PAimiUXT OF THE I XT K RIO It

BULLETIN

OF THK

UXI TED STATIC.S

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

107

TK'AJ' DIJvriS OF T)!K hAKi: ' FlA>ri'[,.M\ l,'i:(..lnX

o.\07

WASH I N(JT«)N

HN^IEN'I' PIM.NTLXO OFFH'E

LIBRARY CATALOGUE SLIPS.

United States. Department of the interior. ( U. S. yeological

Department of the interior | | Bulletin | of the | United 

States | geological survey | no. 107 | [Seal of the department] | 

Washington | government printing office | 1893

Second title: United States geological survey | ,J. W. Powell,

director | | The trap dikes | of the. | Lake Champlain region | 

hy | James Fnrinau Kemp | and | Vernon Freeman Marsters | 

[Vignette] |

Washington | government printing office | 1893

8°. 02 pp. 4 pi.

Kemp (James Fnrman) and Marsters (Vernon Freeman).

United States geological survey | J. W. Powell, director | | 

The trap dikes | of the | Lake Champhiin region | by | James 

Furman Kemp | and | Vernou Freeman Marsters | [Vignette] |

Washington | government printing office | 1893

8°. (>2 pp. 4 pi.

[QNiTKii STATES. .Department of the interior. (U. S. geological survey). 

Bulletin 107.]

United States geological survey | J. W. Powell, director | | 

The trap dikes | of the | Lake Champlain region | by | James 

Furman Kemp | and | Vernon Freeman Marsters | [Vignette] |

Washington | government printing office | 1893

8°. 02 pp. 4 pi.

[UNITED STATES. Department of the interior. (U. .S'. geiilogical survey). 

Bulletin 107.]

D V 3T, R, T I S W M TG N T.

[Bulletin No. 107.]

The publications of the United States Geological Survey are issued in accordance with the statute 

approved March 3, 1879, which declares that 

"The publications of tho Geological Survey shall consist of the annual report of operations, geological 

and economic maps illustrating the resources and classification of the lands, and reports upon general 

and economic geology and paleontology. The annual report of operations of tho Geological Survey 

shall accompany the annual report of the Secretary of the Interior. All special memoirs and reports 

of said Survey shall bo issued in uniform quarto aeries if deemed necessary by the Director, but otherwise in ordinary octavos. Throe thousand copies of each shall bo published for scientific exchanges 

and for sale at the price of publication; and all literary and cartographic materials received in exchange 

shall be tho property of tho United States and form a part of tho library of the organization; and the 

money resulting from tho sale of such publications shall be covered into tho Treasury of the United 

States."

On July 7, .1882, the following joint resolution, referring to all Government publications, was passed 

by Congress:

"That whenever any document or report shall be ordered printed by Congress, there shall bo printed, 

in addition to the number in each case stated, tho 'usual number' (734) of copies for binding and 

distribution among those entitled to receive them."

Except in those cases in which an extra number of any publication has been supplied to tbe Survey 

by special resolution of Congress or has been ordered by the Secretary of the Interior, this office has 

no copies for gratuitous distribution.

ANNUAL REPORTS.

I. First Annual Report of tho United States Geological Survey, by Clarence King. 1880. 8°. 79pp. 

1 map. A preliminary report describing plan of organization and publications.

II. Second Annual Report of the United States Geological Survey, 1880-'81, by J. \V. 1'owell. 1882. 

8°. Iv, 588 pp. C2 pi. .1 map.

in. Third Annual Report of the United States Geological Survey, 1881-'82, by J. AV. Powell. 1883. 

8°. xviii, 504 pp. 67 pi. and maps.

IV. Fourth Annual Report of tho United States Geological Survey, 1882-'83, by J. AV. Powell. 1884. 

8°. xxxii, 473 pp. 85 pi. and maps.

V. Fifth Annual Report of tho United States Geological Survey, 1883-'84, by .T. AV. Powell. 1885. 

8°. xxxvi, 409 pp. 58 pi. and maps.

VI. Sixth Annual Report of .the United States Geological Survey, 1884-'85, by J. W. Powell. 1885. 

8°.. xxix, 570 pp. 05 pi. and maps.

VII. Seventh Annual Report of tbe United States Geological Survey, 1885-80, by ,T. AV. Powell. 1888. 

8°. xx, 050 pp. 71 pi. and maps.

VIII. Eighth Annual Report of tho United States Geological Survey, 1886-'87, by ,T. AV. Powell. 1889. 

8°. 2pt. xix, 474, xii pp. 53 pi. and maps; 1 p. 1., 475-1003 pp. 54-76 pi. and maps.

IX. Ninth Annual Report of the United States Geological Survey, 1887-'88, by J. AV. Powell. 1889. 

8°. xiii, 717 pp. 88 pi. and maps.

X. Tenth Annual Report of the United States Geological Survey, 1888-'89, by .1. W. Powell. 1890. 

8°. 2pt. xv, 774 pp. 98 pi. and maps; viii, 123 pp.

XI. Eleventh Annual Ropnrtof tho United States Geological Survey. 18S9-'90, by J. AV. Powell. 1891. 

80. 2pt. xv, 757 pp. CO pi. and maps; ix, 351 pp. 30 pi.

XII. Twelfth Annual Report of tho United States Geological Survey, 1890-'91.. by J. AV. Powell. 1891. 

8°. 2pt. xiii, 075 pp. 53 pi. and maps; xviii, 570 pp. 140 pi. and maps.

XIII. Thirteenth Annual Report of the United States Geological Survey, 1891-'92, by J. AV. Powell, 

1893. 8°. .'! pt.

MONOGRAPHS.

I. Lake Bonneville, by GrovoTvarl Gilbert. 1890. 4°. xx, 438 pp. 51 pi. 1 map. Price $1.50. *

II. Tertiary History of the Grand Canon District, with atlas, by Clarence E. Duttou, Capt. U. S. A. 

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I
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m. Geology of the Comstock Lode and the Washoe District, witli atlas, by George F. Becker. 1882. 

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IV. Comstock Mining aud Miners, by Eliot Lord. 1883. 4°. xiv, 451 pp. 3 pi. Price $1.50.

V. The Copper-Bearing Kocks of Lake Superior, by Roland Diier Irviiig. 1883. 4°. xvi, 464 pp. 

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VI. Contributions to the Knowledge of tbe Older Mesozoic Flora of Virginia, by William Morris 

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VII. Silver-Lead Deposits of Eureka, Nevada, by Joseph Story Curtis. 1884. 4°. xiii, 200 pp. 16 

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VIII. Paleontology of the Eureka District, by Charles Doolittle Walcott. 1884. 4°. xiii, 298 pp. 

241. 24 pi. Price $1.10.

I.. Brachiopoda and Lamellibranchiata of the Raritau Clays and Greensand Marls of New Jersey, 

by Robert P. Whitfield. 1885. 4°. xx, 338 pp. 35 pi. 1 map. Price $1.15.

.. Dinocerata. A Monograph of an Extinct Order of Gigantic Mammals, by Othniel Charles Marsh 

^886. 4°. xviii, 243 pp. 56 1. 56 pi. Price $2.70.

.I. Geological History of Lake Lahoutan, a Quaternary Lake of Northwestern Nevada, by Israel 

Cook Russell. 1885. 4°. xiv, 288 pp. 46 pi. and maps. Price $1.75.

XLT. Geology and Mining Industry of Leadville, Colorado, with atlas, by Samuel Franklin Emmons. 

1886. 4°. xxix, 770pp. 45 pi. and atlas of 35 sheets folio. Price $8.40.

XIII. Geology of the Quicksilver Deposits of the Pacific Slope, with atlas, by George F. Becker, 

1888. 4°. xix, 486 pp. 7 pi. and atlas of 14 sheets folio. Price $2.00.

XIV. Fossil Fishes and Fossil Plants of the Triassic Rocks of New Jersey and the Connecticut Valley, by John S. Newberry. 1888. 4°. xiv, 152 pp. 26 pi. Price $1.00.

XV. The Potomac or Younger Mesozoic Flora, by AVilliam Morris Fontaiue. 1889. 4°. xiv, 377 

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XVI. The Paleozoic Fishes of North America, by John Strong Newberry. 1889. 4°. 340pp. 53 pi. 

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XVII. The Flora of the Dakota Group, a posthumous work, by Leo Lesquereux. Edited \>y F. H. 

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XVIII. Gasteropoda and Cephalopoda of the Raritan Clays and Greensand Marls of New Jersey, 

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XIX. ThePeuokee Iron-Bearing Series of Northern Wisconsin and Michigan, by Roland D. Irving 

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XX. Geology of the Eureka District, Nevada, with atlas, by Arnold Hague. 1892. 4°. '419 pp. 8 pi. 

In press:

XXI. The Tertiary Rhynchophorous Coleoptera of North America, by Samuel Hubbard Scudder.

XXII. A Manual of Topographic Methods, by Henry Gannett, chief topographer.

XXIII. Geology of the Green Mountains in Massachusetts, by Raphael Pinnpolly, J. E. Wo Iff, 

T. Nelson Dale, and Bayard T. Pntiiaui. 

In preparation:

 Mollusca and Crustacea of the Miocene Formations of New Jersey, by R. P. Wh.itfi.eld.

 Sauropoda, by 0. CT Marsh.

 Stegosanria, by O. C. Marsh.

 Brontotheridso, by 0. C. Marsh.

 Report on the Denver Coal Basin, by S. F. Emmons.

 Report on Silver Clitt'and Ten-Mile Mining Districts, Colorado, by S. F. Emmons.

 The Glacial Lake Agassiz, by Warren Uphain.

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1. On Hypersthene-Andesite and on Triclinic Pyroxene in Augitic Rocks, by Whitman Cross, with a 

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ADVERTISEMENT. Til

10. On the Cambrian Faunas of North America. Preliminary studies, by Charles Doolittle "Walcott.

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11. On the Quaternary and Recent Mollusca of the Great Basin; with Descriptions of New Forms. 

by 11. Ells worth Call. Introduced by a sketch of the Quaternary Lakes of the Great Basin, by G. K. 

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12. A Crystallographic Study of the.Thinolite of Lake Lahontau, by Edward S. Dana. 1884. 8°. 

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13. Boundaries of the United States and of the several States and Territories, with a Historical 

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14. The Electrical and Magnetic Properties of the Iron-Carburets, by Carl Barns and Vincent 

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15. On the Mesozoic and Ceuozoic Paleontology of California, by Charles A. AVhite. 1885. 8°. 33pp. 

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16. On the Higher Devonian Faunas of Ontario County, New York, by John M. Clarke. 1885. 8°. 

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17. On the Development of Crystallization in the Igneous Rocks of "Washoe, Nevada, with notes on 

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18. On Marino Eocene, Fresh-water Miocene, and other Fossil Mollusca of Western Nortli America, 

by Charles A. White. .1885. 8°. 26 pp. 3 pi. Price 5 cents.

19. Notes on the Stratigraphy of California, by George F. Becker. 1885. 8°. 28 pp. Price 5 cents.

20. Contributions to the Mineralogy of the Kooky Mountains, by Whitman Cross and W. F. Hillebrand. 1885. 8°. 114 pp. 1 pi. Price 10 cents.

21. The Lignites of the Great Sioux Reservation. A Report on the Region between the Grand and 

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22. On New Cretaceous Fossils from California, by Charles A. White. 1885. 8°. 25 pp. 5 pi. 

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23. Observations on the Junction between the Eastern Sandstone and the Keweenaw Series 071 Keweenaw Point, Lake. Superior, by R. D. Irviug and T. C. Chamberlin. 1885. 8°. 124 pp. 17 pi. 

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24. List of Marino Mollusca, comprising the Quaternary Fossils and recent forms from American 

Localities between Capo Hatteras and Cape Roquo, including the Bermudas, by "William Healy Wall.

1885. 8°. 336 pp. Price 25 cents. »

25. The Present Technical Condition of the Steel Industry of the United States, by Phineas Barnes. 

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26. Copper Smelting, by Henry M. Howe. 1885. 8°. 107 pp. Price 10 cents.

27. Report of work done in the Division of Chemistry and Physics, mainly during the fiscal year

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28. The Gabbros and Associated Hornblende Rocks occurring in the neighborhood of Baltimore, 

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29. On the Fresh-water Invertebrates of the North American Jurassic, by Charles A. White. 1886. 

8°. 41 pp. 4 pi. Price 5 cents.

30. Second Contribution to the Studies on the Cambrian Faunas of North America, by Charles Doolittle Walcott. 1886. 8°. 369pp. 33 pi. Price 25 cents.

31. Systematic Review of our Present Knowledge of Fossil Insects, including Myriapods and Arachnids, by Samuel Hubbard Scudder. 1886. 8°. .128 pp. Price 15 cents.

32. Lists and Analyses of the Mineral Springs of the United States; a Preliminary Study, by Albert 

C. Peale. 1886. 8°. 235 pp. Price 20 cents.

33. Notes on the Geology of Northern California, by J. S. Diller. 1886. 8°. 23 pp. Price 5 cents.

34. On the relation of the Laramie Mollusoan Fauna to that of the succeeding Fresh-water Eocene 

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35. Physical Properties of the Iron-Carburets, by Carl Barns and Vincent Strouhal. 1886. 8°. C2 

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36. Subsidence of Fine Solid Particles in Liquids, by Carl Barus. 1886. 8°. 58pp. Price 10 cent.".

37. Types of the Laramie Flora, by Lester F. AVard. 1887. 8°. 354 pp. 57 pi. Price 25 cents.

38. Poridotite of Elliott County, Kentucky, by J. S. Diller. 1887. 8°. 31pp. 1 pi. Price 5 cents.

39. The Upper Beaches and Deltas of the Glacial Lake Agassiz, by Warren Uphaiii. 1887. 8°. 84 

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40. Changes in River Courses in Washington Territory due to Glaciation, by Bailey Willis. 1887. 

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41. On the Fossil Faunas of the Upper Devonian the Genesee Section, New York, by Henry S. 

Williams. 1887. 8°, 121 pp. 4 pi. Price 15 cents.

42. Report of work done in the Division of Chemistry and Physics, mainly during the fiscal year

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43. Tertiary and Cretaceous Strata of the Tuscaloosa, Tombigbee, and Alabama Rivers, by Eugene 

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44. Bibliography of North American Geology for 1886, by Nelson H. Dartou. 1887. 8°. 35 pp. 

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IV ADVERTISEMENT.

45. The Present Condition of Knowledge of the Geology of Texas, by Robert T. Hill. 1887. 8°. 94 

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46. Nature and Origin of Deposits of Phosphate of Lime, by R. A. If. Penrose, jr., with :ui Introduction by N. S. Shaler. 1888. 8°. 143 pp. Price 15 cents.

47. Analyses of Waters of the Yellowstone National Park, with an Account of the Methods of 

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48. On the Form and Position of the Sea Level, hy Rohert Sirapson Woodward. 1888. 8°. 88 pp. 

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49. Latitudes and Longitudes of Certain Points in Missouri, Kansas, and New Mexico, by Robert 

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50. Formulas and Tables to facilitate the Construction and Use of Maps, by Robert Sinipson Woodward. 1889. 8°. 124pp. Price 15 cents.

51. On Invertebrate Fossils from the Pacific Coast, by Charles Abiathar White. 1889. 8°. 102 pp. 

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52. Siibaerial Decay of Rocks and Origin of the Red Color of Certain Formations, by Israel Cook 

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53. The Geology of Nautucket, by Nathaniel Southgate Shaler. 1889. 8°. 55 pp. 10 pi. Price 10 

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54. On the Thermo-Electric Measurement of High Temperatures, by Carl Barns. 1889. 8°. 313 pp. 

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55. Report of work done in the Division of Chemistry and Physics, mainly during the fiscal year 

188C-'87. Frank Wigglesworth Clarke, chief chemist. 1889. 8°. 96 pp. Price 10 cents.

50. Fossil Wood and Lignite of the Potomac Formation, by Frank Hall Knowlton. 1889. 8°. 72pp. 

7 p'l. Price 10 cents.

57. A Geological Reconnaissance in Southwestern Kansas, by Robert Hay. 1890. 8°. 49 pp. 2 pi. 

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58. The Glacial Boundary in Western Pennsylvania, Ohio, Kentucky, Indiana, and Illinois, by George 

Fredei'ick Wright, with an introduction by Thomas Chrowder Chamberlin. 189,0. 8°. 112 pp. incl. 

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59. The Gabbros and Associated Rocks in Delaware, by Frederick D. Chester. 1890. 8°. 45 pp. 

1 pi. Price 10 cents.

CO. Report of work done in the Division of Chemistry and Physics, mainly during the fiscal year 

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61. Contributions to the Mineralogy of the Pacific Coast, by William Harlow Melville and Waldeinar 

Lindgren. 1890. 8°. 40 pp. 3 pi. Price 5 cents.

62. The Greenstone Schist Areas of the Menominee and Marqnotto Regions of Michigan; a coutri 

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with an introduction by Roland Duer Irviug. 1890. 8°. 241 pp. 16 pi. Price 30 cents.

63. A Bibliography of Paleozoic Crustacea from 1698 to 1889, including a list of North American 

species and a systematic arrangement of genera, by Anthony W. Vogdes. 1890. 8°. 177pp. Price 

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64. A report of work done in the Division of Chemistry and Physics, mainly during the fiscal year 

1888-'89. F. W. Clarke, chief chemist. 1890. 8°. 60 pp. Price 10 cents.

65. Stratigraphy of the Bituminous Coal Field of Pennsylvania, Ohio, and West Virginia, by Israel 

C. White. 1891. 8°. 212pp. 11 pi. Price 20 cents.

66. On fi Group of Volcanic Rocks from the Tewan Mountains, New Mexico, and on the occurrence 

of Primary Quartz in certain Basalts, by Joseph Paxson Iddings. 1890. 8°. 34 pp. Price 5 cents.

67. The Relations of the Traps of the Newark System in the New Jersey Region, by Nelson Horatio 

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68. Earthquakes in California in 1889, by James Edward Keeler. 1890. 8°. 25pp. Price 5 cents.

69. A. Classed and Annotated Bibliography of Fossil Insects, by Samuel Hnbbard Scudder. 1890. 

8°. 101 pp. Price 15 cents.

70. Report on Astronomical Work of 1889 and 1890, by Robert Simpson Woodward. 1890. 8°. 79pp. 

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71. Index to the Known Fossil Insects of the World, including Myriapods and Arachnids, by Samuel 

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72. Altitudes between Laku Superior and the Rocky Mountains, by Warren Upham. 1891. 8°. 

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" 73. The Viscosity of Solids, by Carl Barus. 1891. 8°. xii, 139 pp. .6 pi. Price 15 cents.

74. The Minerals of North Carolina, by Frederick Augustus Genth. 1891. 8°. 119pp. Price 15 

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75. Record of North American Geology for 1887 to 1889, inclusive, hy Nelson Horatio Barton. 1891. 

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70. A Dictionary of Altitudes in the United States (second edition), compiled by Henry Gannett, 

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77. The T.exan Permian and its Mesozoic Types of Fossils, by Charles A. White. 1891. 8°. -r,L np_ 

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78. A report of work done in the Division of Chemistry anil Physics, mainly (luring the fiscal year 

1889-'90. F. W. Clarke, chief chemist. 1891. 8°. 131 pp. Price 15 cents.

79. A Late Volcanic Eruption in Northern California and its Peculiar Lava, by J. S. Diller. 3891. 8°. 

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80. Correlation papers Devonian and Carboniferous, by Henry Shaler Williams. 1891. 8°. 279 pp. 

