U.S. Department of the Interior

U.S. Geological Survey

Scientific Investigations Report 2014–5178

Prepared in cooperation with the Citizen Potawatomi Nation

Stream-Water and Groundwater Quality in and near the 

Citizen Potawatomi Nation Tribal Jurisdictional Area, 

Pottawatomie County, Oklahoma, 2012–13
Front cover:

Top, Water tower located in the Citizen Potawatomi Nation Tribal Jurisdictional Area, Shawnee, 

Oklahoma. Photograph by Michael Dotson, Citizen Potawatomi Nation.

Middle, Powwow dancer dancing in the powwow arena during the annual Potawatomi Gathering of 

Nations, August 2014. Photograph by Bo Apitz, Citizen Potawatomi Nation.

Bottom, Fountain at the Citizen Potawatomi Nation Grand Casino in Shawnee, Oklahoma. Photograph 

by Carol Becker, U.S. Geological Survey.

Back cover:

Top Traditional regalia bustle worn by Bob Moody of the Pokagon Band of Potawatomi Indians. 

Photograph by Bo Apitz, Citizen Potawatomi Nation.

Middle, A cattle ranch near Tecumseh, Oklahoma. Photograph by Jason Masoner, U.S. Geological 

Survey. 

Bottom, Randy Schlachtun of the Citizen Potawatomi Nation poses in full regalia. Photograph by Bo 

Apitz, Citizen Potawatomi Nation.
Stream-Water and Groundwater Quality 

in and near the Citizen Potawatomi Nation 

Tribal Jurisdictional Area, Pottawatomie 

County, Oklahoma, 2012–13

By Carol J. Becker

Prepared in cooperation with the Citizen Potawatomi Nation

Scientific Investigations Report 2014–5178

U.S. Department of the Interior

U.S. Geological Survey
U.S. Department of the Interior

SALLY JEWELL, Secretary

U.S. Geological Survey

Suzette M. Kimball, Acting Director

U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 2014

Suggested citation:

Becker, C.J., 2014, Stream-water and groundwater quality in and near the Citizen Potawatomi Nation Tribal 

Jurisdictional Area, Pottawatomie County, Oklahoma, 2012–13: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations 

Report 2014–5178, 102 p., http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/sir20145178. 

For more information on the USGS—the Federal source for science about the Earth, its natural and living 

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U.S. Government.

Although this information product, for the most part, is in the public domain, it also may contain copyrighted materials 

as noted in the text. Permission to reproduce copyrighted items must be secured from the copyright owner.

ISSN 2328-031X (print)

ISSN 2328-0328 (online)

ISBN 978-1-4113-3856-2
iii

Acknowledgments

The author would like to thank Kurtis Silas and Karen Fulbright of the Citizen Potawatomi 

Nation for providing support for the collection of groundwater data. Thanks are expressed to the 

Administration for Native Americans of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services for 

providing support for this report and the collection and analyses of samples that are described 

herein. Gratitude also is expressed to the many well owners who graciously allowed the author 

to access their wells for the collection of water samples.

v

Contents

Acknowledgments .......................................................................................................................................iii

Abstract ..........................................................................................................................................................1

Introduction ....................................................................................................................................................2

Purpose and Scope .............................................................................................................................4

Study Area Description .......................................................................................................................4

Streamflow Conditions and Land Use and Land Cover Description ..................................4

Groundwater Use and Aquifer Descriptions ..........................................................................8

Previous Studies ..................................................................................................................................9

Streams .........................................................................................................................................9

Groundwater ..............................................................................................................................16

Methods ........................................................................................................................................................16

Stream-Water Data ...........................................................................................................................16

Stream-Water-Quality Data Collection ..................................................................................16

Stream-Water Quality-Control Procedures ..........................................................................17

Stream-Water-Quality Data Analysis ....................................................................................20

Groundwater Data .............................................................................................................................20

Groundwater Field Methods and Laboratory Analysis .......................................................20

Groundwater Quality-Control Procedures ............................................................................23

Groundwater-Quality-Data Analysis ......................................................................................24

Stream-Water Quality ................................................................................................................................24

Water Properties ................................................................................................................................24

Major Ions ...........................................................................................................................................27

Nutrients ..............................................................................................................................................29

Trace Elements ...................................................................................................................................30

Fecal-Indicator Bacteria ..................................................................................................................31

Organic Compounds ..........................................................................................................................31

Groundwater Quality ..................................................................................................................................36

Water Properties ................................................................................................................................37

Major Ions and Water Types ............................................................................................................39

Nutrients ..............................................................................................................................................39

Trace Elements ...................................................................................................................................41

Selected Radionuclides ....................................................................................................................43

Summary .......................................................................................................................................................46

References Cited .........................................................................................................................................47

Appendixes 1–9

1–1. Water-property measurements, concentrations of major ions and nutrients, 

fecal-indicator bacteria counts, and quality-control data for water samples 

collected at four stream sites in and near the Citizen Potawatomi Nation Tribal 

Jurisdictional Area, central Oklahoma, 2012–13 ..................................................................55

2–1. Trace-element concentrations and quality-control data for water samples 

collected at four stream sites in and near the Citizen Potawatomi Nation Tribal 

Jurisdictional Area, central Oklahoma, 2012–13 ..................................................................61
vi

3–1. Organic compound concentrations and quality-control data for water samples 

collected at four stream sites in and near the Citizen Potawatomi Nation Tribal 

Jurisdictional Area, central Oklahoma, 2012–13 ..................................................................64

4–1. Analytical relative percent difference for concentrations of major ions, 

nutrients, and trace elements in two quality-control samples for water 

samples collected at four stream sites in and near the Citizen Potawatomi 

Nation Tribal Jurisdictional Area, central Oklahoma, 2012–13 ..........................................76

5–1. Selected radionuclide concentrations and quality-control data for samples 

collected from 30 wells in and near the Citizen Potawatomi Nation Tribal 

Jurisdictional Area, central Oklahoma, 2012–13 ..................................................................78

6–1. Water-property measurements and concentrations of major ions, nutrients, 

and trace-elements and quality-control data for water samples collected from 

30 wells in and near the Citizen Potawatomi Nation Tribal Jurisdictional Area, 

central Oklahoma, 2012–13 ......................................................................................................83

7–1. Analytical relative percent difference for concentrations of major ions, 

nutrients, trace elements, and uranium in three quality-control samples for 

water samples from 30 wells in and near the Citizen Potawatomi Nation Tribal 

Jurisdictional Area, central Oklahoma, 2012–13 ..................................................................90

8–1. Summary statistics of water-quality properties and constituent concentrations 

measured in water samples collected at four stream sites in and near the 

Citizen Potawatomi Nation Tribal Jurisdictional Area, central Oklahoma, 

2012–13 ........................................................................................................................................93

9–1. Summary statistics of water-quality properties and constituent concentrations 

measured in water samples collected from 30 wells in and near the Citizen 

Potawatomi Nation Tribal Jurisdictional Area, central Oklahoma, 2012–13 ..................101

Figures

1. Map showing surficial geology and locations of 4 stream sites and 30 wells 

sampled in and near the Citizen Potawatomi Nation Tribal Jurisdictional Area, 

central Oklahoma, 2012–13 ........................................................................................................3

2. Map showing land use and land cover of contributing drainage areas for 

stream sites sampled in and near the Citizen Potawatomi Nation Tribal 

Jurisdictional Area, central Oklahoma, 2012–13 ....................................................................7

3. Geologic units and equivalent aquifer units in and near the Citizen Potawatomi 

Nation Tribal Jurisdictional Area, central Oklahoma ............................................................8

4. Graphs showing streamflow and daily range of A, dissolved oxygen 

concentrations; B, pH; and C, specific conductance measured at the 

U.S. Geological Survey streamflow-gaging station at the North Canadian 

River near Harrah, Oklahoma (07241550), near the Citizen Potawatomi Nation 

Tribal Jurisdictional Area, central Oklahoma, 2012 .............................................................25

5. Graphs showing water properties measured during water-sample collection, 

A, dissolved oxygen concentrations; B, pH; C, specific conductance; and 

D, dissolved solids concentrations at four stream sites in and near the Citizen 

Potawatomi Nation Tribal Jurisdictional Area, central Oklahoma, 2012–13 ....................26

6. Piper diagram showing water types and percentages of cations and anions 

in water samples collected at four stream sites in and near the Citizen 

Potawatomi Nation Tribal Jurisdictional Area, central Oklahoma, 2012–13 ....................28
vii

7. Graphs showing nutrient concentrations in relation to streamflow, A, total 

dissolved nitrogen; B, dissolved ammonia nitrogen; C, total dissolved 

phosphorus; and D, dissolved orthophosphorus measured in water samples 

collected at four stream sites in and near the Citizen Potawatomi Nation Tribal 

Jurisdictional Area, central Oklahoma, 2012–13 ..................................................................30

8. Graphs showing trace-element concentrations in relation to streamflow, 

A, arsenic; B, aluminum; C, barium; D, cadmium; E, chromium; F, cobalt; 

G, copper; H, iron; I, iron (dissolved); J, lead, and K, manganese measured in 

water samples collected at four stream sites in and near the Citizen Potawatomi 

Nation Tribal Jurisdictional Area, central Oklahoma, 2012–13 ..........................................32

9. Graphs showing trace-element concentrations in relation to streamflow, 

A, mercury; B, molybdenum; C, nickel; D, silver, and E, zinc measured in water 

samples collected at four stream sites in and near the Citizen Potawatomi 

Nation Tribal Jurisdictional Area, central Oklahoma, 2012–13 ..........................................33

10. Graph showing the detection frequency of 69 organic compounds, A, with 

streamflow, and B, of categories that include fecal indicators and plant sterols, 

polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and 5 categories of synthetic organic 

compounds: detergent metabolites, industrial compounds, pesticides, 

personal-care product compounds, and fire retardants, measured in water 

samples collected at four stream sites in and near the Citizen Potawatomi 

Nation Tribal Jurisdictional Area, central Oklahoma, 2012–13 ..........................................34

