JANUARY 2005 NP-2005-01-001JSC

Astronaut Fact Book

“It is with an iron will that they embark on the most

daring of all endeavors . . . . to meet the shadowy

future without fear and conquer the unknown.

— Ferdinand Magellan, circa 1520.

National Aeronautics and

Space Administration

Information Summaries
2

JANUARY 2005

PREFACE

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) selected the first group of astronauts in

1959. From 500 candidates having the required jet aircraft flight experience and engineering training

as well as height below 5 feet 11 inches, 7 military men became the Nation's first astronauts. The

second and third groups chosen included civilians who had extensive flying experience. By 1964,

requirements had changed, and emphasis was placed on academic qualifications; in 1965, 6 scientist

astronauts were selected from a group of 400 applicants who had a Doctorate or equivalent

experience in the natural sciences, medicine, or engineering. The group named in 1978 was the first

of space shuttle flight crews and since then, 14 additional groups have been selected with a mix of

pilots and mission specialists.

There are currently 95 astronauts, 11 astronaut candidates and 46 management astronauts in the

program; 132 astronauts have retired or resigned; and 36 are deceased.

Though most of the information in this document pertains only to U.S. Astronauts, several sections

are included to provide information about the international astronauts and Russian trained

Cosmonauts who are currently partners with the U.S. Space Program participating in the International

Space Station endeavor. The non-U.S. information presented here was gathered from the

biographies provided by the various space agencies with which these individuals are affiliated.

Payload specialists are career scientists or engineers selected by their employer or country for their

expertise in conducting a specific experiment or commercial venture on a space shuttle mission.

Information about them is not included in the Astronaut Fact Book.

The space flights and statistics listed in this publication resulted from the vertical takeoff of an American

space vehicle or Soyuz taxi flights to the International Space Station. Astronauts listed (unless

otherwise noted) are individuals who participated in the United States astronaut program including those

who are in the training program.

NASA accepts applications for the Astronaut Candidate Program on a continuing basis and selects

candidates as needed.

This document is online at: http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/spacenews/factsheets/pdfs/astro.pdf
3

CONTENTS

List of U.S. Astronauts............................................................................................................. 4

List of International Astronauts Currently in the U.S. Program........................................ 12

List of Cosmonauts Currently in the U.S. Program........................................................... 13

Biographical Sketches............................................................................................................ 14

Current U.S. Astronauts.................................................................................................... 14

International Astronauts Currently in the U.S. Space Program................................. 30

Cosmonauts Currently in the U.S. Space Program .................................................... 33

U.S. Astronauts in Management Positions................................................................... 37

2004 U.S. Astronaut Candidate Class........................................................................... 44

Former U.S. Astronauts .................................................................................................... 46

Deceased U.S. Astronauts............................................................................................... 66

U.S. Astronaut Selection by Groups ...................................................................................... 72

Congressional Space Medal of Honor ................................................................................... 74

Astronauts Affiliations to States................................................................................................ 76

Astronauts Born in Other Countries ......................................................................................... 84

Astronauts' Scouting Records .................................................................................................. 85

United States Service Academies From Which U.S. Astronauts Earned Degrees........... .86

Current U.S. Astronauts in Active Military Service................................................................. 87

U.S. Space Program Human Space Flight Log..................................................................... 88

Cover Art

Image of Mars taken by the Hubble Space Telescope.
UNITED STATES ASTRONAUTS

Astronaut Selection Year Group # Flights Status 

4

Acaba, Joseph M. 2004 19 0 Candidate

Adamson, James C. 1984 10 2 Former

Akers, Thomas D. 1987 12 4 Former

Aldrin, Buzz 1963 3 2 Former

Allen, Andrew M. 1987 12 3 Former

Allen, Joseph P. 1967 6 2 Former

Altman, Scott D. 1995 15 3 Current

Anders, William A. 1963 3 1 Former

Anderson, Clayton C. 1998 17 0 Current

Anderson, Michael P. 1995 15 2 Deceased

Antonelli, Dominic A. 2000 18 0 Current

Apt, Jerome 1985 11 4 Former

Archambault, Lee J. 1998 17 0 Current

Armstrong, Neil A. 1962 2 2 Former

Arnold, Richard R., II 2004 19 0 Candidate

Ashby, Jeffrey S. 1995 15 3 Management

Bagian, James P. 1980 9 2 Former

Baker, Ellen S. 1984 10 3 Management

Baker, Michael A. 1985 11 4 Management

Barratt, Michael R. 2000 18 0 Current

Barry, Daniel T. 1992 14 3 Current

Bassett, Charles A., II 1963 3 0 Deceased

Bean, Alan L. 1963 3 2 Former

Behnken, Robert L. 2000 18 0 Current

Blaha, John E. 1980 9 5 Former

Bloomfield, Michael J. 1995 15 3 Former

Bluford, Guion S., Jr. 1978 8 4 Former

Bobko, Karol J. 1969 7 3 Former

Boe, Eric A. 2000 18 0 Current

Bolden, Charles F., Jr. 1980 9 4 Former

Borman, Frank 1962 2 2 Former

Bowen, Stephen G. 2000 18 0 Current

Bowersox, Kenneth D. 1987 12 5 Management

Brady, Charles E., Jr. 1992 14 1 Former

Brand, Vance D. 1966 5 4 Management

Brandenstein, Daniel C. 1978 8 4 Former

Bridges, Roy D., Jr. 1980 9 1 Management

Bresnik, Randolph J. 2004 19 0 Candidate

Brown, Curtis L., Jr. 1987 12 6 Former

Brown, David M. 1996 16 1 Deceased

Brown, Mark N. 1984 10 2 Former

Buchli, James F. 1978 8 4 Former

Bull, John S. 1966 5 0 Former

Burbank, Daniel C. 1996 16 1 Current

Bursch, Daniel W. 1990 13 4 Management

Cabana, Robert D. 1985 11 4 Management

Cagle, Yvonne D. 1996 16 0 Current

Caldeiro, Fernando (Frank) 1996 16 0 Current

Caldwell, Tracy E. 1998 17 0 Current

Camarda, Charles J. 1996 16 0 Current

Cameron, Kenneth D. 1984 10 3 Management

Carey, Duane G. 1996 16 1 Current
UNITED STATES ASTRONAUTS

Astronaut Selection Year Group # Flights Status 

5

Carpenter, M. Scott 1959 1 1 Former

Carr, Gerald P. 1966 5 1 Former

Carter, Manley Lanier, Jr. 1984 10 1 Deceased

Casper, John H. 1984 10 4 Management

Cassidy, Christopher J. 2004 19 0 Candidate

Cernan, Eugene A. 1963 3 3 Former

Chaffee, Roger B. 1963 3 0 Deceased

Chamitoff, Gregory E. 1998 17 0 Current

Chang-Diaz, Franklin R. 1980 9 7 Management

Chapman, Philip K. 1967 6 0 Former

Chawla, Kalpana 1995 15 2 Deceased

Chiao, Leroy 1990 13 3 Current

Chilton, Kevin P. 1987 12 3 Former

Clark, Laurel B. 1996 16 1 Deceased

Cleave, Mary L. 1980 9 2 Management

Clifford, Michael R. 1990 13 3 Former

Coats, Michael L. 1978 8 3 Former

Cockrell, Kenneth D. 1990 13 5 Management

Coleman, Catherine G. 1992 14 2 Current

Collins, Eileen M. 1990 13 3 Current

Collins, Michael 1963 3 2 Former

Conrad, Charles, Jr. 1962 2 4 Deceased

Cooper, L. Gordon, Jr. 1959 1 2 Deceased

Covey, Richard O. 1978 8 4 Former

Creamer, Timothy J. 1998 17 0 Current

Creighton, John O. 1978 8 3 Former

Crippen, Robert L. 1969 7 4 Former

Culbertson, Frank L., Jr. 1984 10 3 Former

Cunningham, Walter 1963 3 1 Former

Curbeam, Robert L., Jr. 1995 15 2 Current

Currie, Nancy J. 1990 13 4 Management

Davis, N. Jan 1987 12 3 Management

Drew, Alvin B. 2000 18 0 Current

Duffy, Brian 1985 11 4 Former

Duke, Charles M., Jr. 1966 5 1 Former

Dunbar, Bonnie J. 1980 9 5 Management

Dutton, James P. 2004 19 0 Candidate

Edwards, Joe F., Jr. 1995 15 1 Former

Eisele, Donn F. 1963 3 1 Deceased

England, Anthony W. 1967 6 1 Former

Engle, Joe H. 1966 5 2 Former

Evans, Ronald E. 1966 5 1 Deceased

Fabian, John M. 1978 8 2 Former

Ferguson, Christopher J. 1998 17 0 Current

Feustel, Andrew J. 2000 18 0 Current

Fincke, E. Michael 1996 16 1 Current

Fisher, Anna L. 1978 8 1 Current

Fisher, William F. 1980 9 1 Former

Foale, C. Michael 1987 12 6 Current

Ford, Kevin A. 2000 18 0 Current

Foreman, Michael J. 1998 17 0 Current
UNITED STATES ASTRONAUTS

Astronaut Selection Year Group # Flights Status 

6

Forrester, Patrick G. 1996 16 1 Current

Fossum, Michael E. 1998 17 0 Current

Freeman, Theodore C. 1963 3 0 Deceased

Frick, Stephen N. 1996 16 1 Current

Fullerton, Charles G. 1969 7 2 Management

Garan, Ronald J., Jr. 2000 18 0 Current

Gardner, Dale A. 1978 8 2 Former

Gardner, Guy S. 1980 9 2 Former

Garriott, Owen K. 1965 4 2 Former

Gemar, Charles D. 1985 11 3 Former

Gernhardt, Michael L. 1992 14 4 Current

Gibson, Edward G. 1965 4 1 Former

Gibson, Robert L. 1978 8 5 Former

Givens, Edward G., Jr. 1966 5 0 Deceased

Glenn, John H., Jr. 1959 1 2 Former

Godwin, Linda M. 1985 11 4 Management

Good, Michael T. 2000 18 0 Current

Gordon, Richard F., Jr. 1963 3 2 Former

Gorie, Dominic L. 1995 15 3 Current

Grabe, Ronald J. 1980 9 4 Former

Graveline, Duane E. 1965 4 0 Former

Gregory, Frederick D. 1978 8 3 Management

Gregory, William G. 1990 13 1 Former

Griggs, S. David 1978 8 1 Deceased

Grissom, Virgil I. 1959 1 2 Deceased

Grunsfeld, John M. 1992 14 4 Management

Gutierrez, Sidney M. 1984 10 2 Former

Haise, Fred W., Jr. 1966 5 1 Former

Halsell, James D., Jr. 1990 13 5 Current

Ham, Kenneth T. 1998 17 0 Current

Hammond, L. Blaine, Jr. 1984 10 2 Former

Harbaugh, Gregory J. 1987 12 4 Former

Harris, Bernard A., Jr. 1990 13 2 Former

Hart, Terry J. 1978 8 1 Former

Hartsfield, Henry W., Jr. 1969 7 3 Former

Hauck, Frederick H. 1978 8 3 Former

Hawley, Steven A. 1978 8 5 Management

Helms, Susan J. 1990 13 5 Former

Henize, Karl G. 1967 6 1 Deceased

Henricks, Terence T. 1985 11 4 Former

Hernandez, Jose M. 2004 19 0 Candidate

Herrington, John B. 1996 16 1 Current

Hieb, Richard J. 1985 11 3 Former

Higginbotham, Joan E. 1996 16 0 Current

Hilmers, David C. 1980 9 4 Former

Hire, Kathryn P. 1995 15 1 Current

Hobaugh, Charles O. 1996 16 1 Current

Hoffman, Jeffrey A. 1978 8 5 Former

Holmquest, Donald L. 1967 6 0 Former

Horowitz, Scott J. 1992 14 4 Current

Hurley, Douglas G. 2000 18 0 Current

Husband, Rick D. 1995 15 2 Deceased
UNITED STATES ASTRONAUTS

Astronaut Selection Year Group # Flights Status 

7

Irwin, James B. 1966 5 1 Deceased

Ivins, Marsha S. 1984 10 5 Current

Jemison, Mae C. 1987 12 1 Former

Jernigan, Tamara E. 1985 11 5 Former

Jett, Brent W. 1992 14 3 Current

Johnson, Gregory C. 1998 17 0 Management

Johnson, Gregory H. 1998 17 0 Current

Jones, Thomas D. 1990 13 4 Former

Kavandi, Janet L. 1995 15 3 Current

Kelly, James M. 1996 16 1 Current

Kelly, Mark E. 1996 16 1 Current

Kelly, Scott J. 1996 16 1 Current

Kerwin, Joseph P. 1965 4 1 Former

Kilrain, Susan L. 1995 15 2 Former

Kimbrough, Robert S. 2004 19 0 Candidate

Kopra, Timothy L. 2000 18 0 Current

Kregel Kevin R. 1992 14 4 Management

Lawrence, Wendy B. 1992 14 3 Current

Lee, Mark C. 1984 10 4 Former

Leestma, David C. 1980 9 3 Management

Lenoir, William B. 1967 6 1 Former

Lind, Don L. 1966 5 1 Former

Lindsey, Steven W. 1995 15 3 Current

Linenger, Jerry M. 1992 14 2 Former

Linnehan, Richard M. 1992 14 3 Current

Llewellyn, John A. 1967 6 0 Former

Lockhart, Paul S. 1996 16 2 Management

Lopez-Alegria, Michael E. 1992 14 3 Management

Loria, Christopher J. 1996 16 0 Management

Lounge, John M. 1980 9 3 Former

Lousma, Jack R. 1966 5 2 Former

Love, Stanley G. 1998 17 0 Current

Lovell, James A., Jr. 1962 2 4 Former

Low, G. David 1984 10 3 Former

Lu, Edward T. 1995 15 3 Current

Lucid, Shannon W. 1978 8 5 Management

Magnus, Sandra H. 1996 16 1 Current

Marshburn, Thomas H. 2004 19 0 Candidate

Massimino, Michael J. 1996 16 1 Current

Mastracchio, Richard A. 1996 16 1 Current

Mattingly, Thomas K., II 1966 5 3 Former

McArthur, K. Megan 2000 18 0 Current

McArthur, William S., Jr. 1990 13 3 Current

McBride, Jon A. 1978 8 1 Former

McCandless, Bruce, II 1966 5 2 Former

McCool, William C. 1996 16 1 Deceased

McCulley, Michael J. 1984 10 1 Former

McDivitt, James A. 1962 2 2 Former

McMonagle, Donald R. 1987 12 3 Former

McNair, Ronald E. 1978 8 1 Deceased

Meade, Carl J. 1985 11 3 Former
UNITED STATES ASTRONAUTS

Astronaut Selection Year Group # Flights Status 

8

Melnick, Bruce E. 1987 12 2 Former

Melroy, Pamela A. 1995 15 2 Current

Melvin, Leland D. 1998 17 0 Current

Metcalf-Lindenburger, Dorothy M. 2004 19 0 Candidate

Michel, F. Curtis 1965 4 0 Former

Mitchell, Edgar D. 1966 5 1 Former

Morgan, Barbara R. 1998 17 0 Current

Morin, Lee M. 1996 16 1 Management

Mullane, Richard M. 1978 8 3 Former

Musgrave, Story 1967 6 6 Former

Nagel, Steven R. 1978 8 4 Management

Nelson, George D. 1978 8 3 Former

Newman, James H. 1990 13 4 Management

Noriega, Carlos I. 1995 15 2 Current

Nowak, Lisa M. 1996 16 0 Current

Nyberg, Karen L. 2000 18 0 Current

Ochoa, Ellen 1990 13 4 Management

O'Connor, Bryan D. 1980 9 2 Management

O'Leary, Brian T. 1967 6 0 Former

Oefelein, William A. 1998 17 0 Current

Olivas, John D. 1998 17 0 Current

Onizuka, Ellison S. 1978 8 1 Deceased

Oswald, Stephen S. 1985 11 3 Former

Overmyer, Robert F. 1969 7 2 Deceased

Parazynski, Scott E. 1992 14 4 Current

Parker, Robert A. R. 1967 6 2 Management

Patrick, Nicholas J. M. 1998 17 0 Current

Peterson, Donald H. 1969 7 1 Former

Pettit, Donald R. 1996 16 1 Current

Phillips, John L. 1996 16 1 Current

Pogue, William R. 1966 5 1 Former

Poindexter, Alan G. 1998 17 0 Current

Polansky, Mark L. 1996 16 1 Current

Precourt, Charles J., Jr. 1990 13 4 Management

Readdy, William F. 1987 12 3 Management

Reightler, Kenneth S., Jr. 1987 12 2 Former

Reilly, James F. 1995 15 2 Current

Reisman, Garrett E. 1998 17 0 Current

Resnik, Judith A. 1978 8 1 Deceased

Richards, Paul W. 1996 16 1 Former

Richards, Richard N. 1980 9 4 Former

Ride, Sally K. 1978 8 2 Former

Robertson, Patricia Hilliard 1998 17 0 Deceased

Robinson, Stephen K. 1995 15 2 Current

Rominger, Kent V. 1992 14 5 Management

Roosa, Stuart A. 1966 5 1 Deceased

Ross, Jerry L. 1980 9 7 Management

Runco, Mario, Jr. 1987 12 3 Management

Satcher, Robert L. 2004 19 0 Candidate

Schirra, Walter M., Jr. 1959 1 3 Former
UNITED STATES ASTRONAUTS

Astronaut Selection Year Group # Flights Status 

9

Schmitt, Harrison H. 1965 4 1 Former

Schweickart, Russell L. 1963 3 1 Former

Scobee, Francis R. 1978 8 1 Deceased

Scott, David R. 1963 3 3 Former

Scott, Winston E. 1992 14 2 Former

Searfoss, Richard A. 1990 13 3 Former

Seddon, Margaret Rhea 1978 8 3 Former

See, Elliot M., Jr. 1962 2 0 Deceased

Sega, Ronald M. 1990 13 2 Former

Sellers, Piers J. 1996 16 1 Current

Shaw, Brewster H., Jr. 1978 8 3 Former

Shepard, Alan B., Jr. 1959 1 2 Deceased

Shepherd, William M. 1984 10 4 Former

Shriver, Loren J. 1978 8 3 Former

Slayton, Donald K. 1959 1 1 Deceased

Smith, Michael J. 1980 9 0 Deceased

Smith, Steven L. 1992 14 4 Management

Spring, Sherwood C. 1980 9 1 Former

Springer, Robert C. 1980 9 2 Former

Stafford, Thomas P. 1962 2 4 Former

Stefanyshyn-Piper, Heidemarie M. 1996 16 0 Current

Stewart, Robert L. 1978 8 2 Former

Stott, Nicole P. 2000 18 0 Current

Sturckow, Frederick W. 1995 15 2 Current

Sullivan, Kathryn D. 1978 8 3 Former

Swanson, Steven R. 1998 17 0 Current

Swigert, John L., Jr. 1966 5 1 Deceased

Tani, Daniel M. 1996 16 1 Current

Tanner, Joseph R. 1992 14 3 Current

Thagard, Norman E. 1978 8 5 Former

Thomas, Andrew S. W. 1992 14 3 Current

Thomas, Donald A. 1990 13 4 Management

Thorne, Stephen D. 1985 11 0 Deceased

Thornton, Kathryn C. 1984 10 4 Former

Thornton, William E. 1967 6 2 Former

Thuot, Pierre J. 1985 11 3 Former

Truly, Richard H. 1969 7 2 Former

Van Hoften, James D. A. 1978 8 2 Former

Veach, Charles Lacy 1984 10 2 Deceased

Virts, Terry W., Jr. 2000 18 0 Current

Voss, James S. 1987 12 5 Former

Voss, Janice E. 1990 13 5 Management

Walheim, Rex J. 1996 16 1 Current

Walker, David M. 1978 8 4 Deceased

Walker, Shannon 2004 19 0 Candidate

Walz, Carl E. 1990 13 4 Management

Weber, Mary E. 1992 14 2 Former

Weitz, Paul J. 1966 5 2 Former

Wetherbee, James D. 1984 10 6 Management

Wheelock, Douglas H. 1998 17 0 Current

White, Edward H., II 1962 2 1 Deceased
UNITED STATES ASTRONAUTS

Astronaut Selection Year Group # Flights Status 

10

Whitson, Peggy A. 1996 16 1 Management

Wilcutt, Terrence W. 1990 13 4 Current

Williams, Clifton C., Jr. 1963 3 0 Deceased

Williams, Donald E. 1978 8 2 Former

Williams, Jeffrey N. 1996 16 1 Current

Williams, Sunita L. 1998 17 0 Current

Wilmore, Barry E. 2000 18 0 Current

Wilson, Stephanie D. 1996 16 0 Current

Wisoff, Peter J. K. 1990 13 4 Former

Wolf, David A. 1990 13 3 Current

Woodward, Neil W., III 1998 17 0 Current

Worden, Alfred M. 1966 5 1 Former

Young, John W. 1962 2 6 Former

Zamka, George D. 1998 17 0 Current
INTERNATIONAL ASTRONAUTS CURRENTLY IN THE U.S. PROGRAM

Astronaut Selection Agency Country # U.S. Flights Status

 Year

11

Doi, Takao 1995 JAXA Japan 1 Current

Eyharts, Leopold 1998 ESA France 0 Current

Fuglesang, Christer 1996 ESA Sweden 0 Current

Furukawa, Satoshi 2004 JAXA Japan 0 Current

Hadfield, Chris A. 1992 CSA Canada 2 Current

Hoshide, Akihko 2004 JAXA Japan 0 Current

MacLean, Steve 1996 CSA Canada 1 Current

Nespoli, Paolo 1998 ESA Italy 0 Current

Nicollier, Claude 1980 ESA Switzerland 4 Current

Noguchi, Soichi 1996 JAXA Japan 0 Current

Payette, Julie 1996 CSA Canada 1 Current

Pontes, Marcos 1998 BSA Brazil 0 Current

Schlegel, Hans 1998 ESA Germany 1* Current

Thirsk, Robert B. 1998 CSA Canada 1 Current

Vittori, Roberto 1998 ESA Italy 0 Current

Wakata, Koichi 1992 JAXA Japan 2 Current

Williams, Dafydd Rhys 1995 CSA Canada 1 Current

Yamazaki, Naoko 2004 JAXA Japan 0 Current

* Flew as a payload specialist on STS-55
RUSSIAN COSMONAUTS CURRENTLY IN THE U.S. PROGRAM

Cosmonaut # Flights Status

12

Budarin, Nikolai 3 Current

Dezhurov, Vladimir 3 Current

Gidzenko, Yuri 2 Current

Kaleri, Alexander 1 Current

Korzun, Valery 1 Current

Krikalev, Sergei 5 Current

Lonchakov, Yuri 1 Current

Malenchenko, Yuri 2 Current

Morukov, Boris 1 Current

Onufrienko, Yuri 3 Current

Poleshchuk, Alexander 1 Current

Ryumin, Valery 4 Current

Sharipov, Salizhan 1 Current

Solovyev, Anatoly 4 Current

Strekalov, Gennady 4 Current

Titov, Vladimir 5 Current

Tokarev, Valery 1 Current

Treschev, Sergei 1 Current

Tyurin, Mikhail 2 Current

Usachev, Yuri 5 Current

Yurchikhin, Fyodor 1 Current
CURRENT U.S. ASTRONAUTS

13

ALTMAN, Scott D., Captain, U.S. Navy

Pilot.

Born August 15, 1959, in Lincoln, Illinois. Hometown, Pekin, Illinois.

Bachelor of Science in aeronautical/astronautical engineering from University of Illinois;

Master of Science in aeronautical engineering, Naval Postgraduate School.

Flew on STS-90, STS-106 and STS-109.

Cumulative days of space flight are more than 38.

ANDERSON, Clayton C., Civilian

Mission Specialist.

Born February 23, 1959, in Omaha, Nebraska. Hometown, Ashland, Nebraska.

Bachelor of Science in physics from Hastings College, Nebraska; Master of Science in

aerospace engineering from Iowa State University.

ANTONELLI, Dominic A., Lieutenant Commander, U.S. Navy

Pilot.

Born in Detroit, Michigan.

Bachelor of Science in aeronautics & astronautics from the Massachusetts Institute of

Technology; Masters of Science in aeronautics & astronautics from the University of

Washington.

ARCHAMBAULT, Lee J., Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Air Force

Pilot.

Born August 25, 1960, in Oak Park, Illinois. Hometown, Bellwood, Illinois.

Bachelor and Master of Science in aerospace/aeronautical engineering from University of

Illinois-Urbana.

BARRATT, Michael R., Civilian

Mission Specialist.

Born April 16, 1959, in Vancouver, Washington.

Bachelor of Science in zoology from the University of Washington; Doctor of Medicine from

Northwestern University; Masters of Science in aerospace medicine from Wright State

University. Board certified in Internal and Aerospace Medicine.

BARRY, Daniel T., Civilian

Mission Specialist.

Born December 30, 1953, in Norwalk, Connecticut. Hometown, South Hadley,

Massachusetts.

Bachelor of Science in electrical engineering from Cornell University; Master of Engineering,

Master of Arts and a Doctor of Philosophy in electrical engineering and computer

science from Princeton University; Doctor of Medicine from the University of Miami.