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81. Correlation papers Cambrian, by Charles Doolittle AValcott. 1891. 8°. 447 pp. 3 pi. Price 

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£'2. Correlation papers Cretaceous, by Charles A. White. 1391. 8°. 273pp. 3 pi. Price 20 cents.

83. Correlation papers Eocene, by William Bullock Clark. 1891.. 8°. 173 pp. 2 pi. Price 15 cents.

84. Correlation papers Neocene, by W. H. Dall and G. D. Harris. 18!'2. 8°. 349 pp. 3 pi. Price 

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85. Correlation papers The Newark System, by Israel Cook Russell. 1892. 8°. 344 pp. _ 13 pi. 

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80. Correlation papers Archeau and Algonkian, by C. K. Van Hise. 1892. 8°. 549 pp. 12 pi. 

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90. A report of work done in the Division of Chemistry and Physics, mainly during the fiscal year 

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91. .Record of North American Geology for 1890, by Nelson Horatio Darton. 1891. 8°. 88pp. Price 

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92. The Compressibility of Liquids, by Carl Barns. 1892. 8°. 96pp. 29 pi. Price .10 cents.

93. Some insects of special interest from Florissaut, Colorado, and other points in the Tertiaries of 

Colorado and Utah, by Samuel Hubbard Scudder. 1892. 8°. 35pp. 3 pi. Price 5 cents.

94. The Mechanism of Solid Viscosity, by Carl Barue. 1892. 8°. 138 pp. Price 15 cents.

95. Earthquakes in California in 1890 and 1891, by Edward Singleton Holden. 1892. 8°. 31 pp. 

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96. The Volume Thermodynamics of Liquids, by Carl Barns. 1892. 8°. 100pp. Price 10 cents.

97. The Mesozoic Echinodermata of the United States, by William Bullock Clark. 1893. 8°. 207 

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98. Flora of the Outlying Carboniferous Basins of Southwestern Missouri,by David White.. 1893. 8°. 

139 pp. 5 pi. Price 15 cents.

99. Record of North American Geology for 1891, by Nelson Horatio Darton. 1892. 8°. 73 pp. 

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100. Bibliography and Index of the publications of the U. S. Geological Survey, 1879-1892, by Philip 

Groveling Warinau. 8°. 495 pp. Price 25 cents.

101. Insect Fauna of the Ehode Island Coal Eield, by Samuel Hubbard Scudder. 1893. 8°. 27pp. 

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103. High Temperature Work in Igneous Fusion and Ebullition, chierty in relation to pressure, by 

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104. Glaciation of the Yellows tone Valley north of the Park, by Walter Harvey Weed. 1893. 8°. 

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105. The Laramio and the overlying Liviugston Formation in Montana, by'Walter Harvey Weed, 

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106. The Colorado Formation and its Invertebrate Fauna, by T. W. Stantou. 1893. 8°. 288 pp. 

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107. The Trap Dikes of the Lake Champlain Region, by James Furnian Kemp and Vernon Freeman 

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108. A Geological-Reconuoissauco in Central Washington, by Israel Cook Russell. 1893. 8°. 108pp. 

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In press: 

102. A Catalogue and Bibliography of North American Mesozoic Invertebrata, by C. B. Boyle.

109. The Eruptive and Sedimentary Rocks on Pigeon Point, Minnesota, and their contact phenomena, by W. S. Bayley.

110. The Paleozoic Section in the vicinity of Three Forks, Montana, by A. C. Pealc.

111. Geology of the Big Stone Gap Coal Field of Virginia and Kentucky, by Marina R. Campbell. 

In preparation:

 Earthquakes in California in 1892, by Charles D. Perrine.

 The Moraines of the Missouri Cotean, and their attendant deposits, by James Edward Todd.

 On the Structure of the Ridge between the Taconic and the Green Mountain Ranges in Vermont; and On the Structure of Monument Mountain in Great Barrington, Mass., by T. Nelson Dale.

 A Bibliography of Paleobotany, by David White.

STATISTICAL PAPERS.

Mineral Resources of the United States, 1882, by Albert Williams, jr. 1883. "8°. xvii, 81:; pp. Price 

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VI « ADVERTISEMENT,

Mineral Resources of the United States, 1883 and 1884, by Albert Williams, jr. 1885. 8°. xiv, 1016 

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Mineral Resources of the United States, 1885. Division of Mining Statistics and Technology. 1886. 

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Mineral Resources of theUuited States, 1886, by David T. Day. 1887. 8°. viii,813pp. PriceSOcents.

Mineral Resources of the United States, 1887, by David T. Day. 188S. 8°. vii, 8:32 pp. Price 50 cents.

Mineral Resources of the United States, 1888, by David T. Day. 1890. 8°. vii, 952 pp. Price 50 cents.

Mineral Resources of the United States, 1880 and 1890, by David T. Day. 1892. 8°. viii, 071 pp. 

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Mineral Resources of the United States, 1891, by David T. Day. 1893. 8°. vii, 030pp. Price 50 cents. 

In preparation:

Mineral Resources of the United States, 1892.

The money received from the sale of these publications is deposited in the Treasury, and the Secretary of the Treasury declines to receive bank checks, drafts, or postage stamps; all remittances, therefore, must be by POSTAL NOTE or MONEY ORDER, made payable to the Chief Clerk of the U. S. Geological 

Survey, or in CURRENCY, for the exact amount. Correspondence relating to the publications of the 

Survey should be addressed

To THE DIRECTOR OF THE

UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY,

WASHINGTON, D. C.

WASHINGTON, D. C., September, 1S93. .
U. 8. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN NO. 107 PL7~

RM /N K L I N

GENERAL MAP OF THE LAKE CHAMPLAIN REGION, SHOWING THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE DIKES.
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

BULLETIN

OF THE

UNITED STATES

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

No. 1O7

WASHINGTON

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 

1893

UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

J. W. POWELL, DIKECTOR

THE TRAP DIKES

OF THE

LAKE CHAMPLAII REGION

JAMES FURMAN KEMP

AND

VERNON FREEMAN MARSTERS

WASHINGTON

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 

1893

CONTENTS.

Page.

Letters of transmittal....................................................... 9

General topographic review of the region ..'.............. -................... 11

General geological review................................................... 12

The dikes................................................................... 15

General distribution .................................................... 15

General microscopic character arid field occurrence ...................... 17

Petrographic description................................................ 18

The bostouite dikes................................................. 18

The breccia bostonites.............................................. 22

The basic dikes..................................................... 24

The diabases........................................................ 24

The camptouites.................................................... 29

The monchiquites................................................... 32

The fonrchites...................................................... 35

On the widespread association of similar basic dikes with eleolite-syeuite. 36

Brief review of the classification of the basic dike rocks.................. 37

Local geological details of the dikes..................................... 39

Outlying southern exposures ........................................ 39

Hammondville, Essex county, New York ............................ 40

Port Henry and vicinity ............................................ 40

The Westport dikes................................................. 41

The Split Rock and Essex dikes..................................... 41

The dikes on Trembleau point....................................... 45

The dike on Valcour's island........................................ 46

The Palmer Hill dikes......................................... ...... 46

The dikes at Lyon Mountain ...................... .................. 47

The South Hero dikes............................................... 48

The dikes of Burlington and Shelburne point....................... 49

The dikes at Nash's point........................................... 50

Tabulation of the dikes ................................................. 53

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Paga

PI.ATK I. General map of the Lake Champlain region, showing the distribution of the dikes......................................Frontispiece.

II. Dikes and stratigraphy at Shelbnrne, near Burlington, Vermont. 16

III. White sandstone, supposed Cambrian, overthrnst on Utica slate,

Lone Rock point, near Burlington, Vermont.................... 22

IV. Dike of augite-camptonite in Cambrian quartzite at the Willard's

ledge quarries, Burlington, Vermont........................... 32

FIG. 1. Micro-drawing of bostouite from the Webb estate, Shelbnrne, Vermont 19

2. Micro-drawing of camptonite from Dorset mountain, Vermont ...... 31

3. Sketch-map of dikes on Mill brook, near Port Henry, New York .... 40

4. Sketch-map of dikes at Split Rock and vicinity, New York ......... 42

5. Sketch-map of dikes on Trembleau point, near Port Kent, New York. 45

6. Micro-drawing of contact between a diabase dike anditsuorito wall,

Trembleau point ................................................. 46

7. Cross-section of Hall slope, Lyon Mountain, New York.............. 47

8. Sketch-map of dikes near the Sandbar bridge, South Hero, Vermont 48

9. Sketch-map of dikes at Nash's point, Shelburne, Vermont........... 51

10. Sketch-map of dikes at Wing's point, Vermont .................... 53

7

LETTER OFTRANSMITTAL.

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR, 

UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY, 

DIVISION OF ARCHEAN GEOLOGY,

Bainbridge, Ga., June 1,1893.

SIR : I have the honor to transmit herewith a paper by Messrs. J. 

F. Keuip and V. F. Marsters, relating1 to the trap dikes of the Lake 

Champlain region.

Mr. Kemp's field work was aided by a small amount of money from 

the Archean Division towards defraying a part of the expenses, and 

with the understanding that the results should be at the service of the 

U. S. Geological Survey.

I have the honor to be, sir, your obedient servant,

RAPHAEL PUMPELLY. 

Hon. J. W. POWELL,

Director U. S. Geological Survey.

THE TRAP DIKES OF THE LAKE CHAMPLAIN REGION.

BY JAMES F. KEMP AND VERNON F. MARSTERS.

GENERAL TOPOGRAPHICAL REVIEW OF THE REGION. 1

Lake Champlain extends somewhat more than 100 miles along the 

northeastern border of New York, between it and Vermont. It lies in 

the valley formed by the Green Mountain range on the east and the 

Adirondack s on the west. The foothills of the latter run down in one 

or two places to the water, but in. general the main ridges are situated 

from 10 to 25 miles back in the interior. On the Vermont side, the 

surface rises from the lake in a gradual ascent to the summits of the 

Green mountains, 20 miles or more away. The slopes are more even 

and less rugged than those in New York, but in both cases their 

aspect is picturesque and beautiful in the highest degree. (See map, 

PL I.)

The lake itself is a very narrow body of water for 40 miles above 

Whitehall in no place over a mile wide, and in general not over a 

quarter of that width. Opposite Port Henry and at the point on which 

stands the prerevolutionary Fort Frederick it offsets sharply to the 

west, and then resumes with increasing width its northerly course. 

In the widest portion, which is just north of Burlington, 10 miles of 

clear water intervene between shore and shore. The northern end contains many islands, both large a>nd small. ' The deepest portion is oppo- 

. site Essex, and reaches 400 feet. The depth of the northern part is, 

in general, 200 to300 feet; but south of Fort Frederick it is very much 

less.

'The field work for tlie accompanying paper Avas done in the summers of 1889 and 

1890, by J. F. Kemp and V. F. Marsters. In 1890, A. S. Eakle accompanied them. 

The determinations, the composition of the paper, and the maps are the work of 

J. F. Kemp, hnt all possible aid was given by Mr. Marsters, who properly figures as 

joint author. The authors are under great obligations to Mr. A. S. Eakle, of Cornell University, and to Profs. Gr. H. Perkins, of Burlington, Vt., and H. Seely, of 

Middlebury, Vt., and to Mr. F. L. Nasou, now of Missouri, for aid which is gratefully acknowledged.

11
12 TRAP DIKES OF LAKE CHAMPLAIN. [BDLt.107.

GENERAL GEOLOGICAL REVIEW..

The lake lies not far from the contact of the Archean crystalline 

rocks of the Adirondacks and the later sedimentary strata to the east 

of them. For 5 miles above Whitehall' the Archean forms both shores, 

and extends on the New York side nearly 10 miles farther, but yields 

to the Cambrian in Vermont. These later sedimentary rocks (Cambrian and Lower Silurian) form both shores as far as Port Henry, being 

broken by Mount Defiance (Archean) at Fort Ticouderoga, and by one 

or two Archean bluffs jiear Crown Point. From Port Henry to and 

including Split Bock the Archean forms the New York side, the Cambrian and Lower Silurian make up the Vermont shore. These latter 

continue in Vermont up to the national boundary. From Split Eock to 

the foot of Willsboro bay, including Willsboro point, the sedimentary 

rocks prevail, but then the Archean again comes in and continues to 

Port Kent. North of Port Kent the Cambrian and Lower Silurian 

strata constitute both the mainland and the i slands. Thus the Archean 

appears on the Vermont side only at the extreme southern end, and it 

is apparent that the greater part of the lake lies within the limits of 

the Cambrian and Lower Silurian.

The Archean rocks along the western shore consist of the labradoritehypersthene rock (variously called .labradorite or hypersthene rock, 

hypersthene-fels, norite, auorthosite, and gabbro) characteristic of the 

Adirondacks; of gneisses which mark the iron-bearing terrane and of 

crystalline limestones often containing much serpentine. The relations 

of these several members have never been satisfactorily made out. 

Ebenezer Emmons 2 merely described them as " primary" and mentioned 

the three types referred to above, but did not discuss their relations in 

time. Since the application of the term Laurentian by Logan3 in 1852 

to similar rocks in Canada, it has been generally used for the Adirondacks. Still later the term Labradorian and subsequently the name 

Upper Laurentian were given by Logan to the labradorite rocks and 

they were considered to be later than the gneisses. Hunt, on the resemblance of the labradorite rock to the norites described by Esmark 

from Sweden, coined the name "Norian" for them and regarded them 

as later than the Laurentian. James Hall4 has argued that the lime: 

stones are later than the other Archean rocks and that they belong be1 For the geography, reference may be made to the large map, Plate I, primarily 

drawn to show the distribution of the dikes.

2 Beport on the Second District of the New York State Survey, 1842.

:! Compare in this connection C. H. Hitchcock, Am. Geologist, April, 1890, p. 197; 

also J. F. James, do., Jan., 1890, and Aug., 1890, p. 133; J. Marcou, July, 1890, p. 64.

4 James Hall: Note upon the geological position of the serpentine limestone of 

northern New York and an inquiry regarding the relations of this limestone to the 

Eozoon limestones of Canada. Amer. Asso. Adv. Sci., 1876, p. 298; Amer. Jour. Sci., ser. 

iii, vol. xn, p. 298.
GEOLOGICAL REVIEW. 13

tween them and the Potsdam. Charles E. Hall1 has made the following 

somewhat tentative division based on very limited field work and having especial reference to the iron ores: (a) Lower Laurentian magnetite. 

Iron ore series (i. e., the rocks called gneisses above)} (b) The Laurentian sulphur ore series; (c) The limestones and the Labrador or Upper 

Laurentian series. Division c is said to be certainly later than a, while 

the relations of I are uncertain. It must be confessed that the field 

work done in the region since the time of Ernmons has not been such 

as to gain unreserved confidence for any classification yet offered, and 

the current statements of the relative age of the norites and gneisses 

are to be received with great caution. The norites2 may be eruptive, 

or may be metainorphic; perhaps in instances each view is correct, but 

if they are a great intruded mass or masses in the midst of older gneisses 

it is most remarkable that no dikes and radiating apopliysse have yet 

been recorded.

The sedimentary rocks of the region are included in the early members of the Paleozoic up to and embracing the Utica slate. ISTo 

mention is here made of the Ohamplain clays and Quaternary deposits 

as they have no connection with the dikes. The subdivision of the 

Paleozoic rocks on the New York side is less difficult than in Vermont, where extensive metamorphism consequent on the elevation of 

the Green Mountain range has obscured their true relationships. Emmons recognized the Potsdam sandstone, the Calciferous sandrock, the 

Chazy limestone, Trenton limestone, arid Utica slate. While the same 

rocks largely occur in Vermont their identification has been a matter 

of much controversy. Other beds also come in. President Hitchcock 

and his assistants on the Vermont Survey made the following division 

.(1861): Metainorphic rocks, Potsdam sandstone, Calciferous sandrock, 

Chazy, Birdseye and Black river limestones, Trenton, Utica, Hudson 

river, Ked sandrock, Quartz rock, Georgia slates, Talcose con glomerate, 

Eolian limestones; Talcoid schist, with limestone, Upper Helderberg. 

But the question of the relative age of these is handled very gingerly 

or omitted altogether.

To the south some of these formations entered largely into the Taconic controversy. Since the publication of the results of the Vermont 

state survey a number of observers have added greatly to our knowl1 Clias.E.Hall: Laurectian magnetite iron ore deposits in northern New York. 

32d Ann. Eep. N. Y. State Cabinet of Natural History, p. 133,1884.

2 On the lithology of the norites from a limited area (the Keene Valley), see A. 

R. Leeds: Notes on the lithology of the Adirondack?, 30th Annual Report of the 

N. Y. State'Cabinet of Natural History, p. 79, 1877; also, Amer. Chemist, vol. 7, p. 

328, Mar., 1877. The paper is reviewed by A. R. C. Selwyu in the Rep. of Progress 

of Geol. Survey of Canada, 1877-'78. On the serpen tin ous limestones, see G. P. Merrill: Ophiolite of Thurman, Warren Co., N. Y., with remarks ou the.Eozoon Canaderise, Amer. Jour. Sci., iii, sor., vol. xxxvn, p. 189. Port Henry is also meu~ 

tioned.
14 TRAP DIKES OF LAKE CHAMPLAIN. [BULL. 107.

edge, notably Sir Wm. E. Logan, 1 the Eev. Augustus Wing,2 Prof. 

Hitchcock,3 Prof. Dana,4 Profs. Brainerd and Seely,5 of Middlebury; 

Prof. Whitfield, and Mr. C: D. Walcott.6 The Rev. Mr. Wing discovered fossils in many beds generally metamorphosed and enabled a connection to be made with well-recognized beds farther South. Mr. 

Walcott has much enlarged the number of fossiliferous localities and 

on a paleontologic basis has made the Cambrian of greater importance. 

Thus the red sandrock so important near Burlington, and containing 

many dikes, is now put well down in the Cambrian, although first placed 

by Emnions in the Potsdam, then by Hitchcock in. the Medina, but later 

also in the Potsdam. The discovery as well of fossils at Fort Cassinby 

Messrs. Brainerd and Seely and their identification by Prof. Whitfield, 

together with much careful and praiseworthy strati graphical work by 

the former, have shoAvn the great importance of the Calciferous and its 

extended development. Full accounts of this will be found in the papers 

cited below. Several other writers (Hunt,7 Marcou, 8 J. B. Perry,9 and 

the Canadian geologists) have from, time to time worked in the region 

and have written minor contributions, but no other work has yet been 

published commensurate with those cited.10 Prof. Puuipelly, under the

1 W. E. Logau: The Quebec Group. Geol. of Canada, 1863, p. 225.

 2 J. D. Dana: An account of the discoveries in Vermont geology of the Eev. Augustus Wing, Am. Jour. ScL, ser. iii, vol. xiu,pp. 332 and 405, and vol. xiv, p. 36.

3C. H. Hitchcock: Description of geological sections crossing New Hampshire and 

Vermont. Concord, N. H., 1884. Amer. Jour. Sci'., ser. iii, vol. xxix, p. 66. Bull. 

Anier. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. i, p. 155.

4 J. D. Dana: On Staurolite schist and Green Mountain gneiss of the Silurian age. 

Amer. Asso. Ad. Sci., vol. xxn, p. 25, 1873.

 Note on the age of the Green mountains. Amer. Jour. Sci., ser. iii, vol. 

XIX, p. 191.

Also many papers on the Taconic controversy in the last fifteen or twenty years of 

the Amer. Jour. Science.

5E. Brainerd and H. M. Seely: On the Geology of the east shore of Lake Charnplain. 

Bull. Amer. Museum of Nat. Hist., No. 8, p. 297, Dec. 28, 1886. The Calciferous 

Formation in the Champlain valley, loc. cit., vol. in, No. 1, June, 1890, same journal.