11. Maps showing groundwater-quality data collected for this study and previously 

collected data from wells in and surrounding the Citizen Potawatomi Nation 

Tribal Jurisdictional Area, central Oklahoma .......................................................................38

12. Piper diagram showing water types and percentages of cations and anions in 

water samples collected from 30 wells in and near the Citizen Potawatomi 

Nation Tribal Jurisdictional Area, central Oklahoma, 2012–13 ..........................................40

13. Graphs showing concentrations of A, arsenic; B, boron; C, molybdenum; 

D, chromium; and E, selenium in relation to pH in water samples collected 

from 30 wells in and near the Citizen Potawatomi Nation Tribal Jurisdictional 

Area, central Oklahoma, 2012–13 ............................................................................................42

14. Graphs showing concentrations of A, uranium in relation to pH; B, uranium in 

relation to alkalinity; and C, gross alpha-particle activity in relation to pH in 

water samples collected from 30 wells in and near the Citizen Potawatomi 

Nation Tribal Jurisdictional Area, central Oklahoma, 2012–13 ..........................................43

15. Map showing uranium concentrations measured in groundwater from wells 

sampled for this study and historical data (1977–2013) from wells in and 

surrounding the Citizen Potawatomi Nation Tribal Jurisdictional Area, central 

Oklahoma ....................................................................................................................................45

Tables

1. Stream-site information and land use and land cover in the upstream drainage 

basins of four stream sites sampled in and near the Citizen Potawatomi Nation 

Tribal Jurisdictional Area, central Oklahoma, 2012–13 ..........................................................5

2. Characteristics of 30 wells sampled in and near the Citizen Potawatomi Nation 

Tribal Jurisdictional Area, central Oklahoma, 2012–13 ..........................................................6
viii

3. Descriptions of 69 organic compounds analyzed in stream samples for this 

study, including suspected endocrine disruption potential, Chemical Abstract 

Service number, possible compound uses or sources and detection information 

from previously published U.S. Geological Survey reports .................................................10

4. Method references and highest minimum laboratory reporting levels of 

water properties, major ions, nutrients, and trace elements measured in water 

samples collected at four stream sites in and near the Citizen Potawatomi 

Nation Tribal Jurisdictional Area, central Oklahoma, 2012–13 ..........................................18

5. Maximum Contaminant Levels, method references, and highest minimum 

laboratory reporting levels of water properties, major ions, nutrients, trace 

elements, and selected radionuclides measured in water samples collected from 

30 wells in and near the Citizen Potawatomi Nation Tribal Jurisdictional Area, 

Pottawatomie County, Oklahoma, 2012–13 ............................................................................21

Conversion Factors

Inch/Pound to SI

Multiply By To obtain

Length

foot (ft) 0.3048 meter (m)

mile (mi) 1.609 kilometer (km)

Area

square mile (mi2

) 2.590 square kilometer (km2) 

Flow rate

cubic foot per second (ft3

/s) 0.02832 cubic meter per second (m3/s)

gallon per minute (gal/min) 0.06309 liter per second (L/s)

Volume

gallon (gal) 3.785 liter (L) 

Radioactivity

picocurie per liter (pCi/L) 0.037 becquerel per liter (Bq/L) 

Hydraulic gradient

foot per mile (ft/mi) 0.1894 meter per kilometer (m/km)

Temperature in degrees Celsius (°C) may be converted to degrees Fahrenheit (°F) as follows:

°F = (1.8 × °C) + 32

Vertical coordinate information is referenced to the North American Vertical Datum of 1988 

(NAVD 88).

Horizontal coordinate information is referenced to the North American Datum of 1983 (NAD 83).

Altitude, as used in this report, refers to distance above the vertical datum.

Specific conductance is given in microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius (μS/cm at 

25 °C).

Concentrations of chemical constituents in water are given either in milligrams per liter (mg/L) 

or micrograms per liter (μg/L). Concentrations of radionuclides in water are given in picocuries 

per liter (pCi/L).
Stream-Water and Groundwater Quality in and near the 

Citizen Potawatomi Nation Tribal Jurisdictional Area, 

Pottawatomie County, Oklahoma, 2012–13

By Carol J. Becker

Abstract

The Citizen Potawatomi Nation needs to characterize 

their existing surface-water and groundwater resources in 

and near their tribal jurisdictional area to complete a waterresource management plan. Water resources in this area 

include surface water from the North Canadian and Little 

Rivers and groundwater from the terrace and alluvial aquifers 

and underlying bedrock aquifers. To assist in this effort, the 

U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with the 

Citizen Potawatomi Nation, collected water-quality samples 

at 4 sites on 3 streams and from 30 wells during 2012 and 

2013 in and near the Citizen Potawatomi Nation Tribal 

Jurisdictional Area in central Oklahoma. Stream samples 

were collected eight times on the North Canadian River at the 

upstream USGS streamflow-gaging station North Canadian 

River near Harrah, Okla. (07241550); at the downstream 

USGS streamflow-gaging station North Canadian River at 

Shawnee, Okla. (07241800); and on the Little River at the 

USGS streamflow-gaging station Little River near Tecumseh, 

Okla., (07230500). Stream samples also were collected three 

times at an ungaged site, Deer Creek near McLoud, Okla. 

(07241590). Water properties were measured, and water 

samples were analyzed for concentrations of major ions, 

nutrients, trace elements, counts of fecal-indicator bacteria, 

and 69 organic compounds. 

The highest concentrations of dissolved solids and 

chlorides were measured in stream-water samples collected 

at the Little River near Tecumseh station. The Secondary 

Maximum Contaminant Level (SMCL) for dissolved solids 

in drinking water of 500 milligrams per liter (mg/L) was 

exceeded in 7 of 8 stream-water samples, with a median 

concentration of 844 mg/L at that station. The 250-mg/L 

SMCL for chloride was exceeded in 5 of the 8 stream-water 

samples collected at that station. 

Median concentrations of total dissolved nitrogen were 

about an order of magnitude higher in stream-water samples 

collected at the two stations on the North Canadian River 

than concentrations in stream-water samples collected at the 

Little River near Tecumseh station and the Deer Creek site. 

Median concentrations of total dissolved nitrogen were 4.36 

and 2.89 mg/L in stream-water samples collected at the two 

North Canadian River stations, 0.35 mg/L in stream-water 

samples collected at the Little River near Tecumseh station, 

and 0.76 mg/L in stream-water samples collected at the Deer 

Creek site.

Similar to nitrogen, median concentrations of total 

dissolved phosphorus were higher by about two orders of 

magnitude in stream-water samples collected at the two 

stations on the North Canadian River than concentrations 

in stream-water samples collected at the Little River 

near Tecumseh station and the Deer Creek site. Median 

concentrations of total dissolved phosphorus were 1.05 

and 0.805 mg/L in stream-water samples collected at 

the two North Canadian River stations, 0.007 mg/L in 

stream-water samples collected at the Little River near 

Tecumseh station, and 0.032 mg/L from the Deer Creek site. 

Dissolved concentrations of total nitrogen, nitrate-nitrogen, 

orthophosphorus, and total phosphorus were highest in streamwater samples collected at the two North Canadian River 

stations at low streamflows, indicating that wastewater effluent 

may have been a notable source of these nutrients.

Concentrations of most trace elements increased with 

increasing streamflow in stream-water samples collected at the 

two North Canadian River stations, indicating that most trace 

elements are washed into the river by runoff from the land 

surface or resuspended from streambed sediments. In general, 

most trace-element concentrations were below respective 

Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCLs) for public drinkingwater supplies, except for one stream-water sample with an 

arsenic concentration of 10.1 micrograms per liter (μg/L) 

collected from the North Canadian River and one stream-water 

sample with a barium concentration of 2,690 μg/L collected 

from the Little River. At least one stream-water sample from 

each of the four stream sites sampled in this study contained 

a lead concentration exceeding the SMCL of 15 μg/L. All of 

these samples were collected during high streamflows. 

A greater number of organic compounds were detected 

in stream-water samples collected at the two stations on the 

North Canadian River than in stream-water samples collected 

at the Tecumseh station and Deer Creek site. In the 8 streamwater samples collected at the upstream Harrah station, 
2 Stream-Water and Groundwater Quality in and near the CPN Tribal Jurisdictional Area, Pottawatomie County, Oklahoma

213 detections of organic compounds were measured, whereas 

in 8 samples collected at the downstream Shawnee station, 203 

detections of organic compounds were measured. In contrast, 

59 detections of organic compounds were measured in the 

8 stream-water samples collected at the Tecumseh station, 

and 25 detections of organic compounds were measured in 

the 3 stream-water samples collected at the Deer Creek site; 

however, the 8 detections of 7 organic compounds in the 

2 equipment-blank samples is problematic for evaluating these 

data, especially for the Deer Creek and Little River samples 

because of the comparatively low detection frequency and 

should be taken into consideration when evaluating these 

results. 

Groundwater samples also were collected once from 

30 wells producing water from the Garber-Wellington aquifer; 

Admire, Chase, and Council Grove Groups; the Vanoss 

Formation; and the terrace and alluvial aquifers along the 

North Canadian River. Water properties were measured, 

and samples were analyzed for concentrations of major 

ions, nutrients, trace elements, and selected radionuclides 

in groundwater. Of 30 wells sampled for this study, 26 were 

completed in bedrock aquifers, and 4 were completed in 

terrace and alluvial aquifers. In general, groundwater in 

the study area is very hard, with a median concentration of 

180 mg/L as calcium carbonate in water samples collected 

from the 30 wells. Concentrations of sulfate exceeded the 

250-mg/L SMCL in two groundwater samples, and dissolved 

solids concentrations exceeded the 500-mg/L SMCL in nine 

groundwater samples. Trace-element concentrations did not 

exceed respective MCLs in the 30 groundwater samples 

collected for this study.

