Research Report Series

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services | National Institutes of Health

from the director:

Cocaine abuse and addiction continue 

to plague our Nation. In 2008, almost 15 

percent of Americans had tried cocaine, 

with 6 percent having tried it by their 

senior year of high school. Recent discoveries about the inner workings of the 

brain and the harmful effects of cocaine 

offer us unprecedented opportunities for 

addressing this persistent public health 

problem. 

Genetic studies continue to provide 

critical information about hereditary 

influences on the risk of addiction to 

psychoactive substances, including 

cocaine. But genetic risk is far less 

rigid than previously thought. More 

recent epigenetic research has begun 

to shed light on the power of environmental factors (e.g., nutrition, chronic 

stress, parenting style) to influence 

gene expression and thus, genetic risk. 

Furthermore, sophisticated imaging 

technologies have allowed scientists 

to visualize the brain changes that 

result from chronic drug exposure or 

that occur when an addicted person is 

exposed to drug-associated “cues” that 

can trigger craving and lead to relapse. 

By mapping genetic factors, epigenetic 

mechanisms, and brain regions responsible for the multiple effects of cocaine, 

we are gaining fundamental insights 

that can help us identify new targets for 

treating cocaine addiction. 

NIDA remains vigilant in its quest for 

more effective strategies to address 

the serious public health issues linked 

to cocaine abuse. We not only support a wide range of basic and clinical 

research, but also facilitate the translation of these research findings into 

real-world settings. To this end, we strive 

to keep the public informed of the latest 

scientific advances in the field of addiction. We hope that this compilation of 

scientific information on cocaine abuse 

will inform readers and bolster our 

efforts to tackle the personal and social 

devastation caused by drug abuse and 

addiction. 

Nora D. Volkow, M.D.

Director

National Institute on Drug Abuse

Cocaine’s stimulant 

and addictive effects 

explained.

See page 2.

What Is Cocaine?

Cocaine is a powerfully addictive stimulant that directly 

affects the brain. Cocaine was labeled the drug of the 

1980s and 1990s because of its extensive popularity 

and use during that period. However, cocaine is not a new 

drug. In fact, it is one of the oldest known psychoactive substances. Coca leaves, the source of cocaine, have been chewed 

and ingested for thousands of years, and the purified chemical, 

cocaine hydrochloride, has been an abused substance for more 

than 100 years. In the early 1900s, for example, purified cocaine 

was the main active ingredient in most of the tonics and elixirs 

 continued inside
that were developed to treat a wide 

variety of illnesses. 

Pure cocaine was originally 

extracted from the leaf of the Erythroxylon coca bush, which grew primarily in Peru and Bolivia. After the 

1990s, and following crop reduction 

efforts in those countries, Colombia 

became the nation with the largest 

cultivated coca crop. Today, cocaine 

is a Schedule II drug, which means 

that it has high potential for abuse 

but can be administered by a doctor 

for legitimate medical uses, such as 

local anesthesia for some eye, ear, 

and throat surgeries. 

Cocaine is generally sold on the 

street as a fine, white, crystalline 

powder and is also known as “coke,” 

“C,” “snow,” “flake,” or “blow.” 

Street dealers generally dilute it with 

inert substances such as cornstarch, 

talcum powder, or sugar, or with 

active drugs such as procaine (a 

chemically related local anesthetic) 

or amphetamine (another stimulant). Some users combine cocaine 

with heroin—in what is termed a 

“speedball.” 

There are two chemical forms of 

cocaine that are abused: the watersoluble hydrochloride salt and the 

water-insoluble cocaine base (or 

freebase). When abused, the hydrochloride salt, or powdered form of 

cocaine, can be injected or snorted. 

The base form of cocaine has been 

processed with ammonia or sodium 

bicarbonate (baking soda) and 

water, and then heated to remove the 

hydrochloride to produce a smokable substance. The term “crack,” 

which is the street name given to 

freebase cocaine, refers to the crackling sound heard when the mixture 

is smoked.

How Is Cocaine 

Abused?