 The marble border of NBAV England, Middlebury Historical Society, p. 2, 

vol. i. A very excellent short sketch of the geology of western Vermont is given 

on p. 9.

 The original Chazy rocks. Ainer.*Geol., vol. n, p. 323. The Chazy formation in the Champlain valley, Proc. Geol. Soc. Amer., p. 293, vol. n.

r'C. D. Walcott: Geological age of the lowest formations of Emmons'vS Taconic 

System, Proc. Phil. Soc. of Washington, Jan. 15, 1887. Amer. Jour. Sci., ser. iii, 

vol. xxxiii, p. 153. Correlation paper on the Cambrian. Bulletin 81, U. S. Geol. 

Survey.

7T. S. Hunt: On some points in the geology of Vermont. Amer. Jour. Sci., ser. 

ii, vol. XLVI, p. 222.

8 J. Marcon: The Taconic rocks of Lake Champlain. Amer. Jour. Sci., ser. iii, 

vol. xxn, p. 321.

9 J. B. Perry: A point in the geology of Western Vermont. Amer. Jour. Sci., ser. 

ii, vol. XLvn, p. 341.

10 J. F. Kemp: Brief review of ,work hitherto done on the geology of the Adirondacks. Trans. N. Y. Academy of Sciences, Oct., 1892.
MARS ] GENERAL DISTRIBUTION. 15

direction of the United States Geological Survey, has been prosecuting 

studies of the metamorphic rocks which are yet to appear. The details 

of local geology so far as they concern the dikes will be found scattered 

through the subsequent pages..

THE DIKES. 

GENERAL DISTRIBUTION.

The dikes pierce all the formations mentioned in the preceding introduction up to and including the Utica Slate. Their general distribution is shown on the map (PI. I), which exhibits the'region covered by 

our field work. The dikes are seen to occur as far south as Granville, 

Washington county, N. Y., but others are mentioned in the Vermont 

reports from one or two points still further south. The most southerly 

one described in this paper is from Dorset mountain (called also Mount 

Eolus), in the town of Dorset, Vt., and lies just below the southeastern 

corner of the map. 1 A dike is also recorded in the Vermont Reports 

(vol. II, p. 588) from South Vernou, which is the extreme southeastern 

township of the state, and others are mentioned from Mount Holly,2 

which lies east of the limits of the map. South of Vermont, in western Massachusetts, but one dike has been mentioned. This is in the 

Hoosac mountain near the Vermont state line.3 The dikes are well 

developed at South Granville, N. Y., (9D) 4 and will be found described 

in subsequent pages; again1 near Whitehall and Rutland5 they come to 

the surface, but north of this point for some distance they have not 

been noted.

The most southerly dike recorded in New York is in gneiss, in. the 

range of hills west of Glens Falls.6 This would be below 90 of the 

map. Another is mentioned on the road from Glens Falls to Caldwell, 

and another (8A) from near Johnsburg. On the Hudson river above 

this last point a dike has been found by F. L. Nason, near the Natural 

Bridge north of the town of North River, specimens of which have been 

kindly given us by Mr. Nason. Four or five dikes cut the magnetite beds

1 See Fig. 230, p. 587, of Vol. n, Geology of Vermont. We are indebted for the 

specimen to Prof. H. M. Seely, to whom, for this and much other assistance, grateful ackuoAvledgnients may here be made.

-Geology of Vermont, Vol. u, p. 586. Also F. L. Nason. A new locality for the 

camptouite of Hawes and Rosenbusch; Amer. Jour. Sci., ser. iii, Vol. xxxvur, 

Sept., 1889. We are indebted to Mr. Nason for chips, but learned subsequently that 

Dr. J. E. Wolff had already been investigating the Mount Holly dikes and their 

passage into aniphibolites, so that no further mention of them is made here.

: R. Purnpelly: The relation of Secular Rock-Disintegration to certain transitional Schists; Proc. Geol. Soc. of Amer., Vol. n, 1891, p. 209.

 'The figures and letters refer to the squares ruled on Plate i.

6 J. F. Kenip and V. F. Marsters: Camptonite dikes near Whitehall, N. Y.; 

Anier. Geologist, Vol. iv, p. 97.

6E. Emrnons: Geology of Second District, New York State Survey, p. 184. In 

1893 James Hall and N. H. Darton found one at Saratoga.
16 TRAP DIKES OF LAKE CHAMPLAIN. [BULL.IOT.

at Hammondville (70), and others occur at Eoe's spar bed/ several miles 

northeast. Near Port Henry 2 they are numerous, and again at Mineville (60) one or two cut the magnetite beds. Several others intersect 

the Archean rocks along the shore above Westport (5D), and numbers 

pierce the cliffs near Split Eock. On the Vermont shore opposite and 

south of this point the Cambrian and Lower Silurian strata are plentifully seamed by them, and the area of chief igneous activity extends 

on both sides of the lake to the latitude of .Plattsburg. The principal 

centers are Pottier's point (more commonly called of later years Shelburne point), just below Burlington (4D); Cannon's point, just south of 

Essex, N. Y.; and Trembleau point, below Port Kent (3D). Special 

maps of each of these, on a large scale, are given later. Not a few are 

also known in the islands in the northern portion of the lake. (See PI. 

IT and Figs. 4,5, and 9.)

In addition to these points dikes are known in the Archean norite 

of Boquet mountain (40), three miles west of Essex; in the iron mines 

of Palmer hill,3 Au Sable Forks (4B); at the Arnold mines at Ferrona; 

and to the north in the Chateaugay mines at Lyon mountain, Clinton 

county (2A). Several have been described by A. S. Eakle, from Chateaugay lake, in American Geologist for August, 1893.

A great dike was early recorded as dividing Mount Avalanche from ' 

Mount Golden4 (5A) in the heart of the Adirondacks. This we have 

visited, but the description will be found elsewhere published. It is 

not a dike but a shear-zone along a line of faulting and does not belong in this paper.5

It will be seen from this brief outline that the dikes are very widespread. It is not to be supposed that more than a small portion of those 

away from the lake shore have been found, as the thick vegetation conceals exposures. It is worthy of remark that hardly a magnetite bed has 

been opened up which is not cut by them, and while one would hesitate to assert that the rocks in general are as plentifully intersected, 

the inference is unavoidable that they are very frequent, and it is by 

no means unlikely that the extended igneous action which gave rise to 

them may have been an important factor in the metamorphisrn of the

1 J. F. Kerap: Notes on the minerals occurring near Port Henry, N. Y.; Amer. 

Jour. Sci., ser. iii, Vol. XL, July, 1890, p. 62.

2 Geology of New York, Second District, p. 264; Tenth Census, Vol. xv, p. 115.

3 Several are recorded by Enimous in First Annual Report, Second District New 

York State Survey, 1837, pp. 136,137. See also Final Report, Second District New 

York State Survey, 1837, p. 299. B..T. Putnam, Tenth Census, Vol. xv, p. 118. J. 

F. Kemp, Amer. Jour. Sci., ser. iii, Vol. xxxv, p. 332.

 W. C. Redfield. Some account of two visits to the mountains in Essex county, 

N. Y., 1836-'37, with a sketch of the northern sources of the Hudson. Amer. Jour. 

Sci., ser. i, Vol. xxxin, p. 301. See also First Annual Report, New York State Survey, 1837, p. 131; Second Annual Report, New York State Survey, 1838, p. 223, and 

E. Ernmons's Final Report on Second District, New York State Survey, 1837, p. 215. 

The two peaks are called together Mount McMartin.

M. F. Kemp. Great shear-zone at Avalanche lake in the Adiroudacks. Amer. 

Jour. Sci., Aug., 1892.
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN NO. 107 PL. II

£.8 W. §

ross-secnon

L.a W. Cross-section. 

N.of DiTce 5.

DIKES AND STRATIGRAPHY AT SHELBURNE POINT, NEAR BURLINGTON, VERMONT.
MICROSCOPIC CHARACTER. 17

region. The records of the west side of the Adirondacks are less complete, and our reading has discovered no mention of dikes; but, on 

analogy, it would seem as if they must be present. A bowlder has 

been found in the drift at Aurora, IS". Y., by Prof. Freley, of Wells college, which is au excellent fourchite, 1 as the term is here employed 

and which probably came from the western Adirondacks.

GENERAL MICROSCOPIC CHARACTER AND FIELD OCCURRENCE.

The dikes are formed by two strongly contrasted kinds of rock, the 

one, feldspathic porphyries or trachytes, which are called bostonite in 

this paper, the other dark basic rocks, which under the microscope are 

subdivided as diabases, camptonites, monchiquites, and fourchites. 

Both kinds occur closely associated in the same districts. In one instance, on Nash's point, as first announced by Zadock Thompson^2 the 

basic dikes are unquestionably the older. The bostonite is known only 

along the shores of the lake in D4 and D5, and to the east in E4, where 

one dike is recorded near Hinesburg:3 The dikes run from 2 feet to 40 

feet in width and are prevailingly vertical. At Nash's point a dike 

has been turned aside from its vertical course and forms an interbedded sheet. In two places the masses are of greater size than could be 

described as dikes and form in the one case a laccolite, in the other a 

knob or eroded laccolite that covers considerable territory. Thus, 

just southeast of the railway station at Charlotte (D4) is a knob several acres in extent, and across the lake at Cannon's .point, a mile and 

a half south of Essex (D4), is another How that extends an eighth of a 

mile or more along the shore and runs back a mile or two inland. Its 

limits are not easily traced on account of overlying soil and vegetation, 

but its extent is considerable, and it is apparently an interbedded 

sheet or laccolite. The dikes inclose at times masses of the underlying 

rocks, and may even consist essentially of a breccia of slate with a 

cement of porphyry.

In the same region with the bostonite, but extending far beyond its 

limits, are the basic dikes. Along the shores of the lake in 4D- and 5D 

they alternate more or less with the bostonite. They are in general 

narrower, but may rise as high as twenty feet. They never form anything but a dike, cutting sharply the bedding of the walls. Faulted 

dikes have been recorded by Z. Thompson' from Clay point, Colchester 

D3, and from the bed of the Winooski river, at Hubbell's falls, east of 

Burlington. The faults amount only to a few feet (three feet at Clay 

point). This general undisturbed character of the dikes is a fact of 

great importance, and will be again referred to in discussing the time

1 See Petrographical notes, by J. F. Kemp, Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci., June, 1892. 

2 Zadock Thompson: Appendix to Thompson's History of Vermont, Burlington, 

1853, p. 53.

3 E. Hitchcock, sr.: Geology of Vermont, Vol. ir, p. 585. 

4 Z. Thompson: Appendix to Thompson's History of Vermont, p. 53. 

Bull. 107 2
18 TRAP DIKES OF LAKE CHAMPLAIN. [BULL.IOT.

of intrusion. The dike at Willard's ledge in the city of Burlington has 

been found by us to contain fragments of norite, but elsewhere the basic 

dikes are not prolific in inclusions, far less so than the bostonite. They 

occasionally show a tendency to separate into columns with axes normal 

to the cooling surfaces, as may be seen in the one figured in the Vermont Eeport, volume n, p. 587, from Mount Eolus and in one noted by 

us at the end of Pottier's point.

PETROGRAPHia DESCRIPTION^ 

THE BOSTONITE (PORPHYRY TRACHYTE) DIKES.

The name bostonite has recently been proposed by Hunter and 

Bosenbusch,1 as applicable to a dike rock of trachytic habit that is now 

known to be quite widely associated with eleolite-syenite and the 

basic dikes so commonly seen with it. But the bostonite also occurs 

in regions where the connection with eleolite-syeuite is not apparent. 

The term is based on the descriptions of the porphyries near Boston by 

Wadsworth, Diller and others, and is proposed in connection with studies 

of Brazilian rocks. While we feel conservative as to the introduction 

of new names into the already overburdened nomenclature of petrography and consider even the creation of a separate group of the dike 

rocks coordinate with the old groups, plutonic and volcanic (or by 

whatever later names they may be called), as open to grave objections, 

yet the convenience of such grouping is in many respects great, and if 

one does not infer too much from it, it may be used with justification.

The bostonites here described have a prevailing light tint, which is 

usually a creamy or brownish white, but which is also in instances a 

light chocolate. The rocks have a general rough and granular feel and 

a fracture very like typical trachyte. One specimen from Ball's bay, 

near Fort Cassiii, given us by Prof. Seely, is macroscopically lithoidal, 

and has even to the naked eye a rude flow structure, like lithoidal obsidian. Phenocrysts are in general not especially marked, the less so 

because the wide-spread alteration of the exposures makes fresh materi al 

difficult to obtain. They are at times present, and when fresh exhibit 

the shining cleavages of feldspar. One dike, No. 11 (PI. n), from the 

east side of Pottier's point, near Burlington, consists almost entirely 

of large feldspar phenocrysts. Quartz phenocrysts are much rarer, 

although noted in two dikes. Without recourse to the microscope little 

could be added to the above macroscopic description.

Under the microscope these rocks are at once seen to have a marked 

and characteristic trachytic structure that is, the groundinass consists 

of small feldspar laths, not infrequently in fluidal arrangement.2

1 M. Hunter and H. Rosenbnsch: TJeber Mouchiquit, ein Camptonitisches Ganggestein aus der Gefolgschaft der Eleolith-Syeuite. Tschermak's Min. u. Petrog. 

Mitth., Vol. xi, 1890, p. 445. The bostonite is incidentally mentioned evidently as a 

"caveat." The name applies so well to the dikes discussed here that we are glad 

to adopt it.

2Roseubusch-Massige Gesteiue, Vol. li, p. 595.
KKMP AND"! 

MAKSTKKS.J THE BOSTONITE- DIKES. 19

Between the rods one can sometimes detect small masses of interstitial quartz. The groundmass is invariably holocrystalline, and the 

feldspars are idiomorphic. The quartz is not. The phenocrysts attain 

a dimension of 3-5mm in most of the slides, but they may occasionally 

be a little larger. Although generally kaolinized, it can be readily seen 

that they are but once twinned, and are doubtless in the great majority of cases orthoclase. The small rods are also once twinned, and, 

as shown by the analyses later given, they appear to be both orthoclase 

and anorthoclase. A few well-authenticated plagioclases are recognizable. At least some of the interstitial quartz may be secondary, perhaps all. When alteration has made the feldspars of the groundmass 

muddy or kaolinized, they assume a sort of illiptical outline under the 

microscope, and look like so many cross sections of grains of wheat 

lying together.

It is a remarkable fact that in no case has any recognizable dark 

silicate been found in a slide. Spots of liinonite and iron stains are indeed seen in some, and these may have once been bisilicates,.but it is 

very doubtful, for none appear in the freshest slides. Nor is any magnetite to be noted. A few stray crystals or irregular masses of pyrite 

are seen, but they are probably infiltrations. The dikes are singularly 

free from any basic minerals whatever and present a very pure crystallized feldspathic magma.

The structure is shown in the accompanying reproductions of inicrophotographs. .Fig. 1, from dike 566 (PI. n), exhibits a phenocryst with 

the somewhat fluidal arrangement of the smaller rods around it.

In alteration the dikes afford 

nests of calcite and quartz, 

while the usual muddy kaolin 

is abundantly present. The 

calcium for the formation of 

calcite is probably derived in 

large part from the infiltrating 

limy waters of the neighboringslates, throughout which veins 

of calcite are extremely common. The analyses of fresh 

dike rock in general show little 

calcium.

The chemical composition is 

shown by the following analyses. No. 566 appears but little altered in thill Section,- estate, Shelburne, Vermont.

although the loss shows that some changes have occurred. It may 

be taken as a fair representative of the average dike. No. 11 is 

more advanced in alteration, and is also quite different in composition. 

Lime is much more abundant, the alkalies recede and the silica is much

FIG. 1. Micro-drawing of bostonite from the Webb
20 TRAP DIKES OF LAKE CHAMPLAIN. [BULL. 107.

less. This dike consists of large feldspar phenocrysts, which in the 

slide are contained in a finely crystalline groundrnass. They are not 

very fresh. The analysis indicates a soda-lime feldspar, as well as 

orthoclase, and marks a passage toward an andesitic type or a porphyrite. The percentage of iron oxide, 3-92, is chiefly due to disseminated scales of hematite, which give-the base a reddish tint.1 

The analysis of No. 102 was made thirty years ago by Dr. G-. F. Barker 

for President E. Hitchcock and is from the .second volume of the Yermont Beports, p. 585. The material w'as derived from the groundmass 

of the breccia-porphyry of Nash's point. It is more acidic than the 

other analyses, but shows a percentage in alkalies resembling No. 11 

in their ratio to each other. (El. n.) '

Si02 ... .......

Al,08 . ........

Fc203 .. .......

CaO ..........

MgO..........

K,0 ..........

Na20 .........

Total ....

i

No. 566. 

Kcmp, 3.

2-33

62-28

19-17

3-39

1-44

5-926

5-374

99 -910 

2 -648

No. 11. 

Morrison, f .

r.o .jn

20 -82

3-92

7-05

2-97

3-79

100 -05

No. 102. 

Barker.

1-70

07-30

| 19-10

0-79

G-04

99 -67

The, great amount of soda in No. 566 is very suggestive. As no wellmarked plagioclase appears in the slide, which indicates a very homogeneous rock, the inference is strong that some soda orthoclase (anorthoclase) is present and that the dike is allied to the pantellerites and 

keratophyres. A series of analyses are appended, which bring this out 

the more strongly. Nos. I, n and in are analyses of feldspars separated from rocks of related character from various Canadian localities 

in the region of Montreal. - No. IV is of the groundinass of such a rock 

after it had been treated with dilute nitric acid, a procedure that would 

tend to increase the acidity. They were all made by T. S. Hunt from 

1853 to 1856. The striking similarity which they bear to the analyses 

of feldspars from the trachytic rocks of the island of Pantelleria, Nos. 

V and vi, by Forstner can not but arrest attention. Forstner was able 

to isolate and examine his crystals both optically and with the goniometer, and on these determinations established anorthoclase as a separate species, but so far as the chemical identity of this mineral is concerned it is well brought out by Hunt's analyses, and the interest is the 

greater because Hunt's material caine from rocks called by him trachytes. He speaks of the feldspar as orthoclase, and doubtless consid1 The analysis of No. 11 was kindly made by Mr. W. H. Morrison, resident graduate 

in chemistry at Cornell University.
K1EMP AND"! 

MARSTBUS.J PETROGEAPHIC DESCRIPTION. 21

ered the soda as replacing1 the potash, much as sanidiue is usually 

thought to contain considerable soda. Analysis vn, by T. M. Chatard, 

is of the phenocrysts of the keratophyrefroin Marblehead Neck described 

by J. H. Sears. The keratophyre described by W. S. Bayley 1 from 

Pigeon Point, Minn.j is much more acidic.

SiO* ..........

AUV. ........

FeO

FeA -----...-

MuO. .........

CaO ..........

Mg-0..........

K.,0..........

N:i.,0 .........

I.

05 -70

20 -80

0-84

6-43

C -52 '

0-50

100 -79

II.

G5 -15

20 -55

0-73

6-39

C-C7

0-50

99-99

III.

CO -15

19-75

0-95

7-53

5-19

0-55

100-12

IV.

67 -00

18-30

1-40

0-45

5-10

5-85

0'25

98-95

V.

00 -00

39-24

0 -54

1-.11

0-11

5-45

7 -03

100. 14

VI.

00 -03

19-37

1-53

0 -73

0-02

5-40

7-57

100 -05

VII.

05 -06

20 -05

0 -13

0-07

0-18

C-98

 fi -50

0-41

100-04

I. T. S. Hunt: Feldspar from Bromo (Canada) Trachyte, Amer. Jour. Sci., Ser. ii, vol. xxxvin, 

p. 97; geology of Canada, 1853-56.