Concentrations of the radionuclide uranium ranged from 

0.03 to 79.5 μg/L, with a median concentration of 1.9 μg/L in 

the 30 groundwater samples collected. Two of the groundwater 

samples collected for this study had uranium concentrations 

exceeding the MCL of 30 μg/L, with concentrations of 79.5 

and 31.1 μg/L. Generally, uranium concentrations were 

highest in water samples collected from wells completed in 

the Wellington Formation and the Chase, Council Grove, and 

Admire Groups in the southern and eastern parts of the study 

area.

Introduction

The Citizen Potawatomi Nation (CPN) is a federally 

recognized Native American Tribe that originally lived in the 

Great Lakes region of the United States and was moved to 

central Oklahoma (fig. 1) in the late 1800s. As of 2013, the 

CPN had an enrollment of more than 30,000 tribal citizens, 

with about a third living in the State of Oklahoma (State of 

Oklahoma, 2013). Recent and future economic development 

plans of the CPN include industry and manufacturing, 

casinos, golf courses, retail development, agriculture, 

livestock, and social services, all of which require reliable 

and sustainable sources of water. To ensure that tribal land 

and its water resources will be utilized sustainably, the CPN 

is developing a comprehensive water-resource management 

plan that will guide the development of water resources for 

the next 50 years. To complete that plan, the CPN needs 

to characterize existing surface-water and groundwater 

resources in and surrounding their tribal jurisdictional area 

(TJA), which include the North Canadian and Little Rivers, 

Deer Creek, and groundwater from the terrace and alluvial 

aquifers adjacent to river channels and underlying bedrock 

aquifers. Additional information was needed about seasonal 

changes in stream-water quality, which are affected by timing 

or seasonal precipitation and upstream sources of chemicals, 

such as runoff from agricultural and urban areas and effluent 

from wastewater-treatment facilities. Information also is 

needed about groundwater quality in the TJA, which varies 

by location because of changing lithology of the aquifer rocks 

and geochemical processes that occur along groundwater flow 

paths.

To assist the CPN in gathering hydrologic data, the U.S. 

Geological Survey (USGS) collected water-quality samples 

at 4 stream sites and from 30 wells during 2012–13 in and 

near the CPN TJA to better characterize the quality of existing 

surface-water and groundwater resources for potential uses 

that include public drinking-water supply. Water used for 

industrial, manufacturing, and agricultural purposes has 

different water-quality restrictions depending upon use, which 

generally are less stringent than Maximum Contaminant 

Levels (MCL) and Secondary Maximum Contaminant 

Levels (SMCL) used for public drinking-water supplies. For 

this report, the evaluation of collected water-quality data 

primarily focused on suitability for human consumption, 

and those data were compared to MCLs and SMCLs set by 

the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for public 

drinking-water supplies (U.S. Environmental Protection 

Agency, 2013a, 2013b). The quality of water from private 

wells is not regulated, so MCLs and SMCLs should be used 

only as guides for private well owners regarding constituents 

that may pose problems for human health or water uses. An 

MCL is a constituent concentration that cannot be legally 

exceeded in public drinking-water supplies. Constituents that 

have an MCL are considered hazardous to health when they 

are consumed for a lifetime at concentrations exceeding the 

MCL; for example, the MCL for arsenic in public drinkingwater supplies is 10 micrograms per liter (μg/L), and exposure 

to that or greater concentrations of arsenic is likely to cause 

a 1 in 10,000 risk of developing a fatal cancer over a lifetime 

of 70 years of consuming 2 liters (0.53 gallon) of water a day 

(U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2001). An SMCL is a 

constituent concentration that is recommended and is used as 

a guideline for constituents that may have negative aesthetic 

effects at high concentrations, such as iron that can cause 

staining on water fixtures at concentrations exceeding the 

SMCL of 300 μg/L.
Introduction 3

OKLAHOMA

Map area

Citizen Potawatomi Nation

Tribal Jurisdictional Area

Quaternary-age geologic unit

Permian-age geologic unit

Pennsylvanian-age geologic unit

EXPLANATION

Lake

Thunderbird

Wes Watkins 

Reservoir

Horseshoe 

Lake

POTTAWATOMIE

COUNTY

CLEVELAND

COUNTY

LINCOLN COUNTY

OKLAHOMA

COUNTY

w1

w2

w3

w4 w5

w6

w8 w7

w9

w10

w11

w12 w13

w14

w15

w16

w17 w18

w19

w20

w21

w22

w23

w24

w25 w26

w27

w28 w29

w30

97°20’ 97°

35°20’

35°

96°40’

Base from U.S. Geological Survey digital data 1:100,000, 1983

Albers Equal-Area Conic projection,

North American Datum of 1983

Geology from Lindberg (1987) and Bingham and Moore (1975)

Alluvium

Terrace deposits

Vanoss Formation

Garber Sandstone

Wellington Formation

Chase, Council Grove, and Admire 

Groups (undivided)

Citizen Potawatami Nation Tribal 

Jurisdictional Area boundary

Well and identifier—Sample collected for 

chemical analysis (table 2)

U.S. Geological Survey streamflow-gaging 

station and stream-water-quality site 

and identifier (table 1)

Stream-water-quality site and identifier 

without gage (table 1)

North Canadian River

near Harrah, Oklahoma

07241550

North Canadian 

River at Shawnee, 

Oklahoma

07241800

Little River 

near Tecumseh, 

Oklahoma

07230500

Deer Creek near

McLoud, Oklahoma

07241590

Stanley

 Draper

 Lake 

Little River

Canadian River

North Canadian River

0 2.5 5 7.5 10 MILES

0 2.5 5 7.5 10 KILOMETERS

w29

07230500

07241590

Salt Creek

Harrah

McLoud

Shawnee

Tecumseh

SEMINOLE

COUNTY

MCCLAIN COUNTY PONTOTOC

COUNTY

Figure 1. Surficial geology and locations of 4 stream sites and 30 wells sampled in and near the Citizen Potawatomi Nation Tribal 

Jurisdictional Area, central Oklahoma, 2012–13.
4 Stream-Water and Groundwater Quality in and near the CPN Tribal Jurisdictional Area, Pottawatomie County, Oklahoma

The study described in this report was the second part of 

a multipronged effort by the USGS to provide the CPN with 

hydrologic information needed for development of a waterresource management plan. A previous report by Andrews 

and others (2013) provides an overview of surface-water and 

groundwater data collected before 2012 for this area. 

Purpose and Scope

This report describes values of water properties and 

concentrations of selected chemical constituents in waterquality samples collected at 4 stream sites and from 30 wells 

in and near the CPN TJA in central Oklahoma from January 

2012 to May 2013 (fig. 1). Stream-water samples were 

collected eight times at two USGS streamflow-gaging stations 

on the North Canadian River, North Canadian River near 

Harrah, Okla. (07241550), and North Canadian River at 

Shawnee, Okla. (07241800) (referred to in the remainder of 

this report as the “Harrah station” and “Shawnee station,” 

respectively), and at one USGS streamflow-gaging station on 

the Little River, Little River near Tecumseh, Okla. (07230500) 

(referred to in the remainder of this report as the “Tecumseh 

station”) (table 1). Water samples also were collected three 

times at an ungaged site on Deer Creek, Deer Creek near 

McLoud, Okla. (07241590) (referred to in the remainder 

of this report as the “Deer Creek site”). Selected water 

properties—dissolved oxygen, pH, specific conductance, and 

water temperature—were measured during sampling. Water 

samples also were analyzed for concentrations of major ions, 

nutrients, trace elements, counts of fecal-indicator bacteria, 

and concentrations of 69 organic compounds. The results of 

those analyses are shown on graphs in relation to season and 

streamflow and are compared and contrasted in this report.

Groundwater samples were collected from 30 wells in the 

CPN TJA one time between June 2012 and May 2013 (fig. 1; 

table 2). Water properties were measured, and samples were 

analyzed for dissolved concentrations of major ions, nutrients, 

trace elements, and selected radionuclides. Data from those 

samples are shown on graphs and are compared to MCLs, 

SMCLs, and historical groundwater-quality data on maps in 

this report. 

Study Area Description

The study area for this report is in and near the CPN TJA 

in parts of Cleveland and Pottawatomie Counties in central 

Oklahoma (fig. 1). The CPN TJA encompasses about 893 

square miles (mi2) and is drained by the North Canadian River 

which defines the northern border, the Canadian River which 

defines the southern border, the Little River which flows 

through the central part, and Salt Creek which flows in the 

southeastern part of the study area. All streams in the study 

area flow from west to east.

Recent and future economic development plans of the 

CPN are focused in the northern one-third of the CPN TJA. 

For this reason, stream sampling efforts were concentrated 

in this area and did not include Salt Creek and the Canadian 

River.

Streamflow Conditions and Land Use and Land 

Cover Description

The North Canadian River drains only about the 

northern one-quarter of the CPN TJA but has a large upstream 

contributing basin area that extends beyond the Texas 

Panhandle into northeastern New Mexico (fig. 2). The North 

Canadian River near the Harrah station has an upstream 

basin area of 10,278 mi2, and the North Canadian River at 

the Shawnee station, which is about 36.5 miles downstream 

of the Harrah station, has an upstream contributing drainage 

area of 10,508 mi2 (table 1). Streamflow characteristics of 

the North Canadian River can be affected by local storms in 

the upstream basin, especially during the spring and summer 

when local convective storms are common. The largest peaks 

in streamflow in this river typically occur in the spring when 

precipitation is highest. Periods of low flow are common 

during the summer and occasionally during the winter when 

precipitation is low. Streamflow in this river at the Shawnee 

station is regulated by four upstream reservoirs (Canton 

Reservoir, Lake Overholser, Wes Watkins Reservoir, and 

Shawnee Reservoir) and by three low-water weirs adjacent to 

the Oklahoma City downtown area (fig. 2). Streamflow and 

water quality in this river also may be affected by releases 

of treated effluent from multiple upstream industrial sources 

and wastewater-treatment facilities (Oklahoma Department 

of Environmental Quality, 2013) (fig. 2), but the magnitude 

of effects from those discharges is unknown. Additionally, 

water quality may be affected by surface-water runoff from 

agricultural and urban areas and land-application sites for 

treated biosolids. 