The principal routes of cocaine 

administration are oral, intranasal, 

intravenous, and inhalation. Snorting, or intranasal administration, 

is the process of inhaling cocaine 

powder through the nostrils, where 

it is absorbed into the bloodstream 

through the nasal tissues. The drug 

also can be rubbed onto mucous 

tissues. Injecting, or intravenous 

use, releases the drug directly into 

the bloodstream and heightens the 

intensity of its effects. Smoking 

involves inhaling cocaine vapor 

or smoke into the lungs, where 

absorption into the bloodstream is 

as rapid as by injection. This rather 

immediate and euphoric effect 

is one of the reasons that crack 

became enormously popular in the 

mid-1980s. 

Cocaine use ranges from occasional to repeated or compulsive 

use, with a variety of patterns 

between these extremes. Other 

than medical uses, there is no safe 

way to use cocaine. Any route of 

administration can lead to absorption of toxic amounts of cocaine, 

possible acute cardiovascular or 

cerebrovascular emergencies, and 

seizures—all of which can result in 

sudden death. 

How Does 

Cocaine Produce 

Its Effects?

Research has led to a clear understanding of how cocaine produces 

its pleasurable effects and why it 

is so addictive. Scientists have discovered regions within the brain 

that are stimulated by all types of 

reinforcing stimuli such as food, 

sex, and many drugs of abuse. One 

neural system that appears to be 

most affected by cocaine originates 

in a region of the midbrain called 

the ventral tegmental area (VTA). 

Nerve fibers originating in the 

VTA extend to a region known as 

the nucleus accumbens, one of the 

brain’s key areas involved in reward. 

Animal studies show that rewards 

increase levels of the brain chemical (or neurotransmitter) dopamine, 

thereby increasing neural activity 

in the nucleus accumbens. In the 

normal communication process, 

dopamine is released by a neuron 

into the synapse (the small gap 

between two neurons), where it 

binds to specialized proteins (called 

dopamine receptors) on the neighboring neuron and sends a signal 

to that neuron. Dopamine is then 

Research Report Series

Coca bush

2 NIDA Research Report Series

Cocaine
removed from the synapse to be 

recycled for further use. Drugs of 

abuse can interfere with this normal 

communication process. For example, scientists have discovered that 

cocaine acts by blocking the removal 

of dopamine from the synapse, 

which results in an accumulation of 

dopamine and an amplified signal 

to the receiving neurons (see image 

on page 4, “Cocaine in the brain”). 

This is what causes the initial euphoria commonly reported by cocaine 

abusers. 

What Are the 

Short-Term 

Effects of 

Cocaine Use?

Cocaine’s effects appear almost 

immediately after a single dose 

and disappear within a few 

minutes to an hour. Taken in 

small amounts, cocaine usually 

makes the user feel euphoric, 

energetic, talkative, and mentally 

alert, especially to the sensations 

of sight, sound, and touch. It 

can also temporarily decrease the 

need for food and sleep. Some 

users find that the drug helps 

them perform simple physical and 

intellectual tasks more quickly, 

although others experience the 

opposite effect. 

The duration of cocaine’s 

euphoric effects depend upon the 

route of administration. The faster the drug is absorbed, the more 

intense the resulting high, but also 

What Is the Scope 

of Cocaine Use in 

the United States?

The National Survey on Drug Use 

and Health (NSDUH) estimates 

that in 2008 there were 1.9 million current (past month) cocaine 

users, of which approximately 

359,000 were current crack users. 

Adults aged 18 to 25 years have a 

higher rate of current cocaine use 

than any other age group, with 1.5 

percent of young adults reporting 

past-month cocaine use. Overall, 

men report higher rates of current 

cocaine use than women. 

The 2009 Monitoring the Future 

survey, which annually surveys 

teen attitudes and drug use, 

reports a significant decline in 

30-day prevalence of powder 

cocaine use among 8th-, 10th-, and 

12th-graders from peak use in the 

late 1990s, as well as significant 

declines in past-month use among 

10th- and 12th-graders from 2008 

to 2009. 

Repeated cocaine use can produce 

addiction and other adverse health 

consequences. In 2008, according 

to the NSDUH, about 1.4 million 

Americans met the Diagnostic 

and Statistical Manual of Mental 

Disorders criteria for dependence 

or abuse of cocaine (in any form) 

in the past 12 months. Further, 

data from the 2008 Drug Abuse 

Warning Network (DAWN) report 

showed that cocaine was involved 

in 482,188 of the nearly 2 million 

visits to emergency departments 

for drug misuse or abuse. This 

translates to almost one in four 

drug misuse or abuse emergency 

department visits (24 percent) that 

involved cocaine.