II. T. S. Hunt: Feldspar from Shefford (Canada), op. cit., p. 97. F.D. Adams lias/lescribed microscopically a rock from Shell'ord as a quartz-frco porphyry. Gcol. of Canada, 1880-'81-'82, p. 10A.

III. T. S. Hunt: Feldspar from Cliambly (Canada), op. cit., p. 98.

IV. T. S. Hunt: Feldspar Groundmass of Chambly dike after treatment -with dilute nitric acid, 

op. cit., p. 98.

V and VI. H. Fcirstner: Zoitschrift fiir Krystallographie, vol. vni, 125-202, 1883. Nenes .Taliruuch, 1884, vol. u, p. 171.

VII. J. H. Sears: On Keratophyre from Marblehoad Neck, Bull. Mns. Com]). Zoiil, vol. xvi, "No. 9, 

p. 170. Analysis l>y T. M. Chatard.

In the further discussion of the basic dikes it will appear that in the 

close field connection which they show with the bostonite we have an 

association of rock types not unlike those long known near Montreal2 5 

in many respects similar to others at Marbleliead, near Boston ; 3 and

1 W. S. Bayley A quartz keratophyre from Pigeon Point and living's augite-syenites. Am. Jonr. Sci., Ser. iii, vol. xxxvn, p. 54.

2T. S. Hunt: See papers cited under Analyses i-iv ahove. Also Geol. Survey of 

Canada, 1863, p. 655. B. J. Harringtou, Geol. Survey of Canada, 1877-'78, p. 429. A. 

Lacroix, sur la syenite elseolithique de Montreal et sur les modifications de contact 

endoniorphes, et exomorphes de cette Eoche, Compte Eendu, June 2, 1890, p. 1152. 

Also Descriptions des syenites nepheliniques dePonzac, Hautes Pyrenees, et de Montreal, Canada, et de leurs phenomeues do contact. Bull. Soc. Geol. France, 3 vol. 

xni, 1890, No. 7, 511-558. Further contributions are to be expected from Messrs. 

Harrington and F. D. Adams.

3A. Hyatt: Remarks on the Porphyries of Marble] icad, Proc. Boston, Soc. of Natural 

History, vol. xvni, p. 220, 1876. T. T. Bouvd: The Origin of Porphyry, op. cit., vol. 

xvm, p. 217. M. E. Wads worth: The Trachyte of Marblehead Neck, Mass., op. cit., 

vol. xxi, p. 288. Also Geology of Marblehead, op. cit., vol. xxi, p. 306. Zircon syenite from Marblehead, Mass., op. cit., vol. xxi, p. 406. W. 0. Crosby: Geology of 

Eastern Mass. Separate volume issued by the Boston Society of Nat. Hist. J. S. 

Diller: The Felsites and their Associated Eocks north of Boston, Bull. Mus. Conip. 

Zool., vol. vn, p. 165. J. H. Sears: On Keratophyre from Marblehead Neck, Mass., 

op. cit., Arol. xvi, p. 167.
22 TRAP DIKES OF LAKE CHAMPLAIN. [BULL. 107.

to the dikes recently brought to notice near Rio Janeiro, Brazil.1 In 

all three localities they are associated with eleolite'-syenites. Basic 

dikes without bostonite are almost invariably associated with eleolitesyenite Eleolite-syenite has not yet been discovered nearer to the 

Lake Champlain igneous centers than Montreal, which is 100 miles north 

of Burlington. Igneous phenomena are, however, abundant in the 

interval. It may be that eleolite-syenite will yet appear in the eastern 

Adirondacks. The Montreal rocks related to bostonites, or identical 

with them, were called trachytes by Hunt, as were also certain of the 

exposures described in this paper by the Hitch cocks, in the Vermont 

Report. Wadsworth applied the same name to the Marblehead dikes, 

while others called them porphyries. F. JJ. Adams, as noted in the 

references under Analysis n, described a dike from Shefford, Canada., 

as a quartz-free porphyry. Beyond question if no special name is given 

to dike forms of porphyries and trachytes, these names would be best 

applicable. Inasmuch, however, as in the present instance, the dikes 

are quite remote from any great parent mass or volcanic center., the 

term bostonite has been employed to place them definitely with the dike 

rocks and to emphasize their association in the field with basic dikes. 

Ill structure and in composition, so far as our observation goes, they 

do-not essentially differ from trachytes or porphyries any more than 

these do from each other.2

THE BKECCIA BOSTONITES.

On the east side of Shelburne point and also on the west side a 

broad dike (20 feet) outcrops (Nos. 7 and 9 of PI. n), which is doubtless continuous between. It is a most remarkable rock, and consists 

of angular pieces of slate and red quartzite cemented together by an 

igneous base. The cementing base is not very fresh in the attainable 

.specimens, but is clearly of the same nature as the groundmass of the 

bostonites. The included fragments are angular and do not appear to 

be notably altered by the fact of their inclusion. They preserve sharp 

edges and polarize like ordinary sedimentary rocks.

'0. A. Derby: On Nepheline Rocks in Brazil, with reference to the association of 

Phonolite and Foyaite, Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London, 1887, p. 457.

Franz Fr. Graeff: Mineralogische-petrographische Untersuchung voii Elajolite syeniten von der Serra de Tingua, etc. Neues Jahrbuch, vol. n, 1888, p. 222.

M. Hunter and H. Rosenbusch: Ueber nonchiqnit, eiu camptonitisches ganggestein aus der gefolgschaft der elseolith syenit. Tsclierinak's Min. n. Petrog. Mitt. vol. 

xi, 1890, p. 445.

2 Since the above was written the senior writer of this paper has received a letter 

from Prof. Rosenbusch, who, with kindness which is quite characteristic (and of 

which a deeply felt appreciation may be here expressed), has examined-a suite of 

specimens submitted to him. He fully indorses the determination of the dikes as 

bostouite. Dikes 11 and 29 (Shelburne point, near Burlington, PI. n), he says, have 

a surprising likeness to certain syenite porphyries described by Brogger from the 

neighborhood of Christiania. Rosenbusch also determines the sharp rhombohedra in 

dikes 33 and 35 (also from Shelburne point) to be carbonates of magnesium and iron 

and not calcite, and remarks the resemblance of the two dikes to others near Montreal.
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

WHITE SANDSTONE (SUPPOSED CAMBRIAN) OVERTHRUST ON UTICA SLATE, LONE 
THE BRECCIA BOSTONITES. 23

Two Explanations may be offered of this rock. One that it has been 

intruded on a line of previous faulting and attrition, which-have broken 

up the walls and have left loose material to be gathered up by the 

intrusive magma. This explanation has the greater weight with the 

writers. The other is that Nit represents only the upper portion of a 

dike, and thus contains the float material which the advance of an 

intrusive body that forced its own passage would naturally gather 

from the walls. The lack of such inclusions in the neighboring dikes 

may be due to the fact that their tops have been eroded. This breccia 

dike was first recorded by Zadock Thompson. 1

A similar dike, but much narrower, is found on hash's point, and 

has been described by President Hitchcock.2 This is likewise a most 

interesting rock, and, as pointed out by President Hitchcock, consists 

of amass of somewhat rounded fragments of Archean iiorite, red sandrock (Cambrian), and slate (Hudson river), which are chiefly gathered 

in the middle portion. They are all cemented together by a bostonite 

gronndmass. Under the microscope sections of the norite show plagioclase and garnet, all exhibiting the results of dynamic action. Sections of the red quartzite have the usual fragmental character, with 

the evidences of strain less developed. President Hitchcock's hypothesis of its origin is discussed later. His names for the included rocks 

differ in some respects from those given here, as subsequently set forth. 

(See PI. in.)

The inclusions indicate that the dike has come from a source at least 

beneath or in the norites, and the same inference holds good for the 

other dikes not provided with inclusions. They also prove that the 

red qnartzite underlies the slates at this point. Inclusions of feldspathic masses, appearing to be from Archean norites, and mentioned 

above as occurring in the dike at the Willard's ledge quarries, suggest 

a like deep-seated source for the basic dikes. The parent masses of 

these narrow bodies are therefore at such a distance below their present outcrop that it comprises the thickness of the slates, of the red 

quartzite, and of an indefinite amount of norite.

The sheet or bedded dike of porphyry on the end of Nash's point is 

likewise abundantly provided with inclusions of slate from its immediate walls. They are not noticeably altered.

Brecciated porphyries formed of a broken eruptive rock that has 

become recemented have been mentioned by Pumpelly from Pilot 

Knob3 and by Crosby from eastern Massachusetts,4 but the phenomena 

are obviously different from those here described.

1 Thompson's Appendix, pp. 52-53, 1853.

2 E. Hitchcock: On certain Conglomerated and Brecciated Trachytic Dikes in Vermont, etc. Proc. Am. Ass. Adv. Sci., vol. xiv, p. 156. Cool, of Vermont, vol. u, 

p. 583.

3 R. Pumpelly: Geol. Survey of Mo. Preliminary Report on the Iron Ores and Coal 

Fields.

 W. O. Crosby: Geology of eastern Mass., p. 50.
TRAP DIKES OF LAKE CHAMPLAIN. [BULL. 107.

THE BASIC DIKES.

The basic dikes are all compact dark rocks that to ordinary macroscopic examination give almost no indication of their constitution. 

The only apparent minerals are feldspars in the coarser diabases and in 

the more basic dikes an occasional glistening hornblende or augite prism.

The thin sections exhibit a series of mineralogical mixtures extending from very typical ophitic diabase through cainptonites, in which 

the dark silicates become idiomorphic and the feldspars recede, to aggregates of augite and hornblende lacking feldspar entirely and having comparatively little glass. Olivine is occasionally seen in a fresh 

condition, but in most dikes an alteration product not always satisfactory alone indicates its probable original presence. The subordinate 

minerals are noted in the particular description.

The basic dikes are described under the following four types diabase, including olivine-diabase, camptonite, mouchiquite, and fourchite.

THE DIABASES.

The true diabase dikes are principally if not entirely found in the 

crystalline Archean areas. They are thus on the Avest side of the lake 

and in several cases back in the mountains. Diabase is the characteristic type of rock that forms the dikes which so plentifully intersect 

the lenses of magnetite.

In the sections the plagioclase exhibits the characteristic lath-shaped, 

or sometimes rather broader, idiomorphic crystals, abundantly twinned. 

They have at times a marked radiating arrangement (dike 62, Trembleau point), the " divergent-strahlig" structure of Lessen. The plagioclase has at times a dark core of inclusions which closely follow the rectangular outline of the original crystal. These are doubtless alteration 

products due to a change that spreads from the core of the crystal outward. Any kaolinized matter in this position would easily become 

stained by iron oxide filtering in. Minute apatite crystals are also a not 

infrequent inclusion. The plagioclase was separated by Thoulet's solution from Dike 67, of Trembleau point, near Port Kent. It was found 

that concentration by panning before the employment of the heavy solutions is extremely advantageous. l An almost clean feldspar powder 

can thus be separated that needs" but little further treatment. (Fig. 5.)

SiO2 ..........

A12 03 -- -------

CaO ..........

Na-jO .........

Dil

I.

0-72

57-82

28-16

7-72

5-352

e 07.

n.

.58 -38

28-43

7-79

5-4C

Atomic.

ratios.

 973 11

 270 3

 139 a

 087 1

1 See O. A.. Derby : Occurrence of Xenotime as tun accessory element in Rocks. Am. 

Jour. Sci., ser. m, vol. XLI, p. 308. Mr. Derby personally tauglit us the use of tliebatea.
KA ] E DIABASES. 25

Prom this it appears that the feldspar belongs in the andesite 

series. Column n is recalculated so as to throw out the loss on ignition.

In allotriomorphic crystals packed in between the feldspar rods, is 

found the augite. It tends at times to become idiomorphic, and then 

marks a passage to augitic camptonites. This tendency is very widespread, and indicates the close affinities of the two rocks. The augite 

varies from a slight pink to greenish, and many crystals possess a very 

faint pleochroism. In other respects it is common, normal augite. In 

the heaviest residues obtained by panning crushed material from Bike 

67, at Trembleau point, grains of hyperstliene were detected, although 

no trace of this mineral has been seen in any of the thin sections from 

the dikes. It did not come from any inclusions of neighboring norite, 

for the material was selected with the greatest care. It is interesting

to note in this connection the recent announcement of hyperstliene in 

Triassic diabase, by Campbell and Brown.1 It is not unlikely that this 

orthorhombic pyroxene is in many diabases where the chance cut of a 

section has failed to show it.

Biotite is sometimes seen in the slides, but only as a very subordinate 

mineral. It forms small scales closely associated with magnetite and 

more or less as a border around it. The biotite is regarded as an original mineral that followed closely on the ores in period of formation, 

and not as resulting from the mutual secondary action of magnetite 

and plagioclase on each other, as is concluded by Wadsworth when 

treating of similar occurrences in the gabbros of Minnesota.2

Of the magnetite nothing of note need be added beyond that it is 

abundant and in irregular grains.

The process of alteration seems to be the same wherever noted. The 

bisilicates pass into chlorite or into what in other cases appears to be 

serpentine. This latter is a yellow or amber-colored mass, not always 

showing a very marked aggregate character, lacking in pleochroism, 

and not very strongly refractive. The chlorite is better marked and 

was identified by its pleochroism. Some dikes are in such an advanced 

stage of alteration that they present almost nothing of a definite character. Clay or kaolin, calcite, limouite, and indefinite dirt make up the 

slide. Very little recognizable epidote has been noted.

An interesting and exceptional alteration is afforded by the dike at 

Palmer hill, near Au Sable Forks. The feldspar has yielded a colorless 

negative, uniaxial, rather brightly polarizing mineral with abundant 

rectangular cleavages. This is scapolite. It occurs in scattered masses 

and often, with quartz, forms nests of secondary character. Scapolite 

as an alteration product from plagioclase has long been known in connec1 Campbell and Brown: Composition of certain Mesozoic igneous rocks from Virginia. Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., 1891, p. 339.

2 M. E. Wadsworth: Bull. 11. Minu. Geol. Surv., p. G5, and PI. in.
26 TRAP DIKES OF LAKE CHAMPLAIN. [TOLL. 107.

tion with various rocks associated with the apatite deposits of Norway, 

and more recently has been discovered in the same relations in Canada. 1

The course through which the alteration has been brought about has 

been discussed by Judd.2 _It is urged that solutions containing sodium 

chloride penetrate the plagioclase along " solution planes/'3 after which 

dynamic inetamorphism in connection with the sodium chloride changes 

the plagioclase to scapolite. There seems to have been no dynamic 

metamorphism necessarily developed in the present instance, but doubtless the infiltration of sodium chloride in solution or of hydrochloric acid, 

which reacted on the sodium in the feldspar, has aided the change. 

Lacroix has also recently described the alteration to dipyre of the 

plagioclase in a diabase in the Pyrenees, along, the contact with intruded eleolite-syenite.4

An analysis of the Palmer hill dike yielded the results given in 

column i. By its side is placed for comparison No. II, an analysis of a 

diabase from the vicinity of Boston, described by W. H. Hobbs.5 

No. in is from the region of Keene valley and the analysis is by A. E. 

Leeds.6

Si02

A12 03

Fe-^Oa

PeO

CaO

MgO

MnO

K2 0

tfajO

Ti02

PA

C02

T?£»SS

Sp. gr.

I. Kemp.

45-46

19-94

15-30

8 -32

2-95

3-21

2-12

2-30

99-66

2-945

II.

48-75

17 -17

0-41

13-02

8-82

3-37

0-91

2-40

1-63

0-99

0-68

100 -17

2-985

III.

43 -41

19-42

5-72

C-G9

9-11

5-98

0-47

4-39

0-35

3-00

100 -54»

'F. D. Adams and A. C. Lawson: On some Canadian rocks containing scapolite, 

etc. Canadian Record of Science, 1888, p. 185. The paper gives a general review of 

the literature of scapolite in these relations and many citations of authorities.

2 J. W. Judd: On the processes by which a plagioclase feldspar is converted into 

scapolite. Mineralogical Magazine, vol. vin, p. 186.

3For the description of-solution planes, see papers by J. W. Judd, in the Quar. Jonr. 

Geol. Soc., vol.. XLI, 1885, p. 383; vol. XLII, 1886 p. 82. Mineralogical Magazine, vol. 

vii, 1886.,.p. 81.

 "Lacroix: Sur les phe"uomenes de contact de la sye"iiite elseolithiqne de Ponzac. 

Compte Rendu, No. 110, p. 1011, 1890.

6W. H. Hobbs: On the petrographical characters of a dike of diabase in the Boston basin. Bull. Mns. Comp. Zool., vol. xvi, p. 1.

°A. R. Leeds: Notes on thelithology of the Adirondack^. Thirtieth Ann. Rep. N. Y. 

State Museum, p. 102.
THE DIABASES. 27

In i all the iron was estimated as Fe2O> The excess of potash over 

soda in the first two of these dikes is exceptional for diabase. While 

the rather abundant biotite in JSTo. i in part accounts for it, the inica 

seems hardly sufficient to afford it all. Probably the augite contains 

some, for it is unlikely that the feldspar of so basic a rock has much. 

The dike contains also less SiO2 than our most typical and best known 

American diabases, those of the eastern Triassic areas, for these afford 

with monotonous uniformity from 51 to 53 per cent.

The question may be raised here as to the causes that lead in some 

instances to the formation of the ophitic structure of true diabase and 

in others to the approximately panidiomorphic structure of camptonite, 

in dikes of the same general width and in adjacent localities. The 

curious exception that the diabases offer, of feldspars crystallmng before 

the dark silicates, has been suggested by Kosenbusch. 1 as due to the 

excess of EO bases over the li2O. This same relation holds good, however, in the camptonites, as is shown by the analyses which follow, but 

in them the structure is markedly idiomorphic.

It is notable that in the dikes of the Lake Ohamplain region the diabases are in the areas of crystalline rocks of Archean age, while the 

camptonites are in the later stratified rocks.2 This would necessitate 

 the passage of the fused magma of the latter through a much greater 

thickness of rock before it reached the surface or at least before it solidified; while .the diabase has chilled nearer its parent mass. It may 

be that the wall rock has exerted some influence; certainly the camptonites must have remained longer molten. We are rather led by <he 

varying analyses to ascribe the different structures to physical causes 

like these than to peculiarities of chemical composition.

The contact phenomena of the diabases are described and figured 

later in the particular mention of Trembleau point, p. 45, where they 

are best seen.

Olivine appears in a few dikes and what may be an alteration product 

of it in certain others. While, strictly speaking, such dikes should be 

called olivine-diabase, they do not seem to differ from the normal diabase in much else than in the presence of chrysolite.

Diabase (including olivine-diabase) is an extremely common dikerock in the Archeau rocks of Canada and the northern United States. 

While the dikes are often recorded siinply as trap, it is probable that 

they belong in the majority of cases to this group. A citation of those 

which have been microscopically determined, so far as known to us, is 

here appended. We desire to acknowledge the gift of chips for comparison from Messrs. Tight, Haworth, C. W. Hall, and Hobbs, writers 

of papers mentioned below:

'H. Eosenbusch: Ueber das AYesen der kornigen nud porphyrischeii Structnr bei 

massigen Gesteinen. Neues Jahrbucli, vol. II, 1882, p. 1.

2 Tliis relation is not true of camptonites elsewhere. The original exposures at 

Livermoro falls on tho Pcinigcwa'ssett river arc in mica schist; the dikes at Fort 

Montgomery and Forest of Dean, Orange county, N. Y., are in gneiss.
28 TRAP DIKES OF LAKE CHAMPLAIN. [BULL.IOT.