Land use and land cover in the upstream basin are 

dominated by grassland and herbaceous vegetation, with 

cultivated annual crops being dominant in counties just west 

of the Oklahoma City area, which are commonly planted 

on fertile soils adjacent to the North Canadian River (fig. 2; 

table 1). Cultivated crops are mostly wheat, with alfalfa, 

sorghum, and other small-grain crops grown in smaller 

amounts (Fry and others, 2011). Pesticides are generally 

applied during the growing season from spring to autumn to 

control weeds, insects, and fungi on crops in this area.

The contributing basin area for the Little River at the 

Tecumseh station (463 mi2) is relatively small compared to 

those of the two stations on the North Canadian River (fig. 2; 

table 1). Streamflow at the Tecumseh station is regulated 

upstream by Stanley Draper Lake and Lake Thunderbird, 

which provide water to nearby municipalities. The Little 

River Basin is dominated by deciduous forest, but half of 

the 2 percent of land used for cultivated crops in the basin 

is adjacent to the stream between Lake Thunderbird and the 

Tecumseh station (fig. 2) (Fry and others, 2011).
Table 1. Stream-site information and land use and land cover in the upstream drainage basins of four stream sites sampled in and near the Citizen PJurisdictional Area, central Oklahoma, 2012–13.[USGS, U.S. Geological Survey; ft3/s, cubic feet per second; –, not applicable; streamflow is by calendar year; annual mean streamflow calculated for years with complete data o

continuous streamflow measured by real-time monitor]

USGS 

streamflowgaging station 

and number

Upstream drainage 

area/contributing 

drainage area 

(square miles)

Annual mean 

streamflow (ft3/s) 

(years of record)a

Mean daily 

streamflow 

Jan. 1–Dec. 31, 2012 

(ft3/s)a

Lowest streamflow/highest streamflow Jan. 1–Dec. 31, 2012 

(ft3/s)a

Information collected 

during study

Little River near 

Tecumseh, Oklahoma(07230500)

463/463 143

 (1966 to 2013)

12.7 0 (July 21 through August 18)/1,260 

(March 19)

8 water-quality samples; 

8 water-property measurements; 8 streamflow measurements

44 

North Canadian 

River near Harrah, Oklahoma (07241550)

13,775/10,278 488 

(1969 to 2011)

180 39 (November 11)/4,270 (March 20) 8 water-quality samples; 

8 water-property measurements; 8 streamflow measurements; 

real-time measurements of water properties and streamflow

62 

Deer Creek near 

McLoud, Oklahoma (07241590)

40 Not gaged – – 3 water-quality samples; 

3 water-property measurements; 2 streamflow measurements

39 

North Canadian 

River at Shawnee, Oklahoma (07241800)

14,005/10,508 524 

(2002 to 2011)

246 30 (August 5)/4,860 (April 18) 8 water-quality samples; 

8 water-property measurements; 8 streamflow measurements

62 

aU.S. Geological Survey (2013a).bFry and others (2011).
6 Stream-Water and Groundwater Quality in and near the CPN Tribal Jurisdictional Area, Pottawatomie County, Oklahoma

Table 2. Characteristics of 30 wells sampled in and near the Citizen Potawatomi Nation Tribal Jurisdictional Area, central Oklahoma, 

2012–13.

[ID, identifier; USGS, U.S. Geological Survey; GBWG, Garber-Wellington aquifer; ALVM, alluvial aquifer; TTRC, terrace aquifer; CCGA, Chase, Council 

Grove, and Admire Groups; VNSS, Vanoss Formation]

Well ID USGS 

station ID

Land surface altitude 

(feet above vertical datum)

Well depth 

(depth in feet 

below land surface)

Water 

use Aquifer

w1 352755097141801 1,210 240 Domestic GBWG

w2 352527097144201 1,244 120 Domestic GBWG

w3 352449097054601 1,099 110 Domestic GBWG

w4 352412097040301 1,093 170 Domestic GBWG

w5 352407096462701 907 42 Unused ALVM

w6 352303097033401 1,031 220 Commercial GBWG

w7 352232097035501 1,073 60 Domestic TTRC

w8 352226097073901 1,161 160 Domestic GBWG

w9 352104097044701 1,101 200 Domestic GBWG

w10 352002097000301 1,079 160 Domestic CCGA

w11 351937096512201 993 100 Domestic VNSS

w12 351819097071201 1,178 160 Domestic GBWG

w13 351807096545801 991 80 Industrial ALVM

w14 351751096563301 1,002 195 Domestic CCGA

w15 351649096584801 1,077 90 Domestic CCGA

w16 351634097025601 1,152 170 Domestic GBWG

w17 351536096545501 1,072 165 Domestic CCGA

w18 351518096511501 1,080 200 Domestic VNSS

w19 351448097024501 1,092 160 Domestic GBWG

w20 351422097072801 1,038 140 Domestic GBWG

w21 351251097000801 1,013 220 Domestic GBWG

w22 351103096534601 914 70 Stock ALVM

w23 350624097005601 1,101 80 Domestic GBWG

w24 350603097065901 1,117 176 Domestic GBWG

w25 350236097191501 1,088 360 Domestic GBWG

w26 350234097040401 1,032 80 Domestic GBWG

w27 350117096591001 1,044 260 Domestic GBWG

w28 350034097031201 1,103 141 Domestic GBWG

w29 350017096595501 1,012 80 Domestic GBWG

w30 345816097095101 1,102 200 Domestic GBWG
Introduction 7

97°20’ 97°

35°20'

EXPLANATION

Base from U.S. Geological Survey digital Land cover data from Fry and others (2011)

data 1:100,000, 1983

Albers Equal-Area Conic projection

North American Datum of 1983 

Water Deciduous forest

Lawn grasses

Developed, low intensity

Developed, medium intensity

Developed, high intensity

Barren land

Evergreen forest

Grassland or herbaceous vegetation

Pasture/hay

Cultivated crops

Emergent herbaceous wetlands

Land cover or land use

0 2.5 5 7.5 10 MILES

0 2.5 5 7.5 KILOMETERS 10

Shawnee 

Reservoir 

Citizen Potawatomi Nation

Tribal Jurisdictional Area

Lake

Thunderbird

Wes Watkins 

Reservoir

Stanley

 Draper

 Lake 

Horseshoe

 Lake 

Harrah

McLoud

Shawnee

Tecumseh

Contributing drainage area boundary

Major dam

Low-water weir 

Permitted wastewater-treatment facility (Oklahoma 

Department of Environmental Quality, 2013) 

U.S. Geological Survey streamflow-gaging station and 

stream water-quality site and identifier (table 1)

Stream water-quality site and identifier without gage 

(table 1)

07230500

07241590

Oklahoma City

North Canadian River

near Harrah, Oklahoma

07241550

North Canadian 

River at Shawnee, 

Oklahoma

07241800

Little River 

near Tecumseh, 

Oklahoma

07230500

Deer Creek near

McLoud, Oklahoma

07241590

37°

103° 102° 101° 100° 99° 98° 97°

36°

35°

TEXAS

OKLAHOMA

Canton Reservoir

Lake Overholser

Drainage area for North Canadian River

at Shawnee, Oklahoma 07241800

0 50 100 MILES

0 50 100 KILOMETERS

Citizen Potawatomi Nation 

Tribal Jurisdictional Area

NEW MEXICO

COLORADO

KANSAS

Figure 2. Land use and land cover of contributing drainage areas for stream sites sampled in and near the Citizen Potawatomi Nation 

Tribal Jurisdictional Area, central Oklahoma, 2012–13.
8 Stream-Water and Groundwater Quality in and near the CPN Tribal Jurisdictional Area, Pottawatomie County, Oklahoma

Streamflow in the North Canadian and Little Rivers 

in 2012 was substantially less than historical annual mean 

streamflows at the three gaged sites sampled for this project. 

Streamflow at the Harrah station ranged from 39 cubic 

feet per second (ft3/s) (November 11) to 4,270 ft3/s (March 

20), with a mean daily streamflow of 180 ft3/s during 2012 

(table 1). Streamflow at the Shawnee station ranged from 

30 ft3/s (August 5) to 4,860 ft3/s (April 18), with a mean 

daily streamflow of 246 ft3/s during 2012. These mean daily 

streamflows were 37 percent and 47 percent of the annual 

mean streamflows during the years of record for the Harrah 

and Shawnee stations (table 1). Streamflow at the Tecumseh 

station ranged from zero in July and August (27 days) to 

1,260 ft3/s on March 19, 2012. Mean daily streamflow at the 

Tecumseh station was 12.7 ft3/s in 2012, which was only 

9 percent of the historical annual mean streamflow of 143 ft3/s 

(table 1). 

The Deer Creek site was about 2,760 feet (ft) downstream 

from the Wes Watkins Reservoir dam, with a contributing 

basin area of about 40 mi2 (fig. 2). Streamflow at this site was 

intermittent, which restricted water-quality sampling to three 

occurrences. Precipitation occurred on the days that samples 

were collected at the Deer Creek site on March 19, 2012, and 

April 10, 2013, whereas the sample collected January 9, 2012, 

was collected at base flow, with no precipitation having fallen 

during the prior 2 weeks (Oklahoma Climatological Survey, 

2014). Streamflow at this site is regulated by discharge from 

the upstream reservoir, but it is unknown if water was released 

prior to when samples were collected. Land cover in the 

Deer Creek Basin above the reservoir and sample site was 

dominated by grassland or herbaceous vegetation, deciduous 

forest, and lawn grasses in urban and other types of developed 

spaces (fig. 2; table 1).

Groundwater Use and Aquifer Descriptions

Private wells in the CPN TJA range in depth from less 

than 100 ft to generally not more than 250 ft below land 

surface (Oklahoma Water Resources Board, 2012). Those 

wells obtain water from the unconsolidated terrace and alluvial 

aquifers along the North Canadian and Little Rivers and 

from the underlying bedrock aquifers; the Garber-Wellington 

aquifer; the Chase, Council Grove, and Admire Groups 

(undivided); and the Vanoss Formation (figs. 1 and 3).

