i

DISABILITY EMPLOYMENT 101

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION

OFFICE OF SPECIAL EDUCATION AND

REHABILITATIVE SERVICES

 INITIAL RELEASE: OCTOBER 2003

REVISED: MARCH 2004

JOINTLY DEVELOPED BY

U.S. CHAMBER OF COMMERCE

CENTER FOR WORKFORCE PREPARATION
ii

Jointly developed by the

U.S. Department of Education's Office of Special Education and Rehabilitative

Services and the Center for Workforce Preparation, an affiliate of the

U.S. Chamber of Commerce

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION

Rod Paige

Secretary

Office of Special Education and

Rehabilitative Services

Troy R. Justesen

Acting Deputy Assistant Secretary for

Special Education and Rehabilitative Services

Loretta Petty Chittum

Special Assistant to the Assistant Secretary

Communication and Media Support Services

Juliette Rizzo

Director

Geoffrey Rhodes

Technical Information Specialist

U.S. CHAMBER OF COMMERCE

Thomas J. Donohue

President and Chief Executive Officer

Center for Workforce Preparation

Cathy Healy

Tondalaya O. Williams

Program Directors

Zanna Gilbert

Program Assistant

Corporate Communications

Brent Inscoe

Graphics and Content Coordinator

 Initial release: October 2003. Revised: March 2004

This employment planning guide is in the public domain. Authorization to reproduce it in whole or in

part is granted. The citation should be the U.S. Department of Education, Office of Special Education

and Rehabilitative Services and the U.S. Chamber of Commerce, Center for Workforce Preparation,

Disability Employment 101, Washington, D.C., 2003.

To order copies of this report,

write to: ED Pubs, Education Publications Center, U.S. Department of Education, P.O. Box 1398,

Jessup, MD 20794-1398;

or fax your request to: 301-470-1244;

or e-mail your request to: edpubs@inet.ed.gov.

or call in your request toll-free: 1-877-433-7827 (1-877-4-ED-PUBS). If 877 service is not yet

available in your area, call 1-800-872-5327 (1-800-USA-LEARN). Those who use a

telecommunications device for the deaf (TDD) or a teletypewriter (TTY), should call 1-800-437-0833.

or order online at: www.edpubs.org/webstore/Content/search.asp.

This report is also available on the U.S. Department of Education's Web site at www.ed.gov/about/

offices/list/osers/products/employmentguide/ and the U.S. Chamber of Commerce's Web site at

www.uschamber.com/cwp/.

On request, this document is available in accessible formats, such as Braille, large print, audiotape and

computer diskette. For more information, please contact the U.S. Department of Education's

Alternative Format Center at 202-260-9895 or 202-205-8113.

This document contains contact addresses and Web sites for information created and maintained by other

public and private organizations. This information is provided for the reader's convenience. Resources,

including Web sites, are mentioned in this booklet as examples and are only a few of many appropriate

resource materials available. The U.S. Department of Education and the U.S. Chamber of Commerce do

not control or guarantee the accuracy, relevance, timeliness or completeness of this outside information.

Further, the inclusion of information, addresses and Web sites for particular items neither reflects their

importance, nor is it intended to endorse any views expressed or products and services offered.
iii

Contents

Letter from Rod Paige ................................................................................................. v

Letter from Thomas J. Donohue ................................................................................. vii

Introduction ................................................................................................................ 1

Lesson One: Finding Qualified Workers with Disabilities ............................................ 5

Lesson Two: Cultivating the Next Generation of Qualified Workers........................... 11

Lesson Three: Learning from Other Businesses ......................................................... 15

Lesson Four: Putting Research into Practice in the Workplace ................................... 17

Conclusion ............................................................................................................... 21

Resources ................................................................................................................ 23

Appendix I: Recommended Disability-Friendly Strategies

for the Workplace.............................................................................. 29

Appendix II: Recommended Disability-Friendly Business Checklist ......................... 31

Appendix III: Business Tax Credits and Reduced Labor Costs................................. 33

Appendix IV: Reasonable Accommodations and the ADA........................................ 37

References................................................................................................................ 41

Acknowledgments..................................................................................................... 43
iv
v

October 2003

Dear Colleague:

At the U.S. Department of Education, we know how important it is to ensure that all students receive an

education that meets their unique needs and prepares them for employment and independent living. An

educated workforce is a qualified workforce, and in our country qualified workers can find meaningful,

rewarding jobs.

One in five Americans has a disability, and the unemployment rate for people with disabilities is the highest

for any group of Americans. We know that people with disabilities, particularly those with the most

significant disabilities, represent an often-untapped group of educated, highly skilled, talented and qualified

workers.

While we are excited about the gains that we expect America’s students to make in educational progress

as a result of the No Child Left Behind Act, we also recognize that the Department of Education has a critical

role to play in helping to break down employment barriers for people with disabilities.

At the Department of Education, the Office of Special Education and Rehabilitative Services administers

several programs that support the goal of finding competitive, meaningful, integrated employment for people

with disabilities. We are proud of and wish to highlight our employment resources and our partnerships

with private employers, state governments, community-based organizations and others who are working

toward this important employment goal. We know that we cannot achieve greater employment for people

with disabilities without the continued and increased support of the private sector, including large

corporations and small businesses.

To this end, I am pleased to share this employment planning guide, Disability Employment 101. This guide

is the product of a joint effort between the U.S. Department of Education’s Office of Special Education and

Rehabilitative Services and the U.S. Chamber of Commerce’s Center for Workforce Preparation. The guide's

purpose is to acquaint business and industry with the programs and resources we have to help you diversify

your workforce by hiring people with disabilities. As part of our collective commitment, we will be hosting

a series of nationwide forums to provide you with unique opportunities to partner with schools, vocational

rehabilitation agencies, and the research community to share successful practices and recruit from new

sources.

I know there is no single solution to the high unemployment rate of people with disabilities, but I am

confident that, working together, we can ensure that no American worker with a disability is left behind.

Sincerely

Rod Paige

Our mission is to ensure equal access to education and to promote educational excellence throughout the nation.

THE SECRETARY OF EDUCATION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20202
vi
vii

CHAMBER OF COMMERCE

OF THE

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

THOMAS J. DONOHUE

PRESIDENT AND

CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER

1615 H STREET, N.W.

WASHINGTON, DC 20062-2000

October 2003

Finding and keeping good workers are among the greatest challenges facing

businesses in the 21st century. Today, more than ever, businesses need access to a skilled

and diverse workforce. They cannot stay competitive and increase profitability without

qualified personnel.

People with disabilities are a source of qualified workers that is frequently

overlooked. This pool of workers represents one of the largest groups seeking employment

in today’s market – some 9 million unemployed Americans with significant disabilities want

to work.

Employers tell us that, once hired, this labor source provides some of the best

employees within a corporation. They are generally dependable, dedicated, hardworking,

and productive. In fact, employers report that the work ethic of disabled employees has a

positive effect on the morale and production of their colleagues. Unfortunately, many

employers are not aware of this pool of qualified workers. Even those who realize the

potential of this labor pool do not know how to reach them and are concerned about the

perceived cost and challenge of providing necessary accommodations.

The Center for Workforce Preparation, a nonprofit affiliate of the U.S. Chamber of

Commerce, and the U.S. Department of Education’s Office of Special Education and

Rehabilitative Services have collaborated to produce the guide Disability Employment 101.

This guide provides information for business, industry and service providers about how to

hire people with disabilities and access resources to better meet the growing need of

business for a skilled workforce. America’s economic success depends on the ability of

businesses to recognize and use the valuable and diverse human resources available.

Tapping into the talents and skills of people with disabilities will benefit companies and

communities nationwide.

Sincerely,
viii

Wherever a door is closed to anyone

because of a disability, we must work to open it.

Wherever any job or home or means of transportation

is unfairly denied because of a disability, we must

work to change it. Wherever any barrier stands

between you and the full rights and dignity of

citizenship, we must work to remove it, in the name

of simple decency and simple justice.

