§ 106.2 Definitions. As used in this part, the term: *Administrative law judge* means a person appointed by the reviewing authority to preside over a hearing held under § 106.81.
*Administratively separate unit* means a school, department, or college of an educational institution (other than a local educational agency), admission to which is independent of admission to any other component of such institution.
*Admission* means selection for part-time, full-time, special, associate, transfer, exchange, or any other enrollment, membership, or matriculation in or at an education program or activity operated by a recipient.
*Applicant,* as used in the definition of educational institution in this section and as used in § 106.4, means one who submits an application, request, or plan required to be approved by a Department official, or by a recipient, as a condition to becoming a recipient.
*Assistant Secretary* means the Assistant Secretary for Civil Rights of the Department.
*Complainant* means: ( 1 ) A student or employee who is alleged to have been subjected to conduct that could constitute sex discrimination under Title IX or this part; or
( 2 ) A person other than a student or employee who is alleged to have been subjected to conduct that could constitute sex discrimination under Title IX or this part and who was participating or attempting to participate in the recipient's education program or activity at the time of the alleged sex discrimination.
*Complaint* means an oral or written request to the recipient that objectively can be understood as a request for the recipient to investigate and make a determination about alleged discrimination under Title IX or this part.
*Confidential employee* means: ( 1 ) An employee of a recipient whose communications are privileged or confidential under Federal or State law. The employee's confidential status, for purposes of this part, is only with respect to information received while the employee is functioning within the scope of their duties to which privilege or confidentiality applies;
( 2 ) An employee of a recipient whom the recipient has designated as confidential under this part for the purpose of providing services to persons related to sex discrimination. If the employee also has a duty not associated with providing those services, the employee's confidential status is only with respect to information received about sex discrimination in connection with providing those services; or
( 3 ) An employee of a postsecondary institution who is conducting an Institutional Review Board-approved human-subjects research study designed to gather information about sex discrimination—but the employee's confidential status is only with respect to information received while conducting the study.
*Department* means the Department of Education.
*Disciplinary sanctions* means consequences imposed on a respondent following a determination under Title IX that the respondent violated the recipient's prohibition on sex discrimination.
*Educational institution* means a local educational agency (LEA) as defined by section 8101 of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965, as amended by the Every Student Succeeds Act (20 U.S.C. 7801(30)), a preschool, a private elementary or secondary school, or an applicant or recipient that is an institution of graduate higher education, an institution of undergraduate higher education, an institution of professional education, or an institution of vocational education.
*Elementary school* means elementary school as defined by section 8101 of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965, as amended by the Every Student Succeeds Act (20 U.S.C. 7801(19)), and a public or private preschool.
*Federal financial assistance* means any of the following, when authorized or extended under a law administered by the Department: ( 1 ) A grant or loan of Federal financial assistance, including funds made available for: ( i ) The acquisition, construction, renovation, restoration, or repair of a building or facility or any portion thereof; and
( ii ) Scholarships, loans, grants, wages, or other funds extended to any entity for payment to or on behalf of students admitted to that entity, or extended directly to such students for payment to that entity.
( 2 ) A grant of Federal real or personal property or any interest therein, including surplus property, and the proceeds of the sale or transfer of such property, if the Federal share of the fair market value of the property is not, upon such sale or transfer, properly accounted for to the Federal Government.
( 3 ) Provision of the services of Federal personnel.
( 4 ) Sale or lease of Federal property or any interest therein at nominal consideration, or at consideration reduced for the purpose of assisting the recipient or in recognition of public interest to be served thereby, or permission to use Federal property or any interest therein without consideration.
( 5 ) Any other contract, agreement, or arrangement which has as one of its purposes the provision of assistance to any education program or activity, except a contract of insurance or guaranty.
*Institution of graduate higher education* means an institution which: ( 1 ) Offers academic study beyond the bachelor of arts or bachelor of science degree, whether or not leading to a certificate of any higher degree in the liberal arts and sciences; or
( 2 ) Awards any degree in a professional field beyond the first professional degree (regardless of whether the first professional degree in such field is awarded by an institution of undergraduate higher education or professional education); or
( 3 ) Awards no degree and offers no further academic study, but operates ordinarily for the purpose of facilitating research by persons who have received the highest graduate degree in any field of study.
*Institution of professional education* means an institution (except any institution of undergraduate higher education) which offers a program of academic study that leads to a first professional degree in a field for which there is a national specialized accrediting agency recognized by the Secretary.
