The Board was abolished in 2005. See Act of May 30, 2005, 79th Leg., R.S., ch. 281, 1

§ 7.01, sec. 2301.002(2), (10), 2005 Tex. Gen. Laws 778, 839. We will, however, continue to refer

to the Board as it issued the order under review. The Motor Vehicle Division of the Texas

Department of Transportation is now headed by a division director. See id.

A Subaru proceeding is required when a partyfiles suit in district court, but includes claims 2

within the Board’s exclusive jurisdiction under the Texas Occupations Code as issues to be decided

in the lawsuit. As the supreme court concluded in Subaru, the district court lacks jurisdiction to

consider code-based claims falling within the Board’s exclusive jurisdiction and should abate the

trial proceedings to allow this jurisdictional defect to be cured by presenting those claims to the

Board for review and final decision. Subaru of Am., Inc. v. David McDavid Nissan, Inc., 84 S.W.3d

212, 227-28 (Tex. 2002). Once the Board renders a final decision on the code-based claims, the

parties may then utilize the Board’s findings for purposes of the lawsuit. Id. at 228.

TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN

444444444444444

NO. 03-05-00355-CV

444444444444444

Austin Chevrolet, Inc. d/b/a Munday Chevrolet/Geo and

General Motors Corporation, Appellants

v.

Motor Vehicle Board and Motor Vehicle Division of the Texas Department of

Transportation and Landmark Chevrolet Corporation, Appellees

44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444

FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF TRAVIS COUNTY, 98TH JUDICIAL DISTRICT

NO. GN500875, HONORABLE W. JEANNE MEURER, JUDGE PRESIDING

44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444

O P I N I O N

This is an appeal from a final order issued by the Motor Vehicle Board of the Texas

Department of Transportation in a Subaru proceeding. See Subaru of Am., Inc. v. David McDavid 1 2
 A new car dealer may protest a manufacturer’s decision to establish a new car dealership 3

of the same line-make within a fifteen-mile radius of the existing dealership. See Tex. Occ. Code

Ann. § 2301.652(b)(2) (West 2004).

2

Nissan, Inc., 84 S.W.3d 212, 226 (Tex. 2002). In this case, Landmark Chevrolet Corporation

(Landmark) filed a lawsuit against General Motors Corporation (GM) and Austin Chevrolet, Inc.,

d/b/a Munday Chevrolet/Geo (Munday) (together “GM/Munday”), alleging that GM defrauded

Landmark out of its right to protest Munday’s dealership application in 1993 and discriminated 3

against Landmark in the allocation of Suburbans and Tahoes from 1994 to 1997. The district court

abated the suit and referred these two issues to the Board for determination. See Tex. Occ. Code

Ann. §§ 2301.151, .251-.266 (West 2004); Butnaru v. Ford Motor Co., 84 S.W.3d 198, 206 (Tex.

2002); Subaru, 84 S.W.3d at 223. After an administrative law judge (ALJ) conducted a hearing and

prepared a proposal for decision (PFD), the Board ruled for Landmark on the first issue and for

GM/Munday on the second issue.

GM/Munday now appeal the issue decided in favor of Landmark, contending that the

Board acted in an arbitrary and capricious manner by refusing to answer the question posed by the

district court and by ignoring the Board’s precedent. We affirm the Board’s order.

FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

This appeal arises out of a dispute over the establishment and relocation of the

Munday dealership in the north Houston area. In 1993, Munday filed an application with the Board
3

for a new franchised motor vehicle dealer’s license for a dealership to be located in northwest

Houston, at F.M. 1960 and Cypress Station Drive, approximately one-half mile west of Interstate

Highway 45. This application was timely protested by Landmark, a large-volume dealership located

ten miles south of the proposed Munday location on Interstate Highway 45. GM intervened in the

protest proceeding on Munday’s behalf. A pretrial conference was held, discovery conducted, and

a hearing on the merits was scheduled. Prior to the commencement of the hearing, Landmark

dismissed its protest of the Munday application after, it contends, it was assured that GM would give

consideration to Landmark’s concerns about the proposed dealership. The Board then issued a

license to Munday. Soon after, Munday completed construction of the dealership and commenced

operations.

In 1997, Munday filed an application with the Board to relocate the dealership directly

onto Interstate Highway 45. Landmark filed this lawsuit against GM/Munday, alleging, among other

things, that GM defrauded Landmark out of its right to protest Munday’s 1993 application.

