Final Environmental Impact Statement Kings River Experimental Watershed Project

Chapter 5 5-1

CHAPTER 5. REFERENCES

Aebly, Frank A. 2010. Kings River Experimental Watershed Forest Health and Research Project 

Hydrology Specialist Report. Sierra National Forest Open-File Report. Sierra National Forest, Clovis, 

CA.

Aebly, F., A. Gallegos, and P. Strand. 2010. The Riparian Conservation Consistency Analysis for the Draft 

Environmental Impact Statement for the Kings River Experimental Watershed Research Project.

Agee , J.K.; Bahro, B.; Finney, M.A.; Omi, P.N., Sapsis. D.B.; Skinner, C.N.; van Wagtendonk, J.W.; 

Weatherspoon, C.P. 2000. The use of shaded fuelbreaks in landscape fire management. Forest 

Ecology and Management. 127:55-66.

Agee, J. K. and C. N. Skinner. 2005. Basic Principles of Forest Fuel Reduction Treatments. Forest Ecology 

and Management 211:83–96.

Amaranthus, M., H. Jubas, and D. Arthur. 1989. Stream shading, summer streamflow and 

maximum water temperature following intense wildfire in headwater streams. Proceedings of the 

Symposium on Fire and Watershed Management, October 26-28, 1988 Sacramento, California. 

USDA Forest Service General Technical Report PSW-109. Pp. 75-78.

Anderson, M. Kat and Michael J. Moratto. 1996. Native American land-use practices and ecological 

impacts. Sierra Nevada Ecosystem Project: Final Report to Congress, Vol. II., Assessments and 

Scientific Basis for Management Options. University of California, Davis, Centers for Water and 

Wildland Resources. 

Arkle, R.S. and D.S. Pilliod. 2010. Prescribed fires as ecological surrogates for wildfires: a stream and 

riparian perspective.

Armour, C.L. 1988. Guidance for evaluating and recommending temperature regimes to protect 

fish. USFWS, National Ecology Research Center. Biological Report 88. Ft. Collins, CO

Arno, Stephen F.; Scott, Joe H. 1995. Age-class structure of old growth ponderosa pine/Douglas-fir 

stands and its relationship to fire history. USDA RP-481. 

Ashton, D.T., A.J. Lind, and K.E. Schlick. 1997. Western pond turtle, natural history. Pacific Southwest 

Research Station, Redwood Laboratory, USDA Forest Service.

Aubrey, K.B. and C.M. Raley. 1999. Ecological characteristics of fishers in southwestern Oregon. USDA 

Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Olympia, WA. 7 pages. 

Aubrey, K.B. and C.M. Raley. 2006. Ecological characteristics of fishers (Martes pennanti) in the 

Southern Oregon Cascade Range. USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Olympia 

Forestry Sciences Laboratory, Olympia, WA. 

Bakke. 2001. A review and assessment of the results of water monitoring for herbicide residues for the 

years 1991 to 1999. Vallejo, CA: Region 5, USDA Forest Service.

Ballard, Carolyn. 2005. Fuels Officer, High Sierra Ranger District. Personal communication. 
Final Environmental Impact Statement Kings River Experimental Watershed Project

Chapter 5 5-2

Ballard, C. and B. Bahro. 2006. ProbAcre Modeling. USDA Forest Service, Sierra National Forest, High 

Sierra Ranger District. District Files.

Barbour, M.; Kelley, E.; Maloney, P.; Rizzo, D.; Royce,E.; Fites-Kaufmann, J. 2002. Present and past oldgrowth forests of the Lake Tahoe Basin Sierra Nevada. Journal of Vegetation Science. In-press

Barr, Cheryl B. 1991. The Distribution, Habitat, and Status of the Valley Elderberry Longhorn Beetle 

Desmocerus Californicus Dimorphus Fisher (Insecta: Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). U.S. Fish and 

Wildlife Service. November.

Bart, J. 1995. Amount of suitable habitat and viability of Northern Spotted Owls. Conservation Biology 

9: 943-946.

Batt BD; Black JA; Cowan WF. 1980. The effects of glyphosate herbicide on chicken egg hatchability. Can 

J Zool. 58(10): 1940‐2.

Beche, Leah A., Scott L. Stephens and Vincent H. Resh. 2005.0Effects of prescribed fire on a Sierra 

Nevada (California, USA) stream and its riparian zone. Forest Ecology and Management, 

218(2005):37-59.

Belsky, A.J, A. Matzke, and S. Uselman. 1999. Survey of livestock influences on stream and riparian 

ecosystems in the western United States. Journal of Soil and Watershed Conservation, Vol. 54, pp. 

419-431

Benavides-Solorio, Juan, and Lee H. MacDonald. 2001. Post-fire runoff and erosion from simulated 

rainfall on small plots, Colorado Front Range. Hydrological Processes, 15:2931-2952.

Beschta, R.L., R.E. Bilby, G.W. Brown, L.B. Holtby, and T.D. Hofstra. 1987. Stream 

temperature and aquatic habitat: fisheries and forestry interactions. In: Sal, E.O., Cundy, T.W. eds. 

Forestry and fisheries interactions. Contributions Number 57, Seattle, Washington: University of 

Washington, Institute of Forest Resources. P 191-232.

Bias, M.A., and R.J. Gutiérrez. 1992. Habitat associations of California spotted owls in the central Sierra 

Nevada. Journal of Wildlife Management 56(3):584–595.

Bisson, P.A., Bilby, R.E., Bryant, M.D., C.A. Dolloff, G.B. Grette, R.A. House, M.L. Murphy, V.K. Koski, and J.R. 

Sedell. 1987. Large woody debris in forest streams in the Pacific Northwest: past, present, and 

future. In: Sal, E.O., Cundy, T.W. eds. Forestry and fisheries interactions. Contributions Number 57, 

Seattle, Washington: University of Washington, Institute of Forest Resources. P 143-190.

Bisson, P.A, B.E. Rieman, C. Luce, P.F. Hessburg, D.C. Lee, J.L. Kershner, G.H. Reeves, and R.E. Greswell. 

2003. Fire in aquatic ecosystems of the western USA: current knowledge and key questions. Forest 

ecology and management 178(1&2): 213-229.

Boatman, W.I. 2002. Reducing Predation by Common Ravens on Desert Tortoises in the Mojave and 

Colorado Deserts. U.S. Geological Survey, Western Ecological Research center.

Bond, M.L., R.J. Gutierres, A.B. Franklin, W.S. LaHaye, C.A. May, and M.E. Seaman. 2004. Short-term 

effects of wildfire on spotted owl survival, site fidelity, mate fidelity, and reproductive success. 

Jounal of Wildlife Management.
Final Environmental Impact Statement Kings River Experimental Watershed Project

Chapter 5 5-3

Bowman, J., G.J. Forbes, and T.G. Dilworth. 2001. The spatial component of variation in small-mammal 

abundance measured at three scales. Canadian Journal of Zoology 79:137-144. 

Bradford, D. F. 1984. Temperature modulation in a high-elevation amphibian, Rana muscosa. Copeia

1984:966-976.

Bradford, D. F., S. D. Cooper, T. M. Jenkins, Jr., K. Kratz, O. Sarnelle, and A. D. Brown. 1998. Influences of 

natural acidity and introduced fish on faunal assemblages in California alpine lakes. Canadian 

Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 55:2478-2491.

Bragg, D.C., and J.L. Kershner. 2004. Sensitivity of a riparian large woody debris recruitment model to 

the number of contributing banks and tree fall patterns. Western Journal of Applied Forestry, Vol. 

19, No. 2, April 2004.

Brown, L.R. and P.B. Moyle. 1987. Survey of fishes of mid-elevation streams of the San Joaquin Valley. 

Unpublished Report. California Department of Fish and Game. 220 pages.

Brown, Cathy. 2008. Personal communication on age of Yosemite toad.

Buck, S., C. Mullis, A. Mossman., I. Show, and C. Coolahan. 1994. Habitat use by fishers in adjoining 

heavily and lightly harvested forest. Pp 368-376, In Buskirk, S. W., A. S. Harestad, M. G. Raphael, and 

R. A. Powell, eds. Martens, sables, and fishers: biology and conservation. Cornell Univ. Press, Ithaca, 

NY. 484 pp.

Bull, E.L. 2006. Sexual differences in the ecology and habitat selection of western toads (Bubo boreas) in 

northeastern Oregon. Herpetological Conservation and Biology 1(1):27-38.

Bury, R.B. and J.A. Whelan. 1984. Ecology and management of the bullfrog. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 

Resource Publication 155. 23 pp. Company, Boston, MA. xiv + 336 pp.

Bury, R. B. 1972. Aggressive Behavior in the Pacific Pond Turtle, Clemmys marmorata. Herpetological 

Review. 4(4): pp 126.

Bury, R.B., R.A. Luckenbach, and S.D. Busack. 1977. Effects of off-road vehicles on vertebrates in the 

California desert. United States Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Wildlife 

Research Report 8, Washington, D.C.

Bury, R.B., and D.J. Germano. 2008. Actinmys marmorata (Baird and Girard 1852) Western pond turtle, 

Pacific pond turtle. In; Rhodin, A.G.J., Pritchard, P.C.H., van Dijk, P.P., Saumure, R.A., Buhlmann, K.A., 

and Iverson, J.B. (editors). Conservation Biologly of Freshwater turtles and Tortoise: A Compilation 

Project of the IUCN/SSC Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group. Chelonian Research 

Monograph No. 5, pp. 001.1.-001.9, doi:10.3854/crm.5.001.marmorata.v.1.2008, http://www.iucntfsg.org/cbftt.

Buskirk, S.W. and R.A. Powell. 1994. Habitat ecology of fishers and American martens. Pp 283-296, In 

Buskirk, S. W., A. S. Harestad, M. G. Raphael, and R. A. Powell, eds. Martens, sables, and fishers: 

biology and conservation. Cornell Univ. Press, Ithaca, NY. 484 pp.
Final Environmental Impact Statement Kings River Experimental Watershed Project

Chapter 5 5-4

California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection. 2011. California Forest Practice Rules, Title 14, 

Code of Regulations Chapters 4, 4.5 and 10. Sacramento, CA.

Camp, C.L. 1917. Description of Bufo canorus, a new species of toad from the Yosemite National Park. 

University of California Publications in Zoology, Vol. 17, No. 6, pp. 59-62. 

Campbell, C.G., and B. Allen-Diaz. 1997. Livestock grazing and riparian habitat water quality: an 

examination of oak woodland springs in the Sierra foothills of California. USDA Forest Service, PSWGTR-160, p.339-346. 

Campbell, J. B. 1970. Hibernacula of a population of Bufo boreas boreas in the Colorado Front Range. 

Herpetologica 26:278-282.

Campbell, L.A. 2004. Distribution and habitat associations of mammalian carnivores in the central and 

southern Sierra Nevada. Ph.D. Dissertation. University of California, Davis.

Caprio, A. and D. Graber. 2000. Returning Fire to the Mountains: Can We Successfully Restore the 

Ecological Role of Pre‐Euroamerican Fire Regimes to the Sierra Nevada? In Proceedings: Wilderness 

Science in a Time of Change. Rocky Mountain Research Station, RMRS‐P‐000. Ogden, UT.

Carroll, C., W.J. Zielinski, and R.F. Noss. 1999. Using presence-absence data to build and test spatial 

habitat models for the fisher in the Klamath Region, U.S.A. Conservation Biology 13:1344-1359.

CDF (California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection). 2005. California Practices Rules 2005. Via 

online: www.bof.fire.ca.gov as of 7/28/2006.

CDFG. 2005. California Department of Fish and Game. California Interagency Wildlife Task Group. 

California Wildlife Habitat Relationships version 8.1 personal computing program. Sacramento, 

California.

Central Valley Regional Water Quality Control Board. 2004. Water Quality Control Plan for the Tulare 

Lake Basin, second Edition. Available via: 

http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralvalley/available_documents/index.html#anchor616381

Chamberlin, T.W., R.D. Harr, and F.H. Everest. 1991. Timber harvesting, silviculture, and watershed 

processes. American Fisheries Society Special Publication 19:181-206.

Clark, Bob. 2001. Soils, water, and watersheds. Chapter V in: Fire Effects Guide. National Wildlife 

Coordinating Group, Fire Use Working Team. Available via: 

http://www.nwcg.gov/pms/RxFire/FEG.pdf

Clary, W.P., and B.F. Webster. 1989. Managing grazing of riparian areas in the intermountain region. 

USDA, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, General Technical Report INT-263. May 

1989.

Clines, Joanna. 2008. Amended Biological Assessment (BA)/Biological Evaluation (BE) for Threatened, 

Endangered, and Sensitive Plant Species for Kings River Project Eight Initial Units (2006-2008). High 

Sierra Ranger District, Sierra National Forest. Fresno County.
Final Environmental Impact Statement Kings River Experimental Watershed Project

Chapter 5 5-5

Clines, J. and V. Symonds. Personal communication. July 2006.

Coe, Drew B. 2006. Sediment production and delivery from forest roads in the Sierra Nevada, California. 

MS Thesis, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO. 

Conroy, W.J. 2003. ANOVA of instream turbidity measurements for TMDL effectiveness monitoring of 

forest BMPs. In: Conference Proceedings of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Annual 

International Meeting, July 28-30, Las Vegas, NV. ASAE Paper #032349. 

Crookston, N.L., 1997. Suppose: An interface to the Forest Vegetation Simulator. IN Proceedings: Forest 

Vegetation Simulator Conference, General Technical Report INT_GTR-373, UT: USDA Forest Service.

Cummins, K.W. 1974. Structure and function of stream ecosystems. BioScience 24:631-641.

CWE Team. 2000. Bear Meadow Project-Detailed CWE Assessment. Sierra National Forest Open-File 

Report. Sierra National Forest, Clovis, CA. 5 pages. 

Davidson, C. 2004. Declining downwind: amphibian population declines in California and historic 

pesticide use. Ecological Applications 14:1892-1902.

Davidson, C., and R. A. Knapp. 2007. Multiple stressors and amphibian declines: dual impacts of 

pesticides and fish on yellow-legged frogs. Ecological Applications 17:587-597.

Davies-Colley, R,J, and D.G. Smith. 2001. Turbidity, suspended sediment, and water clarity: a review. 

Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 37(5):1085-1101.

Davis, F.W., C. Seo, and W.J. Zielinski. 2007. Regional variation in home-range scale habitat models for 

fisher (Martes pennanti) in California. Ecological Applications 17:2195–2213.

Douglas, C.W., and M.A. Strickland. 1987. Fisher. In: Wild furbearer management and conservation in 

North America. Novack, M., Baker, J.A., Obbard, M.E., and Malloch, B. (eds.) Ontario Ministry of 

Natural Resources and the Ontario Trappers Association. 

Drumm, M. K., 1996. Fire History in mixed conifer series of kings river adaptive management area, 

Sierra National Forest. A thesis presented to the Faculty of Humboldt State University. Available at 

District Office. 30pps

Duane, T.P. 1996. Human settlement, 1850-2040. Pp. 235-360. In: Sierra Nevada Ecosystem Project: 

Final report to Congress, Vol. II. Assessments and scientific basis for management options. Report 

No. 37. Centers for Water and Wildland Resources, University of California, Davis, CA. 

Duncan, J.R., and P.H. Hayward. 1994. Review of technical knowledge: Great Gray Owls in Hawyard, G.D. 

and J. Verner, tech editors. 1994. Flammulated, Boreal, and Great Gray Owls in the United States: a 

technical conservation assessment. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-253. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of 

Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 214 pp., 3 maps.

Dunham, J.B., M.K. Young, R.E. Greswell, and R.E. Rieman. 2003. Effects of fire on fish populations: 

landscape perspectives on persistence of native fishes and nonnative fish invasions. Forest ecology 

and management 178(1&2): 183-196.
Final Environmental Impact Statement Kings River Experimental Watershed Project

Chapter 5 5-6

Dunning, Duncan. 1923. Some results of cutting in the Sierra Forests of California. Dept. Bull. 1176. 

