IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON DIVISION THREE In the Matter of the Marriage of
BETHANY ALHAIDARI ,

Petitioner , and
GHASSAN ABDULRAHMAN ALHAIDARI , Respondent

. ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) No. 38084

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UNPUBLISHED OPINION

F EARING , C. J.

— This appeal presents unique question s of whether Washington courts should decline subject matter jurisdiction over a child custody dispute or enforce an earlier child custody decree and agreement entered in Saudi Arabia. Fathe r Ghassan AlHaidari challenges the Chelan County Superior Court’s exercise of jurisdiction and award of temporary custody of the child, ZA, to mother Bethany AlHaidari . RCW FILED NOVE MBER 14, 2023 In the Office of the Clerk of Court WA State Court of Appeals Division IIINo. 38084

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2 26.27.051, a section of Washington’s Uniform Child Custody Jurisdiction and
Enforc ement Act, controls. We affirm the superior court’s exercise of jurisdiction on the basis of RCW 26.27.051(4), which allows Washington courts to exercise jurisdiction, despite a foreign custody decree, if a parent is subject to the death penalty if she re turns to the foreign nation.
FACTS We take the facts from declarations signed by the parties and their witnesses and particularly from the superior court’s letter ruling, which includes implied findings of fact. We often refer to the father and mother respectively by their first names. We refer to their daughter simply as ZA, in order to protect her identity and privacy. Ghassan and Bethany AlHaidari married in Saudi Arabia in November 2013. Bethany is a United States citizen , and Ghassan is a citiz en of Saudi Arabia. The couple begot ZA, in Sa udi Arabia , in December 2014. ZA is a citizen of both the United States and Saudi Arabia. Ghassan and Bethany AlHaidari encountered difficulties in their relationship , which strife worsened over the years

. The parties went to counseling in an effort to resolve th eir relationship problems. T he problems continued. Bethany claims that Ghassan verbally and physically abus ed her, sometimes in the presence of their daughter. Ghassan denies these allegations.No. 38084

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3 In September 2017, Bethany AlHaidari asked Ghassan for a divorce

. In Saudi Arabia, i f Bethany filed for divorce , the law demanded that she provide a reason and return her dowry

. Ghassan could file for divorce without making payment and without giving an y reason . Ghassan refused the request for a divorce. Later, however, Ghassan contended that he had divorced Bethany in 2018. Bethany AlHaidari ’ s legal residence in Saudi Arabia depended on the cooperation of Ghassa n because, as husband, he was her lega l guardian

. In 2018, Bethany requested that Ghassan update her residency status in Saudi Arabia , and he refused

. He also refused to allow ZA and Bethany to visit Bethany ’ s family in Washington State

. On February 7, 2019, Bethany AlHaidari ’s permission from the Saudi Arabia government to reside in the county expired. Bethany no longer h eld legal status in Saudi Arabia and , therefore , could not file proceedings in the Saudi court system . She also could not pay salaries for her company ’s employees , nor access her bank account for risk of being deported or jailed . T he Saudi government provided her with legal residency status again after Bethany spoke to the media and the New York Times published her story

. In November 2018 , Bethany file d for divorce

. Be thany alleged Ghassan’s
substance abuse and domestic violence to be reasons for divorce

. In January 2019, a Saudi Arabia judge granted the divorce and custody of ZA to Bethany AlHaidari

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4 The Chelan County Superior Court described the January 2019 Saudi divorce proceedings:
1. ) Bethany struggled to communicate her position and defend herself because she had no legal counsel and th e court appointed interpreter did not speak or understand basic English . 2. ) Bethany was denied $26,000 in alim ony because Ghassan claimed he “ I slamicly divorced” Bethany in May of 2018 and swore under oath he was telling the truth, despite Bethany ’ s testimony and text messages expressing his refusal to divorce her at that time

. Bethany ’ s testimony was not considered because she could not provide two male witnesses to support her testimony . 3. ) Although Bethany wore a full body black covering that also covered her hair, she was ordered by the judge to leave the courtroom and only return if her entire face, including her eye s, was covered as well