Powdered cocaine Freebase cocaine

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Trends in 30-Day Prevalence of Cocaine Abuse 

Among 8th-, 10th-, and 12th-Graders, 1998–2009

Source: University of Michigan, 2009 Monitoring the Future Survey.

12th-graders

10th-graders

8th-graders

Percent Reporting Use

NIDA Research Report Series 3
the shorter the duration. The high 

from snorting is relatively slow to 

arrive, but it may last from 15 to 

30 minutes; in contrast, the effects 

from smoking are more immediate 

but may last only 5 to 10 minutes. 

The short-term physiological 

effects of cocaine use include 

constricted blood vessels; dilated 

pupils; and increased body 

temperature, heart rate, and 

blood pressure. Large amounts of 

cocaine may intensify the user’s 

high but can also lead to bizarre, 

erratic, and violent behavior. 

Some cocaine users report feelings 

of restlessness, irritability, anxiety, 

panic, and paranoia. Users may 

also experience tremors, vertigo, 

and muscle twitches. 

There also can be severe 

medical complications associated 

with cocaine abuse. Some of the 

most frequent are cardiovascular 

effects, including disturbances in 

heart rhythm and heart attacks; 

neurological effects, including 

strokes, seizures, headaches, 

and coma; and gastrointestinal 

complications, including 

abdominal pain and nausea. In 

rare instances, sudden death can 

occur on the first use of cocaine or 

unexpectedly thereafter. Cocainerelated deaths are often a result of 

cardiac arrest or seizures followed 

by respiratory arrest. 

In addition, research has also 

revealed a potentially dangerous 

interaction between cocaine and 

alcohol. This mixture is the most 

common two-drug combination 

that results in drug-related death.

What Are the 

Long-Term Effects 

of Cocaine Use?

Cocaine is a powerfully addictive 

drug. Thus, it is unlikely that an 

individual will be able to reliably 

predict or control the extent to 

which he or she will continue to 

want or use the drug. And, if addiction takes hold, the risk for relapse 

is high even following long periods 

of abstinence. Recent studies have 

shown that during periods of abstinence, the memory of the cocaine 

experience or exposure to cues 

associated with drug use can trigger 

tremendous craving and relapse to 

drug use. 

With repeated exposure to 

cocaine, the brain starts to adapt, 

and the reward pathway becomes 

less sensitive to natural reinforcers 

and to the drug itself. Tolerance 

may develop—this means that higher doses and/or more frequent use 

of cocaine is needed to register the 

same level of pleasure experienced 

during initial use. At the same 

time, users can also become more 

sensitive (sensitization) to cocaine’s 

anxiety-producing, convulsant, and 

other toxic effects. 

Users take cocaine in “binges,” 

during which the cocaine is used 

repeatedly and at increasingly higher doses. This can lead to increased 

irritability, restlessness, panic 

attacks, and paranoia—even a fullblown psychosis, in which the individual loses touch with reality and 

experiences auditory hallucinations. 

With increasing dosages or frequency of use, the risk of adverse psychological or physiological effects 

increases. 

Different routes of cocaine 

administration can produce different adverse effects. Regularly 

snorting cocaine, for example, can 

lead to loss of sense of smell; nosebleeds; problems with swallowing; 

Cocaine in the brain—In the normal communication process, dopamine is released 

by a neuron into the synapse, where it can bind to dopamine receptors on neighboring 

neurons. Normally, dopamine is then recycled back into the transmitting neuron by a 

specialized protein called the dopamine transporter. If cocaine is present, it attaches to 

the dopamine transporter and blocks the normal recycling process, resulting in a buildup 

of dopamine in the synapse, which contributes to the pleasurable effects of cocaine.

4 NIDA Research Report Series
hoarseness; and an overall irritation 

of the nasal septum, which could 

result in a chronically inflamed, 

runny nose. Ingested cocaine can 

cause severe bowel gangrene due 

to reduced blood flow. Persons 

who inject cocaine have puncture 

marks called “tracks,” most commonly in their forearms, and may 

experience allergic reactions, either 

to the drug or to some additive in 

street cocaine, which in severe cases 

can result in death. Many chronic 

cocaine users lose their appetite and 

experience significant weight loss 

and malnourishment.

