#### COAST AUTOMOTIVE GROUP, LTD., a Delaware Corporation d/b/a/ TSE Motor Cars, Appellant, v. VW CREDIT, INC., a Corporation; Volkswagen of America, a Corporation; Audi of America, a Corporation; Marge Yost; Michael Rueckert; Stephen Johnson.

No. 00-5200.

United States Court of Appeals, Third Circuit.

Argued on Dec. 7, 2001.

Opinion Filed Jan. 29, 2002.

*819Before MANSMANN, ROTH, and FUENTES, Circuit Judges.

OPINION OF THE COURT

FUENTES, Circuit Judge.

This is an appeal by Plaintiff Coast Automotive Group, Ltd. (“Coast”) from a grant of summary judgment in favor of Defendant VW Credit, Inc and several of its employees. (collectively “VCI"). Coast’s primary contention on appeal is that the District Court improperly invoked judicial estoppel to dismiss its claims. Because we conclude that the District Judge failed to apply the standards for the use of judicial estoppel in accordance with this Court’s decision in *Montrose Med. Group Participating Sav. Plan et al. v. Bulger,*243 F.3d 773 (3d Cir.2001), we vacate as to claims dismissed on the basis of judicial estoppel. However, we hold that the District Court did not err in any of its other findings, and therefore affirm the grant of summary judgment on claims dismissed on a basis independent of judicial estoppel.

I

Coast owns new vehicle dealership franchises in Toms River, New Jersey. VCI provided Coast with floor plan financing beginning in 1991. Under a series of Master Security Agreements (“Agreements”), VCI advanced funds to Coast for the purchase of vehicle inventory and Coast granted VCI a security interest in the vehicles, the proceeds from sale of the vehicles, and in other assets of Coast. Coast paid interest on the advances to VCI, and the agreements stated that when Coast sold a vehicle from inventory, the principal on the advance would be “promptly and fully paid off’ to VCI. The agreements dictated that Coast would hold any unpaid and past due indebtedness “in trust” for VCI, but they did not specify a deadline or time period for payment of principal. The agreements contained default provisions under which VCI had the right to terminate the Agreement, refuse to advance additional funds, and accelerate and declare all debt immediately due if Coast defaulted on its obligations.

On December 12, 1995, VCI called Coast into default and, under the default provisions, terminated its credit line with Coast and accelerated the remaining outstanding balance of Coast’s debt to VCI, a debt totaling over $6 million. VCI also filed a complaint in the Superior Court of New Jersey, Chancery Division against Coast, Coast President Tamim Shansab, and others. VCI alleged that Coast had failed to pay off 48 vehicles in a timely fashion, and VCI sought to force Coast to repay its total debt and enjoin Coast from disposing of VCI’s collateral. Three days later on December 15, 1995, Coast filed a Chapter 11 petition in the United States Bankruptcy Court for the District of New Jersey.

On December 13, 1995, at a hearing in the New Jersey Superior Court matter, the court engaged in a colloquy regarding Coast’s debt status with Coast’s counsel Richard S. Mazawey:

> THE COURT: Well, isn’t the company out of trust as they say?

> MAZAWEY: Yes it is, Judge, at the present

> MAZAWEY: And, what we’re saying is, is that due to the diligent notice and the good faith of the Defendant, in light of that circumstance, in light of there being a short fall in trust, which we disagree, your Honor, as to the extent of the short fall.

> THE COURT: I know, but if you say there’s 300,000 but it’s a million-four, well that still leaves a million-one.

> MAZAWEY: Well, in actuality, Judge, there’s just about 700,000 ...

*820VCI App. at 304-05. In a hearing in the Bankruptcy Court on January 18, 1996, Shansab testified concerning the state of Coast’s indebtedness to VCI in response to questioning by the Bankruptcy Judge, the Honorable Stephen A. Stripp:

> THE COURT: You didn’t you didn’t testify because you weren’t asked whether the Debtor was in default to VCI on the floor plan line when VCI took the action that it took in State Court, was it?

> SHANSAB: Was I in default, sir?

> THE COURT: Yes.

> SHANSAB:

> Yes....

> THE COURT: ... What was the nature of the default?

> SHANSAB: Principal payments had not been made on units....