President George W. Bush

February 1, 2001

New Freedom Initiative Announcement Speech

The White House, Washington, D.C.
1

Introduction

Employers face workforce challenges daily, and the forecast of labor market shortages is not getting

any brighter. A 2003 survey report Rising to the Challenge conducted by the Center for Workforce

Preparation (CWP), a nonprofit affiliate of the U.S. Chamber of Commerce, reveals that workforce

development and a shortage of workers at all skill levels are the major issues facing small and large

businesses today (2003). Moreover, a recent Aspen Institute report (August 2002) projects a critical

shortage of workers over the next 20 years, particularly in jobs requiring higher education and training. The report confirms what chambers of commerce and their business members already know ó

there are too few sources of qualified workers to meet projected needs.

However, there is good news. Employers now can meet their workforce shortages by tapping into

non-traditional sources of labor. Imagine finding workers who are self-motivated, have solid critical

thinking skills and solve problems every day. Now, imagine that these workers, who have achieved

competitive employment, have consistently proven to have nearly 85 percent one-year employment

retention rates (U.S. Department of Education, 2003). As an employer, you need to know that

people with disabilities are eager and ready to join your workforce.

Filling the Worker Shortage

Greater demand for skilled labor has

increased awareness that many employable

people are seeking employment who

traditionally have not been considered as

potential sources of skilled labor. People

with disabilities represent the single

largest minority group seeking employment in today's market. Both large and

small companies have benefited by

recruiting people with disabilities for

many years. Many leading companies

attribute much of their success to

employing a diverse workforce that

includes people with disabilities.

✔ A March 2003 survey of employers found

that the cost of accommodations was only

$500 or less (Dixon, Kruse, & Van Horn,

2003).

✔ Seventy-three percent of employers report that their employees with disabilities

did not require accommodations at all

(Dixon, Kruse, & Van Horn, 2003).

✔ Companies report that employees with

disabilities have better retention rates,

reducing the high cost of turnover

(Unger, 2002).

Quick Facts
2

The 21st Century Workforce

Companies that are strategic in their recruiting efforts understand that they can no longer meet staffing

needs through traditional means. Contacts with rehabilitation agencies, welfare offices and other social

programs are designed to assist companies in identifying new sources of qualified workers and an array of

workplace supports. For example, companies can benefit financially by recruiting through government and

nonprofit sources. Business for Social Responsibility (2001) reported that American Airlines calculated

savings of 20 percent in recruiting costs by using nonprofit partners to help in its recruitment efforts.

Resources are available to help your business achieve its competitive advantage by supplying a steady

pipeline of qualified workers.

Business Incentives

There are compelling reasons to hire people with disabilities.

✔ People with disabilities possess valuable problem-solving skills because they are experts in finding

creative ways to perform tasks others may take for granted.

✔ Employees with disabilities have proved to be dependable, dedicated, hardworking and

productive employees.

✔ Many businesses report that the experience of working with people with disabilities increases

every employee's morale and productivity.

✔ After acquiring a disability, employees who return to work after being rehabilitated help reduce a

company's training and hiring costs and lower insurance premiums. Employers who have return-towork programs establish a culture that regards employees as valuable ó not disposable.

✔ Employees with disabilities reflect the customer base and can help craft

effective marketing strategies to reach this lucrative market for companies that hire them. People with disabilities

make up part of the

diverse workforce

necessary for your

business to succeed.
3

By raising awareness that your company is a disability-friendly business, you

will attract job candidates and new customers. Marketing studies of the Atlanta

Paralympics reveal that even households with no disability connection felt

goodwill towards companies that included people with disabilities in advertising

and were more likely to buy their products (Solutions Marketing Group, 2003).

Your business has an important partner in the effort to enhance its success through diversity. President George W. Bush pledged to improve employment for people with disabilities in his landmark

New Freedom Initiative ó a comprehensive, innovative plan to promote full participation of people

with disabilities in all parts of American society. OSERS and CWP have an important role in working

to achieve the president's objective by helping your business identify strategies to recruit, hire and

retain people with disabilities. By releasing this initiative in his first two weeks of office, President

Bush signaled his commitment to improving the quality of life for Americans with disabilities. For

more information, visit www.whitehouse.gov/infocus/newfreedom.

To help you prepare to employ people with disabilities, OSERS and CWP have designed this employment planning guide.

What This Employment Planning Guide Offers

✔ Lessons and strategies to help you continue to plan and design a program for employing people

with disabilities:

Lesson One ó Finding Qualified Workers

Lesson Two ó Cultivating the Next Generation of Qualified Workers

Lesson Three ó Learning from Other Businesses

Lesson Four ó Putting Research into Practice in the Workplace

✔ Contact information for programs and resources in your state or locality dedicated to helping you

in your effort to recruit and hire people with disabilities.

✔ Fact sheets and a checklist.
4
5

Lesson One: Finding Qualified Workers

with Disabilities

Employer surveys indicate that employers are often unaware of how to tap into the talent pool of

people with disabilities (Campbell, Green, Unger, & Wehman, 2002). The following resources are

available in your community and can connect you with qualified workers with disabilities. These

programs, administered by the Rehabilitation Services Administration (RSA) of the Office of Special

Education and Rehabilitative Services (OSERS), include the state Vocational Rehabilitation (VR)

program and the Centers for Independent Living (CILs).

Vocational Rehabilitation

The VR program is a strong state-federal partnership that promotes the employment and independence of people with disabilities. The VR program, which began more than 80 years ago, was the

first federally authorized program specifically created to serve the employment needs of people with

disabilities. Today, on average, approximately 230,000 people with disabilities find employment each

year with the help of the VR program in their states (U.S. Department of Education, 2002).

VR counselors have extensive specialized training, making them uniquely qualified to work with your

business to

✔ identify qualified people with disabilities ready for employment;

✔ develop productive partnerships between your business and training organizations that support a

person's career development while meeting your need for qualified applicants and skilled workers;

✔ provide access to cutting-edge assistive technologies that can improve the overall work performance of people with disabilities; and

✔ provide information regarding the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA) and the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, as amended.

VR counselors also have long-standing relationships with a wide variety of employers in your area.

Some of the country's most successful businesses, such as SunTrust Bank, Western Wireless-
6

Cellular One and CVS/pharmacy, to name a few, have thriving relationships with VR programs and

counselors in their states that help them actively recruit, hire, support and retain qualified workers

with disabilities.

The findings of a recent longitudinal study, conducted by the U.S. Department of Education of 8,500

applicants and recipients of RSA's VR services, show that people with disabilities who have achieved

competitive employment through existing business and VR partnerships have a nearly 85 percent jobretention rate after one year (2003). These findings concur with those of companies such as DuPont

and Sears who have measured retention rates of their employees.

Vocational Rehabilitation Puts Dreams Within Reach

The Maryland Division of Rehabilitation Services (DORS) helped to prepare

Debra for a career in information technology. Debra participated in an office

technology-training program where she learned the skills needed to succeed in

the workplace. She learned computer skills in various office software products,

and DORS also arranged for Debra to obtain additional job training at Prince

George's Community College. Eventually Debra accepted an administrative assistant position at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland. Through DORS, Debra gained the skills she needed to live independently,

work and provide for herself and her children

You can find your VR program by visiting RSA's Web site, www.ed.gov/about/offices/list/osers/rsa.

The VR program in my area is: Contact Name: _______________________

Address: ___________________________

___________________________

Phone: _____________________________

E-Mail: _____________________________
7

Centers for Independent Living

CILs are cross-disability, nonprofit organizations that are designed and operated within a local community by individuals with disabilities. CILs provide an array of independent living services to people

with disabilities and can assist your business with finding resources for employees with disabilities,

such as accessible transportation and housing. CILs disseminate information about job postings and

career fairs throughout the local disability community. By providing these services, CILs can be a

source for identifying people with disabilities who are eager to assume competitive, meaningful and

integrated employment in businesses like yours that are seeking to hire qualified and productive

workers. CILs can help individuals with disabilities get to work and obtain other supports they need

to be successful in the workplace.