*Institution of undergraduate higher education* means: ( 1 ) An institution offering at least two but less than four years of college level study beyond the high school level, leading to a diploma or an associate degree, or wholly or principally creditable toward a baccalaureate degree; or
( 2 ) An institution offering academic study leading to a baccalaureate degree; or
( 3 ) An agency or body which certifies credentials or offers degrees, but which may or may not offer academic study.
*Institution of vocational education* means a school or institution (except an institution of professional or graduate or undergraduate higher education) which has as its primary purpose preparation of students to pursue a technical, skilled, or semiskilled occupation or trade, or to pursue study in a technical field, whether or not the school or institution offers certificates, diplomas, or degrees and whether or not it offers fulltime study.
*Parental status,* as used in §§ 106.21(c)(2)(i), 106.37(a)(3), 106.40(a), and 106.57(a)(1), means the status of a person who, with respect to another person who is under the age of 18 or who is 18 or older but is incapable of self-care because of a physical or mental disability, is: ( 1 ) A biological parent;
( 2 ) An adoptive parent;
( 3 ) A foster parent;
( 4 ) A stepparent;
( 5 ) A legal custodian or guardian;
( 6 ) In loco parentis with respect to such a person; or
( 7 ) Actively seeking legal custody, guardianship, visitation, or adoption of such a person.
*Party* means a complainant or respondent.
*Peer retaliation* means retaliation by a student against another student.
*Postsecondary institution* means an institution of graduate higher education, an institution of undergraduate higher education, an institution of professional education, or an institution of vocational education that serves postsecondary school students.
*Pregnancy or related conditions* means: ( 1 ) Pregnancy, childbirth, termination of pregnancy, or lactation;
( 2 ) Medical conditions related to pregnancy, childbirth, termination of pregnancy, or lactation; or
( 3 ) Recovery from pregnancy, childbirth, termination of pregnancy, lactation, or related medical conditions.
*Program or activity* and *program* means all of the operations of— ( 1 ) ( i ) A department, agency, special purpose district, or other instrumentality of a State or local government; or
( ii ) The entity of a State or local government that distributes such assistance and each such department or agency (and each other State or local government entity) to which the assistance is extended, in the case of assistance to a State or local government;
( 2 ) ( i ) A college, university, or other postsecondary institution, or a public system of higher education; or
( ii ) A local educational agency (as defined in 20 U.S.C. 8801), system of vocational education, or other school system;
( 3 ) ( i ) An entire corporation, partnership, other private organization, or an entire sole proprietorship— ( A ) If assistance is extended to such corporation, partnership, private organization, or sole proprietorship as a whole; or
( B ) Which is principally engaged in the business of providing education, health care, housing, social services, or parks and recreation; or
( ii ) The entire plant or other comparable, geographically separate facility to which Federal financial assistance is extended, in the case of any other corporation, partnership, private organization, or sole proprietorship; or
( 4 ) Any other entity that is established by two or more of the entities described in paragraph (1), (2), or (3) of this definition, any part of which is extended Federal financial assistance.
*Recipient* means any State or political subdivision thereof, or any instrumentality of a State or political subdivision thereof, any public or private agency, institution, or organization, or other entity, or any person, to whom Federal financial assistance is extended directly or through another recipient and which operates an education program or activity which receives such assistance, including any subunit, successor, assignee, or transferee thereof.
*Relevant* means related to the allegations of sex discrimination under investigation as part of the grievance procedures under § 106.45, and if applicable § 106.46. Questions are relevant when they seek evidence that may aid in showing whether the alleged sex discrimination occurred, and evidence is relevant when it may aid a decisionmaker in determining whether the alleged sex discrimination occurred.
*Remedies* means measures provided, as appropriate, to a complainant or any other person the recipient identifies as having had their equal access to the recipient's education program or activity limited or denied by sex discrimination. These measures are provided to restore or preserve that person's access to the recipient's education program or activity after a recipient determines that sex discrimination occurred.
*Respondent* means a person who is alleged to have violated the recipient's prohibition on sex discrimination.