> THE COURT: Have you ever heard the term, “out of trust?”

> SHANSAB: Yes, Your Honor ...

> THE COURT: What does it mean to you?

> SHANSAB: It means that you have sold a car and you have not remitted payment in time.

> THE COURT: Is that what transpired? Was that part of the default here of the Debtor with respect to this working capital line?

> SHANSAB: To the floor plan line you mean?

> THE COURT: Floor plan line.

> SHANSAB: Yes, Your Honor.

> THE COURT: And how much were you out of trust?

> SHANSAB: The day I sat down with the with the gentleman from VCI, the calculations that we came up with were in the 700,000 range.

VCI App. at 324-25. The next day, Shansab and his bankruptcy counsel Gary Marks made further statements regarding Coast’s debt status under cross-examination by VCI counsel Stephen Ryan:

> RYAN: Okay. In fact, you’d sold some cars to customers, Coast had received payment from third party finance sources or from the buyer directly for those purchases, is that right?

> SHANSAB: That is correct.

> RYAN: Coast didn’t make any payment to VCI for the sale of those cars did it?

> THE COURT: Isn’t it stipulated that there is $700,000 out of trust, Mr. Marks?

> MARKS: I believe that was Mr. Shansad’s [sic] testimony yesterday. I don’t know that they have stipulated to that amount, but that was his testimony.

> THE COURT: All right.

> RYAN: Judge, we would stipulate that there are out of trust sales and that is what I’m trying to establish

> THE COURT: Well, it is stipulated. So let’s not waste time going over facts that are stipulated. He stipulates that he is out of trust.

> RYAN: You were out of trust with VCI before you filed your petition in Bankruptcy?

> SHANSAB: That is correct.

VCI App. at 330-31.

Several months later, in a deposition for the New Jersey Superior Court proceedings on July 23, 1996, Shansab attempted to explain that his prior testimony to the Bankruptcy Court was based on information provided to him by VCI and did not reflect his personal understanding that Coast had defaulted or was “out of trust”:

> STEWART: Do you understand “out of trust” to mean you sold a car and you have not remitted payment in time? Is *821that your understanding of “out of trust,” sir?

> SHANSAB: My understanding is that I have a line of credit with VCI, and I don’t believe I’ve ever been out of trust.

> STEWART: Do you recall testifying under oath on January 18, 1996? ...

> [Shansab reviews a transcript of the Bankruptcy Court testimony] ...

> SHANSAB: To me out of trust in this case is when you can’t trust your lender, and in this case I’m certainly VCI is certainly out of trust with me.

> STEWART: Sir, is this the answer that you gave to Judge Stripp? [reads Shansab the bankruptcy testimony] ... You said that right? ...

> SHANSAB: This happened under extreme pressure, and at that time I had no information as to what VCI’s actions had been up to that point, and, you know, when I testified here, all I had to rely on was what Steve Johnson and VCI had been telling me up to that point.

> STEWART: Based on what Steve Johnson had been telling you up to that point, did you understand that you were out of trust?

> SHANSAB: I have never been out of trust, period......

> STEWART: Sir, the sworn testimony that you gave to Judge Stripp ... with respect to out of trust, that’s not accurate, is it?

> SHANSAB: I didn’t say that, Mr. Stewart. I said that everything I had to rely on at that point is the word of a Steven Johnson from VCI......

> STEWART: Did you state anywhere in your testimony to Judge Stripp that you were relying upon the information provided by Steve Johnson?

> SHANSAB: I don’t believe that that question ever came up......

> STEWART: But you did testify to Judge Stripp under oath that the calculations that you came up with Steve Johnson, that it was that you were out of trust in the $700,000 range?

> SHANSAB: I never calculated that. That was Steven Johnson-I’ve answered the question that we came up with that. I never sat down with Steven Johnson and came up with that calculation like that ...

> I did not sit down with Steven Johnson, go over any figures. He sat down, went over his own figures.

Coast App. at 602a-606a.

On January 21, 1997, Coast filed an adversary proceeding in the Bankruptcy Court against VCI, several VCI employees, and VCI’s parent companies Volkswagen of America (VGA) and Audi of America (AOA). Because Coast demanded a jury trial, the case was referred to the District Court for the District of New Jersey. Coast’s Complaint contained 16 claims against VCI, all stemming from the basic allegation that VCI’s call of Coast into default was wrongful and constituted a breach of the Agreements.