Washington DC: USDA Forest Service.

Dunning, Duncan; Reineke, L.H. 1933. Preliminary yield tables for second-growth stands in the 

California pine region. Tech. Bull. 354. Washington DC: USDA Forest Service; 24 p.

Dwire, K.A. and J.B. Kauffman. 2003. Fire and riparian ecosystems in landscapes of the western USA. 

Forest ecology and management 178(1&2): 61-74.

Dwire, K.A., C.C. Rhoades, and M.K. Young. 2010. Chapter 10 Potential effects of fuels management 

activities on riparian areas. In:Cumulative watershed effects of fuel management in the western 

United States RMRS-GTR-1231 USDA Forest Service.

DWR. 2007. Climate change in California. 

http://www.water.ca.gov/climatechange/docs/062807factsheet.pdf

Earle, R.D. 1978. The fisher-porcupine relationship in Upper Michigan. M.S. Thesis. Michigan Technical 

University, Houghton, MI.

Eddinger, H. 2000a. California red-legged frog site assessment for the Bear Meadow Fuels Reduction 

Project, site assessment #: 0515South001. Letter to Wayne White – Field Supervisor, Sacramento 

Office, U.S.D.I. Fish and Wildlife Service from Holly Eddinger – District Aquatic Biologist dated 

February 22, 2000. USDA Forest Service, Sierra National Forest, High Sierra Ranger District 

(formerly the Pineridge and Kings River Ranger Districts). Prather, CA. 7 pages plus maps.

Eddinger, H. 2000b. California red-legged frog site assessment for five grazing allotments and an OHV 

event, site assessment #: 0515South003. Letter to Wayne White – Field Supervisor, Sacramento 

Office, U.S.D.I. Fish and Wildlife Service from Holly Eddinger – District Aquatic Biologist dated 

September 14, 2000. USDA Forest Service, Sierra National Forest, High Sierra Ranger District 

(formerly the Pineridge and Kings River Ranger Districts). Prather, CA. 6 pages plus maps.

Eddinger, H. 2003. Biological Assessment / Evaluation of the Mt. Toppers 4WDC. Signed March 18, 2003. 

USDA Forest Service, Sierra National Forest, High Sierra Ranger District. 18 pages plus attachments.

Elmore, W., and R.L. Beschta. 1987. Riparian areas; perceptions in management. Rangelands 9(6), 

December 1987, pp. 260-265.

Emlen, S.T. 1977. “Double clutching” and its possible significance in the bullfrog. Copeia 1977(4):749-

751.

EPA. 1991. Monitoring guidelines to evaluate effects of forestry activities on streams in the 

Pacific Northwest and Alaska. Center for Streamside Studies in Forestry, Fisheries and Wildlife, 

College of Forest Resources/College of Ocean and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, 

Seattle, Washington. 

Erman, N.A. 1996. Status of aquatic invertebrates. In: Sierra Nevada ecosystem. Proceedings: Final report 

to Congress, 35(2). Centers for water and wildland resources, University of California, Davis, Davis, 

CA.
Final Environmental Impact Statement Kings River Experimental Watershed Project

Chapter 5 5-7

Fahrig, L. 2001. How much habitat is enough? Biological Conservation 100:65-74. 

Falk, D. 2006. Journal for Nature Conservation Volume 14, Issues 3-4, 20 September 2006, Pages 140-

151

Farrar, D.R. 2001. Isozyme Characterization of Moonwort Ferns (Botrychium subgenus Botrychium) and 

their Interspecific Relationships in Northwestern North America.

Federal Register. Department of Interior. Fish and Wildlife Service. Endangered and Threatened 

Wildlife and Plants; 90 day Finding for a Petition to List a Distinct Population segment of the Fisher 

in West Coast Range as Endangered and to Designate Critical Habitat. Vol 68, No. 132, Thursday, 

July 10, 2003. 

Fellers, G. M., D. F. Bradford, D. Pratt, and L. L. Wood. 2007. Demise of repatriated populations of 

mountain yellow-legged frogs (Rana muscosa) in the Sierra Nevada of California. Herpetological 

Conservation and Biology 2:5-21.

Fellers, G. M., L. L. McConnell, D. Pratt, and S. Datta. 2004. Pesticides in mountain yellow-legged frogs 

(Rana muscosa) from the Sierra Nevada mountains of California, USA. Environmental Toxicology and 

Chemistry 23:2170-2177.

Fowler, Catherine, Bradley Valentine, Susan Sanders and Mike Stafford. 1991. Habitat Suitability Index 

Model: Willow Flycatcher (Empidonax traillii). March.

Frazier, J.W., K.B. Roby, J.A. Boberg, K. Kenfield, J.B. Reiner, D.L. Azuma, J.L. Furnish, B.P. Staab, and S.L. 

Grant. 2005. Stream Condition Inventory Technical Guide. USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest 

Region – Ecosystem Conservation Staff. Vallejo, CA. 111p.

Freel, Maeton. 1991. A literature review for management of the marten and fisher on national forests in 

California. USDA. Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Region. Cover letter to Forests is dated 1992.

Forsman, E.D., E.C. Meslow, and H.M. Wight. 1984. Distribution and biology of the Spotted Owl in 

Oregon. Wildlife Monograph 87. 64 pp.

Gallegos, Alan. 2001. Assistant Province Geologist. Personal communication. 

Gallegos, Alan. 2004a. Big Creek Watershed Analysis. Sierra National Forest Open-File Report, Sierra 

National Forest, Clovis, CA. 64p.

Gallegos, Alan. 2004b. Dinkey Creek Watershed Analysis. Sierra National Forest Open-File Report, Sierra 

National Forest, Clovis, CA. 18p.

Gallegos, Alan. 2005. 2005 Kings River Project Baseline CWE Assessment. Sierra National Forest Open 

File Report. Sierra National Forest, Clovis, CA. 8p.

Gallegos, Alan. 2006. 2006 Kings River Project – Revised Detailed CWE Assessment. Sierra National 

Forest Open File Report. Sierra National Forest, Clovis, CA. 31p.

Gallegos, Alan. 2010. KREW Soils and CWE report
Final Environmental Impact Statement Kings River Experimental Watershed Project

Chapter 5 5-8

Gallegos, Alan J. and Phillips, Erin H., 2004. Watershed Improvement Needs (WIN) Inventory for the 

Providence 1 and 4 management Areas, Kings River Project Area, Sierra National Forest Open-File 

Report, Clovis, CA. 38 pgs.

Giger, David R. 1993. Soil Survey of Sierra National Forest Area, California. US Department of 

Agriculture, Forest Service, Open-File Report, Sierra National Forest, Clovis, CA.

Ghassemi, Masood, Linda Fargo, and others. 1981. Environmental Fates and Impacts of Major Forest Use 

Pesticides. EPA Contract No. 68-02-3174, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticides 

and Toxic Substances, Washington, D.C. 310 p. 

Golightly, R.T., S.J. Dark, S.M. Wisely, and A. Seglund. 1997. Rest site use by Pacific fisher on ShastaTrinity National forest , 1992-1996. Final report to USDA Forest Service, Shasta-Trinity National 

Forest, Redding, CA. Unpublished.

Gott, Julie, and Holly Sanders. 2006. Detailed Assessment – sub-watershed 519.0057. Memo to Alan 

Gallegos, CWE Team Leader, August 9, 2006. 2p.

Gott, J. 2008. Field Evaluation of Sedimentation in Rock Creek. Open File Report, Sierra National Forest 

Supervisors Office, Clovis, CA. 3 p.

Graham, R. T., A. E. Harvey, T. B. Jain, and J. R. Tonn. 1999. The Effects of Thinning and Similar Stand 

Treatments on Fire Behavior in Western Forests. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW‐GTR‐463. Portland, OR: Pacific 

Northwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service.

Graham T. Russell, Theresa B. Jain, Richard T. Reynolds and Douglas A. Boyce. 1995. The Role of Fire in 

Sustaining Northern Goshawk Habitat in Rocky Mountain Forests. in Proceedings: First Conference 

on Fire Effects on Rare and Endangered Species and Habitats. Coeur d’Alene, Idaho. November 13-

16.

Grasso, R.L. 2005. Palatability and antipredator response of Yosemite toad (Bufo canorus) to nonnative 

brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) in the Sierra Nevada mountains of California. Masters Thesis, 

California State University at Sacramento.

Greene, C. 1995. Habitat requirements of great gray owls in the Central Sierra Nevada. M.S. thesis, 

School of Natural Resources and environment. University of Michigan. 94 p.

Gregory, S.V., G.V. Lamberti, D.C. Erman, K.V. Koski, M.L. Murphy, and J.R. Sedell. 1987.

Influence of forest practices on aquatic production. In: Streamside management. Forest and fishery 

interactions, edited by E.O. Salo, and T.W. Cundy, 233-55. Contribution No. 57. Seattle: 

University of Washington, Institute of Forest Resources.

Grenfell, W.E. and M. Fasenfest. 1979. Winter food habits of fishers, Martes pennanti, in northwestern 

California. Calif. Fish and Game 65:186-189. 

Greswell, R.W. 1999. Fire and aquatic ecosystems in forested biomes of North America. 

Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 128:193-221.

Griffiths, R.A. 1997. Temporary ponds as amphibian habitats. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and 

Freshwater Ecosystems 7:119-126.
Final Environmental Impact Statement Kings River Experimental Watershed Project

Chapter 5 5-9

Grinnell, J., J.S. Dixon, and L.M. Linsdale. 1937. Furbearing mammals of California: their natural history, 

systematic status and relations to man. University of California, Berkeley, 1:1-777.

Gucinski, Hermann, Michael J. Furniss, Robert R. Ziemer, and Martha H. Brookes, eds. 2001. Forest roads: 

a synthesis of scientific information. PNW-GTR-509. Pacific Northwest Research Station, Portland, 

OR. 103p.

Gutiérrez , R.J., J. Verner, K.S. McKelvey, B.R. Noon, G.N. Steger, D.R. Call, W.S. LaHaye, B.B. Bingham, and 

J.S. Senser. 1992. Habitat relations of the California spotted owl. Pp. 79–98 (Chapter 5) in The 

California spotted owl: a technical assessment of its current status (J. Verner, K.S. McKelvey, B.R. 

Noon, R.J. Gutiérrez, G.I. Gould, and T.W. Beck, technical coordinators). General Technical Report 

PSW-GTR-133, U.S. Forest Service, Albany, California. 285 pp.

Gutiérrez, R.J., A.B. Franklin, and W.S. LaHaye. 1995. Spotted Owl (Strix occidentalis). No. 170 in The 

birds of North America (Poole, A. and F. Gill, editors). The Academy of Natural Science, Philadelphia, 

and The American Ornithologists’ Union, Washington, D.C.

Hale, M.E. and M.C. Cole. 1988. Lichens of California. University of California Press. California Natural 

History Guides: 54. 254 pp.

Hamer, T.E., D.L. Hays, C.M. Senger, and E.D. Forsman. 2001. Diets of northern barred owls and 

northern spotted owls in an area of sympatry. Journal of Raptor Research 35(3):221–227.

Hanski, I and M.C. Singer. 2001. Extinction-colonization dynamics and host-plant choice in butterfly 

metapopulations. The American Naturalist Vol. 158, No. 4. pp.341-353.

Hanson, C. 2010. The Myth of “Catastrophic” Wildfire: A New Ecological Paradigm of Forest Health. John 

Muir Project Technical Report in peer review. 29 pps.

Harrod, R. J., D. W. Peterson, N. A. Povak, and E. K. Dodson. 2009. Thinning and Prescribed Fire Effects on 

Overstory Tree and Snag Structure in Dry Coniferous Forest of the Interior Pacific Northwest. Forest 

Ecology and Management 258:712–721.

Hatchett, B., Michael P. Hogan, and Mark E. Grismer. 2006. Mechanical mastication thins Lake Tahoe 

forest with few adverse impacts. California Agriculture 60(2):77-82.

Hayes, M.P. and M.R. Jennings. 1986. Decline of ranid frog species in western North America: are 

bullfrogs (Rana catesbeiana) responsible? Journal of Herpetology 20(4):490-509.

Heinemeyer, K.S., and J.L. Jones. 1994. Fisher biology and management: a literature review and adaptive 

management strategy. Missoula, MT: USDA Forest Service Northern Region. 108 pp. 

Hicks, Brendan J., Robert L. Beschta, and R. Dennis Harr. 1991. Long-term changes in streamflow 

following logging in western Oregon and associated fisheries implications. Water Resources Bulletin, 

27(2):217-226.

Hicks, Jane. 1984. Bats not so bad after all. Outdoor California. September-October.

Hilton, Sue, and T.E. Lisle. 1993. Measuring the fraction of pool volume filled with fine sediment. 

Research Note PSW-RN-414-WEB. Pacific Southwest Research Station, Albany, CA. 11p. 

Hitt, N.P. 2003. Immediate effects of wildfire on stream temperature. Journal of Freshwater 
Final Environmental Impact Statement Kings River Experimental Watershed Project

Chapter 5 5-10

Ecology 18:171-173.

Hoffman, A.A., and M.W. Blows 1994. Species borders: ecological and evolutionary perspectives. Trends 

in Ecology and Evolution. 9:223-227. 

Holland, D. C. 1985. An ecological and quantitative study of the western pond turtle (Clemmys

marmorata) in San Luis Obispo County, California. MA Thesis, Fresno State University, California.

Hopson, Rick., 2005. Kings River Project CWE Field Review. Sierra National Forest Open-File Report, 

Sierra National Forest, Clovis, CA., 2 pages.

Hopson, R. and H. Eddinger. 2003. Framework riparian conservation areas and Forest Plan streamside 

management zones. White paper.

Hull, J.M., J.J. Keane, W.K. Savage, S.A. Godwin, J. Shafer, E.P. Jepsen, R. Gerhardt, C. Stermer, H.B. Ernest. 

2010. Range-wide genetic differentiation among North American great gray owls (Strix nebulosa) 

reveals a distinct lineage limited to the Sierra Nevada, California. Molecular Phylogenetics and 

Evolution 56:212-221. 

Jennings, M.R. 1988. Natural history and decline of native frogs. Proceedings from the Conference on 

California herpetology. pp. 61-72.

Jennings, M. R. 1996. Chapter 31 Status of amphibians. In: Sierra Nevada Ecosystem Project, Final Report 

to Congress, Status of the Sierra Nevada, Volume II, Wildland Resources Center Report No. 37. 

Centers for Water and Wildland Resources, University of California, Davis.

Johnson, Clay. 2003. Archaeological sites and fire-induced changes. Prepared for USDA Forest Service, 

Ashley National Forest, Vernal, UT.

Jones, J.A., and G.E. Grant. 1996. Peak flow responses to clear-cutting and roads in small and large basins, 

western Cascades, Oregon. Water Resources Research, 32(4):959-974.

Kagarise Sherman, C. 1980. A comparison of the natural history and mating system of two anurans: 

Yosemite toads (Bufo canorus) and black toads (Bufo exsul). PhD Dissertation, The University of 

Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan,

Kagarise Sherman, C. and M. L. Morton. 1984. The toad that stays on its toes. Natural History 3/84. Pp. 

73-78.

Kaplan-Henry, Terry A., and Heather A. Shoener. 2002. Relationship of Sierra Nevada-wide flood 

frequency curves and local Kern River discharge curves for the McNalley Fire. Open File Report, 

Sequoia National Forest, Porterville, CA. 

Karlstrom, E. L. 1962. The toad genus Bufo in the Sierra Nevada of California: ecological and 

systematic relationships. University of California Publications in Zoology, 62:1-104.

Kattelmann, R. 1996. Hydrology and water resources. In: Sierra Nevada Ecosystem Project: Final report to 

Congress, Vol. II, chapter 30. Davis: University of California, Centers for Water and Wildland 

Resources.