Are Cocaine 

Abusers at Risk 

for Contracting 

HIV/AIDS and 

Hepatitis?

Yes, cocaine abusers are at 

increased risk for contracting 

such infectious diseases as human 

immunodeficiency virus/acquired 

immune deficiency syndrome 

(HIV/AIDS) and viral hepatitis. 

This risk stems not only from 

sharing contaminated needles and 

drug paraphernalia but also from 

engaging in risky behaviors as a 

result of intoxication. Research 

has shown that drug intoxication 

and addiction can compromise 

judgment and decisionmaking, 

and potentially lead to risky sexual 

encounters, needle sharing, and 

trading sex for drugs—by both men 

and women. In fact, some studies 

are showing that among drug 

abusers, those who do not inject 

drugs are contracting HIV at rates 

equal to those who do inject drugs, 

further highlighting the role of 

sexual transmission of HIV in this 

population. 

Additionally, hepatitis C (HCV) 

has spread rapidly among injecting 

drug users. Risk begins with the first 

injection, and within 2 years, nearly 

40 percent of injection drug users 

(IDUs) are exposed to HCV. By 

the time IDUs have been injecting 

for 5 years, their chances of being 

infected with HCV are between 50 

and 80 percent. Although treatment 

for HCV is not effective for everyone 

and can have significant side effects, 

medical followup is essential for 

all those who are infected. There 

is no vaccine for the hepatitis C 

virus, and it is highly transmissible 

via injection; thus, HCV testing is 

recommended for any individual 

who has ever injected drugs.

What Treatments 

Are Effective for 

Cocaine Abusers?

In 2007, cocaine accounted for 

about 13 percent of all admissions 

to drug abuse treatment programs. 

The majority of individuals (72 

percent in 2007) who seek treatment 

for cocaine abuse smoke crack and 

are likely to be polydrug abusers, or 

users of more than one substance. 

The widespread abuse of cocaine 

has stimulated extensive efforts to 

develop treatment programs for 

cocaine. As with any drug addiction, this is a complex disease that 

involves biological changes in the 

brain as well as myriad social, 

familial, and other environmental 

problems. Therefore, treatment of 

cocaine addiction must be comprehensive, and strategies need to assess 

the neurobiological, social, and 

medical aspects of the patient’s drug 

abuse. Moreover, patients who have 

a variety of addictions often have 

other co-occurring mental disorders 

that require additional behavioral or 

pharmacological interventions.

Pharmacological Approaches

Presently, there are no FDAapproved medications to treat 

cocaine addiction. Consequently, 

NIDA is working aggressively to 

identify and test new medications 

to treat cocaine addiction safely 

and effectively. Several medications 

marketed for other diseases (e.g., 

vigabatrin, modafinil, tiagabine, 

disulfiram, and topiramate) show 

promise and have been reported 

to reduce cocaine use in controlled 

clinical trials. Among these, 

disulfiram (used to treat alcoholism) 

has produced the most consistent 

reductions in cocaine abuse. On the 

other hand, new knowledge of how 

the brain is changed by cocaine is 

directing attention to novel targets 

for medications development. 

Compounds that are currently 

being tested for addiction treatment 

take advantage of underlying 

cocaine-induced adaptations in 

the brain that disturb the balance 

between excitatory (glutamate) and 

inhibitory (gamma-aminobutyric 

acid) neurotransmission. Also, 

Brain images showing decreased 

dopamine (D2) receptors in the brain 

of a person addicted to cocaine 

versus a nondrug user. The dopamine 

system is important for conditioning 

and motivation, and alterations such 

as this are likely responsible, in part, 

for the diminished sensitivity to 

natural rewards that develops with 

addiction.

NIDA Research Report Series 5
 What Are 

the Effects 

of Maternal 

Cocaine Use?

The full extent of the effects of prenatal cocaine exposure on a child is 

not completely known, but many scientific studies have documented that 

babies born to mothers who abuse 

cocaine during pregnancy are often 

prematurely delivered, have low birth 

weights and smaller head circumferences, and are shorter in length than 

babies born to mothers who do not 

abuse cocaine. 

Nevertheless, it is difficult to estimate the full extent of the consequences of maternal drug abuse and 

to determine the specific hazard of 

a particular drug to the unborn child. 