VCI filed a motion for summary judgment on all claims against it on November 11, 1997. Among other filings in response to VCI’s motion, Coast submitted a Certification of Tamim Shansab in which Shansab reiterated the explanation of his Bankruptcy Court testimony that he provided in his state court deposition. See Coast App. at 135a 139a (Certification of Tamim Shansab).

In an order issued on April 24, 1998, the District Court granted VCI summary judgment on Counts 1-13 and 16 of Coast’s complaint. Judge Brown invoked the doctrine of judicial estoppel to find Coast had defaulted on its obligations under the Agreements. The parties did not brief *822judicial estoppel, nor did the issue arise in oral argument before the District Court. Yet the court applied judicial estoppel to bar Coast from claiming that it was not in default because Shansab and Coast’s counsel had represented in the bankruptcy hearing and the state court hearing that it was in default and “out of trust.”

The court concluded that “[t]he record clearly indicates that Coast had defaulted on the agreements by failing to make payments to VCI and was consequently ‘out of trust.’” *Coast Automotive Group v. VW Credit, Inc. et al.,*Civ. No. 97-2601(GEB), at 5-6 (D.N.J. Apr. 24, 1998) (hereinafter “Coast I”) (citing Shansab’s testimony before the Bankruptcy Court and counsel’s statements to the Bankruptcy Court and the New Jersey Superior Court). In a footnote, the court considered Shansab’s explanation of his Bankruptcy Court statements in his state court deposition and in the summary judgment certification, but decided that because Shansab contradicted himself on the meaning of “out of trust,” such inconsistent statements could not be used to create material issues of fact sufficient to preclude summary judgment. *Id.*at 6 n. 2.

In finding that Coast defaulted under the Agreements, the court stated:

> Thus, under default provisions in the agreements, VCI was entitled to declare all of Coast’s indebtedness payable on demand. Plaintiff avers that Coast had a grace period in which to make its payments under the agreements, and that in the past, Coast had made payments on principal advanced between 5 to 28 days from the date of a vehicle’s sale. However, as the record clearly indicates, plaintiff had defaulted on the agreements with VCI and plaintiff may not now contradict its prior assertions and stipulations in an attempt to defeat summary judgment.

“Coast I” at 6 (emphasis added). In a footnote appended to end of this passage, the court explained that it made this finding of default under the doctrine of judicial estoppel: The doctrine of judicial estoppel “serves a consistently clear and undisputed jurisprudential purpose: to protect the integrity of the courts.”

> See *McNemar v. Disney Store, Inc.,*91 F.3d 610, 616 (3d Cir.1996), *cert. denied*519 U.S. 1115, 117 S.Ct. 958, 136 L.Ed.2d 845 (1997). This doctrine, which “is an equitable doctrine invoked by a court at its discretion,” see *id.*at 617, precludes a party from assuming a position in a legal proceeding that contradicts or is inconsistent with a previously asserted position. See *Ryan Operations G.P. v. Santiam-Midwest Lumber Co.,*81 F.3d 355, 358 (3d Cir. 1996). While judicial estoppel is not intended to eliminate all inconsistencies, it is designed to prevent litigants from “playing fast and loose with the courts.” See *id.*Thus, as plaintiff had stipulated in the Bankruptcy proceedings that Coast was out of trust, plaintiff may not assert a contrary position before this Court at this time.

Coast I at 6 n. 3 (emphasis added).

The judicial estoppel finding of default served as the basis for dismissal of several of Coast’s claims, while summary judgment was granted on other claims on a basis independent of judicial estoppel. In a second summary judgment order on October 6, 1999, the District Court granted VCI summary judgment on the remaining two claims against VCI Counts 14 and 15. See *Coast Automotive Group v. VW Credit, Inc. et al.,*Civ. No. 97-2601(GEB), at 6 (D.N.J. October 6, 1999) (hereinafter “Coast II”). In dismissing these discrimination claims, the court relied heavily on the finding in its previous order that based on the application of judicial estoppel, *823Coast had defaulted on the Agreements and therefore VCI had the right to accelerate Coast’s debt and terminate future lending under the default provisions.

