Virgin’s bower Clematis virginiana

American hazelnut Corylus americana

White ash Fraxinus americana

Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica

Black huckleberry Gaylussacia baccata

Mountain dandelion Krigia montana

Sweetgum Liquidambar styraciflua

Yellow-poplar Liriodendron tulipifera

Maleberry Lyonia ligustrina

Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia

Table-mountain pine Pinus pungens

Pitch pine Pinus rigida

Loblolly pine Pinus taeda

Virginia pine Pinus virginiana

American sycamore Platanus occidentalis

Black cherry Prunus serotina

Choke cherry Prunus virginiana

Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia

Allegheny blackberry Rubus allegheniensis

Thornless blackberry Rubus canadensis

Cutleaf coneflower Rudbeckia laciniata

American elder Sambucus canadensis

Sassafras Sassafras albidum

Goldenrod Solidago altissima

Crown-beard Verbesina occidentalis

Northern fox grape Vitis labrusca

Red elderberry Sambucus racemosa

Sensitive Crops

Winter Wheat

Soybeans

Cotton

Tobacco

Texas

Silver wormwood Artemisia ludoviciana

### 7J-46 Swamp milkweed Asclepias incarnata

Ponderosa pine Pinus ponderosa

Skunkbush Rhus trilobata

Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides

Chokecherry Prunus virginiana

Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia

Black cherry Prunus serotina

Cutleaf coneflower Rudbeckia laciniata

Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium

Sweetgum Liquidambar styraciflua

Yellow-poplar Liriodendron tulipifera

Loblolly pine Pinus taeda

Goldenrod Solidago altissima

Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia

Redbud Cercis Canadensis

White ash Fraxinus americana

Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica

Evening primrose Oenothera elata

American elder Sambucus canadensis

Sensitive Crops

Winter Wheat

Peanuts

Soybeans

Cotton

Potatoes

Utah

Cottonwood Populus fremontii

Single-leaf ash Fraxinus anomala

Skunkbush Rhus trilobata

White stem blazingstar Mentzelia albicaulis

Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium

Silver wormwood Artemisia ludoviciana

Ponderosa pine Pinus ponderosa

Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides

Choke cherry Prunus virginiana

Skunkbush Rhus trilobata

Dogbane, Indian hemp Apocynum cannibinum

Gooding’s willow Salix goodingii

Tree-of-heaven Ailanthus altissima

Saskatoon serviceberry Amelanchier alnifolia

### 7J-47 White ash Fraxinus americana

Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica

Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia

Northern fox grape Vitis labrusca

American sycamore Platanus occidentalis

Scouler’s willow Salix scouleriana

Red elderberry Sambucus racemosa

Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia

Thimbleberry Rubus parviflorus

Cutleaf coneflower Rudbeckia laciniata

Evening primrose Oenothera elata

Sensitive Crops

Winter Wheat

Potatoes

Vermont

Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia

Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides

Red elderberry Sambucus racemosa

Black cherry Prunus serotina

Cutleaf coneflower Rudbeckia laciniata

Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium

Yellow-poplar Liriodendron tulipifera

Tall milkweed Asclepias exaltata

Goldenrod Solidago altissima

Common milkweed Asclepias syriaca

Thornless blackberry Rubus canadensis

Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia

Choke cherry Prunus virginiana

Allegheny blackberry Rubus allegheniensis

Speckled alder Alnus rugosa

Whorled aster Aster acuminatus

Big-leaf aster Aster macrophyllus

White ash Fraxinus americana

Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica

American elder Sambucus canadensis

Virginia

Tree-of-heaven Ailanthus altissima

Speckled alder Alnus rugosa

### 7J-48 Groundnut Apios americana

Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium

Dogbane, Indian hemp Apocynum cannibinum

Tall milkweed Asclepias exaltata

Swamp milkweed Asclepias incarnata

Common milkweed Asclepias syriaca

Whorled aster Aster acuminatus

Big-leaf aster Aster macrophyllus

Redbud Cercis canadensis

Virgin’s bower Clematis virginiana

American hazelnut Corylus americana

White snakeroot Eupatorium rugosum

White ash Fraxinus americana

Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica

Black huckleberry Gaylussacia baccata

Sweetgum Liquidambar styraciflua

Yellow-poplar Liriodendron tulipifera

Maleberry Lyonia ligustrina

Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia

Sweet mock orange Philadelphus coronarius

Table-mountain pine Pinus pungens

Pitch pine Pinus rigida

Loblolly pine Pinus taeda

Virginia pine Pinus virginiana

American sycamore Platanus occidentalis

Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides

Black cherry Prunus serotina

Choke cherry Prunus virginiana

Winged sumac Rhus copallina

Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia

Allegheny blackberry Rubus allegheniensis

Sand blackberry Rubus cuneifolius

Cutleaf coneflower Rudbeckia laciniata

American elder Sambucus canadensis

Red elderberry Sambucus racemosa

Sassafras Sassafras albidum

Goldenrod Solidago altissima

Common snowberry Symphoricarpos albus

Crownbeard Verbesina occidentalis

Northern fox grape Vitis labrusca

Thornless blackberry Rubus canadensis

Sensitive Crops

### 7J-49 Winter Wheat

Peanuts

Soybeans

Cotton

Tobacco

Potatoes

Washington

Red alder Alnus rubra

Serviceberry Amelanchier alnifolia

Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium

Dogbane, Indian hemp Apocynum cannibinum

Mugwort Artemisia douglasiana

Silver wormwood Artemisia ludoviciana

Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia

Ninebark Physocarpus capitatus

Ponderosa pine Pinus ponderosa

Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides

Thimbleberry Rubus parviflorus

Cutleaf coneflower Rudbeckia laciniata

Scouler’s willow Salix scouleriana

Snowberry Symphoricarpos albus

Huckleberry Vaccinium membranaceum

Black poplar Populus balsamifera trichocarpa

Paper birch Betula papyrifera

Box elder Acer negundo

Twinberry Lonicera involucrata

Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia

Red elderberry Sambucus racemosa

Choke cherry Prunus virginiana

Evening primrose Oenothera elata

Sensitive Crops

Winter Wheat

Potatoes

Wisconsin

Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia

Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides

Thimbleberry Rubus parviflorus

Red elderberry Sambucus racemosa

### 7J-50 Black cherry Prunus serotina

Cutleaf coneflower Rudbeckia laciniata

Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium

Tall milkweed Asclepias exaltata

Goldenrod Solidago altissima

Common milkweed Asclepias syriaca

Thornless blackberry Rubus canadensis

Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia

Choke cherry Prunus virginiana

Allegheny blackberry Rubus allegheniensis

Speckled alder Alnus rugosa

Big-leaf aster Aster macrophyllus

Redbud Cercis Canadensis

White ash Fraxinus americana

Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica

American elder Sambucus canadensis

Sensitive Crops

Winter Wheat

Soybeans

Potatoes

West Virginia

Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia

Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides

Red elderberry Sambucus racemosa

Black cherry Prunus serotina

Cutleaf coneflower Rudbeckia laciniata

Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium

Sweetgum Liquidambar styraciflua

Yellow-poplar Liriodendron tulipifera

Tall milkweed Asclepias exaltata

Goldenrod Solidago altissima

Common milkweed Asclepias syriaca

Thornless blackberry Rubus canadensis

Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia

Choke cherry Prunus virginiana

Allegheny blackberry Rubus allegheniensis

Speckled alder Alnus rugosa

Whorled aster Aster acuminatus

Big-leaf aster Aster macrophyllus

Redbud Cercis Canadensis

### 7J-51 White ash Fraxinus americana

Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica

American elder Sambucus canadensis

Virginia pine Pinus virginiana

Sensitive Crops

Winter Wheat

Soybeans

Tobacco

Wyoming

Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium

Pacific ninebark Physocarpus malvaceum

Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides

Scouler’s willow Salix scouleriana

Dogbane, Indian hemp Apocynum cannibinum

Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica

Skunkbush Rhus trilobata

Thimbleberry Rubus parviflorus

Huckleberry Vaccinium membranaceum

Choke cherry Prunus virginiana

Saskatoon serviceberry Amelanchier alnifolia

Red elderberry Sambucus racemosa

Ponderosa pine Pinus ponderosa

Cutleaf coneflower Rudbeckia laciniata

Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia

Evening primrose Oenothera elata

American elder Sambucus canadensis

Sensitive Crops

Winter WheatUnited StatesEnvironmental ProtectionAgencyOffice of Air Quality Planning and StandardsAir Quality Strategiesand Standards DivisionResearch Triangle Park, NCPublication No. EPA 452/R-07-007July 2007