Landmark alleged that GM was biased in the 1993 matter because GM had conditioned its offer of

the Chevrolet franchise to Munday on Munday’s purchase, for above-market value, of the GMowned property at F.M. 1960 and Cypress Station Drive.

On motions filed by GM/Munday, the district court abated the suit and referred the

matter to the Board to answer the following question at issue in this appeal:

If Landmark had not withdrawn its protest of the license application at issue in

William F. Munday d/b/a Bill Munday Chevrolet/Geo, Applicant v. Landmark

Chevrolet Corp., Protestant and General Motors Corporation, Intervenor, before the

Texas Department of Transportation, Division of Motor Transportation; Docket No.
 The former Texas Motor Vehicle Commission Code, the Board’s enabling statute, was 4

codified at Chapter 2301 of the Texas Occupations Code, effective on June 1, 2003. See Act of May

22, 2001, 77th Leg., R.S., ch. 1421, § 5, sec. 2301, 2001 Tex. Gen. Laws 2570, 4921-68. The Board

order under review involved the “protest” provision in the 1993 version of the Motor Vehicle

Commission Code. Although codification altered the numbering system, the relevant portions of

the protest provision have not changed. We will refer to the current code provisions, unless

otherwise stated.

 The district court referred a second question to the Board, but that question is not at issue 5

in this appeal.

4

93-094, under § 4.06(c) of the Texas Motor Vehicle Commission Code, would 4

Landmark have obtained a final order denying the license application?5

This abatement was predicated upon decisions issued by the supreme court in Butnaru

and Subaru, wherein the court determined that the Board has the exclusive jurisdiction to determine

violations of the motor vehicle code. See Butnaru, 84 S.W.3d at 206; Subaru, 84 S.W.3d at 223.

Following the district court’s abatement, Landmark initiated a contested-case proceeding by filing

a complaint with the Board against GM/Munday so the Board could answer the district court’s

question. The role of the Board in this matter was to interpret the code so that the district court could

determine if damages were to be assessed against GM/Munday. See Subaru, 84 S.W.3d at 224.

In the contested-case proceeding, GM/Munday had the burden to show good cause

for the establishment of the new Munday dealership pursuant to § 2301.652(a) of the occupations

code, which states,

(a) The board may deny an application for a license to establish a dealership if,

following a protest, the applicant fails to establish good cause for establishing

the dealership. In determining good cause, the board shall consider:

(1) whether the manufacturer or distributor of the same line-make of new

motor vehicle is being adequately represented as to sales and service;
5

(2) whether the protesting franchised dealer representing the same line-make

of new motor vehicle is in substantial compliance with the dealer’s

franchise to the extent that the franchise is not in conflict with this chapter;

(3) the desirability of a competitive marketplace;

(4) any harm to the protesting franchised dealer; and

(5) the public interest.

See Tex. Occ. Code Ann. § 2301.652(a) (West 2004). The second factor was not in dispute; the

other four factors were contested.

The Board found that GM/Munday failed to prove good cause for the addition of the

Munday dealership. As a result, the Board found that if Landmark had not withdrawn its protest of

Munday’s license application in 1993, its protest would have been granted and Munday’s application

would have been denied. GM/Munday filed an administrative appeal in district court and Landmark

removed the appeal to this Court pursuant to section 2301.751(b) of the occupations code. See id.

§ 2301.751(b) (West 2004).

ANALYSIS

The Controversy

GM/Munday contend that after the parties had agreed to refer the question to the

Board, the Board improperly recast the question. GM/Munday further contend that the Board

improperly excluded evidence, specifically the testimony of the former executive director of the

Board, which it sought to proffer. GM/Munday also argue that, in analyzing the statutory good-cause

factors on harm and adequacy of representation, the Board abandoned precedent and penalized
6

GM/Munday for using a previously approved standard, thus violating their due process and equal

protection rights.

Landmark and the Board respond that the Board properly conducted the proceedings

and that its decision was supported by substantial evidence.

Standard of Review

We review the Board’s decision under the substantial-evidence standard. Tex. Occ.

Code Ann. § 2301.751(a); see Tex. Gov’t Code Ann. § 2001.174 (West 2000); Subaru, 84 S.W.3d

at 224. “‘Broadly speaking, the substantial evidence rule is a court review device to keep the courts

out of the business of administering regulatory statutes enacted by the Legislature; but it remains the

business of the courts to see that justice is administered to competing parties by governmental

agencies.’” Board of Regents v. Martine, 607 S.W.2d 638, 641 (Tex. Civ. App.—Austin 1980, writ

ref’d n.r.e.) (quoting Lewis v. Metropolitan Savs. and Loan Ass’n, 550 S.W.2d 11, 13 (Tex. 1977)).