Your business can benefit from partnering with disability organizations like the CILs. By raising

awareness that your company is a disability-friendly business, you will attract job candidates and new

customers. Marketing studies of the Atlanta Paralympics revealed that even households with no

disability connection felt goodwill towards companies that included people with disabilities in

advertising and were more likely to buy their products (Solutions Marketing Group, 2003). You can

find the local CIL in your area by visiting, www.ilusa.com/links/ilcenters.htm.

The CIL program in my area is:

Contact Name: _______________________

Address: ___________________________

___________________________

Phone: _____________________________

E-Mail: _____________________________
8

Lesson One: Strategies

Strategy 1:

Contact your state or local VR agency to post job vacancies to reach people with disabilities who

are ready to work. Let VR counselors know the kinds of highly qualified workers you are seeking

so they can adapt training programs in your area to better meet your needs. To locate the VR

agency in your area, visit RSA's Web site at www.ed.gov/about/offices/list/osers/rsa.

Strategy 2:

Help VR counselors understand your employment needs by inviting them to tour your business.

Strategy 3:

Engage VR counselors in business association meetings and events.

Strategy 4:

Develop relationships with local disability-related organizations to post jobs and communicate your

interest in recruiting and hiring people with disabilities. Contact a CIL in your community and ask

them to recruit people with disabilities, post job openings and help locate training opportunities. You

can find the local CIL at www.ilusa.com/links/ilcenters.htm.

Strategy 5:

Volunteer to serve on advisory boards or participate in events sponsored by local disability-related

organizations. CILs have contacts with other local disability organizations. Again, contact your local

CIL by visiting www.ilusa.com/links/ilcenters.htm.

Strategy 6:

Educate your partners from disability organizations about business by inviting them to serve on employer-led committees of your business organizations.
9

The Greater Irving-Las Colinas Chamber of

Commerce in Texas is an excellent example of

how local chambers are used as resources to help

connect people with disabilities to employment. The

Greater Irving-Las Colinas Chamber has a strategic

partnership with Career Design and Development

Services (CDDS) that helps connect people with

disabilities to the business community in the

Greater Dallas-Las Colinas area. CDDS is a service

provider that specializes in job training and

placement for people with disabilities in the Dallas

metropolitan area.

People who use CDDS' services receive career

counseling, job preparation and job placement.

Contact is made with employers in the community

through the Greater Irving-Las Colinas Chamber,

and CDDS uses the chamber's membership as a

resource for networking and promotion of its

services and clients.

Building Effective Partnerships Between

Local Chambers and Service Providers
10
11

Lesson Two: Cultivating the Next Generation

of Qualified Workers

Successful companies know that meeting the growing need for talented employees in the next 10

years means educating students with the right skills now. Educators play an important role in connecting people with disabilities to employers. The Office of Special Education and Rehabilitative

Services' (OSERS) Office of Special Education Programs (OSEP) works with OSERS' Rehabilitation

Services Administration (RSA) and with state education agencies to prepare students with disabilities

for higher education, employment and independent living. OSEP also requires schools across the

country to establish transition curricula, which include community work-based learning experiences for

youth with disabilities. By partnering with schools to offer work-based learning experiences for

students with disabilities, your business can help create a pipeline of future employees who are

knowledgeable and trained for jobs in your organization.

These work-based learning opportunities may include the following:

✔ Apprenticeships ó This combination of on-the-job training and related classroom instruction

provides students with disabilities an opportunity to learn the practical and theoretical aspects of

highly skilled occupations. Joint employer and labor groups, individual employers and employer

associations sponsor apprenticeship programs.

✔ Career academies ó Schools create a personalized and supportive learning environment for

students with disabilities by combining academic and career-related competencies organized into

small learning communities.

✔ Internships ó While spending time in a business, industry or other organization, students with

disabilities gain insight into and direct experience with different types of work environments.

Internships can be paid or unpaid.

✔ Job shadowing and mentoring days ó These activities are designed to allow students with disabilities to "shadow" or observe workplace mentors as they go through a normal day on the job. Job

shadowing and mentoring provide students with disabilities a realistic look at the workplace.
12

✔ School-based enterprises ó By tapping into their entrepreneurial talents, students with disabilities organize into a group to produce goods or services for sale. Your success as a business

leader places you in a position to offer advice to these future entrepreneurs.

✔ Service learning ó Students with disabilities expand their horizons by combining meaningful

community service with academic learning, personal growth and civic responsibility.

Work-based learning experiences can help students with disabilities prepare to enter your workforce and

✔ develop positive work attitudes and behaviors;

✔ learn general workplace readiness skills as well as job-specific skills;

✔ identify necessary work accommodations and supports;

✔ gain exposure to diverse working environments;

✔ apply practical theories learned in the classroom to your business;

✔ clarify and get excited about their career choices; and

✔ network with potential employers.

Work-Based Learning: A Win-Win

Employers benefit from work-based learning experiences, as well. Companies that institute mentoring,

job-shadowing, apprenticeship and internship programs learn firsthand how people with disabilities

can contribute. Businesses discover that working and interacting with employees with disabilities raise

morale and eliminate the mystery of workplace accommodations. Positive experiences with students

dispel the fears that employers have about giving people with disabilities a chance in full-time employment. Most importantly, businesses that implement these programs cultivate their next generation

of qualified workers and attract new customers.
13

Lesson Two: Strategies

The strategies listed below are some of the ways you as an employer can get involved in creating

work-based learning opportunities for people with disabilities in your community.

Strategy 1:

Connect with your local schools by

✔ helping schools and career counselors identify competencies, both personal and technical, that

students with disabilities will need in the workplace;

✔ instituting mentoring and internship opportunities to place students in your company-sponsored programs;

✔ using your business connections to provide schools with instructors in specific professional and

technical fields who can work with special education and VR professionals in your community;

✔ assisting schools and special education coordinators to develop curricula and instructional plans

that prepare students with disabilities for jobs in the local market;

✔ providing assistance to students who want to pursue entrepreneurial endeavors; and

✔ advising educators and counselors of the future skill needs of your workforce.

To assist you in completing this strategy, locate local high schools in your area by contacting your

state education agency through the Education Resource Organizations Directory (EROD) at

http://bcol02.ed.gov/Programs/EROD/statelist.cfm.

Strategy 2:

Connect with your local community colleges and universities.

When you recruit at colleges and universities, indicate to the career office that you have an interest in

recruiting students with disabilities. To provide work-based learning experiences to college students

with disabilities, reach out to colleges or universities.
14

Strategy 3:

When you attend school-sponsored open houses and job fairs, provide recruiting materials in accessible formats, make sure interviewing locations are accessible, and be sure your Web site is accessible to people with disabilities. For more information, visit the Job Accommodation Network at

http://janweb.icdi.wvu.edu.

Strategy 4:

Serve as a mentor to students with disabilities. Contact your local CIL (www.ilusa.com/links/

ilcenters.htm) to identify possible opportunities or contact the American Association for People with

Disabilities (www.aapd.com) to find out how your business can participate in the annual National

Disability Mentoring Day in October.

ìOverall, the opportunity to play a part in

Disability Mentoring Day was extremely

rewarding for everyone involved from Bank

of America. Based on the conversations I've

had with each of the organizers in the local

areas, I can assure you that the experience

was not only rewarding for the hundreds of

students who were brought into corporations across the nation, but equally as rewarding and meaningful for the individuals

who volunteered as mentors and got to

meet the high-potential workforce of tomorrow. Thank you again for allowing us

the opportunity to be part of this remarkable and memorable day! You can count on

Bank of America to participate next year.î

Manager from Bank of America

(K. Moore, personal communication,

October 2000)
15

Lesson Three: Learning from

Other Businesses

By connecting to business organizations, such as the U.S. Chamber's Center for Workforce Preparation, the U.S. Business Leadership Network, the Society for Human Resource Management, and

your local chamber, your company can learn from other employers about the best strategies for

finding, accommodating and retaining employees with disabilities. Local business executives who

understand your bottom-line priorities and who have direct employment experience with people with

disabilities are often the best sources for real-world answers to all your hiring questions.