. This is particularly relevant because it demonstrates the impact of the accusations and photos Ghassan presented to the Saudi court later in the case in order to discredit Bethany. Clerk’s Papers (CP) at 994. The parties dispute whether Ghassan AlHaidari refused to see ZA or Bethany denied him visitation after the January 2019 divorce decree

. Regardless, in April of 2019, Ghassan sued Bethany for child visitation

. He also asked the court to award custody of ZA to his mother, Al B andari AlMigren, with whom he lived at the time. The parties thereafter engaged in a bitter custody battle in the Riyadh, Saudi Arabia court

. Both sides tendered inflammatory accusations about the other in an attempt to discredit the other ’ s ability to pa rent

. Ghassan denunciated Bethany as being an unfit mother because s he had a learning disability, worked full time , and p laced ZA in scho ol.No. 38084

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5 I n April 2019, Ghassan AlHaidari posted a video on social media that showed an uncloaked Bethany practicing yoga in Riyadh ’ s American diplomatic q uarters

. Ghassan also delivered a copy of the video to Saudi police. Police investigated Bethany for criminal charges of public indecency and disrupting public order, a criminal charge that could result in lashings and i m prison ment

. In the ensuing cus tody hearing, Ghassan AlHaidari presented to the Saudi judge a photograph , taken in the United States, of Bethany in a bikini and the video of her practicing yoga. Ghassan also submitted a video of Bethany commenting , duri ng a visit between ZA and her father , that it was “ me time

. ” CP at 995. During the custody battle, Gh assan AlHaidari accused Bethany of gender mixing , adultery, and insulting Islam and Saudi Arabia. Gender mixing, a punishable crime, entails having a mal e friend. To prove the charge of adultery, Ghassan submitted a photograph of Bethany with a male, who Ghassan claimed to be her boyfriend. The crimes of adultery, insulting Islam, and insulting Saudi Arabia carry a death penalty in Saudi Arabia

. During t he custody proceedings, Bethany AlHaidari asserted that Ghassan had agreed that ZA live with Bethany, but now acted from revenge rather than in furtherance of ZA ’ s well

- being

. Bethany brought to court v ideos of verbal abuse and death threats from Ghass an and his drug use. The judge d eclined to view these videos.No. 38084

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6 Ghassan ’s sister, Leena AlHaidari , testified in court against her own mother, AlBandari Al Migren . Leena averred that her mother was abusive, unfit to parent, and addicted to pills

. In June 2 019, Saudi Arabia Judge Abdul

- Ellah ibn Mohammed Al

- Tuwaijiri ruled that “ ‘ though all three candidates were unsuitable to parent, the grandmother was better than the parents. ’ ” CP at 995. The court derided Bethany a s a foreigner , who embraced western cul tural traditions . The judge lamented that ZA spoke fluent English. According to Judge Tuwaijiri, ZA needed protection from Bethany ’ s western culture and traditions. The Saudi court awarded custody to Ghassan ’ s mother

. Bethany AlHaidari sought assistan ce from the media, the United States government, and human rights organizations . Meanwh i le, Ghassan filed a complaint with the Saudi government alleging Bethany refused visitation . The Saudi government issued an arrest warrant for Bethany and a ten

- year travel ban prohibiting her from leaving Saudi Arabia

. Bethany AlHaidari appeal ed the custody decision issued by Judge Tuwaijiri . An appellate judge ignored the appeal and transferred the case to the civil court to force a
settlement

. After one unsucces sful settlement conference, a Saudi head judge told the parties that he awarded no one custody and he was closing the case

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7 Under Saudi law, the lack of a court award of custody resulted in Ghassan AlHaidari , as ZA ’ s father and guardian , retaining all pa rental right s. B ethany lacked any rights to visitation. The Saudi government barred her from travel with ZA, obtain ing an identification document for ZA, tak ing ZA to the hospital, or enroll ing her in school

. Bethany AlHaidari reconcile d with Ghassan i n order to convince him to reach a settlement affording her custody rights to ZA