Flew on STS-72, STS-96 and STS-105.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 734.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 25 hours.

BEHNKEN, Robert L., Major, U.S. Air Force

Mission Specialist.

Born in Creve Coeur, Missouri.

Bachelors of Science in physics & mechanical engineering from Washington University;

Masters of Science and Doctor of Philosophy in mechanical engineering from the

California Institute of Technology.

BLOOMFIELD, Michael J., Colonel, U.S. Air Force

Pilot

Born March 16, 1959, in Flint, Michigan. Hometown, Lake Fenton, Michigan.

Bachelor of Science in engineering mechanics from the U.S. Air Force Academy; Master of

Science in engineering management from Old Dominion University.

Flew on STS-86, STS-97 and STS-110.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 753.
CURRENT U.S. ASTRONAUTS

14

BOE, Eric A., Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Air Force

Pilot.

Born October 1, 1964, in Miami, Florida.

Bachelor of Science in aeronautical engineering from the U.S Air Force Academy; Master of

Science in electrical engineering from the Georgia Institute of Technology.

BOWEN, Stephen G., Commander, U.S. Navy

Mission Specialist.

Born February 13, 1964, in Cohasset, Massachusetts.

Bachelor of Science in electrical engineering from the U.S. Naval Academy; degree of

Ocean Engineer from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

BURBANK, Daniel C., Commander, U.S. Coast Guard

Mission Specialist.

Born July 27, 1961, in Manchester, Connecticut. Hometown, Tolland, Connecticut.

Bachelor of Science in electrical engineering from the U.S. Coast Guard Academy and a

Master of Science in aeronautical science from Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University.

Flew on STS-106.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 283.

CAGLE, Yvonne D., Colonel, U.S. Air Force

Mission Specialist.

Born in West Point, New York. Hometown, Novato, California.

Bachelor of Science in biochemistry from San Francisco State University and a Doctor of

Medicine from the University of Washington. Received certification as a senior

aviation medical examiner from the Federal Aviation Administration.

CALDEIRO, Fernando (Frank), Civilian

Mission Specialist.

Born June 12, 1958, in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Hometowns, New York City, NY and

Merritt Island, Florida.

Bachelor of Science in mechanical engineering from the University of Arizona, an A.A.S. in

aerospace technology from the State University of New York at Farmingdale and a

Master of Science in engineering management from the University of Central Florida.

CALDWELL, Tracy E., Civilian

Mission Specialist.

Born August 14, 1969, in Arcadia, California.

Bachelor of Science in chemistry from California State University-Fullerton; Doctor of

Philosophy in physical chemistry from the University of California-Davis.

CAMARDA, Charles J., Civilian

Mission Specialist.

Born May 8, 1952, in New York, New York.

Bachelor of Science in aerospace engineering from the Polytechnic Institute of New York, a

Master of Science in engineering science from George Washington University and a

Doctor of aerospace engineering from Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State

University.

CAREY, Duane G., Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Air Force

Pilot.

Born April 30, 1957, in St. Paul, Minnesota.

Bachelor of Science in aerospace engineering and mechanics and a Master of Science in

aerospace engineering from the University of Minnesota-Minneapolis.

Flew on STS-109.

Cumulative days of space flight are more than 10.

CHAMITOFF, Gregory E., Civilian

Mission Specialist.

Born August 6, 1962, in Montreal, Canada. Hometown, San Jose, California.

Bachelor of Science in electrical engineering from California Polytechnic State University;

Master of Science in aeronautical engineering from California Institute of Technology;
CURRENT U.S. ASTRONAUTS

15

Master of Science in planetary geology (Space Science) from the University of

Houston, Clear Lake; Doctor of Philosophy in aeronautics/astronautics from the

Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

CHIAO, Leroy, Civilian

Mission Specialist.

Born August 28, 1960, in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Hometown, Danville, California.

Bachelor of Science in chemical engineering from University of California, Berkeley; Master

of Science and Doctor of Philosophy in chemical engineering from the University of

California, Santa Barbara.

Flew on STS-65, STS-72 and STS-92.

Cumulative days of space flight are more than 36.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 26 hours.

COLEMAN, Catherine G., Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Air Force

Mission Specialist.

Born December 14, 1960, in Charleston, South Carolina.

Bachelor of Science in chemistry from Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Doctor of

Philosophy in polymer science & engineering from University of Massachusetts.

Flew on STS-73 and STS-93.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 500.

COLLINS, Eileen M., Colonel, U.S. Air Force

Pilot.

Born November 19, 1956, in Elmira, New York.

Bachelor of Arts in math and economics from Syracuse University; Master of Science in

operations research from Stanford University; Master of Arts in space systems

management from Webster University.

Flew on STS-63, STS-84 and STS-93.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 537.

CREAMER, Timothy J., Lieutenant Colonel, U. S. Army

Mission Specialist.

Born November 15, 1959, in Ft. Huachuca, Arizona. Hometown, Upper Marlboro,

Maryland.

Bachelor of Science in chemistry from Loyola College in Baltimore, Maryland; Master of

Science in physics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

CURBEAM, Robert L., Jr., Commander, U.S. Navy

Mission Specialist.

Born March 5, 1962, in Baltimore, Maryland.

Bachelor of Science in aerospace engineering from the United States Naval Academy;

Master of Science in aeronautical engineering from the Naval Postgraduate School;

Degree of aeronautical and astronautical engineering from the Naval Postgraduate

School.

Flew on STS-85 and STS-98.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 593.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 19 hours.

DREW, B. Alvin, Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Air Force

Mission Specialist.

Born November 5, 1962, in Washington, D.C.

Bachelor of Science in physics & astronautical engineering from the U.S. Air Force

Academy; Master of Science in aeronautical science from Embry-Riddle Aeronautical

University.

FERGUSON, Christopher J., Commander, U.S. Navy

Pilot.

Born September 1, 1961, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Bachelor of Science in mechanical engineering from Drexel University; Master of Science in

aeronautical engineering from the Naval Postgraduate School.
CURRENT U.S. ASTRONAUTS

16

FEUSTEL, Andrew J., Civilian

Mission Specialist.

Born August 25, 1965, in Lancaster, Pennsylvania.

Bachelor of Science in solid earth sciences and Master of Science in geophysics from

Purdue University; Doctor of Philosophy in seismology from Queen’s UniversityCanada.

FINCKE, Edward Michael “Mike”, Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Air Force

Mission Specialist.

Born March 14, 1967, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Hometown, Emsworth, Pennsylvania.

Bachelor of Science in aeronautics and astronautics as well as earth, atmospheric and

planetary sciences from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and a Master of

Science in aeronautics and astronautics from Stanford University and a Master of

Science in Physical Sciences (Planetary Geology) from the University of Houston,

Clear Lake.

Cumulative days of space flight are more than 187.

FISHER, Anna L., Civilian

Mission Specialist.

Born August 24, 1949, in New York City, New York. Hometown, San Pedro, California.

Bachelor, Master of Science in chemistry and Doctor of Medicine from the University of

California at Los Angeles.

Flew on STS 51-A.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 191.

FOALE, C. Michael, Civilian

Mission Specialist.

Born January 6, 1957, in Louth, England. Hometown, Cambridge, England.

Bachelor of Arts in physics and Doctor of Philosophy in laboratory astrophysics from

Cambridge University.

Flew on STS-45, STS-56, STS-63, STS-84/Mir, Mir/STS-86, STS-103 and Expedition 8.

Cumulative days of space flight are more than 374.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 22 hours.

FORD, Kevin A., Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Air Force

Pilot.

Born July 7, 1960, in Portland, Indiana.

Bachelor of Science in aerospace engineering from the University of Notre Dame; Master

of Science in international relations from Troy State University; Master of Science in

aerospace engineering from the University of Florida; Doctor of Philosophy in

astronautical engineering from the Air Force Institute of Technology. Graduate of

Squadron Officer School the Air Command and Staff College Associate Program, and

Air War College.

FOREMAN, Michael J., Captain, U.S. Navy

Mission Specialist.

Born March 29, 1957, in Columbus, Ohio. Hometown, Wadsworth, Ohio.

Bachelor of Science in aerospace engineering from the U.S. Naval Academy; Master of

Science in aeronautical engineering from the Naval Postgraduate School.

FORRESTER, Patrick G., Colonel, U.S. Army

Mission Specialist.

Born March 31, 1957, in El Paso, Texas.

Bachelor of Science in applied sciences and engineering from the U.S. Military Academy

and a Master of Science in mechanical and aerospace engineering from the University

of Virginia.

Flew on STS-105.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 285.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 11 hours.
CURRENT U.S. ASTRONAUTS

17

FOSSUM, Michael E., Civilian, U.S. Naval Reserve

Mission Specialist.

Born December 19, 1957, in Sioux Falls, South Dakota. Hometown, McAllen, Texas.

Bachelor of Science in mechanical engineering from Texas A&M University; Master of

Science in systems engineering from the Air Force Institute of Technology; Master of

Science in physical science (space science) from the University of Houston-Clear

Lake.

FRICK, Stephen N., Commander, U.S. Navy

Pilot.

Born September 30, 1964, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

Bachelor of Science in aerospace engineering from the U.S. Naval Academy and a Master

of Science in aeronautical engineering from the U.S. Naval Postgraduate School.

Flew on STS-110.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 259.

GARAN, Ronald J., Jr., Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Air Force

Pilot.

Born October 30, 1961, in Yonkers, New York.

Bachelor of Science in economics from the State University of New York; Master of

Aeronautical Science in aeronautics from Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University; Master

of Science in aerospace engineering from the University of Florida.

GERNHARDT, Michael L., Civilian

Mission Specialist.

Born May 4, 1956, in Mansfield, Ohio.

Bachelor of Science in physics from Vanderbilt University; Master of Science and Doctor of

Philosophy in bioengineering from the University of Pennsylvania.

Flew on STS-69, STS-83, STS-94 and STS-104.

Cumulative days of space flight are more than 43.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 23hours.

GOOD, Michael T., Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Air Force

Mission Specialist.

Born October 13, 1962, in Parma, Ohio.

Bachelor and Master of Science in aerospace engineering from the University of Notre

Dame.

GORIE, Dominic L., Captain, U.S. Navy

Pilot.

Born May 2, 1957, in Lake Charles, Louisiana.

Bachelor of Science in ocean engineering from the United States Naval Academy; Master

of Science in aviation systems from the University of Tennessee, Knoxville.

Flew on STS-91, STS-99 and STS-108.

Cumulative days of space flight are more than 32.

HALSELL, James D., Jr., Colonel, U.S. Air Force (Retired)

Pilot

Born September 29, 1956, in Monroe, Louisiana.

Bachelor of Science in engineering from the U.S. Air Force Academy; Master of Science in

management from Troy State University; Master of Science in space operations from

the Air Force Institute of Technology.

Flew on STS-65, STS-74, STS-83, STS-94 and STS-101.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 1,250.

HAM, Kenneth T., Commander, U.S. Navy

Pilot.

Born December 12, 1964, in Plainfield, New Jersey.

Bachelor of Science aerospace engineering from the U.S. Naval Academy; Master of

Science in aeronautical engineering from the Naval Postgraduate School.
CURRENT U.S. ASTRONAUTS

18

HERRINGTON, John B., Commander, U.S. Navy

Mission Specialist.

Born September 14, 1958, in Wetumka, Oklahoma.

Bachelor of Science in applied mathematics from the University of Colorado at Colorado

Springs and a Master of Science in aeronautical engineering from the U.S. Naval

Postgraduate School.

Flew on STS-113.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 330.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 19 hours.

HIGGINBOTHAM, Joan E., Civilian

Mission Specialist.

Born August 3, 1964, in Chicago, Illinois.

Bachelor of Science in electrical engineering from Southern Illinois University at

Carbondale; Masters of Science in management and in space systems from the

Florida Institute of Technology.

HIRE, Kathryn P., Captain, U.S. Naval Reserve

Mission Specialist.

Born August 26, 1959, in Mobile, Alabama.

Bachelor of Science in engineering and management from the U.S. Naval Academy;

Master of Science in space technology from the Florida Institute of Technology.

Flew on STS-90.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 381.

HOBAUGH, Charles O., Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Marine Corps

Pilot.

Born November 5, 1961, in Bar Harbor, Maine.

Bachelor of Science in aerospace engineering from the U.S. Naval Academy.

Flew on STS-114.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 306.

HOROWITZ, Scott J., Colonel, U.S. Air Force

Pilot.

Born March 24, 1957, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Hometown, Thousand Oaks,

California.

Bachelor of Science in engineering from California State University at Northridge; Master of

Science and Doctor of Philosophy in aerospace engineering from the Georgia Institute

of Technology.

Flew on STS-75, STS-82, STS-101 and STS-105.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 1,138.

HURLEY, Douglas G., Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Marine Corps

Pilot.

Born October 21, 1966, in Endicott, New York.

Bachelor of Science in civil engineering from Tulane University.

IVINS, Marsha S., Civilian

Mission Specialist.

Born April 15, 1951, in Baltimore, Maryland.

Bachelor of Science in aerospace engineering from the University of Colorado.

Flew on STS-32, STS-46, STS-62, STS-81 and STS-98.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 1,318.

JETT, Brent W., Captain, U.S. Navy

Pilot.

Born October 5, 1958, in Pontiac, Michigan. Hometown, Ft. Lauderdale, Florida.

Bachelor of Science in aerospace engineering from the U.S. Naval Academy; Master of

Science in aeronautical engineering from the U.S. Naval Postgraduate School.

Flew on STS-72, STS-81 and STS-97.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 699.
CURRENT U.S. ASTRONAUTS

19

JOHNSON, Gregory C., Civilian, U.S. Naval Reserve

Pilot.

Born July 30, 1954, in Seattle, Washington.

Bachelor of Science in aerospace engineering from the University of Washington.

JOHNSON, Gregory H., Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Air Force

Pilot.

Born May 12, 1962, in Upper Ruislip, Middlesex, United Kingdom.

Bachelor of Science in aeronautical engineering from the U.S. Air Force Academy; Master

of Science in flight structures engineering from Columbia University.

KAVANDI, Janet L., Civilian

Mission Specialist.

Born July 17, 1959, in Springfield, Missouri.

Bachelor of Science in chemistry from Missouri Southern State College; Master of Science

in chemistry from the University of Missouri; Doctor of Philosophy in analytical

chemistry from the University of Washington.

Flew on STS-91 and STS-99 and STS-104.

Cumulative days of space flight are more than 33.

KELLY, James M., Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Air Force

Pilot.

Born May 14, 1964, in Burlington, Iowa.

Bachelor of Science in astronautical engineering from the U.S. Air Force Academy; Master

of Science in aerospace engineering from the University of Alabama.

Flew on STS-102.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 307.

KELLY, Mark E., Commander, U.S. Navy

Pilot.

Born February 21, 1964, in Orange, New Jersey. Hometown, West Orange, New

Jersey.

Bachelor of Science in marine engineering and nautical science from the U.S. Merchant

Marine Academy and a Master of Science in aeronautical engineering from the U.S.

Naval Postgraduate School.

Flew on STS-108.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 283.

KELLY, Scott J., Commander, U.S. Navy

Pilot.

Born February 21, 1964, in Orange, New Jersey.

Bachelor of Science in electrical engineering from the State University of New York

Maritime College and a Master of Science in aviation systems from the University of

Tennessee, Knoxville.

Flew on STS-103.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 191.

KOPRA, Timothy L., Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Army

Mission Specialist.

Born April 9, 1963, in Austin, Texas.

Bachelor of Science in computer science from the U.S. Military Academy; Master of

Science in aerospace engineering from the Georgia Institute of Technology.

LAWRENCE, Wendy B., Captain, U.S. Navy

Mission Specialist.

Born July 2, 1959, in Jacksonville, Florida.

Bachelor of Science in ocean engineering from the U. S. Naval Academy; Master of

Science in ocean engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the

Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI). Flew on STS-67, STS-86 and STS-91.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 894.
CURRENT U.S. ASTRONAUTS

20

LINDSEY, Steven W., Colonel, U.S. Air Force

Pilot.

Born August 24, 1960, in Arcadia, California. Hometown, Temple City, California.

Bachelor of Science in engineering sciences from the U.S. Air Force Academy; Master of

Science in aeronautical engineering from the Air Force Institute of Technology.

Flew on STS-87, STS-95 and STS-104.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 896.

LINNEHAN, Richard M., Civilian

Mission Specialist.

Born in Lowell, Massachusetts.

Bachelor of Science in animal sciences microbiology from the University of New

Hampshire; Doctor of Veterinary Medicine from the Ohio State University College of

Veterinary Medicine.

Flew on STS-78, STS-90 and STS-109.

Cumulative days of space flight are more than 43.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 21 hours.

LOVE, Stanley G., Civilian

Mission Specialist.

Born June 8, 1965, in San Diego, California. Hometown, Eugene, Oregon.

Bachelor of Science in physics from Harvey Mudd College; Master of Science and Doctor

of Philosophy in astronomy from the University of Washington.

LU, Edward T., Civilian

Mission Specialist.

Born July 1, 1963, Springfield, Massachusetts. Hometowns, Honolulu, Hawaii, and

Webster, New York.

Bachelor of Science in electrical engineering from Cornell University; Doctor of Philosophy

in applied physics from Stanford University.

Flew on STS-84, STS-106, Expedition 7 and Soyuz TMA-2.

Cumulative days of space flight are more than 206.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 6 hours.

MAGNUS, Sandra H., Civilian

Mission Specialist.

Born October 30, 1964, in Belleville, Illinois.

Bachelor of Science in physics and Master of Science in electrical engineering from the

University of Missouri-Rolla, and a Doctor of Philosophy in materials science and

engineering from the Georgia Institute of Technology.

Flew on STS-112.

Cumulative days of space flight are more than 10.

MASSIMINO, Michael J., Civilian

Mission Specialist.

Born August 19, 1962, in Oceanside, New York. Hometown, Franklin Square, New York.

Bachelor of Science in industrial engineering from Columbia University; Master of Science

in mechanical engineering, Master of Science in technology and policy, a degree of

mechanical engineer and Doctor of Philosophy in mechanical engineering from the

Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Flew on STS-109.

Cumulative days of space flight are more than 10.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 14 hours.
CURRENT U.S. ASTRONAUTS

21

MASTRACCHIO, Richard A., Civilian

Mission Specialist.

Born February 11, 1960, in Waterbury, Connecticut.

Bachelor of Science in electrical engineering and computer science from the University of

Connecticut, a Master of Science in electrical engineering from the Rensselaer

Polytechnic Institute and a Master of Science in physical sciences from the University

of Houston-Clear Lake.

Flew on STS-106.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 283.

McARTHUR, K. Megan, Civilian

Mission Specialist.

Born August 30, 1971, in Honolulu, Hawaii. Hometown, California.

Bachelor of Science in aerospace engineering from the University of California-Los

Angeles; Doctor of Philosophy in oceanography from the University of California-San

Diego.

McARTHUR, William S., Jr., Colonel, U.S. Army (Retired)

Mission Specialist.

Born July 26, 1951, in Laurinburg, North Carolina. Hometown, Wakulla, North Carolina.

Bachelor of Science in applied science and engineering from the U.S. Military Academy;

Master of Science in aerospace engineering from the Georgia Institute of Technology.

Flew on STS-58, STS-74 and STS-92.

Cumulative days of space flight are more than 35.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 13 hours.

MELROY, Pamela A., Colonel, U.S. Air Force

Pilot.

Born September 17, 1961, in Palo Alto, California. Hometown, Rochester, New York.

Bachelor of Science in physics and astronomy from Wellesley College; Master of Science

in earth and planetary sciences from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Flew on STS-92 and STS-112.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 562.

MELVIN, Leland D., Civilian

Mission Specialist.

Born February 15, 1964, in Lynchburg, Virginia.

Bachelor of Science in chemistry from the University of Richmond; Master of Science in

materials science engineering from the University of Virginia.

MORGAN, Barbara R., Civilian

Mission Specialist.

Born November 28, 1951, in Fresno, California. Hometowns, Fresno California and

McCall, Idaho.

Bachelor of Arts in human biology from Stanford University; teaching credentials from the

College of Notre Dame in Belmont, California.

NORIEGA, Carlos I., Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Marine Corps (Retired)

Mission Specialist.

Born October 8, 1959, in Lima, Peru. Hometown, Santa Clara, California.

Bachelor of Science in computer science from the University of Southern California; Master

of Science in computer science from the Naval Postgraduate School; Master of

Science in space systems operations from the Naval Postgraduate School.

Flew on STS-84 and STS-97.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 461.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 19 hours.
CURRENT U.S. ASTRONAUTS

22

NOWAK, Lisa M., Commander, U.S. Navy

Mission Specialist.

Born May 10, 1963, in Washington, D. C. Hometown, Rockville, Maryland.

Bachelor of Science in aerospace engineering from the U.S. Naval Academy and a Master

of Science in aeronautical engineering and a degree of aeronautical and astronautical

engineer from the U.S. Naval Postgraduate School.

NYBERG, Karen L., Civilian

Mission Specialist.

Born October 7, 1969, in Parkers Prairie, Minnesota. Hometown, Vining, Minnesota.

Bachelor of Science in mechanical engineering from the University of North Dakota; Master

of Science and Doctor of Philosophy in mechanical engineering from the University of

Texas.

OEFELEIN, William A., Commander, U.S. Navy

Pilot.

Born March 29, 1965, in Ft. Belvoir, Virginia. Hometown, Anchorage, Alaska.

Bachelor of Science in electrical engineering from Oregon State University; Master of

Science in aviation systems from the University of Tennessee Space Institute.

OLIVAS, John D., Civilian

Mission Specialist.

Born May 25, 1966, in North Hollywood, California. Hometown, El Paso, Texas.

Bachelor of Science in mechanical engineering from the University of Texas-El Paso;

Master of Science in mechanical engineering from the University of Houston; Doctor of

Philosophy in mechanical engineering & materials science from Rice University.

PARAZYNSKI, Scott E., Civilian

Mission Specialist.

Born July 28, 1961, in Little Rock, Arkansas. Hometowns, Palo Alto, California, and

Evergreen, Colorado.

Bachelor of Science in biology and Doctor of Medicine from Stanford University.

Flew on STS-66, STS-86, STS-95 and STS-100.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 1,019.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 19 hours.

PATRICK, Nicholas J.M., Civilian

Mission Specialist.

Born March 22, 1964, in Saltburn, North Yorkshire, United Kingdom. Hometowns, London,

England and Rye, New York.

Bachelor and Master of Arts in engineering from the University of Cambridge, England;

Master of Science and Doctor of Philosophy in mechanical engineering from the

Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

PETTIT, Donald R., Civilian

Mission Specialist.

Born April 20, 1955, in Silverton, Oregon.

Bachelor of Science in chemical engineering from Oregon State University and a Doctor in

chemical engineering from the University of Arizona.

Flew on STS-113(up)/Exp 6.

Cumulative days of space flight are more than 161.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 13 hours.

PHILLIPS, John L., Civilian, U.S. Naval Reserve

Mission Specialist.

Born April 15, 1951, in Fort Belvoir, Virginia. Hometown, Scottsdale, Arizona.

Bachelor of Science in mathematics and Russian from the U.S. Naval Academy; a Master

of Science in aeronautical systems from the University of West Florida; and a Master

of Science in geophysics and space physics, and a Doctor in geophysics and space

physics from the University of California-Los Angeles.

Flew on STS-100.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 283.
CURRENT U.S. ASTRONAUTS

23

POINDEXTER, Alan G., Commander, U.S. Navy

Pilot.

Born November 5, 1961, in Pasadena, California. Hometown, Rockville, Maryland.

Bachelor of aerospace engineering from the Georgia Institute of Technology; Master of

Science in aeronautical engineering from the Naval Postgraduate School.

POLANSKY, Mark L., Civilian

Pilot.

Born June 2, 1956, in Paterson, New Jersey. Hometown, Edison, New Jersey.

Bachelor of Science in aeronautical and astronautical engineering and a Master of Science

in aeronautics and astronautics from Purdue University.

Flew on STS-98.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 309.

REILLY, James F., Civilian, U.S. Naval Reserve

Mission Specialist.

Born March 18, 1954, Mountain Home Air Force Base, Idaho. Hometown, Mesquite,

Texas.

Bachelor of Science, Master of Science and Doctor of Philosophy in geosciences from the

University of Texas-Dallas.

Flew on STS-89 and STS-104.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 517.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 16 hours.

REISMAN, Garrett E., Civilian

Mission Specialist.

Born February 10, 1968, in Morristown, New Jersey. Hometown, Parsippany, New

Jersey.

Bachelor of Science in economics and in mechanical engineering from the University of

Pennsylvania; Master of Science and Doctor of Philosophy in mechanical engineering

from the California Institute of Technology.

ROBINSON, Stephen K., Civilian

Mission Specialist.

Born October 26, 1955, in Sacramento, California.

Bachelor of Science in mechanical/aeronautical engineering from the University of

California, Davis; Master of Science in mechanical engineering from Stanford

University; Doctor of Philosophy in mechanical engineering and Aeronautic/Astronautic

engineering from Stanford University.

Flew on STS-85 and STS-95.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 497.

SELLERS, Piers J., Civilian

Mission Specialist.

Born April 11, 1955, in Crowborough, Sussex, United Kingdom.