VCI filed a motion for certification of the two summary judgment orders as a final judgment under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 54(b). The court granted this motion on January 26, 2000, and denied Coast’s motion to stay this order on February 25, 2000. This appeal followed, and because the summary judgment orders were properly certified as a final judgment, we have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291.

II

A.

Coast primarily argues on appeal that the District Court erred in applying judicial estoppel sua sponte and without making the necessary findings and analysis under the settled law of this Court. While we exercise plenary review over grants of summary judgment, we examine the use of judicial estoppel for abuse of discretion. “Though a district court’s ultimate decision to invoke the doctrine is reviewed only for abuse of discretion ... a court ‘abuses its discretion when its ruling is founded on an error of law or a misapplication of law to the facts.’ ” *Montrose Med. Group Participating Sav. Plan v. Bulger et al.,*243 F.3d 773, 780 (3d Cir. 2001) (Becker, J.) (quotations omitted).

In Montrose, we reiterated and explained the requirements which must be met before a district court may properly invoke judicial estoppel:

> Judicial estoppel may be imposed only if: (1) the party to be estopped is asserting a position that is irreconcilably inconsistent with one he or she asserted in a prior proceeding; (2) the party changed his or her position in bad faith, i.e., in a culpable manner threatening to the court’s authority or integrity; and (3) the use of judicial estoppel is tailored to address the affront to the court’s authority or integrity.

*Montrose,*243 F.3d at 777-78. A district court may not invoke judicial estoppel without conducting these three inquiries. *Id.*at 780 n. 4 (discussing third element). In Montrose we also held that “a party has not displayed bad faith for judicial estoppel purposes if the initial claim was never accepted or adopted by a court or agency.” *Id.*at 778. We further elaborated on the bad faith requirement and explained that a specific finding of bad faith must be made:

> Inconsistencies are not sanctionable unless a litigant has taken one or both positions “in bad faith — i.e., with intent to play fast and loose with the court.” *Ryan Operations G.P. v. Santiam Midwest Lumber Co.,*81 F.3d 355, 361 (3d Cir.1996). A finding of bad faith “must be based on more than” the existence of an inconsistency, *Klein v. Stahl GMBH & Co. Maschinefabrik,*185 F.3d 98, 111 (3d Cir.1999) (emphasis added); indeed, a litigant has not acted in “bad faith” for judicial estoppel purposes unless two requirements are met. First, he or she must have behaved in a manner that is somehow culpable. See *Ryan Operations,*81 F.3d at 362 (stating that judicial estoppel may not be employed unless “ ‘intentional self contradiction is ... used as a means of obtaining unfair advantage’ ” (quoting *Scarano v. Central R. Co. of N.J.,*203 F.2d 510, 513 (3d Cir.1953) (emphasis added))); *id.*(“An inconsistent argument sufficient to invoke judicial estoppel must be attributable to intentional wrongdoing.” (emphasis added)); see also *In re Chambers Dev. Co. Inc.,*148 F.3d 214, 229 (3d Cir.1998) (quoting this language from Ryan Operations).

> *824Second, a litigant may not be es-topped unless he or she has engaged in culpable behavior vis-a-vis the court.... Accordingly, judicial estoppel may not be employed unless a litigant’s culpable conduct has assaulted the dignity or authority of the court.

*Montrose,*243 F.3d at 780-81 (emphasis added).

With regard to the third prong tailoring application of the doctrine to the specific harm we stated:

> Observing that judicial estoppel “is often the harshest remedy” that a court can impose for inequitable conduct, we have held that a district court may not invoke the doctrine unless: (1) “no sanction established by the Federal Rules or a pertinent statute is up to the task of remedying the damage done by a litigant’s malfeasance;” and (2) “the sanction [of judicial estoppel] is tailored to address the harm identified.” *Klein v. Stahl GMBH & Co. Maschinefabrik,*185 F.3d 98, 108, 110 (3d Cir.1999) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted).

*Montrose,*243 F.3d at 784.