U.S. Chamber of Commerce's Center for Workforce Preparation

In 1990, the Chamber of Commerce created the Center for Workforce Preparation (CWP) to help

build workforce development leadership in local chambers. CWP helps chambers across the country

to develop innovative and effective workforce development initiatives that assist their member companies in recruiting diverse and underutilized labor sources such as people with disabilities. A major part

of CWP's effort is the dissemination of best practices and the formulation of strategic peer networks

to support workforce development activities among state and local chambers. By connecting to

CWP, you can learn how to partner with your local chamber to help improve employment outcomes

for people with disabilities and satisfy your company's workforce needs.

U.S. Business Leadership Network

The U.S. Business Leadership Network (USBLN) is a national employer-led network. It is the

national organization that supports development and expansion of BLNs across the country, serving

as their collective voice. The USBLN recognizes and promotes best practices in hiring, retaining and

marketing to people with disabilities.

The Society for Human Resource Management

The Society for Human Resource Management (SHRM), the world's largest human resources association, represents more than 170,000 members. SHRM serves the needs of human resource

professionals by providing the most essential and comprehensive set of human-resource management

resources available, including surveys of members on disability-related topics. SHRM currently has

more than 500 affiliated chapters within the United States and members in more than 120 countries.
16

Lesson Three: Strategies

Strategy 1:

Become active in the USBLN or one of its local chapters to learn how other businesses have successfully employed people with disabilities. For more information, visit www.usbln.com.

Strategy 2:

Connect with your local chamber for information and resources about

✔ job skill requirements and industry trends;

✔ quality of training and job placement services provided by your local Vocational Rehabilitation

program and other service providers;

✔ local economic development indicators;

✔ links to other members that have partners with local disability organizations.

Visit the U.S. Chamber Web site at www.uschamber.com for a listing of Federation chamber members by state and region.

Strategy 3:

Access information and linkages about workforce development at CWP's Web site by visiting

www.uschamber.com/cwp.

Strategy 4:

Learn about available trainings that will help staff with the recruiting, hiring and advancing of people

with disabilities. Visit SHRM's Web site at www.shrm.org.
17

Lesson Four: Putting Research into Practice

in the Workplace

National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation Research

The challenge for business is to decipher fact from fiction about the issues that may be of concern to

employers. Questions about costs of accommodations, productivity and other workplace issues are

the focus of much research. The Office of Special Education and Rehabilitative Services (OSERS)

National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation Research (NIDRR) assists businesses by funding

research on a wide spectrum of issues related to the employment of people with disabilities.

NIDRR's research

✔ measures attitudes in the business community to identify employer needs;

✔ refines workplace technologies designed to increase the productivity of people with disabilities; and

✔ evaluates reasonable accommodations and personal supports needed to successfully assist people

with disabilities in the workplace.

NIDRR's research also tracks current employment statistics about people with disabilities, helping you

keep up with trends and issues affecting recruitment and retention.

Rehabilitation Research and Training Centers

NIDRR funds Rehabilitation Research and Training Centers (RRTCs), the purpose of which is to

improve the effectiveness of services authorized under the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, as amended,

and thereby improve the rehabilitation services outcomes for individuals with disabilities.

For example, Cornell University's RRTC for Economic Research on Employment Policy for Persons

with Disabilities has developed a Web site that offers an interactive repository of employment statistics about people with disabilities (www.ilr.cornell.edu/ped/il/independence/research.htm). In making

important business decisions regarding employment, you might ask, "What are the most effective

approaches for reducing barriers to employment for people with disabilities in the workplace?"
18

82 percent

63 percent

60 percent

59 percent

Human resource professionals can look up Cornell's surveys of employers at www.ilr.cornell.edu/ped/

surveyresults.html and find strategies employers believe are effective approaches in reducing barriers

to employment for people with disabilities, including:

Visible Top-Level Management Commitment 82 percent

Staff Training 63 percent

Mentoring 60 percent

On-Site Consultation or Technical Assistance 59 percent

Percentages refer to employers surveyed who

consider the various strategies effective.

Through the work of NIDRR-funded research programs, many partnerships among the business,

industry and rehabilitation communities have been established. One model for establishing collaborative partnerships is provided by Virginia Commonwealth University's (VCU) RRTC on

Workplace Supports.

This RRTC identifies factors that enhance or inhibit your business from hiring people with disabilities.

It collects data and resources related to employment supports, a particularly useful employment

strategy for individuals with disabilities.

A Web site created by VCU's RRTC (www.worksupport.com) contains valuable information on

return-to-work strategies, effective disability management programs and financial tax credits to offset

accommodation costs and encourage hiring, retention and advancement. VCU also created the VCU

Business Roundtable as a forum to identify and address factors that deter or inhibit industries from

employing workers with disabilities.
19

Disability and Business Technical Assistance Centers

To help business and industry find, hire and retain people with disabilities, NIDRR established

10 regional Disability and Business Technical Assistance Centers (DBTACs) to provide information, training and technical assistance to employers about the Americans with Disabilities Act of

1990 (ADA).

The centers serve as a comprehensive resource for ADA issues on employment, public services,

public accommodations and communications. Each center works closely with your business ó

and disability, government and rehabilitation networks ó placing special emphasis on helping

small businesses understand and comply with the ADA.

Programs vary in each region, but all DBTACs provide the following programs:

✔ technical assistance on ADA questions;

✔ education and training;

✔ materials dissemination;

✔ information and referral;

✔ public awareness; and

✔ local capacity building.
20

Lesson Four: Strategies

Strategy 1:

Look at the facts. Hiring people with disabilities makes good business sense for your company. Visit

Cornell University's RRTC for Economic Research on Employment Policy for Persons with Disabilities at www.ilr.cornell.edu/ped/il/independence/research.htm. You can also look up Cornellís surveys

of employers at www.ilr.cornell.edu/ped/surveyresults.html.

Strategy 2:

Learn about successful employment strategies used by other businesses and form your own business

roundtable to support disability recruitment, hiring practices, retention methods and placement efforts

in your business and community.

For more information about a model for business-led efforts to increase the employment of people

with disabilities, visit the Worksupport.com Web site at www.worksupport.com.

Strategy 3:

Locate your local Disability and Business Technical Assistance Center (DBTAC) and explore its

resources by visiting www.adata.org/dbtac.html or calling 800-949-4232 (voice/TTY).
21

Conclusion

Business is about productivity and maintaining a competitive advantage. To do this, business needs

qualified workers.

Hiring people with disabilities adds value to your business and will attract new customers. Disability

is not inability, and the partnership between the U.S. Chamber of Commerce and the U.S. Department of Education has been established to raise awareness about the programs available to assist you

in meeting your employment needs. The president's position is that "he will not be satisfied until every

American who wants a job can find a job, and all Americans have economic security." (White House,

Office of Press Secretary, 2002). Make a sound business decision, gain a competitive advantage and

use this guide to increase your potential to hire people with disabilities.

Esther has been blind since birth. She attended a well-known school for

the blind until her senior year when she was transferred to public school

to complete her education. After graduation, Esther attended college,

earning an associate's degree in medical secretarial work.

With assistance from her vocational rehabilitation counselor, Esther

opened her own transcription service. With equipment provided by the

rehabilitation office, she became a successful businesswoman. When area

hospitals began hiring staff to perform medical transcription on-site,

Esther applied for a medical transcriber position and was hired at a local

hospital, also a member of the local chamber of commerce.