Bachelor of Science in ecological science from the University of Edinburgh (Scotland), and

Doctor of Philosophy in biometeorology from Leeds University (United Kingdom).

Flew on STS-112.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 252.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 19 hours.

STEFANYSHYN-PIPER, Heidemarie M., Commander, U.S. Navy

Mission Specialist.

Born February 7, 1963, in St. Paul, Minnesota.

Bachelor and a Master of Science in mechanical engineering from the Massachusetts

Institute of Technology.

STOTT, Nicole P., Civilian

Mission Specialist.

Born November 19, 1962, in Albany, New York. Hometown, Clearwater, Florida.

Bachelor of Science in aeronautical engineering from Emery Riddle Aeronautical University;

Master of Science in engineering management from the University of Central Florida.
CURRENT U.S. ASTRONAUTS

24

STURCKOW, Frederick W., Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Marine Corps

Pilot.

Born August 11, 1961, in La Mesa, California. Hometown, Lakeside, California.

Bachelor of Science in mechanical engineering from California Polytechnic State University.

Flew on STS-88 and STS-105.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 568.

SWANSON, Steven R., Civilian

Mission Specialist.

Born December 3, 1960, in Syracuse, New York. Hometown, Steamboat Springs,

Colorado.

Bachelor of Science in engineering physics from the University of Colorado-Boulder,

Master of Applied Science in computer systems from Florida Atlantic University; Doctor

of Philosophy in computer science from Texas A&M University.

TANI, Daniel M., Civilian

Mission Specialist.

Born February 1, 1961, in Ridley Park, Pennsylvania. Hometown, Lombard, Illinois.

Bachelor and Master of Science in mechanical engineering from the Massachusetts

Institute of Technology.

Flew on STS-108.

Cumulative days of space flight are more than 11.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 4 hours.

TANNER, Joseph R., Civilian

Mission Specialist.

Born January 21, 1950, in Danville, Illinois.

Bachelor of Science in mechanical engineering from the University of Illinois.

Flew on STS-66, STS-82 and STS-97.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 762.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 33 hours.

THOMAS, Andrew S. W., Civilian

Mission Specialist.

Born December 18, 1951, in Adelaide, Australia.

Bachelor of engineering and Doctor of Philosophy in mechanical engineering from the

University of Adelaide (South Australia).

Flew on STS-77, STS-89/Mir, Mir/STS-91 and STS-102.

Cumulative days of space flight are more than 163.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 6 hours.

VIRTS, Terry W., Jr., Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Air Force

Pilot.

Born December 1967, in Baltimore, Maryland.

Bachelor of Science in mathematics from the U.S. Air Force Academy; Master of

Aeronautical Science in aeronautics from Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University.

WALHEIM, Rex J., Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Air Force

Mission Specialist.

Born October 10, 1962, in Redwood City, California. Hometown, San Carlos, California.

Bachelor of Science in mechanical engineering from the University of California-Berkeley

and Master of Science in industrial engineering from the University of Houston.

Flew on STS-110.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 259.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 14 hours.

WHEELOCK, Douglas H., Lieutenant Commander, U.S. Army

Mission Specialist.

Born May 5, 1960, in Binghamton, New York. Hometown, Windsor, New York.

Bachelor of Science in applied science from the U.S. Military Academy; Master of Science

in aerospace engineering from the Georgia Institute of Technology.
CURRENT U.S. ASTRONAUTS

25

WILCUTT, Terrence W., Colonel, U.S. Marine Corps (Retired)

Pilot.

Born October 31, 1949, in Russellville, Kentucky. Hometown, Louisville, Kentucky.

Bachelor of Arts in math from Western Kentucky University.

Flew on STS-68, STS-79, STS-89, and STS-106.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 1,007.

WILLIAMS, Jeffrey N., Colonel, U.S. Army

Mission Specialist.

Born January 18, 1958, in Superior, Wisconsin. Hometown, Winter, Wisconsin.

Bachelor of Science in applied sciences/engineering from the U.S. Military Academy;

Master of Science in aeronautical engineering and degree of aeronautical engineer from

the U.S. Naval Postgraduate School; Master of Arts degree in National security and

strategic studies from the U.S. Naval War College.

Flew on STS-101.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 236.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 6 hours.

WILLIAMS, Sunita L., Commander, U.S. Navy

Mission Specialist.

Born September 19, 1965, in Euclid, Ohio. Hometown, Needham, Massachusetts.

Bachelor of Science in physical science from the U.S. Naval Academy; Master of Science

in engineering management from the Florida institute of Technology.

WILMORE, Barry E., Commander, U.S. Navy

Pilot.

Born December 29, 1962, in Murfreesboro, Tennessee.

Bachelor and Master of Science in electrical engineering from Tennessee Technical

University; Master of Science from the University of Tennessee-Knoxville.

WILSON, Stephanie D., Civilian

Mission Specialist.

Born September 27, 1966, in Boston, Massachusetts. Hometown, Pittsfield,

Massachusetts.

Bachelor of Science in engineering science from Harvard University and a Master of

Science in aerospace engineering from the University of Texas.

WOLF, David A., Civilian

Mission Specialist.

Born August 23, 1956, in Indianapolis, Indiana.

Bachelor of Science in electrical engineering from Purdue University; Doctor of Medicine

from Indiana University.

Flew on STS-58, STS-86/Mir, Mir/STS-89 and STS-112.

Cumulative days of space flight are more than 143.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 23 hours.

WOODWARD, Neil W., III, Commander, U.S. Navy

Mission Specialist.

Born July 26, 1962, in Chicago, Illinois.

Bachelor of Science in physics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Master of

Arts in physics from the University of Texas-Austin and a Masters in Engineering

Management, The George Washington University, Washington D.C.

ZAMKA, George D., Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Marine Corps

Pilot.

Born June 29, 1962, in Jersey City, New Jersey. Hometown, Rochester, Michigan.

Bachelor of Science in mathematics from the U.S. Naval Academy; Master of Science in

engineering management from the Florida Institute of Technology.
INTERNATIONAL ASTRONAUTS CURRENTLY IN THE U.S. SPACE

PROGRAM

26

DOI, Takao, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency

Mission Specialist.

Born September 18, 1954 in Tokyo, Japan.

Bachelor and Master of Engineering from the University of Tokyo; Doctor of Philosophy in

aerospace engineering from the University of Tokyo.

Flew on STS-87.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 376.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 12 hours.

EYHARTS, Léopold, European Space Agency

Mission Specialist.

Born April 28, 1957, in Biarritz, France.

Graduated as engineer from the Salon de Provence Air Force Academy.

FUGLESANG, Christer, European Space Agency

Mission Specialist.

Born March 18, 1957, in Stockholm, Sweden.

Master of Science in engineering physics from the Royal Institute of Technology (KTH),

Stockholm, Sweden; Doctor of Philosophy in experimental particle physics from the

University of Stockholm.

FURUKAWA, Satoshi, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency

Mission Specialist Candidate.

Born 1964 in Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan.

Doctorate in Medicine, and Ph.D. in medical science from the University of Tokyo, Japan.

HADFIELD, Chris A., Canadian Space Agency, Colonel, Canadian Air Force

Mission Specialist.

Born August 29, 1959, in Sarnia, Ontario, Canada.

Bachelor degree in mechanical engineering, Royal Military College, Kingston, Ontario,

Canada; post-graduate research at University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada; Master

of Science in aviation systems, University of Tennessee.

Flew on STS-74 and STS-100.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 481.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 14 hours.

HOSHIDE, Akihko Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency

Mission Specialist Candidate.

Born 1968 in Tokyo, Japan.

Bachelor of Science in mechanical engineering from Keio University and Master of Science

in aerospace engineering from University of Houston Cullen College of engineering.

MACLEAN, Steve, Canadian Space Agency

Mission Specialist.

Born December 14, 1954, in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.

Bachelor of Science in honors physics, and Doctor of Philosophy in physics from York

University, Toronto, Canada.

Flew as a payload specialist on STS-52.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 236.

NESPOLI, Paolo, European Space Agency

Mission Specialist.

Born April 6, 1957, in Milan, Italy. Hometown, Verano Brianza, Milan, Italy.

Bachelor of Science in aerospace engineering and Master of Science in aeronautics and

astronautics from the Polytechnic University of New York. Laurea in Ingegneria

Meccanica, Universita degli Studi di Firenze.
INTERNATIONAL ASTRONAUTS CURRENTLY IN THE U.S. SPACE

PROGRAM

27

NICOLLIER, Claude, European Space Agency

Mission Specialist.

Born September 2, 1944, in Vevey, Switzerland.

Bachelor of Science in physics from the University of Lausanne, Switzerland; Master of

Science in astrophysics from University of Geneva.

Flew on STS-46, STS-61, STS-75 and STS-103.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 1,000.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 8 hours.

NOGUCHI, Soichi, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency

Mission Specialist.

Born April 15, 1965, in Yokohama, Japan. Hometown, Chigasaki, Kanagawa, Japan.

Bachelor and Master of aeronautical engineering from the University of Tokyo, Japan.

PAYETTE, Julie, Canadian Space Agency

Mission Specialist.

Born October 20, 1963 in Montreal, Quebec, Canada.

International baccalaureate, United World International College of the Atlantic, South

Wales, UK; Bachelor of electrical engineering from McGill University, Masters of

Applied Science in computer engineering from the University of Toronto.

Flew on STS-96.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 235.

PONTES, Marcos, Brazilian Space Agency, Major, Brazil Air Force

Mission Specialist.

Born March 11, 1963 in Bauru, Brazil.

Bachelor of Science degree in aeronautical engineering from the Instituto Technologico de

Aeronautica University, and Master of Science in systems engineering from the Navy

Post Graduate School in Monterey, California.

SCHLEGEL, Hans, European Space Agency

Mission Specialist.

Born August 3, 1951, in Überlingen, Germany. Hometown, Aachen, Germany.

Masters degree in Physics from Aachen University.

Flew as a payload specialist on STS-55.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 222.

THIRSK, Robert B., Canadian Space Agency

Mission Specialist.

Born August 17, 1953, in New Westminister, British Columbia.

Received a Bachelor of Science degree in mechanical engineering from the University of

Calgary, a Master of Science degree in mechanical engineering from the

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 1978, a Doctorate Of Medicine from

McGill University, and a Master of Business Administration from the MIT Sloan School

of Management.

Flew on STS-78.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 405.

VITTORI, Roberto, European Space Agency

Mission Specialist.

Born October 15, 1964, in Viterbo, Italy.

Graduate of the Italian Air force Academy. Currently attending the IV year of a Physics

degree at the University of Perugia.

WAKATA, Koichi, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency

Mission Specialist.

Born August 1, 1963, in Omiya, Saitama, Japan.

Bachelor of Science in aeronautical engineering and Master of Science in applied

mechanics and Doctor of Philosophy in aerospace engineering from Kyushu

University.

Flew on STS-72 and STS-92.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 523.
INTERNATIONAL ASTRONAUTS CURRENTLY IN THE U.S. SPACE

PROGRAM

28

WILLIAMS, Dafydd (Dave) Rhys, Canadian Space Agency

Mission Specialist.

Born May 16, 1954 in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.

Bachelor of Science in biology, Master of Science in physiology, Doctor of Medicine and

Master of Surgery from McGill University, Montreal.

Flew on STS-90.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 381.

YAMAZAKI, Naoko, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency

Mission Specialist Candidate.

Born in 1970 in Matsudo, Chiba Prefecture, Japan.

Bachelor and Master of Science in aerospace engineering from the University of Tokyo,

Japan.
RUSSIAN COSMONAUTS CURRENTLY IN THE U.S SPACE PROGRAM

(Trained by the Russian Space Agency)

Flight times include non-U.S. flight information from Cosmonaut bio sheets

29

BUDARIN, Nikolai, Russian Space Agency

Born April 29, 1953, at Kirya Settlement, Chuvashia, Russia.

Graduated from the S. Ordzhonikidze Moscow Aviation Institute with a mechanical

engineering diploma.

Flew on STS-71 (Mir crew upload.) and STS-113.

Cumulative days of space flight are more than 161.

DEZHUROV, Vladimir, Russian Space Agency

Born June 30, 1962, at Yavas Settlement, Zubovo-Polyansk district, Mordovia, Russia.

Graduated from the S.I. Gritsevis Khalikov Higher Military Aviation School with a flightengineering diploma.

Flew on STS-71 (Mir crew download.) and STS-105(up)/Exp 3/STS-108(down).

Cumulative days of space flight are more than 232.

GIDZENKO, Yuri, Russian Space Agency

Born March 26, 1962, in Elanets, Elanetsky district, Nikolayev region.

Graduated from Kharkov Military Aviation College of Pilots and from Moscow State

University of land surveying and cartography.

Flew on Exp 1/STS-102(down).

Cumulative days of U.S. space flight are more than 320.

KORZUN, Valery, Russian Space Agency

Born March 5, 1953, in Krasny Sulin.

Graduate of the Kachin Military Aviation College; Commander Department of the Gagarin

Air Force Academy.

Flew on STS-111(up)/Exp 5/STS-113(down).

Cumulative days of U.S. space flight are more than 381.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 9 hours.

KALERI, Alexander, Russian Space Agency

Born May 13, 1956, in Yurmala, Latvia.

Graduate of the Moscow Institute of Mechanical Physics.

Flew on Exp 8.

Cumulative days of space flight are more than 610.

Flight time includes 5 EVAs.

KRIKALEV, Sergei, Russian Space Agency

Born August 27, 1958, in Leningrad (St. Peterburg,) Russia.

Received a mechanical engineering degree from the Leningrad (St. Peterburg) Mechanical

Institute.

Flew on STS-60, STS-88 and Exp 1/STS-102(down).

Cumulative space flight time is more than 1 year, 5 months and 10 days.

Flight time includes 7 EVAs.

LONCHAKOV, Yuri, Russian Space Agency

Born March 4, 1965, in Balkhash, Dzhezkazkansk Region.

Graduated from Oresburg Air Force Pilot School as a pilot-engineer and Zhukovski Air

Force Academy as pilot-engineer-researcher.

Flew on STS-100.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 283.

MALENCHENKO, Yuri, Russian Space Agency

Born December 22, 1961, in Svetlovodsk, Kirovograd region, Ukraine.

Graduated from S.I. Gritsevets Kharkov Higher Military Aviation School with a pilotengineer's diploma; graduated from the Zhukovsky Air Force Engineering Academy.

Flew on STS-106 and Exp 7.

Cumulative days of space flight are more than 321.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 18 hours.
RUSSIAN COSMONAUTS CURRENTLY IN THE U.S SPACE PROGRAM

(Trained by the Russian Space Agency)

Flight times include non-U.S. flight information from Cosmonaut bio sheets

30

MORUKOV, Boris, Russian Space Agency

Born October 1, 1950, in Moscow, Russia.

Doctor of Medicine from the 2nd Moscow Medical Institute (now Moscow Medical

University;) Doctor of Philosophy in space, aviation and naval medicine from the

Institute for Biomedical Problems.

Flew on STS-106.

Cumulative days of space flight are more than 11.

ONUFRIENKO, Yuri, Russian Space Agency

Born February 6, 1961, in Ryasnoe, Zolochev district, Kharkov region, Ukraine.

Graduated from the V.M. Komarov Eisk Higher Military Aviation School for Pilots with a

pilot-engineer's diploma; graduated from Moscow State University with a degree in

cartography.

Flew on STS-108(up)/Exp 4/STS-111(down).

Cumulative days of space flight are more than 388.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 12 hours.

PADALKA, Gennady, Russian Space Agency

Born June 21, 1958, in Krasnodar, Russia.

Graduated from Eisk Military Aviation College in 1979; in 1994 he left UNESCO

International Center of Instruction Systems, where he was an engineer–ecologist.

POLESCHUK, Alexander, Russian Space Agency

Born October 30, 1953, in Cheremkhovo, Irkutsk region, Russia.

Graduated from S. Ordzhonikidze Moscow Aviation Institute with a mechanical

engineering diploma.

RYUMIN, Valery, Russian Space Agency

Born August 16, 1939, in the city of Komsomolsk-on-Amur in the Russian Far East.

Graduated from the Kaliningrad Mechanical Engineering Technical College with the

specialty "Cold Working of Metal;" graduated from the Department of Electronics and

Computing Technology of the Moscow Forestry Engineering Institute with the

specialty "Spacecraft Control Systems."

Flew on STS-91.

Cumulative days of space flight are more than 371.

SHARIPOV, Salizhan, Russian Space Agency

Born August 24, 1964, in Uzgen, Oshsk region, Kirghizia.

Graduated from the Air Force Pilot School; graduated from Moscow State University with a

degree in cartography.

Flew on STS-89.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 211.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 5 hours.

SOLOVYEV, Anatoly, Russian Space Agency

Born January 16, 1948, in Riga.

Graduated from the Lenin Komsomol Chernigov Higher Military Aviation School.

Flew on STS-71 (Mir crew upload.)

Cumulative days of space flight are more than 188.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 5 hours.

STREKALOV, Gennady, Russian Space Agency

Born October 26, 1940, in the Mytishohi Moscow region, Russia.

Graduated from N.E. Bauman Moscow Higher Technical School with an engineer's

diploma.

Flew on STS-71 (Mir crew download.)

Cumulative days of space flight are more than 153.
RUSSIAN COSMONAUTS CURRENTLY IN THE U.S SPACE PROGRAM

(Trained by the Russian Space Agency)

Flight times include non-U.S. flight information from Cosmonaut bio sheets

31

TITOV, Vladimir, Russian Space Agency

Born January 1, 1947, in Sretensk, in the Chita Region of Russia.

Graduated from the Higher Air Force College in Chernigov in the Ukraine, and the Yuri

Gagarin Air Force Academy.

Flew on STS-63 and STS-86.

Cumulative days of U.S. space flight are more than 387.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 18 hours.

TOKAREV, Valery, Russian Space Agency

Born October 29, 1952, at the town of Kap-Yar, Astrakhan region, Russia.

Master's degree in state administration from the National Economy Academy affiliated with

the Russian Federation Government in Moscow.

Flew on STS-96.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 235.

TRESCHEV, Sergei, Russian Space Agency

Born August 18, 1958 in Volynsky District, Lipetsk Region (Russia).

Graduated from the Moscow Energy Institute.

Flew on STS-111(up)/Exp 5/STS-113(down).

Cumulative days of U.S. space flight are more than 184.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 5 hours.

TYURIN, Mikhail, Russian Space Agency

Born March 2, 1960, in Kolomna, Russia.

Graduated from the Moscow Aviation Institute with a degree in engineering and a

specialization in creating mathematical models related to mechanical flight. He is

currently doing graduate work in his field of research.

Flew on STS-105(up)/Exp 3/STS-108(down).

Cumulative days of space flight are more than 129.

USACHEV, Yury, Russian Space Agency

Born October 9, 1957, in Donetsk, Rostov on Don Region, Russia.

Graduated from the Moscow Aviation Institute with an engineering diploma.

Flew on STS-101 and STS-102(up)/Exp 2/STS-105(down).

Cumulative days of space flight are more than 670.

Space flights include 6 EVAs.

YURCHIKHIN, Fyodor, Russian Space Agency

Born January 3, 1959, in Batumi, Autonomous Republic of Ajara in Georgia (Russia).

Attended the Moscow Aviation Institute named after Sergey Ordzhonikidze and is

qualified as a mechanical engineer, specializing in airspace vehicles. Received a PhD

in economics from the Moscow Service State University. Flew on STS-112.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 259.
U.S. ASTRONAUTS IN NASA MANAGEMENT POSITIONS

32

ASHBY, Jeffrey S., Captain, U.S. Navy (Retired)

Born 1954, in Dallas, Texas. Hometown, Evergreen, Colorado.

Bachelor of Science in mechanical engineering from University of Idaho; Master of Science

in aviation systems from University of Tennessee, Knoxville. Graduate of the Naval

Test Pilot School, and the Naval Fighter Weapons School (Top Gun). Flew on STS-93, STS-100 and STS-112.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 660.

BAKER, Ellen S., Civilian

Born April 27, 1953, in Fayetteville, North Carolina. Hometown, New York, New York.

Bachelor of Arts in geology from State University of New York at Buffalo; Masters in public

health from the University of Texas School of Public Health. Doctor of Medicine from

Cornell University.

Flew on STS-34, STS-50 and STS-71.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 686.

BAKER, Michael A., Captain, U.S. Navy (Retired)

Born October 27, 1953, in Memphis, Tennessee. Hometown, Lemoore, California.

Bachelor of Science in aerospace engineering from the University of Texas.

Flew on STS-43, STS-52, STS-68 and STS-81.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 965.

BOWERSOX, Kenneth D., Captain, U.S. Navy

Born November 14, 1956, in Portsmouth, Virginia. Hometown, Bedford, Indiana.

Bachelor of Science in aerospace engineering from the U.S. Naval Academy; Master of

Science in mechanical engineering from Columbia University.

Flew on STS-50, STS-61, STS-73, STS-82 and STS-113/Exp 6.

Cumulative days of space flight are more than 211.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 13 hours.

BRAND, Vance D., Civilian

Born May 9, 1931, in Longmont, Colorado.

Bachelor of Science in business and aeronautical engineering from the University of

Colorado; Master of Science in business administration from the University of

California at Los Angeles.

Flew on Apollo-Soyuz Test Project, STS-5, STS 41-B, and STS-35.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 746.

BRIDGES, Roy D., Jr., Major General, U.S. Air Force (Retired)

Born July 19, 1943, in Atlanta, Georgia.

Bachelor of Science in engineering science from the U.S. Air Force Academy; Master of

Science in astronautics from Purdue University.

Flew on STS 51-F.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 190.

BURSCH, Daniel W., Captain, U.S. Navy

Born July 25, 1957, in Bristol, Pennsylvania. Hometown, Vestal, New York.

Bachelor of Science in physics from the U.S. Naval Academy; Master of Science in

engineering science from the Naval Postgraduate School.

Flew on STS-51, STS-68, STS-77, STS-108(up)/Exp 4/STS-111(down).

Cumulative days of space flight are more than 227.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 11 hours.

CABANA, Robert D., Colonel, U.S. Marine Corps (Retired)

Born January 23, 1949, in Minneapolis, Minnesota.

Bachelor of Science in mathematics from the U.S. Naval Academy.

Flew on STS-41, STS-53, STS-65 and STS-88.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 1,010.
U.S. ASTRONAUTS IN NASA MANAGEMENT POSITIONS

33

CAMERON, Kenneth D., Colonel, U.S. Marine Corps (Retired)

Born November 29, 1949, in Cleveland, Ohio.

Bachelor and Master of Science in aeronautics and astronautics from the Massachusetts

Institute of Technology.

Flew on STS-37, STS-56 and STS-74.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 561.

CASPER, John H., Colonel, U.S. Air Force (Retired)

Born July 9, 1943, in Greenville, South Carolina. Hometown, Gainesville, Georgia.

Bachelor of Science in engineering science from the U.S. Air Force Academy; Master of

Science in astronautics from Purdue University. Graduate of the Air Force Air War

College. Flew on STS-36, STS-54, STS-62 and STS-77.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 825.

CHANG-DIAZ, Franklin R., Civilian

Born April 5, 1950, in San Jose, Costa Rica.

Bachelor of Science in mechanical engineering from the University of Connecticut; Doctor of

Philosophy in applied plasma physics from the Massachusetts Institute of

Technology.

Flew on STS 61-C, STS-34, STS-46, STS-60, STS-75, STS-91 and STS-111.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 1,601.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 19 hours.

CLEAVE, Mary L., Civilian

Born February 5, 1947, in Southampton, New York.

Bachelor of Science in biological sciences from Colorado State University; Master of

Science in microbial ecology and Doctor of Philosophy in civil and environmental

engineering from Utah State University.

Flew on STS 61-B and STS-30.

Cumulative days of space flight are more than 10.

COCKRELL, Kenneth D., Civilian, U.S. Naval Reserve (Retired)

Born April 9, 1950, in Austin, Texas. Hometown, Rockdale, Texas.

Bachelor of Science in mechanical engineering from the University of Texas; Master of

Science in aeronautical systems from the University of West Florida.

Flew on STS-56, STS-69, STS-80, STS-98 and STS-111.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 1,560.

CURRIE, Nancy J. (Sherlock), Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Army

Born December 29, 1958, in Wilmington, Delaware. Hometown, Troy, Ohio.

Bachelor of Arts in biological science from Ohio State; Master of Science in safety

engineering from the University of Southern California; Doctor of Philosophy in

industrial engineering from the University of Houston.

Flew on STS-57, STS-70, STS-88 and STS-109.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 999.

DAVIS, N. Jan, Civilian

Born November 1, 1953, in Cocoa Beach, Florida. Hometown, Huntsville, Alabama.

Bachelor of Science in applied biology from the Georgia Institute of Technology; Bachelor

of Science in mechanical engineering from Auburn University; Master of Science and

Doctor of Philosophy in mechanical engineering from the University of Alabama in

Huntsville.

Flew on STS-47, STS-60 and STS-85.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 673.
U.S. ASTRONAUTS IN NASA MANAGEMENT POSITIONS

34

DUNBAR, Bonnie J., Civilian

Born March 3, 1949, in Sunnyside, Washington.