Finally, we expressed particular concern in Montrose with the sua sponte application of judicial estoppel:

> We have held that a district court need not always conduct an evidentiary hearing before finding the existence of bad faith for judicial estoppel purposes ... but two precepts are nevertheless clear. First, a court considering the use of judicial estoppel should ensure that the party to be estopped has been given a meaningful opportunity to provide “an explanation” for its changed position. *Cleveland v. Policy Management Sys.,*526 U.S. 795, 807, 119 S.Ct. 1597, 143 L.Ed.2d 966 (1999). Second, though a court may sometimes “discern” bad faith without holding an evidentiary hearing, it may not do so if the ultimate finding of bad faith cannot be reached without first resolving genuine disputes as to the underlying facts.

*Montrose,*243 F.3d at 780 n. 5.

B.

In this case, the District Court applied judicial estoppel against Coast sua sponte and without the complete analysis required by this Court. At most, the court found only that the inconsistency prong of the judicial estoppel test was satisfied, as the court held that Shansab stated to the Bankruptcy Court that Coast was “out of trust” and in default, and that his later statements insufficiently explained that testimony. The court concluded that Coast could not argue on summary judgment that it was not in default, and therefore many of Coast’s claims failed because VCI properly exercised its rights under the default provisions in the Agreement. However, to invoke judicial estoppel, a court must do more than merely find that a party advanced inconsistent positions to the court. The District Court here failed to engage in the requisite analysis and make the necessary findings that Coast changed its position in bad faith and that the application of judicial estoppel was specifically tailored to address the harm caused by Coast’s alleged inconsistencies. Additionally, in raising the issue sua sponte, the court failed to allow the parties to brief the issue and inform the court’s analysis, as suggested by the Supreme Court and by this Court. Therefore, we conclude that the District Court abused its discretion by invoking the doctrine sua sponte.

The court made no finding that Coast changed its position in a bad faith attempt to “assault the dignity or authority” of the court. In its brief footnote explaining its invocation of judicial estoppel, the court indeed quoted our statement in Ryan Op*825erations that judicial estoppel is designed to prevent litigants from “playing fast and loose with the courts.” Coast I at 6 n. 3 (quoting *Ryan Operations,*81 F.3d at 358). We have noted that “playing fast and loose with the courts” is a factor in a finding of bad faith. See *Montrose,*243 F.3d at 780-81; *Ryan Operations,*81 F.3d at 358. However, simply quoting this language without any explanation or analysis of how Coast’s actions rose to the level of “playing fast and loose” is insufficient to invoke the harsh sanction of judicial estoppel. No finding of culpability, intentional self contradiction, or intentional wrongdoing was made. We counseled in Montrose that a mere finding of inconsistency, without more, fails to fulfill the bad faith requirement. See *id.*at 781. Furthermore, the court also made no explicit finding that Shansab’s and counsel’s prior statements were accepted or adopted by the court. The District Court failed to apply the law to the facts here, and therefore abused its discretion.

Secondly, the District Court did not consider whether its application of judicial estoppel was tailored to the harm caused by Coast and whether “no lesser sanction would adequately remedy the damage done by litigant’s misconduct.” *Montrose,*243 F.3d at 784. The court failed to assess whether a strong instruction to the jury that it should consider the prior inconsistent statements or some other measure short of judicial estoppel could have addressed the harm. We express no opinion whether the court’s application was in fact narrowly tailored, but we find that the court itself should have conducted such an inquiry and provided its reasoning in the first instance.

Finally, the District Court invoked judicial estoppel to dismiss many of Coast’s claims even though the parties did not brief the issue nor did it arise at oral argument. The parties were not on notice that judicial estoppel would be applied, and Coast was not allowed the oppoi’tunity to argue lack of bad faith or contest any other factor in the application of the doctrine. In Montrose, we warned that courts should be wary of just such a sua sponte application of the doctrine. See *Montrose,*243 F.3d at 780 n. 5. Further, as we stated in Montrose:

> Judicial estoppel “is an ‘extraordinary remedy’ ” that should be employed only “ ‘when a party’s inconsistent behavior would otherwise result in a miscarriage of justice.’ ” *Ryan Operations G.P. v. Santiam Midwest Lumber Co.,*81 F.3d 355, 365 (3d Cir.1996) (quoting *Oneida Motor Freight, Inc. v. United Jersey Bank,*848 F.2d 414, 419 (3d Cir.1988) (Stapleton, J., dissenting)).