In the CPN TJA, the Quaternary-aged terrace and alluvial 

deposits along rivers and streams consist of unconsolidated 

lens-shaped beds of sand, silt, clay, and gravel (Bingham 

and Moore, 1975). Alluvial deposits are located in river 

valleys and active stream channels, whereas terrace deposits 

are located at higher elevations and were deposited during 

previous episodes of flooding when the riverbed was at a 

higher elevation. In central Oklahoma along major rivers, 

alluvial deposits range from about 30 to 100 ft thick and 

average about 50 ft thick (Bingham and Moore, 1975). Terrace 

deposits can range from a few feet thick to about 100 ft thick 

and average about 50 ft thick along major streams in central 

Oklahoma (Bingham and Moore, 1975). Terrace and alluvial 

deposits are very permeable and are major sources of water 

where the sediments are thick enough to sustain acceptable 

yields (Bingham and Moore, 1975). Groundwater quality, 

however, varies by aquifer and location; groundwater from 

the North Canadian River alluvium is typically of fair to 

poor quality, with high concentrations of dissolved solids, 

iron, and manganese (Bingham and Moore, 1975) and 

generally is used only for irrigation or livestock. In contrast, 

water from the terrace aquifers tends to have low dissolved 

solids concentrations and can be used for domestic purposes 

where thickness and permeability of the deposits can sustain 

acceptable yields (Bingham and Moore, 1975). The terrace 

aquifers are used extensively for domestic water use on the 

northern side of the North Canadian River valley in Lincoln 

and Pottawatomie Counties (Bingham and Moore, 1975; 

Becker, 2013).

The Permian-aged bedrock aquifers in the CPN TJA 

are part of the Central Oklahoma aquifer (COA), a complex 

of rocks that is used extensively in central Oklahoma as a 

supply of groundwater (Christenson and Havens, 1998). 

The COA in the CPN TJA consists of the Garber-Wellington 

aquifer and the Chase, Council Grove, and Admire Groups, 

undivided. The Garber-Wellington aquifer is composed of 

System Stratigraphic unit Aquifer Quaternary

Terrace and alluvium 

deposits

Terrace and 

alluvial aquifers

Central Oklahoma aquifer 

(Christenson and 

Havens, 1998)

Permian

Garber Sandstone

GarberWellington 

aquifer Wellington 

Formation

Chase, Council Grove, and Admire 

Groups (undivided)

Pennsylvanian

Vanoss Formation

Ada Group

Ada-Vamoosa 

aquifer Vamoosa Formation

Figure 3. Geologic units and equivalent aquifer units in and near 

the Citizen Potawatomi Nation Tribal Jurisdictional Area, central 

Oklahoma.
Introduction 9

the Garber Sandstone and the Wellington Formation (fig. 3). 

The Garber Sandstone consists mostly of lenticular beds 

of orange-brown fine-grained sandstone interbedded with 

siltstone and mudstone and small amounts of conglomerate 

(Breit, 1998). The lithology of the underlying Wellington 

Formation is similar to that of the Garber Sandstone but is 

finer grained, containing a higher percentage of siltstone and 

mudstone (Parkhurst and others, 1996). The stratigraphic 

contact between these two rock units is gradational, and 

the discernment of where one begins and the other ends is 

difficult (Parkhurst and others, 1996; Smith and others, 2009). 

Both units were deposited in a fluvial-deltaic environment 

at the edge of a shallow sea that periodically covered this 

part of Oklahoma during the Permian period (Christenson 

and Havens, 1998). In general, the lithologies of the Garber 

Sandstone and Wellington Formation are highly variable over 

short distances, horizontally and with depth. The bedrock units 

dip in a westerly direction at about 50 feet per mile (ft/mi) 

(Christenson and Havens, 1998) and become more shaly (fine 

grained) in an easterly direction and with depth (Schlottmann 

and others, 1998).

The Chase, Council Grove, and Admire Groups 

(undivided) (referred to as the “Oscar Group” by Bingham 

and Moore, 1975) underlie the Wellington Formation and are 

the easternmost groups of rocks that are part of the COA. At 

the land surface, these groups of rocks are similar in lithology, 

consisting of fine-grained sandstone, shale, and thin limestone 

(Christenson and Havens, 1998). Well yields are smaller in 

the Chase, Council Grove, and Admire Groups than in the 

Wellington Formation, generally less than 25 gallons per 

minute (gal/min) (Bingham and Moore, 1975).

Underlying the COA along the eastern part of the TJA 

is the Pennsylvanian-aged Vanoss Formation. The Vanoss 

Formation is considered to be a minor aquifer and consists 

of shale, fine-grained sandstone, and limestone (Bingham 

and Moore, 1975). Similar to the Chase, Council Grove, and 

Admire Groups, yields of wells completed in the Vanoss 

Formation are generally less than 25 gal/min (Bingham and 

Moore, 1975). 

Previous Studies

This section describes historical studies and the types of 

stream-water data collected at the stream stations sampled for 

this study. Historical USGS studies about groundwater quality 

in and near the CPN TJA are also described. 

Streams

Streamflow measurements have been collected at the 

Tecumseh station since 1943, the Harrah station since 1968, 

and the Shawnee station since 2001. There is a long history 

of water-quality sample data at the Harrah station beginning 

in 1900, with the majority of samples being collected after 

1968 (U.S. Geological Survey, 2013d). Tortorelli (2002) 

provided statistical summaries of streamflow records through 

1999 for the North Canadian and Little Rivers. Esralew and 

others (2011) described trends of land cover, streamflow, and 

water-quality characteristics of the North Canadian River near 

the Harrah station (1968–2009) and at an upstream station, 

North Canadian River at Britton Road at Oklahoma City, 

Okla. (1988–2009). That report included summary statistics 

of historical water-quality data, analysis of frequencies of 

exceedance of Criterion Continuous Concentration (CCC, 

a water-quality standard for protection of aquatic life) 

(Oklahoma Water Resources Board, 2013b), analysis of 

frequencies of detection of pesticides, and trends in selected 

nutrient, biological, and water properties with time. Esralew 

and others (2011) reported significant increases in flowadjusted concentrations of dissolved nitrogen and phosphorus 

and significant decreases in flow-adjusted dissolved oxygen 

concentration at the Harrah station since 1999. These trends 

likely were related to decreasing streamflows at base-flow 

conditions and increases in population growth and discharge 

of treated wastewater (Esralew and others, 2011). Esralew 

and others (2011) stated that concentrations of chloride, lead, 

cadmium, and chlordane frequently exceeded the CCCs for 

those compounds at both the Harrah and Britton Road at 

Oklahoma City, Okla., stations on the North Canadian River. 

Esralew and others (2011) reported detections of 35 pesticides 

at one or both stations; diazinon, 2,4-D, and dieldrin were 

detected most frequently at the Harrah station in samples 

collected from 1968 through 2009. Six of the 35 pesticides 

reported by Esralew and others, (2011) were analyzed in 

stream samples for this project. Detection frequencies of 

the six pesticides from stream samples collected from 1968 

through 2009 at the Harrah gage from Esralew and others 

(2011) are listed in table 3. 

The seasonality, magnitudes, and frequencies of floods, 

low-flow characteristics, and long-term trends of streamflow 

in the North Canadian River at the Harrah and Shawnee 

stations and in the Little River at the Tecumseh station were 

summarized in Andrews and others (2013) by using data 

collected by the USGS from October 1984 to 2011. Historical 

USGS streamflow information collected at the Deer Creek 

site was limited at the time of this report and consisted of only 

five field measurements ranging from zero to 4.96 ft3

/s (U.S. 

Geological Survey, 2013b). 

Andrews and others (2013) also summarized historical 

water-quality information collected by the USGS and other 

agencies from 1985 through 2011 at the Harrah, Shawnee, 

and Tecumseh stations. Those water-quality data included the 

water properties—dissolved oxygen concentration, specific 

conductance, pH, and temperature—and concentrations of 

dissolved solids, hardness, chloride, nitrogen, and phosphorus. 

Additional water-quality data summarized by Andrews and 

others (2013) from samples collected at the Harrah station 

included arsenic, chromium, and lead concentrations and 

counts of fecal coliform bacteria.
Table 3. Descriptions of 69 organic compounds analyzed in stream samples for this study, including suspected endocrine disruption potential, Chemnumber, possible compound uses or sources, and detection information from previously published U.S. Geological Survey reports (Becker, 2010; EsralContinued [CAS, Chemical Abstract Service; Okla., Oklahoma; FI, fecal indicator; Nd, not detected; –, not analyzed; P, pesticide; PAH, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon; μg/L, microgram Environmental Protection Agency; I, industrial compound; DM, detergent metabolite; na, not applicable; PCP, personal care product; FR, flame retardant] Compound namea Compound type Endocrine disruptor, known or suspected CAS numberb Possible compound uses or sourcesc Becker (2010) 

North Canadian River near Hogback Road near Jones, Okla. (07241540) North Canadian River at Shawnee, Okla. (07241700) Little Riv

near Tecum

Okla. (0723

Fecal indicators and plant sterols 3-beta-Coprostanol FI No 360–68–9 Carnivore fecal indicator Detected Nd – 

3-Methyl-1H-indole (Skatol) FI No 83–34–1 Fecal odor, present in coal tar Detected Detected – 

Caffeine FI No 58–08–2 Beverages, diuretic, very mo- bile and biodegradable Nd Nd – 

Cholesterol FI No 57–88–5 Fecal indicator, plant sterol Nd Nd – 

Cotinine FI No 486–56–6 Metabolite of nicotine Nd Nd – 

Indole FI No 120–72–9 Pesticide inert ingredient, odor in coffee, fecal odor Detected Detected – 

beta-Sitosterol FI No 83–46–5 Plant sterol Detected Nd – 

beta-Stigmastanol FI No 19466–47–8 Plant sterol Nd Nd – 

Pesticides Atrazine P Yes 1912–24–9 Herbicide, regulated in drinking water by the EPA (3 μg/L) Detected Detected Nd 