Bachelor and Master of Science in ceramic engineering from University of Washington;

Doctor of Philosophy in mechanical/biomedical engineering from the University of

Houston.

Flew on STS 61-A, STS-32, STS-50, STS-71 and STS-89.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 1,208.

FULLERTON, Charles G., Colonel, U.S. Air Force (Retired)

Born October 11, 1936, in Rochester, New York.

Bachelor and Master of Science in mechanical engineering from the California Institute of

Technology.

Flew Space Shuttle approach and landing tests 1, 3 and 5; STS-3 and STS 51-F.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 382.

GODWIN, Linda M., Civilian

Born July 2, 1952, in Cape Girardeau, Missouri. Hometown, Jackson, Missouri.

Bachelor of Science in mathematics and physics from Southeast Missouri State; Master of

Science and Doctor of Philosophy in physics from the University of Missouri.

Flew on STS-37, STS-59, STS-76 and STS-108.

Cumulative days of space flight are more than 38.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 10 hours.

GREGORY, Frederick D., Colonel, U.S. Air Force (Retired)

Born January 7, 1941, in Washington, D.C.

Bachelor of Science from the U.S. Air Force Academy; Master of Science in information

systems from George Washington University.

Flew on STS 51-B, STS-33, and STS-44.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 455.

GRUNSFELD, John M., Civilian

Born October 10, 1958, in Chicago, Illinois.

Bachelor of Science in physics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Master of

Science and Doctor of Philosophy in physics from the University of Chicago.

Flew on STS-67, STS-81, STS-103 and STS-109.

Cumulative days of space flight are more than 45.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 37 hours.

HAWLEY, Steven A., Civilian

Born December 12, 1951, in Ottawa, Kansas. Hometown, Salina, Kansas.

Bachelor of Arts in physics and astronomy from the University of Kansas; Doctor of

Philosophy in astronomy and astrophysics from the University of California at Santa

Cruz.

Flew on STS 41-D, STS 61-C, STS-31, STS-82 and STS-93.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 770.

LEESTMA, David C., Captain, U.S. Navy (Retired)

Born May 6, 1949, in Muskegon, Michigan.

Bachelor of Science in aeronautical engineering from the U.S. Naval Academy; Master of

Science in aeronautical engineering from the U.S. Naval Postgraduate School.

Flew on STS 41-G, STS-28, and STS-45.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 532.

LOCKHART, Paul S., Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Air Force

Born April 28, 1956, in Amarillo, Texas.

Bachelor of Arts in mathematics from Texas Tech University and a Master of Science in

aerospace engineering from the University of Texas.

Flew on STS-111 and STS-113.

Cumulative days of space flight are more than 26.
U.S. ASTRONAUTS IN NASA MANAGEMENT POSITIONS

35

LOPEZ-ALEGRIA, Michael E., Captain, U.S. Navy

Born May 30, 1958, in Madrid, Spain. Hometowns, Madrid, Spain, and Mission Viejo,

California.

Bachelor of Science in systems engineering from the U.S. Naval Academy; Master of

Science in aeronautical engineering from the U.S. Naval Postgraduate School.

Graduate of Harvard University’s Kennedy School of Government Program for Senior

Executives in National and International Security. Flew on STS-73, STS-92 and STS-113.

Cumulative days of space flight are more than 42.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 33 hours.

LORIA, Christopher J., Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Marine Corps

Born July 9, 1960, in Newton, Massachusetts. Hometown, League City, Texas.

Bachelor of Science in general engineering from the U.S. Naval Academy; Master of

Science in aeronautical engineering from Florida Institute of Technology; NASA

Harvard Fellow.

LUCID, Shannon W., Civilian

Born January 14, 1943, in Shanghai, China. Hometown, Bethany, Oklahoma.

Bachelor of Science in chemistry; Master of Science and Doctor of Philosophy in

biochemistry from University of Oklahoma.

Flew on STS 51-G, STS-34, STS-43, STS-58, STS-76/Mir and Mir/STS-79.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 5,354.

MORIN, Lee M., Captain, U.S. Navy

Born September 9, 1952, in Manchester, New Hampshire.

Bachelor of Science in mathematical/electrical science from the University of New

Hampshire; Master of Science in biochemistry, Doctor of Medicine and microbiology

degrees from New York University, and Master of public health from the University of

Alabama at Birmingham.

Flew on STS-110.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 259.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 14 hours.

NAGEL, Steven R., Colonel, U.S. Air Force (Retired)

Born October 27, 1946, in Canton, Illinois.

Bachelor of Science in aeronautical and astronautical engineering from the University of

Illinois; Master of Science in mechanical engineering from California State University -

Fresno.

Flew on STS 51-G, STS 61-A, STS-37, and STS-55.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 723.

NEWMAN, James H., Civilian

Born October 16, 1956, in Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands. Hometown, San Diego,

California.

Bachelor of Arts in physics from Dartmouth College; Master of Arts and a Doctor of

Philosophy in physics from Rice University.

Flew on STS-51, STS-69, STS-88 and STS-109.

Cumulative days of space flight are more than 43.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 43 hours.

OCHOA, Ellen, Civilian

Born May 10, 1958, in Los Angeles, California. Hometown, La Mesa, California.

Bachelor of Science in physics from San Diego State University; Master of Science and

Doctor of Philosophy in electrical engineering from Stanford University.

Flew on STS-56, STS-66, STS-96 and STS-110.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 978.
U.S. ASTRONAUTS IN NASA MANAGEMENT POSITIONS

36

O'CONNOR, Bryan D., Colonel, U.S. Marine Corps (Retired)

Born September 6, 1946, in Orange, California.

Bachelor of Science in engineering from the U.S. Naval Academy; Master of Science in

aeronautical systems from West Florida University. Graduated from the Naval Safety

School at the Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, California and from the Naval Test

Pilot School, Naval Air Test Center, Patuxent River, Maryland. Flew on STS 61-B and STS-40.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 383.

PARKER, Robert A. R., Civilian

Born December 14, 1936, in New York City, New York.

Bachelor of Arts in astronomy and physics from Amherst College; Doctor of Philosophy in

astronomy from the California Institute of Technology.

Flew on STS-9 and STS-35.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 462.

PRECOURT, Charles J., Colonel, U.S. Air Force (Retired)

Born June 29, 1955, in Waltham, Massachusetts. Hometown, Hudson, Massachusetts.

Bachelor of Science in aeronautical engineering from the U.S. Air Force Academy; Master

of Science in engineering management from Golden Gate University; Master of Arts in

national security affairs and strategic studies from the United States Naval War

College.

Flew on STS-55, STS-71, STS-84 and STS-91.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 932.

READDY, William F., Civilian Captain, U.S. Naval Reserve (Retired)

Born January 24, 1952, in Quonset Point, Rhode Island. Hometown, McLean, Virginia.

Bachelor of Science in aerospace engineering from the U.S. Naval Academy.

Flew on STS-42, STS-51 and STS-79.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 672.

ROMINGER, Kent V., Captain, U.S. Navy

Born August 7, 1956, in Del Norte, Colorado.

Bachelor of Science in civil engineering from Colorado State University; Master of Science

in aeronautical engineering from the U.S. Naval Postgraduate School.

Flew on STS-73, STS-80, STS-85, STS-96 and STS-100.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 1,608.

ROSS, Jerry L., Colonel, U.S. Air Force (Retired)

Born January 20, 1948, in Crown Point, Indiana.

Bachelor and Master of Science in mechanical engineering from Purdue University.

Flew on STS 61-B, STS-27, STS-37, STS-55, STS-74, STS-88 and STS-110.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 1,393.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 58 hours.

RUNCO, Mario, Jr., Lieutenant Commander, U.S. Navy (Retired)

Born January 26, 1952, in Bronx, New York. Hometown, Bronx, New York.

Bachelor of Science in meteorology and physical oceanography from City College of New

York; Master of Science in meteorology from Rutgers University; Doctor of Philosophy

in earth science from the City College of New York.

Flew on STS-44, STS-54 and STS-77.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 551.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 4 hours.

SMITH, Steven L., Civilian

Born December 30, 1958, in Phoenix, Arizona. Hometown, San Jose, California.

Bachelor and Master of Science in electrical engineering and Masters in business

administration from Stanford University.

Flew on STS-68, STS-82, STS-103 and STS-110.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 959.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 49 hours.
U.S. ASTRONAUTS IN NASA MANAGEMENT POSITIONS

37

THOMAS, Donald A., Civilian

Born May 6, 1955, in Cleveland, Ohio.

Bachelor of Science in physics from Case Western Reserve University; Master of

Science and Doctor of Philosophy in materials science from Cornell University.

Flew on STS-65, STS-70, STS-83 and STS-94.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 1,040.

VOSS, Janice E., Civilian

Born October 8, 1956, in South Bend, Indiana. Hometown, Rockford, Illinois.

Bachelor of Science in engineering science from Purdue University; Master of Science in

electrical engineering and Doctor of Philosophy in aeronautics and astronautics from the

Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Flew on STS-57, STS-63, STS-83, STS-94 and STS-99.

Cumulative days of space flight are more than 49.

WALZ, Carl E., Colonel, U.S. Air Force

Born September 6, 1955, in Cleveland, Ohio.

Bachelor of Science in physics from Kent State University; Master of Science in solid-state

physics from John Carroll University.

Flew on STS-51, STS-65, STS-79 and STS-108(up)/Exp 4/STS-111(down).

Cumulative days of space flight are more than 231.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 18 hours.

WETHERBEE, James D., Captain, U.S. Navy (Retired)

Born November 27, 1952, in Flushing, New York. Hometown, Huntington Station, New

York.

Bachelor of Science in aerospace engineering from the University of Notre Dame.

Flew on STS-32, STS-52, STS-63, STS-86, STS-102 and STS-113.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 1,592.

WHITSON, Peggy A., Civilian

Born February 9, 1960, in Mt. Ayr, Iowa.

Bachelor of Science in biology/chemistry from Iowa Wesleyan College and Doctor of

Biochemistry from Rice University.

Flew on STS-111(up)/Exp 5/STS-113(down).

Cumulative days of space flight are more than 184.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 4 hours.

YOUNG, John W., Captain, U.S. Navy (Retired)

Born September 24, 1930, in San Francisco, California.

Bachelor of Science in aeronautical engineering from Georgia Institute of Technology.

Flew on Gemini 3, Gemini 10, Apollo 10, Apollo 16, STS-1 and STS-9.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 835.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 20 hours (on the moon.)
2004 U.S. ASTRONAUTS CANDIDATE CLASS

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ACABA, Joseph M., Civilian

Educator Mission Specialist.

Born May 17, 1967 in Inglewood, California.

Bachelor of Science in geology from the University of California-Santa Barbara.

ARNOLD, Richard R., II, Civilian

Educator Mission Specialist.

Born November 26, 1963 - Cheverly, Maryland.

Bachelor of Science in accounting from Frostburg State University; Master of Science in

marine, estuarine and environmental science from the University of Maryland.

BRESNIK, Randolph J., Major, USMC

Pilot.

Born September 11, 1967 in Fort Knox, Kentucky.

Bachelor of Science in mathematics from The Citadel; Master of Science in aviation

systems from the University of Tennessee-Knoxville.

CASSIDY, Christopher J., Lieutenant Commander, U.S. Navy

Mission Specialist.

Born January 4, 1970 in Salem, Massachusetts.

Bachelor of Science in mathematics from U.S. Naval Academy; Master of Science in

Ocean Engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

DUTTON, James P., Jr., Major, U.S. Air Force

Pilot.

Born November 20, 1968 in Eugene, Oregon.

Bachelor of Science in astronautical engineering from the U.S. Air Force Academy; Master

of Science in Aeronautics & Astronautics from the University of Washington.

HERNANDEZ, Jose M., Civilian

Mission Specialist.

Born August 7, 1962 in French Camp, California.

Bachelor of Science in electrical engineering from the University of the Pacific; Master of

Science in electrical & computer engineering from the University of California-Santa

Barbara.

KIMBROUGH, Robert S., Major, U.S. Army

Mission Specialist.

Born June 4, 1967 in Killeen, Texas.

Bachelor of Science in aerospace engineering from the U.S. Military Academy; Master of

Science in operations research from the Georgia Institute of Technology.

MARSHBURN, Thomas H., Major, U.S. Army

Mission Specialist.

Born August 29, 1960 in Statesville, North Carolina.

Bachelor of Science in physics, Davidson College; Masters of Science in engineering

physics from the University of Virginia; Master of Medical Science from the University

of Texas Medical Branch; Medical Doctor from Wake Forest University.

METCALF-LINDENBURGER, Dorothy M., Civilian

Educator Mission Specialist.

Born May 2, 1975 in Colorado Springs, Colorado.

Bachelor of Science in geology from Whitman College.

SATCHER, Robert L., Jr., Civilian

Mission Specialist.

Born September 22, 1965 in Hampton, Virginia.

Bachelor of Science in chemical engineering from Massachusetts Institute of Technology;

Doctorate in chemical engineering from Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Medical

Doctor from Harvard University.
2004 U.S. ASTRONAUTS CANDIDATE CLASS

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WALKER, Shannon, Civilian

Mission Specialist.

Born June 4, 1965 - Houston, Texas.

Bachelor of Arts in physics, Master of Science in space physics and a Doctorate in space

physics from Rice University.
FORMER U.S. ASTRONAUTS

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ADAMSON, James C., Colonel, U.S. Army (Retired)

Born March 3, 1946, in Warsaw, New York.

Bachelor of Science in engineering from the U.S. Military Academy; Master of Science in

aerospace engineering from Princeton University. Graduate of the U.S. Navy Test

Pilot School.

Flew on STS-28 and STS-43.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 334.

AKERS, Thomas D., Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Air Force (Retired)

Born May 20, 1951, in St. Louis, Missouri. Hometown, Eminence, Missouri.

Bachelor and Master of Science in applied mathematics from the University of MissouriRolla.

Flew on STS-41, STS-49, STS-61 and STS-79.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 814.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 29 hours.

ALDRIN, Buzz, Colonel, U.S. Air Force (Retired)

Born January 20, 1930, in Montclair, New Jersey.

Bachelor of Science in mechanical engineering from the U.S. Military Academy; Doctor of

Science in astronautics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Flew on Gemini 12 and Apollo 11.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 289.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 2 hours.

ALLEN, Andrew M., Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Marine Corps (Retired)

Born August 4, 1955, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Bachelor of Science in mechanical engineering from Villanova University.

Flew on STS-46, STS-62 and STS-75.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 904.

ALLEN, Joseph P., Civilian

Born June 27, 1937, in Crawfordsville, Indiana.

Bachelor of Arts in mathematics and physics from DePauw University; Master of Science

and Doctor of Philosophy in physics from Yale University.

Flew on STS-5 and STS 51-A.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 313.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 12 hours.

ANDERS, William A., Civilian Major General, U.S. Air Force Reserve (Retired)

Born October 17, 1933, in Hong Kong.

Bachelor of Science in nuclear engineering from the U.S. Naval Academy; Master of

Science in nuclear engineering from the Air Force Institute of Technology.

Flew on Apollo 8.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 147.

APT, Jerome, Civilian

Born April 28, 1949, in Springfield, Massachusetts. Hometown, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

Bachelor of Arts in physics from Harvard College; Doctor of Philosophy in physics from

the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Flew on STS-37, STS-47, STS-59 and STS-79.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 847.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 10 hours.

ARMSTRONG, Neil A., Civilian

Born August 5, 1930, in Wapakoneta, Ohio.

Bachelor of Science in aeronautical engineering from Purdue University; Master of Science

in aerospace engineering from the University of Southern California.

Flew on Gemini 8 and Apollo 11.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 205.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 2 hours.
FORMER U.S. ASTRONAUTS

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BAGIAN, James P., Civilian

Born February 22, 1952, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Bachelor of Science in mechanical engineering from Drexel University; Doctor of Medicine

from Thomas Jefferson University.

Flew on STS-29 and STS-40.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 337.

BEAN, Alan L., Captain, U.S. Navy (Retired)

Born March 15, 1932, in Wheeler, Texas.

Bachelor of Science in aeronautical engineering from the University of Texas.

Flew on Apollo 12 and Skylab 3.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 1,671.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 10 hours.

BLAHA, John E., Colonel, U.S. Air Force (Retired)

Born August 26, 1942, in San Antonio, Texas.

Bachelor of Science in engineering science from the U.S. Air Force Academy; Master of

Science in astronautical engineering from Purdue University.

Flew on STS-29, STS-33, STS-43, STS-58, STS-79/Mir and Mir/STS-81.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 3,864.

BLUFORD, Guion S., Jr., Colonel, U.S. Air Force (Retired)

Born November 22, 1942, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Bachelor of Science in aerospace engineering from Pennsylvania State University; Master

of Science and Doctor of Philosophy in aerospace engineering from the Air Force

Institute of Technology; Master of Business Administration from the University of

Houston-Clear Lake.

Flew on STS-8, STS 61-A, STS-39, and STS-53.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 688.

BOBKO, Karol J., Colonel, U.S. Air Force (Retired)

Born December 23, 1937, in New York, New York.

Bachelor of Science from the U.S. Air Force Academy; Master of Science in aerospace

engineering from the University of Southern California.

Flew on STS-6, STS 51-D, and STS-51-J.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 386.

BOLDEN, Charles F., Jr., Brigadier General, U.S. Marine Corps

Born August 19, 1946, in Columbia, South Carolina.

Bachelor of Science in electrical science from the U.S. Naval Academy; Master of Science

in systems management from the University of Southern California.

Flew on STS-61C, STS-31, STS-45, and STS-60.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 680.

BORMAN, Frank, Colonel, U.S. Air Force (Retired)

Born March 14, 1928, in Gary, Indiana.

Bachelor of Science from the U.S. Military Academy; Master of Science in aeronautical

engineering from the California Institute of Technology.

Flew on Gemini 7 and Apollo 8.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 477.

BRADY, Charles E., Jr., Captain, U.S. Navy

Born August 12, 1951, in Pinehurst, North Carolina. Hometown, Robbins, North Carolina.

Doctor of Medicine from Duke University.

Flew on STS-78.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 405.
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BRANDENSTEIN, Daniel C., Captain, U.S. Navy (Retired)

Born January 17, 1943, in Watertown, Wisconsin.

Bachelor of Science in mathematics and physics from the University of Wisconsin - River

Falls.

Flew on STS-8, STS 51-G, STS-32, and STS-49.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 788.

BROWN, Curtis L., Jr., Colonel, U.S. Air Force (Retired)

Born March 11, 1956, in Elizabethtown, North Carolina.

Bachelor of Science in electrical engineering from the U.S. Air Force Academy.

Flew on STS-47, STS-66, STS-77, STS-85, STS-95 and STS-103.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 1,381.

BROWN, Mark N., Colonel, U.S. Air Force (Retired)

Born November 18, 1951, in Valparaiso, Indiana.

Bachelor of Science in aeronautical and astronautical engineering from Purdue University;

Master of Science in astronautical engineering from the U.S. Air Force Institute of

Technology.

Flew on STS-28 and STS-48.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 249.

BUCHLI, James F., Colonel, U.S. Marine Corps (Retired)

Born June 20, 1945, in New Rockford, North Dakota. Hometown, Fargo, North Dakota.

Bachelor of Science in aeronautical engineering from the U.S. Naval Academy; Master of

Science in aeronautical engineering systems from the University of West Florida.

Flew on STS 51-C, STS 61-A, STS-29, and STS-48.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 490.

BULL, John S., Civilian

Born September 25, 1934, in Memphis, Tennessee.

Bachelor of Science in mechanical engineering from Rice University; Master of Science and

Doctor of Philosophy in aeronautical engineering from Stanford University.

CARPENTER, M. Scott, Commander, U.S. Navy (Retired)

Born May 1, 1925, in Boulder, Colorado.

Bachelor of Science in aeronautical engineering from the University of Colorado.

Flew on Mercury 7.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 4.

CARR, Gerald P., Colonel, U.S. Marine Corps (Retired)

Born August 22, 1932, in Denver, Colorado.

Bachelor of Science in mechanical engineering from the University of Southern California;

Bachelor of Science in aeronautical engineering from the U.S. Naval Postgraduate

School; Master of Science in aeronautical engineering from Princeton University;

honorary Doctor of Science in aeronautical engineering from Parks College, St. Louis

University.

Flew on Skylab 4.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 2,017.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 15 hours.

CERNAN, Eugene A., Captain, U.S. Navy (Retired)

Born March 14, 1934, in Chicago, Illinois.

Bachelor of Science in electrical engineering from Purdue University; Master of Science in

aeronautical engineering from the U.S. Navy Postgraduate School.

Flew on Gemini 9, Apollo 10, and Apollo 17.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 566.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 22 hours.
FORMER U.S. ASTRONAUTS

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CHAPMAN, Philip K., Civilian

Born March 5, 1935, in Melbourne, Australia.

Bachelor of Science in physics and mathematics from the University of Sydney; Master of

Science in aeronautics and astronautics and Doctor of Science in instrumentation from

the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

CHILTON, Kevin P., Brigadier General, U.S. Air Force

Born November 3, 1954, in Los Angeles, California.

Bachelor of Science in engineering sciences from the U.S. Air Force Academy; Master of

Science in mechanical engineering from Columbia University.

Flew on STS-49, STS-59 and STS-76.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 704.

CLIFFORD, Michael R., Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Army (Retired)

Born October 13, 1952, in San Bernardino, California. Hometown, Ogden, Utah.

Bachelor of Science from the U.S. Military Academy; Master of Science in aerospace

engineering from the Georgia Institute of Technology.

Flew on STS-53, STS-59 and STS-76.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 666.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 6 hours.

COATS, Michael L., Captain, U.S. Navy (Retired)

Born January 16, 1946, in Sacramento, California.

Bachelor of Science from the U.S. Naval Academy; Master of Science in administration of

science and technology from George Washington University; Master of Science in

aeronautical engineering from the U.S. Naval Postgraduate School.

Flew on STS 41-D, STS-29, and STS-39.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 463.

COLLINS, Michael, Civilian Major General, U.S. Air Force Reserve (Retired)

Born October 31, 1930, in Rome, Italy.

Bachelor of Science from the U.S. Military Academy.

Flew on Gemini 10 and Apollo 11.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 265.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 1 hour.

COOPER, L. Gordon, Jr., Colonel, U.S. Air Force (Retired)

Born March 6, 1927, in Shawnee, Oklahoma.

Bachelor of Science from the U.S. Air Force Institute of Technology; Doctor of Science in

aeronautical engineering from Oklahoma City University.

Flew on Mercury 9 and Gemini 5.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 225.

COVEY, Richard O., Colonel, U.S. Air Force (Retired)

Born August 1, 1946, in Fayetteville, Arkansas. Hometown, Fort Walton Beach, Florida.

Bachelor of Science in engineering sciences from the U.S. Air Force Academy; Master of

Science in aeronautics and astronautics from Purdue University.

Flew on STS 51-I, STS-26, STS-38, and STS-61.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 645.

CREIGHTON, John O., Captain, U.S. Navy (Retired)

Born April 28, 1943, in Orange, Texas.

Bachelor of Science from the U.S. Naval Academy; Master of Science in administration of

science and technology from George Washington University.

Flew on STS 51-G, STS-36, and STS-48.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 404.

CRIPPEN, Robert L., Captain, U.S. Navy (Retired)

Born September 11, 1937, in Beaumont, Texas.

Bachelor of Science in aerospace engineering from the University of Texas.

Flew on STS-1, STS-7, STS 41-C, and STS 41-G.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 565.
FORMER U.S. ASTRONAUTS

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CULBERTSON, Frank L., Jr., Captain, U.S. Navy (Retired)

Born May 15, 1949, in Charleston, South Carolina. Hometown, Holly Hill, South Carolina.

Bachelor of Science in aerospace engineering from the U.S. Naval Academy.

Flew on STS-38, STS-51 and STS-105(up)/Exp 3/STS-108(down).

Cumulative days of space flight are more than 146.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 5 hours.

CUNNINGHAM, Walter, Civilian Colonel, U.S. Marine Corps Reserve (Retired)

Born March 16, 1932, in Creston, Iowa.

Bachelor and Master of Arts in physics from the University of California - Los Angeles.

Advanced management program, Harvard Graduate School of Business.

Flew on Apollo 7.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 263.

DUFFY, Brian, Colonel, U.S. Air Force

Born June 20, 1953, in Boston, Massachusetts.

Bachelor of Science in mathematics from the U.S. Air Force Academy; Master of Science in

systems management from the University of Southern California.

Flew on STS-45, STS-57, STS-72 and STS-92.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 976.

DUKE, Charles M., Jr., Brigadier General, U.S. Air Force (Retired)

Born October 3, 1935, in Charlotte, North Carolina.

Bachelor of Science in naval sciences from the U.S. Naval Academy; Master of Science in

aeronautics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Flew on Apollo 16.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 265.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 20 hours.

EDWARDS, Joe F, Jr., Commander, U.S. Navy (Retired)

Born February 3, 1958, in Richmond, Virginia. Hometowns, Roanoke and Lineville,

Alabama.

Bachelor of Science in aerospace engineering from the United States Naval Academy;

Master of Science in aviation systems from the University of Tennessee, Knoxville.

Flew on STS-89.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 211.

ENGLAND, Anthony W., Civilian

Born May 15, 1942, in Indianapolis, Indiana.