Keane, John J. 1997. Memo to: Wendy Philpott, Wildlife Biologist, Sierra National Forests. RE: Northern 

goshawk network action plan and management guideline. February 18.
Final Environmental Impact Statement Kings River Experimental Watershed Project

Chapter 5 5-11

Keane, John J. and Sean A. Parks. 2003. Modeling Northern Goshawk Nesting Habitat Suitability to 

Facilitate Inventory Surveys in the King’s River Administrative Study Area (KRAS). June 6. Sierra 

Nevada Research Center, Pacific Southwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service. Davis, California.

Kelly, E.G, E.D. Forsman, and R.G. Anthony. 2003. Are barred owls displacing spotted owls? Condor 

105(1):45–53.

Keppeler, Elizabeth T., and Robert R. Ziemer. 1990. Logging effects on streamflow: water yield and 

summer low flows at Caspar Creek in northwestern California. Water Resources Research, 

26(7):1669-1679.

Kilpatrick, H.J., and P.W. Rego. 1994. Influence of season, sex, and site availability on fisher (Martes 

pennanti) rest-site selection in the central hardwood forest. Canadian Journal of Zoology 72: 1416-

1419.

Kipps, Jo Anne. 1982. The Dinkey Creek prehistoric site testing program. P-III Associates, Inc. Report 

submitted to Kings River Conservation District, Fresno, CA.

Knapp, R. A. 1996. Non-native trout in natural lakes of the Sierra Nevada: an analysis of their 

distribution and impacts on native aquatic biota. Pages 363-407 in Sierra Nevada Ecosystem Project: 

final report to Congress. Volume III, Chapter 8. Centers for Water and Wildland Resources, University 

of California, Davis (available at ceres.ca.gov/snep/pubs/v3.html).

Knapp, R. A. 2005. Effects of nonnative fish and habitat characteristics on lentic herpetofauna in 

Yosemite National Park, USA. Biological Conservation 121:265-279.

Knapp, R. A., and K. R. Matthews. 1998. Eradication of nonnative fish by gill-netting from a small 

mountain lake in California. Restoration Ecology 6:207-213.

Knapp, R. A., D. M. Boiano, and V. T. Vredenburg. 2007. Removal of nonnative fish results in population 

expansion of a declining amphibian (mountain yellow-legged frog, Rana muscosa). Biological 

Conservation 135:11-20.

Knapp, R. A., K. R. Matthews, H. K. Preisler, and R. Jellison. 2003. Developing probabilistic models to 

predict amphibian site occupancy in a patchy landscape. Ecological Applications 13:1069-

1082.Korte, A., and Lee H. MacDonald, 2005. Road Sediment Production and Delivery in the 

Southern Sierra Nevada, California. American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting 2005, abstract 

#H51E-0416. Available via: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005AGUFM.H51E0416K

Krebs, C.J., B.L. Keller, and R.H. Tamarin. 1969. Microtus population biology: demographic changes in 

fluctuating populations of M. ochrogaster and M. pennsylvanicus in southern Indiana. Ecology 

50:587-607. 

Krohn, W.B., W.J. Zielinski, and R.B. Boone. 1997. Relations among fishers, snow, and martens in 

California: Results from small-scale spatial comparisons. Pp 211-232. In Proulx, G., H.N. Bryant, and 

P.M. Woodard, editors. Martes: taxonomy, ecology, techniques and management. Provincial 

Museum of Alberta, Alberta, Canada. 

Krohne, D.T., and G.A. Hoch. 1999. Demography of Peromyscus leucopus populations on habitat patches: 

the role of dispersal. Canadian Journal of Zoology 77:1247-1253. 
Final Environmental Impact Statement Kings River Experimental Watershed Project

Chapter 5 5-12

Kruse, K.C. and M.G. Francis. 1977. A predation deterrent in larvae of the bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana. 

Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 106(3):248-252.

Kuehn, D.W. 1989. Winter foods of fishers during a snowshoe hare decline. Journal of Wildlife 

Management 53:688-692.

Landry, PA., and F.J. Lapointe. 1999. The genetic heterogeneity of deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus) 

populations in an insular landscape. Researches in Population Ecology 41:263-268.

Lannoo, M. 2005. Amphibian declines: the conservation status of United States Species, Berkeley, CA. 

University of California Press. 

Laymon, S. A. 1988. The ecology of the spotted owl in the central Sierra Nevada, California. Ph.D. 

dissertation, University of California, Berkeley. 285 pp.

Laymon, Stephen, Mary D. Halterman, Reginald H. Barrett. 1992. Draft progress report on the 

Distribution of Marten, Fisher , Wolverine, and Sierra Nevada red fox in Portions of the Sierra 

National Forest. USDA Forest Service. PSW Forest and Range Experiment Station. Berkeley, CA. 

January 10. 

LaHaye, W.S., R.J. Gutiérrez and D.R. Call. 1992. Demography of an insular population of spotted owls 

(Strix occidentalis occidentalis). Pp. 803–814 in Proceedings of Wildlife 2001: Populations (D.R. 

McCollough and R.H. Barrett, editors). Elsevier Applied Science, London and New York, New York.

Ledwith, T. 1996. The effects of buffer strip width on air temperature and relative humidity in a 

stream riparian zone. Network 6(5), The Watershed Management Council. Available at 

http://www.watershed.org/news/sum_96.

Leskiw, T., and R.J. Gutiérrez. 1998. Possible predation of a spotted owl by a barred owl. Western Birds 

29:225–226.

Lewis, Henry T. 1973. Patterns of indian burning in California: ecology and ethnohistory. Ballena Press 

Anthropological Papers 1. Menlo Park, CA.

Lewis, J.C. and D.W. Stinson. 1998. Washington state status report for the fisher. Wash. Dept. Fish and 

Wildl., Olympia. 64 pp.

Lewis, J., S.R. Mori, E.T. Keppeler, and R.R. Ziemer. 2001. Impacts of logging on storm peak flows, flow 

volumes, and suspended sediment loads in Caspar Creek, California. In: M.S. Wigmosta and S.J. 

Burges, eds., Land use and watersheds: human influence on hydrology and geomorphology in urban 

and forest areas. Water Science and Application Volume 2, p.85-125. American Geophysical Union, 

Washington, D.C.

Liang, C.T. 2010. Habitat modeling and movements of the Yosemite toad (Anaxyrus (=Bufo) canorus) is 

the Sierra Nevada, California. Dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for 

the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Ecology in the Ecology in the Office of Graduate Studies of 

the University of California, Davis.

Lind, A.J. 2008. Amphibians and reptiles and climate change. (May 2008). U.S. Department of Agriculture, 

Forest Service, Climate Change Resource Center. http://www.fs.fed.us/ccrc/topics/amphibiansreptiles.shtml 
Final Environmental Impact Statement Kings River Experimental Watershed Project

Chapter 5 5-13

Lind, A.J., H.H. Welsh, Jr., and R.A. Wilson. 1996. The effects of a dam on breeding habitat and egg 

survival of the foothill yellow-legged frog (Rana boylii) in northwestern California. Herpetological 

Review 27(2), 1996.

Lind, A.J. L. Conway, H. Eddinger, P. Strand, and T. Tharalson. 2003. Distribution, Relative Abundance, 

and Habitat of Foothill Yellow-legged Frogs (Rana boylii) on National Forests in Southern Sierra 

Nevada Mountains of California. Report to the FHR Program of Region 5 of the USDA Forest Service

Lisle, T.E., and S. Hilton. 1992. The volume of fine sediment in pools: an index of sediment supply in 

gravel-bed streams. Water Resources Bulletin, 28(2):371-383.

Lisle, T.E., and S. Hilton. 1999. Fine bed material in pools of natural gravel bed channels. Water 

Resources Research, 35(4): 1291-1304.

Luce, Charles H., and Thomas A. Black. 1999. Sediment production from forest roads in western Oregon. 

Water Resources Research 35(8):2561-2570.

MacDonald, L.H., and J.D. Stednick. 2003. Forests and water: A state-of-the art review for Colorado. 

CWRRI Completion Report No. 196. Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO. 

MacDonald, L.H., Drew Coe and Sandra Litschert. 2004. Assessing cumulative watershed effects in the 

Central Sierra Nevada: hillslope measurements and catchment-scale modeling. Proceedings, Sierra 

Nevada Science Symposium, Ocyober 7-10, 2002, Kings Beach, CA. PSW-GTR-193: 149-157.

Mann, W., P. Dorn, and R. Brandl. 1991. Local distribution of amphibians: the importance of habitat 

fragmentation. Global Ecology and Biogeography Letters 1:36-41.

Marsh, D. M and P.C. Trenham. 2001. Metapopulation dynamics and amphibian conservation. 

Conservation Biology.Vol. 15, No. 1. pp. 40-49.Marsh, Steve. 2005. Heritage resource management of 

the Kings River Project, Archaeological Reconnaissance Report 2005051554005. Prepared for USDA 

Forest Service, Sierra National Forest, Clovis, CA. 2005.

Marsh, Steve. 2010. Cultural Resource Management of the Kings River Experimental Watershed Forest 

Health and Research Project (KREW Bull and KREW Providence Units), High Sierra Ranger District, 

Sierra National Forest, R2011051552001. Prepared for USDA Forest Service, Sierra National Forest, 

Clovis, CA.

Martin, D. L. 1992. Sierra Nevada Anuran Guide. Canorus Ltd. Ecological Research Team. 

Canorus Ltd. Press. San Jose. 28 pp.

Matthews, K. R., and C. Miaud. 2007. A skeletochronological study of the age structure, growth, and 

longevity of the mountain yellow-legged frog, Rana muscosa, in the Sierra Nevada, California. Copeia 

2007:986-993.

Matthews, K. R., and K. L. Pope. 1999. A telemetric study of the movement patterns and habitat use of 

Rana muscosa, the mountain yellow-legged frog, in a high-elevation basin in Kings Canyon National 

Park, California. Journal of Herpetology 33:615-623.

Matthews, R.A., and Burnett, J.L., 1965, Geologic map of California: Fresno Sheet: California Division of 

Mines and Geology, scale 1:25000. 
Final Environmental Impact Statement Kings River Experimental Watershed Project

Chapter 5 5-14

Maxell, B., and G. Hokit. 1999. Amphibians and reptiles, Pages 2.1-2.29 in G. Joslin and H. Youmans, 

coordinators. Effects of recreation on Rocky Mountain wildlife: a review of Montana. Committee on 

Effects of Recreation on Wildlife, Montana Chapter of the Wildlife Society. 307 pp.

Mazzoni, A. 2002. Habitat use by fishers (Martes pennanti) in the southern Sierra Nevada, California. 

M.S. Thesis. California State University, Fresno, CA.

McKenzie, D., Z. Gedalof, D.L. Petersen and P.Motes. 2003. Climate change, wildfire and conservation. 

Conservation Biology. Vol18, No.4, ppg 890-902.

Meehan, W.R., editor. 1991. Influences of forest and rangeland management on salmonid fishes and their 

habitats. American Fisheries Society Special Publication 19.

Meyer, M., and H. Safford. 2010. A summary of current trends and probable future trends in climate and 

climate-driver processes in the Sierra National Forest and the neighboring Sierra Nevada.

Miller J.D., and H.D. Safford, 2008. Sierra Nevada Fire Severity Monitoring 1984-2004. US Forest Service, 

Pacific Southwest region. R5-TP-027. 50 pps.

Miller, J. D., H. D. Safford, M. Crimmins, and A. E. Thode. 2009. Quantitative Evidence for Increasing 

Forest Fire Severity in the Sierra Nevada and Southern Cascade Mountains, California and Nevada, 

USA. Ecosystems 12(1):16–32.

Minnich, Richard A.; Barbour, Michael G.; Burk, J.H.; Fernau, Robert F. 1995. Sixty years of change in 

Californian conifer forest of the San Bernardino Mountains. Conservation Biology 9(4): 902-914.

Minshall, G.W. 2003. Responses of stream benthic macroinvertebrates to fire. In: Forest Ecology and 

Management. Volume 178, Issues 1-2 (2003) 155-161.

Montgomery, D.R., and J.M. Buffington. 1997. Channel-reach morphology in mountain 

drainage basins. Geological Society of America Bulletin. May 1997: Vol. 109, No. 5. p. 596-611.

Moore, R.D., D.L. Spittlehouse, and A. Story. 2005. Riparian microclimate and stream 

temperature response to forest harvesting: a review. Journal of American Water Resources 

Association. August 2005. p. 813-834

Morales, K., S. Evans, and V. McKay. 2004. Kings River Project: N Soaproot 2 Area #9. Open File Report. 

Sierra National Forest, High Sierra Ranger District, Prather, CA. 5p. 

Moyle, P. B. 1973. Effects of introduced bullfrogs, Rana catesbeiana, on the native frogs of the San 

Joaquin Valley, California. Copeia: 18-22.

Moyle, P.B., R.M. Yoshiyama, and R.A. Knapp. 1996. Status of fish and fisheries. In: Sierra Nevada 

Ecosystem Project: Final report to Congress, vol. II, chapter 33. Davis: University of California, Centers 

for Water and Wildland Resources.

Mullally, D. P. 1953. Observations on the ecology of the toad Bufo canorus. Copeia 1953:182-183.

Mullally, D. P., and J. D. Cunningham. 1956. Ecological relations of Rana muscosa at high elevations in the 

Sierra Nevada. Herpetologica 12:189-198.
Final Environmental Impact Statement Kings River Experimental Watershed Project

Chapter 5 5-15

Mutch, R. W. and W. Cook. 1996. Restoring Fire to Ecosystems: Methods Vary with Land Management 

Goals. In: Gen. Tech. Rep. INT‐GTR‐341. Proceedings of the use of fire in forest restoration. Ogden, 

UT: Intermountain Research Station, USDA Forest Service.

Naiman, R.J., R.E. Bilby, and P.A. Bisson. 2000. Riparian ecology and management in the Pacific coastal 

rain forest. BioScience November 2000 Vol. 50 No. 11 pp. 996-1011.

Nakumura, G., C. Keithley, and D. Schmidt. In Press. Fire ecology in watershed assessment, IN: The 

California Watershed Assessment Manual, Volume 2, Chapter 6. Prepared for the California 

Resources Agency. http://cwam.ucdavis.edu/Volume_2/TOC.htm

National Council for Air and Stream Improvement (NCASI). 1999. Scale considerations and the 

detectability of sedimentary cumulative watershed effects. Technical Bulletin 776. Research 

Triangle Park, NC. National Council of the Paper Industry for Air and Stream Improvement, Inc. 

328p.

Neary, D.G., P.F. Ffolliott, and J.D. Landsberg. 2005. Fire and streamflow regimes. Chapter 5 in: Neary, 

D.G., K.C. Ryan, and L.F. DeBano, eds., Wildland fire in ecosystems: effects of fire on soil and water. 

RMRS-GTR-42-vol 4. USDA Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fort Collins, CO. 250p.

Neary, D.G., J.D. Landsberg, A.R. Tiedemann, and P.F. Ffolliott. 2005b. Chapter 6: water

quality. IN:Wildland Fire in Ecosystems, Effects of Fire on Soil and Water. USDA Forest Service, 

Rocky Mountain Research Station, General Technical Report RMRS-GTR-42-volume 4. pp. 119-134.

Newton, Michael and Knight F.B. 1981. Handbook of weed and insect control chemicals for forest 

resource managers. Timber Press. 

Norris, Vol. 1993. The use of buffer zones to protect water quality: a review. Water Resources 

Management, 7:257-272.

North, M.P., J. Innes, and H. Zald. 2007. Comparison of thinning and prescribed fire restoration 

treatments to Sierran mixed-conifer historic conditions. Canadian Journal of Forest Resources. 

37:331-342.

North, M., P. Stine, K. O’Hara, W. Zielinski, and S. Stephens. 2009. An Ecosystem Management Strategy for 

Sierran MixedConifer Forests. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW‐GTR‐220. Albany, CA: U.S. Department of 

Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station.

Omi, P. N. and E. J. Martinson. 2002. Final Report: Effects of Fuels Treatments on Wildfire Severity. Fort 

Collins, CO: Western Forest Research Center, Joint Fire Sciences Program, Colorado State University.

Paragi, T.F., S.M. Arthur, and W.B. Krohn. 1996. Importance of tree cavities as natal dens for fishers. 