*Montrose,*243 F.3d at 784. Especially because judicial estoppel is such a harsh remedy as this case demonstrates and should be used only in limited circumstances, the court should have invited briefing and argument before deploying the doctrine to dismiss many of Coast’s claims.

We understand that the District Court did not have the benefit of this Court’s decision in Montrose when it issued its summary judgment orders here. However, Montrose was based squarely on other decisions of this Court which also required the same analysis and were available at the time of the District Court’s ruling. See, e.g., *Ryan Operations,*81 F.3d at 361 (requiring finding that positions taken by party to be estopped are inconsistent and that the party changed her position in bad faith). Indeed, the District Court quoted from Ryan Operations but otherwise failed to follow its requirements. Because judicial estoppel is an “extraordinary remedy,” it should not be invoked sua sponte without the detailed, multi-step analysis Mont-*826rose specifically requires. We find that the court erred in applying judicial estoppel in this case.

Ill

While we conclude that the District Court abused its discretion in applying judicial estoppel, we find no error in the District Court’s consideration of any of the other issues decided on summary judgment. Therefore, we only vacate on those claims for which the judicial estoppel finding of Coast’s default formed the sole basis for dismissal. Those claims on which the District Court granted summary judgment to VCI on other grounds are affirmed. Below we briefly explain the District Court’s reliance on judicial estoppel with respect to each of Coast’s claims.

A. Claims Dismissed on Basis of Judicial Estoppel

We find that seven of Coast’s claims— Counts One, Four, Six, Seven, Thirteen, Fourteen, and Fifteen — were dismissed on the basis of the default finding, and we therefore vacate the grant of summary judgment on those claims.

The dismissal of Count One, Breach of Contract, most clearly depended on the judicial estoppel finding. The court invoked judicial estoppel in its discussion of this Count, and the court’s finding of default formed the only stated basis for granting summary judgment to VCI on this contract claim. See Coast I at 5-7. We vacate the grant of summary judgment as to the breach of contract claim.

In dismissing Count Four, Lender Liability, the District Court stated:

> As this Court has granted summary judgment on plaintiffs contract, good faith and fair dealing, and fiduciary duty claims, the Fourth Count of plaintiffs complaint alleging lender liability will also be dismissed as plaintiff has failed to show any breach of duty by the defendants’ actions.'

Coast I at 8 n. 5.

Because the court dismissed the contract and good faith/fair dealing claims on the basis of judicial estoppel, this statement suggests that its dismissal of the lender liability claim was based on judicial estoppel as well. We vacate as to this claim. On Count Six, Conversion and Concealment of Assets, the court stated that:

> the security agreements executed between the parties provided the defendants with the paramount right to possess the collateral in the event of a default, and that Coast would deliver such collateral to the defendants. Thus, as a default had occurred, pursuant to the agreements between the parties, defendants were entitled to a right of possession.

Coast I at 10-11 (emphasis added).

Because this holding as to the conversion claim depended on the finding of default, we vacate.

Count Seven alleged negligent supervision by VCI of its employees. The court stated that this count alleged acts of industrial espionage and tortious interference similar to those contained in other counts (namely Counts 8 and 9, discussed below). The court stated that “such claims must fail for the same reasons as previously indicated.” *Id.*at 17 n. 10. However, the court also stated that “as this Court has found that defendants did not breach the agreements, plaintiffs negligent supervision claim must also fail.” *Id.*(emphasis added). Thus, this claim was dismissed on the basis of the judicial estoppel default finding, which formed the basis for deciding that VCI did not breach the Agreements. We vacate as to this claim.

In discussing Count Thirteen, Breach of Implied Contract and Duty of Good Faith, *827the court held that “the duty of good faith cannot be invoked by plaintiff to preclude defendants from exercising their rights under the agreements upon Coast’s default.” Coast I at 8 (emphasis added). Default thus formed the sole basis for dismissal. We vacate as to this claim.