As the requirements of Esther's job have changed, she has remained

successful by learning new skills and acquiring assistive technology that

allows her to read print material. State vocational rehabilitation has

supported Esther in her career by providing both the hardware and the

necessary instruction for her to succeed. Esther now uses a computer with

speech output and a scanner. Vocational rehabilitation and its business

partner ensure her continued professional success.

Council of State Administrators of Vocational Rehabilitation, 2003

Highly Qualified, Motivated and

Dependable Workers Want to Work for You
22
Resources

General Resources

American Association of People with Disabilities (AAPD) www.aapd.com

AAPD, the largest national nonprofit cross-disability member organization in the United States, is

dedicated to ensuring economic self-sufficiency and political empowerment for Americans with

disabilities. AAPD works in coalition with other disability organizations for the full implementation

and enforcement of disability nondiscrimination laws, particularly the Americans with Disabilities Act

of 1990 (ADA) and the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, as amended.

Center for Workforce Preparation (CWP) www.uschamber.com/cwp

An affiliate of the U.S. Chamber of Commerce, CWP assists state and local chambers to build

their capacity as leaders in workforce development. CWP helps chambers recognize the value and

importance of this leadership role and provides information, resources, promising practices and

opportunities for chambers to learn from one another.

Employer Assistance Referral Network (EARN) www.earnworks.com

EARN is a nationwide, cost-free referral and technical assistance service for employers. EARN connects employers who have job vacancies to employment service providers who have direct access to

job-ready individuals with disabilities. EARN also provides technical assistance to assist employers in

locating appropriate organizations and information as they seek to hire qualified candidates with disabilities.

Disability and Business Technical Assistance Centers (DBTACs) www.adata.org/dbtac.html

DBTACs provide information, training and technical assistance to employers with responsibilities

under the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA).

Job Accommodation Network (JAN) http://janweb.icdi.wvu.edu

JAN is a free consulting service that provides information about job accommodations, ADA and

the employability of people with disabilities.

National Organization on Disability (NOD) www.nod.org

NOD promotes the full and equal participation and contribution of America's 54 million men,

women and children with disabilities in all aspects of life.
24

National Council on Independent Living (NCIL) www.ncil.org

NCIL is a membership organization that advances the self-empowerment philosophy and advocates

for the human rights of, and services for, people with disabilities to further their full integration and

participation in society. NCIL represents over 700 organizations and individuals including:

✔ Centers for Independent Living (CILs);

✔ Statewide Independent Living Councils (SILCs);

✔ individuals with disabilities; and

✔ other organizations that advocate for the human and civil rights of people with disabilities

throughout the United States.

Rehabilitation Research and Training Center (RRTC) for Economic Research on Employment

Policy for Persons with Disabilities www.ilr.cornell.edu/ped/dep/rrtc.html

Cornell University's coordinated research, training and dissemination activities are aimed at deepening the understanding of policymakers and other stakeholders about how the economy, public

policies and other socio-political factors affect the employment and economic self-sufficiency of

people with disabilities.

U.S. Business Leadership Network (USBLN) www.usbln.com

The U.S. Business Leadership Network (USBLN) is a national employer-led network. It is the

national organization that supports development and expansion of BLNs across the country, serving

as their collective voice. The USBLN recognizes and promotes best practices in hiring, retaining

and marketing to people with disabilities.

Virginia Commonwealth University Rehabilitation Research and Training Center (RRTC) on

Workplace Supports www.worksupport.com

The RRTC on Workplace Supports identifies factors that enhance or inhibit businesses from tapping into a pool of potential employees with disabilities. It collects data and resources related to

employment supports, a particularly useful employment strategy for individuals with severe disabilities. The center's Web site contains valuable information on return-to-work strategies, effective

disability management programs and financial tax credits to encourage hiring, retention and advancement of people with disabilities.
The Access Board www.access-board.gov

The Access Board is an independent federal agency devoted to accessibility for people with

disabilities. It operates with approximately 30 staff members and a governing board of representatives from federal departments and public members appointed by the president. Key responsibilities

of the board include developing and maintaining accessibility requirements for the physical environment, transit vehicles, telecommunications equipment, electronic and information technology; technical assistance and training on these guidelines and standards; and enforcing accessibility standards

for federally-funded facilities.

Census Bureau Disability Statistics www.census.gov/hhes/www/disability.html

The Census Bureau provides data on disability based on three primary sources: the Survey of Income

and Program Participation, the Decennial Census of Population, and the Current Population Survey.

DisabilityInfo.gov www.disabilityinfo.gov

DisabilityInfo.gov is the result of a collaborative effort across multiple federal agencies in conjunction with the president's New Freedom Initiative. It contains information on civil rights, education,

employment, housing, health care, technology and transportation, among other subjects. The Web

site is designed to be a one-stop source of government information relevant to people with disabilities, their families, employers and service providers. Employers can specifically learn about

sources for job candidates with disabilities, tax credits to offset the cost of accommodations,

assistive technologies and more at www.disabilityinfo.gov/Employment/7/.

Social Security Administration, Ticket to Work Program www.yourtickettowork.com

The Ticket to Work Program is a nationwide initiative administered by the Social Security Administration designed to increase job training and employment choices for individuals with disabilities.

Employers that offer (or arrange for) job training, vocational rehabilitation (VR), support, retention,

or other types of job-related services and/or assistance for individuals with disabilities can become

Employment Networks and are eligible for compensation for services. Employers can directly

provide, or arrange for, appropriate employment services including job readiness, placement, VR,

training, and support and/or retention services for individuals with disabilities.
26

U.S. Department of Education www.ed.gov

The Department of Education's Web site is designed to help promote the president's initiatives

in educating all Americans, including No Child Left Behind, and to advance the mission of the

Department ó to ensure equal access to education and to promote educational excellence for

all Americans. The following Department of Education offices address the needs of people

with disabilities:

Office of Special Education and Rehabilitative Services (OSERS)

www.ed.gov/about/offices/list/osers

OSERS is committed to improving results and outcomes for people with disabilities of all ages.

OSERS provides a wide array of supports to parents and individuals, school districts and states

in three main areas ó special education, vocational rehabilitation and research ó through its

component offices below:

Office of Special Education Programs (OSEP) www.ed.gov/about/offices/list/osers/osep

OSEP is dedicated to improving results for infants, toddlers, children and youth with disabilities,

from birth through age 21, by providing leadership and financial support to assist states and

local districts. The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) authorizes formula grants

to states, and discretionary grants to institutions of higher education and other nonprofit organizations to support research, demonstrations, technical assistance and dissemination, technology

and personnel development and parent-training and information centers.

Rehabilitation Services Administration (RSA) www.ed.gov/about/offices/list/osers/rsa

RSA oversees formula and discretionary grant programs that help individuals with disabilities obtain employment and live more independently through the provision of such supports

as counseling, job training and other individualized services.

National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation Research (NIDRR)

www.ed.gov/about/offices/list/osers/nidrr

NIDRR provides leadership and support for a comprehensive program of research related

to the community integration and employment of individuals with disabilities.
U.S. Department of Justice, Americans with

Disabilities Act (ADA) Homepage www.usdoj.gov/crt/ada/adahom1.htm

This Department of Justice Web site provides information and technical assistance on the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, which prohibits discrimination and ensures equal opportunity for

persons with disabilities in employment, state and local government services, public accommodations, commercial facilities and transportation.

U.S. Department of Labor, Office of Disability Employment Policy (ODEP)

www.dol.gov/odep

ODEP provides national leadership to increase employment opportunities for adults and youth with

disabilities while striving to eliminate barriers to employment. ODEP supports the creation of

expanded work options and meaningful employment, promotes economic opportunities and independence, encourages self-determination and supports the inclusion of people with disabilities in

their communities. Employers can find useful resources through ODEP programs at

www.dol.gov/odep/business/business.htm.