Bromacil P No 314–40–9 General use herbicide Nd Nd – Carbaryl P Yes 63–25–2 Insecticide, crop and garden uses, low persistence, com- mon name is Sevin Nd Nd Nd 

Chlorpyrifos P Yes 2921–88–2 Insecticide, residential use re- stricted as of 2001, common name is dursban Detected Detected Nd 

Diazinon P Yes 333–41–5 Insecticide, residential use banned in 2004 Nd Nd Nd Dichlorvos P Yes 62–73–7 Insecticide – – – 

Metalaxyl P No 57837–19–1 Fungicide Nd Nd – 

Table 3. Descriptions of 69 organic compounds analyzed in stream samples for this study, including suspected endocrine disruption potential, Chemnumber, possible compound uses or sources, and detection information from previously published U.S. Geological Survey reports (Becker, 2010; Esral[CAS, Chemical Abstract Service; Okla., Oklahoma; FI, fecal indicator; Nd, not detected; –, not analyzed; P, pesticide; PAH, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon; μg/L, microgram Environmental Protection Agency; I, industrial compound; DM, detergent metabolite; na, not applicable; PCP, personal care product; FR, flame retardant]
Table 3. Descriptions of 69 organic compounds analyzed in stream samples for this study, including suspected endocrine disruption potential, Chemnumber, possible compound uses or sources, and detection information from previously published U.S. Geological Survey reports (Becker, 2010; EsralContinued[CAS, Chemical Abstract Service; Okla., Oklahoma; FI, fecal indicator; Nd, not detected; –, not analyzed; P, pesticide; PAH, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon; μg/L, microgram Environmental Protection Agency; I, industrial compound; DM, detergent metabolite; na, not applicable; PCP, personal care product; FR, flame retardant]

Compound namea Compound type

Endocrine 

disruptor, 

known or 

suspected

CAS 

numberb

Possible compound uses 

or sourcesc

Becker (2010) 

North Canadian 

River near Hogback 

Road near Jones, 

Okla. (07241540)

North Canadian 

River at 

Shawnee, Okla. 

(07241700)

Little Riv

near Tecum

Okla. (0723

Pesticides—Continued

Metolachlor P No 51218–45–2 Herbicide, general use pesticide, indicator of agricultural drainage Detected Detected Nd 

N,N-Diethyl-m-toluamide 

(DEET)

P No 134–62–3 Repellent used on skin and 

clothes for mosquitos, ticks, and other biting insects

Detected Detected – 

Pentachlorophenol P Yes 87–86–5 Algaecide, fungicide, herbicide, and wood preservative, regulated in drinking 

water by the EPA (1 μg/L)

Detected Nd – 

Prometon P No 1610–18–0 Herbicide, noncrop only, applied prior to blacktop Detected Nd Nd 

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

1-Methylnaphthalene PAH No 90–12–0 Used in the manufacture of 

dyes, plastics, and resins

Nd Nd – 

2,6-Dimethylnaphthalene PAH No 581–42–0 Present in diesel/kerosene 

(trace in gasoline)

Nd Nd – 

2-Methylnaphthalene PAH No 91–57–6 Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon Nd Nd – 

9,10-Anthraquinone PAH No 84–65–1 Dye manufacture and textiles, 

seed treatment, bird repellant

Nd Nd – 

Anthracene PAH No 120–12–7 Wood preservative Nd Nd – 

Benzo(a)pyrene PAH Yes 50–32–8 Probable human carcinogen, 

used in cancer research, combustion product, found in cigarette smoke, regulated in drinking water by the EPA

Nd Nd – 
Table 3. Descriptions of 69 organic compounds analyzed in stream samples for this study, including suspected endocrine disruption potential, Chemnumber, possible compound uses or sources, and detection information from previously published U.S. Geological Survey reports (Becker, 2010; EsralContinued [CAS, Chemical Abstract Service; Okla., Oklahoma; FI, fecal indicator; Nd, not detected; –, not analyzed; P, pesticide; PAH, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon; μg/L, microgram Environmental Protection Agency; I, industrial compound; DM, detergent metabolite; na, not applicable; PCP, personal care product; FR, flame retardant] Compound namea Compound type Endocrine disruptor, known or suspected CAS numberb Possible compound uses or sourcesc Becker (2010) 

North Canadian River near Hogback Road near Jones, Okla. (07241540) North Canadian River at Shawnee, Okla. (07241700) Little Riv

near Tecum

Okla. (0723

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons—Continued Carbazole PAH No 86–74–8 Insecticide, manufacture of dyes, explosives, and lubricants Nd Nd – 

Fluoranthene PAH No 206–44–0 Component of coal tar and asphalt, traces in gasoline and diesel fuel Nd Nd – 

Naphthalene PAH No 91–20–3 Fumigant, moth repellent Nd Nd – 

Phenanthrene PAH No 85–01–8 Manufacture of explosives Detected Detected – 

Pyrene PAH No 129–00–0 Forms during incomplete combustion of organic sub- stances. Used to make dyes Detected Detected – 

Synthetic organic compounds 1,4-Dichlorobenzene I Yes 106–46–7 Moth repellant, fumigant, deodorant Nd Nd – 

3,4-Dichlorophenyl isocyanate I No 102–36–3 Intermediate compound used in chemical synthesis and the production of plastics, cosmetics, dyes, textiles – – – 

3-tert-Butyl-4-hydroxy- anisole (BHA) I Yes 25013–16–5 Antioxidant, general preserva- tive Nd Nd – 

4-Cumylphenol DM Yes 599–64–4 Nonionic detergent metabolite Nd Nd – 

4-n-Octylphenol DM Yes 1806–26–4 Nonionic detergent metabolite Nd Nd – 

4-Nonylphenol (sum) DM No 84852–15–3 Nonionic detergent metabolite Nd Nd – 4-Nonylphenol diethox- ylate (sum) (NP2EO; total) DM Yes na Nonionic detergent metabolite Nd Nd – 
Table 3. Descriptions of 69 organic compounds analyzed in stream samples for this study, including suspected endocrine disruption potential, Chemnumber, possible compound uses or sources, and detection information from previously published U.S. Geological Survey reports (Becker, 2010; EsralContinued[CAS, Chemical Abstract Service; Okla., Oklahoma; FI, fecal indicator; Nd, not detected; –, not analyzed; P, pesticide; PAH, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon; μg/L, microgram Environmental Protection Agency; I, industrial compound; DM, detergent metabolite; na, not applicable; PCP, personal care product; FR, flame retardant]

Compound namea Compound type

Endocrine 

disruptor, 

known or 

suspected

CAS 

numberb

Possible compound uses 

or sourcesc

Becker (2010) 

North Canadian 

River near Hogback 

Road near Jones, 

Okla. (07241540)

North Canadian 

River at 

Shawnee, Okla. 

(07241700)

Little Riv

near Tecum

Okla. (0723

Synthetic organic compounds—Continued

4-Nonylphenol monoethoxylate (sum) 

(NP1EO)

DM Yes 104–35–8 Nonionic detergent metabolite Nd Nd – 

4-tert-Octylphenol 

diethoxylate (OP2EO)

DM Yes 2315–61–9 Nonionic detergent metabolite Detected Nd – 

4-tert-Octylphenol 

monoethoxylate (OP1EO)

DM Yes 2315–61–5 Nonionic detergent metabolite Nd Nd – 

4-tert-Octylphenol DM Yes 140–66–9 Nonionic detergent metabolite Nd Nd – 

5-Methyl-1H-benzotriazole I No 136–85–6 Antirust and corrosion inhibi- tor, antioxidant in antifreeze 

and deicers

Detected Detected – 

Acetophenone PCP No 98–86–2 Fragrance in detergent and 

tobacco, flavor in beverages

Detected Detected – 

Tonalide (AHTN) PCP Yes 21145–77–7 Musk fragrance, used in personal care products Detected Detected – 

2,2’,4,4’-Tetrabromodiphenylether (PBDE 47) FR Yes 5436–43–1 Flame retardant – – – 

Benzophenone PCP Yes 119–61–9 Ultraviolet blocker in perfumes, soaps, and plastics Detected Detected – 

Bis(2-ethylhexyl) 

phthalate

I Yes 117–81–7 Plasticizer for polymers and 

resins, inert ingredient in pesticides

Nd Nd – 

Bisphenol A I Yes 80–05–7 Plasticizer, manufacture of 

polycarbonate resins, antioxidant, fire repellant

Nd Nd – 

Camphor PCP No 76–22–2 Odorant used in cooling gels 

and as a cough suppressant

Nd Nd – 

p-Cresol I No 106–44–5 Wood preservative Detected Nd – 
Table 3. Descriptions of 69 organic compounds analyzed in stream samples for this study, including suspected endocrine disruption potential, Chemnumber, possible compound uses or sources, and detection information from previously published U.S. Geological Survey reports (Becker, 2010; EsralContinued [CAS, Chemical Abstract Service; Okla., Oklahoma; FI, fecal indicator; Nd, not detected; –, not analyzed; P, pesticide; PAH, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon; μg/L, microgram Environmental Protection Agency; I, industrial compound; DM, detergent metabolite; na, not applicable; PCP, personal care product; FR, flame retardant] Compound namea Compound type Endocrine disruptor, known or suspected CAS numberb Possible compound uses or sourcesc Becker (2010) 

North Canadian River near Hogback Road near Jones, Okla. (07241540) North Canadian River at Shawnee, Okla. (07241700) Little Riv

near Tecum

Okla. (0723

Synthetic organic compounds—Continued Diethyl phthalate I Yes 84–66–2 Plasticizer for polymers and resins Nd Nd – 

d-Limonene PCP No 5989–27–5 Fragrance, cleaning products Nd Nd – 

Galaxolide (HHCB) PCP Yes 1222–05–5 Musk fragrance used in perfumes, soaps, cosmetics, and detergents Detected Detected – 