*Retaliation* means intimidation, threats, coercion, or discrimination against any person by the recipient, a student, or an employee or other person authorized by the recipient to provide aid, benefit, or service under the recipient's education program or activity, for the purpose of interfering with any right or privilege secured by Title IX or this part, or because the person has reported information, made a complaint, testified, assisted, or participated or refused to participate in any manner in an investigation, proceeding, or hearing under this part, including in an informal resolution process under § 106.44(k), in grievance procedures under § 106.45, and if applicable § 106.46, and in any other actions taken by a recipient under § 106.44(f)(1). Nothing in this definition or this part precludes a recipient from requiring an employee or other person authorized by a recipient to provide aid, benefit, or service under the recipient's education program or activity to participate as a witness in, or otherwise assist with, an investigation, proceeding, or hearing under this part.
*Reviewing authority* means that component of the Department delegated authority by the Secretary to appoint, and to review the decisions of, administrative law judges in cases arising under this part.
*Secondary school* means secondary school as defined by section 8101 of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965, as amended by the Every Student Succeeds Act (20 U.S.C. 7801(45)), and an institution of vocational education that serves secondary school students.
*Secretary* means the Secretary of Education.
*Sex-based harassment* prohibited by this part is a form of sex discrimination and means sexual harassment and other harassment on the basis of sex, including on the bases described in § 106.10, that is: ( 1 ) *Quid pro quo harassment.* An employee, agent, or other person authorized by the recipient to provide an aid, benefit, or service under the recipient's education program or activity explicitly or impliedly conditioning the provision of such an aid, benefit, or service on a person's participation in unwelcome sexual conduct;
( 2 ) *Hostile environment harassment.* Unwelcome sex-based conduct that, based on the totality of the circumstances, is subjectively and objectively offensive and is so severe or pervasive that it limits or denies a person's ability to participate in or benefit from the recipient's education program or activity (*i.e.,* creates a hostile environment). Whether a hostile environment has been created is a fact-specific inquiry that includes consideration of the following: ( i ) The degree to which the conduct affected the complainant's ability to access the recipient's education program or activity;
( ii ) The type, frequency, and duration of the conduct;
( iii ) The parties' ages, roles within the recipient's education program or activity, previous interactions, and other factors about each party that may be relevant to evaluating the effects of the conduct;
( iv ) The location of the conduct and the context in which the conduct occurred; and
( v ) Other sex-based harassment in the recipient's education program or activity; or
( 3 ) *Specific offenses.* ( i ) Sexual assault meaning an offense classified as a forcible or nonforcible sex offense under the uniform crime reporting system of the Federal Bureau of Investigation;
( ii ) Dating violence meaning violence committed by a person: ( A ) Who is or has been in a social relationship of a romantic or intimate nature with the victim; and
( B ) Where the existence of such a relationship shall be determined based on a consideration of the following factors: ( 1 ) The length of the relationship;
( 2 ) The type of relationship; and
( 3 ) The frequency of interaction between the persons involved in the relationship;
( iii ) Domestic violence meaning felony or misdemeanor crimes committed by a person who: ( A ) Is a current or former spouse or intimate partner of the victim under the family or domestic violence laws of the jurisdiction of the recipient, or a person similarly situated to a spouse of the victim;
( B ) Is cohabitating, or has cohabitated, with the victim as a spouse or intimate partner;
( C ) Shares a child in common with the victim; or
( D ) Commits acts against a youth or adult victim who is protected from those acts under the family or domestic violence laws of the jurisdiction; or
( iv ) Stalking meaning engaging in a course of conduct directed at a specific person that would cause a reasonable person to: ( A ) Fear for the person's safety or the safety of others; or
( B ) Suffer substantial emotional distress. Note 1 to the definition of sex-based harassment: The Assistant Secretary will not require a recipient to adopt a particular definition of consent, where that term is applicable with respect to sex-based harassment.
*Student* means a person who has gained admission.
*Student with a disability* means a student who is an individual with a disability as defined in the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, as amended, 29 U.S.C. 705(9)(B), (20)(B), or a child with a disability as defined in the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, 20 U.S.C. 1401(3).
*Supportive measures* means individualized measures offered as appropriate, as reasonably available, without unreasonably burdening a complainant or respondent, not for punitive or disciplinary reasons, and without fee or charge to the complainant or respondent to: ( 1 ) Restore or preserve that party's access to the recipient's education program or activity, including measures that are designed to protect the safety of the parties or the recipient's educational environment; or
( 2 ) Provide support during the recipient's grievance procedures under § 106.45, and if applicable § 106.46, or during the informal resolution process under § 106.44(k).
*Title IX* means Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 (Pub. L. 92-318; 20 U.S.C. 1681, 1682, 1683, 1685, 1686, 1687, 1688, 1689), as amended.
[89 FR 33832, Apr. 29, 2024]