CANADA.

W. S. BAYLEY. Notes on tlie microscopic examination of rocks from the Thunder

bay silver district. Geol. Surv. of Canada, 1887, p. 1154. 

ROBERT BELL. Observations on the Labrador coast, Hudson straits and bay. Geol.

Surv. of Can., 1882-'83-'84, pp. 14-15. 

H. W. FAIRBANKS. Notes on the characters of the eruptive rocks of the Lake Huron

region. Amer. Geologist, vol. vi, p. 162. 

B. J. HARRINGTON. Notes on a few dikes cutting Laurentiau rocks, more especially

with reference to their microscopic structure. Canadian Naturalist, vol. vui, No.

6, p. 315. 

HERRICK, TIGHT and JONES. Dikes at Michipicoton bay, Lake Superior. Bulletin

Deuison University, vol. n, p. 119. 

A. C. LAWSON. Diabase dikes of the Rainy lake region. Proc. Canadian Institute,

ser. iii, vol. v, 1888, p. 178. Amer. Geol., vol. i, p. 199. 

A. C. LAWSON and F. T. ScnuTT. Petrographical differentiation of certain dikes

of the Rainy lake region. Proc. Am. Ass. Adv. Sci., vol. xxxvin, 1889, p. 246. 

M. E. WADSWORTH. Dikes at Notre Dame bay and the Betts cove copper mines.

Amer. Jour. Sci., ser. iii, vol. xxvm, p. 94. 

M. E. WADSWORTH. Mentions diabase dikes near Bathurst, N. B., in a paper on Ore

deposits. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 1884, p. 207.

INDIAN TERRITORY.

R. T. HILL. Reconnaissance of the Ouachita mountain system in Indian Territory. 

Determinations of diabase by J. F. Kemp. Am. Jour. Sci., ser. iii, vol. XLII, p. 118.

MAINE.

W. O.CROSBY. Geology of Frenchman's bay, Me. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 1880, 

109. Amer. Jour. Sci., ser. iii, vol. xxm, p. 64.

Q. E. DICKERMAN and M. E. WADSWORTH. An Olivine-bearing diabase from St. 

'George, Mo. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. xxm, p. 28.

J. F. KEMP. Trap dikes near KennebuDkport, Me. Amer. Geol., vol. v, p. 129,

March, 1890. 

G. P. MERRILL. Olivine diabase from Addison's point. Tenth Census, vol. x, p. 24.

The mention of dikes which have not been microscopically determined is very 

frequent in papers dealing with the geology of Maine. Many of these are doubtless diabase.

MASSACHUSETTS.

W. 0. CROSBY. Geology of eastern Massachusetts.

B. K. EMERSON. The Deerfteld dike and its minerals. Amer. Jour. Sci., ser. iii, vol. 

xxiv, pp. 195-270, 349.

W. H. HOBBS. On the petrographical characters of a dike of diabase in the Boston 

basin. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. xvi, No. 1.

A. C. LANE. Geology of Nahant, Mass. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. xxiv, p. 91. 

Mentions 500 dikes. ;

N. S. SHALER. Geology of Cape Ann. Ninth Ann. Rep. Director U. S. Geol. Surv., 

p. 608. Three hundred and fifty dikes of diabase and quartz porphyry in a limited area.

MICHIGAN. 

WICHMANN. Diabase dike at the Washington mine. Geol. of Wis., vol. ill, p. 625.
HEMP AND 

MAR8TEK3>] LITERATURE OF SUBJECT. 29

MINNESOTA.

WADSWORTH, M. E. Bull. No. 2, Minn. Geol. Survey. Peridotytes, Gabbros, Diabases, and Audesites of Minnesota.

MISSOURI. 

E. HAWORTH. A contribution to the Archean geology of Missouri. Anier. Geol., 

vol. i, pp. 280-363.

NEW HAMPSHIRE. 

G. W. HAWES. Said to occur in all parts of New Hampshire. N. H. Gcol. Survey, 

vol. in, part 4, p. 149.

NEW JERSEY.

B. K. EMERSON. On a great di-ke of mica-diabase at Franklin Furnace, N. J. 

Arner. Jour. Sci., set. iii, vol. xxm, p. 376, 1882. This dike is more closely related 

to the camptouites, a group created since the paper was written. 

Diabase dikes are not few in the iron region of New Jersey, as shown by unpublished material in the possession of the senior author of this paper. J. F. KEMP.

NEW YORK.

LEEDS, A. R., and JULIEN, A. A. In 30th Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Museum, pp. 102, 

106, a dolerite dike is mentioned and analyzed.

PENNSYLVANIA.

 P. FRASER. Report CCC, 2d Peun. Geol. Surv., p. 138.

H. CARVILL LEWIS. A great trap dike across southeastern Pennsylvania. Anier. 

Phil. Soc., May 15, 1885, p. 438.

SOUTH CAROLINA.

G. F. RICHARDS. Some microscopic determinations in Bull. Denison Univ.. vol. iv, 

. p. 5.

VIRGINIA.

N. H. DARTON and J. S. DILLER. Occurrence of basalt dikes in the upper Paleozoic of Appalachian Virginia. Ainer. Jour. Sci., ser. hi, vol. xxxix, p. 269.

WISCONSIN.

R. D. IRVING and C. R. VAN HISE. One determined from Mosinee. Geol. Wis., vol, 

iv, p. 651.

THE CAMPTONITES.

Camptouite, as a name for a particular group of rocks, was introduced by Koseubusch l in the second edition of his invaluable Avork to 

indicate those dike rocks which consist of augite, hornblende, and plagioclase, the bisilicates being the most prominent components. They are 

characterized either by pauidiomorphic or a holocrystalline porphyritic 

structure. The name is based on the first good determination of such

1 H. Rosenbusch: Physiographie der miissigen Gesteine, vol. i, 1886, p. 333.
30 TRAP DIKES OF LAKE CHAMPLAIN. [BULL.IOT.

rocks by Hawes,1 from tlie town of Gampton, in the Pemigewassett valley, New Hampshire. Hawes called the rocks which there occur in several neighboring- and parallel dikes, diorite, diabase, and olivine-diabase. 

In the further description of the camptonites of this paper, it will be seen 

that niineralogical mixtures corresponding to the names of Hawes are 

what characterize these basic rocks in the Lake Champlain region. The 

grouping of Eosenbusch was felicitous, and has been found useful by subsequent observers, as it enables an accurate and intelligent classification 

to be made. It has been advocated by one of us 2 that the hornblende 

should be the principal diagnostic mineral of a cainptonite. Dikes consisting essentially of augite and plagioclase commonly approximate the 

ophitic structure of diabase so closely that it has not seemed advisable 

to give them a separate name from diabase. Transitions are indeed 

known to a marked panidiomorphic structure,3 and augite-plagioclase 

dikes occur among those here described which differ only in this way 

from effusive diabase, yet the greater number, if not all of them, have 

some basaltic hornblende, and are here designated augite-camptonite. 

The term camptonite alone is used in this paper to indicate the rocks in 

which hornblende predominates.

The camptonites consist of brown basaltic hornblende, augite, plagioclase, magnetite, and occasionally a little intermingled glassy matter. In those considered typical, there is no augite whatever. This is 

the case in two dikes, so far as the slides indicate. Usually, however, 

augite is also present, and may even predominate, marking thus a 

transition toward diabase. The minerals are markedly panidiomorphic, 

and the large hornblendes and augites give at times a porphyritic 

character. \

The hornblende is the most conspicuous and attractive component. 

It exhibits, at times, large phenocrysts of the first generation, 3""" in 

maximum diameter, prismatic and bounded by 02 P (110) ami P GO' (010). 

It has strong pleochroism, brown to yellow. In marked distinction to 

the augite, it shows no zonal structure whatever.

The second generation of hornblende is in small acicular crystals 

0.1mm wi<je by 0.3_o-5mm long, and in other respects is only a miniature 

reproduction of the first generation. These small crystals occur in all 

the dikes of the camptonite group and are, as will be noted later, very 

generally present in the monchiquites, although it may be in small 

amount.

The augite is likewise in two generations. The older forms prismatic 

crystals, usually zonal, and having darker green cores surrounded by

1 G. W. Hawes: On a group of dissimilar eruptive rocks at Campton, N. H., Arner. 

Jour. Sci., ser. in, vol. xvn, p. 14.

2 J. F. Kemp: Trap dikes near Kennebunkport, Me., Amer. Geol., vol. v, p. 137.

3Compare W. C. Brogger, Zeitschrift fur Krybt., vol. xvi, 1890, p. 23, where 

camptonite dikes are recorded as apophysae of a laccolite of diabase; also the paper 

on Kennebunkport dikes, just cited, which, describes a close association of camptonite and diabase.
KBMP AND"! 

JIAHSTEKS.J THE CAMPTONITE8.

lighter, almost colorless rims. These two portions may differ 10° in 

extinction. The crystals reach as high as 5111 " 1 in diameter. The second 

generation is very small, in acicular prisms well nigh colorless.

The plagioclase is less perfectly developed than the bisilicates. It 

inclines, however, to the lath-shaped form and is invariably twinned. 

In the camptonites the sharp 

idiornorphic character of the 

crystals, as seen in diabase, 

somewhat recedes.

The relations of the several 

minerals and the undifferentiated base is shown in Fig. 2.

As illustrative of the chemical composition of the camptonites the following two analyses, I and II, are quoted 

from a previous paper by the 

writers, and to these is added 

a series of analyses of the same 

species of rock from other disfT.j/.fo "^I<3> 2. Micro-drawing of camptouite from Dorset

Mountain, Vermont.

SiO, ..-......-

APO; ........

Fe,0, ........

FoO ..........

MnO .........

TiO* .........

CaO ..........

MgO .........

K.,0 ..........

jtfa,0 .........

P,04 ..........

PA

I.

4:i-50 '

17-02

0

G-84

3-02

2-84

99-40

IT.

41-00

21-30

;i-85

i-3i

2-86

5-00

99-22

III.

15-30

 *.O7

5-15

3-29

100-44

IV.

10-45

13-47

0-33

6-10

1-28

4-00

3-84

100-63

V.

48-19

16-79

18-37

C-85

1-32

1-11

5-59

2-31

[100-53

VI.

44-87

11-04

6-74

7-54

4-95

2-62

1-61

2-49

99-59

I. Fairhaveii, Vt.

II. Troctor, Vt., by J. F. Kenip, from Kemp and Marsters, Camptonite dikes near Whitehall, 

Washington county, !N'. Y., Amer. Geol., August, 1889, p.97.

III. G. W.Hawe.s, Campton Falls, N. H., Amer. Jour. Sci. ser. iii., vol. xvn, p. 14.

IV. B.J.Harrington, Montreal, Geol. Survey of Canada, 1877-78, p. 439.

V. J. F. Kemp, Orange county, N. Y., Amer. Jour. Sci., April, 1888, p. 331.

VI. L. M. Dennis (see J. F. Kenip), Dikes of Hudson river highlands, Amor.Naturalist:, August 

1888, p. 694.

The analyses show a considerable variation in composition, but they 

all are under 50 per cent SiO2, and no rock properly referable to this 

group is likely to go over' this limit.

The most accessible atigite-camptonite is the south dike at the quarries in the Willard's ledge, Burlington. A pure horubleude-camptouite
32 TRAP DIKES OF LAKE CHAMPLAIN. [BOIA.IOT.

or camptonite proper is the large dike (No. 74) 20 feet wide and less than 

a mile above Wing's point (see PL iv). Several camptonite dikes occur 

with abundant olivine. They need no detailed description additional 

to that given of those lacking ths mineral. The olivine is usually much 

altered and remains only as serpentine.

As already set forth, G-. W. Hawes described the -first camptonites. 

In 1878 B. J. Harrington published an account of other identical rocks, 

from near Montreal, giving the analysis iv quoted above. They were 

next brought to light by J. F. Kemp, from Orange county, New York, in 

1888, 1 and by the present writers as quoted under the table of analyses 

I and II, from southern Vermont in 1889. About the same time F. L. 

Nason 2 mentioned another occurrence 30. miles east of the Fairhaven 

and Proctor dikes of Kemp and Marsters. In 1889 J. F. Kemp 3 likewise reported one from Keniiebunkport, Maine, in close association with 

diabase.

They seem as yet to be less frequent abroad. Erwin Goller 4 has described a number which belong to a series of dikes in the Black Forest. 

They are very like many American camptonites, although the brown 

hornblende is much1 more generally changed to green. Eosenbusch 

mentions one from the southern Tyrol, described first by Doelter 5 and 

later by Oathrein.6 Brogger7 has recorded them as apophysai of a laccolite of diabase in the region of Norway so carefully worked out by 

him. They furnish an association \vith diabase of great interest as 

compared with the dikes at Kennebuukport, Maine.

MONCHIQUITES.

The name Monchiquite has been lately introduced by Eosenbusch 3 

to include 'a group of dike rocks, consisting of olivine, augite, hornblende, biotite (one or all three of the last named), and a glassy base. 

It was coined from the Monchique mountains in Portugal, where such 

dikes Avere discovered in 1850 byBonet 9 and called basalt and mela1 J. F. Kemp: Diorito Dike from tlie Forest of Dean, Orange county, New York, 

Amer. Jour. Sci., ser. in, vol. xxxv, p. 331. Dikes of the Hudson River Highlands, 

Amer. Naturalist, August, 1888, p. 691.

2 F. L. Nason: On a new locality for the camptonite of Hawes and Rosenbusch, 

Amer. Jour. Sci., ser. in, vol. xxxvm, p. 229, 1889.

3 J. F. Kemp: Trap Dikes near Kcmiebunkport, Maine, Amer. Geol., Mar., 1889, 

p. 137.

4 E. Goller: Die Larnprophyrgiinge des siidlichen Vorspessart. Neues Jahrbuch, 

vol. vi, Beil. Band, 1888, p. 485. Through the courtesy of Prof. H. Bucking, of the 

University of Strasburg, we have had a suite of these rocks for comparison.

S C. Doelter: Tscher. Min. und Petrog. Mitth., 1875, pp. 179, 188, and 304.

e A. Cathrein: Zeitschr. f. Krystal., vol. x, 1884, p. 221.

*W. C. Brogger: Zeitschr., f. Krystal., vol. xvi, 1890, p. 23.

8 M. Hunter and H. Rosenbusch: Ucber Monchiquit, ein Camptonitisches Ganggestein aus der Gefolgschaffc der Elaeolith-Syenite. Tschermaks Min. uud Petrog. 

Mitth., vol. xi, 1890, p. 445.

9 Bouet, Algarve. Description g6ographique et ge~ologique de cette province, Lisbon, 1850.
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN NO. 107 PL. IV

DIKE OF AUGITE-CAMFTONITE IN CAMBRIAN QUARTZITE AT THE WILLARD'S LEDGE 

QUARRIES, BURLINGTON, VERMONT.
THE MONCHIQUITES. 33

phyre. Specimens were subsequently collected by Eeiss, which years 

afterwards (1879) came into the possession of Leopold van Werweke,1 

Avho determined them as limburgite of an abnormal type. Another 

dike from the neighborhood was later called nepheline-basalt.2 The 

monchi quite group was, however, immediately based on studies of Brazilian dikes.. These have been brought to light by O. A. Derby 3 in the 

region about Eio Janeiro, where they are again associated with eleolite-syenite. The material worked up by Hunter and Eosenbusch was 

sent them by Derby. The alnoite of Tornebohm 4 from the island of 

Alno, off the coast of Norway, is a related melilite rock, and the dikes 

from the region of Magnet cove, Arkansas, are of near kinship, as will 

be subsequently indicated.

In the further development of the Lake Champlaiu dikes, toward the 

extreme basic end of the series, there are a number consisting chiefly 

of zonal augite, small, brown hornblende and biotite crystals, and olivine in an unresolvable base that is only very feebly refractive if not 

glassy. Magnetite is the only additional mineral.

As in the camptonites, the augite is in two generations, of which the 

older and larger is precisely like the pheuocrysts cited in the description of those rocks. The smaller light green crystals of the second generation are often extremely abundant and make up almost all the slide. 

The analysis of such a dike (No. 14, given later, is one) must indicate 

very nearly the composition of the augite, with the exception that a 

portion of the iron belongs to the magnetite present.

The hornblende is of the brown basaltic variety, and likewise occurs 

in two generations. The older and larger is like the hornblende of the 

camptonites. The small crystals of the second generation sink to extreme minuteness and present the strongest resemblance to biotite. In 

s.ome minute cases we do not feel sure of the identification as between 

these two. In the altered portions of the base they seem much more 

numerous than in the more opaque fresh portions. The alteration 

gives rise to calcite, in which the prisms stand out with sharp definition. Hornblende increases in a few dikes to such an extent that it 

replaces the augite and affords a hornblende-monchiquite.

The olivine is almost never fresh, and only exhibits the characteristic green alteration serpentine. This latter is not often very definite or 

characteristic, and it must be confessed that the determinations are 

not entirely satisfactory. But the masses of green alteration product

'L. v, Werweke: Beitrag zur Kenntniss der Limburgito. Neues Jahrbuch, 1879, 

p. 451.

2 L. v. Werweke: Ueber die Nephelin-Syeniten der Serra de Monichiquo im siidlichon Portugal und die denselben durchsetzenden Gesteine. Neuea Jahrbuch, 1880, 

vol. i, pp. 141-186, especially p. 179.

3 O. A. Derby: On Nephelino Bocks in Brazil, etc. Quart. Jour. Gepl. Soc., London, 

1887, p. 457.

4 Tornebohni, cited from the original Swedish by Rosenbusch. Physiographic der 

raassigen Gesteine, pp. 804 and 809. 

Bull. 107 3
34 TRAP DIKES OF LAKE CHAMPLAIN. [BULL. 107.

are always present, even when the augite and hornblende are uniformly 

fresh, and there seems no other source for it than olivine. Prof. Eosenbnsch has, with great kindness, looked over a number of these 

dikes, and fully indorses the determination of them as mouchiquites, 

which had been previously made by us,

The glassy base is not abundant, and it shows no definite niineralogical relations. Attempts to gelatinize and stain it were not satisfactory, and it probably does not gelatinize, corresponding thus with 

the "basis of the first kind" ("Basis erster Art") of Bucking. 1 It shows 

at times feeble double refraction.

The following analyses illustrate the conrposition of the monchiquite. 

Analysis I is of Dike No. 2, near Burlington. Under the microscope 

the slide is seen to be mostly augite, with a few small biotite crystals, 

and serpentine. Analysis n is of Dike No. 14 on the end of Shelburne 

(Pottier's) point. It is of much the same inineralogical composition as 

Dike No. 2, and shows what chemical differences may exist in rocks 

which in thin section a're substantially alike. Analysis in is of Dike 

No. 21, Shelburne point. The dike is a hornblende-monchiquite, and 

has more hornblende than augite. The former is in glistening phenocrysts quite visible to the naked eye. The amount of iron oxide is 

quite remarkable, but whether this affected in any way the ultimate 

mineralogical result of the cooling magma is a matter for conjecture. 

Both this and Dike No. 2 are very low in alkalies. (PI. 11.)

Analyses I and n are by Mr. W. H. Morrison, resident graduate in 

chemistry at Cornell, and Analysis in by E. M. Chamot, assistant in 

the Cornell laboratory. To both these gentlemen our acknowledgments 

are gratefully made. Each analysis was made in duplicate.

Si02 ..........

Ti02 . .........

Al,0,-. .......

T?A r>

FeO

CaO ..........

MgO..........

K2 0 ..........

Na,0 .........

I. 

Dike

No. 2.