Under a substantial-evidence review, we presume that the Board’s orderis supported

by substantial evidence, and the appellant has the burden of overcoming this presumption. Graff

Chevrolet Co., Inc. v. Texas Motor Vehicle Bd., 60 S.W.3d 154, 159 (Tex. App.—Austin 2001, pet.

denied). When a court is applying the substantial-evidence standard of review to an agency decision,

the issue for the reviewing court is not whether the agency’s decision was correct, but whether the

record demonstrates some reasonable basis for the agency’s action. Central Power & Light Co. v.

Public Util. Comm’n, 36 S.W.3d 547, 561 (Tex. App.—Austin 2000, pet. denied). We may not

substitute our judgment for that of the agency on matters committed to agency discretion. Tex.
7

Gov’t Code Ann. § 2001.174; H.G. Sledge, Inc. v. Prospective Inv. & Trading Co., Ltd., 36 S.W.3d

597, 602 (Tex. App.—Austin 2000, pet. denied). The agency is the sole judge of the weight of the

evidence and the credibility of the witnesses. Central Power & Light, 36 S.W.3d at 561.

District Court’s Question

In its first and second issues, GM/Munday contend that the Board improperly recast

the district court’s issue as “what would have happened had it taken the parties to 2002 to get to

hearing, but with evidence of market data beyond 1993 excluded?” GM/Munday assert that by

recasting the case in this manner, and by excluding the testimony of the former executive director

of the Board in 1993, the Board “engaged in an irrelevant thought experiment” that failed to answer

the question posed by the district court.

We disagree. In this case, the district court’s order did not instruct the Board on

methodology; rather, it properly deferred to the Board’s authority and expertise in determining

whether there was good cause to add the Munday dealership in 1993. In deferring to the Board, the

district court followed the guidance of the supreme court in Subaru. See Subaru, 84 S.W.3d at 221.

In Subaru, the court stated, “Trial courts should allow an administrative agency to

initially decide an issue when: (1) an agency is typically staffed with experts trained in handling the

complex problems in the agency’s purview; and (2) great benefit is derived from an agency’s

uniformly interpreting its laws, rules, and regulations . . . .” Id. In the district court’s order, it sought

the Board’s “special competence, expertise and experience” in interpreting and applying the code

to cases involving the proposed addition of a dealership to a market. The order recognized that the

Board and its staff regularly deal with the questions raised in the issue in their administration of
8

protest proceedings, and that the Board had developed rules for determining such issues, had

expertise in applying those rules, and had made prior decisions on applications for the addition of

a dealership into a market. 

GM/Munday contend that the proper way to answer this question was to determine

how Board members sitting at that time would have ruled after considering the evidence and

witnesses that would have been presented in 1993. We disagree. The inquiry proposed by

GM/Munday would have been beyond the Board’s jurisdiction because it is not authorized by the

former motor vehicle commission code or the occupations code. Furthermore, although the Board

has expertise and experience in making the good cause determination in protest proceedings and has

developed rules and procedures for these proceedings, it has no expertise, experience, or rules

relevant to a determination of how Board members sitting in the past would have reasoned or ruled,

or in determining what evidence, witnesses, and theories the parties might have proffered in a past

proceeding.

GM/Munday ask the Board to conduct an impossible task, one that it admitted in its

pleadings was “too speculative for the Board to definitively answer.” If the Board were to have

chosen this path, it would have had to resolve many complicating factors. For example, discovery

was never completed in the 1993 proceeding, several of the listed experts had not prepared reports

when Landmark withdrew its protest, and it is impossible to know when the PFD would have been

completed in an effort to determine who would have been on the Board at the time of its

consideration. Even if all these complications could be resolved, the final determination would still,
 We do not address the district court’s consideration of the Board’s order in the pending 6

lawsuit.

9

in the words of the Board, “inescapably require speculation concerning the subjective mental

perceptions of past Board members.”