Finally, Counts Fourteen and Fifteen alleged discrimination by VCI under federal and state law respectively, on the basis of Shansab’s status as a native of Afghanistan. Coast alleged that VCI terminated Coast’s line of credit because of Shansab’s race. In its second summary judgment order, in which it dismissed these claims, the court reviewed its first order, and specifically recounted its judicial estoppel finding of default. See Coast II at 2-3. The court expressly relied on the default finding to hold that Coast could not make a prima face case of discrimination in both its federal and state claims because it could not prove that Coast was qualified to continue to receive credit. *Id.*at 20-21. The court stated at length that its finding of default barred Coast in its discrimination claim. *Id.*The court also noted that even if Coast could make out a prima facie case, VCI had a race-neutral reason for its action: that Coast was in default, as decided in Coast I by judicial estoppel. *Id.*at 21-22. The court concluded that Coast’s discrimination claims were “bereft of any evidence that VCI intentionally discriminated against Coast ... when it exercised its rights under the parties’ agreements and foreclosed on its collateral.” *Id.*at 22 (emphasis added). Because the District Court’s dismissal of these discrimination claims was based heavily on the judicial estoppel finding of default, we vacate as to these claims.

B. Claims Dismissed on Grounds Independent of Judicial Estoppel

The District Court dismissed nine of Coast’s claims against VCI without reliance on the judicial estoppel analysis. We do not find any error in the court’s treatment of the following claims, and therefore we affirm the grant of summary judgment to VCI on these claims.

With regard to Count Two, Breach of Fiduciary Duty, the court concluded that “no independent fiduciary duty is generally owed from a lender to a borrower” and that “plaintiff has failed to show that defendants owed plaintiff a separate duty of care outside of its obligations under the various loan agreements.” Coast I at 8. Although this discussion occurred in the same section in which judicial estoppel was invoked, the court did not rely on the default finding for dismissal. We therefore affirm as to this claim.

The court held on Count Three, Fraud, that “a mere alleged breach of contract without more does not create the existence of a fi*aud claim” and that plaintiff failed to plead fraud with particularity under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure Rule 9(b). *Id.*at 9-10. Default played no role, and we find no error, so we affirm. On Count Five, Trespass, the court similarly did not rely on the default finding but stated that “if an individual has a cognizable right to enter the property, no action for trespass may lie” and that here “defendants had a contractual right to enter Coast’s premises in order to inspect and safeguard its collateral, as well as to review Coast’s books and records.” *Id.*at 10. To be invoked, the contractual right to enter Coast’s premises, inspect, and review did not require default by Coast. We affirm the dismissal of the trespass claim.

Count Eight was dismissed because Coast did not meet the elements of “industrial espionage.” The court construed Count Nine as alleging tortious interfer*828ence with prospective economic advantage, and found that Coast presented no evidence to support several of the elements of that claim. The court dismissed Count Ten, Unwarranted Issuance of Subpoenas, because Coast presented no evidence that subpoenas were issued wrongly. On none of these counts did the court rely on the default finding, and we find no error in its consideration of these claims. *Id.*at 16-17. We therefore affirm as to these claims.

The court found that the bankruptcy remedy of Equitable Subordination, which Coast requested in Count Eleven, was not warranted here because Coast’s bankruptcy case had been dismissed, Coast lacked standing to bring such a claim, and because the equitable remedy was not justified on the facts of this case. *Id.*at 11-12. Default played no role, and we find no error. We affirm the dismissal of Count Eleven.

The court found that Coast presented no evidence of agreement to support its claim of Conspiracy between VCI and codefendants AOA and VOA. *Id.*at 12. Again, default played no role, and we affirm. Finally, the court dismissed Count Sixteen, Violation of 42 U.S.C. § 1982, because § 1982 does- not protect contract rights such as those asserted to be violated here, and therefore Coast could not state a claim under § 1982. We affirm.

IV

For the foregoing reasons, we hold that the District Court abused its discretion in invoking judicial estoppel to find that Coast defaulted on the Agreements. We vacate the District Court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of VCI on claims decided on the basis of the court’s application of judicial estoppel: Counts One, Four, Six, Seven, Thirteen, Fourteen, and Fifteen of Coast’s Complaint. We affirm the grant of summary judgment in favor of VCI on the remainder of Coast’s claims: Counts Two, Three, Five, Eight, Nine, Ten, Eleven, Twelve, and Sixteen. We remand to the District Court for further proceedings.