Isoborneol PCP No 124–76–5 Fragrance Nd Nd – 

Isophorone I No 78–59–1 Solvent for lacquer, plastic, oil, silicon, resin Detected Detected – 

Isopropylbenzene I No 98–82–8 Manufacture phenol/acetone, fuels and paint thinner Nd Nd – 

Isoquinoline PCP No 119–65–3 Flavors and fragrances Nd Nd – 

Menthol PCP No 89–78–1 Liniment, cigarettes, cough drops, mouthwash Nd Nd – 

Methyl salicylate PCP No 119–36–8 Liniment, food, beverage, ultraviolet-absorbing lotion Nd Nd – 

Phenol I No 108–95–2 Disinfectant, used in the manufacture of several products, leachate Detected Detected – 

Tetrachloroethene I No 127–18–4 Solvent, degreaser, veterinary anthelmintic Nd Nd – 

Tribromomethane I No 75–25–2 Solvent used as laboratory re- gent and in the manufacture of pharmaceuticals, aircraft, and fire-resistant chemicals. – – – 

Tributyl phosphate FR No 126–73–8 Antifoaming agent, flame retardant Detected Detected – 
Table 3. Descriptions of 69 organic compounds analyzed in stream samples for this study, including suspected endocrine disruption potential, Chemnumber, possible compound uses or sources, and detection information from previously published U.S. Geological Survey reports (Becker, 2010; EsralContinued[CAS, Chemical Abstract Service; Okla., Oklahoma; FI, fecal indicator; Nd, not detected; –, not analyzed; P, pesticide; PAH, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon; μg/L, microgram Environmental Protection Agency; I, industrial compound; DM, detergent metabolite; na, not applicable; PCP, personal care product; FR, flame retardant]

Compound namea Compound type

Endocrine 

disruptor, 

known or 

suspected

CAS 

numberb

Possible compound uses 

or sourcesc

Becker (2010) 

North Canadian 

River near Hogback 

Road near Jones, 

Okla. (07241540)

North Canadian 

River at 

Shawnee, Okla. 

(07241700)

Little Riv

near Tecum

Okla. (0723

Synthetic organic compounds—Continued

Triclosan PCP Yes 3380–34–5 Disinfectant, antimicrobial 

(concern for acquired microbial resistance)

Detected Nd – 

Triethyl citrate PCP No 77–93–0 Cosmetics, pharmaceutical 

coating, and plastic

Nd Nd – 

Triphenyl phosphate I No 115–86–6 Plasticizer, resin, wax, roofing 

paper, flame retardant

Nd Nd – 

Tris(2-butoxyethyl) 

phosphate

FR No 78–51–3 Flame retardant, plasticizer, 

solvent

Detected Detected – 

Tris(2-chloroethyl) 

phosphate

FR Yes 115–96–8 Flame retardant Detected Detected – 

Tris(dichloroisopropyl) 

phosphate

FR Yes 13674–87–8 Flame retardant Detected Detected – 

aLaboratory method of Zaugg and others (2006). bThis report contains CAS Registry Numbers, which is a Registered Trademark of the American Chemical Society. CAS recommends the verification of the CASRNs through cModified from Tertuliani and others (2008).dDetection frequencies from samples collected from 1968 through 2009.
16 Stream-Water and Groundwater Quality in and near the CPN Tribal Jurisdictional Area, Pottawatomie County, Oklahoma

Brigham and others (2002) summarized additional waterquality constituents measured in samples collected at the Harrah 

station from 1988 through 1999. Those constituents included 

biochemical oxygen demand and concentrations of dissolved 

carbon dioxide, organic carbon, and nutrient species. 

Becker (2010) reported concentrations of several 

types of organic compounds in stream water during January 

and February 2009 at the Shawnee and Tecumseh stations 

and an ungaged site near the Harrah station. The sampling 

methodology used for that study entailed submerging passive 

samplers in the streams for a period of about 30 days. Samplers 

submerged at the two North Canadian River sites were analyzed 

for 62 pesticides, 10 pesticide metabolites, 3 polychlorinated 

biphenyl compounds, 35 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons 

(PAH), and 49 synthetic organic compounds, whereas samplers 

submerged at the Tecumseh station were analyzed for 46 

pesticides and 6 pesticide metabolites. Of the 69 organic 

compounds analyzed in stream samples for this study, 65 were 

analyzed by Becker (2010) at the two North Canadian sites, 

and 6 organic compounds were analyzed by Becker (2010) at 

the Tecumseh station. Information about organic compounds 

detected by Becker (2010) is listed on table 3. 

Groundwater

Numerous sources of information describe the 

hydrogeology of the COA and groundwater quality in the CPN 

TJA (Bingham and Moore, 1975; Christenson and Havens, 

1998; Oklahoma Water Resources Board, 2013a). Andrews and 

others (2013) compiled and summarized historical groundwaterquality data for the CPN TJA. Water-quality data summarized 

in that report were obtained for 294 wells that produced 

water from the COA and minor aquifers. Those water-quality 

data were obtained from six sources that included the USGS 

NWIS database (U.S. Geological Survey, 2013a). Andrews 

and others (2013) described the water properties—dissolved 

oxygen, specific conductance, and pH; the distribution and 

concentrations of the major ions, nitrogen and phosphorus; and 

the trace elements arsenic, chromium, iron, lithium, manganese, 

uranium, and zinc in groundwater in the study area.

The bedrock and alluvial aquifers of the COA were 

studied comprehensively for the USGS National Water 

Quality Assessment Program (NAWQA) from 1987 to 1992 

(Christenson and Havens, 1998). The NAWQA study examined 

rock cores, analyzed water-quality samples, and simulated water 

movement through the aquifer to describe the location, nature, 

and causes of selected water-quality problems (Christenson 

and Havens, 1998). With respect to water quality, the NAWQA 

study focused on arsenic, chromium, selenium, and uranium 

because these trace elements were found to be the most likely 

constituents to exceed public drinking-water MCLs in the 

aquifer and affect water suppliers and consumers. These trace 

elements occur naturally in local bedrock and tend to be soluble 

in oxygenated and alkaline (high pH) groundwater (Schlottman 

and others, 1998). A study in southern Lincoln and northern 

Pottawatomie Counties (just north of the CPN TJA) showed a 

relation between groundwater pH and groundwater quality as 

affected by the cation-exchange process in the bedrock aquifer 

(Becker, 2013). Deeper wells in local bedrock aquifers tended 

to produce water with higher pH values, whereas wells in the 

shallower terrace aquifers produced water with lower pH values 

and lower concentrations of all water-quality constituents 

(Becker, 2013). Groundwater with pH values greater than 8.0 

had higher concentrations of dissolved solids, uranium, selected 

trace metals, radon-222 (gas), and gross alpha-particle activity 

(Becker, 2013). Several additional USGS reports describe the 

distribution and concentrations of selected trace elements in 

groundwater in and near the CPN TJA (Becker, 2006; Becker 

and others, 2010; Smith, 2005).

Methods

This section describes the field methodologies used 

to collect stream-water and groundwater-quality samples, 

procedures for quality-control, and analytical accuracy 

calculations. The methods used to analyze the stream-waterand groundwater-quality data also are described.

Stream-Water Data

For the study described in this report, real-time data 

collected at the Harrah station included instantaneous 

measurements of gage height, streamflow, and the water 

properties—dissolved oxygen concentration, pH, specific 

conductance, and temperature. Real-time data collected at 

the Tecumseh and Shawnee stations were gage height and 

streamflow. Methods used for real-time data collection of gage 

height and streamflow are described in Sauer and Turnipseed 

(2010) and Turnipseed and Sauer (2010). Methods used for 

operating continuous water-quality monitors at stations are 

described in Wagner and others (2006). Data continuously 

collected at these stations in 30-minute (min) intervals were 

transmitted by satellite telemetry into the USGS National Water 

Information System (NWIS) database (U.S. Geological Survey, 

2013c).

Stream-Water-Quality Data Collection

For this report, water-quality samples were collected 

eight times at the Shawnee and Harrah stations on the North 

Canadian River and the Tecumseh station on the Little River 

from January 2012 to December 2012 and three times at the 

Deer Creek site (in January and March 2012 and April 2013). 

Water properties including dissolved oxygen concentration, pH, 

specific conductance, and temperature were measured at equalwidth intervals across the stream channel with a YSI Inc. (YSI) 

multiprobe meter during sample collection and were averaged 

for final values. These water properties also were measured 

continuously at the Harrah station during 2012 (U.S. Geological 

Survey, 2013d). Stream-water samples were collected by 

using isokinetic, depth-integrating methods from equal-width 

intervals across the stream channel by using a grab sampler, 
Methods 17

weighted bottle sampler, or a US DH-81 (bottle with adapter 

cap and nozzle deployed by a rod), depending on stream width 

and streamflow at the time of sample collection. Dissolved 

samples were filtered through a 0.45-micrometer polysulfone 

capsule filter and collected in polyethylene bottles that had 

been prerinsed with filtered native water. Whole (unfiltered) 

samples analyzed for trace elements were collected in acidrinsed polyethylene bottles that had been prerinsed with native 

water and then preserved by acidification with nitric acid 

to a pH of 2 or less. Sample bottles for anion analysis were 

not acid rinsed or acidified but were instead prerinsed with 

native water before collection. Whole samples for organic 

compounds were collected in 1-liter baked, amber glass bottles 

that were not prerinsed with native water. Samples were 

collected with protocols described in U.S. Geological Survey 

(2006) and processed with protocols described in Wilde and 

others (2004). Water-quality constituent concentrations were 

analyzed by the USGS National Water Quality Laboratory 

(NWQL) in Lakewood, Colorado. Water-quality samples were 

analyzed for dissolved concentrations of the major ions, whole 

(unfiltered) concentrations of the major cations, dissolved 

concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus compounds, whole 

concentrations of total nitrogen and total phosphorus, and 

whole concentrations of trace elements by using analytical 

methods shown on table 4 (apps. 1 and 2). Water-quality 

samples also were analyzed for whole concentrations of 

69 organic compounds by using the analytical method 

described by Zaugg and others (2006) (table 3). The organic 

compounds analyzed by using that method included 8 fecal 

indicators or plant sterols, 11 PAHs, 8 detergent metabolites, 

14 industrial compounds, 11 pesticides, 12 personal care 

products (PCP), and 5 fire retardants (app. 3). Streamwater samples to be analyzed for fecal indicator bacteria, 

Escherichia coli, and total coliforms were processed at the 

USGS Oklahoma Water Science Center in Oklahoma City, 

Okla. Alkalinity, bicarbonate, and carbonate concentrations 

were measured in the field or within 4 hours of sample 

collection by using an inflection-point titration method 

described by Rounds (2012).