40-37

17-86

14-45

 38

17-61

1-63

 83

1-29

99-39

II. 

Dike 

No. 14.

45-13

18-00

11-88

 32

10-17

1-12

6-OC

3-57

3-04

99-35

III. 

Dike 

No. 21.

d.d.-^n

7.09

25-38

1-98

98-60

IV.

46-48

 99

16-16

6-17

6-09

7-35

' 4-02

3-08

5-85

4-72

100-91

V.

43-50

2-10

18-06

7-52

7'64

13'39

3-47

1-30

2-00

 1-22

100-20

IT. Also contained P206 0.39.

IV. Monchiquite from Brazil. Hunter & Rosenbuscli. Tscher., Mitt., xi, 454. Hunter, analyst. 

V. Ampliibole monchiquite. Magnet Cove, Arkansas. Ark. Geol. Survey. 1890. Vol. n, p. 295. 

W. A. Noyes, analyst.

1 H. Bucking: Basaltische Gesteiue aus der Gegend siidwestlich von ThiiriiigerWald 

mid avis der Rhou. Jahrb. d. k. prcussischen geolog. Landesanstalt fur 1880 uud 1881. 

Through, the kindness of Prof. B ticking we have had a suite of specimens for comparison.
THE POUBCHITES. 35

The analyses show that the dikes are extremely basic, and may sink 

very low in alkalies or be quite rich in them. In other respects they 

vary widely, except in magnesia. The small amount of this element 

would indicate that oliviue is not very abundant. Prof. Boseubusch 

writes of dikes 14 and 21 (also 13, 25, and 64) that they are "echteMonchiquite von typischem Habitus ". Very much the same range is shown 

in the analyses as in those of the previous set of cainptouites, but no 

reason appears from the composition why we find in one case camptonite and in another near by monchiquite. Probably more rapid cooling 

brought it about.

In alteration abundant calcite is formed, and when the base passes 

into this, as already remarked, the small dark silicates appear with 

greater definition. Little else of alteration has been remarked, for the

dikes are quite fresh, even on exposed portions.

The distribution of monchiquites, the world over, has been already 

outlined. The creation of this special division of dikes is as yet so 

recent that the catalogue is not extended. Undoubtedly they will be 

reported also from the province of Quebec, especially iu the Montreal 

region.

THE FOURCIIITES.

The name fourchite has been introduced by J. F. Williams1 to describe certain dikes that pierce the eleolite-syenites and related rocks 

of the exposures near Little Rock and Magnet cove, Arkansas. Pourche 

mountain near Little Bock is abundantly intersected by them and suggested the name. The dikes differ from monchiquite in lacking oliviue 

as an essential constituent. This mineral is absent or extremely subordinate. Augite is principally present, and with it at times considerable hornblende. In the region about Magnet cove, and at various 

outlying points, other dikes occur outside the syenite which have 

biotite as their chief constituent, with more or less augite, rarely hornblende, in a glassy base. These have been called by J. P. Kemp2 

ouachitites, from the Ouachita (pronounced Waw-shee-taw) river, along 

which they are especially abundant.

One dike of fourchite is found in the Lake Champlain district, but 

ouachitites are lacking. In fact, in all but the diabase and a few 

monchiqnites, in which it plays an insignificant part, biotite is lacking. 

In the norite of Boquet mountain, which lies some three miles east of 

the town of Essex, New York, was found a narrow dike consisting 

entirely, so far as revealed by the slides, of idiornorphic brown basaltic 

hornblende in two generations thickly set in a feebly refracting base, 

which is not plagioclase. The older and larger hornblende crystals are 

0-25mm, the younger and smaller ones O-Ol-O-OS""" in diameter. Magnetite is also present. The rock belon gs to the hornblende-fourchites of J.

'Williams, J. Francis: Geol. Survey of Ark. Ann. Ecp. 1890, Vol ir, p. 107. 

2Keiup, J. F.: Geol. Survey of Ark. Ann. Rep., Vol. n, p. 392.
36 TRAP DIKES OF LAKE CHAMPLAIN. [BULL. 107.

F. Williams. It must be admitted, however, that if the green alteration 

product in many of the monchiquites be doubtful as coming from original olivine, the rocks would be fourchites, and, indeed, the slides are 

very like the Arkansas type. We are indebted to Dr. J. F. Williams 

for the loan of his best slides. It should also be stated that the base is 

not always, and in fact seldom, a true glass, but contains many colorless, minute acicular crystals of parallel extinction. These are probably nepheline. The mineral matter containing them shows frequently 

a feeble refraction, and so, although in other respects resembling glass, 

it is not perfectly isotropic. In the typical Arkansas fourchites J. F. 

Williams seldom found a true glass, and he even found some plagioclase 

that he regarded as secondary.

ON THE WIDESPREAD ASSOCIATION OF SIMILAR BASIC DIKES WITH

ELEOLITE - SYENITE.

The fact that camptonite, monchiquite, and fourchite dikes are almost invariably associated in other localities with eleolite-syenite has 

been often referred to in the preceding pages. It is our belief that 

their presence in the Lake Champlain valley indicates that eleolitesyenite is somewhere in the region. There is a vast area in the Adirondacks not yet subjected to petrographic or, indeed, geologic examination of a detailed character. It would not be surprising if such rocks 

should be identified in the future. Near Montreal eleolite-syenite 

does occur and is associated with rocks such as we have described, 

although the Canadian descriptions, as yet published, are meager. It 

is within the bounds of reason that the Lake Champlain dikes are the 

extreme southern manifestation of the eruptive action chiefly shown 

across the national boundary forty to one hundred miles from their principal outcrop. Although this distance seems great, it has a parallel in

Arkansas, where dikes of related character to the fourchites are found 

forty to eighty-five miles from the syenitic centers l and are doubtless 

extreme manifestations of their eruptive action. The Montreal syenite 

and related rocks are shown to have been intruded after the Trenton 

Period, whose limestones they cut, and before the Lower Helderberg, 

to whose conglomerate they have furnished rolled bowlders.2 This 

would place them at the close of the Lower Silurian or in the early part 

of the Upper Silurian. It will at once occur to one familiar with the 

Green mountains that they were elevated at the close of the Lower Silurian and were formed in one of the great upheavals of New England. 

We think it probable that the intrusion of the dikes was occasioned 

by this great disturbance. Outpourings or intrusions of igneous rock 

almost always attend mountain-making action, and it is reasonable to

1 J. F. Kemp: On the basic dikes occurring outside the syenite areas of the Magnet Cove Region. Geol. Surv. Ark., vol. n, 1890, p. 392.

^Compare A. Lacroix: Sur la sy6mte e'le'olithique de Montreal, Canada, etc. 

Compte Rendu, June 2, 1890, p. 1152, and Bull. Societ6 Ge"ologic[ue de France, Troieieme S6rie, tome xviii, p. 523.
CLASSIFICATION. . 37

suppose that the Green mountains have been no exception. Aside 

from this line of inference we have no direct evidence of the age of the 

dikes except that they followed the Utica slate or shale, for this is the 

latest formation pierced by them. (PI. in.)

In the tabular statement of them it will be seen at once that they 

are almost all vertical where found in the sedimentary rocks. Dikes 

which have suffered no subsequent movements would naturally take 

this course in coming to the surface. It is reasonable to conclude that 

the uniform verticality indicates that the wall rocks have not been 

much, if at all, disturbed since their intrusion, or else that they and 

their walls have moved en masse over a great territorial extent.

BRIEF REVIEW OF THE CLASSIFICATION OF THE BASIC DIKE KOCKS.

The institution of the dike rocks as a separate group coordinate with 

the plutonic or intrusive (Tiefengesteine) and the volcanic or effusive 

(Ergussgesteine] rocks had its inception with Rosenbusch.1 It places 

the igneous rocks which have cooled in relatively narrow fissures by 

themselves and contrasts them on the one hand with those cooling, in 

masses of great size, slowly and under pressure, and on the other with 

those cooling likewise in large masses, but with greater celerity and 

less pressure; in other words, with those below the surface and with 

those on the surface. In the nature of things we can not conceive of a 

small body of igneous rock which fills a fissure a few feet wide as 

originating alone by itself. Igneous phenomena do not manifest themselves in this isolated way. We might perhaps conceive of rock far 

below the surface and held under such pressure that its temperature 

while yet solid would be above its normal fusing point at the surface. 

The formation of a fissure by some movement might relieve the pressure and lower the fusing point along its line so that the adjacent rock 

would melt and fill it, but where isolated dikes occur, cutting altered 

or quite unaltered sedimentary beds (as in the region just described), 

such a supposition is out of the question, and even in plutonic or metamorphic walls it is questionable. The only alternative, then, is to consider dikes wherever found as the offshoots or apophysae of larger 

igneous masses. These original bodies may not be apparent; indeed 

the extended development of dikes as along the Maine and New Hampshire sea coast and in the Lake Champlain region, with almost no evident 

parent mass, affords a most perplexing manifestation of igneous action, 

but it is reasonable to conceive of some such body below the surface. 

The question may be raised whether the simple fact of being offshoots 

of relatively small size is sufficient to warrant so radical an innovation 

as is implied in making them a grand division in the classification. If 

the separation does stand it involves the creation of a series of new 

families with their own names, on the analogy of the families of the two

1 Massige Gesteiue, p. 277.
38 TRAP DIKES OF LAKE CHAMPLAIN. [BULL. 107.

grand divisions, plutonic and volcanic. The same magma appearing 

as a plutonic or volcanic mass might be followed ont into its offsetting 

dikes, and these must logically then be set in an entirely different place 

in the scheme of classification. This involves a step so open to objection that it is doubtful if*it will hold in the future.

It must be admitted, however, that grouping the dike rocks together 

has been of great service and has brought out relationships which it 

would have been difficult to detect without it. This is especially true 

of the basic dikes, and it has led, indeed, to the creation of all the kinds 

of rocks discussed in this paper except diabase. Where isolated dikes 

occur, with no discernible parent body, it is especially convenient. 

As such we have used it, but the writer does not believe it involves 

any other fundamental principle of classification. As now developed, 

the scheme of the basic or lamprophyric dike rocks would be the 

following: Under the lamprophyres axe placed those .dike rocks 

which contain a preponderating dark silicate. In all the structure is 

panidiomorphic or holocrystalline granular.

A. Syeuitic lamprophyres, having an alkaline feldspar and biotite, hornblende and 

augite, one or all three.

1. Minettes, with preponderating biotite, hornblende and angite subordinate.

2. Vogesites, with preponderating hornblende or angite.

B. Dioritic lamprophyres, having plagioclase feldspar and biotite, hornblende and 

augite, one or all three.

1. Kersantite; with preponderating biotito, a subordinate variety aschaffite, 

contains quartz, and others have olivine.

2. Camptonite, with preponderating hornblende or augite, the two being 

commonly associated. Olivine is also frequently present and at times 

a little glass. The dark silicates are idiomorphic.

3. Diabase dikes, holocrystalline, ophitic aggregates of plagioclase and angite, with occasional biotite and rarely hornblende. They do not differ 

essentially from effusive diabase. Olivine also occurs.

C. Monchiquite, plagioclase very subordinate and generally entirely lacking. Olivine, the diagnostic mineral in a more or less perfectly glassy base, with 

augite, hornblende and biotite, some or all. The base has often affinities with 

nepheline. A related rock with melilito has been called alnoite. 

D. Fourchites, olivine subordinate or lacking entirely; base glassy or largely so; 

augite, hornblende and biotite, some or all present. A variety with excessively large amounts of biotite has been called ouachitite.

This arrangement has been in large part published by Bosenbusch, 

and the general scheme is his. The fourchite division has been created 

by J. F. Williams,1 in connection with the dikes of Arkansas and in 

cooperation with the writer. But even before Dr. Willianis's workbegan 

in Arkansas, and before Hunter and Kosenbusch had published Monchiquite, the writer had noted the corresponding types in the Lake Ghana - 

plain region, and had sketched out some such subdivision. These 

conclusions were gladly placed at the disposal of Dr. Williams, and 

the table was extended by us as stated in his report in the endeavor to

1 Ann. Rep. Geol. Snrv. Ark.,1890, pp. 109,110.
MARSTERSD] LOCAL GEOLOGICAL DETAILS. 39

trace in the dike rocks varieties which would correspond to the peridotites and limburgites and the pyroxenites and augitites of the 

abyssal and effusive rocks. The same order is thus preserved, passing 

from diabase through moiichiquite to fourchite. The theralites and 

basaltic nepheline rocks have also representatives in these two groups. 

In the writer's opinion the most practicable future classification of 

rocks, as in the earlier part, will involve simply the two great divisions 

of plutonic (abyssal, tiefengesteine) and volcanic (eruptive, effusive), 

and that the dikes will merely be placed with the nearest related 

member of these as subordinate developments of the corresponding 

magma, in relatively narrow cracks or fissures. Since the above was 

written Zirkel's Petrography lias appeared, and it omits dike rocks as 

a separate grand division.

LOCAL GEOLOGICAL DETAILS OF THE DIKES. 

OUTLYING SOUTHERN EXPOSURES.

The dike on Dorset mountain (or Mount Eolus) in the town of Dorset, Vermont, is the most southern one here described. It was figured 

by A. D. Hager in the Vermont Report, 1 by whom it is represented as 

standing out in a limestone quarry with a columnar structure much 

resembling a cord of wood. It is 4 feet thick and consists of olivine, 

augite,brown hornblende, plagioclase, and a little isotropic base. It is 

an olivine-camptonite very like the dike from Campton, New Hampshire, called by Hawes olivine-diabase.2 Prof. Seely, of Middlebury 

College, kindly gave us the specimen. (Fig. 2.)

The specimens from South Granville were given us by Mr. James 

W. Peets, on whose laud they occur, and were discovered by Mr. 

Ira Sayles, of the U. S. Geological Survey. The dikes, of which 

there are several, run. from 4 to G feet, strike northeast and dip 23° 

east. A small occurrence of mineral matter near them has created 

some local expectation of the precious metals, and some excavation has 

been made. This is a common experience throughout the entire section.

The dikes at Summit, Vermont, have already been correctly determined by F. L. Nason5 to be typical camptonites.

The dikes at Fairhaven and Proctor exhibit hornblende, augite, plagioclase, and magnetite and are normal camptonites which have been 

likewise described in full.4

The dikes at the natural bridge on the Hudson, 6 miles from North 

Eiver, New York, are porphyritic diabase. Mr. Nason, who kindly sent

» Vol. ii, p. 588.

2 On a group of dissimilar eruptive rocks from Campton, New Hampshire. Amer. 

Jour. Sci., ser. in, vol. xvn, p. 14.

3 F. L. Nason: A new locality for the Camptouito of Hawes and Eosenbusch. 

Amer. Jour. Sci., ser. in, vol. xxxvin, p. 229.

4Kemp and Marsters: On certain Camptonite Dikes near Whitehall, Washington 

county, New York. Amer. Geol., Aug. 1889, p. 97.
40 TRAP DIKES OF LAKE CHAMPLAIN. [BULL. 107.

us the specimen, writes that on the east bank and same distance below 

the bridge a dike 6 to 8 feet wide cuts the Laurentian limestone and 

gneiss, and that numerous others branch from this one.

HAMMONDVILLE, ESSEX COUNTY. NEW YORK.

In No. 7 slope of the Crown Point Iron Company's mines there are 

three dikes within 600 feet of the surface. They are 2 to 4 feet wide 

and in each case fault the ore raising it about 15 feet. They are all 

badly decomposed, but were originally diabase. A fourth specimen 

originally collected for a dike proves to be a portion of a shear zone 

and exhibits the minerals of the gneiss in an extremely broken and 

crushed condition along the line of faulting. The quartzes preserve 

their identity best. The crushed material from the other minerals has 

suffered extensive alteration and is now scarcely recognizable.

The dikes at Roe's spar bed 1 which is in the township of Crown 

Point, are badly altered diabase. They are three in number and strike 

N. 70° E. They vary from 8 inches to 2 feet, and cut a great pegmatitio 

mass of feldspar and quartz.

jeo&eC.

Scale.

FIG. 3. Sketch map of dikes on Mill brook, near Port Henry, New York. 

PORT HENRY AND VICINITY.

A specimen of a dike 7 feet wide was given us by Mr. Uno Sebenius, 

mining engineer of Witherbees, Sherinan & Co., from the Boonton 

place, Moriah Corners, 4 miles or more south of Mineville. It is an 

olivine-diabase. Two dikes are known in the Mineville mines, one

"Compare J. F. Kemp: Notes on the minerals occurring near Port Henry, New 

York. Anier. Jour. Sci., ser. iii, vol. XL, p. 62.
SPLIT ROCK AND ESSEX DIKES. 41

from the Miller pit is 4 to 5 feet and is a much decomposed diabase. 

The other, from the New Bed, we were unable to obtain. A dike is 

recorded in volume xv of the Tenth Census, p. 115, from the Lee mine. 

Eock from another was found by us on the dump-of the Oheever mine, 

which proves to be an olivine-diabase with subordinate biotite. Several liave been cut in the mine. The most interesting exposure at Port 

Henry is found 100 or 200 yards up Mill brook in the northern outskirts of the town. Immediately below a dam, as shown in the accompanying Fig. 3, a network of dikes pierces the gneiss. They run in a 

general east-west direction. Those on the north bank are from 6 inches 

to 2 feet thick, while the large one on the south bank is 20 feet, with 

two branches 2 feet each. All the dikes are diabase of somewhat 

abnormal structure.

THE WESTPORT DIKES.

From 2 to 3 miles north of Westport and in the crystalline gneisses 

of Split Eock mountain five dikes are found. Three are just south of 

Barn Eock harbor, and two others are a mile further south. They 

are from 2 to 3 feet wide and consist of augite, largely idiomorphic, 

and often beautifully twinned, plagioclase rods, now much altered, and 

magnetite. One has numerous small brown hornblendes. The dikes 

may be considered as transition forms between the diabase and camptonite types. The country rock called gneiss above consists of common 

green hornblende, some pyroxene, plagioclase, garnet, and magnetite.

THE SPLIT ROCK AND ESSEX DIKES.

These two localities, are near neighbors, but are strongly contrasted 

in their geology. The promontory of Split Eock is formed by metamorphic rocks. The detached mass of Split Eock proper consists chiefly 

of crystalline limestone through which are distributed curiously contorted segregations of silicates that resemble snakes and are considered 

petrefactions by the natives. The limestone is thickly studded with 

irregular pyroxene (diopside) crystals that are passing into hornblende. 1 

A band of rock 12 feet thick, striking N. 20° E. and dipping 45° SE., 

passes through the limestone and is visible on the north, side of Split 

Eock. It consists of green hornblende, diallage, and plagioclase in a 

coarse allotriomorphic mass. It has many macroscopic points of resemblance to a coarse hornblende schist, but is not improbably a metamorphosed dike resembling those described by J. F. Kemp from the highlands of the Hudson river.2 The crystalline limestone containing this 

rock is a mixture of calcite, garnet, and hornblende, which has altered 

from pyroxene and which often contains unchanged cores of the latter.

'Compare G. P. Merrill on the Ophiolites of Thurrnan, Warren county, NewYork, 

etc. Amer. Jour. Sci., eer. iii, vol. xxxvn, p. 189.

2 J. F. Kemp: The Dikes of the Hudson River Highlands. Amer. Naturalist, Aug., 

1888, p. 695.
42 TRAP DIKES OF LAKE CHAMPLAIN. [BULL. 10t

Ou the mainland, neighboring to the Split Rock itself (see Fig. 4), 

are clustered as inauy as ten dikes radiating in all directions. Nos. 