National Journal of American Foresters. 13:79-83.

Parks, C.G., E.L. Bull, R.O. Tinnin, J.F. Shepherd, and A.K. Blumton. 1999. Wildlife use of dwarf mistletoe 

brooms in Douglas-fir in northeast Oregon. Western Journal of American Foresters. 14:100-105.

Pianka, E.R. 1966. Latitudinal gradients in species diversity: a review of concepts. American Naturalist, 

100(910):33-46.
Final Environmental Impact Statement Kings River Experimental Watershed Project

Chapter 5 5-16

Pilliod, D.S., R. B Bury, E.J. Hyde, C.A. Pearrl, and P.S. Corn. 2003. Fire and amphibians in North America. 

Forest Ecology and Management 178 (2003) 163-181.

Pilliod, D.S., E. Muths, R.D. Scherer, P.E. Bartelt, P.S. Corn, B.R. Hossack, B. A. Lambert, R. McCaffrey, and 

C. Gaughan. Effects of amphibian chytrid fungus on individual survival probability in wild Boreal 

toads. Conservation Biology, Volume **, No. **,***_***

Planas, Lorrie. 2001. Historical evaluation of Pine Logging Camp, Sierra National Forest, Fresno County, 

R2001051552037. Prepared for USDA Forest Service, Sierra National Forest, Clovis, CA.

Planas, Lorrie. 2009. Traditional cultural property evaluation of the Mono Trail corridor,

R2006051553010. Prepared for USDA Forest Service, Sierra National Forest, Clovis, CA.

Planas, Lorrie and Sarah Johnston. n. d. Heritage resources and tribal relations planning for the Kings 

River Project. Draft. Prepared for USDA Forest Service, Sierra National Forest, Clovis, CA. Included 

in Heritage resource management of the Kings River Project, Archaeological Reconnaissance Report 

2005051554005 (Marsh 2005).

Platts, W.S. 1991. Livestock grazing. American Fisheries Society Special Publication 19:389-424.

Pollet, J. and P. N. Omi. 2002. Effect of Thinning and Prescribed Burning on Crown Fire Severity in 

Ponderosa Pine Forest. International Journal of Wildland Fire 11(1):1–10.

Pope, K. L., and K. R. Matthews. 2001. Movement ecology and seasonal distribution of mountain yellowlegged frogs, Rana muscosa, in a high-elevation Sierra Nevada basin. Copeia 101:787–793.

Powell RA. 1993. The fisher: life history, ecology and behavior. 2nd ed. Minneapolis: University of 

Minnesota Press

Powell, R.A. 1994. Structure and spacing of Martes populations. Pp. 101-121 in Martens, sables and 

fishers: biology and conservation (S.W. Buskirk, A.S. Harestad, M.G. Raphael, and R.A. Powell, eds.), 

Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York. 

Powell, R.A., and W.J. Zielinksi. 1994. Fisher. pp. 38-73 in Scientific basis for conserving forest 

carnivores: marten, fisher, lynx and wolverine in the western United States (L.F. Ruggerio, K.B. 

Aubry, S.W. Buskirk, L.J. Lyon, and W.J. Zielinski, eds), United States Forest Service, Rocky Mountain 

Forest and Range Experiment Station, Fort Collins, Colorado, General Technical Report RM-254. 

Powell, R.A. 1993. The fisher: life history, ecology, and behavior. University of Minnesota Press, 

Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.

Powers, Robert F., Sanchez, Felipe G., Scott, D. Andrew, and Page-Dumroese, Deborah. 2004. The North 

American long-term soil productivity experiment: Coast-to-coast findings from the first decade. 

Proceedings RMRS-P-34. USDA Forest Service. In: Gale, P., Powers, R., Boyle, J. (eds.) Forest Soils 

Research: Theory, Reality, and its Role in Technology Transfer Proceedings of the 10th North 

American Forest Soils Conference, Sault Ste. Marie, ON, Canada: July 20-24, 2003.

Pounds. J.A. and M.L. Crump. 1994. The case of the golden trout and the Harlequin frog. Conservation 

Biology, Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 72-85. 
Final Environmental Impact Statement Kings River Experimental Watershed Project

Chapter 5 5-17

Pounds, J.A., M.P.L. Fogden, and J.H. Campbell. 1999. Biological response to climate change on a tropical 

mountain. Nature, Vol. 398. pp. 611-615.Ratliff, R.D. and R. G. Denton. 1993. Bolander’s Clover in 

the Central Sierra Nevada: A Sensitive Species? Madrono, Vol. 40, No. 3, p. 166-173.

Rathbun, G.B., M.R. Jennings, T.G. Murphey, and N.R. Siepel. 1993. Status and ecology of sensitive aquatic 

vertebrates in lower San Simeon and Pico Creek, San Luis Obispo County, California. Final Report 

under Cooperative Agreement 14-16-0009-91-1909 between U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and 

California Department of Parks and Recreation. Publ. No. PB93-230779, National Technical 

Information Service, Springfield, VA, ix + 103 pp.

Reardon, J.R., K.C. Ryan, L.F. DeBano, and D.C. Neary. Chapter 8: wetland and riparian 

systems. IN: Wildland Fire in Ecosystems, Effects of Fire on Soil and Water. USDA Forest Service, 

Rocky Mountain Research Station, General Technical Report RMRS- GTR-42-volume 4. pp. 149-169.

Reaser, J.K., and A. Blaustein. 2005. Repercussions of global change. In: Amphibian Declines, the 

Conservation Status of United States Amphibians. Edited by M. Lanoo. University of California Press.

Reh, W. and A. Seitz. 1990. The influence of land use on the genetic structure of populations of the 

common frog Rana temporaria. Biol Cons. 54:239-249.

Reid, Leslie, and Thomas Dunne. 1984. Sediment production from forest road surfaces. Water Resources 

Research 20(11):1753-1761.

Reid, Leslie M. 2006 (March 21, last update). Channel erosion, mass wasting, and fuels treatments. 

Chapter 6 in: Elliot, W.J., and L.J. Audin, eds. Draft Cumulative Watershed Effects of Fuels 

Management in the Western United States. Available online: 

http://forest.moscowfsl.wsu.edu/engr/cwe/

Reinhardt, E. D., R. E. Keane, D. E. Calkin, J. D. Cohen. 2008. Objectives and Considerations for Wildland 

Fuel Treatment in Forested Ecosystems of the Interior Western United States. Forest Ecology and 

Management 256(2008):1997–2006.

Rieman, B. and J.Clayton. 1997. Wildfire and native fish: issues of forest health and conservation of 

sensitive species. Fisheries 22(11): 6-15.

Rieman, B., Dunham, J. Luce, C. Rosenberger, A. 2005. Implications of changing fire regimes for aquatic 

systems. Pages 187-191 In Taylor, L,; Zelnik, J.; Cadwallader, S., Hughes, (editors) Mixed Severity 

Fire Regimes: Ecology and Management. Symposium Proceedings, Spokane WA. November 15-19, 

2004. Washington State University, Pullman, WA. 6 pages.

Renn, Charles E. 1970. Investigating Water Problems: A Water Analysis Manual. Chestertown, MD: 

LaMotte Company; 55 p.

Rinne, J.A. and G.R. Jacoby. 2005. Chapter 7: aquatic biota. In: Wildland fire in ecosystems, effects of fire 

on soil and water. Proceedings: Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-42. Rocky Mountain Research Station, 

USDA Forest Service. 4: 135-143. 

Robichaud, P.R., J.L. Beyers, and D.G. Neary. 2000. Evaluating the effectiveness of postfire rehabilitation 

treatments. RMRS-GTR-63. USDA Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fort Collins, CO. 

85p.
Final Environmental Impact Statement Kings River Experimental Watershed Project

Chapter 5 5-18

Robichaud, P.R., L.H. MacDonald, and R.B. Foltz. 2006 (March 21, last update). Fuel management and 

erosion. Chapter 5 in: Elliot, W.J., and L.J. Audin, eds. Draft Cumulative Watershed Effects of Fuels 

Management in the Western United States. Available online: 

http://forest.moscowfsl.wsu.edu/engr/cwe/

Robison, E.G., and R.L. Beschta. 1990. Identifying trees in riparian areas that can provide coarse woody 

debris to streams. Forest Science, Vol. 36, No. 3, pp. 790-801.Rosgen, Dave. 1996. Applied River 

Morphology. Wildland Hydrology, Pagosa Springs, CO. 

Rosgen, D.L. 1996. Applied River Morphology. Copyright 1996 by Wildland Hydrology, 1481 Stevens 

Lake Road, Pagosa Springs, CO.

Rothermel, R.C. 1982. How to predict the Spread and Intensity of Forest and Range Fires. USDA Forest 

Service, National Wildfire Coordinating group, US DA Forest Service and US Department of the 

Interior. PMS-436-1.

Ruediger, R. and J. Ward. 1996. Abundance and function of large woody debris in central Sierra Nevada 

streams. In: FHR current, fish habitat relationships technical bulletin, No. 20, May 1996.

Ruggiero, Leonard F., Keith B. Aubry, Steven W. Buskirk, L. Jack Lyon and William J. Zielinski. 1994. The 

Scientific Basis for Conserving Forest Carnivores - American Marten, Fisher, Lynx and Wolverine in 

the Western United States. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment 

Station. Fort Collins, CO. GTR RM-254.

Running, S. L., 2006. Climate change: is global warming causing more, larger wildfires? Science. Vol. 313 

published online at www.sciencemag.org. 18 August 2006. 

Sanders, H. 2006. Aquatic species biological assessment and biological evaluation for the Kings River 

Project – initial eight management units (2006 to 2008) – final environmental impact statement. 

Prather, CA: High Sierra Ranger District, Sierra National Forest, USDA Forest Service.

Sanders, Holly, and Rick Hopson. 2005. 2005 Kings River Project Baseline Assessment – Cumulative 

Watershed Effects (CWE) Review of Channel Conditions and Fisheries Habitat for Sub-watersheds 

over Threshold of Concern (TOC). Memo to Alan Gallegos, CWE Team Leader, June 10, 2005. 16p.

Sauter, S.T., J. McMillan, and J. Dunham. 2001. Salmonid behavior and water temperature, Issue 

paper 1. United States EPA. EPA-910-D-01-001

Schempf, P.F., and M. White. 1977. Status of six furbearer populations in the mountains of northern 

California. U.S. Dep. Agric., For. Serv., San Francisco, Calif. 51 pp.

Schnackenberg, E.S., and L.H. MacDonald. 1998. Detecting cumulative effects on headwater streams in 

the Riutt National Forest, Colorado. Journal of the American Water Resources Assoc., 34(5):1163-

1177.

Schroer, G. and P. Strand. 2010. Management Indicator Species Report for the Draft Environmental 

Impact Statement for the Kings River Experimental Watershed Research Project.

Sedell, J.R., P.A. Bisson, F.J. Swanson, and S.V. Gregory. 1988. What we know about large 
Final Environmental Impact Statement Kings River Experimental Watershed Project

Chapter 5 5-19

trees that fall into streams and rivers. IN Maser, C., R.F. Tarrant, J.M. Trappe, and J.F. Franklin., tech. 

Eds. From the forest to the sea: a story of fallen trees. USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest 

and Range Experiment Station. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR229. Portland, OR

Sedgwick, J. A. 2000. Willow Flycatcher (Empidonax traillii). In The Birds of North America, No. 533

(A. Poole and F. Gill, eds.). The Birds of North America, Inc., Philadelphia, PA.

Seglund, A.E. 1995. The use of resting sites by Pacific fisher. M.S. Thesis. Humboldt State University, 

Arcata, California.

Self, S.E., and S.J. Kerns. 2001. Pacific fisher use of a managed forest landscape in northern California. 

SPI Wildlife Research Paper 6. Sierra Pacific Research and Monitoring and Sierra Pacific Industries 

Redding, California, USA. 32p.

SERA. 2003. Glyphosate – Human health and ecological risk assessment: Final report. SERA TR 

02‐43‐09‐04a. Fayetteville, NY: Syracuse Environmental Research Associates, Inc.

Serena, M. 1982. The status and distribution of the willow flycatcher (Empidomax traillii) in selected

portions of the Sierra Nevada, 1982. Calif. Dep. Fish and Game, Sacramento. Wildl. Manage. Branch 

Adm. Rep. No. 82‐5. 29pp.

Sestrich, C.M. 2005. Changes in native and nonnative fish assemblages and habitat following 

wildfire in the Bitterroot River Basin, Montana. Master’s Thesis. Montana State University, Bozeman, 

Montana November 2005.

Shakesby, R.A., and S.H. Doerr. 2006. Wildfire as a hydrological and geomorphological agent. EarthScience Reviews, 74(2006):269-307.

Shaw, M.W. 1995. Simulation of population expansion and spatial pattern when individual dispersal 

distributions do not decline with distance. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B 

259:243-248. 

Sherwin, Rick. 1998. Pallid bat information in Ecology, Conservation and Management of Western Bat 

Species. Bat Species Accounts.

Show S.B; Kotok, E.I. 1924. The role of fire in the California pine forests. Dept. Bull. 1294. Washington 

DC: USDA Forest Service.

Simon, T. L. 1980. An ecological study of the marten in the Tahoe National Forest, California. M.S. 

Thesis, California State University, Sacramento. 140pp.

Sjogren-Gulve, P. 1994. Distribution and extinction patterns within a northern metapopulation of the 

pool frog, (Rana lessonae). Ecology 75:1357-1367.

Skinner, C.N., M.W. Ritchie, T. Hamilton, and J. Symons. 2004. Effects of prescribed fire and thinning on 

wildfire severity. In: S. Cooper, ed. Proceedings of the 25th annual forest vegetation management 

conference. Redding, CA: University of California Cooperative Extension, 80-91.

Slater, J.R. 1962. Variations and new range of Clemmys marmorata. Occasional Papers of the Department 

of Biology, University of Puget Sound (20):204-205.
Final Environmental Impact Statement Kings River Experimental Watershed Project

Chapter 5 5-20

Smith, J. 2002. Protecting archaeological sites with prescribed fire. In: Loyd, J. M., Origer, T. M., and 

Fredrickson, D. A., (Eds.), The effects of fire and heat on obsidian. Papers presented in Symposium 2, 

The Effects of Fire/Heat on Obsidian at the 33rd Annual Meeting of the Society for California 

Archaeology April 23-25, 1999. Bureau of Land Management. Sacramento, CA. 

Sparling, D. W., G. M. Fellers and L. L. McConnell. 2001. Pesticides and Amphibian Population Declines in 

California, USA. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 20: 1591-1595.

Species Survival Commission 2008. Species susceptibility to climate change impacts. The IUCN Red List 

of Threatened Species.

Spencer, W.D., H.L. Rustigian, R.M. Scheller, A. Syphard, J. Strittholt, and B. Ward. 2008. Baseline 

evaluation of fisher habitat and population status, and effects of fires and fuels management on 

fishers in the southern Sierra Nevada. Unpublished report prepared for USDA Forest Service, Pacific 

Southwest Region. June 2008. 133 pp + appendices.

Squires, J.R., and R.T. Reynolds. 1997. Northern Goshawk (Accipter gentilis). In The Birds of North 

America, No. 298. (A. Poole and F. Gill, eds.). The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, PA, and 

the American Ornithologists Union, Washington, D.C. 

Stebbins, R.C. 1985. Western reptiles and amphibians. Peterson Field Guides. Houghton Mifflin Company, 

Boston, MA. 336 pp.

Stednick, John D. 2000. Timber Management. Chapter 10 in: Dissmeyer, George E., ed. Drinking Water 

from Forests and Grasslands: A synthesis of the scientific literature. GTR-SRS-39. Available via: 

http://www.srs.fs.fed.us/pubs/gtr/gtr_srs039/gtr_srs039-part_3.pdf

Stephens, S.L. 2001. Fire history of adjacent Jeffrey pine and upper montane forests in the eastern Sierra 

Nevada. International Journal of Wildland Fire 10: 161-167.