Bachelor and Master of Science in earth sciences from the Massachusetts Institute of

Technology; Doctor of Philosophy in geophysics from the Massachusetts Institute of

Technology.

Flew on STS 51-F.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 190.

ENGLE, Joe H., Major General, Air National Guard/U.S. Air Force (Retired)

Born August 26, 1932, in Dickinson County, Kansas.

Bachelor of Science in aeronautical engineering from the University of Kansas.

Flew 16 flights in USAF/NASA X-15 - 3 flights into space; flew on Space Shuttle approach

and landing tests 2 and 4, STS-2, and STS 51-I.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 224.

FABIAN, John M., Colonel, U.S. Air Force (Retired)

Born January 28, 1939, in Goosecreek, Texas.

Bachelor of Science in mechanical engineering from Washington State University; Master

of Science in aerospace engineering from the U.S. Air Force Institute of Technology;

Doctor of Philosophy in aeronautics and astronautics from the University of

Washington.

Flew on STS-7 and STS 51-G.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 316.
FORMER U.S. ASTRONAUTS

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FISHER, William F., Civilian

Born April 1, 1946, in Dallas, Texas.

Bachelor of Arts from Stanford University; Master of Science in engineering from the

University of Houston; Doctor of Medicine from the University of Florida.

Flew on STS 51-I.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 170.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 11 hours.

GARDNER, Dale A., Captain, U.S. Navy (Retired)

Born November 8, 1948, in Fairmont, Minnesota.

Bachelor of Science in engineering physics from the University of Illinois.

Flew on STS-8 and STS 51-A.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 336.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 11 hours.

GARDNER, Guy S., Colonel, U.S. Air Force (Retired)

Born January 6, 1948, in Altavista, Virginia.

Bachelor of Science in engineering sciences, astronautics and mathematics from the U.S.

Air Force Academy; Master of Science in astronautics from Purdue University.

Flew on STS-27 and STS-35.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 320.

GARRIOTT, Owen K., Civilian

Born November 22, 1930, in Enid, Oklahoma.

Bachelor of Science in electrical engineering from the University of Oklahoma; Master of

Science and Doctor of Philosophy in electrical engineering from Stanford University.

Flew on Skylab 3 and STS-9.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 1,674.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 13 hours.

GEMAR, Charles D., Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Army

Born August 4, 1955, in Yankton, South Dakota. Hometown, Scotland, South Dakota.

Bachelor of Science in engineering from the U.S. Military Academy.

Flew on STS-38, STS-48 and STS-62.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 581.

GIBSON, Edward G., Civilian

Born November 8, 1936, in Buffalo, New York.

Bachelor of Science in engineering from the University of Rochester; Master of Science in

engineering from the California Institute of Technology; Doctor of Philosophy in

engineering and physics from the California Institute of Technology.

Flew on Skylab 4.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 2,017

Cumulative EVA time is more than 15 hours.

GIBSON, Robert L., Captain, U.S. Navy (Retired)

Born October 30, 1946, in Cooperstown, New York. Hometown, Lakewood, California.

Bachelor of Science in aeronautical engineering from California Polytechnic Institute.

Flew on STS 41-B, STS 61-C, STS-27, STS-47 and STS-71.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 868.

GLENN, John H., Jr., Colonel, U.S. Marine Corps (Retired)

Born July 18, 1921, in Cambridge, Ohio.

Bachelor of Science in engineering from Muskingum College.

Flew on Mercury 6, and STS-95.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 217.
FORMER U.S. ASTRONAUTS

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GORDON, Richard F., Jr., Captain, U.S. Navy (Retired)

Born October 5, 1929, in Seattle, Washington.

Bachelor of Science in chemistry from the University of Washington; honorary Doctor of

Science from Niagara University.

Flew on Gemini 11 and Apollo 12.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 315.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 1 hour.

GRABE, Ronald J., Colonel, U.S. Air Force (Retired)

Born June 13, 1945, in New York, New York.

Bachelor of Science in engineering science from the U.S. Air Force Academy.

Flew on STS 51-J, STS-30, STS-42, and STS-57.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 627.

GRAVELINE, Duane F., Civilian

Born March 2, 1931, in Newport, Vermont.

Bachelor of Science and Doctor of Medicine from the University of Vermont; Master of

Science in public health from Johns Hopkins University.

GREGORY, William G., Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Air Force (Retired)

Born May 14, 1957, in Lockport, New York.

Bachelor of Science in engineering science from the U.S. Air Force Academy; Master of

Science in engineering mechanics from Columbia University; Master of Science in

management from Troy State University.

Flew on STS-67.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 399.

GUTIERREZ, Sidney M., Colonel, U.S. Air Force (Retired)

Born June 27, 1951, Albuquerque, New Mexico.

Bachelor of Science in aeronautical engineering from the U.S. Air Force Academy; Master of

Arts in management from Webster College.

Flew on STS-40 and STS-59.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 488.

HAISE, Fred W., Jr., Civilian

Born November 14, 1933, in Biloxi, Mississippi.

Bachelor of Science in aeronautical engineering from the University of Oklahoma.

Flew on Apollo 13 and Space Shuttle approach and landing tests 1, 3, and 5.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 142.

HAMMOND, L. Blaine, Jr., Colonel, U.S. Air Force (Retired)

Born January 16, 1952, in Savannah, Georgia. Hometown, St. Louis, Missouri.

Bachelor of Science in engineering science and mechanics from the U.S. Air Force

Academy; Master of Science in engineering science and mechanics from the Georgia

Institute of Technology.

Flew on STS-39 and STS-64.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 462.

HARBAUGH, Gregory J., Civilian

Born April 15, 1956, in Cleveland, Ohio. Hometown, Willoughby, Ohio.

Bachelor of Science in aeronautical and astronautical engineering from Purdue University;

Master of Science in physical science from the University of Houston-Clear Lake.

Flew on STS-39, STS-54, STS-71 and STS-82.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 817.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 18 hours.
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HARRIS, Bernard A., Jr., Civilian

Born June 26, 1956, in Temple, Texas.

Bachelor of Science in biology from the University of Houston; Doctor of Medicine from

Texas Tech University.

Flew on STS-55 and STS-63.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 438.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 4 hours.

HART, Terry J., Civilian

Born October 27, 1946, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

Bachelor of Science from Lehigh University; Master of Science in mechanical engineering

from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Master of Science in electrical

engineering from Rutgers University; honorary Doctor of Engineering from Lehigh

University.

Flew on STS 41-C.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 167.

HARTSFIELD, Henry W., Jr., Colonel, U.S. Air Force (Retired)

Born November 21, 1933, in Birmingham, Alabama.

Bachelor of Science in physics from Auburn University; Master of Science in engineering

science from the University of Tennessee.

Flew on STS-4, STS 41-D, and STS 61-A.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 482.

HAUCK, Frederick H., Captain, U.S. Navy (Retired)

Born April 11, 1941, in Long Beach, California.

Bachelor of Science in physics from Tufts University; Master of Science in nuclear

engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Flew on STS-7, STS 51-A, and STS-26.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 435.

HELMS, Susan J., Colonel, U.S. Air Force

Born February 26, 1958, in Charlotte, North Carolina. Hometown, Portland, Oregon.

Bachelor of Science in aeronautical engineering from the U.S. Air Force Academy; Master of

Science in aeronautics and astronautics from Stanford University.

Flew on STS-54, STS-64, STS-78, STS-101 and STS-102(up)/Exp 2/STS-105(down).

Cumulative days of space flight are more than 211.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 8 hours.

HENRICKS, Terence T. “Tom”, Colonel, U.S. Air Force (Retired)

Born July 5, 1952, in Bryan, Ohio. Hometown, Woodville, Ohio.

Bachelor of Science in civil engineering from the U.S. Air Force Academy; Master of Arts in

public administration from Golden Gate University.

Flew on STS-44, STS-55, STS-70 and STS-78.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 1,026.

HIEB, Richard J., Civilian

Born September 21, 1955, in Jamestown, North Dakota.

Bachelor of Arts in mathematics and physics from Northwest Nazarene College; Master of

Science in aerospace engineering from the University of Colorado.

Flew on STS-39, STS-49, and STS-65.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 766.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 17 hours.

HILMERS, David C., Colonel, U.S. Marine Corps (Retired)

Born January 28, 1950, in Clinton, Iowa.

Bachelor of Arts in mathematics from Cornell University; Master of Science in electrical

engineering from the U.S. Naval Postgraduate School.

Flew on STS 51-J, STS-26, STS-36, and STS-42.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 494.
FORMER U.S. ASTRONAUTS

48

HOFFMAN, Jeffrey A., Civilian

Born November 2, 1944, in Brooklyn, New York. Hometown, Scarsdale, New York.

Bachelor of Arts in astronomy from Amherst College; Masters degree in materials science

from Rice University; Doctor of Philosophy in astrophysics from Harvard University.

Flew on STS 51-D, STS-35, STS-46, STS-61 and STS-75.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 1,211.

HOLMQUEST, Donald L., Civilian

Born April 7, 1939, in Dallas, Texas.

Bachelor of Science in electrical engineering from Southern Methodist University; Doctor of

Philosophy in physiology and Doctor of Medicine from Baylor University; Juris Doctor

from the University of Houston.

JEMISON, Mae C., Civilian

Born October 17, 1956, in Decatur, Alabama.

Bachelor of Science in chemical engineering from Stanford University; Doctor of Medicine

from Cornell University.

Flew on STS-47.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 190.

JERNIGAN, Tamara E., Civilian

Born May 7, 1959, in Chattanooga, Tennessee.

Bachelor of Science in physics and Master of Science in engineering science from Stanford

University; Master of Science in astronomy from the University of California at

Berkeley; Doctor of Philosophy in space physics and astronomy from Rice University.

Flew on STS-40, STS-52, STS-67, STS-80 and STS-96.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 1,513.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 7 hours.

JONES, Thomas D., Civilian

Born January 22, 1955, in Baltimore, Maryland. Hometown, Essex, Maryland.

Bachelor of Science in basic sciences from the U.S. Air Force Academy; Doctor of

Philosophy in planetary science from the University of Arizona.

Flew on STS-59, STS-68, STS-80 and STS-98.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 1,272.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 19 hours.

KERWIN, Joseph P., Captain, Medical Corps, U.S. Navy (Retired)

Born February 19, 1932, in Oak Park, Illinois.

Bachelor of Arts in philosophy from the College of the Holy Cross; Doctor of Medicine from

Northwestern University Medical School. Naval Aviator.

Flew on Skylab 2.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 672.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 3 hours.

KILRAIN, Susan Still, Commander, U.S. Navy

Born October 24, 1961, in Augusta, Georgia.

Bachelor of Science in aeronautical engineering from Embry-Riddle University; Master of

Science in aerospace engineering from the Georgia Institute of Technology.

Flew on STS-83 and STS-94.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 471.

KREGEL, Kevin R., Civilian

Born September 16, 1956, in New York, New York. Hometown, Amityville, New York.

Bachelor of Science in astronautical engineering from the U.S. Air Force Academy; Master

of public administration from Troy State University.

Flew on STS-70, STS-78, STS-87 and STS-99.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 1,265.
FORMER U.S. ASTRONAUTS

49

LEE, Mark C., Colonel, U.S. Air Force

Born August 14, 1952, in Viroqua, Wisconsin.

Bachelor of Science in civil engineering from the U.S. Air Force Academy; Master of

Science in mechanical engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Flew on STS-30, STS-47, STS-64 and STS-82.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 789.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 26 hours.

LENOIR, William B., Civilian

Born March 14, 1939, in Miami, Florida.

Bachelor of Science, Master of Science and Doctor of Philosophy in electrical engineering

from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Flew on STS-5.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 122.

LIND, Don L., Civilian

Born May 18, 1930, in Midvale, Utah.

Bachelor of Science in physics from the University of Utah; Doctor of Philosophy in highenergy nuclear physics from the University of California - Berkeley.

Flew on STS 51-B.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 168.

LINENGER, Jerry M., Captain, U.S. Navy (Retired)

Born January 16, 1955, in Mount Clemens, Michigan. Hometowns, Eastpointe, Michigan,

and Coronado, California.

Bachelor of Science in bioscience from the U.S. Naval Academy; Master of Science in

systems management from the University of Southern California; Doctor of Medicine

from Wayne State University; Master of Public Health in health policy from the

University of North Carolina; Doctor of Philosophy in epidemiology from the University

of North Carolina.

Flew on STS-64, STS-81/Mir and Mir/STS-84.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 3,435.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 5 hours.

LLEWELLYN, John A., Civilian

Born April 22, 1933, in Cardiff, Wales, UK.

Bachelor of Science and Doctor of Philosophy in chemistry from the University College at

Cardiff.

LOUNGE, John M., "Mike," Civilian

Born June 28, 1946, in Denver, Colorado.

Bachelor of Science in physics and mathematics from the U.S. Naval Academy; Master of

Science in astrogeophysics from the University of Colorado.

Flew on STS 51-I, STS-26, and STS-35.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 482.

LOUSMA, Jack R., Colonel, U.S. Marine Corps (Retired)

Born February 29, 1936, in Grand Rapids, Michigan.

Bachelor of Science in aeronautical engineering from the University of Michigan; degree of

aeronautical engineer from the U.S. Naval Postgraduate School.

Flew on Skylab 3 and STS-3.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 1,619.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 11 hours.

LOVELL, James A., Jr., Captain, U.S. Navy (Retired)

Born March 25, 1928, in Cleveland, Ohio.

Bachelor of Science from the U.S. Naval Academy; Advanced Management Program,

Harvard Business School.

Flew on Gemini 7, Gemini 12, Apollo 8, and Apollo 13.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 715.
FORMER U.S. ASTRONAUTS

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LOW, G. David, Civilian

Born February 19, 1956, in Cleveland, Ohio.

Bachelor of Science in physics-engineering from Washington and Lee University, and in

mechanical engineering from Cornell University; Master of Science in aeronautics and

astronautics from Stanford University.

Flew on STS-32, STS-43 and STS-57.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 714.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 5 hours.

MATTINGLY, Thomas K., II, Rear Admiral, U.S. Navy (Retired)

Born March 17, 1936, in Chicago, Illinois.

Bachelor of Science in aeronautical engineering from Auburn University.

Flew on Apollo 16, STS-4, and STS 51-C.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 508.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 1 hour.

McBRIDE, Jon A., Captain, U.S. Navy (Retired)

Born August 14, 1943, in Charleston, West Virginia.

Bachelor of Science in aeronautical engineering from the U.S. Naval Postgraduate School.

Flew on STS 41-G.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 197.

McCANDLESS, Bruce, II, Captain, U.S. Navy (Retired)

Born June 8, 1937, in Boston, Massachusetts.

Bachelor of Science from the U.S. Naval Academy; Master of Science in electrical

engineering from Stanford University; Master of Science in business administration

from the University of Houston Clear Lake.

Flew on STS 41-B and STS-31.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 312.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 11 hours.

McCULLEY, Michael J., Captain, U.S. Navy (Retired)

Born August 4, 1943, in San Diego, California.

Bachelor and Master of Science in metallurgical engineering from Purdue University.

Flew on STS-34.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 119.

McDIVITT, James A., Brigadier General, U.S. Air Force (Retired)

Born June 10, 1929, in Chicago, Illinois.

Bachelor of Science in aeronautical engineering from the University of Michigan.

Flew on Gemini 4 and Apollo 9, and was the Apollo Spacecraft Program Manager.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 338.

McMONAGLE, Donald R., Colonel, U.S. Air Force (Retired)

Born May 14, 1952, in Flint, Michigan.

Bachelor of Science in astronautical engineering from the U.S. Air Force Academy; Master

of Science in mechanical engineering from California State University - Fresno.

Flew on STS-39, STS-54 and STS-66.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 605.

MEADE, Carl J., Colonel, U.S. Air Force (Retired)

Born November 16, 1950, at Chanute Air Force Base, Illinois.

Bachelor of Science in electronics engineering from the University of Texas; Master of

Science in electronics engineering from the California Institute of Technology.

Flew on STS-38, STS-50 and STS-64.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 712.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 6 hours.
FORMER U.S. ASTRONAUTS

51

MELNICK, Bruce E., Commander, U.S. Coast Guard (Retired)

Born December 5, 1949, in New York, New York.

Bachelor of Science in engineering from the U.S. Coast Guard Academy; Master of

Science in aeronautical systems from West Florida University.

Flew on STS-41 and STS-49.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 311.

MICHEL, F. Curtis, Civilian

Born June 5, 1934, in LaCrosse, Wisconsin.

Bachelor of Science and Doctor of Philosophy in physics from the California Institute of

Technology.

MITCHELL, Edgar D., Captain, U.S. Navy (Retired)

Born September 17, 1930, in Hereford, Texas.

Bachelor of Science in industrial management from the Carnegie Institute of Technology

(now Carnegie-Mellon University); Bachelor of Science in aeronautical engineering

from the U.S. Naval Postgraduate School; Doctor of Science in aeronautics and

astronautics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Flew on Apollo 14.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 216.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 9 hours.

MULLANE, Richard M., Colonel, U.S. Air Force (Retired)

Born September 10, 1945, in Wichita Falls, Texas.

Bachelor of Science in military engineering from the U.S. Military Academy; Master of

Science in aeronautical engineering from the U.S. Air Force Institute of Technology.

Flew on STS 41-D, STS-27, and STS-36.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 356.

MUSGRAVE, Story, Civilian

Born August 19, 1935, in Boston, Massachusetts. Hometown, Lexington, Kentucky.

Bachelor of Science in mathematics and statistics from Syracuse University; Bachelor of

Arts in chemistry from Marietta College; Master of Business Administration in

operations analysis and computer programming from the University of California at Los

Angeles; Master of Science in physiology and biophysics from the University of

Kentucky; Master of Arts in literature from the University of Houston; Doctor of Medicine

from Columbia University.

Flew on STS-6, STS 51-F, STS-33, STS-44, STS-61 and STS-80.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 1,166.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 26 hours.

NELSON, George D., Civilian

Born July 13, 1950, in Charles City, Iowa.

Bachelor of Science in physics from Harvey Mudd College; Master of Science and Doctor

of Philosophy in astronomy from the University of Washington.

Flew on STS 41-C, STS 61-C, and STS-26.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 410.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 9 hours.

O'LEARY, Brian T., Civilian

Born January 27, 1940, in Boston, Massachusetts.

Bachelor of Arts in physics from Williams College; Master of Arts in astronomy from

Georgetown University; Doctor of Philosophy in astronomy from the University of

California at Berkeley.

OSWALD, Stephen S., Civilian

Born June 30, 1951, in Seattle, Washington. Hometown, Bellingham, Washington.

Bachelor of Science in aerospace engineering from the U.S. Naval Academy.

Flew on STS-42, STS-56 and STS-67.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 814.
FORMER U.S. ASTRONAUTS

52

PETERSON, Donald H., Colonel, U.S. Air Force (Retired)

Born October 22, 1933, in Winona, Mississippi.

Bachelor of Science from the U.S. Military Academy; Master of Science in nuclear

engineering from the U.S. Air Force Institute of Technology. Graduate of Air Force Test

Pilot School and War College.

Flew on STS-6.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 120.

POGUE, William R., Colonel, U.S. Air Force (Retired)

Born January 23, 1930, in Okemah, Oklahoma.

Bachelor of Science in education from Oklahoma Baptist University; Master of Science in

mathematics from Oklahoma State University.

Flew on Skylab 4.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 2,017.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 13 hours.

REIGHTLER, Kenneth S., Jr., Captain, U.S. Navy (Retired)

Born March 24, 1951, in Patuxent River, Maryland. Hometown, Virginia Beach, Virginia.

Bachelor of Science in aerospace engineering from the U.S. Naval Academy; Master of

Science in aeronautical engineering from the U.S. Naval Postgraduate School; Master

of Science in systems management from the University of Southern California.

Flew on STS-48 and STS-60.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 327.

RICHARDS, Paul W., Civilian

Born May 20, 1964, in Scranton, Pennsylvania. Hometown, Dunmore, Pennsylvania.

Bachelor of Science in mechanical engineering from Drexel University and a Master of

Science in mechanical engineering from the University of Maryland.

Flew on STS-102.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 307.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 6 hours.

RICHARDS, Richard N., Captain, U.S. Navy (Retired)

Born August 24, 1946, in Key West, Florida. Hometown, St. Louis, Missouri.

Bachelor of Science in chemical engineering from the University of Missouri; Master of

Science in aeronautical systems from the University of West Florida.

Flew on STS-28, STS-41, STS-50 and STS-64.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 813.

RIDE, Sally K., Civilian

Born May 26, 1951, in Los Angeles, California.

Bachelor of Science in physics; Bachelor of Arts in english; Master of Science and Doctor

of Philosophy in physics from Stanford University.

Flew on STS-7 and STS 41-G.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 343.

SCHIRRA, Walter M., Jr., Captain, U.S. Navy (Retired)

Born March 12, 1923, in Hackensack, New Jersey.

Bachelor of Science from the U.S. Naval Academy; graduate of the U.S. Naval Test Pilot

School.

Flew on Mercury 8, Gemini 6, and Apollo 7.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 295.

SCHMITT, Harrison H., Civilian

Born July 3, 1935, in Santa Rita, New Mexico.

Bachelor of Science in geology from the California Institute of Technology; Doctor of

Philosophy in geology from Harvard University.

Flew on Apollo 17.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 301.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 22 hours.
FORMER U.S. ASTRONAUTS

53

SCHWEICKART, Russell L., Civilian

Born October 25, 1935 in Neptune, New Jersey.

Bachelor of Science in aeronautical engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of

Technology; Master of Science in aeronautics and astronautics from the

Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Flew on Apollo 9.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 241.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 1 hour.

SCOTT, David R., Colonel, U.S. Air Force (Retired)

Born June 6, 1932, in San Antonio, Texas.

Bachelor of Science from the U.S. Military Academy; Master of Science in aeronautics and

astronautics and engineer in aeronautics and astronautics from the Massachusetts

Institute of Technology.

Flew on Gemini 8, Apollo 9, and Apollo 15.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 546.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 20 hours.

SCOTT, Winston E., Captain, U.S. Navy (Retired)

Born August 6, 1950, in Miami, Florida.

Bachelor of Arts in music from Florida State University; Master of Science in aeronautical

engineering from the U.S. Naval Postgraduate School.

Flew on STS-72 and STS-87.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 590.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 19 hours.

SEARFOSS, Richard A., Colonel, U.S. Air Force (Retired)

Born June 5, 1956, in Mount Clemens, Michigan. Hometown, Portsmouth, New

Hampshire.

Bachelor of Science in aeronautical engineering from the U.S. Air Force Academy; Master of

Aeronautics from the California Institute of Technology.

Flew on STS-58, STS-76 and STS-90.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 938.

SEDDON, Margaret Rhea, Civilian

Born November 8, 1947, in Murfreesboro, Tennessee.

Bachelor of Arts in physiology from the University of California at Berkeley; Doctor of

Medicine from the University of Tennessee.

Flew on STS 51-D, STS-40 and STS-58.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 722.

SEGA, Ronald M., Civilian Colonel, U.S. Air Force Reserve

Born December 4, 1952, in Cleveland, Ohio. Hometowns, Northfield, Ohio, and Colorado

Springs, Colorado.

Bachelor of Science in physics and math from the U.S. Air Force Academy; Master of

Science in physics from Ohio State University; Doctor of Philosophy in electrical

engineering from the University of Colorado.

Flew on STS-60 and STS-76.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 420.

SHAW, Brewster H., Jr., Colonel, U.S. Air Force (Retired)

Born May 16, 1945, in Cass City, Michigan.

Bachelor and Master of Science in engineering mechanics from the University of

Wisconsin.

Flew on STS-9, STS 61-B, and STS-28.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 533.
FORMER U.S. ASTRONAUTS

54

SHEPHERD, William M., Captain, U.S. Navy (Retired)

Born July 26, 1949, in Oak Ridge, Tennessee. Hometown, Babylon, New York.

Bachelor of Science in aerospace engineering from the U.S. Naval Academy; degree of

ocean engineer and Master of Science in mechanical engineering from the

Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Flew on STS-27, STS-41, STS-52 and Exp 1/STS-102(down).

Cumulative days of space flight are more than 159.

SHRIVER, Loren J., Colonel, U.S. Air Force (Retired)

Born September 23, 1944, in Jefferson, Iowa.

Bachelor of Science in aeronautical engineering from the U.S. Air Force Academy; Master of

Science in astronautical engineering from Purdue University.

Flew on STS 51-C, STS-31, and STS-46.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 386.

SPRING, Sherwood C., Colonel, U.S. Army (Retired)

Born September 3, 1944, in Hartford, Connecticut.

Bachelor of Science in general engineering from the U.S. Military Academy; Master of

Science in aerospace engineering from the University of Arizona.

Flew on STS 61-B.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 165.

SPRINGER, Robert C., Colonel, U.S. Marine Corps (Retired)

Born May 21, 1942, in St. Louis, Missouri.

Bachelor of Science in naval science from the U.S. Naval Academy; Master of Science in

operations research and systems analysis from the U.S. Naval Postgraduate School.

Flew on STS-29 and STS-38.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 237.