510, 511, 512, 514, 515, 516, 517, and 520 are altered diabase. No. 5136 

is bostonite. In addition to these there'are at 518 and 519, narrow seams 

of a very curious rock. They are a few inches wide and in the field were

FIG. 4. Sketch-map of dikes at Split Rock and vicinity, New York.

thought to be dikes. Under the microscope, No. 518 (7 inches wide) 

proves to be a rather coarsely allotriomorphic mixture of a feldspar 

and some dark silicate now altered beyond recognition. The feldspar 

presents an exceptionally fine illustration of the micro-perthitic intergrowth of two species in small lenticular individuals. The two can be
SPLIT ROCK AND VICINITY. 43

distinguished without crossed nicols. No. 519 (2 inches wide) consists 

of green hornblende, plagioclase and very coarse grains of magnetite. 

These rocks are too coarsely crystalline to be narrow dikes, and are here 

regarded as small segregated veins which were formed in the general 

inetaniorphism of the region; but to this subject, as lying outside the 

province of the present paper, but passing attention has been given. 

Back on the ridge, as shown in the figure, is an outcrop of bostouite in 

numerous dikes that seam the mountain. They show the same trachytic structure as the general type described on page 18. They are 

undoubtedly a southern outbreak of the same mass that is seen in great 

development at Cannon's point, nearly 2 miles north.

The ridge of Split Rock mountain ends abruptly and is succeeded 

by a mile or less of meadow and marsh, which give way to the Utica 

slate. As stated by Emmons a large outcrop of slate occurs along the 

south shore. Cannon's point forms a small headland nearly 2 miles from 

Split Rock. To the south of it the slates appear as a low bluff along the 

shore. This increases at the point itself, where they are broken by a 

great sheet of bostonite which has apparently come up through a conduit near its middle portion and spread in all directions between the 

slates like a laccolite. The sheet is about 25 feet thick and undulates 

somewhat. The slates show both above and below. A general sketch 

of a portion is given in Emmons's Report, p. 85, which resembles the 

exposure to a considerable degree. As remarked by Emmons, the 

slates exhibit almost no evidence of any contact metamorphisin. In 

thin section even the included fragments have sharp angular boundaries and ordinary fragmental structure. The sheet of the bostonite dips 

east under thelake. Under the microscope therockshows the usual trachytic structure, but perfectly fresh specimens are not to be had on the 

outcrops The sections consist of a felt of feldspar rods with occasional 

large pheuocrysts. Pyrite is present in small masses, together with 

limouite and a few shreds of some unrecogniza,ble dark silicates, but as 

is universally the case with the bostonite outcrops the dark silicates 

are conspicuous for their absence. The sheet of bostonite 1 can be 

traced a short distance westward before it is covered. Another outcrop occurs nearly due west of Essex on the southerly of the two roads 

running west. This is a mile and a half from Cannons point and indicates, when taken together with the Split Rock exposure, that the outbreak was quite extensive. It is worthy of remark that the large outcrop just south of the Charlotte station is nearly due east of Essex and

1 The rock is consistently called bostouite in the text, but it illustrates the weak 

point in the creation of a separate group of dike rocks. It certainly is in an interbedded sheet or laccolite; it has a well denned trachytic structure and could be 

called with perfect propriety trachyte if we disregard the now exploded time distinction between trachyte and porphyry or it could be called porphyry if its pretertiary character is considered important, and yet why use trachyte or porphyry 

for sheets and bostouite for the same rock in dike?
44 TRAP DIKES OF LAKE CHAMPLAIN. [BULL. 107.

that for a few miles north and south of this line the porphyries are 

most prominently developed. These relations will be again referred to 

in speaking of the east side of the lake.

The slates extend three-quarters of a mile north of Cannon's point 

and there abut sharply against the Chazy limestone which forms a bluff 

50to 75 feet high. The break forms as fine an illustration of a fault as 

could be desired. It has been figured in Emmons's Beport, p.272, and 

quite fully discussed, but the height of 150 to 200 feet attributed to the 

cliff is excessive. The same error is repeated in Macfarlane's Geological Railway Guide, p. 117. In the limestone to the north of the fault a 

dike of 2 feet (No. 527) occurs. What is probably a prolongation of it 

appears in the limestone quarries of Mr. Cowan, just southwest of the 

village (No. 583). Both these dikes are excellent typical camptonites. 

They have small hornblende prisms and fine plagioclase rods often 

exhibiting flow structure and at times a plumose arrangement resulting 

from it. An occasional larger hornblende appears and chloritic remains 

that may have been augite.

A mile and a half north of Essex, another bostonite dike appears 

in the shore (No. 526), which exhibits excellent flow structure of small 

feldspar rods around the large phenocrysts. A mile further a small 

stream enters the lake. In the banks of this, a short distance from the 

mouth and just east of the bridge where the highway crosses it, two 

large bostonite dikes (Nos. 528 and 529) appear, one of which is 30 feet 

wide. They break through Utica slate. Under the microscope they 

are seen to be much altered, and differ somewhat from the normal type. 

The groundmass consists entirely of small pseudo-spherulites which 

group themselves around the feldspar phenocrysts in a way characteristic of the prophyritic rocks. A bostonite dike is also to be found, we 

are informed by Mr. W. H. Benedict (late principal of the academy in 

Port Henry), in the quarries at Willsboro point, 6 or 7 miles north 

of Essex. We have a specimen of the rock which resembles the other 

bostouites very closely.

Some 3 miles west of Essex a considerable hill of norite projects above 

the later sedimentary rocks and is called Boquet mountain. On the 

north flank one narrow dike was discovered 1 foot wide in the norite. 

Its presence was revealed by the vegetation which formed a dark band 

across the bare norite, following the dike, the easier decomposition of 

the latter having formed a channel. The dike consists of idiomorphic 

brown basaltic hornblende crystals beautifully developed in two generations. They are frequently twinned parallel to oo POD (100) and have 

a fluidal arrangement in the groundmass. This last is a glass, only 

transparent in the thin edges of the slide. No other minerals are present except magnetite. The dike thus corresponds to the hornblendefourchites of J. F. Williams, as previously remarked.
KEMP AND"! 

MARSTElta.J DIKES NEAR PORT KENT, N. Y. 45

THE DIKES ON TRERIBLEAU POINT.

The sedimentary rocks, so prominent at Essex, run north to form 

Willsboro point and then terminate. The west shore of Willsboro 

bay is formed by the crystalline rocks, and these extend north along 

the lake shore to Port Kent, where the Potsdam sandstone comes 

in. A bold headland is formed just south of Port Kent by a spur of 

the Adirondacks, called Trembleau point. It has been opened up by 

the numerous railway cuts, and in the course of three miles some twenty 

dikes are revealed, as shown in the accompanying Fig. 5. They vary

FIG. 5. Sketch-map of dikes on Trembleau point, near Port Kent, N. Y.

from a few inches to more than 15 feet, and seam the apple-green 

uorite with dark bands. They are very dense black rocks and only in 

the broader examples show their crystalline structure to microscopic 

observation. They are diabases when well developed and have the 

typical ophitic structure. The feldspars are lath-shaped and idiomorphic, and the augite is interstitial and allotriomorphic. The narrow 

dikes and the contact portions of the large ones show a marked change 

in structure due to the effects of chilling.1 The dike becomes-a dense

'Compare J. F. Kemp: Dikes at Kennebunkport, Maine. Ainer. Geol., March, 1890, 

p. 137. In undescribed slides of dikes from the Archean of New Jersey the same 

phenomena appear.
46 TRAP DIKES OF LAKE CHAMPLAIN. [BULL. 107.

mass of almost opaque glass, set with occasional plagioclase crystals 

and less frequent augite. The line of contact is at times marked by 

an excellent crushed strip (kataklas-Struktur) as shown in the accompanying drawing from a inicrophotograph, Fig. G. Inclusions of norite

often occur, being sometimes 

embraced by a forking of the 

dike like a horse in a mineral 

vein. Sections of such inclusions show them to have suffered much dynamic deformation. The plagioclases are 

strained and broken. Sections 

of the common uorite exhibit 

much of a green pyroxene with 

the hypersthene. Its tint is 

like the green of hyperstheue 

but it is entirely lacking in 

pleochroism. It also has inclined extinction. Garnets likewise occur in the norite which

takes on at times a gneissic

FIG. 6. Micro-drawing of contact between a diabase 

dike audits norite wall, Trembleau point.

structure. It varies also in darker and lighter bands, which, however, 

are all essentially the same rock. (A great number of similar dikes 

were discovered in 1893 south of the above by Mr. T. G. White of 

Columbia College).

THE DIKE ON VALCOUU'S ISLAND.

Through the courtesy of Prof. Henry Seely, of Middlebury, we have 

been given a specimen of a dike from the southern portion of Valcour's 

island, north of Port Kent, in D3 of the large map (frontispiece). While 

the record of dip strike and thickness is not available, a word may be 

said of its interesting general features. The rock consists of olivine, 

augite, and magnetite in a groundmass consisting chiefly of augite of 

the second generation, and some not abundant but feebly refracting 

mineral, probably nepheline. This we have classed with the inonchiquites. The island is called by Emmons Calciferous, and is limestone.

THE PALMER HILL DIKES.

Some 12 or 15 miles west of Port Kent is the town of Au Sable Forks, 

and a mile and a half west of the town is Palmer hill with its iron 

mines. These were first described by Enimons in the Report on the 

Second District, pp. 299,300, and the dikes which cut them are there 

mentioned. They are again referred to by B. T. Putriam, 1 and the large 

dike has been microscopically determined by J. F. Keinp to be diabase.2

'Tenth Census, Vol. xv, pp. 118,119. 

2Amer. Jour. Sci., ser. iii, Vol. xxxv, p. 332.
KEMP AND"! 

JUAHSTEHS.J LYON MOUNTAIN DIKES. 47

Further study shows that this is its general character but that it 

contains biotite and scapolite (see ante, pp. 25, 26). Several smaller 

dikes also intersect the hill. The Rogers slope was down 1,600 feet on 

the incline and 400 feet vertically in 1880. It followed the large dike 

for 400 feet, and at this point a cross cut showed it to be 17 feet tbick. 

Other dikes are recorded by Enunons (op. cit., p. 293), as cutting the 

Arnold hill mines a few miles northeast of Palmer hill. These we have 

not examined, but it would seem from the analogy of the others that 

they must be diabase.

THE-DIKES AT LYON MOUNTAIN.

Lyou Mountain is a station on the Chateaugay narrow-gauge railroad, and is some 34 miles west of Plattsburg. It is the seat of the 

extensive iron mines of the Chateaugay Company. The mines afford 

some excellent exposures, as the magnetite bed is opened up along a 

line of 2£ miles. The best showing of dikes is made in the principal 

workings, of which the Hall slope intersects five, and near the mouth 

of the slope are several others. Their general relations are shown in 

the accompanying section (Fig. 7), which was sketched from a map of

exaggerated.

Fid. 7. Cross-section of Hall slope, Lyon Mountain, Now York.

the mine. The dikes were sampled by us underground.' The ore and 

dikes strike in general IsT. 60° E. The former dips 45° and more north, 

while the dikes dip south at right angles with it. On a small scale 

they reproduce the relations of the dikes and beds of country rock in 

the Gogebic district of Lake Superior, as described by Van Hise. 1

1 C. R. Van Hise: The iron, ores of the Penok'3 Gogebic series in Michigan and 

Wisconsin, Amer. Jour. Sci., Jan., 1889, p. 32.
48 TRAP DIKES OF LAKE CHAMPLAIN. L. 107.

The dikes may all be classed as diabase, but with some notable variations from typical examples. The augite shows a strong tendency to 

become idiomorphic, and thus to destroy the ophitic character of typical diabase. In one case, the first dike in the slope itself, the passage 

to a camptonite is well nigh complete. Small brown hornblende crystals have appeared in quantity, and the slide' shows a rock formed of 

plagioclase, augite (unfortunately not fresh), hornblende, and magnetite. A similar association of such a hornblendic rock with diabase 

'has already been noted by J. F. Kenip, at Kennebunkport, Maine. 1 As 

is indicated elsewhere in this paper, these two types of rock shade 

into each other with facility.

The dikes are very persistent, for all the neighboring slopes cut all 

of them.

THE SOUTH HERO DIKES.

Several dikes are recorded in the Vermont Eeports, vol. n, p. 585, 

from South Hero and the adjoining smaller islands, Stave and Savage. 

These are approximately shown on the large map in D 2 and D 3. We 

have visited the ones just south, of the Sandbar bridge, and their 

general relations are shown in the small accompanying Fig. 8. No. 

i_________ _ 586 consists of large idiomorphic

augite and olivine in a groundmass, consisting of small augites 

and some feebly refracting mineral, if not a glass. It is a monchiquite. The neighboring dike, 

No. 587, is an excellent diabase, 

with lath-shaped plagioclase and 

allotriomorphic augite. This close 

association of two different types 

is a striking phenomenon, and 

when one admits the usefulness 

_ _______________ of different names for different

FIG. 8.-Sketch map of dikes near the Sandbar rOCkS, as these are, nevertheless

ridge, scrath Hero, Vermont. their close genetic relations must 

at the same time be given due weight. Alteration is well advanced in 

No. 87 and has changed the augite in large degree to a deep, honeyyellow mineral, which polarizes as an aggregate, and which is considered 

serpentine. The Utica slate, in which'the dikes occur, is greatly crushed 

and disturbed.

Several dikes are recorded in the Vermont Keport, vol. II, along the 

east shore of the lake between the Sandbar bridge and Burlington, as 

shown in the large map, in D 3. As these are in somewhat inaccessible 

points we have not visited them.

>J. F. Kemp: Trap dikes at Kenuelmukport, Maine. Ainer. Geol., March, 1890, 

p. 137.

MILE.
DIKES NEAR BURLINGTON, VERMONT 49 

THE DIKES OF BURLINGTON AND SHKLIJUUNIC POINT.

The region about Burlington and to the south for 10 miles along the 

lake shore is the most prolific in dikes of any part of the lake country, 

At Burlington the red quartzite, now recognized as Cambrian, forms 

the shore. To the west it is succeeded at Lone Eock point by the Hudson river slates and likewise by the rock on Shelburne (Pottier's) point. 

There is evidence of a fault along the line of Shelburne bay, for otherwise by the dips (as shown in the sections of the accompanying map, 

(PI. 11) the red sandrock should overlie the slates. This fault was 

recognized by Logan1 in the early sixties and was traced a long distance south and north. The opposing dips in the section at the foot 

of Shelburue bay indicate a great disturbance of some character. On 

the small island just north of the section the dip is vertical and the 

strike has turned to N. 70° W. The sandstone shown in the section 

is not the red quartzite, but a white saccharoidal sandstone. It ap- 

 pears again in the section at Lone Eock point, north of Burlington. 

(PI. in.)

The dikes of this regi on were mapped with considerable fullness by 

Zadock Thompson2 as early as 1853. Observations, then unsystematic, 

were afterwards compiled by the same observer into a map, which appears as Plate xiv (misprinted ix) in volume 11 of the Geology of \rermont. The plate covers some outlying areas to the southeast, which 

we have not fully explored, and in the portion near the lake has been 

of the greatest assistance, and our indebtedness is here gladly acknowledged. Along the lake, however, as may be seen by comparing the 

two maps, we have found numerous dikes which do not appear in 

Thompson's map. The dikes at Nash's point are considered separately. 

Immediately north of Burlington no dikes appear, but in the city, on 

the Williston turnpike, east from Spear street, is one 6 to 10 feet wide 

in blue limestone, and another of 2£ feet occurs on Spear street 1J miles 

south. Three outcrop in the Willard's Ledge quarries. (PI. iv.) 

Eeproduced from a photograph is a view of No. 70 from the east, the 

quarry having worked in behind it. The dike is 5 feet thick and is 

exposed for 200 feet. It is a typical augite carnptonite. Four more 

are to be seen in the Eed rocks, south of Burlington, but the one 

(No. 3 of Thompson), said to be 12 feet wide,3 we could not find. The 

widest is 6 feet and the narrowest 1 foot. Of the whole region, Pottier's 

or Shelburue point is most prolific in dikes. The point is a narrow

>W. E. Logan: The Quebec Group. Geol. Can., 1863.

2 Zadock Thompson: Appendix to the History of Verniont. Burlington, 1853, pp. 

52,53. Our attention was called to this work, which is now a very rare book, by 

Prof. Perkius, of the University of Verniont, to whom \ve are indebted for many 

courtesies.

3 See Geology of Vermont, vol. n. Table, p. 579. The record is doubtless a mistake.

Bull. 107 4
50 TRAP DIKES OF LAKE CHAMPLAIN. [BULL. 107.

peninsula^ of Hudson river slates, about 3 miles long. The dips and 

strikes are indicated by the sections and by the right lines of the map. 

The last outcrop, going west, of the red quartzite is at the foot of 

Sherburne bay, is a small exposure in a marshy meadow and is 

scored with glacial scratches. Around the shore we next meet the 

slates with the overlying white sandstone, but possessing a westerly 

dip. Two very peculiar dikes are met with not far from the foot of the 

bay, the southerly one is a yellow bostonite, and the northerly one is a 

breccia-bostonite. This latter (No. 1) is beyond doubt continuous 

across the point, and appears as No. 20 on the west side. Dike No. 9 

of the map is on the outcrop merely a seam of liinonite. No fresh material could be found on the surface. The outcrop looks like a vein of 

ore, but we believe it to be a weathered dike. On the highway is dike 

No. 100, a bostonite, but its width and strike are not now distinct. It 

is probably the same as Thompson's 39. Following the shore north, 

No. 11 is the porphyritic bostonite, described and analyzed on p. 20. 

No. 10 is undoubtedly continuous with No. 21, and consists of idiomorphic, brown, basaltic hornblende, and a little augite, in a groundmass 

of augites of the second generation, and glass. The analysis of No. 

21, given on page 34, shows almost no alkalies. The oliviiie is not 

as abundant as in the typical specimens, but in other respects the dike 

is a fine example of hornblende-monchiquite.

The dikes on the end of the point, Nos. 12,13, 14,15, 16,17, 18, are all 

basic and exhibit alternations between rocks with plagioclase and rocks 

without. Nos. 17 and 18 have plagioclase and are' cainptonites. All 

the others lack it and present beautiful idioniorphic hornblende and 

augite in a glassy base that in No. 14 gelatinizes. Olivine is present 

in all. They are therefore monchiquites. No. 12 and No. 17 afford 

particularly fine sections. Some of the small brown crystals may be 

biotite. From No. 22 and for a mile south the bank is thickly set with 

both basic dikes and bostonites. Nos. 30, 31, and 32 are monchiquites, 

winch are poor in hornblende, but filled with beautiful zonal augites. 

Nos. 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, and 34 are bostonite of a prevailing light 

brown color. No. 23 pursues a sinuous course in the face of the bank, 

and No. 24 runs out to a feather edge. No. 26 forks, or rather seems 

to have come up in two branches which have united. No. 29 is a breccia porphyry and the continuation of No. 7.

THE DIKKS AT NASH'S POINT.

As Nash's point is reached the strike of the slates changes to N. 50° 

E., a difference of 30°. It is a small promontory included in the estate 

of Dr. W. Seward Webb, and presents some extremely interesting features. It was mapped by President Edward Hitchcock in the Vermont 

Report, vol. n, p. 585, but the sketch must have been made from memory, as the coast presents a quite different outline. This may be see»
KEMP AND"! 

MAKSTKRS.J DIKES AT NASH'S POINT. 51

by comparing his map with the one here presented (Fig. 9), which is 

enlarged from the charts of the U. S. Coast Survey. We were unable 

to find dikes A and G- of Hitchcock, but in other respects the essential 

features are accurately shown in the older report. Dike 102 is the very 

remarkable one that early attracted the special attention of President 

Hitchcock. As first pointed out by him, it is about 12 feet wide and 

is vertical. It consists of a bostonite base, which is thickly set according to the exposures visible at our visit, with rounded fragments of 

slate, red quartzite, and uorite, one piece of which is 18 feet in diameter. 