Neither the supreme court in Subaru nor the district court here contemplated that the

Board would make a determination for which it had no relevant expertise, experience, or rules, nor

does the former motor vehicle commission code or the occupations code authorize it. Rather, the

district court followed the rationale and language of Subaru by asking the current Board to use its

authority and expertise, within the Board’s sound discretion, to apply the statutory factors and

determine whether there was good cause to add the Munday dealership in 1993. See id. 6

Evidentiary Rulings

In accord with its position that the current Board must step into the shoes of the 1993

Board, GM/Munday contend that the Board erroneously excluded the testimony of Russell Harding,

Executive Director of the Motor Vehicle Division from 1975 to 1993, who was prepared to testify

that “it was highly unlikely” that Landmark’s 1993 protest would have prevailed before the Board

as composed in 1993. 

We review an agency’s rulings on the admission or exclusion of evidence under the

abuse of discretion standard we apply to trial courts. City of Amarillo v. Railroad Comm’n, 894

S.W.2d 491, 495 (Tex. App.—Austin 1995, writ denied). Specifically, the Board has broad

discretion in deciding whether to admit expert testimony in an administrative hearing, and its

decision will not be disturbed absent an abuse of discretion. See Fay-Ray Corp. v. Texas Alcoholic
10

Bev. Comm’n, 959 S.W.2d 362, 367 (Tex. App.—Austin 1998, no pet.). Because the legislature

gave the Board exclusive jurisdiction to determine the issue of good cause, based on its expertise and

experience in making this determination, it was, as a matter of law, uniquely and exclusively

qualified to make that determination in this case. The question of how best to resolve the issue was

a matter for the Board’s discretion, and it did not abuse its discretion when it concluded that

Harding’s testimony was irrelevant to this inquiry. We conclude that the Board acted within its

discretion when it rejected Harding’s proposed testimony.

GM/Munday further argue that the Board’s exclusion of post-1993 market data was

error. However, post-1993 market data is irrelevant to a determination of whether good cause

existed to add the Munday dealership in 1993. To be sure, post-1993 market data would be

irrelevant to GM/Munday’s preferred determination—how the Board sitting in 1993 would have

ruled. In any event, agencies are afforded broad discretion in admitting and excluding evidence, and

it was within the Board’s discretion to limit the evidence in this case as it did.

We overrule GM/Munday’s first and second issues.

Harm

In demonstrating good cause for the establishment of a new dealership, GM/Munday

were required to show that the Munday dealership would not “harm” the protesting franchised dealer.

GM/Munday contend that the Board’s finding of harm to Landmark based on a lessening of profits

is inconsistent with previous Board precedent equating harm with “demise, threatened viability, or

significant harm.” GM/Munday further contend that there is no evidence of any decrease in sales

by Landmark.
 Until 1989, the protest section did not include harm to the protesting dealer as a separate 7

factor to be considered in protest proceedings. Instead, it considered harm as an aspect of “public

interest.” See, e.g., Texas Dep’t of Transp., Voltex Corp d/b/a Nils Sefeldt Volvo v. Barney Garver

Motors and Mazda Motors of Am., Inc., Proc. No. 126, 1, 25-26 (Motor Vehicle Bd. July 5, 1978)

(final order). This section was amended in 1989 to state that the “Board shall consider . . . any harm

to the protesting franchise dealer.” See Tex. Occ. Code Ann. § 2301.652(4) (emphasis added).

11

The Board has addressed harm to protesting dealers where, as here, there is no

showing of lost opportunity in any significant quantity beyond that which is already being captured

by the existing dealer body. In Lewisville Cycle Center v. Action Imports and Z Yamaha, the Board

stated, “In evaluating the potential effects of the granting of the application upon the Protestants, it

must again be pointed out that there has been no showing of any inadequacy of representation of

Yamaha.” See Texas Dep’t of Transp., Lewisville Cycle Center v. Action Imports and Z Yamaha,

Proc. No. 247, 1, 32 (Motor Vehicle Bd. Aug. 26, 1982) (final order). The Board continued, 

Without some showing that there is an existing untapped market potential available

in the Lewisville area which can serve the Applicant and the Protestants without

eroding the Protestants’ existing market, it is not reasonable to conclude that the

granting of the application will not be harmful to the Protestants and therefore the

approval of the application would not be in the public interest.7

Id. at 33.

In the instant case, GM/Munday failed to prove that there was a significant amount

of lost opportunity beyond that which was already being captured by the existing dealer body. The

Board found a level of opportunity so low that Munday’s options, upon entry into the Houston

market, were limited to “cannibalization of its closest intrabrand competitors in order to merely

survive.” As a “high-cost, high-volume dealer,” the evidence showed that Landmark’s new car sales

department had operated at a loss even during its best years, and it had relied on its used car, service,
12

parts and body shop business to maintain its profitability. The Board found that adding Munday to

this market in 1993 would have decreased Landmark’s low profitability across all departments, and

caused it and other dealerships in the market to change their operations in a way that would have

resulted in poorer service to the public. The Board further predicted that the addition of Munday to

the dealer body in Houston, where sufficient opportunity had not been verified, was likely to have

ramifications in all corners of the market, as “dealership operational strategies are altered to the

public’s detriment in an effort to regain or retain profit.”