STAFFORD, Thomas P., Lieutenant General, U.S. Air Force (Retired)

Born September 17, 1930, in Weatherford, Oklahoma.

Bachelor of Science from the U.S. Naval Academy.

Flew on Gemini 6, Gemini 9, Apollo 10, and Apollo-Soyuz Test Project.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 507.

STEWART, Robert L., Brigadier General, U.S. Army (Retired)

Born August 13, 1942, in Washington, D.C.

Bachelor of Science in mathematics from Southern Mississippi University; Master of

Science in aerospace engineering from the University of Texas at Arlington.

Flew on STS 41-B and STS 51-J.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 289.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 12 hours.

SULLIVAN, Kathryn D., Civilian

Born October 3, 1951, in Paterson, New Jersey.

Bachelor of Science in earth sciences from the University of California - Santa Cruz;

Doctor of Philosophy in geology from Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia.

Flew on STS 41-G, STS-31, and STS-45.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 532.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 3 hours.

THAGARD, Norman E., Civilian

Born July 3, 1943, in Marianna, Florida. Hometown, Jacksonville, Florida.

Bachelor and Master of Science in engineering science from Florida State University;

Doctor of Medicine from the University of Texas.

Flew on STS-7, STS 51-B, STS-30, STS-42 and Mir/STS-71.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 3,360 including time on Mir.
FORMER U.S. ASTRONAUTS

55

THORNTON, Kathryn C., Civilian

Born August 17, 1952, in Montgomery, Alabama.

Bachelor of Science in physics from Auburn University; Master of Science and Doctor of

Philosophy in physics from the University of Virginia.

Flew on STS-33, STS-49, STS-61 and STS-73.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 975.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 21 hours.

THORNTON, William E., Civilian

Born April 14, 1929, in Faison, North Carolina.

Bachelor of Science in physics and Doctor of Medicine from the University of North Carolina.

Flew on STS-8 and STS-51B.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 313.

THUOT, Pierre J., Commander, U.S. Navy

Born May 19, 1955, in Groton, Connecticut. Hometowns, Fairfax, Virginia and New

Bedford, Massachusetts.

Bachelor of Science in physics from the U.S. Naval Academy; Master of Science in

systems management from the University of Southern California.

Flew on STS-36, STS-49 and STS-62.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 654.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 17 hours.

TRULY, Richard H., Vice Admiral, U.S. Navy (Retired)

Born November 12, 1937, in Fayette, Mississippi.

Bachelor of aeronautical engineering from the Georgia Institute of Technology.

Flew on Space Shuttle approach and landing tests 2 and 4, STS-2, and STS-8.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 199.

VAN HOFTEN, James D. A., Civilian

Born June 11, 1944, in Fresno, California.

Bachelor of Science in civil engineering from the University of California - Berkeley; Master

of Science in hydraulic engineering and Doctor of Philosophy in fluid mechanics from

Colorado State University.

Flew on STS 41-C and STS 51-I.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 337.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 21 hours.

VOSS, James S., Colonel, U.S. Army (Retired)

Born March 3, 1949, in Cordova, Alabama. Hometown, Opelika, Alabama.

Bachelor of Science in aerospace engineering from Auburn University; Master of Science

in aerospace engineering sciences from the University of Colorado.

Flew on STS-44, STS-53, STS-69, STS-101 and STS-102(up)/Exp 2/STS-105(down).

Cumulative days of space flight are more than 202.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 15 hours.

WEBER, Mary E., Civilian

Born August 24, 1962, in Cleveland, Ohio. Hometown, Bedford Heights, Ohio.

Bachelor of Science in chemical engineering from Purdue University; Doctor of Philosophy

in physical chemistry from the University of California at Berkeley.

Flew on STS-70 and STS-101.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 450.

WEITZ, Paul J., Captain, U.S. Navy (Retired)

Born July 25, 1932, in Erie, Pennsylvania.

Bachelor of Science in aeronautical engineering from Pennsylvania State University; Master

of Science in aeronautical engineering from the U.S. Naval Postgraduate School.

Flew on Skylab 2 and STS-6.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 793.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 2 hours.
FORMER U.S. ASTRONAUTS

56

WILLIAMS, Donald E., Captain, U.S. Navy (Retired)

Born February 13, 1942, in Lafayette, Indiana.

Bachelor of Science in mechanical engineering from Purdue University.

Flew on STS 51-D and STS-34.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 287.

WISOFF, Peter J. K., Civilian

Born August 16, 1958, in Norfolk, Virginia.

Bachelor of Science in physics from University of Virginia; Master of Science and Doctor of

Philosophy in applied physics from Stanford University.

Flew on STS-57, STS-68, STS-81 and STS-92.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 1,063.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 19 hours.

WORDEN, Alfred M., Colonel, U.S. Air Force (Retired)

Born February 7, 1932, in Jackson, Michigan.

Bachelor of Science in military science from the U.S. Military Academy; Master of Science

in astronautical and aeronautical engineering and instrumentation engineering from the

University of Michigan.

Flew on Apollo 15.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 295.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 39 minutes.
DECEASED U.S. ASTRONAUTS

57

ANDERSON, Michael P., Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Air Force

Born December 25, 1959, in Plattsburgh, New York. Hometown, Spokane, Washington.

Bachelor of Science in physics/astronomy from University of Washington; Master of

Science in physics from Creighton University.

Flew on STS-89 and STS-107.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 593.

Died February 1, 2003, in the STS-107 accident.

BASSETT, Charles A., II, Captain, U.S. Air Force

Born December 30, 1931, in Dayton, Ohio.

Bachelor of Science in electrical engineering from the Texas Technological College.

Died February 28, 1966, in St. Louis, Missouri, in the crash of a T-38 jet.

BROWN, David M., Captain, U.S. Navy

Born April 16, 1956, in Arlington, Virginia.

Bachelor of Science in biology from the College of William and Mary and a Doctor of

Medicine from Eastern Virginia Medical School.

Flew on STS-107.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 382.

Died February 1, 2003, in the STS-107 accident.

CARTER, Manley Lanier, Jr., "Sonny," Captain, U.S. Navy

Born August 15, 1947, in Macon, Georgia.

Bachelor of Arts in chemistry and Doctor of Medicine from Emory University.

Flew on STS-33.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 120.

Died April 5, 1991, near New Brunswick, Georgia, in the crash of a commercial airliner while

on NASA business travel.

CHAFFEE, Roger B., Lieutenant Commander, U.S. Navy

Born February 15, 1935, in Grand Rapids, Michigan.

Bachelor of Science in aeronautical engineering from Purdue University.

Died January 27, 1967, at NASA John F. Kennedy Space Center, Florida, in the Apollo

spacecraft fire.

CHAWLA, Kalpana, Civilian

Born July 1, 1961, in Karnal, India.

Bachelor of Science in aeronautical engineering from Punjab Engineering College; Master

of Science in aerospace engineering from University of Texas at Arlington; Doctor of

Philosophy in aerospace engineering from University of Colorado.

Flew on STS-87 and STS-107.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 758.

Died February 1, 2003, in the STS-107 accident.

CLARK, Laurel B., Commander, U.S. Navy

Born March 10, 1961, in Ames, Iowa. Hometown, Racine, Wisconsin.

Bachelor of Science in zoology and a Doctor of Medicine from the University of WisconsinMadison.

Flew on STS-107.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 382.

Died February 1, 2003, in the STS-107 accident.

CONRAD, Charles, Jr., Captain, U.S. Navy (Retired)

Born June 2, 1930, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Bachelor of Science in aeronautical engineering from Princeton University.

Flew on Gemini 5, Gemini 11, Apollo 12, and Skylab 2.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 1,179.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 13 hours.

Died July 8, 1999, in Ojai, California, in a motorcycle accident.
DECEASED U.S. ASTRONAUTS

58

EISELE, Donn F., Colonel, U.S. Air Force (Retired)

Born June 23, 1930, in Columbus, Ohio.

Bachelor of Science in astronautics from the U.S. Naval Academy; Master of Science in

astronautics from the U.S. Air Force Institute of Technology.

Flew on Apollo 7.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 260.

Died December 2, 1987, in Tokyo, Japan, of a heart attack.

EVANS, Ronald E., Captain, U.S. Navy (Retired)

Born November 10, 1933, in St. Francis, Kansas.

Bachelor of Science in electrical engineering from the University of Kansas; Master of

Science in aeronautical engineering from the U.S. Naval Postgraduate School.

Flew on Apollo 17.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 301.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 1 hour.

Died April 6, 1990, in Scottsdale, Arizona, of a heart attack.

FREEMAN, Theodore C., Captain, U.S. Air Force

Born February 18, 1930, in Haverford, Pennsylvania.

Bachelor of Science from the U.S. Naval Academy; Master of Science in aeronautical

engineering from the University of Michigan.

Died October 31, 1964, at Ellington Air Force Base, Houston, Texas, in the crash of a T-38

jet.

GIVENS, Edward Galen., Jr., Major, U.S. Air Force

Born January 5, 1930, in Quanah, Texas.

Bachelor of Science in naval sciences from the U.S. Naval Academy.

Died June 6, 1967, near Houston, Texas, in an automobile accident.

GRIGGS, S. David, Civilian

Born September 7, 1939, in Portland, Oregon.

Bachelor of Science from the U.S. Naval Academy; Master of Science in administration

from George Washington University.

Flew on STS 51-D.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 167.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 3 hours.

Died June 17, 1989, near Earle, Arkansas, in the crash of a World War II era training plane.

GRISSOM, Virgil I., Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Air Force

Born April 3, 1926, in Mitchell, Indiana.

Bachelor of Science in mechanical engineering from Purdue University.

Flew on Mercury 4 and Gemini 3.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 5.

Died January 27, 1967, at NASA John F. Kennedy Space Center, Florida, in the Apollo

spacecraft fire.

HENIZE, Karl G., Civilian

Born October 17, 1926, in Cincinnati, Ohio.

Bachelor of Arts in mathematics from the University of Virginia; Master of Arts in astronomy

from the University of Virginia; Doctor of Philosophy in astronomy from the University of

Michigan.

Flew on STS 51-F.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 190.

Died October 5, 1993, of respiratory and heart failure during a climb of Mount Everest.

HUSBAND, Rick D., Colonel, U.S. Air Force

Born July 12, 1957, in Amarillo, Texas.

Bachelor of Science in mechanical engineering from Texas Tech University; Master of

Science in mechanical engineering from California State University.

Flew on STS-96 and STS-107.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 617.

Died February 1, 2003, in the STS-107 accident.
DECEASED U.S. ASTRONAUTS

59

IRWIN, James B., Colonel, U.S. Air Force (Retired)

Born March 17, 1930, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

Bachelor of Science in naval science from the U.S. Naval Academy; Master of Science in

aeronautical engineering and instrumentation engineering from the University of

Michigan.

Flew on Apollo 15.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 295.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 19 hours.

Died August 8, 1991, of a heart attack.

McCOOL, William C., Commander, U.S. Navy

Born September 23, 1961, in San Diego, California.

Bachelor of Science in applied science from the U.S. Naval Academy, a Master of Science

in computer science from the University of Maryland and a Master of Science in

aeronautical engineering from the U.S. Naval Postgraduate School.

Flew on STS-107.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 382.

Died February 1, 2003, in the STS-107 accident.

McNAIR, Ronald E., Civilian

Born October 21, 1950, in Lake City, South Carolina.

Bachelor of Science in physics from North Carolina A&T State College; Doctor of

Philosophy in physics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Flew on STS 41-B.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 191.

Died January 28, 1986, in the STS 51-L accident.

ONIZUKA, Ellison S., Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Air Force

Born June 24, 1946, in Kealakekua, Kona, Hawaii.

Bachelor and Master of Science in aerospace engineering from the University of Colorado.

Flew on STS 51-C.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 73.

Died January 28, 1986, in the STS 51-L accident.

OVERMYER, Robert F., Colonel, U.S. Marine Corps (Retired)

Born July 14, 1936, in Lorain, Ohio.

Bachelor of Science in physics from Baldwin Wallace College; Master of Science in

aeronautics from the U.S. Naval Postgraduate School.

Flew on STS-5 and STS 51-B.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 290.

Died March 22, 1996, in the crash of a light aircraft he was testing.

RESNIK, Judith A., Civilian

Born April 5, 1949, in Akron, Ohio.

Bachelor of Science in electrical engineering from Carnegie-Mellon University; Doctor of

Philosophy in electrical engineering from the University of Maryland.

Flew on STS 41-D.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 144.

Died January 28, 1986, in the STS 51-L accident.

ROBERTSON, Patricia Hilliard, Civilian

Born March 12, 1963, in Indiana, Pennsylvania. Hometown, Homer City, Pennsylvania.

Bachelor of Science in biology from Indiana University of Pennsylvania; Doctor of

Medicine from the Medical College of Pennsylvania.

Died May 24, 2001, of injuries sustained in the crash of a private plane at Wolfe Air Park,

Manvel, Texas.
DECEASED U.S. ASTRONAUTS

60

ROOSA, Stuart A., Colonel, U.S. Air Force (Retired)

Born August 16, 1933, in Durango, Colorado.

Bachelor of Science in aeronautical engineering from the University of Colorado.

Flew on Apollo 14.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 216.

Died December 12, 1994, due to complications of pancreatitis.

SCOBEE, Francis R., Major, U.S. Air Force (Retired)

Born May 19, 1939, in Cle Elum, Washington.

Bachelor of Science in aerospace engineering from the University of Arizona.

Flew on STS 41-C.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 167.

Died January 28, 1986, in the STS 51-L accident.

SEE, Elliot M., Jr., Civilian

Born July 23, 1927, in Dallas, Texas.

Bachelor of Science from the U.S. Merchant Marine Academy; Master of Science in

engineering from the University of California - Los Angeles.

Died February 28, 1966, in St. Louis, Missouri, in the crash of a T-38 jet.

SHEPARD, Alan B., Jr., Rear Admiral, U.S. Navy (Retired)

Born November 18, 1923, in East Derry, New Hampshire.

Bachelor of Science from the U.S. Naval Academy.

Flew on Mercury 3 and Apollo 14.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 216.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 9 hours.

Died July 21, 1998, after a lengthy illness.

SLAYTON, Donald K., Civilian Major, U.S. Air Force Reserve

Born March 1, 1924, in Sparta, Wisconsin.

Bachelor of Science in aeronautical engineering from the University of Minnesota.

Flew on Apollo-Soyuz Test Project.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 217.

Died June 13, 1993, in League City, Texas, from complications of a brain tumor.

SMITH, Michael J., Captain, U.S. Navy

Born April 30, 1945, in Beaufort, North Carolina.

Bachelor of Science in naval science from the U.S. Naval Academy; Master of Science in

aeronautical engineering from the U.S. Naval Postgraduate School.

Died January 28, 1986, in the STS 51-L accident.

SWIGERT, John L., Jr., Civilian

Born August 30, 1931, in Denver, Colorado.

Bachelor of Science in mechanical engineering from the University of Colorado; Master of

Science in aerospace science from the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; Master of

Business Administration from Hartford College.

Flew on Apollo 13.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 142.

Died December 27, 1982, of cancer.

THORNE, Stephen D., Lieutenant Commander, U.S. Navy

Born February 11, 1953, in Frankfurt-am-Main, West Germany.

Bachelor of Science in engineering from the U.S. Naval Academy.

Died May 24, 1986, in Alta Loma, Texas, in an airplane crash.

VEACH, Charles Lacy, Civilian

Born September 18, 1944, in Chicago, Illinois. Hometown, Honolulu, Hawaii.

Bachelor of Science in engineering management from the U.S. Air Force Academy.

Flew on STS-39 and STS-52.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 436.

Died October 3, 1995, following a lengthy illness.
DECEASED U.S. ASTRONAUTS

61

WALKER, David M., Captain, U.S. Navy (Retired)

Born May 20, 1944, in Columbus, Georgia. Hometown, Eustis, Florida.

Bachelor of Science from the U.S. Naval Academy.

Flew on STS 51-A, STS-30, STS-53 And STS-69.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 724.

Died April 23, 2001, following a sudden and brief illness.

WHITE, Edward H., II, Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Air Force

Born November 14, 1930, in San Antonio, Texas.

Bachelor of Science from the U.S. Military Academy; Master of Science in aeronautical

engineering from the University of Michigan.

Flew on Gemini 4.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 97.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 23 minutes.

Died January 27, 1967, at NASA John F. Kennedy Space Center, Florida, in the Apollo

spacecraft fire.

WILLIAMS, Clifton C., Jr., Major, U.S. Marine Corps

Born September 26, 1932, in Mobile, Alabama.

Bachelor of Science in mechanical engineering from Auburn University.

Died October 5, 1967, near Tallahassee, Florida, in the crash of a T-38 jet.
U.S. ASTRONAUT SELECTION BY GROUP

62

GROUP 1 -- Mercury Astronauts, April 1959: Carpenter, Cooper, Glenn, Grissom, Schirra, Shepard,

Slayton (7)

GROUP 2 -- Pilot Astronauts, September 1962: Armstrong, Borman, Conrad, Lovell, McDivitt,

See, Stafford, White, Young (9)

GROUP 3 -- Pilot Astronauts, October 1963: Aldrin, Anders, Bassett, Bean, Cernan, Chaffee, M.

Collins, Cunningham, Eisele, Freeman, Gordon, Schweickart, D. Scott, C. Williams (14)

GROUP 4 -- Scientist Astronauts, June 1965: Garriott, E. Gibson, Graveline, Kerwin, Michel,

Schmitt (6)

GROUP 5 -- Pilot Astronauts, April 1966: Brand, Bull, Carr, Duke, Engle, Evans, Givens, Haise,

Irwin, Lind, Lousma, Mattingly, McCandless, Mitchell, Pogue, Roosa, Swigert, Weitz, Worden

(19)

GROUP 6 -- Scientist Astronauts, August 1967: J. Allen, Chapman, England, Henize, Holmquest,

Lenoir, Llewellyn, Musgrave, O'Leary, Parker, W. Thornton (11)

GROUP 7 -- Air Force Manned Orbiting Laboratory Astronauts, August 1969: Bobko, Crippen,

Fullerton, Hartsfield, Overmyer, Peterson, Truly (7)

GROUP 8 -- Pilots and Mission Specialists, January 1978: Bluford, Brandenstein, Buchli, Coats,

Covey, Creighton, Fabian, A. Fisher, D. Gardner, R. Gibson, F. Gregory, Griggs, Hart, Hauck,

Hawley, Hoffman, Lucid, McBride, McNair, Mullane, Nagel, Nelson, Onizuka, Resnik, Ride,

Scobee, Seddon, Shaw, Shriver, Stewart, Sullivan, Thagard, van Hoften, Walker, D. Williams

(35)

GROUP 9 -- Pilots and Mission Specialists, January 1980: Bagian, Blaha, Bolden, Bridges,

Chang-Diaz, Cleave, Dunbar, W. Fisher, G. Gardner, Grabe, Hilmers, Leestma, Lounge,

O'Connor, R. Richards, Ross, M. Smith, Spring, Springer (19)

GROUP 10 -- Pilots and Mission Specialists, May 1984: Adamson, E. Baker, M. Brown,

Cameron, Carter, Casper, Culbertson, Gutierrez, Hammond, Ivins, Lee, Low, McCulley,

Shepherd, K. Thornton, Veach, Wetherbee (17)

GROUP 11 -- Pilots and Mission Specialists, June 1985: Apt, M. Baker, Cabana, Duffy, Gemar,

Godwin, Henricks, Hieb, Jernigan, Meade, Oswald, Thorne, Thuot (13)

GROUP 12 -- Pilots and Mission Specialists, August 1987: Akers, A. Allen, Bowersox, C. Brown,

Chilton, Davis, Foale, Harbaugh, Jemison, McMonagle, Melnick, Readdy, Reightler, Runco,

James Voss (15)

GROUP 13 -- Pilots and Mission Specialists, January 1990: Bursch, Chiao, Clifford, Cockrell, E.

Collins, Currie (Sherlock), W. Gregory, Halsell, Harris, Helms, Jones, W. McArthur, Newman,

Ochoa, Precourt, Searfoss, Sega, D. Thomas, Janice Voss, Walz, Wilcutt, Wisoff, Wolf (23)

GROUP 14 -- Pilots and Mission Specialists, March 1992: Barry, Brady, Coleman, Gernhardt,

Grunsfeld, Horowitz, Jett, Kregel, Lawrence, Linenger, Linnehan, Lopez-Alegria, Parazynski,

Rominger, W. Scott, S. Smith, Tanner, A. Thomas, Weber (19)

GROUP 15 -- Pilots and Mission Specialists, January 1995: Altman, M. Anderson, Ashby,

Bloomfield, Chawla, Curbeam, Edwards, Gorie, Hire, Husband, Kavandi, Lindsey, Lu, Melroy,

Noriega, Reilly, S. Robinson, Kilrain (Still), Sturckow (20)

GROUP 16 -- Pilots and Mission Specialists, May 1996: D. Brown, Burbank, Cagle, Caldeiro,

Camarda, Carey, Clark, Fincke, Forrester, Frick, Herrington, Higginbotham, Hobaugh, J. Kelly,

M. Kelly, S. Kelly, Lockhart, Loria, Magnus, Massimino, Mastracchio, McCool, Morin, Nowak,

Pettit, Phillips, Polansky, P. Richards, Sellers, Stefanyshyn-Piper, Tani, Walheim, Whitson, J.

Williams, Wilson (35)

GROUP 17 -- Pilots and Mission Specialists, June 1998: C. Anderson, Archambault, Caldwell,

Chamitoff, Creamer, Ferguson, Foreman, Fossum, Ham, G. C. Johnson, G. H. Johnson, Love,
U.S. ASTRONAUT SELECTION BY GROUP

63

Melvin, Morgan, Oefelein, Olivas, Patrick, Poindexter, Reisman, Robertson, Swanson,

Wheelock, S. Williams, Woodward, Zamka (25)

GROUP 18 -- Pilots and Mission Specialists, July 2000: Antonelli, Barratt, Behnken, Boe, Bowen,

Drew, Feustel, Ford, Garan, Good, Hurley, Kopra, M. McArthur, Nyberg, Stott, Virts, Wilmore (17)

GROUP 19 -- Pilots, Mission Specialists and Educator Mission Specialists, May 2004: Acaba,

Arnold, Bresnik, Cassidy, Dutton, Hernandez, Kimbrough, Marshburn, Metcalf-Lindenburger,

Satcher, Walker (11)
CONGRESSIONAL SPACE MEDAL OF HONOR

64

In honor of NASA's 20th anniversary, President Jimmy Carter visited NASA John F. Kennedy Space

Center on October 1, 1978, and awarded the first Congressional Space Medal of Honor to six

former astronauts. Authorized by Congress in 1969, the award recognized "any astronaut who in

the performance of his duties has distinguished himself by exceptionally meritorious efforts and

contributions to the welfare of the Nation and mankind." Recipients are recommended by the

NASA Administrator and presented by the President of the United States. These astronauts

received this special honor:

Neil A. Armstrong, for actions to overcome problems on the Gemini 8 mission and for Apollo 11

when he took his "...giant leap for mankind."

Frank Borman, who commanded the Gemini 7 and Apollo 8 missions. The latter was the first

manned spacecraft to orbit the Moon.

Charles Conrad, Jr., who participated in four space flights of increasing duration, complexity and

achievement: Gemini 5, Gemini 11, Apollo 12, and Skylab 2. On the first manned Skylab

mission, he commanded the crew that performed repairs to the damaged orbital workshop,

thus saving the two billion dollar program from potential failure.

John H. Glenn, Jr., who in Mercury 6 was the first American to orbit the Earth. The success of his

flight demonstrated the value of the human pilot in space.

Virgil I. Grissom (posthumously), the second American in space, who took part in Mercury and

Gemini flights and lost his life during preparations for the first Apollo flight. He flew on Mercury

4 and Gemini 3.

Alan B. Shepard, Jr., who was the first American in space, aboard Mercury 3. He also

commanded the Apollo 14 mission.

Roger B. Chaffee (posthumously) was one of the third groups of astronauts chosen but lost his life

before his first flight during preparations for the first Apollo flight. President William Clinton

awarded the medal on December 17, 1997.

Edward H. White (posthumously) piloted Gemini 4 and performed the first U.S. space walk, floating

outside the capsule for 21 minutes. President William Clinton awarded the medal on December

17, 1997.

John W. Young, who demonstrated leadership, courage, and technical skill in a space flight career that

spanned two decades and five (at that time) space flights pivotal to human progress in space.

He flew on Gemini 3, Gemini 10, Apollo 10, Apollo 16, and STS-1 prior to receipt of the medal

which was presented May 19, 1981, by President Ronald Reagan.

Thomas J. Stafford, who commanded the first flight of the lunar module to the Moon and the American

crew that rendezvoused with a Soviet spacecraft in 1975. He was recognized for his past

contributions, and for continuing to serve the Nation in charting a future vision for our space

program. He flew on Gemini 6 and 9, Apollo 10, and the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project. Vice

President Dan Quayle at the direction of President George Bush presented the medal 1992.

James A. Lovell, who flew on Gemini 7 and 12, and Apollo 8 and 13, was presented the medal on

July 26, 1995. In his remarks, President Bill Clinton especially commended Lovell for his

performance on Apollo 13, which demonstrated, “the kind of resourcefulness, grit, and grace under

pressure that is the province of heroes.”