This is because multiple factors—

such as the amount and number of 

all drugs abused, including nicotine; 

extent of prenatal care; possible 

neglect or abuse of the child; exposure to violence in the environment; 

socioeconomic conditions; maternal 

nutrition; other health conditions; 

and exposure to sexually transmitted 

diseases—can all interact to impact 

maternal, fetal, and child outcomes. 

Some may recall that “crack babies,” 

or babies born to mothers who 

abused crack cocaine while pregnant, were at one time written off as 

a lost generation. They were predicted to suffer from severe, irreversible damage, including reduced 

intelligence and social skills. It was 

later found that this was a gross 

exaggeration. However, the fact 

that most of these children appear 

normal should not be overinterpreted 

to indicate that there is no cause for 

concern. Using sophisticated technologies, scientists are now finding 

that exposure to cocaine during fetal 

development may lead to subtle, 

yet significant, later deficits in some 

children, including deficits in some 

aspects of cognitive performance, 

information processing, and attention 

to tasks—abilities that are important 

for the realization of a child’s full 

potential.

dopamine D3 receptors (a subtype 

of dopamine receptor) constitute 

a novel molecular target of high 

interest. Medications that act at 

these receptors are now being tested 

for safety in humans. Finally, a 

cocaine vaccine that prevents entry 

of cocaine into the brain holds great 

promise for reducing the risk of 

relapse. In addition to treatments for 

addiction, medical treatments are 

being developed to address the acute 

emergencies that result from cocaine 

overdose each year. 

Behavioral Interventions

Many behavioral treatments 

for cocaine addiction have proven 

to be effective in both residential 

and outpatient settings. Indeed, 

behavioral therapies are often 

the only available and effective 

treatments for many drug problems, 

including stimulant addictions. 

However, the integration of 

behavioral and pharmacological 

treatments may ultimately prove to 

be the most effective approach. 

One form of behavioral therapy 

that is showing positive results 

in cocaine-addicted populations 

is contingency management, or 

motivational incentives (MI). MI 

may be particularly useful for 

helping patients achieve initial 

abstinence from cocaine and for 

helping patients stay in treatment. 

Programs use a voucher or prizebased system that rewards patients 

who abstain from cocaine and other 

drug use. On the basis of drug-free 

urine tests, the patients earn points, 

or chips, which can be exchanged 

for items that encourage healthy 

living, such as a gym membership, 

movie tickets, or dinner at a local 

restaurant. This approach has 

recently been shown to be practical 

and effective in community 

treatment programs. 

Cognitive-behavioral therapy 

(CBT) is an effective approach 

for preventing relapse. CBT is 

focused on helping cocaineaddicted individuals abstain—

and remain abstinent—from 

cocaine and other substances. 

The underlying assumption is 

that learning processes play an 

important role in the development 

and continuation of cocaine abuse 

and addiction. These same learning 

processes can be harnessed to help 

individuals reduce drug use and 

successfully prevent relapse. This 

approach attempts to help patients 

recognize, avoid, and cope; that 

is, they recognize the situations 

in which they are most likely to 

use cocaine, avoid these situations 

when appropriate, and cope 

more effectively with a range of 

problems and problematic behaviors 

associated with drug abuse. This 

therapy is also noteworthy because 

of its compatibility with a range 

6 NIDA Research Report Series

Presently, there 

are no proven 

medications to treat 

cocaine addiction. 

Consequently, 

NIDA is working 

aggressively to 

identify and test 

new medications.
of other treatments patients may 

receive.

Therapeutic communities 

(TCs), or residential programs, 

offer another alternative to persons 

in need of treatment for cocaine 

addiction. TCs usually require a 

6- or 12-month stay and use the 

program’s entire “community” as 

active components of treatment. 

They can include onsite vocational 

rehabilitation and other supportive 

services and focus on successful 

re-integration of the individual into 

society.

Community-based recovery 

groups—such as Cocaine 

Anonymous—that use a 12-step 

program can also be helpful to 

people trying to sustain abstinence. 

Participants may benefit from the 

supportive fellowship and from 

sharing with those experiencing 

common problems and issues. 