The Board also found, consistent with precedent, that existing dealers in a market

with little to no opportunity should not be forced to reduce service to the public for the benefit of a

new dealer. See, e.g., Texas Dep’t of Transp., Bill Munday Pontiac, Inc. v. Hendrix GMC Trucks,

Inc., et. al., Docket No. 80-213, 1, 22 (Motor Vehicle Bd. March 13, 1981) (final order) (if the

probable result of the establishment of an additional dealer in the Austin market would be the failure

of an existing dealer or the reduction of service to the public, then it would not be in the public

interest for the Commission to approve the application); Texas Dep’t of Transp., Hudiberg

Chevrolet, Inc. v. Frontier GMC, Inc., et. al., Docket No. 80-193, 1, 40 (Jan. 8, 1981) (final order)

(it would not be in the public interest for the Commission to approve the application if it results in

the demise or failure of one or both of the dealerships or reduction of service to the public). 

GM/Munday cite Board decisions that stand for the proposition that an existing dealer

in a flourishing market is not necessarily harmed because it must share the market with a new dealer,

even if it means that the existing dealer will profit less after the dealer network expands. See, e.g.,

Texas Dep’t of Transp., Marathon Corp. v. American Kawasaki of Garland, Inc., Docket No. 93-

159, 1, 20 (Sept. 29, 1994) (final order); Texas Dep’t of Transp., Gene Harmon Ford, Inc. v. David
13

McDavid Nissan, Docket No. 96-151, 1, 22 (Sept. 18, 1997) (final order). Here the Board agreed,

stating that if Landmark had been in a flourishing market, the Board would expect Landmark to have

adjusted its business strategy to capture untapped opportunity in the market. But this was not the

case in 1993.

Furthermore, we disagree with GM/Munday’s contention that there is no evidence

of any decrease in sales on the part of Landmark. Landmark’s expert, Dr. Ernest Manuel, testified

in his report that if Munday had been in existence in 1992, the most recent year available for the

purposes of this suit, “Landmark’s new retail Chevrolet sales would have been from 15 percent to

30 percent lower than they actually were.” Dr. Manuel also testified that if Munday were added,

Landmark’s future sales would be 15% to 30% lower than what they would have been had Munday

not been present.

GM/Munday contend that Dr. Manuel’s testimony regarding Landmark’s future sales

is insufficient to prove harm because it proves only that Landmark would have been deprived of

increased profits if Munday had been added to the dealer base. We disagree. Dr. Manuel forecast

an absolute decline in Landmark’s future sales had Munday been added to the market as it existed

in 1993. 

Landmark elicited testimony that in 1993 the Houston economy and auto market were

suffering from an extended decline. Landmark presented the expert report of Dr. M. Ray Perryman

that described the state of the economy in the Houston area at the end of 1992 as “sluggish and

stagnant.” The report further stated that the overriding climate in the Houston area during this period

was one of “unemployment and job insecurity,” as the unemployment rate in Houston in 1992

reached 7.4%, double the rate in 1980, and the city faced a corresponding decline in the real wages
14

of workers and increase in personal bankruptcy filings. According to the report, new automobile

sales, as represented by retail registration data, exhibited a pattern similar to the employment figures.

New automobile sales in Houston in 1992 were 20.7% below the sales level in 1984, and new

automobile sales in the north Houston area declined in 1991 and 1992. The report concluded that

the market was characterized by “a decade of sluggishness, a declining trend in new automobile

sales, stagnant wages, substantial layoffs, and only modest growth projections.”

Within the context of the sluggish Houston market in 1992, Dr. Manuel testified, “if

the [automobile] market were flat or only increasing slightly, then you could have an absolute

decline, but if the automobile market is expanding at a rapid rate . . . then we would be looking at

a reduction in what Landmark sales would have been otherwise.” In other words, Dr. Manuel

forecast an absolute decline in future sales by Landmark if Munday was added to the market

described in Dr. Perryman’s report. Dr. Manuel concluded that a market “did not exist” for

Munday’s 2,000-plus unit planned new vehicle volume and that the public interest would not have

been served by adding Munday’s redundant facilities and capital.