Stephens, S. L. 2005. Forest Fire Causes and Extent on United States Forest Service Lands. Berkeley, Ca.: 

Division of Ecosystem Science, Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, 

University of California. International Journal of Wildland Fire 14(2005):213–222.

Stephens, S. L. and S. J. Gill. 2005. Forest structure and mortality in an old-growth Jeffrey pine-mixed 

conifer forest in north-western Mexico. Forest Ecology and Management 205 (2005) 15-28.

Stephens, S. L. and J. J. Moghaddas. 2005. Silvicultural and reserve impacts on potential fire behavior and 

forest conservation: Twenty‐five years of experience from Sierra Nevada mixed conifer forests. 

Biological Conservation.

Stephens, S. L.; Elliott-Fisk, Deborah L.1998. Sequoiadendron giganteum-mixed conifer forest structure 

in 1900-1901 from the Southern Sierra Nevada, CA. Madrono 45(3): 221-230.

Stephenson, J.R.; Calcarone, G.M. 1999. Southern California mountains and foothills assessment: Habitat 

and species conservation issues. Gen Tech. Rpt. PSW-GTR-172. Albany, CA: Pacific Southwest 

Research Station, USDA Forest Service; 402 p.
Final Environmental Impact Statement Kings River Experimental Watershed Project

Chapter 5 5-21

Stephenson, Nathan L. 1999. Reference Conditions for Giant Sequoia Forest Restoration: Structure, 

Process, and Precision. Ecological Applications. 9:1253-1265. [doi:10.1890/1051-

0761(1999)009[1253:RCFGSF]2.0.CO;2].

Stewart, M.M. 1995. Climate Driven Population Fluctuations in Rain Forest Frogs. Journal of 

Herpetology, Vol. 29, No. 3 (Sep., 1995), pp. 437-446

Stine, P., J. Sherlock, N. Grulke, C. Fettig, D. Golnick, J. Bridges. 2008. Declaration in the United States 

District Court for the Eastern District of California. Case 2:05-cv-00211-MCE-GGH Document 186-4 

Filed 11/05/2008 78 pp.

Stone, K.R., D.S. Pilliod, K.A. Dwire, C.C. Rhoades, S.P. Wollrab, and M.K. Young. 2010. Fuel reduction 

management practices in riparian areas of the western USA. Environmental Management (2010) 

46:91-100. DOI 10.1007/s00267-010-9501-7

Storer, T.I. 1925. A synopsis of the amphibia of California. University of California Publications in 

Zoology 27:1-342

Storer, T. I. 1933. Notes on the range and life-history of the Pacific fresh-water turtle, Clemmys 

marmorata. Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool. 32:429-441.

Strand, P. 2006. Resident trout management indicator species report for the Kings River Project – initial 

eight management units (2006 – 2008) – final environmental impact statement. Clovis, CA: Sierra 

National Forest, USDA Forest Service.

Strand, Phil. 2010. KREW Aquatics Specialist Report

Strand, R.G., 1967, Geologic Map of California, Mariposa Sheet: California Division of Mines and Geology, 

scale 1:250000.

Sudworth, G.B. 1900. Stanislaus and Lake Tahoe Forest Reserves, California, and adjacent territory. 

United States Geological Survey Professional Paper No. 8, Series H, Forestry, 5. Washington DC: 

Government Printing Office.

Sugihara, N. G., J. W. van Wagtendonk, K. E. Shaffer, J. Fites‐Kaufman, and A. E. Thode. 2006. Fire in 

California’s Ecosystems. Berkley: University of California Press.

Swanston, D.N. 1991. Natural processes. American Fisheries Society Special Publication 19:139-179.

SWRCB. 1998; 2007. The Water Quality Control Plan (Basin Plan) for the California Regional Water 

Quality Control Board Central Valley Region, Fourth Edition Revised February 2007 (with Approved 

Amendments), The Sacramento River Basin and The San Joaquin River Basin.

Taylor, A., 2006. Sierra2 Fire history sites- preliminary information. Unpublished. Available in district 

files. 10pps.

Taylor, A. H. 2003. Climatic influences on fire regimes in the northern Sierra Nevada mountains, Lake 

Tahoe Basin, NV, USA. Journal of Biogeography 31: 1-14.

TenPas, Jeff. 2005. Framework Soil Monitoring Methods, 2005. Sierra National Forest, Clovis, CA.
Final Environmental Impact Statement Kings River Experimental Watershed Project

Chapter 5 5-22

Theodoratus Cultural Research, Inc. 1982. An ethnographic survey of the Dinkey Creek Hydroelectric 

Project. Report submitted to Kings River Conservation District, Fresno, CA.

Thompson, J. Keeping it cool: unraveling the influences on stream temperature. PNW Research Station 

Science Findings, Issue 73.

Thrailkill, J., and M.A. Bias. 1989. Diets of breeding and nonbreeding California Spotted Owls. Journal of 

Raptor Research 23(2):39–41.

Tibstra, R. M. 1999. Juvenile dispersal ecology of California spotted owls in the Southern Sierra Nevada, 

California. Master's thesis, California State University, Fresno. 67 pp.

Timossi, I. 1990. California’s statewide wildlife habitat relationships system. Calif. Dept. of fish and 

Game. Sacramento, CA. Computerized database. 

Troendle, C.A., L.H. MacDonald, and C.H. Luce. 2006 (May 22, last update). Fuels management and water 

yield. Chapter 7 in: Elliot, W.J., and L.J. Audin, eds. Draft Cumulative Watershed Effects of Fuels 

Management in the Western United States. Available online: 

http://forest.moscowfsl.wsu.edu/engr/cwe/

Troendle, C.A., M.S. Wilcox, G.S. Bevenger, and L.S. Porth. 2001. The Coon Creek water yield 

augmentation project: implementation to timber harvesting technology to increase streamflow. 

Forest Ecology and Management 143 (2001) pp. 179-187.

Trombulak, S.C., and C.A. Frissell. 2000. Review of ecological effects of roads on terrestrial and 

aquatic communities. Conservation biology, Vol. 14, No. 1, pp. 18-30.

Truex, Richard L. and William J. Zielinski. 2005. Short-term Effects of Fire and Fire Surrogate 

Treatments On Fisher Habitat in the Sierra Nevada. August 1. Final Report Joint Fire Science 

Program Project JFSP 01C-3-3-02. 

Truex, R. L., Zielinski, W.J., Golightly, R.T., Barrett, R.L., and S.M. Wisely. 1998. A meta-analysis of 

regional variation in fisher morphology, demography, and habitat ecology in California (draft report 

submitted to California Department of Fish and Game). USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest 

Research Station, Redwood Sciences Lab, Fort Collins, Colorado. 

Truex, R.L. W.J. Zielinski, J.S. Bolis, and J.M. Tucker. 2009. Fisher population monitoring in the southern 

Sierra Nevada, 2002 – 2008. Paper presented at the 5th International Martes Symposium, Seattle, 

WA. September 8–12, 2009. 

Tuitele-Lewis, Jamison. 2008. Addendum to Kings River Project Botany BE/BA. High Sierra Ranger 

District, Sierra National Forest. Fresno County.

Tuitele-Lewis, Jamison; and Joanna Clines. 2005. Noxious Weed Risk Assessment for the Kings River 

Project – initial eight management units (2006 to 2008). Prather, CA: High Sierra Ranger District, 

Sierra National Forest, Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

Tuitele-Lewis, Jamison. Personal communication. October 29, 2009.

USDA-Forest Service. 1975. Pfankuch, D.J. Stream reach inventory and channel stability evaluation. 

Service, R1-75-002. Government printing office #696-260/200, Washington D.C. 26 pp.
Final Environmental Impact Statement Kings River Experimental Watershed Project

Chapter 5 5-23

USDA Forest Service. 1990. Forest Service Manual. Washington D.C.

USDA Forest Service. 1991. Forest Land and Resource Management Plan, Sierra National Forest. Pacific 

Southwest Region, San Francisco, CA. September 24, 1992.

USDA. Forest Service Manual. 1991. Wildlife, Fish and Sensitive Plant Habitat Management. WO 

Amendment 2600-91-3. Chapter 2670 – Threatened, Endangered, and Sensitive Plants and Animals. 

2672.4.

USDA Forest Service. 1992. Forest Land Resource and Management Plan. USDA Forest Service, Pacific 

Southwest Region, Sierra National Forest. September 24.

USDA Forest Service 1993. “Sensitive Plants of the Sierra National Forest.” Pacific Southwest Region. 

U.S. Government Printing Office: 1993-787-320.

USDA Forest Service, 1995. Landscape Analysis Plan Kings River Administrative Study. Sierra National 

Forest, Clovis, CA. pg 5-13 & 5-25.

USDA Forest Service. 1995. Sierra National Forest Land and Resource Management Plan Amendment. 

Forest Service, Sierra National Forest. 1995.

USDA Forest Service. 1995. Sustaining Ecosystems: A Conceptual Framework. U.S. Department of 

Agricultural Pacific Southwest Region. R5-EM-TP-001. April 1995.

USDA Forest Service. 1996. Letter to Forest Supervisors: Biological Assessment/Evaluation Checklist 

and Impact Analysis Checklist by John C. Robinson. January 14.

USDA Forest Service. 1997. Goshawk Network Management Guidelines. Sierra National Forest. July 1, 

1997. Revised August 18, 1997. 

USDA Forest Service. 1997. Sierra National Forest. Forest Vegetation Coverages.

USDA Forest Service. 1998. Forest Inventory Analysis (FIA) Data.

USDA Forest Service. 1998. Sierra Nevada Science Review. Report of the Science Review Team charged 

to synthesize new information of rangewide urgency to the national forests of the Sierra Nevada. 

USDA Forest Service, Albany, CA. Pacific Southwest Research Station. 

http://www.fs.fed.us/psw/publications/documents/other/sierra/. 24 June 2006. 

USDA. Forest Service. 1998. Pacific Southwest Region. Pacific Southwest Region sensitive species list. 

June 10.

USDA Forest Service, 1999. Detailed CWE Analysis - Horsethief Project. Open File Report, Sierra 

National Forest Supervisors Office, Clovis, CA. 4 p.

USDA Forest Service, 2000. Detailed CWE Assessment - Gertrude Timber Sale. Open File Report, Sierra 

National Forest Supervisors Office, Clovis, CA. 4 p.

USDA Forest Service. 2000. Survey Protocol for the Northern Goshawk in the Pacific Southwest Region. 

September.
Final Environmental Impact Statement Kings River Experimental Watershed Project

Chapter 5 5-24

USDA Forest Service, Sierra National Forest. 2000-2005. Monitoring Records for Prescribed Fire on the 

High Sierra Ranger District. Open-File Records, Prather, CA.

USDA Forest Service. 2001. A Collaborative Approach for Reducing Fire Risks to Communities and the 

Environment: 10-Year Comprehensive Strategy. August 2001. 21 pps.

USDA Forest Service 2001. Alan Gallegos and Chad Berner. Geologic Review of Carbonate Bedrock That 

Has the Potential For Cave Development, Sierra National Forest. October 30. 

USDA Forest Service, 2001. Dawn Thinning Project - Detailed CWE analysis. Open File Report, Sierra 

National Forest Supervisors Office, Clovis, CA. 2 p.

USDA Forest Service 2001. Errata sheet Sierra Nevada Forest Plan Amendment. March.

USDA Forest Service. 2001. Sierra Nevada Forest Plan Amendment Final Environmental Impact 

Statement. Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Region. January 2001.

USDA Forest Service. 2001. Sierra Nevada Forest Plan Amendment, Final Supplemental Environmental 

Impact Statement, Record of Decision. Vallejo, CA. Pacific Southwest Region, USDA Forest Service; 

55p (plus appendices).

USDA Forest Service. 2001. USDA Forest Service Guide To Noxious Weed Prevention Practices. 

Washington, D.C.

USDA Forest Service. 2002. Intra-Agency Agreement Between USDA Forest Service Pacific Southwest 

Region and Pacific Southwest Research Station for the Jointly funded Kings River Project. 02-IA1105-2050-190. 

USDA Forest Service 2003. GIS layers for Pineridge and Kings River Ranger Districts. Sierra National 

Forest. January 2.

USDA Forest Service 2003. Sightings database and maps for Pineridge and Kings River Ranger Districts. 

Sierra National Forest. January 2. 

USDA Forest Service. 2004. Best Management Practices Evaluation Program, 1992-2002 Monitoring 

Results. Pacific Southwest Region, Vallejo, CA. 76p.

USDA Forest Service. 2004. Large Fire Suppression Costs, Strategies for Cost Management. August 26. 

Pacific Southwest Region; California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection.

USDA Forest Service. 2004. Sierra Nevada Forest Kings River Project Record of Decision. 

USDA Forest Service. 2004. Sierra Nevada Forest Kings River Project Final Environmental Impact 

Statement

USDA Forest Service. 2004. Sierra Nevada Forest Plan Amendment Record of Decision. Accessed July 

2010 at http://www.fs.fed.us/r5/snfpa/final-seis/rod/pdfs/snfpa-rod.pdf
Final Environmental Impact Statement Kings River Experimental Watershed Project

Chapter 5 5-25

USDA Forest Service. 2004. Sierra Nevada Forest Plan Amendment Final Supplemental Environmental 

Impact Statement. Accessed July 2010 at http://www.fs.fed.us/r5/snfpa/finalseis/vol1/pdfs/snfpa-vol1.pdf 

USDA Forest Service 2004. Sierra Nevada Forest Plan Amendment Record of Decision and Final 

Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement. USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Region. 

Vallejo, CA 492pp + 72 pp (ROD). January 7

USDA Forest Service. 2005. Sierra National Forest Kings River Project Biological Evaluation for the 

California Spotted Owl. Kelly Wolcott. October. 

USDA Forest Service. 2005. Sierra Nevada forest plan accomplishment monitoring report for 2004. 

USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Region R5-MR-026. 8pp.

USDA Forest Service. 2005. Strategy for historical forest restoration using uneven-aged silviculture and 

prescribed fire at the landscape scale, Kings River Project. By Ramiro Rojas, Yvonne Cougoulate and 

Dave McCandliss. Prather, CA ; High Sierra Ranger District, Sierra National Forest. 68p. 

Unpublished internal report. 

USDA Forest Service. 2006. Draft Management Indicator Species Report for the Sierra National Forest. 

USDA Forest Service, Sierra National Forest.

USDA Forest Service. 2006. Kings River Project Final Environmental Impact Statement. August. Prather, 

CA: High Sierra Ranger District, Sierra National Forest, USDA Forest Service

USDA Forest Service. 2006. Sierra Nevada forest plan accomplishment monitoring report for 2005. 

USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Region R5-MR-000. 12pp.

USDA, Forest Service. 2007. Sensitive Animal Species by Forest. USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest 

Region, last updated October 15, 2007.

USDA Forest Service. 2008. Kings River Project Draft Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement. 

August. Prather, CA: High Sierra Ranger District, Sierra National Forest, USDA Forest Service.

USDA Forest Service. 2009. Fisher Analysis and Sustainability Tool, Southern Sierra Version. USDA 

Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Region. Vallejo, CA 

USDA Forest Service. 2010. Overview of Vegetative Computer Modeling Approach for Quantifying Effects 

of Alternatives for the Dinkey North and Dinkey South Projects. February. Ramiro Rojas, District 

Silviculturist, High Sierra Ranger District, Sierra National Forest.

USDA Forest Service. 2010. Sierra Nevada Forest Plan Amendment Supplemental Environmental Impact 

Statement. Accessed July 2010 at http://www.fs.fed.us/r5/snfpa/2010seis/draft/2010DSEIS.pdf

USDA Forest Service, USDI. 2006. Protecting People and Natural Resources: A Cohesive Fuels Treatment 

Strategy. US Department of Interior; Bureau of Land management, Bureau of Indian Affairs, National 

Park Service, Fish and Wildlife Service, USDA Forest Service. February 2006. 25pps. 