. Bethany negotiated for a right to travel in exchange for forfeit ing all financial claims including child support. In November 2019, someone prepared a prospective agreement labeled as a “deed.” The parties did not sign the deed, but the deed contains a court stamp and suggests that Judge Abdulelah Mohammed Altwaijri, at the Personal Status Court judge in Riyadh, approved the agreement. The November 2019 deed provides : 1. Bethany waive s her claim for alimony; 2. Ghassan w ill pay Bethany 40,000 riyals ( approximately $10,800 U.S. dollars, based on 1 SAR = 0.266639 USD ) ; 3. Ghassan w ill pay the child’s education expenses, but, if financially unable, then the parents w ill alternate paying the child’s education expenses annually;
4. T he parents ha ve equal custody of the child and a right of first refusal to care for the child when the other parent i s unavailable;
5. If a parent die s , the surviving parent i s entitle d to custody;No. 38084

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8 6. T he paren t s a re permitted to marry again without impacting their custody of the child;
7. T he parties a re required to agree on additional custody plans if a parent decide s to live outside Saudi Arabia;
8. T he parents a re responsib le for sending the child to school every day;
9. Bethany i s entitled to renew the child’s U.S. passport and keep it in her possession while Ghassan maintain s the child’s Saudi Arabian passport and w ill give it to Bethany if she des ire s to travel with th e child;
10. Ghassan w ill issue a permanent travel issue for the child, but Bethany d oes not have a right to travel abroad with the child without informing Ghassan ; 11. T he parents may travel with the child to visit family; and 12. Bethany may not travel with the child outside Saudi Arabia for more than 28 days. In December of 2019, Bethan y AlHaidari feigned reconciliation with Ghassan

. Thereafter she received his permission to travel to the United States with ZA for a visit with her family in We natchee. She left Saudi Arabia with ZA. Bethany AlHaidari has not returned to Saudi Arabia. Bethany admit s dishonesty in her negotiations with Ghassan , but she testified that she agreed to the terms of the November 2019 deed under duress. She agreed t o terms in the deed in order to maintain custody of her daughter and to leave Saudi Arabia . She refuses to return to Saudi Arabia or to return ZA to the nation.No. 38084

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PROCEDURE O n January 23, 2020, Bethany AlHaidari initiated this proceeding with a request
for the Chelan County Superior Court to exercise temporary emergency jurisdiction and enter a temporary restraining order and a temporary parenting plan

. On February 20, 2020, the superior court ruled that it possessed t emporary e mergency j urisdiction und er RCW 26.27.231 and enter ed a n o rder granting temporary custody to Bethany

. On M arch 25, 2020, Bethany AlHaidari filed a s ummons and petition for a permanent parenting plan and for child s upport

. In an April 3, 2020 pleading, Ghassan asked that the Che lan County Superior Court dismiss Bethany’s petition for lack of personal jurisdiction over him and subject matter jurisdiction over the custody of ZA. In the alternative, Ghassan requested that the superior court enforce the Saudi Arabia custody order an d the November 2019 deed agreement

. In her opposition to Ghassan AlHaidari ’s requests, Bethany offered declarations from Hala AlDosari and Abdullah S. Alaoudh about Saudi law and human rights violations

. Ghassan raised no objection to the expert qualifi cations of these individuals

. Saudi legal expert Dr. Hala Al

- Dosari, who has published on Saudi legal practices, avowed that Saudi Arabia is the only nation in the world that lacks a codified personal status law that addresses custody of divorcing spouse ’s children. Male clerics, who studyNo. 38084

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10 only the Quran and traditions of the Prophet Muhammad , function as judges and hold absolute discretion when awarding child custody

. Abdullah Alaoudh , a legal expert on Saudi Arabia, serves as an academic at Georgetow n University and an adjunct professor at George Washington University in Islamic political thought. He obtained a degree in Islamic law from Qassim University in Saudi Arabia. Alaoudh averred:

In the past few years there have been a systematic human righ ts violation against females, especially those who fought against guardianship system or challenge a male guardian. The human rights violations against female activists, feminists and females who fought against the male guardianship system reached an unpr ecedented level. Prominent female human rights defenders have been arrested for more than two years now, tortured, electrocuted, and sexually harassed in jails. Their families were threatened and intimidated. In addition, speaking to the media was a ser ious charge in Saudi courts against these female activists and individuals. Returning a person who fought against a “male guardian” is a very risky move that can definitely lead to arrest, torture and serious human rights violations in Saudi Arabia. Prom inent female activists like Loujain al

- Hathloul who was returned to Saudi Arabia from the UAE [United Arab Emirates] in 2018 led to her arrest, torture, electrocution, sexual harassment and other violations.
CP at 735. Alaoudh added that the settlement deed of November 6, 2019 lacks a stamp from the enforcement court. Therefore, under Saudi law, the deed or agreement cannot be enforced by a foreign court. Ghassan AlHaidari present ed a d eclaration from Abdulaziz Alkhorayef regarding the child custody laws of Saudi Arabia

. He averred that a legal code constrained SaudiNo. 38084

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11 judges’ decisions on child custody. Bethany AlHaidari disputed this expert ’ s opinions because court records from Saudi Arabia demonstrate d that the nation does not have a codified syste m as alleged by Alkhorayef

. On February 8, 2021, the superior court issued a letter ruling that denied enforcement of the Saudi Arabia court order and the parties’ November 2019 deed. The court, i nstead, ruled that Washington courts possessed jurisdiction under RCW 26.27.051(3)

. The statute directs a Washington court to reject enforcement of a foreign nation order and to assume jurisdiction in a child custody case if “ the child custody law of a foreign country violates fundamental principles of human righ ts. ” In its letter ruling , t he superior court reviewed the qualifications of Bethany AlHaidari ’s experts Hala AlDosari and Abdullah S. Alaoudh and found that both
possess ed sufficient knowledge, skill, experience, training, and education concerning child c ustody law in Saudi Arabia

. The court observed that Ghassan AlHaidari ’ s expert , Abdulaziz Alkhorayef , practice d law in Saudi Arabia and would risk his profession and personal standing t o speak against Saudi Arabia ’ s justice system, given the treatment of Saudi Arabia n dissidents by the Saudi government

. F urthermore, his testimony
contradicted the written court records issued by the Saudi court in the parties ’ case. The superior court agreed with Bethany AlHaidari , based on the Saudi Arabia court records , that the Saudi judge afforded Bethany no credibility simply because sheNo. 38084

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12 was female. D eclarations from individuals who personally witnessed events confirmed Bethany’s declaration testimony. The c ourt highlighted the d eclaration of Leena
Abdulrahman AlHa idari, Ghassan’s sister, who testified that Ghassan abused Bethany , Ghassan was a neglectful father, Bethany is an excellent mother, and Ghassan’s request
for his mother ’s care for ZA harmed ZA because of the mother’s abusive and neglectful
behavior toward her own children an d ZA. The superior court deemed Leena’s testimony believable since her declaration placed her at risk with her family relationships and her nation’s society.
In the February 2021 letter ruling, t he trial court found that Saudi Arabia law
den ies women, non - Muslims, and non

- Saudi citizens ’ due process . The Saudi Arabia court denied Bethany due process because the judge did not treat Bethany equal to Ghassan. The court reasoned that due process constituted a fundamental human right. The superior court also wrote: Furthermore, Bethany has provided substantial evidence that she entered into this agreement under duress so that she could keep ZA protected from the abusive paternal grandmother and because she had been threatened with depor tation if she did not follow through with Ghassan’s wishes. Bethany’s evidence demonstrates that she was forced into a settlement by the Head of the Court in the Personal Status Court of Riyadh and was forced to waive all rights and active appeals in the Saudi courts. Fairness cannot occur when a party enters into a settlement and waives their rights under duress.
CP at 100 3