It is important that patients 

receive services that match all of 

their treatment needs. For example, 

if a patient is unemployed, it may 

be helpful to provide vocational 

rehabilitation or career counseling 

along with addiction treatment. If 

a patient has marital problems, it 

may be important to offer couples 

counseling.

continued on page 8

References

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Development (AED), 

Hepatitis C virus and HIV 

coinfection. Washington, 

DC, 2002. Data retrieved 

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Alessi, S.M.; Hanson, 

T.; Wieners, M.; and 

Petry, N.M. Low-cost 

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Gold, M.S. Cocaine (and 

crack): Clinical aspects. 

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Substance Abuse: A 

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Glossary

Addiction: A chronic, relapsing 

disease characterized by 

compulsive drug seeking and 

use and by long-lasting changes 

in the brain.

Anesthetic: An agent that 

causes insensitivity to pain and 

is used for surgeries and other 

medical procedures.

Coca: The plant, Erythroxylon, 

from which cocaine is derived. 

Also refers to the leaves of this 

plant. 

Crack: The slang term for a 

smokable form of cocaine. 

Craving: A powerful, often 

uncontrollable, desire for drugs. 

Dopamine: A brain chemical, 

classified as a neurotransmitter, 

found in regions of the brain 

that regulate movement, 

emotion, motivation, and 

pleasure.

Freebase: A solid, waterinsoluble, and smokable form 

of cocaine that is produced 

when its hydrochloride 

salt form is processed 

with ammonia or sodium 

bicarbonate and water, 

then heated to remove the 

hydrochloride. (Also, see 

“crack.”) 

Frontal cortex: The front 

part of the brain involved 

with reasoning, planning, 

problemsolving, and other 

higher cognitive functions. 

Gamma-aminobutyric acid 

(GABA): The main inhibitory 

neurotransmitter in the 

central nervous system. 

GABA provides the needed 

counterbalance to the actions 

of other systems, particularly 

the excitatory neurotransmitter 

glutamate. 

Glutamate: An excitatory 

neurotransmitter found 

throughout the brain that 

influences the reward system 

and is involved in learning 

and memory, among other 

functions. 

Hydrochloride salt: A 

powdered, water-soluble form 

of cocaine that can be injected 

or snorted. 

Neuron: A nerve cell. 

Nucleus accumbens: A 

brain region involved in 

motivation and reward. Nearly 

all drugs of abuse directly or 

indirectly increase dopamine 

in the nucleus accumbens, 

contributing to their addictive 

properties. 

Polydrug user: An individual 

who uses more than one drug. 

Rush: A surge of pleasure 

(euphoria) that rapidly follows 

the administration of some 

drugs.

Stimulant: A class of drugs 

that enhances the activity of 

monamines (such as dopamine) 

in the brain, increasing arousal, 

heart rate, blood pressure, and 

respiration, and decreasing 

appetite; includes some 

medications used to treat 

attention-deficit hyperactivity 

disorder (e.g., methylphenidate 

and amphetamines), 

as well as cocaine and 

methamphetamine.

Tolerance: A condition in which 

higher doses of a drug are 

required to produce the same 

effect achieved during initial 

use.

Vertigo: The sensation of 

dizziness.

NIDA Research Report Series 7
NIH Publication Number 10-4166 

Printed May 1999, Revised November 2004, Revised June 2009, Revised September 2010

Feel free to reprint this publication.

Where Can I Get More Scientific Information 

About Cocaine Abuse and Addiction?

To learn more about cocaine and 

other drugs of abuse, or to order 

materials on these topics free of 

charge in English or Spanish, 

visit the NIDA Web site at 

www.drugabuse.gov or contact 

the DrugPubs Research 

Dissemination Center at 

877-NIDA-NIH (877-643-2644; 

TTY/TDD: 240-645-0228).

What’s New on the NIDA Web Site

•	 Information on drugs of abuse

• Publications and communications

(including NIDA Notes and 

Addiction Science & Clinical 

Practice journal) 

• Calendar of events

• Links to NIDA organizational

units 

• Funding information (including

program announcements and 

deadlines) 

• International activities

• Links to related Web sites (access

to Web sites of many other 

organizations in the field)

NIDA Web Sites

drugabuse.gov

backtoschool.drugabuse.gov

teens.drugabuse.gov

For Physician Information

www.drugabuse.gov/nidamed

Other Web Sites

Information on cocaine abuse and 

addiction is also available through 

the following Web site:

•	 Substance Abuse and Mental

Health Services Administration 

Health Information Network:

www.samhsa.gov/shin

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