U.S. Dept. of Interior. 2003. 12-month Finding for a Petition to List the California Spotted Owl (Strix 

occidentalis occidentalis). Federal Register 68(31): 7580-7608.
Final Environmental Impact Statement Kings River Experimental Watershed Project

Chapter 5 5-26

U.S. Dept. of Interior. 2006. 12-month Finding for a Petition to List the California Spotted Owl (Strix 

occidentalis occidentalis) as Threatened or Endangered. Federal Register 71 (100): 29886-29908. 

USDI-USFWS. 1992. Federal Register, Vol.57, No. 193, 45761-62. Endangered and threatened wildlife 

and plants: 90 day finding and commencement of status review for a petition to list the western 

pond turtle and California red-legged frog.

USDI Fish and Wildlife Service. 2006. Memo 0506140102650. Species list of Threatened, Endangered, 

or Proposed species that are known or suspected on the Sierra National Forest. Letter dated July 10, 

2006. Database last updated May 5, 2006. 

http://sacramento.fws.gov/es/spp_lists/NfFormPage_txt.htm

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) 2004. Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; 12-

month Finding for a Petition to List the West Coast Distinct Population Segment of the Fisher 

(Martes pennant); Proposed Rule. Federal Register 69:18770-18792.

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2006. Species of Concern. 

http://www.fws.gov/sacramento/es/spp_concern.htm. Last accessed 25 June 2006. 

USFWS. 2010. USFWS list of federal endangered and threatened species that occur in or may be affected 

by projects in Sierra National Forest. Available: 

<http://www.fws.gov/sacramento/es/spp_list.htm>. Accessed: March 22, 2010.

USDI Fish and Wildlife Service and National Marine Fisheries Service. 1988. Endangered Species 

Consultation Handbook. Procedures for Conducting Consultation and Conference Activities Under 

Section 7 of the Endangered Species Act. Final. March.

USGS. 1997. The stream segment and stream network temperature models. US Geological 

Survey, Biological Resource Division, Midcontinent Ecological Science Center, River Systems 

Management Section, Fort Collins, CO and Colorado State University, College of Natural Resources. 

Version 1.0

Verner, J., and A.S. Boss, tech. Cords. 1980. California wildlife and their habitats: western Sierra Nevada. 

Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW‐GTR‐37. USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Forest and RangeExperiment 

Station, Berkeley, CA. 439 pages.

Verner, J.; McKelvey, K. S.; Noon, B. R.; Guiterrez, R.J.; Gould, G. I., Jr.; Beck, T. W. (tech. cords). 1992. The 

California spotted owl: A technical assessment of its current status. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-GTR-133. 

Albany, CA: Pacific Southwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service; 285 p.

Verner, J., R.J. Gutiérrez, and G.I. Gould, Jr. 1992b. The California spotted owl: general biology and 

ecological relations. Pp. 55–77 (Chapter 4) in The California Spotted Owl: a technical assessment of 

its current status (J. Verner, K.S. McKelvey, B.R. Noon, R.J. Gutiérrez, G.I. Gould, and T.W. Beck, 

technical coordinators). General Technical Report PSW-GTR-133, U.S. Forest Service, Albany, 

California. 285 pp.

Vredenburg, V. T. 2004. Reversing introduced species effects: Experimental removal of introduced fish 

leads to rapid recovery of a declining frog. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 

101:7646-7650.
Final Environmental Impact Statement Kings River Experimental Watershed Project

Chapter 5 5-27

Vredenburg, V.T., Fellers, G. & Davidson, C. 2005. The mountain yellow-legged frog Rana muscosa (Camp 

1917). In Status and conservation of US amphibians: 563–566.Lanoo, M. (Ed.). Berkeley: University 

of California Press.

Vredenburg, V.T., R. Bingham, R. Knapp, J. A. T. Morgan, C. Moritz, and D. Wake. 2007. Concordant 

molecular and phenotypic data delineate new taxonomy and conservation priorities for the 

endangered mountain yellow-legged frog. Journal of Zoology 271 (2007) 361–374

Vredenburg, V.T., R. Knapp, T.S. Tunstall, and C. Briggs. 2010. Dynamics of an emerging disease drive 

large-scale amphibian population extinctions. Ww.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.0914111107

Waananen, A. O., and J.R. Crippen. 1977. Magnitude and frequency of floods in California. USGS Water 

Resources Investigations 77-21. 96p.

Wallbrink, P.J., and Croke, J. 2002. A combined rainfall simulator and tracer approach to assess the role 

of Best Management Practices in minimizing sediment redistribution and loss in forests after 

harvesting. Forest Ecology and Management 170:217-232.

Weatherspoon, C. P. and C. N. Skinner. 1995. An Assessment of Factors Associated with Damage to Tree 

Crowns from the 1987 Wildfires in Northern California. Forest Science 41(3):430–451.

Weir, R. D. and A. S. Harestad . 2003. Scale-dependent habitat selectivity by fishers in south-central 

British Columbia. Journal of Wildlife Management 67:73–82.

Weir, R.D. 2003. Status of the fisher in British Columbia. British Columbia Ministry of Sustainable

Resource Management, Conservation Data Center, and the Ministry of Water, Land, and Air 

Protection, Biodiversity Branch. Victoria, British Columbia, Canada. 

Wemple, Beverly C., Julia A. Jones, and Gordon E. Grant. 1996. Channel network extension by logging 

roads in two basins, western Cascades, Oregon. Water Resources Bulletin, 32(6):1195-1207.

Westerling, A.L., H.G. Hildago, D.R. Cayan and T.W. Swetnam. 2006. Warming and earlier spring increase 

western U.S. forest wildfire activity. SCIENCE, Vol. 313. Published online at www.sciencemag.org. 18 

August 2006.

Wiedinmyer C. and M.D. Hurteau. 2010. Prescribed fire as a means of reducing forest carbon emissions 

in the Western United States. Environmental Science and Technology. Vol 44, No. 6, 2010.

Wiitala, M.R. 2004. PROBACRE: A Model for Computing Aggregate Burned Acreage Probabilities for 

Wildfire Risk Analyses. A Users Guide.

Williams, D.F., J. Verner, H.F. Sakai, and J.R. Waters. 1992. General biology of major prey species of the 

California spotted owl. Pp. 207–221 (Chapter 10) in The California Spotted Owl: a technical 

assessment of its current status (J. Verner, K.S. McKelvey, B.R. Noon, R.J. Gutiérrez, G.I. Gould, and 

T.W. Beck, technical coordinators). General Technical Report PSW-GTR-133, U.S. Forest Service, 

Albany, California. 285 pp.

Wisely, S.M., S.W. Buskirk, G.H. Russel, K.B. Aubry, and W.J. Zielinski. 2004. Genetic diversity and 

structure of the fisher (Martes pennanti) in a peninsular and peripheral metapopulation. J. Mammal. 

85(4):640-648.
Final Environmental Impact Statement Kings River Experimental Watershed Project

Chapter 5 5-28

Winter, J. 1985. Great Gray Owl Survey, 1984. State of California Dept. Fish and Game Progress Report 

(January 1985): 1-27.

Winter, J. 1986. Status, distribution and ecology of the Great Gray Owl (Strix nebulosa) in California. M.A. 

thesis, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA.

Wolcott, S. Kelly. 2006. Unpublished. Sierra National Forest, Kings River Project, Biological Evaluation 

for the California Spotted Owl. USDA Forest Service, Sierra National Forest Specialist Report, Clovis, 

CA. February 2. 

Wondzell, Steven M. and John G. King. 2003. Post-fire erosional processes in the Pacific Northwest and 

Rocky Mountain regions. Forest Ecology and Management 178(2003):75-87.

Woods, S.W., W. McCaughey, R. Ahl, and J. Sappington. 2004.Effect of alternative silvicultural treatments 

on snow accumulation in lodgepole pine stands, Montana, USA. Presented at the Western Snow 

Conference, 2004. 

Wright, A.H. and A.A. Wright. 1949. Handbook of frogs and toads of the United States and Canada. 

Comstock Publishing Company, Inc., Ithaca, NY. xii + 640 pp.

Yaeger, J.S. 2005. Habitat at fisher resting sites in the Klamath province of northern California. M.S. 

Thesis, Humboldt State University, Arcata, California, USA. 64 p.

Zabel, C. J., G.N. Steger, K.S. McKelvey, G.P Eberlein, B.R. Noon, and J. Verner. 1992. Home-range size and 

habitat-use patterns of California spotted owls in the Sierra Nevada. Pp. 149–163 (Chapter 6) in The 

California Spotted Owl: a technical assessment of its current status (J. Verner, K.S. McKelvey, B.R. 

Noon, R.J. Gutiérrez, G.I. Gould, and T.W. Beck, technical coordinators). General Technical Report 

PSW-GTR-133, U.S. Forest Service, Albany, California. 285 pp.

Zeiner, D.C., W.F. Laudenslayer, Jr., K.E. Mayer, and M. White. 1988. California’s wildlife Vol. 1. 

Amphibians and reptiles. California Statewide Wildlife Habitat Relationships System, California 

Department of Fish and Game, Sacramento, CA.

Zeiner, David C., William F. Laudenslayer Jr., Kenneth E. Mayer and Marshall White. 1990a. California's 

Wildlife, Volume II, Birds. California Statewide Wildlife Habitat Relationships System. State of 

California, The Resources Agency, Department of Fish and Game. Sacramento, CA. November.

Zeiner, David C., William F. Laudenslayer Jr., Kenneth E. Mayer and Marshall White. 1990b. California's 

Wildlife, Volume III, Mammals. California Statewide Wildlife Habitat Relationships System. State of 

California, The Resources Agency, Department of Fish and Game. Sacramento, CA. April.

Zielinski, William J. and Reginald H. Barrett. 1994. Southern Sierra Nevada fisher and Marten Study. 

Progress Report 13 May-31 August.

Zielinski, W.J., Kucera T.E., and R.H. Barrett. 1995. Current distribution of the fisher, Martes pennanti, in 

California. California Fish and Game 81(3):104-12. 

Zielinski, William J. and Thomas E. Kucera. 1995. American Marten, Fisher, Lynx and Wolverine: Survey 

Methods for Their Detection. USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station. General 

Technical Report PSW-GTR-157. 
Final Environmental Impact Statement Kings River Experimental Watershed Project

Chapter 5 5-29

Zielinski, W.J., Truex, R.I., Ogan, C.V. & Busse K. 1997. Detection surveys for fishers and American 

martens in California, 1989-1994: summary and interpretations. Martes: taxonomy, ecology, 

techniques and management (ed. By G. Proulx, H.N. Bryant and P.M. Woodard), pp. 372-392. 

Proceedings of the Second International Martes Symposium, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. 

Zielinski, W.J. N.P. Duncan, E.C. Farmer, R.L. Truex, A.P. Clevenger, and R.H. Barrett. 1999. Diet of fishers 

(Martes pennanti) at the southern most extent of their range. Journal of Mammalogy 80 (3): 961-

969.

Zielinski, William J., Richard L. Truex, Lori A. Campbell, Carlos R. Carroll and Fredrick V. Schlexer. 2000. 

Systematic Surveys as a basis for the Conservation of Carnivores in California Forests. Progress 

Report II: 1996-1999. 

Zielinski, W.J., and N.P. Duncan. 2004. Diets of sympatric populations of American martens (Martes 

americana) and fishers (Martes pennanti) in California. J. Mammal. 85(3):470-477.

Zielinski, William J., Richard L. Truex, Gregory A. Schmidt, Fredrick V. Schlexer, Kristin N. Schmidt, 

Reginal H. Barrett. 2004a. Resting Habitat Selection by Fishers in California. Journal of Wildlife 

Management 68(3):475-492.

Zielinski, William J., Richard L. Truex, Gregory A. Schmidt, Fredrick V. Schlexer, Kristin N. Schmidt, 

Reginal H. Barrett. 2004b. Home Range Characteristics of Fishers in California. Journal of 

Mammalogy 85(4): 649-657.

Zielinski, William J., Richard L. Truex, Frederick V. Schlexer, Lori A. Campbell and Carlos Carroll. 2005. 

Historical and contemporary distributions of carnivores in forests of the Sierra Nevada, California, 

USA. Journal of Biogeography (J.Biogeor.) (2005) 32, 1385-1407.

Zielinski, William J., Richard L. Truex, Jeffrey R. Dunk, and Tom Gaman. 2006. Using Forest Inventory 

Data to Assess Fisher Resting Habitat Suitability in California. Ecological Applications. 16(3) pp. 

1010-1025. June. 

Zweifel, R.G. 1955. Ecology, distribution, and systematics of frogs of the Rana boylii group. Univ. of 

California Publ. Zool. 54:207-292.

Zweifel, R.G. 1988. Habitat correlates of distribution of the California red-legged frog (Rana aurora 

draytonii) and the foothill yellow-legged frog (Rana boylii): implications for management. pp. 144-

158 In: R.C. Szaro, K.E. Severson, and D.R. Patton (technical coordinators), Proceedings of the 

symposium on the management of amphibians, reptiles, and small mammals in North America. 

United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, General Technical Report RM-166.

Zwolinski, Malcom. 2000. The role of fire in management of watershed responses. In: USDA Forest 

Service Proceedings RMRS-P-13.

Agee J. K., Skinner, C. N. 2005.Basic principles of forest fuel reduction treatments. Forest Ecology and 

Management. 211(2): 83-96.

Bagne, K. E., K. L. Purcell, and J.T. Rotenberry. 2008. Prescribed fire, snag population dynamics and avian 

nest site selection. Forest Ecology and Management. 255: 99-105.
Final Environmental Impact Statement Kings River Experimental Watershed Project

Chapter 5 5-30

Ballard, K. 1999. Barnes Mountain Underburn Monitoring Evaluation. Prather, CA: Kings River Ranger 

District, Sierra National Forest, Forest Service, U.S. Department Of Agriculture; p. 3 [unpublished 

internal report].

Barbour, M. G., J. H. Burk, and W. D. 1980. Terrestrial Plant Ecology. Benjamin/Cummings Publishing 

Company, Inc. Menlo Park, California. p. 604.

Beaty, R. M. and A. H. Taylor. 2001. Spatial and temporal variation of fire regimes in a mixed conifer 

forest landscape, Southern Cascades, California, USA. Journal of Biogeography. 28: 955-966.

Beukema, S. J., E. D. Rienhardt, W. A. Kurz, N. L. Crookston. 2002. An overview of the fire and fuels 

extension of the forest vegetation simulator. Retrieved from: www.fs.fed.us/fmsc/

Birch, K. R. and N. K. Johnson. 1992. Stand-level wood-production costs of leaving live, mature trees at 

regeneration harvest in coastal Douglas-fir stands. West. Journal of Applied Forestry. 7:65-68.

Black, S.H. 2005. Logging to control insects: the science and myths behind managing forest insect 

“pests.” A Synthesis of Independently Reviewed Research. The Xerces Society for Invertebrate 

Conservation, Portland, OR.

Bouldin, J., 1999. Twentieth-century changes in forests of the Sierra Nevada, California. Doctoral thesis 

University of California, Davis.

Breece, C. R., T. E. Kolb, B. G. Dickson, J. D. McMillin, K. M. Clancy. 2008 Prescribed fire effects on bark 

beetle activity and tree mortality in southwestern ponderosa pine forests. Forest Ecology and 

Management. 255:119-128.

Click, C., J. Fiske, J. Sherlock, R. Wescom. 1988. Alternative to herbicides - update based on 5-year 

herbicide use moratorium in the USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Region. Proceedings of the 

10th Annual Forest Vegetation Management Conference. November 1-3, 1988. Eureka, CA. pp 49-

90.

Click, C., J. Fiske, J. Sherlock, and R. Wescom. 1994. Alternative to herbicides in the USDA Forest Service, 

Pacific Southwest Region - 10-year Update. Proceedings of the 15th Annual Forest Vegetation 

Management Conference. January 25-27, 1994. Redding, CA. pp 46-60.

Collins, B. M., S. L. Stephens, J. J. Moghaddas, J. J. Battles. 2010. Challenges and approaches in planning 

fuel treatments across fire-excluded forested landscapes. Journal of Forestry. 108: 24-31. 