Because the Board’s holding is consistent with its previous decisions and its

statutory duty to consider “any harm to the protesting franchise dealer,” see Tex. Occ. Code Ann.

§ 2301.652(4) (emphasis added), we overrule GM/Munday’s third issue.

Adequacy of Representation

GM/Munday contend that the Board acted arbitrarily when it failed to follow its

precedent by rejecting the Texas average adjusted (“TAA”) standard for measuring “adequacy of

representation” in the Houston market. See Tex. Occ. Code Ann. § 2301.652(1). GM/Munday assert
15

that it relied upon this standard in presenting its case on the issue of adequacy of representation, and

that, without notice, the Board decided that the standard was flawed and that GM/Munday had not

proven their case. The Board responds that the application of a different standard—the Texas

multiple dealer area (MDA) standard—was consistent with its precedents, within its discretion, and

more appropriate to the Houston market.

The Board has not committed itself to the use of a single standard and has used a

variety of standards in its decisions. The standard employed by the Board varies based on the facts

and circumstances in each case. See, e.g., Texas Dep’t of Transp., John Roberts BMW, Inc. v.

Classic Cars, Inc., Proc. No. 169, 1, 14 (Motor Vehicle Bd. Sept. 18, 1979) (final order) (BMW

national average and top fifteen metropolitan markets average); Texas Dep’t of Transp., Burns

Motors v. Ed Payne Motors, Inc., Docket No. 00-0001 LIC, 1, 31 (Motor Vehicle Bd. Oct. 18, 2001)

(final order) (national and zone averages). GM/Munday acknowledged the Board’s use of more than

one standard in their motion to the Board for rehearing, which stated, “The Board has never said that

any one average or statistical approach must be used,” and GM has presented evidence comparing

different standards in prior cases before the Board. In recommending a standard in Jupiter

Chevrolet-Geo, Inc. v. Young Chevrolet, GM, through the same expert that testified before the Board

in the instant case, James Anderson, presented a comparison of the Dallas MDA standard, the Texas

standard, the national standard and adjusted versions of the latter two. See Texas Dep’t of Transp.,

Jupiter Chevrolet-Geo, Inc. v. Young Chevrolet, Docket No. 93-130, 1, 17 (Motor Vehicle Bd. Aug.

15, 1994) (final order). In the instant case, Anderson considered and compared two different

standards, the national standard and Texas average standard. After considering both standards,
16

Anderson selected the TAA standard, which is the Texas average standard “adjusted for local

Houston area consumer preferences.”

We disagree that GM/Munday should have been able to rely on the Board’s use of

the TAA standard alone. GM/Munday knew from previous decisions that the Board’s choice of

standard was varied, and its own expert’s report and testimony show that it prepared its case

accordingly. Additionally, because GM/Munday and Landmark exchanged expert reports and

exhibits and deposed each other’s experts prior to trial, GM/Munday had notice that Landmark

would attack the TAA standard and propose a different standard to the Board. As a result,

GM/Munday’s contention that, “without notice, the Board suddenly decided that the standard was

flawed” has no merit.

Furthermore, the Board did not determine that the TAA standard was flawed in all

cases. It determined, based on the evidence presented at the hearing, that Landmark’s standard was

more appropriate to calculate adequacy of representation on the facts of this case. 

The Board described Landmark’s attack on Anderson’s methodology as “scathing,”

and recounted an “all-out war over the appropriate method by which to gauge adequacy of

representation.” Although the Board had accepted Anderson’s methodology before, on different

evidence from a different market, see Texas Dep’t of Transp., North Arlington Auto. Co., d/b/a

Performance Chevrolet, v. Graff Chevrolet Co. and General Motors Corp., Docket No. 97-777, 1,

15 (Motor Vehicle Bd. Sept. 9, 1999) (final order), it noted that “the evidence and argument offered

by Landmark and highlighting significant problems with Mr. Anderson’s methodology [had not

been] readily apparent . . . in past cases before the Board.” The Board added that, in this case,

Landmark had brought forth a plausible alternative to Anderson’s standard.
17

Landmark attacked the applicability of the TAA standard to the Houston market as

it existed in 1993 by proving that it was fundamentally dissimilar to the vast majority of the markets

used in creating the TAA standard. Landmark, through its expert, Dr. Manuel, adduced evidence

that 249 of the 259 Chevrolet markets in Texas used by Anderson to calculate Chevrolet’s expected

market penetration were single dealer areas (SDAs), while only ten were MDAs. The Board found

that Chevrolet dealers in SDAs have a “big advantage” over Chevrolet dealers in MDAs because

they are not required to compete within their areas of primary responsibility with other Chevrolet

dealers and do not have the same level of competition from interbrand competitors. As a result, the