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13 On April 1 4 , 2021, and a fter the superior court issued its letter ruling, the Washington L egislature amended RCW 26.27.05 1 to add a new subsection (4) . The amendment became effective on April 14, 2021. L AWS OF 2021 , c h. 23, § 1. The amendment declares that the Washington custody court need not defer to a foreign nation’s jurisdiction when the nation’s law prohibits apostacy and p unishes the crime with death and if the nation may subject a parent to the harsh law. Precisely o n the effective date of the amendment, Bethany AlHaidari asked the superior court to also rule in her favor on the terms contained in the new amendment. She noted that her experts had previously opined that, if Bethany returned to Saudi Arabia, Saudi authorities would subject her to prison, if not death, due to her political views advocating for human rights in Saudi Arabia. She averred that s he would face a public beheading as the result of blasphemy laws. During a hearing on May 5, 2021, t 

### he superior court discussed the new exception codified in RCW 26.27.051(4). On May 17, 2021, the superior court entered an “order on letter ruling of 02/08/21 ,” which o rder confirmed its earlier letter ruling. CP at 1155. The order contains an interlineation that reads : “ Newly enacted RCW 26.27.051(4) is an additional ground and support for the court’s ruling.” CP at 1156. During the May 17 hearing, the superior cour t asked Ghassan AlHaidari ’s counsel if he desired to comment about the order, and counsel responded in the negative.No. 38084

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14 Ghassan AlHaidari sought review from this appellate court of the superior court’s ruling denying enforcement of the Saudi Arabia child cu stody order and the November 2019 deed . He also sought review of the ruling exercising jurisdiction over child custody of ZA. Our court commissioner granted discretionary review

. LAW AND ANALYSIS 

### On appeal, Ghassan AlHaidari 

### complains that the superi or court failed to enforce the parties’ November 2019 deed agreement and in relying on Saudi Arabia substantive law other than child custody law , when asserting j urisdiction

. Thus, according to Ghassan, the court erred in exercising jurisdiction under RC W 26.27.051(3)’s provision referencing human rights. Ghassan also assigns error to the May 17, 2021 order that relies on RCW 26.27.05 1(4) , the death penalty proviso,
because the superior court did not mention the statutory subsection in its February 2021
letter ruling

. Because we rely only on the death penalty provision, we do not examine RCW 26.27.051(3).
A pplication of RCW 26.27.051(4) Three provisions of Washington’s Uniform Child Custody Jurisdiction and Enforcement Act (UCCJEA) , ch. 26.27 RCW, con trol this appeal. First, RCW 26.27.201 declares, in part:No. 38084

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15 (1) Except as otherwise provided in RCW 26.27.231 [relating to temporary emergency jurisdiction] , a court of this state has jurisdiction to make an initial child custody determination only if: (a) This state is the home state of the child on the date of the commencement of the proceeding, or was the home state of the child within six months before the commencement of the proceeding and the child is absent from this state but a parent or person acti ng as a parent continues to live in this state; (b) A court of another state does not have jurisdiction under (a) of this subsection

. Under RCW 2 6 .27.201, a Washington court could exercise jurisdiction over the custody of ZA based on Bethany AlHaidari ’s intent to reside in Wenatchee with ZA unless some other provision of the UCCJEA applies. The second statute, RCW 26.27.221 declares: Except as otherwise provided in RCW 26.27.231, a court of this state may not modify a child custody determination made b y a court of another state unless a court of this state has jurisdiction to make an initial determination under RCW 26.27.201(1) (a) or (b) and: (1) The court of the other state determines it no longer has exclusive, continuing jurisdiction under RCW 26.27 .211 or that a court of this state would be a more convenient forum under RCW 26.27.261

. Thus, as argued by Ghassan AlHaidari , unless another UCCJEA provision applies, the Washington superior court needed to respect and enforce the child custody ruling of the Saudi Arabia court since the foreign court never determined it lacked exclusive continuing jurisdiction. The third and governing UCCJEA statute, RCW 26.27.051, reads, in pertinent part:No. 38084

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16 (1) A court of this state shall treat a foreign country as i f it were a state of the United States for the purpose of applying Articles 1 and 2 [including RCW 26.27.221]