Covington, W. W., P. Z. Fule, M. M. Moore, S. C. Hart, T. E. Kolb, J. N. Mast, S. S. Sackett, M. R. Wagner. 1997. 

Restoring ecosystem health in ponderosa pine forests of the Southwest. Journal of Forestry. 95: 23-

29.

Crookston, N.L., and G. E. Dixon. 2005, The forest vegetation simulator: A review of its structure, content, 

and applications. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture. 49 (2005): 60–80.
Final Environmental Impact Statement Kings River Experimental Watershed Project

Chapter 5 5-31

Dean, T. J. and V. C. Baldwin, Jr. 1996. Crown management and stand density. In: Carter, Mason C., ed. 

Growing trees in a greener world: industrial forestry in the 21st century; 35th LSU forestry 

symposium. Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Louisiana Agricultural 

Experiment Station: 148-159a-e. [159ii revised].

Dixon, G.E., 1994. Western Sierra Nevada Prognosis geographic variant of the Forest Vegetation 

Simulator. WO Timber Management Service Center, USDA- Forest Service, Fort Collins, CO.

Drew, T.J. and J.W. Flewelling. 1979. Stand density management: an alternative approach and its 

application to Douglas-fir plantations. Forest Service. 25: 518-532.

Drumm, M. K. 1996. Fire history in the mixed conifer Sierras of the Kings River Adaptive Management 

Area, Sierra National Forest. Master’s thesis. Humboldt State University.

Erickson, H. E., P. Soto, D. W. Johnson, B. Roath, C. Hunsaker.2005. Effects of vegetation patches on soil 

nutrient pools and fluxes within a mixed-conifer forest. Forest Science. 51(3) 2005: 211-220.

Ferrell, G.T. 1996. The influence of insect pests and pathogens in Sierra forests. pp: 1177 In: Sierra 

Nevada Ecosystem Project: Final Report to Congress, Assessments and scientific basis for 

management options. Vol. II Ch. 21. Univ. of Calif. Centers for Water and Wildland Resources, Davis,

CA 95616.

Fettig, C. J., K. D. Klezpig, R. F. Billings, A. S. Munson, T. E. Nebeker, J. F. Negron, J. T. Nowak. 2007. The 

effectiveness of vegetation management practices for prevention and control of bark beetle 

infestations in coniferous forests of the Western and Southern United States. Forest Ecology and 

Management. 238: 24-53.

Fiske, J. N. 1981. Evaluating the need for release from competition from woody plants to improve conifer 

growth rates. In: Proceedings, third annual forest vegetation management conference, November, 4-

5, Redding, CA: Forest Vegetation Management Conference. pp 24-54.

Fiske, J. N. 1983. Estimating Effects of Competing Plants on Conifer Growth and Yield, and Determining 

Release Needs. In: Proceedings, annual forest vegetation management conference, November, 4-5. 

Redding, CA: Forest Vegetation Management Conference. pp 128-142.

Fites-Kaufman, J. 1997. Disertation. Historic landscape pattern and process: fire vegetation, and 

environment interactions in the northern Sierra Nevada. Seattle, WA: Univeristy of Washington. Ph. 

D. dissertation. pp 175.

Flintham, S. J. 1904. Forest extension in the Sierra Forest Reserve. Bureau of Forestry.

Furniss, R.L., and V. M. Carolin, 1977. Western forest insects. U.S. Department of Agriculture 

Miscellaneous Publications. 1339. Washington DC: U. S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service.

Gosz, J., J. Asher, B. Holder, R. Knight, R. Naiman, G. Raines, P. A. Stine, B. Wigley. 1999. Ecosystem and 

Landscape Diversity in Ecological Stewardship: A Common Refrence for Ecosystem Management; 

Edited by W. T. Sexton, R. C. Szaro, N. C. Johnson, A. J. Malk. Elsevier LTD, Oxford, England.
Final Environmental Impact Statement Kings River Experimental Watershed Project

Chapter 5 5-32

Graber, D. M. 1996. “Status of Terrestrial Vertebrates.” In Sierra Nevada Ecosystem Project, Final Report 

to Congress, volume II Chapter 25. Assessments and Scientific basis for Management Options. Davis: 

University of California, Centers for Water and Wildland Resources. 26p.

Graham, R. T., S. McCaffrey, T. B. Jain. (tech. eds.) 2004. Science basis for changing forest structure to 

modify wildfire behavior and severity. General Technical Review. RM-GTR-120. U.S. Department of 

Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 43 p.

Gray, A. N., H. S. J. Zald, R. A. Kern, M. North .2005. Stand conditions associated with tree regeneration in 

Sierran mixed-conifer forests. Forest Science. 51(3): 198-210.

Hanson, C. T. 2010. The myth of “catastrophic” wildfire: a new ecological paradigm of forest health. John 

Muir Project Technical Report 1. John Muir Project of Earth Island Institute, Cedar Ridge, California.

Harris, L. D. 1984. The fragmented forest: island biogeography theory and the preservation of biotic 

diversity. University of Chicago Press. Chicago, IL. 

Hasel, A. A., 1931. Methods of Cutting Sierra National Forest, California Progress Report, 1930 Report.

Haufler, J.B, T. Crow, and D. Wilcove. 1999. Scale considerations of ecosystem management. In Ecological 

Sterwardship. Elsevier Science LTD. Oxford UK.

Hollenstein, K., R.L. Graham, and W.D. Shepperd. 2001. Simulating the effects of fuel reduction and 

presettlement restoration treatments. Journal of Forestry. 99(10):12-19.

Hubbert, K.R., J.L. Beyers, and R.C. Graham. 2001. Roles of weathered bedrock and soil in seasonal water 

relations of Pinus jeffreyi and Arctostaphylos patula. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 31:1947–

1957.

Hurt. 1940. A sawmill history of the Sierra National Forest U. S. Forest Service. Fresno County, CA: Sierra 

National Forest, USDA Forest Service.

Innes, J., M. North, and N. Williamson. 2006 Effects of thinning and prescribed fire restoration 

treatments on woody debris and snag dynamics in a Sierran old-growth mixed conifer forest. 

Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 36: 3183-3193.

Isaac, L. A. 1956. Place of partial cutting in old-growth stands of the Douglas-fir region. In USDA Forest 

Service Pacific Southwest Experimental Station, Research Paper No. 16. p 38.

Jain, T. B. and R. T. Graham. 2004. Is forest structure related to fire severity? Yes, no, and maybe: 

methods and insights in quantifying the answer. USDA Forest Service Proceedings RMRS-P-34. U.S. 

Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. pp 

49-63.

Kauffman, J.B. and R.E. Martin. 1990. Sprouting shrub response to different seasons and fuel 

consumption levels of prescribed fire in Sierra Nevada mixed conifer ecosystems. Forest Science

36:748-764.
Final Environmental Impact Statement Kings River Experimental Watershed Project

Chapter 5 5-33

Keeley, J.E., and N.L. Stephenson. 2000. Restoring natural fire regimes to the Sierra Nevada in an era of 

global change. Pages 255–265 In D.N. Cole, S.F. McCool, W.T. Borrie, and J. O’Loughlin (eds.). 

Wilderness science in a time of change conference. Volume 5: wilderness ecosystems, threats, and 

management. Proceedings RMRS, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain 

Research Station, Ogden, UT. 5: 15.

Keeley, J. E.2001. Fire And invasive species in Mediterranean-climate ecosystems of California. pp 81-94 

In K.E. Galley and T.P. Wilson, editors. Proceedings of the invasive species work shop: The role of fire 

in the control and spread of invasive species. Miscellaneous Publication No. ll. Tall Timbers Research 

Station, Tallahassee, Florida.

Kie, J. G.1985. Production of deer brush and mountain whitethorn related to shrub volume and 

overstory crown closure. PSW-377. Berkeley, CA. U. S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, 

Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station. pp 3.

Kiefer, M. 2000. Meeting prescribed fire objectives: long-term fire effects monitoring in Sequoia and 

Kings Canyon National Parks. Watershed Council Network. Winter 2000.

Kilgore, B.M. 1973. The ecological role of fire in Sierran conifer forests. Quaternary Research. 3: 496-513.

Knapp, E. E. and J. Keeley. 2006.Heterogeniety in fire severity within early season and late season 

prescribed fire burns in a mixed-conifer forest. International Journal of Wildland Fire. 15: 37-45.

Knapp, E. E., 2006. Effects of fire and fire Surrogate treatments on vegetation. Presentation at the 2006

Pacific Southwest Region (R5) fuels and vegetation conference, Reno, NV, January.

Knapp, E. E., S. L. Stephens, J. D. McIver, J. J. Moghaddas, and J. E. Keeley. 2004. Fire and fire surrogate 

study in the Sierra Nevada: evaluating restoration treatments at Blodgett Forest and Sequoia 

National Park. General Technical Review. PSW-GTR-193. Albany, CA. U. S. Department of Agriculture, 

Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station. pp 79-85.

Kolb, T. E.; J. K. Agee, P. Z. Fulé, N. G. McDowell, K. Pearson, A. Sala, R. H. Waring. 2007. Perpetuating old 

ponderosa pine. Forest Ecology and Management. 249:141-157.

Kolb, T. E., K. M. Holmberg, M. R. Wagner, J. E. Stone. 1998. Regulation of ponderosa pine foliar 

physiology and insect resistance mechanisms by basal area treatments. Tree Physiology. 18(6): 375-

381.

Kolb, T.E., M. R. Wagener, and W. W. Covington. 1995. Forest health from different perspectives. In 

Proceedings of National Silviculture Work Shop: Forest Health through Silviculture, General 

Technical Review. RM-GTR–267. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain 

Forest and Range Experiment Station. Pp 5-13.

Larson, M. M. and G. H. Schubert. 1969. Root competition between ponderosa pine seedlings and grass. 

USDA Forest Service, Research Paper RM-RP-54. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, 

Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station; 12 p. 
Final Environmental Impact Statement Kings River Experimental Watershed Project

Chapter 5 5-34

Larsson, S., R. Oren, R.H. Waring, J.W. Barrett. 1983. Attacks of mountain pine beetle as related to tree 

vigor of ponderosa pine. Forest Science. 29:395-402.

Lilieholm, R.J., L.S. Davis, R.C. Heald, S.P. Holmen. 1990. Effects of single tree selection harvests on stand 

structure, species composition and understory tree growth in a Sierra mixed conifer forest. Western 

Journal of Applied Forestry. 5(2): 43-47.

Maloney, P. E. and D. M. Rizzo. 2002. Pathogens and insects in a pristine forest ecosystem: the Sierra San 

Pedro Martir, Baja, Mexico. Canadian Journal of Forestry Research. 32: 448–457.

Mayer, K. and W. F. Laudenslayer Jr. 1988. A guide to wildlife habitats of California. California 

Department of Fish and Game, Sacramento, California. 166 p.

McCandliss, D. 1998. Prescribed burning in the Kings River Ecosystems Project Area: lessons learned. In 

Proceedings of a Symposium on the Kings River Sustainable Forest Ecosystems Project: Progress 

and Current Status. General Technical Review. PSW-GTR-183. Albany, CA: U. S. Department of 

Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station. Pp 37-46.

McCarter, JB.; and J.N. Long. 1986. A lodgepole pine density management diagram. Western Journal of 

Applied Forestry. 1:6-11.

McDonald, P. M. and C. S. Abbot. 1994. Seedfall, regeneration, and seedling development in groupselection openings. Research Paper. PSW-RP-220. Albany, CA: U. S. Department of Agriculture, 

Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station; 13 p.

McDonald, P. M. and C. S. Abbot 1997. Vegetation trends in a 31-year-old ponderosa pine plantation: 

effect of different shrub densities. Research Paper. PSW-RP-231. Albany, CA: U. S. Department of 

Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station; 35 p.

McDonald, P. M. and G. A. Everest. 1996. Response of young ponderosa pines, shrubs, and grasses to two 

release treatments. Research Note. PSW-RN-419. Albany, CA: U. S. Department of Agriculture, Forest 

Service, Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station 7 p.

McDonald, P. M., G. O. Fiddler, and D. A. Potter. 2004. Ecology and manipulation of bearclover 

(Chamaebatia foliolosa) in northern and central California: The status of our knowledge. Gen. Tech. 

Rep. PSW-GTR-190. Albany, CA: U. S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest 

Forest and Range Experiment Station; 26 p.

McDonald, P. M. and G. O. Fiddler. 1989. Competing vegetation in ponderosa pine plantations: ecology 

and control. General Technical Report. PSW-GTR-113. Albany, CA: U. S. Department of Agriculture, 

Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station; 26 p.

McDonald, P. M. and G. O. Fiddler. 1990. Ponderosa pine seedlings and competing vegetation: ecology, 

growth, and cost. Research Paper. PSW-RP-199. Albany, CA: U. S. Department of Agriculture, Forest 

Service, Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station; 10 p.
Final Environmental Impact Statement Kings River Experimental Watershed Project

Chapter 5 5-35

McDonald, P. M. and G. O. Fiddler. 1995. Development of a mixed-shrub-ponderosa pine community in a 

natural and treated condition. Research Paper. PSW-RP-224. Albany, CA: U. S. Department of

Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station; 19 p.

McDonald, P. M. and G. O. Fiddler. 1997. Mechanical and chemical release in a 12-year-old ponderosa 

pine plantation. Research Paper. PSW-RP-232. U. S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, 

Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station; 12 p.

McDonald, P. M. and G. O. Fiddler. 1997b. Timing and duration of release treatments affect vegetation 

development in a young California red fir plantation. General Technical Report .PSW-GTR-233

Albany, CA: Pacific Southwest Research Station, Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture; 14 p.

McDonald, P. M. and G. O. Fiddler. 2001. Timing and duration of release treatments affect vegetation 

development in a young California white fir plantation. Research Paper. PSW-RP-246. Albany, CA: U. 

S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment 

Station; 14 p.

McDonald, P. M., P. E. Reynolds. 1999. Plant community development after 28 years in small groupselection openings. Research Paper. PSW-RP-241. Albany, CA: U. S. Department of Agriculture, 

Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station; 17 p.

McDonald, P. M. and W. W. Oliver. 1983. Woody shrubs retard the growth of ponderosa pine seedlings 

and saplings, p.65-89. In Proceedings, 5th Annual Forest Vegetation Management Conf., Nov 2-3, 

1983, Redding, CA.;162 p.

McDonald, P.M. 1976. Inhibiting effects of ponderosa pine seed trees on seedling growth. Journal of 

Forestry. 74(4): 220-224.

McDonald, Phillip. 1986 .Grasses in Young Conifer Plantations-Hindrance and Help. Northwest Science 

Vol. 60. No. 4

McDonald, P. M. 1999. Diversity, density, and development of early vegetation in a small clearcut 

environment. Research Paper. PSW-RP-239. Albany, CA. U. S. Department of Agriculture, Forest 

Service, Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station; 22p.

Mchugh, C. W., T. E. Kolb, and J. L. Wilson. 2003. Bark beetle attacks on ponderosa pine following fire in 

Northern Arizona. Population Ecology, 32(3): 510-522.

McKelvey, K. S., C. N. Skinner, C. Chang, D. C. Erman, S. J. Husari, D. J. Parsons, J. W. van Wagtendonk, C. P. 

Weatherspoon. 1996. An overview of fire in the Sierra Nevada. In: Sierra Nevada Ecosystem Project: 

Final report to Congress, Volume II, Chapter 37. Univ. Calif., Davis, Wildland Resources Center Rep. 

37. 1033-1040;1528 p.
Final Environmental Impact Statement Kings River Experimental Watershed Project

Chapter 5 5-36

McKelvy, K.S. and J.D. Johnston. 1992. Historical perspectives on forests of the Sierra Nevada and the 

transverse ranges of southern California: forest conditions at the turn of the century. In: The 

California spotted owl: a technical assessment of its current status. General Technical Review. PSWGTR-133. Albany, CA, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Forest and 

Range Experiment Station; 285 p. 

Miller, J. D., H. D. Safford, M. A. Crimmins, A. E. Thode. 2009. Quantitative evidence for increasing forest 

fire severity in the Sierra Nevada and southern Cascade Mountains, California and Nevada, USA. 