Shannon Lucid, who spent 188 days in space on the U.S. shuttle and Russian space station Mir,

was presented the medal on December 2, 1996. Noting that the medal is given out sparingly

because it honors “extraordinary service to the nation,” President Bill Clinton added that “Dr.

Lucid achieved that kind of service for 188 days this year, the longest flight by an American in

space, the longest time for any woman of any nation in space, five shuttle missions altogether.”

William Shepherd, who was the first astronaut to command a crew on the International Space Station,

received the medal from President George W. Bush on January 15, 2003. Shepherd and the two
CONGRESSIONAL SPACE MEDAL OF HONOR 

other members of his crew spent 141 days in space, beginning a new era of international 

cooperation in space exploration. 

Francis R. Scobee, Michael J. Smith, Judith A. Resnik, Ellison S. Onizuka, Ronald E. 

McNair, Gregory B. Jarvis and Sharon Christa McAuliffe were posthumously presented 

the medal for their ultimate sacriface in service to their Nation and mankind. NASA 

Administrator Sean O’Keefe presented the medal to their families on July 23, 2004.

65 
QUICK LOOK

ASTRONAUTS AFFILIATIONS TO STATES

CURRENT-REGULAR - FORMER-ITALICS - DECEASED BOLD ITALICS

66

ST BIRTHPLACE HOME TOWN COLLEGE

AK Oefelein

AL Hire, K. Thornton

Hartsfield, Jemison,

James Voss

C. Williams

Davis

Edwards, James

Voss

U of Alabama: J. Kelly

U of A (Huntsville): Davis

U of A (Birmingham): Morin

Auburn: Davis, K. Thornton, C. Williams.

Hartsfield, Mattingly, James Voss

Troy State: Ford, Halsell, Kregel

W. Gregory

AR Parazynski

Covey

U of Arizona: Acaba

AZ Creamer, S. Smith Phillips U of Arizona: Caldeiro, Pettit

Jones, Spring

Scobee

CA Acaba, Caldwell, J.

Hernandez, Lindsey,

Love, Melroy, Morgan,

Ochoa, O'Connor,

Olivas, Poindexter,

Robinson, Sturckow,

Walheim, Young

Chilton, Clifford,

Coats, Hauck,

McCulley, Ride, van

Hoften

McCool

M. Baker, Cagle,

Chamitoff, Chiao,

A. Fisher,

Horowitz,

Lindsey,

Lopez-Alegria,

K. M. McArthur,

Morgan, Newman,

Noriega, Ochoa,

Parazynski,

S. Smith,

Sturckow,

Walheim

R. Gibson,

Linenger

CA Institute of Tech: Behnken, Chamitoff, Fullerton,

Parker, Reisman

Borman, E. Gibson, Meade, Michel, Schmitt,

Searfoss

U of CA (Berkley): Chiao, Walheim

Jernigan, Lind, O'Leary, Seddon, van Hoften, Weber

U of CA (LA): Brand, A. Fisher, K. McArthur, Phillips,

Robinson

Cunningham, Musgrave

See

CA Polytechnic: Chamitoff, Sturckow

R. Gibson

U of CA (Davis): Caldwell, Robinson

U of CA (San Diego): K. McArthur

U of CA (Santa Barbara): Acaba, Chiao, J. Hernandez

U of CA (Santa Cruz): Hawley

Sullivan

CA State (Fresno): Nagel

McMonagle

Husband

CA State (Fullerton): Caldwell

CA State (Northridge): Horowitz

Golden Gate: Precourt

Henricks

Harvey Mudd: Love

Nelson

San Diego State: Ochoa

San Francisco: Cagle

Southern Cal: Currie, Noriega

Armstrong, Bobko, Bolden, Carr, Duffy, Linenger,

Reightler, Thuot

CA

Cont.

Stanford: E. Collins, Fincke, Lu, Morgan, Ochoa,

Parazynski, Robinson, S. Smith

Bull, W. Fisher, Garriott, Helms, Jemison, Jernigan,

Low, McCandless, Ride, Wisoff

Naval Postgrad: Altman, Bursch, Curbeam, Ferguson,

Foreman, Frick, Ham, Herrington, Jett, M. Kelly,

Leestma, Lopez-Alegria, Noriega, Nowak,

Poindexter, Rominger, J. Williams
QUICK LOOK

ASTRONAUTS AFFILIATIONS TO STATES

CURRENT-REGULAR - FORMER-ITALICS - DECEASED BOLD ITALICS

67

ST BIRTHPLACE HOME TOWN COLLEGE

Foreman, Frick, Ham, Herrington, Jett, M. Kelly,

Leestma, Lopez-Alegria, Noriega, Nowak,

Poindexter, Rominger, J. Williams

Carr, Cernan, Coats, Hilmers, Lousma, McBride,

Mitchell, Reightler, W. Scott, Springer, Weitz

Evans, McCool, Overmyer, M. Smith

University of The Pacific: Hernandez

CO Brand, MetcalfLindenburger,

Rominger

Carpenter, Carr,

Lounge

Roosa, Swigert

Ashby, Burbank,

Parazynski,

Swanson

Sega

U of Colorado: Brand, Herrington, Ivins, Swanson

Carpenter, Hieb, Lounge, Sega, James Voss

Chawla, Onizuka, Roosa, Swigert

Colorado State: Cleave, Rominger

van Hoften

Air Force Acad: Bloomfield, Boe, Bridges, Casper,

Drew, Dutton, F. Gregory, Halsell, G. H. Johnson, J.

Kelly, Kregel, Lindsey, Precourt, Virts

Blaha, Bobko, C. Brown, Chilton, Covey, Duffy, G.

Gardner, Grabe, W. Gregory, Gutierrez, Hammond,

Helms, Henricks, Jones, Lee, McMonagle,

Searfoss, Sega, Shriver

Veach

CT Barry, Burbank,

Mastracchio

Spring, Thuot

Burbank U of Connecticut: Chang-Diaz, Mastracchio

Hartford: Swigert

Yale: J. Allen

Coast Guard Acad: Burbank, Melnick

DE Currie

DC Drew, F. Gregory,

Nowak

Stewart

Georgetown: O’Leary

George Washington: Camarda, F. Gregory,

Woodward

Coats, Creighton

Griggs

FL Boe, Davis, Lawrence

Lenoir, R. Richards,

W. Scott, Thagard

Caldeiro, Jett,

Stott

Covey, Thagard

Walker

Embry-Riddle: Burbank, Drew, Garan, Stott, Virts,

Kilrain

Florida Atlantic: Swanson

FL Tech: Higginbotham, Hire, S. Williams, Zamka

Florida State: W. Scott, Thagard

U of Central Florida: Caldeiro

U of Florida: Ford, Garan

W. Fisher

U of Florida (Central): Stott

U of Miami: Barry

West Florida: Cockrell, O'Connor, Phillips

Buchli, Melnick, R. Richards

GA Bridges

Hammond, Kilrain

Carter, Walker

Casper Emory: Carter

GA Tech: Boe, Davis, Horowitz, Kimbrough, Kopra,

Mangus, W. McArthur, Poindexter, Wheelock, Young

Clifford, Hammond, Kilrain, Truly
QUICK LOOK

ASTRONAUTS AFFILIATIONS TO STATES

CURRENT-REGULAR - FORMER-ITALICS - DECEASED BOLD ITALICS

68

ST BIRTHPLACE HOME TOWN COLLEGE

HI K. McArthur

Onizuka

Lu

Veach

IA J. Kelly, Whitson

Cunningham, Hilmers,

Nelson, Shriver

Clark

Cornell: Hilmers

Iowa State: C. Anderson

Iowa Wesleyan: Whitson

ID Reilly Morgan U of Idaho: Ashby

Northwest Nazarene: Hieb

IL Altman, Archambault,

Grunsfeld,

Higginbotham,

Magnus, Nagel,

Tanner, Woodward

Cernan, Kerwin,

Mattingly, McDivitt,

Meade

Veach

Altman,

Archambault,

Tani, Jan Voss

U of Chicago: Grunsfeld

U of Illinois: Altman, Archambault, Higginbotham, Nagel,

Tanner

D. Gardner

Northwestern: Barratt

Kerwin

IN Ford, Ross, Jan Voss,

Wolf

J. Allen, Borman, M.

Brown, England, D.

Williams

Grissom

Bowersox Depauw: J. Allen

Indiana: Wolf

Notre Dame: Ford, Good, Wetherbee

Purdue: Bridges, Casper, Feustel, Polansky, Ross,

Janice Voss, Wolf

Armstrong, Blaha, M. Brown, Cernan, Covey, G.

Gardner, Harbaugh, McCulley, Shriver, Weber, D.

Williams

Chaffee, Grissom

KS Hawley

Engle

Evans

Hawley U of Kansas: Hawley

Engle

Evans

KY Bresnik, Wilcutt Wilcutt

Musgrave

U of Kentucky: Musgrave

Western Kentucky: Wilcutt

LA Gorie, Halsell Tulane: Hurley

MA Bowen, Cassidy,

Linnehan, Loria, Lu,

Precourt, Wilson

Apt, Duffy, McCandless,

Musgrave, O'Leary

Barry, Precourt,

S. Williams

Thuot

Amherst: Parker

Hoffman

MIT: Antonelli, Bowen, Cassidy, Chamitoff, Chang-Diaz,

Coleman, Creamer, Fincke, Grunsfeld, Lawrence,

Massimino, Melroy, Patrick, Satcher, StefanyshynPiper, Tani, Janice Voss, Woodward

Aldrin, Apt, Cameron, Chapman, Duke, England,

Hart, Hauck, Lee, Lenoir, Mitchell, Schweickart, D.

Scott, Shepherd

McNair

U of Mass: Coleman
QUICK LOOK

ASTRONAUTS AFFILIATIONS TO STATES

CURRENT-REGULAR - FORMER-ITALICS - DECEASED BOLD ITALICS

69

ST BIRTHPLACE HOME TOWN COLLEGE

Harvard College: Apt

Harvard University: Satcher, Wilson

Hoffman, Schmitt

Holy Cross: Kerwin

Tufts: Hauck

Williams: O'Leary

MD Arnold, Curbeam,

Ivins, Virts

Jones, Reightler

Creamer, Nowak,

Poindexter, Virts

Jones

Frostburg State University: Arnold

Johns Hopkins: Graveline

Loyola: Creamer

U of Maryland: Arnold

P. Richards

McCool, Resnik

Naval Acad: Bowen, Bowersox, Bursch, Cabana,

Cassidy, Curbeam, Foreman, Frick, Gorie, Ham, Hire,

Hobaugh, Jett, Lawrence, Leestma, Lopez-Alegria,

Loria, Nowak, O'Connor, Phillips, Readdy, S.

Williams, Zamka

Anders, Bolden, Buchli, Coats, Creighton,

Culbertson, Duke, Edwards, Linenger, Lounge,

Lovell, McCandless, Oswald, Reightler, Schirra,

Shepherd, Springer, Stafford, Thuot

Eisele, Freeman, Givens, Griggs, Irwin,

McCool, Shepard, M. Smith, Thorne, Walker

ME Hobaugh

MI Antonelli, Bloomfield,

Jett, Leestma

Linenger, Lousma,

McMonagle, Searfoss,

Shaw, Worden

Chaffee

Bloomfield, Zamka U of Michigan: Lousma, McDivitt, Worden

Freeman, Henize, Irwin, White

MN Cabana, Carey,

Nyberg, StefanyshynPiper

D. Gardner

U of Minnesota: Carey

Slayton

MO Behnken, Godwin,

Kavandi

Akers, Springer

Godwin

Akers, Hammond,

R. Richards

U of Missouri: Godwin

R. Richards

U of Missouri (Rolla): Magnus, Kavandi

Akers

Missouri Southern: Kavandi

Southeast Missouri: Godwin

Washington Univ: Behnken

Webster: E. Collins

Gutierrez

MS Haise, Peterson, Truly Southern Miss: Stewart

MT John Carroll: Walz

NC E. Baker, Marshburn,

W. McArthur

W. McArthur

Brady

Davidson College: Marshburn

Duke: Brady

U of North Carolina: Brady
QUICK LOOK

ASTRONAUTS AFFILIATIONS TO STATES

CURRENT-REGULAR - FORMER-ITALICS - DECEASED BOLD ITALICS

70

ST BIRTHPLACE HOME TOWN COLLEGE

Brady, C. Brown,

Duke, Helms, W.

Thornton

M. Smith

Linenger, W. Thornton

Wake Forest: Marshburn

Agricultural & Tech State: McNair

ND Buchli, Hieb Buchli U of North Dakota: Nyberg

NE C. Anderson C. Anderson Creighton: M. Anderson

Hastings: C. Anderson

Wayne State: Linenger

NH Morin

Shepard

Searfoss Dartmouth: Newman

U of New Hampshire: Linnehan, Morin

NJ Ham, M. Kelly, S. Kelly,

Polansky, Reisman,

Zamka

Aldrin, Schirra,

Schweickart, Sullivan

M. Kelly,

Polansky,

Reisman

Rutgers: Runco

Hart

Princeton: Barry

Adamson, Carr,

Conrad

NM Gutierrez, Schmitt

NY Cagle, Camarda,

Cleave, E. Collins, A.

Fisher, Fullerton,

Garan, Hurley, Kregel,

Massimino, Parker,

Runco, Stott,

Swanson, Wetherbee,

Wheelock

Adamson, Bobko, E.

Gibson, R. Gibson,

Grabe, W. Gregory,

Hoffman, Melnick

M. Anderson

E. Baker, Bursch,

Caldeiro, Kregel,

Lu, Massimino,

Melroy, Patrick,

Runco,

Wetherbee,

Wheelock

Hoffman,

Shepherd

City College: Runco

Columbia: Bowersox, G. H. Johnson, Massimino

Chilton, W. Gregory, Musgrave

Cornell: E. Baker, Barry, Lu, D. Thomas

Jemison, Low

New York U.: Morin

NY Polytechnic: Camarda

Rensselaer Polytechnic: Mastracchio

Swigert

Rochester: E. Gibson

NY State: E. Baker, Garan

NY State (Farmingdale): Caldeiro

NY State (Maritime): S. Kelly Syracuse: E. Collins

Musgrave Merchant Marine Acad: M. Kelly See

West Point: Kimbrough, Kopra, Forrester, W.

McArthur, Wheelock, J. Williams

Adamson, Aldrin, Borman, Clifford, M. Collins,

Gemar, W. Mullane, Peterson, D. Scott, Spring,

Worden

White

OH Foreman, Gernhardt,

Good, D. Thomas,

Walz, S. Williams

Armstrong, Cameron,

Glenn, Harbaugh,

Henricks, Lovell, Low,

Sega, Weber

Currie, Foreman

Harbaugh,

Henricks, Sega,

Weber

Baldwin-Wallace: Overmyer

Case Western: D. Thomas

Kent State: Walz

Marietta: Musgrave

Ohio State: Currie, Linnehan

Sega

Muskingum: Glenn

Wright State: Barratt

Air Force Inst of Tech: Ford, Fossum, Halsell, Lindsey,
QUICK LOOK

ASTRONAUTS AFFILIATIONS TO STATES

CURRENT-REGULAR - FORMER-ITALICS - DECEASED BOLD ITALICS

71

ST BIRTHPLACE HOME TOWN COLLEGE

Bassett, Eisele,

Henize, Overmyer,

Resnik

Anders, Bluford, M. Brown, Cooper, Fabian, Mullane,

Peterson

Eisele

OK Herrington

Cooper, Garriott,

Pogue, Stafford

Lucid U of Oklahoma: Lucid

Garriott, Haise

OK Baptist: Pogue

OK City: Cooper

OK State: Pogue

OR Dutton, Pettit

Griggs

Love

Helms

Oregon State: Oefelein, Pettit

PA Bursch, Ferguson,

Feustel, Fincke, Frick,

Horowitz, Tani

A. Allen, Bagian,

Bluford, Hart, P.

Richards, Weitz

Conrad, Freeman,

Irwin, Robertson

Fincke

Apt, P. Richards

Carnegie-Mellon: Mitchell

Resnik

Drexel: Ferguson

Bagian, P. Richards

Lehigh: Hart

PA Med College: Robertson

Penn State: Bluford, Weitz

U of Pennsylvania: Gernhardt, Reisman

Robertson

Thomas Jefferson: Bagian

Villanova: A. Allen

RI Readdy Naval War College: J. Williams

SC Casper, Coleman,

Fossum

Bolden, Culbertson

McNair

Culbertson The Citadel: Bresnik

SD Fossum

Gemar

Gemar

TN M. Baker, Wilmore

Bull, Jernigan,

Seddon, Shepherd

Tennessee Tech: Wilmore

U of Tennessee: Arnold, Ashby, Gorie, Hurley, S.

Kelly, Wilmore

Edwards, Hartsfield, Seddon

Vanderbilt: Gernhardt

Tenn Space Institute: Oefelein

TX Ashby, Cockrell,

Forrester, Kimbrough,

Kopra, Lockhart, S.

Walker

Bean, Blaha,

Creighton, Crippen,

Fabian, W. Fisher,

Harris, Holmquest,

Mitchell, Mullane, D.

Scott

Givens, Husband,

See, White

Cockrell, Fossum,

Loria, Olivas,

Reilly

Baylor: Holmquest

U of Houston: Currie, Dunbar, Mastracchio, Olivas,

Walheim

Bluford, W. Fisher, Harbaugh, Harris, Holmquest,

McCandless, Musgrave

U of Houston (Clear Lake): Chamitoff, Fincke,

Fossum, Mastracchio

Bluford, McCandless

Rice: Newman, Olivas, S. Walker, Whitson

Bull, Hoffman, Jernigan

Southern Methodist: Holmquest

U of Texas: M. Baker, Cockrell, Lockhart, Nyberg,

Wilson, Woodward
QUICK LOOK

ASTRONAUTS AFFILIATIONS TO STATES

CURRENT-REGULAR - FORMER-ITALICS - DECEASED BOLD ITALICS

72

ST BIRTHPLACE HOME TOWN COLLEGE

See, White Bean, Crippen, Meade, Thagard

U of Texas (Arlington): Stewart

Chawla

U of Texas (Dallas): Reilly

U of Texas (El Paso): Olivas

U of Texas Medical Branch: Marshburn

U of Texas-Public Health: E. Baker

Texas A&M: Fossum, Swanson

Texas Tech: Lockhart

Harris

Bassett, Husband

UT Lind Clifford U of Utah: Lind

Utah State: Cleave

VA Bowersox, Melvin,

Oefelein, Phillips.

Satcher

Edwards, G. Gardner,

Wisoff

D. Brown

Readdy

Reightler, Thuot

Eastern VA Medical: D. Brown

Old Dominion: Bloomfield

Virginia Polytech: Camarda

William & Mary: D. Brown

U of Richmond: Melvin

U of Virginia: Forrester, Marshburn, Melvin

K. Thornton, Wisoff

Henize

Washington and Lee: Low

VT Graveline U of Vermont: Graveline

WA Barratt, Dunbar, G. C.

Johnson

Gordon, Oswald

Scobee

Oswald

M. Anderson,

Clark

U of Washington: Antonelli, Barratt, Cagle, Dunbar,

Dutton, G. C. Johnson, Kavandi, Love

Fabian, Gordon, Nelson

M. Anderson

Washington State: Fabian

Whitman College: Metcalf-Lindenburger

WV McBride

WI Chiao, J. Williams

Brandenstein, Lee,

Michel

Slayton

J. Williams

Clark

U of Wisconsin: Shaw

Clark

U of Wisconsin (River Falls): Brandenstein
CURRENT-REGULAR - FORMER-ITALICS - DECEASED BOLD ITALICS

73

ASTRONAUTS BORN IN OTHER COUNTRIES* (Includes Current International Astronauts)

ARGENTINA: Caldeiro

AUSTRALIA: Chapman, A. Thomas

BRAZIL: Pontes

CANADA: Chamitoff, Hadfield, MacLean,

Payette, D. R. Williams, Thirsk

CHINA: Anders, Lucid

COSTA RICA: Chang-Diaz

ENGLAND: Foale, G.H. Johnson, Patrick, 

Sellers,

FRANCE: Eyharts

GERMANY: Schlegel, Thorne

INDIA: Chawla

ITALY: M. Collins, Nespoli,

Vittori

JAPAN: Doi, Wakata, 

Noguchi

PACIFIC ISLANDS: Newman

PERU: Noriega

SPAIN: Lopez-Alegria

SWITZERLAND Nicollier

SWEDEN: Fuglesang

WALES: Llewellyn

*See biographical sketches for city.
CURRENT-REGULAR - FORMER-ITALICS - DECEASED BOLD ITALICS

74

ASTRONAUTS’ SCOUTING RECORDS (Includes Current International Astronauts)

EAGLE:

Bowersox, Chamitoff, Forrester, Fossum,

Fullerton, G.H. Johnson, Lindsey, Parazynski,

Pettit, Tanner,

Adamson, Armstrong, Bagian, Bluford, Brady,

Carr, Covey, Creighton, Duke, W. Gregory,

Hoffman, Jones, Lee, Lind, Llewellyn (King's

Scout, U.K.), Lovell, McCulley, O'Leary,

Oswald, Reightler, Searfoss, Truly

Carter, Chaffee, Eisele, Griggs, McCool,

Onizuka, See, D. Walker

LIFE:

M. Baker, Brand, Bridges, Casper, F. Gregory,

Kregel, W. McArthur, Poindexter, Robinson.

Anders, Cooper, Fabian, G. Gardner, Low,

Mattingly, Mitchell, D. Scott, Spring, Springer,

van Hoften

Bassett, D. Brown, Evans, Givens, C.

Williams

STAR:

Barry, Marshburn, Noguchi, J. Williams

Cameron, England, W. Fisher, Garriott, R.

Gibson, Gordon, Haise, Lounge, Stafford

Grissom, McNair

1st Class:

C. Anderson, Bloomfield, Camarda, Foreman,

Linnehan, Oefelein, Reilly

J. Allen, Bean, Clifford, Coats, Edwards, Engle,

D. Gardner, E. Gibson, Hammond, Nelson,

Schirra, Schweickart, W. Scott, Worden

Freeman, Henize, Overmyer, Shepard,

Veach

2nd Class:

Altman, Herrington, Parker, Woodward, Young

Bolden, Buchli, Carpenter, Cernan,

Culbertson, Mullane, Pogue, Shriver, W.

Thornton

Husband, Swigert, White

TENDERFOOT:

Bursch, Garan, Hawley, Kopra, Love, S. Smith

Aldrin, Lousma, McDivitt, Michel, P. Richards,

Schmitt

EXPLORER:

Barratt

O'Connor, D. Williams

GIRL SCOUT:

Cagle, E. Collins, Currie, Davis, A. Fisher,

Higginbotham, Hire, Lawrence, Magnus, K.M.

McArthur, Metcalf-Lindenburger, Morgan, Nowak,

Stefanyshyn-Piper, Janice Voss

Helms, Jernigan, Kilrain, Seddon, Sullivan, K.

Thornton, Weber

Clark

CUB SCOUT:

Burbank, Carey, Dutton, Foale (Wolf,

Germany), Gernhardt, Hadfield, Hobaugh, M.

Kelly, S. Kelly, Lopez-Alegria, Loria, Massimino,

Phillips, Readdy, Rominger, Sellers (Wolf),

Thomas, D.R. Williams, Wolf

A. Allen, C. Brown, Duffy, Henricks, Leestma,

McBride, Meade, Musgrave, Shepherd, Thuot

Conrad

WEBELO:

Arnold, Drew, Fincke, Ford, Gorie, J. Kelly, Loria,

Massimino, Noriega, Olivas

M. Anderson

RANK UNKNOWN:

Morin, Polansky

Bull, Harris, James Voss

CAMP FIRE GIRL:

S. Walker
CURRENT-REGULAR - FORMER-ITALICS - DECEASED BOLD ITALICS

75

UNITED STATES SERVICE ACADEMIES FROM WHICH ASTRONAUTS

EARNED DEGREES

The Citadel: Bresnik

U.S. Air Force Academy: Bloomfield, Boe,

Bridges, Casper, Drew, Dutton, F. Gregory,

Halsell, G. H. Johnson, J. Kelly, Kregel,

Lindsey, Precourt, Virts

Blaha, Bobko, C. Brown, Chilton, Covey,

Duffy, G. Gardner, Grabe, W. Gregory,

Gutierrez, Hammond, Helms, Henricks,

Jones, Lee, McMonagle, Searfoss, Sega,

Shriver

Veach

U.S. Air Force Institute of Technology:

Ford, Fossum, Halsell, Lindsey,

Anders, Bluford, M. Brown, Cooper,

Fabian, Mullane, Peterson

Eisele

U.S. Coast Guard Academy: Burbank,

Melnick

U.S. Merchant Marine Academy: M. Kelly,

See

U.S. Military Academy: Forrester, Gemar,

Kimbrough, Kopra, W. McArthur, Wheelock,

J. Williams

Adamson, Aldrin, Borman, Clifford, M.