U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) www.eeoc.gov

EEOC enforces Title I and Title V of the ADA, prohibiting employment discrimination on the basis

of disability in the private sector and state and local governments. The EEOC is conducting a

series of free workshops for small businesses on the ADA. These workshops include information

on tax incentives and community resources.

U.S. Small Business Administration (SBA) www.sba.gov/ada

SBA's ADA home page supports the ADA, which guarantees equal opportunity for individuals

with disabilities in public accommodations, employment, transportation, state and local government services and telecommunications. SBA also has an ADA Guide for Small Businesses, a

15-page illustrated guide that presents an overview of some basic ADA requirements for small

businesses that provide goods and services to the public. It offers guidance on how to make

services accessible and how tax credits and deductions may be used to offset specific costs

incurred in accommodations.
28

The White House www.whitehouse.gov

The White House's comprehensive Web site supports the president's policies, agenda and activities,

and serves as a portal to the U.S. government.

New Freedom Initiative www.whitehouse.gov/infocus/newfreedom

This Web site features President George W. Bush's New Freedom Initiative, announced by the

president during his first month in office, and is dedicated to increasing access to assistive and

universally designed technologies, expanding educational opportunities and promoting full access

to community life for Americans with disabilities.

Workforce Recruitment Program www.dol.gov/odep/programs/program.htm

Coordinated by the U.S. Department of Labor and the U.S. Department of Defense, the

Workforce Recruitment Program provides summer work experience, and in some cases full-time

employment, for students with disabilities. The program develops partnerships with other federal

agencies and businesses. Each year, recruiters develop a database of approximately 1,500 qualified

students that employers can use to recruit interns.
Appendix I: Recommended Disability-Friendly

Strategies for the Workplace

Employers who hire people with disabilities diversify, enrich and enhance the culture of the workplace. Outlined below are strategies to successfully include people with disabilities in the workplace.

✔ Make a corporate commitment to include people with disabilities among your stakeholders. Is the CEO committed to a disability-friendly workplace? Do corporate policies, procedures

and practices specifically mention the word "disability?" Do people with disabilities serve on the

board? Are workers with disabilities employed at all skill levels in the workforce, including senior

management positions? Are your products and services marketed to customers with disabilities?

Do people with disabilities purchase your goods and services?

✔ Educate all staff on disability issues. Does new staff orientation include disability awareness training? Are training materials available in alternate formats such as large print, Braille and

captioned? Do employees with disabilities serve as mentors for new hires who do not have

disabilities? Are people with disabilities integrated into your workforce?

✔ Provide continuing information on disability issues. Is staff familiar with legislation pertaining

to disability issues? Is disability information provided routinely in the company newsletter or on an

intranet site?

✔ Form a disability support group. Do employees with disabilities meet to discuss disability

employment issues? Does this group have authority to make recommendations to management? Is

all staff aware of this group and the contributions it makes to corporate success?

✔ Provide accessible facilities and services. Are buildings, parking areas, work spaces and

communication systems accessible to people with disabilities?
30

✔ Accommodate applicants and workers with disabilities. Is there a central source and budget

for accommodations? Are applicants and employees informed that accommodations are available

if needed? Does staff routinely stay abreast of new developments in universal and assistive technology?

✔ Project a disability-friendly image to attract candidates and customers with disabilities.

Do college recruiters target students with disabilities when making campus calls? Do recruiters

search for resumes on disability-related Web sites? Are recruiters and other personnel responsible

for establishing working relationships with community agencies serving applicants with disabilities?

✔ Hire applicants with disabilities. Do recruiters regularly attend employment fairs for candidates

with disabilities or target students at colleges with known populations of students with disabilities,

such as Gallaudet University (www.gallaudet.edu) and the National Technical Institute for the Deaf

(http://ntidweb.rit.edu)?

✔ Train and advance workers with disabilities. Do employees with disabilities routinely participate in employer-sponsored training opportunities? If not, has this issue been brought before a

disability support group for recommendations? Are procedures in place to promote qualified

employees with disabilities to management and supervisory positions?

✔ Encourage staff to volunteer in the community. Is staff encouraged to build relationships with

community service organizations for people with disabilities? Does staff make regular visits to high

schools to inform administrators, teachers and students with disabilities about open houses or job

trends in your industry?

✔ Brief coworkers? Have coworkers been trained to know how to welcome workers with disabilities? Do coworkers know whom to contact for questions regarding working with employees

with disabilities?

Content adapted from: "Disability Friendly Strategies for the Workplace" prepared by Virginia

Commonwealth University, Rehabilitation Research and Training Center on

Workplace Supports (www.worksupport.com)
Appendix II: Recommended Disability-Friendly

Business Checklist

Considerations for Evaluating Accessibility

❏ Is the entrance to the business accessible to people with mobility limitations? Is the entrance to

the building on an even, hard surface without steps?

❏ If the accessible entrance is not immediately apparent, are there directional signs?

❏ Are there handicapped parking signs and spaces with necessary access space for vans with lifts?

❏ Does the building have accessible restrooms, phones and water fountains?

Other Considerations to Include Depending on the Type of Business and Its

Services to the Public

❏ Post a notice on the front door that assistance will be provided for people with disabilities.

❏ Install sensors or automatic doors.

❏ Install a lift or elevator.

❏ Have Braille on elevator panels and on signs for public restrooms.

❏ Have Braille or large print available on menus and business cards.

❏ Have a TTY and volume controls on a public telephone or assistive technology device.

❏ Have movable seating and accessible tables that accommodate wheelchairs.

❏ Have wide aisles or appropriately spaced displays of merchandise for wheelchairs to maneuver through.

❏ Make the company's Web site user-friendly to visitors with disabilities (e.g., including "text-only"

versions for persons with visual impairments or supplying text for audio clips for persons who are

deaf or hard of hearing).

✔
32

Considerations for Evaluating Customer Friendliness

❏ Is staff alert and helpful to customers who have visible disabilities?

❏ Does someone on staff know sign language?

❏ Has the business offered disability awareness training to its staff?

❏ If removal of a barrier is not readily achievable, are the goods, services, etc., made available

through alternative methods?

Considerations for Evaluating Employment Friendliness

❏ Are people with disabilities included in the job applicant pool?

❏ When interviewing people with disabilities, is the focus on the candidates' skills and abilities rather

than on their disabilities?

❏ Has an effort been made to educate management and human resources personnel on the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA)?

❏ Are policies, practices and procedures flexible enough so that necessary modifications can be

made to ensure that the skills and abilities of applicants with disabilities are equally represented?

Content adapted from: "Disability Friendly Business Checklist" prepared by Virginia Commonwealth

University, Rehabilitation Research and Training Center on Workplace

Supports (www.worksupport.com)
Appendix III: Business Tax Credits and

Reduced Labor Costs

Incentives for small- and medium-sized businesses make tapping into the disability community an

attractive recruiting strategy. There are three tax incentives ó small business tax credit, architectural

and transportation tax deduction, and work opportunity tax credit ó available to help employers

cover accommodation costs for employees or customers with disabilities to make their business

environment accessible to these individuals.

Small Business Tax Credit

Internal Revenue Code (IRC) Section 190: Expenditures to Remove Architectural Barriers and

Transportation Barriers to the Handicapped and Elderly

What Is IRC Section 190?

Your small business may take an annual tax credit for becoming accessible to people with disabilities. The total disabled access tax credits taken in 1996 on corporate income tax returns by all

industries totaled $11.9 million (Internal Revenue Service, 1999).

Is Your Business Eligible?

Your small business that in the previous year earned $1 million or less in gross receipts or had 30

or fewer full-time employees is eligible for the Small Business Tax Credit.

What Expenses Are Covered?

The tax credit is available every year and can be used for a variety of costs including the following:

✔ Sign language interpreters for employees or customers who have hearing impairments and

readers for employees or customers with visual impairments.