. (2) Except as otherwise provided in subsection (3) or (4) of this section, a child custody determination made in a foreign country under factual circumstances in substantial conformity with the jurisdictional standards of this chapter must be recognized and enforced under Article 3. (3) A court of this state need not apply this chapter if the child custody law of a foreign country violates fundamen tal principles of human rights

. (4) A court of this state need not apply this chapter if the law of a foreign country holds that apostasy, or a sincerely held religious belief or practice, or homosexuality are punishable by death, and a parent or child may be at demonstrable risk of being subject to such laws

. For the purposes of this subsection, “apostasy” means the abandonment or renunciation of a religious or political belief. ( Emphasis added. ) The Washington L egislature amended RCW 26.27.051 to inclu de subsection 4 in 2021, with the proclaimed effective date of April 12, 2021. The amendatory act declared:

NEW SECTION. Sec. 2. This act applies to child custody proceedings or proceedings to enforce a child custody determination pending as of the ef

fective date of this section, or commenced on or after the effective date of this section. NEW SECTION. Sec. 3. This act is necessary for the immediate preservation of the public peace, health, or safety, or support of the state government and its existi ng public institutions, and takes effect immediately.
L AWS OF 2021 , c h

. 23, § 1. Section 2 of the bill directed application of the new law to child custody cases then pending.No. 38084

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17 Ghassan AlHaidari concedes that the superior court could have based its ru ling in part on RCW 26.27.051(4) , despite the new subsection’s adoption after the February 2021 letter ruling . He instead argues that the superior court never referenced the new subsection in its February 8, 2021 letter ruling and thus the May 2021 writte n order could not reference subsection (4)

. Of course, the superior court failed to mention the 2021 amendment in its February ruling, because the amendment did not yet exist. Ghassan cites no authority for the proposition that the court may not add an additional basis for its ruling between the time of issuing a letter ruling and signing an order confirming the ruling. A court’s memorandum ruling remains subject to change until the signing of a formal written judgment. Marsh v. Commonwealth Land Title Insurance Co. , 57 Wn. App. 610, 619, 789 P.2d 792 (1990)

. Ghassan does not complain that the superior court ruled on an issue, to which the court never afforded him an opportunity to respond.
S ubstance of RCW 26.27.051(4) 

### To repeat, a Washington court need not enforce a decree of another nation’s child custody decree and may exercise jurisdiction over custody if the law of the foreign country punishes “apostacy” by death. RCW 26.27.051(4). The subsection defines “apostacy” as “the abandonment or renu nciation of a religious or politicalNo. 38084

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### belief.” Because of the word “renunciation,” the parent need not have been a former believer of a religious belief. Ample evidence supports the superior court’s ruling that Bethany AlHaidari 

### faced a death sentence if she returned to Saudi Arabia because of both her religious and political beliefs. Saudi legal experts and Bethany testified to her danger on any return. Ghassan AlHaidari 

### does not challenge the superior court’s substantive ruling on “apostacy,” only the court’s adding of that ground in the final order without having mentioned the basis earlier. In his brief, Ghassan does not dispute that Bethany could garner the death sentence on her return to Saudi Arabia. Without citing any law, Ghassan AlHaidari 

### co mplains that the superior court refused to enforce the November 2019 deed. Ghassan also assign s no error to the trial court’s finding that Bethany signed the deed under duress. A contract is voidable when signed under duress. Pleuss v. City of Seattle , 8 Wn. App. 133, 137, 504 P.2d 1191 (1972)

. CONCLUSION We affirm the superior court’s exercise of personal jurisdiction over Ghassan
AlHaidari for purposes of child custody and exercise of subject matter jurisdiction over the child custody of ZA. We rema nd for further proceedings before the Chelan County Superior Court.No. 38084

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19 A majority of the panel has determined this opinion will not be printed in the Washington Appellate Reports, but it will be filed for public record pursuant to
RCW 2.06.040.

_________________________________ Fearing , C. J. WE CONCUR:

______________________________ Lawrence

- Berrey, J.

______________________________ Pennell , J.