Collins, Mullane, Peterson, D. Scott, Spring,

Worden

White

U.S. Naval Academy: Bowen, Bowersox,

Bursch, Cabana, Cassidy, Creighton,

Curbeam, Foreman, Frick, Gorie, Ham, Hire,

Hobaugh, Jett, Lawrence, Leestma, LopezAlegria, Loria, Nowak, O'Connor, Phillips,

Readdy, S. Williams, Zamka

Anders, Bolden, Buchli, Coats, Culbertson,

Duke, Edwards, Linenger, Lounge, Lovell,

McCandless, Oswald, Reightler, Schirra,

Shepherd, Springer, Stafford, Thuot

Eisele, Freeman, Givens, Griggs, Irwin,

McCool, Shepard, M. Smith, Thorne, D.

Walker

U.S. Naval Postgraduate School: Altman,

Bursch, Curbeam, Ferguson, Foreman,

Frick, Ham, Herrington, Jett, M. Kelly,

Leestma, Lopez-Alegria, Noriega, Nowak,

Poindexter, Rominger, W. Scott, J. Williams

Carr, Cernan, Coats, Hilmers, Lousma,

McBride, Mitchell, Reightler, Springer, Weitz

Evans, McCool, Overmyer, M. Smith,

U.S. Naval War College: J. Williams
76

CURRENT U.S. ASTRONAUTS IN ACTIVE & RESERVE MILITARY SERVICE

AIR FORCE:

Archambault, Behnken, Bloomfield, Boe,

Cagle, Carey, Coleman, E. Collins, Drew,

Dutton, Fincke, Ford, Garan, Good,

Horowitz, G. H. Johnson, J. Kelly, Lindsey,

Lockhart, Melroy, Virts, Walheim, Walz

AIR FORCE RESERVES:

Fossum

ARMY:

Creamer, Currie, Forrester, Kimbrough,

Kopra, Wheelock, J. Williams

COAST GUARD:

Burbank

MARINE CORPS:

Bresnik, Hobaugh, Hurley, Loria,

Sturckow, Wilcutt, Zamka

NAVY:

Altman, Antonelli, Bowen, Bowersox, Bursch,

Cassidy, Curbeam, Ferguson, Foreman, Frick,

Gorie, Ham, Herrington, Jett, M. Kelly, S.

Kelly, Lawrence, Lopez-Alegria, Morin,

Nowak, Oefelein, Poindexter, Rominger,

Stefanyshyn-Piper, Wetherbee, S. Williams,

Wilmore, Woodward

NAVY RESERVES:

Hire, G.C. Johnson, Phillips
U.S. HUMAN SPACE FLIGHT LOG

77

Mission Crew Date Mission Cumulative

elapsed U.S. man-hr.

time(MET), in space,

hr:min:sec hr:min:sec

Mercury-Redstone 3 Shepard May 5, 1961 00:15:22 

Mercury-Redstone 4 Grissom July 21, 1961 00:15:37

00:30:59

Mercury-Atlas 6 Glenn Feb. 20, 1962 04:55:23 05:26:22

Mercury-Atlas 7 Carpenter May 24, 1962 04:56:05 10:22:27

Mercury-Atlas 8 Schirra Oct. 3, 1962 09:13:11 19:35:38

Mercury-Atlas 9 Cooper May 15-16, 1963 34:19:49 53:55:27

Total - Project Mercury - 53:55:27

Gemini-Titan III Grissom, Young Mar. 23, 1965 04:52:31 63:40:29

Gemini-Titan IV McDivitt, White June 3 to 7, 1965 97:56:12 259:32:53

Gemini-Titan V Cooper, Conrad Aug. 21 to 29, 1965190:55:14 641:23:21

Gemini-Titan VII Borman, Lovell Dec. 4 to 18, 1965330:35:01 1302:33:23

Gemini-Titan VI-A Schirra, Stafford Dec. 15 and 16, 196525:51:24 1354:16:11

Gemini-Titan VIII Armstrong, D. Scott Mar. 16, 1966 10:41:26 1375:39:03

Gemini-Titan IX-A Stafford, Cernan June 3 to 6, 1966 72:20:50 1520:20:43

Gemini-Titan X Young, M. Collins July 18 to 21, 196670:46:39 1661:54:01

Gemini-Titan XI Conrad, Gordon Sept. 12 to 15, 196671:17:08 1804:28:17

Gemini-Titan XII Lovell, Aldrin Nov. 11 to 15, 196694:34:31 1993:37:19

Total - Gemini Program - 1939:41:52

Apollo-Saturn 7 Schirra, Eisele, Cunningham Oct. 11-22, 1968 260:09:03 2774:04:28

Apollo-Saturn 8 Borman, Lovell, Anders Dec. 21-27, 1968147:00:42 3215:06:34

Apollo-Saturn 9 McDivitt, D. Scott, Schweickart Mar. 3-13, 1969 241:00:54

Apollo-Saturn 10 Stafford, Young, Cernan May 18-26, 1969 192:03:23 4514:19:25

Apollo-Saturn 11 Armstrong, M. Collins, Aldrin July 16-24, 1969 195:18:35 5100:15:10

Apollo-Saturn 12 Conrad, Gordon, Bean Nov. 14-24, 1969244:36:24 5834:04:22

Apollo-Saturn 13 Lovell, Swigert, Haise Apr. 11-17, 1970 142:54:41 6262:48:25

Apollo-Saturn 14 Shepard, Roosa, Mitchell Jan. 31-Feb. 9, 1971216:01:586910:54:19

Apollo-Saturn 15 D. Scott, Worden, Irwin Jul. 26-Aug. 7, 1971295:11:537796:29:58

Apollo-Saturn 16 Young, Mattingly, Duke Apr. 16-27, 1972 265:51:05 8594:03:13

Apollo-Saturn 17 Cernan, Evans, Schmitt Dec. 7-19, 1972 301:51:59 9499:39:10

Total - Apollo Program - 7506:01:51

Skylab SL-2 Conrad, Kerwin, Weitz May 25-Jun. 22, 1973672:49:4911518:08:37

Skylab SL-3 Bean, Garriott, Lousma Jul. 28-Sep. 25, 19731427:09:0415799:35:49

Skylab SL-4 Carr, E. Gibson, Pogue Nov. 16/73-Feb. 8/742017:16:0021851:23:49

Total - Skylab Program - 12351:44:39

Apollo-Soyuz Test Stafford, Brand, SlaytonJuly 15 to 24, 1975

Project (ASTP)

Total ASTP - 652:25:09

Source: NASA Historical Data Book Volumes 1 and 11
U.S. HUMAN SPACE FLIGHT LOG

78

Space Transportation System

Mission Crew Date MET (lift-off Cumulative

to main gearU.S. man-hr

touchdown). Space,

hr:min:sec hr:min:sec

STS-1 Young, Crippen Apr. 12-14, 1981 54:20:5322612:30:44

STS-2 Engle, Truly Nov. 12-14, 1981 54:13:1122720:57:06

STS-3 Lousma, Fullerton Mar. 22-30, 1982192:04:4623105:06:38

STS-4 Mattingly, Hartsfield Jun. 27-Jul. 4, 1982169:09:3123443:25:40

STS-5 Brand, Overmyer, J. Allen, Lenoir Nov. 11-16, 1982122:14:2623932:23:24

STS-6 Weitz, Bobko, Peterson, Musgrave Apr. 4-9, 1983 120:23:4224413:58:12

STS-7 Crippen, Hauck, Ride, Fabian, Thagard Jun. 18-24, 1983146:23:5925145:58:07

STS-8 Truly, Brandenstein, D. Gardner, Bluford, Aug. 30-Sep. 5, 1983145:08:4325871:41:42

W. Thornton

STS-9 Young, Shaw, Garriott, Parker, Lichtenberg, Nov. 28-Dec. 8, 1983247:47:2427358:26:06

Merbold

41-B Brand, R. Gibson, McCandless, McNair, Stewart Feb. 3-11, 1984 191:15:55

41-C Crippen, Scobee, van Hoften, G. Nelson, Hart Apr. 6-13, 1984 167:40:0729153:06:16

41-D Hartsfield, Coats, Resnik, Hawley, Mullane, Aug. 30-Sep. 5, 1984144:56:0430022:42:40

C. Walker

41-G Crippen, McBride, Ride, Sullivan, Leestma, Oct. 5-13, 1984 197:23:3831404:28:06

Garneau, Scully-Power

51-A Hauck, D. Walker, D. Gardner, A. Fisher, J. Allen Nov. 8-16, 1984 191:44:56

51-C Mattingly, Shriver, Onizuka, Buchli, Payton Jan. 24-27, 1985 73:33:2332730:59:41

51-D Bobko, Williams, Seddon, Hoffman, Griggs, Apr. 12-19, 1985167:55:2333906:27:22

C. Walker, Garn

51-B Overmyer, F. Gregory, Lind, Thagard, Apr. 29-May 6, 1985168:08:4635083:28:44

W. Thornton, van den Berg, Wang

51-G Brandenstein, Creighton, Lucid, Fabian, Nagel, Jun. 17-24, 1985 169:38:52

Baudry, Al-Saud

51-F Fullerton, Bridges, Musgrave, England, Henize, Jul. 29-Aug. 6, 1985 190:45:26

Acton, Bartoe

51-I Engle, Covey, van Hoften, Lounge, W. Fisher Aug. 27-Sep. 3, 1985170:17:4238457:47:20

51-J Bobko, Grabe, Hilmers, Stewart, Pailes Oct. 3-7, 1985 97:44:3838946:30:30

61-A Hartsfield, Nagel, Buchli, Bluford, Dunbar, Furrer,

Messerschmid, Ockels Oct. 30-Nov. 6, 1985168:44:5340296:29:34

61-B Shaw, O’Connor, Cleave, Spring, Ross, Neri-Vela, Nov. 26-Dec. 3, 1985 165:04:49

C. Walker

61-C R. Gibson, Bolden, Chang-Diaz, Hawley, Jan. 12 to 18, 1986146:03:5142474:30:14

G. Nelson, Cenker, B. Nelson

51-L Scobee, M. Smith, Resnik, Onizuka, McNair, Jan. 28, 1986 n/a42474:30:14

Jarvis, McAuliffe

STS-26 Hauck, Covey, Lounge, G. Nelson, Hilmers Sep. 29-Oct. 3, 198897:00:1142959:31:09

STS-27 R. Gibson, G. Gardner, Mullane, Ross, Shepherd Dec. 2-6, 1988 105:05:37

STS-29 Coats, Blaha, Bagian, Buchli, Springer Mar. 13-18, 1989119:38:5044083:13:24

STS-30 D. Walker, Grabe, Thagard, Cleave, Lee May 4-8, 1989 96:56:2744567:55:39

STS-28 Shaw, R. Richards, Adamson, Leestma, M. Brown Aug. 8-3, 1989 121:00:08

STS-34 Williams, McCulley, Chang-Diaz, Lucid, E. Baker Oct. 18-23, 1989 119:39:21

STS-33 F. Gregory, Blaha, Musgrave, Carter, K. Thornton Nov. 22-27, 1989 120:06:48

STS-32 Brandenstein, Wetherbee, Dunbar, Low, Ivins Jan. 9-20, 1990 261:00:3647676:50:04

STS-36 Creighton, Casper, Mullane, Hilmers, Thuot Feb. 28-Mar. 4, 1990106:18:2248208:21:54

STS-31 Shriver, Bolden, Hawley, McCandless, Sullivan Apr. 24-29, 1990121:16:0648814:42:24

STS-41 R. Richards, Cabana, Shepherd, Melnick, AkersOct. 6-10, 1990 98:10:0449305:32:44
U.S. HUMAN SPACE FLIGHT LOG

79

Space Transportation System

Mission Crew Date MET (lift-off Cumulative

to main gear U.S. man-hr

touchdown). in space,

hr:min:sec hr:min:sec

STS-38 Covey, Culbertson, Springer, Meade, Gemar Nov. 15-20, 1990117:54:3149895:05:19

STS-35 Brand, G. Gardner, Hoffman, Lounge, Parker, Dec. 2-10, 1990 215:05:0851400:41:15

Durrance, Parise

STS-37 Nagel, Cameron, Ross, Apt, Godwin Apr. 5-11, 1991 143:32:4452118:34:55

STS-39 Coats, Hammond, Bluford, Harbaugh, Hieb, Apr. 28-May 6, 1991199:22:2353514:01:36

McMonagle, Veach

STS-40 O’Connor, Gutierrez, Seddon, Bagian, Jernigan, Jun. 5-14, 1991 218:14:20

55041:41:56

Gaffney, Hughes-Fulford

STS-43 Blaha, M. Baker, Lucid, Adamson, Low Aug. 2-11, 1991 213:21:2556108:29:01

STS-48 Creighton, Reightler, Buchli, Gemar, M. Brown Sep. 12-18, 1991128:27:3856750:47:11

STS-44 F. Gregory, Henricks, Musgrave, Runco, Nov. 24-Dec. 1, 1991166:50:4457751:51:35

James Voss, Hennen

STS-42 Grabe, Oswald, Thagard, Hilmers, Readdy, Jan. 22-30, 1992193:14:4459104:34:43

Bondar, Merbold

STS-45 Bolden, Duffy, Sullivan, Leestma, Foale, Frimout, Mar. 24-Apr. 2, 1992 214:09:28

60603:40:59

Lichtenberg

STS-49 Brandenstein, Chilton, Hieb, Melnick, Thuot, May 7-16, 1992 213:17:3862096:44:25

K. Thornton, Akers

STS-50 R. Richards, Bowersox, Dunbar, E. Baker, Meade, Jun. 25-Jul. 9, 1992 331:30:04 64417:14:5

DeLucas, Trinh

STS-46 Shriver, A. Allen, Hoffman, Chang-Diaz, Jul. 31-Aug. 8, 1992 191:15:03 65756:00:1

Nicollier, Ivins, Malerba

STS-47 R. Gibson, C. Brown, Lee, Apt, Davis, Jemison, Sep. 12-20, 1992 190:30:23 67089:32:5

Mohri

STS-52 Wetherbee, M. Baker, Veach, Shepherd, Oct. 22-Nov. 1, 1992 236:56:13 68511:10:1

Jernigan, MacLean

STS-53 D. Walker, Cabana, Bluford, James Voss, Clifford Dec. 2-9, 1992175:19:47

69387:49:08

STS-54 Casper, McMonagle, Runco, Harbaugh, Helms Jan. 13-19, 1993143:38:1970106:00:43

STS-56 Cameron, Oswald, Foale, Cockrell, Ochoa Apr. 8-17, 1993 222:08:2471216:42:43

STS-55 Nagel, Henricks, Ross, Precourt, Harris, Walter, Apr. 26-May 6, 1993239:39:59 72894:22:3

Schlegel

STS-57 Grabe, Duffy, Low, Currie, Wisoff, Janice Voss Jun. 21-Jul. 1, 1993239:44:5474332:52:00

STS-5 1 Culbertson, Readdy, Newman, Bursch, Walz Sept. 12-22, 1993 236:11:11 75513:47:55

STS-5 8 Blaha, Searfoss, Seddon, W. McArthur, Wolf, Lucid, Oct. 18-Nov. 1, 1993 336:12:32 77867:15:3

Fettman

STS-6 1 Covey, Bowersox, Musgrave, K. Thornton, Dec. 2-2, 1993 259:58:37 79427:07:21

Nicollier, Hoffman, Akers

STS-6 0 Bolden, Reightler, Chang-Diaz, Davis, Sega, Feb. 3-11, 1994 199:09:22 80622:03:33

Krikalev

STS-6 2 Casper, A. Allen, Thuot, Gemar, Ivins Mar. 4-18, 1994 335:16:41 82298:26:58

STS-5 9 Gutierrez, Chilton, Godwin, Apt, Clifford, Jones Apr. 9-20, 1994 269:49:30 83917:23:58

STS-6 5 Cabana, Halsell, Hieb, Walz, Chiao, Thomas, July 8-23, 1994 353:55:00 86040:53:58

Mukai

STS-6 4 R. Richards, Hammond, Linenger, Helms, Meade, Sep. 9-20, 1994 262:49:57 87617:53:40

Lee
U.S. HUMAN SPACE FLIGHT LOG

80

STS-6 8 Baker, Wilcutt, Wisoff, S. Smith, Bursch, Jones Sep. 30-Oct. 11, 1994269:46:08 89236:30:28
U.S. HUMAN SPACE FLIGHT LOG

81

Space Transportation System

Mission Crew Date MET (lift-off Cumulative

to main gearU.S. man-hr

touchdown). in space,

hr:min:sec hr:min:sec

STS-66 McMonagle, C. Brown, Ochoa, Tanner, Clervoy, Nov. 3-14, 1994 262:34:02

90811:54:40

Parazynski

STS-63 Wetherbee, E. Collins, Harris, Foale, Feb. 3-11, 1995 198:28:1592002:44:10

Janice Voss, Titov

STS-67 Oswald, W. Gregory, Grunsfeld, Lawrence, Mar. 2-18, 1995 399:08:4894796:45:46

Jernigan, Durrance, Parise

STS-71 R. Gibson, Precourt, E. Baker, Harbaugh, Dunbar, Jun. 27-Jul. 7, 1995 235:22:17

Solovyev, Budarin, Dezhurov, Strekalov, Thagard

STS-70 Henricks, Kregel, Thomas, Currie, Weber Jul. 13-22, 1995 214:20:05 missions and

STS-69 Walker, Cockrell, Jim Voss, Newman, Gernhardt Sep. 7-18, 1995 260:28:56

STS-73 Bowersox, Rominger, Coleman, Lopez-Alegria, Oct. 20-Nov. 5, 1995 381:52:21

K. Thornton, Leslie, Sacco Cumulative

STS-74 Cameron, Halsell, Hadfield, Ross, W. McArthur Nov. 12-20, 1995196:30:46 man-hours

STS-72 Duffy, Jett, Chiao, W. Scott, Wakata, Barry Jan 1-20, 1996 214:00:45will no longer

STS-75 A. Allen, Horowitz, Hoffman, Cheli, Nicollier, Feb. 22-Mar. 9, 1996377:40:21be calculated.

Chang-Diaz, Guidoni

STS-76 Chilton, Searfoss, Sega, Clifford, Godwin, Lucid Mar. 22-31, 1996

STS-77 Casper, C. Brown, A. Thomas, Bursch, Runco, May 19-29, 1996

Garneau

STS-78 Henricks, Kregel, Linnehan, Helms, Brady, Jun. 20-Jul. 7, 1996405:47:36

Favier, Thirsk

STS-79 Readdy, Wilcutt, Apt, Akers, Walz, Blaha, Lucid Sep. 16-26, 1996

STS-80 Cockrell, Rominger, Jernigan, Jones, Nov. 19-Dec. 7, 1996423:53:00

Musgrave

STS-81 M. Baker, Jett, Wisoff, Grunsfeld, Ivins, Jan. 12-22, 1997244:55:00

Linenger, Blaha

STS-82 Bowersox, Horowitz, Tanner, Hawley, Feb. 11-21, 1997239:37:00

Harbaugh, M. Lee, S. Smith

STS-83 Halsell, Kilrain, Janice Voss, Gernhardt, D. Thomas, Apr. 4-8, 1997

Crouch, Linteris

STS-84 Precourt, E. Collins, Clervoy, Noriega, Lu, May 15-24, 1997221:20:00

Kondakova, Foale, Linenger

STS-94 Halsell, Kilrain, Janice Voss, Gernhardt, D. Thomas, Jul. 1-17, 1997

Crouch, Linteris

STS-85 C. Brown, Rominger, Davis, Curbeam, Robinson, Aug. 7-19, 1997

Tryggvason

STS-86 Wetherbee, Bloomfield, Titov, Parazynski, Sep. 25-Oct. 6, 1997259:21:00

Chretien, Lawrence, Wolf, Foale

STS-87 Kregel, Lindsey, Chawla, W. Scott, Doi, Nov. 19-Dec. 5, 1997376:34:00

Kadenyuk

STS-89 Wilcutt, Edwards, Reilly, M. Anderson, Dunbar, Jan. 22-31, 1998

Sharipov, A. Thomas, Wolf

STS-90 Searfoss, Altman, Linnehan, Hire, Dave Williams, Apr. 17-May 3, 1998

Buckey, Pawelczyk

STS-91 Precourt, Gorie, Chang-Diaz, Lawrence, Jun. 2-12, 1998 235:54:00

Kavandi, Ryumin, A. Thomas
U.S. HUMAN SPACE FLIGHT LOG

82

Space Transportation System

Mission Crew Date MET (lift-off

to main gear

touchdown).

hr:min:sec

STS-95 C. Brown, Lindsey, Robinson, Parazynski, Duque, Oct. 29-Nov. 7, 1998 213:44:0

Mukai, Glenn

STS-88 Cabana, Sturckow, Ross, Currie, Newman, Krikalev Dec. 4-15, 1998

238:18:00

STS-96 Rominger, Husband, Jernigan, Ochoa, Barry, May 27-Jun. 6, 1999 235:13:00

Payette, Tokarev

STS-93 E. Collins, Ashby, Coleman, Hawley, Tognini Jul. 22-27, 1999 118:49:00

STS-103 C. Brown, S. Kelly, S. Smith, Clervoy, Grunsfeld, Dec. 19-27, 1999

191:11:00

Foale, Nicollier

STS-99 Kregel, Gorie, Thiele, Kavandi, Janice Voss, Mohri Feb. 11-22, 2000

269:38:00

STS-101 Halsell, Horowitz, Weber, J. Williams, James Voss, May 19-29, 2000

236:09:00

Helms, Usachev

STS-106 Wilcutt, Altman, Burbank, Lu, Mastracchio, Sep. 8-20, 2000 283:10:57

Malenchenko, Morukov

STS-92 Duffy, Melroy, Chiao, McArthur, Wisoff, Oct. 11-24, 2000309:40:25

Lopez-Alegria, Wakata

STS-97 Jett, Bloomfield, Tanner Noriega, Garneau, Nov. 30-Dec. 1, 2001259:58:20

STS-98 Cockrell, Polansky, Curbeam, Ivins, Jones Feb. 7-20, 2001 309:20:00

STS-102 Wetherbee, J. Kelly, A. Thomas, P. Richards, Mar. 8-21, 2001 309:49:00

Jim Voss, Helms, Usachev, Shepherd,

Gidzenko, Krikalev

STS-100 Rominger, Ashby, Hadfield, Phillips, Apr. 19-May 1, 2001283:30:00

Parazynski, Guidoni, Lonchakov

STS-104 Lindsey, Hobaugh, Gernhardt, Kavandi, Reilly Jul. 12-24, 2001 306:35:00

STS-105 Horowitz, Sturckow, Forrester, Barry, Aug. 10-22, 2001285:13:00

Culbertson, Dezhurov, Tyurin, Jim Voss,

Helms, Usachev

STS-108 Gorie, M. Kelly, Godwin, Tani, Walz, Bursch, Dec. 5-17, 2001 283:36:00

Onufrienko, Culbertson, Dezhurov, Tyurin

STS-109 Altman, Carey, Grunsfeld, Currie, Linnehan, Mar. 1-12, 2002 262:10:00

Newman, Massimino

STS-110 Bloomfield, Frick, Walheim, Ochoa, Morin, Apr. 8-19, 2002 259:43:00

Ross, Smith

STS-111 Cockrell, Lockhart, Chang-Diaz, Perrin, Korzun, Jun 5-19, 2002332:35:00

Whitson, Treschev, Onufrienko, Walz, Bursch

STS-112 Ashby, Melroy, Wolf, Magnus, Sellers, Yurchikhin Oct. 7-18, 2002252:58:00

STS-113 Weatherbee, Lockhart, Lopez-Alegria, Herrington, Nov. 23-Dec. 7, 2002330:47:00

Bowersox, Budarin, Pettit, Korzun, Whitson,

Treschev

STS-107 Husband, McCool, Chawla, D Brown, M. Anderson, Jan. 16-Feb. 1, 2003382:20:00

Clark, Ramon Broke apart on reentry.
U.S. HUMAN SPACE FLIGHT LOG

83

INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION

Mission Crew Dates Mission Duration Launch Site

Exp 1 W. Shepard, Y. Gidzenko, S. Krikalev 10/31/2000-3/21/2001

140:23:38 Baikanur Cosmodrome

Exp 2 Y. Usachev, James Voss, S. Helms 3/8/2001-8/22/2001 167:06:41 39B Kennedy Space

Ctr

Exp 3 F. Culbertson, V. Dezhurov, M. Tyurin 8/10/2001-12-17/2001 128:20:45 39A Kennedy

Space Ctr

Exp 4 Y Onufrienko, D. Bursch, C. Walz 12/5/2001-6/19/2002 195:19:39 39B Kennedy Space

Ctr

Exp 5 V. Korzun, P. Whitson, S. Treschev 6/5/2002-12/7/2002 184:22:14 39A Kennedy Space

Ctr

Exp 6 K. Bowersox, D. Pettit, N. Budarin 11/23/2002-5/3/2003 161:01:17 39A Kennedy Space

Ctr

Exp 7 Y. Malenchenko, E. Lu 4/25/2003-10/27/2003184:21:47 Baikanur

Cosmodrome

Exp 8 A. Kaleri, M. Foale 10/18/2003-4/29/2004194:18:35 Baikanur

Cosmodrome

Exp 9 G. Padalka, M. Fincke 4/18/2004-10/23/2004187:21:17 Baikanur

Cosmodrome