✔ The purchase of adaptive equipment or the modification of equipment.

✔ Printed materials in alternate formats (e.g., Braille, audio tape, large print).

✔ The removal of architectural barriers in buildings or vehicles.

✔ Other similar services (e.g., use of a job coach or coworker to provide support to an employee with a disability).
34

What Expenses Are Not Covered?

The tax credit does not apply to the costs of new construction. Also, the tax credit does not

apply to any building being modified if the building was placed in service after November 6, 1990.

What Is the Amount of the Tax Credit?

The credit is 50 percent of expenditures over $250, not to exceed $10,250, for a maximum

benefit of $5,000.

How Can This Credit Be Claimed?

Your business can claim the Disabled Access Credit on IRS Form 8826.

Architectural and Transportation Tax Deduction

IRC Section 44: Expenditures to Provide Access to Disabled Individuals (Disabled Access Tax Credit)

What Is IRC Section 44?

Your business may take an annual deduction for expenses incurred to remove physical, structural

and transportation barriers for people with disabilities.

Is Your Business Eligible?

All businesses are eligible.

What Expenses Are Covered?

The architectural and transportation deduction is available each year to businesses with qualified

expenses. It can be used for a variety of costs to make a facility or public transportation vehicle,

owned or leased for use in the business, more accessible to and usable by people with disabilities.

Examples of deductions include:

✔ Providing accessible parking spaces, ramps and curb cuts.

✔ Making telephones, water fountains and restrooms accessible to persons using wheelchairs.

✔ Making walkways at least 48 inches wide.

✔ Providing accessible entrances to buildings, including stairs and floors.
What Expenses Are Not Covered?

The deduction may not be used for expenses incurred for new construction, completion of renovations being made to a facility or public transportation vehicle or for normal replacement of depreciable property.

What Is the Amount of the Tax Deduction?

The Internal Revenue Service allows a deduction of up to $15,000 per year for qualified architectural and transportation barrier removal expenses.

How Can This Expenditure Be Deducted?

Businesses seeking to take a deduction for expenditures made for architectural and transportation

modifications should follow the instructions found in IRS Publication 907 and in IRS Publication

535. Businesses cannot take a deduction and a tax credit for the same expenditure.

Example of a Small Business Disabled Access Tax Credit

Company X hired a person with a disability. As a workplace accommodation, a coworker was

assigned to support the new employee. The coworker, who earned $10 per hour, spent a total of

one hour each day providing support. The number of coworker hours spent with the employee

totaled 200 hours during the calendar year. Therefore, the cost of providing the reasonable accommodation for the new employee with a disability was $2,000. The amount by which $2,000 exceeds $250 is $1,750. Fifty percent of $1,750 is $875. Company X may take a tax credit of

$875 on its next income tax return.

Work Opportunity Tax Credit (WOTC)

WOTC was authorized by the Small Business Job Protection Act of 1996.

What Is the WOTC?

WOTC replaced the Targeted Jobs Tax Credit program. It provides a tax credit for employers

hiring individuals from certain targeted groups, including low-income individuals, vocational rehabilitation referrals, former Aid to Families with Dependent Children recipients, veterans, ex-felons,

food stamp recipients, summer youth employees and Supplemental Security Income (SSI) recipients. The total amount of WOTC taken by all industries in 1996 on corporate income tax returns

totaled $6.9 million (IRS 1996 Statistics of Income Report, published 1999).
36

How Does WOTC Apply to People with Disabilities?

An employer who hires an employee receiving Supplemental Security Income or who is a certified

vocational rehabilitation participant may claim the WOTC after certification is received from the

State Employment Security Agency (SESA).

What Is the Amount?

An employer may take a tax credit up to 40 percent of the first $6,000 in first-year wages per

qualifying employee. The maximum per employee credit is $2,400 in a given tax year. This credit

applies only to employees who work at least 400 hours during the tax year. With respect to

qualified summer youth employees, the maximum credit for each is $1,200 (40 percent of the first

$3,000 of first-year wages).

What are the Minimum Employment Requirements?

The employer may claim a partial credit of 25 percent for certified employees who worked at

least 120 hours, but fewer than 400 hours, during a one-year period. No credit is available for

employees who work fewer than 120 hours.

How Do I Claim the Credit?

Complete and submit IRS Form 8850, Pre-Screening Notice and Certification Request for the Work

Opportunity and Welfare-to-Work Credits, to your local SESA. Do not submit this form to the IRS.

How Does WOTC Work?

The following steps must be followed:

1. The employer determines likely eligibility by including the WOTC Pre-Screening Notice as part

of the application process.

2. On or before the day employment is offered, the Pre-Screening Notice must be signed by the

employer and employee and mailed to the SESA within 21 days after the employee begins work.

3. The employer documents eligibility (based on information received from the employee) and

submits documentation to the SESA.

4. SESA certifies that the individual is eligible for the WOTC and notifies the employer in writing

for purposes of filing the tax credit.

Content adapted from: "Business Tax Credits & Deductions for Employment of People with Disabilities"

prepared by Virginia Commonwealth University, Rehabilitation Research and

Training Center on Workplace Supports (www.worksupport.com)
Appendix IV: Reasonable Accommodations

and the ADA

The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA) requires most public and private employers to

provide reasonable accommodations that enable qualified people with disabilities to perform the

essential functions of their jobs. As the term "reasonable accommodation" implies, the accommodation

must not constitute an undue hardship to the employer. This fact sheet provides definitions of key

terms and procedures related to job accommodations under the employment provisions (Title I) of

the ADA.

Who Is Covered?

Employers:

Public and private employers with 15 or more employees are required to comply with the provisions

of the Title I of the ADA. The executive agencies of the federal government, Native American tribes

and tax-exempt private membership clubs that are not labor organizations are not covered, but other

federal, state or local disability-related non-discrimination laws may apply.

Applicants:

Individuals with a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more major life

activities of such individual, a record of such an impairment, or being regarded as having such

an impairment, are covered by Title I of the ADA when applying for employment. Major life

activities may include walking, learning, seeing, working, hearing, speaking and caring for

oneself.

Who Is a Qualified Applicant?

Under Title I of the ADA, a qualified person with a disability is one who satisfies the skill, experience, education, and other job-related requirements of the position and who can perform essential

functions of the job with or without reasonable accommodations. To be eligible for reasonable

accommodations, the person must have a disability and be qualified for the position that he or she

seeks or holds.
38

What Are Essential Functions?

Essential job functions are those fundamental job duties that the person must be capable of performing with reasonable accommodations, if needed. The following are some of the reasons a

function may be considered essential:

✔ The position exists so that the function can be performed.

✔ There are a limited number of other employees available to perform the function or among

whom the function can be distributed.

✔ The function is highly specialized, and the person in the position is hired for his or her special

expertise or ability to perform it.

What Are Reasonable Accommodations?

Reasonable accommodations are modifications or adjustments to the job, the work environment, or to

the way things are usually done that enable qualified people with disabilities to enjoy an equal employment opportunity. Broad categories of accommodations include changes to the job application process

to ensure an equal opportunity to apply for employment, changes that enable an employee with a

disability to perform the essential functions of a job and changes that enable an employee with a disability to enjoy equal benefits and privileges of employment (e.g., access to training).

Reasonable Accommodations May Include:

✔ Making existing facilities used by employees accessible to and usable by an individual with a disability.

✔ Restructuring the job.

✔ Modifying the work schedule.

✔ Modifying the equipment or devices.

✔ Installing new equipment or devices.

✔ Providing qualified readers and interpreters.

✔ Appropriate modification of the application and examination procedures and training materials.

Reasonable Accommodations Do Not Include:

✔ Eliminating a primary job responsibility.

✔ Lowering production standards that are applied to all employees.

✔ Providing personal use items, such as prosthetic limbs, wheelchairs, eyeglasses or hearing aids.