President Hitchcock mentions, in addition, gneiss, hornblende schist,

FIG. 9. Skotch-iuap of dikea at Nash's Point, Sholburne, Vermont.

with garnets, quartz, gray sandstone, and black Trenton limestone. 

His granite is probably what we call norite. The slide shows plagioclase and garnet, but no dark silicates. These fragments are mostly in 

the interior of the dike.. Some have a marked waterworn appearance, 

and resemble common bowlders; others are more angular. We regard 

the rounded ones to be due to the corrosion of the dike. In thin section all the inclusions show evidence of dynamic action. Cataclastic 

boundaries are common, and the plagioclases appear wrenched. The 

substance of the dike is largely minute feldspar rods and larger phenocrysts, around which the former show excellent flow structures. An 

analysis made years ago by Dr. Barker is given above on p. 20. The
52 TRAP DIKES OF LAKE CHAMPLAIN. [BULL. 107.

inclusions indicate that the dike has come from a great depth, and that 

it has passed through norite, gneiss, Cambrian strata, and slate.

President Hitchcock1 has published a quite different view. Being 

impressed by the rounded and apparently water-worn character of the 

inclusions, he supposes them to have fallen into a fissure as a conglomerate. By some elevation of temperature the outer portions was fused 

or metamorphosed into the porphyritic base, while the inner parts (of 

an 11 to 12 feet dike) remained fairly intact, even though in part limestone; this, too, with intrusive trachytic dikes within a few feet. The 

thin sections (a modern resource not available in 1859) show that the 

base is certainly an intrusive rock, and so many absurdities are involved in the above, that the purely intrusive explanation seems to us 

the only one to adopt.

A narrow branch, 6 to 12 inches (No. 103) wide, connects No. 102 with 

No. 104. No. 104 is 2 to 4 feet and is the usual bostonite, but much altered. No. 106, just beyond, is 6 feet and is undoubtedly continuous 

with No. 112, on the opposite side. Both are bostonite. The end of the 

point is formed by an interbedded sheet, shown in west view and in east 

and west section. It is 10 feet thick and runs between the slates, following their southeast dip. It is abundantly set with slate fragments, 

and the slates at the bend are much broken and crumpled. The bostonite is the same as the neighboring dikes. No noticeable contact 

metamorphisin could be detected. The most interesting feature is that 

the sheet cuts two basic dikes, one of which can still be traced in the 

thin cap of overlying slate. The basic dikes are thus older than the 

bostonite. This is the only outcrop which affords any indication of their 

relative age, and was first noted by Zadock Thompson. The basic dikes 

consist almost entirely of zonal augite. The base has suifered excessively from alteration. It polarizes as an aggregate, and is stained 

through and through with brown liinonite. Some remains of olivine 

indicate that the rock was a nionchiquite.

Southward on the shore a great 40 foot dike is exposed (No. 113), 

but as the walls are not well shown its relations can not be clearly 

made out. It is bostonite, with very large phenocrysts. It is exces 

sively weathered. South again from No. 113, dikes are scattered at intervals. Dike 567,1 foot Avide, is a basic dike consisting of hornblende, 

augite, and olivine. Through the slide are patches of isotropic base, 

around whose edges are rhombs of secondary calcite, marking .the progress of devitrification. Dikes 56G and 567 arebostouite, and are continuous. These are the least altered bostonite collected, and furnished the 

materials for the analyses given on p. 20 and the micro-photograph on 

p. 19. No. 570,10 feet wide, and No. 571, of 4 feet, are both bostouite.

'E. Hitchcock: On certain Conglomerated and BrecciatedTrachytic Dikes in the 

Lower Silurian Rocks of Shelbnrne, in Vermont, with special reference to the degree 

of heat at the time of their production. Proc. Am. Assoc. Adv. Sci., vol. xiv, p. 156.
:EMP AND"]

[AllSTERS.J TABULATION OF DIKES. 53

TrerUoTiL imestvne

1

1 1

1

-hFIG. 10. Sketch-map of dikes at Wing's 

point, Vermont.

No. 572, of 2 feet, not shown in the maps, is just north of Hill's point, 

and is an olivine camptonite.

Nos. 573, 574, and 575 form a small group less than a mile above Wing's 

point. Of these Nos. 573 (6 feet) and 575 (18 feet) are bostonite. No. 574 

(20 feet) is a very typical camptonite, 

consisting of hornblende (but no 

augite appears in the slide), of plagioclase, and magnetite. The plagioclase affords scapolite in altering. 

The dike is one of the best camptonites discovered. No. 574 sends off 

a small branch (1 foot), which contains some augite.

Prof. Seely informs ITS that on the 

northwest side of Thompson's point, 

one or two bostonite dikes occur, but 

they escaped our observation 5 also 

that there is another dike in Ball's 

bay, of which we have a slide. It is 

bostonite.

Just north of Porter's bay a camptonite dike (3 to 4 feet), Nos. 577 and 

579, cuts the point and appears on both sides. It intersects the limestone of the point next north of the one called Appletree point by 

Brain ard and Seely. l

The limestones are Chazy and are near the celebrated exposures of 

Fort Cassin. South of Field's bay, on Summer point, is a dike (580) of 

bostonite recorded by Brain ard and Seely, to whom we owe specimens. 

But still further south the Vermont shore is not favorable to the exposure of dikes. Kocky bluffs give way to beaches and cultivated 

fields.

At Charlotte, a station 12 miles south of Burlington, a knob of bostonite is found which covers about 20 acres and rises 150 feet above the 

plain. It is elliptical in outline and overgrown with woods. The exposed material is not fresh, but shows a porphyritic structure, with red 

and white feldspars.

TABULATION OF THK DIKES.

In the following table the dikes are arranged in the same order as 

in the chapter on local geological details. Those south of the lake are 

first noted; next, those on the west side going north; finally, those on 

the east side coming south. Beyond question, many more will be discovered in the future.

1 Map in Bulletin Aruer. Museum of Nat. Hiat., Dec. 28, 1886, p. 297.
Field 

Number.

126

00

00

00

00

Ififl

161

163

10K

137

553

Locality.

mountain), town of Dorset, 

Vt.

River, N. Y.

......do... ...................

......do........................

Crown Point, N. Y., near 

Moriah line.

......do........................

......do........................

Boonton farm, Moriah Corners, 

N. T.

Width.

6 feet .........

fi -fr» 8 -f^nf

1 to 2 feet.....

1 to 2 feet.....

7 feet .........

Strike.

NE., Dip. 23°

E. 

SE. ..........

c 3S.40E-... -I

I N. SOE-... >

E. andW.....

Var y .........

ST. TOE........

N. 70 E. .......

N.70E........

NE. ..........

^Yall8.

Slate..............

stone and

gneiss.

netite.

gation. 

....do.............

....do .............

Gneiss............

Name.

...;.. do ...................

......do...................

......do ...................

......do...................

Olivine diabase ...........

Remarks.

gite, brown basaltic hornblende, plagioclase. Occurrence noted in Geology of Vermont, II, p. 587.

of James "W. Peets.

Amer. Jour. Sci., Sept., 3SS9, p. 229. Mr. Nason 

gave us our material. There are many other dikes 

in the neighborhood.

Dikes near Whitehall, N. T., Amer. Geol., Aug., 

1889, p. 97.

Dikes near "Whitehall, N. Y., Amer. Geol., Aug., 

1889, p. 100.

dike, is a crushed strip only.

Three narrow dikes of very badly altered diabase. 

See J. F. Kemp, Notes on Minerals occurring near 

Port Henry, N. Y. ; Amer. Jour. Sci., July, 1890,

XI, p. 273.

Specimen given us by Mr. Uno Sebenius.
|

0

Diabase OlivinA i

Gneiss ar

a

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bO 

netite.

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63

Locality.

of Essex. 

......do .......................

Uoqufct mountain, west of 

Essex. 

Trembleau point, in second 

cut of D. and H. B. R., 

south of Port Kent.

"NToai- f>7

300 yards south of 60 .......... 

* mile south of 62 .............

Width.

1 foot......... 

2 feet .........

15 feet ........

6 feet .........

3 to 4 feet ....

3 to 4 feet ....

1 foot..-. A...

1 c f ~«f

10 inches...... 

15 feet ........

Strike.

N. 80 E....... 

N. 40 W ......

N. 80 W ......

N. 70 E .......

N. and S. -... .

E. and W ......

N.40E .......

Walls. .

Slate..............

....do .............

Norite ..-.--......

....do.............

....do..---........

....do.............

....do .............

....do.............

....do .............

....do .............

....do.............

....do .............

....do .............

....do.............

....do .............

....do .............

....do .............

....do .............

....do .............

....do ............. 

....do .............

Name.

......do ...................

......do...................

......do ...................

Hornblende- fourehite. .... 

Diabase. ..................

......do .. ................

......do ...................

......do...................

......do ...................

......do ...................

......do...................

......do ....... ...1........

......do ...................

No slide. .................

Diabase. .................. 

......do ...................

Kern ark s.

Do.

. of Elmira. 

The base is not isotropic.

The following twenty dikes are all diabase, with only 

such variations as are occasioned "by narrow and 

broad individuals. The narrow show more or less 

glass from chilling. No. 47 contains inclusions of 

norite ; 49 has unusually little feldspar.

Feldspars in radiating groups ; also provided with 

dark cores.

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Locality.

ton, Vt. 

......do .......................

......do .......................

bay. 

......do .......................

Pottier's) point, south of 

shipyard. 

......do .......................

Pottier's) point, north of 

shipyard. 

......do .................:.....

East side of Shelburne (or Pottier's) point, on end of point.

......do .......................

......do .......................

......do .......................

......do .......................

......do.......................

South, of 22 ...................

300 yards south of 24. .........

100 yards south of 26. .........

Width.

2J feet ........

6 feet .........

2* feet ........

1 to 2 feet .....

10 feet ........

2 to 3 feet...'.

3 too feet.....

1 to 2 feet. ....

2 feet .........

8J feet ........

1 to 5 feet.....

6 feet .........

2 to 5 feet .....

Strike.

STNW ........

N. 60 W .....

N". 50 E ......

N. 70W......

N. 65 W......

N. 60 W......

N. 60 W......

K. 70 W. ......

3ST . 75 "W......

N. SOW...... 

2S". 60 W......

2sT. 80 W......

IS". 80 "W......

N. 80 W......

1ST. 80 W......

Walls.

....do .............

....do .............

Slate..............

....do .............

....do .............

....do .............

....do .............

....do .............

....do............. 

....do .............

....do .............

....do .............

....do .............

....do .............

....do ............. 

....do .............

....do .............

....do .............

....do ............. 

....do.............

....do ............. 

....do .............

~$ame.

......do ...................

......do ...................

Monchiquite. .............

......do...................

......do...................

......do ...................

Hornblende monchiquite .

......do ....................

......do ...................

......do................... 

......do ...................

......do................... 

......do ...................

Remarks.

coarse feldspar porphyry.

Shows columnar partings.

Continuation of Xo. 10.

Two dikes each 6 feet with 3 feet of slate between.

Do.

shoots. ,

GO

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INDEX.

Page. 

Adams and Lainson, cited............._ 26

Analysis, bostonite........................ 20

camptoiiite _._..__......'..._........ 31

feldspar................................ 21

plagioclase............................ 24

Archean rocks............................. 12-13

Arnold mines, Ferroua, N. Y., dikes at.. 1(5 

Au Sable Forks, N. Y., dikes at......... - 16,46

analysis of dike rockfrom............ 25

Ball's bay, bostonitefrom ............_ 18

Barker, G. F., analysis by.___._,.-------- 20

Bayley, W. S., cited....................... 21

Benedict, W. H., acknowledgments to.. - 44 

Bou<§t, Algarve, cited..................... 32

Boquet mountain, N. Y., dikes at........ 16,44

Bostonite...._..........._...........17,18-23

analysis................_............ 20

-Bouve", T. T., cited ........................ 21

Brainard and Seely, cited ................ 14,53

Breccia bostonites ............... ........ 22

Brogger, W. C., cited ..................... 30,32

Bucking, H., acknowledgments to....... 32,34

cited................................... 34

Burlington, Vt., dikes at ............16,18,49-50

Campbell and Brown, cited .............. 25

Campion falls, N. H., camptonite from.. 31 

Camptonite................................ 29-32

analysis.._.................... ..... 31

Cannon's point, N. Y., dikes at .........16,43-45

Cathrein, A., cited ........................ 32

Chamot, E. M., analysis by............... 34

Charlotte, Vt., bostonite knob near.._. 17,53 

Chatard, T. M., analysis by .............. 21

Chateaugay lake, N. Y., dikes at......... 16

Chateaugay mines, Lyon mountain, N.

Y., dikesat........................ 16

Clay point, Vt., dike at......:............ 17

Colchester, Vt., dike at.................... 17

Crosby, W.O.,cited........................ 21,23

Daua,J D.,cited.......................... 13

Dennis, L.M., analysisby ................ 31

Derby,O. A., cited........................22,24,33

Diabase..-...------------------------------ 24-27

Dikes, table of...........--..----.--------- 54-59

Dike rocks classified ......- .... ...-- 38

Diller, J.S., cited.......-...-.. ...-.---- 21

Doelter, C., cited................--.-..--.- 32

Dorset mountain (Mount Eolus), Vt.,

dike at....................--------- 15,39

Eakle, A. S., acknowledgments to ....... 11

cited ........_. .......... -.- . 16

Pag*

Eleolite-syenite, associated with camptouite, monchkiuile, and fourchite.................................. 36-37

Eramons, E., cited......... 12,15,16,43,44,4(5,-IT

Essex, N. Y., dikes near ............. 16,42,43,44

Fairhaven, Vt., camptonite from........ 31

dike at................................... 3D

Feldspar, analysis........................ 21

Ferrona, N. Y., dikes at.................. 10

Fields bay, dikes near .................... 53

Forstner, H , analysisby.........._.... 20.21

FortCassin, dikes near................... 53

Fourchite.................................. 35-36

Glens Falls, N. Y., dike near ............. 15

Goller, E., cited........................... 32

Graeff, F. F., cited ........................ 22

Hager, A.D., cited......................... 39

Hall, Chas.E., cited....................... 13

Hall, C. W., acknowledgments to...._ 27

Hall, James, cited......................... 13

Hammondville, N. Y., dikes near........ 16,40

Harrington. B J., cited................... 21

analysisby ............................ 31

Hawes, G. W., cited.....................30,32,39

analysis by ............................ 31

Haworth, E., acknowledgments to....... 27

Hill's point, dikes at...................... 53

Hitchcock, C. H., cited.................... 12,14

Hitchcock, 13., cited............ 13,17,23,50,51,52

Hoosacmountain, Mass., dike at ........ 15

Hobbs, W. H., cited....................... 26

acknowledgments to ..... ........ 2?

Hubbell's falls, Winooski river, dike at.. 17 

Hunt, T.S., cited.......................... 14,21

analyses by............_............. 20,21

Hunter, M . analysis by................... 34

Hunter and Rosenbuscn, cited.........18,22,32

Hyatt, A., cited............................ 12

James, J. F., cited.............. ....... 12

Johusburg, N. Y., dike near ............. 15

Judd.J. W., cited......................... 26

Kemp, J. P., cited.............14,16,17,30,32,35,

36,40,41,45,46,48 

Kemp, J, F., analysis by J..............20,26,31

Kemp, J. F., and Martin, V. P., cited.... 15,39

Lacroix, A.,cited........................21.26.36

Leeds, A. R., cited......................... 13,26

Logan, W. E., cited.....................12,13,49

Lone Rock point, Vermont, dikes at.. ... 49

Lyon mountain. New York, dikes at .... 16,47

Marcou, J., cited .^........................ 12,14

61 
INDEX.

Payti 

Merrill, G. P., cited ....................... 13,41

Mineville, N. Y., dikes near ...._...... 16,40

Monchiquite.... ........................ 32-35

analyses................... ............ 34

Moriah Corners, N. Y., dike at........... 40

Morrison, W. H., analyses by............ 20,34

cited ___._.._.._.--.........._.__._....- 34

Mount Avalanche, New York, supposed

dike near....._................ .. 16

Mount Golden, New York, supposed dike

near ............ ... -..---..-... 16

Mount Eolus (Dorset, mountain), Vermont, dike at ..................... 15,39

Mount Holly, Vermont, dike at.......... 15

Nash's point, Vermont, dike at.....17,23,50-53

Nason, F. L., acknowledgments to....... 11,15

Nason, F. L,., cited......................32,39,40

Natural bridge on the Hudson, dikes

near................................ 15,39

North River, New York, dike near ...... 15,39

Noyes, W. A., analyses by ................ 34

Ouachitite.............____._..._.__......_ 35

Palmer hill, New York, dikes at.......16,25,46

analyses of dike rock at .___....._._.. 24,23

Peets, James W., acknowledgments to .. 39 

Perkins, G. H., acknowledgments to....- 11

Perry, J. B., cited......................... 14

Plagioclase, analysis .._...........___.. 24

Porter's bay, dike near............_.... 53

Port Henry, N. Y., dikes near............ 16.40

Port Kent, N. "i., dikes near ............. 16,45

Pottier's (or Shelbui-ne) point, New

York, dikes at............... 16,18,49-50

Proctor, Vt., camptonite from........... 3f*

dike at ................................. 39

Pumpelly, R., cited ....................... 15,23

Putnam, B. T., cited ...................... 16,46

Redneld, W. C., pited ..................... 16

Roe's spar bed, New York, dikes at......

Rosenbusch, H., cited.......... 18,27,29,32,

acknowledgments to..................

Rutland, Vt., dikes at .'...................

Sayles, Ira, dikes discovered by..........

Sears, J. H., cited ..........-.-.--...-.-...

Sebenius, Uno, acknowledgments to ....

Sedimentary rocks.._.__............

Seely, H. M., acknowledgments to..15,18, 

cited ..__..".............. ........

Shelburne, Vt., bostonite from ..........

Shelburne point, New York, dikes at..16, 

South Granville, N. Y., dikes at.........

South Hero, Vt.,dikes at.................

South Vernon, Vt., dikes at..............

Split rock, New York, dikes at........ .16,

Summit, Vt,., dikes at ................

Summer point, dikes near.---------

Thompson's point, dikes at.._...-.- 

Thompson, Z., cited .................17,23,

Tight, W. G., acknowledgments to ......

Tornebohm, A. E., cited...___.....-......

Trembleau point, New York, dikes at... 

analysis of dike rock from ...........

Valcours island, New York, dike on.....

Van Hise, C. R., cited ..__.._...-.._.-.__. 

Wadsworth, M. E., cited...._......._.

Walcott, C. D., cited ................... 

Werweke, Leopold van, cited........_.

Westport, N. Y., dikes near..............

White. T. G., dikes discovered by........

Whitehall, N. Y., dikes at...........i....

Whitfleld, R. P., cited.....................

Willsboro point,New York, dikes near.. 

Williams, J. F., acknowledgments lo.._. 

Williams, J. F., cited.................. ...

Wing, Augustus, cited....................

Wing's point, Vermont, dikes at.........

Page. 

16,40

,35,37 

2>u 

15 

39 

21 

40

13-15

39,46 

53 

19

49-50 

15 

48 

15

i,41-43 

39 

53 

53

, 49,5JJ

*>r

33

.16,45

24

46

47

21,25

14

33

16,40

46

15

14

44

35

35,38

14

53