Ecosystems. 12: 16-32.

Miller, J. D. and H. D. Safford. 2008. Sierra Nevada fire severity monitoring: 1984-2000. Technical Paper. 

R5- TP-027. Vallejo, CA, Pacific Southwest Research Station, Forest Service, U.S. Department of 

Agriculture; 102 p.

Miller, J. M. and F. P. Keen. 1960. Biology and control of the western pine beetle. Misc. Publ. 800. 

Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture; 381 p.

Minnich, R. A., M. G. Barbour, J. H. Burk, J. Sosa-Ramirez. 2000. California mixed-conifer forests under 

unmanaged fires regimes in the Sierra San Pedro Martir, Baja California, Mexico Blackwell Science 

Ltd.

Minnich, R. A., M. G. Barbour, J. H. Burk, R. F. Fernau. 1995. Sixty years of change in Californian conifer 

forest of the San Bernardino Mountains. Conservation Biology. 9(4): 902-914.

Mitchell, R. G. and R, E. Martin. 1980. Fire and insects in pine culture of the Pacific Northwest. In 

proceedings Sixth Conference on Fire and Forest Meteorology, April 22-24.

Mutch, L.S. and D. Parsons. 1998. Mixed conifer forest mortality and establishment before and after 

prescribed fire in Sequoia National Park, California. Forest Science. 44 (2); 341-355.

Meyer, M.D., M.P. North, and S.L. Roberts. 2008. Truffle abundance in recently prescribed burned and 

unburned forests of Yosemite National Park: Implications for mycophagous mammals. Fire Ecology 

4:105-114.

North, M., J. Chen, B. Oakley, B. Song, M. Rudnicki, A. Gray, J. Innes. 2004. Forest stand structure and 

pattern of old-growth western hemlock/Douglas-fir and mixed-conifer forests. Forest Science. 50(3): 

pp 299-311.

North, M., M. Hurteau, R. Fiegener, M. Barbour. 2005. Influence of fire and El Ninõ on tree recruitment 

varies by species in Sierran mixed conifer. Forest Science. 51(3): 187-197.

North, M., I. Jim, and H. Zald. 2006. Comparison of thinning and prescribed fire restoration treatments to 

Sierran mixed-conifer historic conditions. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 37(2): 331-342.

North, M., P. Stine, K. O’Hara, W. Zielinski, S. Stephens. 2009. An ecosystem management strategy for 

Sierran mixed-conifer forests. General Technical Report. PSW-GTR-220. Albany, CA: U. S. 

Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station. 

49 p.
Final Environmental Impact Statement Kings River Experimental Watershed Project

Chapter 5 5-37

Odion, D., E. J. Frost, J. R. Strittholt, J. Jiang, D. A. Dellasala, M. A. Mortz. 2004. Patterns of fire severity and 

forest conditions in the Western Klamath Mountains, California. Conservation Biology. 18(4): pp

927-936

Oliver, C. D. and B. C. Larson. 1996. Forest Stand Dynamics. John Wiley and Sons, New York, NY.

Oliver, C. D. 1995. Uneven-aged stand Dynamics. In: O’Hara, K.L., ed. Uneven- aged management: 

opportunities, constraints and methodologies. MFCES Misce. Pub. No. 56. Missoula, MT: School of 

Forestry, University of Montana; 82-93.

Oliver, W. W. and F. Uzoh. 1997. Maximum stand densities of ponderosa pine and red and white fir in 

Northern California. In 18th annual Forest Vegetation Management Conference. Sacramento, CA.

Oliver, W.W and F. Uzoh. 2002. Little response of true fir saplings to understory shrub removal. Western 

Journal Of Applied Forestry. 17(1): 5-8.

Oliver, W. W. 1979. Fifteen-year growth patterns after thinning a ponderosa-Jeffery pine plantation in 

northeastern, California. Research paper. PSW-RP-141. Berkeley, CA: U. S. Department of 

Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station. 10 p.

Oliver, W. W. 1984. Brush reduces growth of thinned ponderosa pine in Northern California. Research 

Paper PSW-RP-172. Berkeley, CA: U. S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest 

Forest and Range Experiment Station. 7p.

Oliver, W. W. 1990. Spacing and shrub competition influence 20-year development of planted 

ponderosa pine. Western Journal of Applied Forestry. 5(3): 79-82.

Oliver, W. W. 1995. Is self-thinning of ponderosa pine ruled by Dendroctonus bark beetles? P. 213-218. 

General Technical Review. RM-GTR-267. Fort Collins, CO. U. S. Department of Agriculture, Forest 

Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 5 p.

Omi, P.N., and E. J. Martinson. 2002. Effects of fuels treatments on wildfire severity. Final report, Joint 

Fire Sciences Program. Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO.

Parker, T. J., K. M. Clancy, R. L. Mathiasen. 2006. Interactions among fire, insects and pathogens in 

coniferous forests of the interior western United States and Canada. Agricultural and Forest 

Entomology. 8: 167-169. 

Perry, D. A., H. Jing, A. Youngblood, D. R. Oetter. 2004. Forest structure and fire susceptibility in volcanic 

landscapes of the eastern High Cascades, Oregon. Conservation Biology. 18: 913-926.

Piirto, D. D. and R. R. Rogers. 2002. An ecological basis for managing giant sequoia ecosystems 

Environmental Management. 30(1): 110-128.

Poage, N. J. and J. C. Tappeiner, II. 2002. Long-term patterns of diameter and basal area growth of oldgrowth Douglas-fir trees in western Oregon. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 32: 1232-1243.
Final Environmental Impact Statement Kings River Experimental Watershed Project

Chapter 5 5-38

Pollet, J and P. N. Omi. 2002. Effect of thinning and prescribed burning on wildfire severity in ponderosa 

pine forests. International Journal of Wildland Fire. 11: 1-10.

Potter, D. 1994. Guide to forested communities of the upper montane in the central and southern Sierra 

Nevada. R5-ECOL-TP-003. Albany, CA. Pacific Southwest Region (R5), Forest Service, U. S. 

Department of Agriculture. p. 164.

Powers, R.F., F. G. Sanchez, D. A. Scott, D. Page-Dumroese. 2004. The North American long-term soil 

productivity experiment: coast-to-coast findings from the first decade. USDA Forest Service 

Proceedings RMRS-P-34. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky 

Mountain Research Station. 16 p.

Reineke, L. H. 1933. Perfecting a stand density index for even-aged forests. Journal of Agricultural 

Research. 46:627-638.

Rojas, R., Y. Cougoulat, and D. McCandliss. 2004. Strategy for historical forest restoration using unevenaged silviculture at the landscape scale, Kings River Project. Prather, CA: High Sierra Ranger District, 

Sierra National Forest, Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture. 68 p. [Unpublished internal 

report].

Safford, H. D., D. A. Schmidt, C. H. Carlson. 2009. Effects of fuel treatments on fire severity in an area of 

wildland urban interface, Angora Fire, Lake Tahoe Basin, California. Forest Ecology and Management. 

258: 773-787.

Safford, H. D. 2010. Presentation at Region 5 Fuels and Vegetation conference, McClellen Air Force Base, 

CA.

Savage, M. 1994. Anthropogenic and natural disturbance and patterns of mortality in a mixed conifer 

forest in California. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 24: 1149-1159.

Schmidt, O. 2009. NEPA Models and Case Lists, Third Edition: 415 - 556

Sherlock, J. W. 2007. Intergrating stand density management with fuel reduction. In: Powers, R. F., tech. 

ed. Restoring fire adapted ecosystems: proceeding of the 2005 national silviculture workshop. 

General Technical report. PSW-GTR-203. Albany, CA: Pacific Southwest Region (R5), Forest Service, 

U. S. Department of Agriculture. pp 55-66.

Shifley, S. R. 1998. Simulating forest Growth and yield in uneven-age and mixed-species stands: an 

overview of modeling methods. In: Proceedings of 1998 Society of American Forester Convention.

Skinner, C. N. and C. Chang. 1996 Fire regimes, past and present. In: Sierra Nevada Ecosystem Project, 

final report to congress, vol II, Assessments and Scientific Basis for Management Options, p1041-

1069, University of California at Davis, Centers for Wildland Resources.

Show, S. B. and E. I. Kotok. 1924 The role of fire in the California pine forests. USDA bulletin number 

1294. United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C., USA.
Final Environmental Impact Statement Kings River Experimental Watershed Project

Chapter 5 5-39

Smith, M and Exline, J. 2003.An uneven-aged management strategy lessons learned. In Proceedings of 

the Symposium on the Kings River Sustainable Forest Ecosystems Project: Progress and Current 

Status. General Technical Review. PSW-GTR-183 Albany, CA: Pacific Southwest Research Station, 

Forest Service, U.S.D.A. 21 p.

Smith, T.F., Rizzo, D. M., North, M. 2005. Patterns of Mortality in an Old-Growth Mixed-Conifer Forest of 

the Southern Sierra Nevada, California. Forest Science 51(3)

Spies, T. A., J. D. Miller, J. B. Buchanan, J. F. Lehmkuhl, J. F. Franklin, S. P. Healey, P. F. Hessburg, H. D. 

Safford, W. B. Cohen, R. S. H. Kennedy. E. E. Knapp, J. K. Agee, M. Moeur. 2009. Underestimating risk 

to the Northern Spotted Owl in fire-prone forests: a response to Hanson, et al. Conservation Biology. 

24(1) 330-333.

Stephens, S. L., D. L. Fry, E. Franco-Vizcaino, B. M. Collins, J. J. Moghaddas. 2007. Coarse woody debris and 

canopy cover in an old-growth Jeffery pine-mixed conifer forest from the Sierra San Pedro Martir, 

Mexico. Forest Ecology and Management. 240: 87-95.

Stephens, S. L. and S. J. Gill. 2004. Forest structure and mortality in an old-growth Jeffrey pine-mixed 

conifer forest in northwestern Mexico. Forest Ecology and Management. 205: 15–28.

Stephens, S. L. and J. J. Moghaddas. 2005. Silvicultural and reserve impacts on potential fire behavior and 

forest conservation: Twenty-five years of experience from Sierra Nevada mixed conifer forests. 

Biological Conservation. 125(3): 369-379.

Stephenson, N. L. 1999. Reference conditions for giant sequoia forest restoration: structure, process, and 

precision. Ecological Applications. 9:1253-1265.

Sudworth, G.B. 1900. Stanislaus and Lake Tahoe Forest Reserves, California, and adjacent territory. 

United States Geological Survey Professional Paper No. 8, Series H, Forestry, 5. Government Printing 

Office, Washington D.C.

Sudworth, G.B. 1900a. Notes on Regions in the Sierra Forest Reserve 1898-1900. Unpublished.

Swetnam, T. W., C. D. Allen, and J. L. Betancourt. 1999. Applied historical ecology: using the past to 

manage for the future. Ecological Applications. 9(4), pp. 1189–1206

Tappeiner, J. C., D. Huffman, D. Marshall, T. A. Spies, J. D. Bailey. 1997. Density, ages, and growth rates in 

old-growth and young-growth forests in coastal Oregon. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 27: 

638.648.

Tappeiner, J. C., and P. M. McDonald. 1996. Regeneration of Sierra Nevada Forests. P. 302–324 in Sierra 

Nevada ecosystem Project Science Team. Sierra Nevada Ecosystem Project final report to Congress: 

Status of the Sierra Nevada. Centers for Water and Wildland Resources, University of California, 

Davis, CA.
Final Environmental Impact Statement Kings River Experimental Watershed Project

Chapter 5 5-40

Tappeiner, J. C., and S. R. Radosevich. 1982. Effect of Bearmat (chamaebatia foliolosa) on soil moisture 

and ponderosa pine growth. Weed Science. 30: 98-101.

Taylor, A. H. and C. N. Skinner. 2003. Spatial and temporal patterns of historic fire regimes and forest 

structure as a reference for restoration of fire in the Klamath Mountains. Ecological Application. 13: 

704-719.

Taylor, A H. 2004. Identifying Forest Reference Conditions on Early cut-over Lands, Lake Tahoe Basin, 

USA. Ecological Applications, 14(6): 1903-1920

Underwood, E. C., J. H. Viers, J. F. Quinn, M. North. In progress. Using topography to meet wildlife and 

fuels treatment objectives in fire-suppressed landscapes.

Urban, D. L., C. Miller, P. N. Halpin, N. L. Stephenson. 2000. Forest gradient response in Sierran 

landscapes: the physical template. Landscape Ecology. 15: 603-620.

USDA (U. S. Department of Agriculture). 1926 Cruises of the Dinkey Creek Country, given to us by Mr. 

Cannon of the Sugar Pine Lumber, Company of Pinedale, Fresno county.

USDA (U. S. Department of Agriculture). 1991 Forest Service, R-5 Forest Service Handbook. Siviculture, 

2409.26b.

USDA (U. S. Department of Agriculture). 1992 Sierra National Forest land and resource management 

plan. Clovis, CA: Sierra National Forest, USDA, Forest Service. 

USDA (U. S. Department of Agriculture). 2004. Sierra Nevada Forest plan Amendment, Final 

supplemental environmental impact statement, Record of decision. Vallejo, CA: Pacific Southwest 

Region USDA, Forest Service. 72 p.

USDA (U. S. Department of Agriculture). 2008. Project Draft Supplemental Environmental Impact 

Statement (DSEIS) Kings river Project. 

Verner, J. K. S. McKelvey, B. R. Noon, R.J. Guiterrez, G.I. Gould, Jr., T. W. Beck. 1992. The California 

spotted owl: a technical assessment of its current status. General Technical Report PSW-GTR-133. 

Albany, CA: Pacific Southwest Research Station, Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture. 

285p. 

Wagner, R.G., T. D. Petersen, D. W. Ross, S. R. Radosevich. 1989. Competition thresholds for the survival 

and growth of ponderosa pine seedlings associated with woody and herbaceous vegetation. New

Forests. 3(2): 151-170.

Wallin, K. F. Kolb, T. E., Skov, K. R., and Wagner M. R., 2003. Effects of Crown Scorch on Ponderosa Pine 

Resistance to Bark Beetles in Northern Arizona. Environmental Entomology 32(3): 652-661

Weatherspoon, C. P. and C. N. Skinner. 1995. Landscape level strategies for fuel management in Sierra 

Nevada forests – Draft. July 20, 1994. 58 pp (SNEP, 1996).
Final Environmental Impact Statement Kings River Experimental Watershed Project

Chapter 5 5-41

Wayman, R. and M. North. 2007 Initial response of a mixed-conifer understory plant community to 

burning and thinning restoration treatments. Forest Ecology and Management. 239: 32-44.

Woodall, C.W., C. E. Fiedler, and K.S. Milner. 2003. Stand density index in uneven-aged ponderosa pine 

stands. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 33: 96–100.

York, R. A., J. J. Battles, R. C. Heald, J. D. York. 2004. Group selection management in conifer forests: 

relationships between opening size and tree growth. Canadian Journal for Forest Research. 34: 630–

641.

York, R. A., J. J. Battles, R. C. Heald. 2004. Gap based silviculture in a Sierran mixed conifer forest: Effects 

of gap size on early survival and 7-year seedling growth. General Technical Report. PSW-GTR-203. 

Albany, CA: Pacific Southwest Research Station, Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture. 11p. 

Zhang, J. W. W. Oliver, and M. D. Busse. 2006. Growth and development of ponderosa pine on sites of 

contrasting productivities: relative importance of stand density and shrub competition effect. 

Canadian Journal for Forest Research. 36(10): 2426-2243.

Zielinski, W. J., R. L. Truex, G. Schmidt, R. Schlexer, R. H. Barrett. 2004. Home range characteristics of 

fishers in California. Journal of Mammalogy. 85: 649-657. 

Zielinski, W. J., R. L. Truex, G. A. Schmidt, F. V. Schlexer, K. N. Schmidt, R. H. Barrett. 2004a. Resting 

habitat selection by fishers in California. Journal of Wildlife Management. 68(3): 475-492