Board found that the expected penetration rate for Chevrolet dealers in SDAs are, “as a rule, higher

than those of Chevrolet dealers in fiercely competitive MDAs.” The Board concluded that it could

not “endorse a process that characterizes a market as ‘underperforming’ simply because it fails to

meet a standard so profoundly influenced by markets bearing so little resemblance to the market in

question.”

Landmark further attacked the TAA standard by targeting Anderson’s “segmentation

analysis,” by which he adjusted the Texas average to account for differences in consumer preferences

and product mix from market to market. Landmark disputed that segmentation was capable of

refining the TAA standard to account for the profound differences between MDAs and SDAs. In

addition to the evidence already discussed, Landmark adduced evidence that people who live in

MDAs have a preference for imported automobiles, showing that manufacturers of Asian

automobiles alone made 40% of all retail sales in the Houston MDA in 1992. Landmark argued that

the TAA was further skewed by the fact that it is dominated bymarkets where imports are not readily

available, showing that 61% of the import dealerships in Texas are located in the 10 MDAs.
18

Additionally, Landmark adduced testimony that product preference contributes to the higher

Chevrolet penetration in SDAs, specifically because of the popularity of trucks in SDAs and

Chevrolet’s relative strength in that market. Landmark also adduced testimony showing an inverse

relationship between high household income and propensity to buy a Chevrolet, and showed that

household income in SDAs was 40% lower than in MDAs. In light of this evidence, the Board

agreed that Anderson’s segmentation analysis did not “sufficiently account for all measurable

differences.”

Despite Landmark’s “scathing” attack on the TAA standard and Anderson’s

methodology, the Board recounted “a refusal by GM to address, head-on, any shortcomings in the

Texas standard that motivated Landmark to offer an alternative standard in the first place.”

Additionally, by not providing any evidence based on the Texas MDA standard, GM/Munday took

the calculated risk that if the Board accepted that standard, it would be left with no evidence. The

Board’s order noted that “Munday and GM have given the ALJ precious little reason to reject the

Texas MDA standard out of hand.”

In sum, the Board did not find the TAA standard to be per se unreasonable. Instead,

based on the evidence presented and the facts of this case, the Board found that the record did not

support a finding that the TAA standard was “a useful tool for accurately gauging Chevrolet’s

performance in the Houston MDA.” Further, the Board found the Texas MDA standard to be

appropriate because it did not “unfairly raise the expected average for the Houston MDA by

including in its calculation the routinely higher expected averages enjoyed by SDA markets,” and

conservative because “it included in its calculation markets that are both adequately and inadequately
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represented.” We find that the Board’s use of the Texas MDA standard was supported by the

evidence and within the Board’s discretion.

The Board found that a comparison ofChevrolet’s performance in the Houston MDA

to any of the standards, including the TAA proposed by GM/Munday, “failed to confirm a sufficient

amount of shortfall to justify a finding in respondent’s favor on the issue of adequacy of

representation.” As the Board noted, even using the TAA standard, the registration shortfall in the

entire Houston MDA in 1992 was only 1,173 units, a figure that decreased even further to 549 units

in 1993. These figures were far below the 1,200 to 1,500-unit break-even point and the 2,296-unit

planned potential for the proposed Munday dealership.

GM/Munday respond that the Board’s numbers are inaccurate because it failed to

properly consider gross loss and insell. However, the Board dismissed GM/Munday’s gross loss

figure, determined by GM/Munday by adding together the shortfall in each census track that did not

meet the expected penetration based on the TAA standard, because of its reliance on the flawed TAA

standard. The Board dismissed GM/Munday’s insell figure, which is the number of units registered

in the Houston MDA that were sold by Chevrolet dealers outside of the Houston MDA, because it

did not adequatelyconsider the marketing advantages enjoyed by dealers on the geographical fringes

of the Houston market. The Board found that there was insufficient evidence in the record to support

a finding that Munday was capable of capturing insell from fringe dealers, who have been able to

successfully communicate to Houstonians that they sell their products at lower prices than their

MDA competitors.