✔ Allowing anything that would be considered to be an undue hardship to the employer.
✔ Excusing a violation of a uniformly applied conduct rule that is job-related and consistent with

business necessity (e.g., an employer never has to tolerate or excuse violence, threats of

violence, stealing or destruction of property).

What Constitutes an Undue Hardship?

An accommodation may be considered an undue hardship if it creates significant difficulty or

expense to the employer. That is, an employer would not be required to provide an accommodation if it costs more than alternatives that are equally effective, requires extensive and disruptive

renovations or negatively affects other employees or customers. Undue hardships are determined

on a case-by-case basis. Factors to take into consideration when determining whether an accommodation constitutes an undue hardship are:

✔ The cost and nature of the accommodation;

✔ The overall financial resources of the facility;

✔ The overall financial resources of the employer;

✔ The type of operation of the covered employer; and

✔ The impact of the accommodation upon the operation of the facility.

What Should an Employee Do to Request an Accommodation?

The employee must let the employer know that he or she needs an adjustment or change at work

because of a disability. Requests for accommodations can be made orally or in writing.

What Should an Employer Do Following a Request for an Accommodation?

The following are the steps an employer should take in response to an accommodation request:

✔ Verify the employee's disability.

✔ Identify the essential job functions that require accommodations.

✔ Consult with the individual to identify a variety of accommodations to reduce or remove barriers and increase productivity.

✔ Implement the most appropriate accommodations, taking into account the preferences of the

individual with disabilities.
40

Reasonable Accommodations Resources

Technical Assistance and Guidance

Job Accommodation Network (JAN).................................................... 800-526-7234 (voice/TTY)

http://janweb.icdi.wvu.edu

Virginia Commonwealth University, Rehabilitation Research and

Training Center (RRTC) on Workplace Supports ................................. 804-828-1851 (voice)

804-828-2494 (TTY)

www.worksupport.com

U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) ......................... 800-669-4000 (voice)

800-669-6820(TTY)

www.eeoc.gov

U.S. Department of Labor ..............................................written materials, 800-959-3652 (voice)

800-326-2577 (TTY)

 for questions, 202-219-8412 (voice)

ADA Disability and Business Technical Assistance Centers (DBTAC)... 800-949-4232 (voice/TTY)

www.adata.org/dbtac.html

Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf (RID) ........................................... 301-608-0050 (voice/TTY)

http://rid.org

Rehabilitation Engineering and Assistive Technology Society of

North America (RESNA), Technical Assistance Project........................ 703-524-6686 (voice)

703-524-6639 (TTY)

www.resna.org/taproject

University of Michigan, Industrial and Engineering Department ......................... 734-763-3742

www.personal.engin.umich.edu/~tja

Content adapted from: "Reasonable Accommodations & The Americans with Disabilities Act" prepared

by Virginia Commonwealth University, Rehabilitation Research and Training

Center on Workplace Supports (www.worksupport.com)
References

The Aspen Institute's Domestic Strategy Group. (2002). Grow faster together. Or grow slowly

apart. Retrieved March 20, 2003, from http://www.hcpi.org/downloads/background_articles/

AspenInstitute.pdf

Bush, George W. (2001). "New freedom initiative" announcement speech. Delivered February 1,

2001, at the White House, Washington, DC. Retrieved March 20, 2003, from

http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2001/02/20010201-3.html

Business for Social Responsibility. (2001, November). Employing underutilized workers.

Retrieved March 20, 2003, from http://www.bsr.org/BSRResources/

IssueBriefDetail.cfm?DocumentID=396

Campbell, L., Green, H., Unger, D.D., & Wehman, P. (2002). Human resource professionals

and the employment of people with disabilities: a business perspective. Richmond: Virginia

Commonwealth University, Charter Business Roundtable.

Center for Workforce Preparation. (2003). Rising to the challenge. Retrieved March 20, 2003,

from http://www.uschamber.com/cwp/strategies/wia/survey.htm

Council of State Administrators of Vocational Rehabilitation. (2003). Connecticut vocational

rehabilitation success story. Retrieved March 20, 2003, from http://www.rehabnetwork.org/

success_stories/connecticut_rehabilit.htm

Dixon, K.A., Kruse, D., & Van Horn, C.E. (2003). Restricted access: a survey of employers

about people with disabilities and lowering barriers to work. Piscataway: The State University

of New Jersey, John J. Heldrich Center for Workforce Development, Rutgers.

Internal Revenue Service. (1999). Statistics of income 1996, corporation income tax returns.

(Number 048-004-02419-5). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Offices.
42

The Solutions Marketing Group. (2003). Benefits of disability marketing. Retrieved March 20,

2003, from http://disability-marketing.com/profiles/index.php4

Unger, D.D. (2002). How do front-line supervisors in business perceive the performance of

workers with disabilities? Richmond: Virginia Commonwealth University, Charter Business

Roundtable.

U.S. Department of Education, Office of Special Education and Rehabilitative Services

(OSERS) Rehabilitation Services Administration (RSA). (2002). RSA form 911, case

services report. (Number 1820-0508). Washington, DC: Author.

U.S. Department of Education, OSERS, RSA. (May 2003). Longitudinal study of the

vocational rehabilitation services program, final report 2: VR services and outcomes.

Retrieved June 20, 2003, from http://www.ed.gov/rschstat/eval/rehab/vr-final-report-2.pdf

The White House, Office of the Press Secretary. (2002). Press release "Jobs & economic

growth: President to host economic forum," dated August 12, 2002. Retrieved March 20, 2003,

from http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2002/08/20020812-1.html
Acknowledgments

This employment planning guide was developed jointly by:

Office of Special Education and Rehabilitative Services

The U.S. Department of Education's Office of Special Education and Rehabilitative Services

(OSERS) is committed to improving employment opportunities for people with disabilities. In implementing President Bush's No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 and the New Freedom Initiative,

OSERS administers programs that educate and provide vocational rehabilitation services for youth

and adults with disabilities and funds research to improve the lives of people with disabilities. OSERS

comprises the Office of the Assistant Secretary and three program components: the Office of Special

Education Programs, the National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation Research and the Rehabilitation Services Administration.

U.S. Department of Education

Office of Special Education and Rehabilitative Services

Mary E. Switzer Building

330 C Street, S.W.

Washington, DC 20202

Phone: 202-205-5465

Fax: 202-260-5167

Web: www.ed.gov/about/offices/list/osers
44

Center for Workforce Preparation

The Center for Workforce Preparation (CWP) is a grant-based nonprofit affiliate of the

U.S Chamber of Commerce that focuses on workforce development and quality education. It assists

chambers of commerce in the development of workforce strategies so that their members can hire,

train, retain and advance workers with skills to compete in the 21st century. CWP builds leadership

in local chambers for workforce development and helps chambers recognize the value and importance of this leadership role. In addition, it provides the tools, knowledge and strategic relationships

for local chambers, businesses and communities to become successful.

CWP's partnerships with local chambers, other workforce development organizations and funders

have been instrumental in defining and demonstrating the important, unique role of local chambers in

workforce development and education. Together, CWP and local chambers excel at reaching small

and medium-sized businesses, where the majority of job growth occurs.

Workforce development is about more than hiring and training the right workers. It is also about

identifying and addressing other critical factors, such as transportation, health care and childcare, that

enable people to work and advance in their careers. CWP promotes lessons and promising practices

from successful communities to encourage chambers and employers to build resources that support

productive workplaces.

Center for Workforce Preparation

U.S. Chamber of Commerce

1615 H Street, N.W.

Washington, DC 20062

Phone: 202-463-5525

Fax: 202-463-5308

Web: www.uschamber.com/cwp

JOINTLY DEVELOPED BY

CENTER FOR

WORKFORCE PREPARATION

U.S. CHAMBER OF COMMERCE

OFFICE OF SPECIAL EDUCATION

AND REHABILITATIVE SERVICES

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF

EDUCATION