The Board found that GM/Munday’s calculation of gross loss and insell were further

skewed because GM/Munday relied on figures from the entire MDA, without regard to the amount
20

of gross loss or insell available to Munday within a twenty-mile radius from its location, a distance

beyond which a dealer’s chance of contributing to its brand’s market share was considered remote

by the Board. The Board noted that GM/Munday failed to provide enough information to properly

calculate gross loss or insell based on a more reasonable standard and distance.

Due Process and Equal Protection

As part of its fourth issue, GM/Munday contend that its equal protection and due

process rights were violated when the Board deviated from prior announced standards without

notice. See U.S. Const. amend. XIV, § 1 (equal protection, due process); Tex. Const. art. I, §§ 3, 19

(equal protection, due process). Specifically, GM/Munday contend that the Board acted in an

arbitrary and capricious manner when the Board rejected GM/Munday’s use of the TAA standard,

and the data derived therefrom, and applied a different and new standard “after the hearing” and

without explanation.

In administrative proceedings, due process requires that parties be accorded a full and

fair hearing on disputed fact issues. Office of Pub. Util. Counsel v. Public Util. Comm’n, 185

S.W.3d 555, 576 (Tex. App.—Austin 2006, pet. filed). At a minimum, it requires that the

“rudiments of fair play” be observed. Id.; State v. Crank, 666 S.W.2d 91, 94 (Tex. 1984). Although

the strict rules applicable to courts do not apply to agencies, agencies cannot be arbitrary or

inherently unfair. Office of Pub. Util. Counsel, 185 S.W.3d at 576. Furthermore, a licensing

authority acts arbitrarily and unlawfully if it treats similarly situated applicants differently without

an articulated justification. BMW of N. Am. v. Motor Vehicle Bd., 115 S.W.3d 722, 726 (Tex.

App.—Austin 2003, pet. denied). 
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As previously discussed, the Board applied established standards in this case and did

not create new rules or policies after the hearing. Because GM/Munday were given notice during

pre-trial discovery of the standards Landmark would employ to measure harm and adequacy of

representation, there was no surprise to GM/Munday or lack of opportunity to introduce

contravening evidence. Furthermore, the Board fully explained its decisions regarding adequacy of

representation and harm and did not act in an arbitrary or capricious manner.

The cases cited by GM/Munday do not hold otherwise. GM/Munday cite Flores v.

Employers Retirement System of Texas, 74 S.W.3d 532, 533-34 (Tex. App.—Austin 2003, pet.

denied), and Madden v. Texas Board of Chiropractic Examiners, 663 S.W.2d 622, 627 (Tex.

App.—Austin 1983, writ ref’d n.r.e.), cases in which this Court determined that it was improper for

an agency to retroactively apply a newly created rule or policy.

In Flores we stated, “an agencyis not bound to follow its decisions in contested cases

in the same way that a court is bound by precedent.” Flores, 74 S.W.3d at 544. We added, however,

that an agency is required by courts to “explain its reasoning when it ‘appears to the reviewing court

that an agency has departed from its earlier administrative policy or there exists an apparent

inconsistency in agency determinations.’” Id. at 544-45. After acknowledging that it had previously

accepted Anderson’s methodology on adequacy of representation, the Board explained why it was

trumped in the instant case bythe evidence and argument offered by Landmark, which did not inflate

the expectations for the Houston market. Regarding harm, the Board acknowledged its prior

decisions and distinguished the instant case, finding that GM/Munday failed to provide sufficient

evidence of lost opportunity beyond that which was already being captured by the existing dealer

body.
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It necessarily follows and we hold that the Board did not create a new policy or rule.

The Board determined, based on the evidence presented during the hearing process, that Landmark

had the more convincing experts and more appropriate methodology to evaluate the statutory good

cause factors for the Houston market during the time in question. 

GM/Munday also cite Starr County v. Starr Industrial Services, Inc., in which this

Court determined that it was arbitrary and capricious for an agency to consider, after the hearing, a

factor outside the statutory criteria. 584 S.W.2d 352, 356 (Tex. Civ. App.—Austin 1977, writ ref’d

n.r.e.). But in the instant case, the Board did not add any new criteria to the statutory good cause

factors.

Accordingly, we overrule GM/Munday’s fourth issue.

CONCLUSION

Because we find that the Board did not act in an arbitrary or capricious manner and

its order is supported by substantial evidence, we affirm the Board’s order.

__________________________________________

Jan P. Patterson, Justice

Before Chief Justice Law, Justices Patterson and Pemberton

Affirmed

Filed: June 9, 2006