Stream-Water Quality-Control Procedures

Quality-assurance and quality-control procedures in 

the field used standard USGS methods designed to collect 

consistently high-quality data (U.S. Geological Survey, 2006). 

The quality-control samples collected for this study consisted 

of two replicates (one replicate did not include organic 

compounds) and two equipment blanks. A replicate sample is 

an extra sample set collected after the environmental sample 

to measure the variability of field and laboratory procedures. 

Replicate samples were collected with environmental 

samples at the Tecumseh station on June 26 and December 

6, 2012. The analytical accuracy between the environmental 

and replicate samples was computed as the relative percent 

difference (RPD) of constituent concentrations by using the 

following equation:

RPD = [(C1˗C2)/((C1+C2)/2)] × 100,

where

C1 is the higher of the two concentrations, and

C2 is the lower of the two concentrations.

The RPD values for concentrations of the major ions 

measured in dissolved and whole environmental and qualityassurance stream-water samples that were analyzed at the USGS 

NWQL ranged from zero to 8.6 percent (app. 4). 

The RPD values for concentrations of alkalinity, 

bicarbonate, and carbonate analyzed in dissolved environmental 

and quality-assurance stream-water samples in the field ranged 

from zero to 34.7 percent. RPD values for concentrations of 

total phosphorus measured in dissolved environmental and 

quality-assurance stream-water samples were 13.3 and 15.4 

percent, respectively; however, in whole stream-water samples, 

the RPD values for concentrations of phosphorus were zero 

and 72.7 percent in quality-assurance samples. RPD values for 

concentrations of nitrogen compounds (ammonia nitrogen and 

organic nitrogen) in dissolved and whole environmental and 

quality-assurance stream-water samples ranged from 3.5 to 24.2 

percent. 

The RPD values for concentrations of 19 trace elements 

measured in whole environmental and quality-assurance streamwater samples ranged from zero to 48.5 percent, with iron, 

mercury, selenium, and zinc having the highest values (app. 4). 

RPD values for concentrations of iron and manganese measured 

in dissolved environmental and quality-assurance stream-water 

samples ranged from 1.3 to 49.6 percent, with dissolved iron 

having the highest values. Large RPD values can result from 

low concentrations reported with few significant figures. For 

example, concentrations of 2 and 3 would give an RPD of 

40 percent, whereas if the concentrations were reported with 

more significant figures, such as 2.4 and 2.6, the RPD would be 

8 percent. 

The ionic balance, a measure of balance between major 

cations and anions dissolved in water, was calculated for 

each stream-sample chemical analysis as a quality-assurance 

check (app. 1). The ionic balance was calculated as the total 

dissolved cation concentration minus the total dissolved anion 

concentration divided by the total concentration of ions in 

milliequivalents per liter. The total cation concentration was 

the sum of concentrations of calcium, magnesium, sodium, 

potassium, and the trace elements iron and manganese. The 

total anion concentration was the sum of chloride, sulfate, 

fluoride, alkalinity, and nitrate-nitrogen concentrations. Of 

27 stream-water analyses, 25 had ionic balances within ±6 

percent, indicating that the major-ion analyses were acceptable. 

The stream sample collected May 31, 2012, at the Tecumseh 

station had an ionic balance of 6.54 percent, which was 

considered low enough to be acceptable in this study because 

there may have been organic ions that were not measured that 

contributed to the relatively high ionic balance number (Hem, 

1985). Of the 3 stream samples collected at the Deer Creek site, 

2 samples were not measured for alkalinity concentrations, the 

absence of which precluded ionic balance calculations. 
18 Stream-Water and Groundwater Quality in and near the CPN Tribal Jurisdictional Area, Pottawatomie County, Oklahoma

Table 4. Method references and highest minimum laboratory reporting levels of water properties, major ions, nutrients, and trace 

elements measured in water samples collected at four stream sites in and near the Citizen Potawatomi Nation Tribal Jurisdictional Area, 

central Oklahoma, 2012–13.—Continued

[mg/L, milligrams per liter; –, not applicable; μS/cm at 25 °C, microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius; °C, degree Celsius; CaCO3, calcium 

carbonate; N, nitrogen; P, phosphorus; μg/L, micrograms per liter; dissolved samples are filtered; whole samples are not filtered]

Water properties and 

chemical constituents 

(units)

Method references for 

dissolved samples

Highest minimum 

laboratory reporting level 

for dissolved samples

Method references for 

whole samples

Highest minimum 

laboratory reporting 

level for whole samples

Water properties

Dissolved oxygen, field 

(mg/L)

– – U.S. Geological Survey 

(2012)

0.1

pH, field (standard units) – – U.S. Geological Survey 

(2012)

0.1

Specific conductance,

field (μS/cm at 25 °C)

– – U.S. Geological Survey 

(2012)

3 significant digits

Water temperature, field (°C) – – U.S. Geological Survey 

(2012)

0.5

Major ions

Calcium (mg/L) Fishman (1993) 0.022 Garbarino and Struzeski 

(1998)

0.021

Magnesium (mg/L) Fishman (1993) 0.011 Garbarino and Struzeski 

(1998)

0.007

Potassium (mg/L) U.S. Environmental 

Protection Agency 

(1993)

0.03 American Public Health 

Association 

(1998)

0.015

Sodium (mg/L) Fishman (1993) 0.06 Garbarino and Struzeski 

(1998)

0.06

Alkalinity (mg/L as CaCO3

) Rounds (2012) 3 significant digits – –

Bicarbonate (mg/L) Rounds (2012) 3 significant digits – –

Carbonate (mg/L) Rounds (2012) 3 significant digits – –

Chloride (mg/L) Fishman and Friedman 

(1989)

0.06 – –

Fluoride (mg/L) Fishman and Friedman 

(1989)

0.01 – –

Silica (mg/L) Fishman (1993) 0.018 – –

Sulfate (mg/L) Fishman and Friedman 

(1989)

0.09 – –

Nutrients

Ammonia plus organic 

nitrogen (mg/L as N)

Patton and Truitt 

(2000)

0.07 Patton and Truitt (2000) 0.07

Ammonia nitrogen 

(mg/L as N)

Fishman (1993) 0.010 – –

Nitrite plus nitrate-nitrogen 

(mg/L as N)

Patton and Kryskalla 

(2011)

0.04 – –

Nitrite-nitrogen 

(mg/L as N)

Fishman (1993) 0.0010 – –

Orthophosphorus 

(mg/L as P)

Fishman (1993) 0.004 – –

Total phosphorus (mg/L) U.S. Environmental 

Protection Agency 

(1993)

0.0030 U.S. Environmental 

Protection Agency 

(1993)

0.004

Table 4. Method references and highest minimum laboratory reporting levels of water properties, major ions, nutrients, and trace 

elements measured in water samples collected at four stream sites in and near the Citizen Potawatomi Nation Tribal Jurisdictional Area, 

central Oklahoma, 2012–13.

[mg/L, milligrams per liter; –, not applicable; μS/cm at 25 °C, microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius; °C, degree Celsius; CaCO3, calcium 

carbonate; N, nitrogen; P, phosphorus; μg/L, micrograms per liter; dissolved samples are filtered; whole samples are not filtered]
Methods 19

Table 4. Method references and highest minimum laboratory reporting levels of water properties, major ions, nutrients, and trace 

elements measured in water samples collected at four stream sites in and near the Citizen Potawatomi Nation Tribal Jurisdictional Area, 

central Oklahoma, 2012–13.—Continued

[mg/L, milligrams per liter; –, not applicable; μS/cm at 25 °C, microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius; °C, degree Celsius; CaCO3, calcium 

carbonate; N, nitrogen; P, phosphorus; μg/L, micrograms per liter; dissolved samples are filtered; whole samples are not filtered]

Water properties and 

chemical constituents 

(units)

Method references for 

dissolved samples

Highest minimum 

laboratory reporting level 

for dissolved samples

Method references for 

whole samples

Highest minimum 

laboratory reporting 

level for whole samples

Bacteria

Escherichia coli, most 

probable number per 

100 milliliters

– – Myers and others (2007) –

Total coliforms, most 

probable number per 

100 milliliters

– – Myers and others (2007) –

Trace elements

Aluminum (μg/L) – – Garbarino and Struzeski 

(1998)

50

Arsenic (μg/L) – – Garbarino and others (2006) 0.28

Barium (μg/L) – – Garbarino and Struzeski 

(1998)

0.3

Beryllium (μg/L) – – Garbarino and Struzeski 

(1998)

0.19/0.57

Cadmium (μg/L) – – Garbarino and Struzeski 

(1998)

0.016

Chromium (μg/L) – – Garbarino and others (2006) 0.3

Cobalt (μg/L) – – Garbarino and others (2006) 0.02

Copper (μg/L) – – Garbarino and Struzeski 

(1998)

1.4

Iron (μg/L) Fishman (1993) 4.0 Garbarino and Struzeski 

(1998)

4.6

Lead (μg/L) – – Garbarino and Struzeski 

(1998)

0.04

Lithium (μg/L) – – Garbarino and Struzeski 

(1998)

0.04

Manganese (μg/L) Fishman (1993) 0.16 Garbarino and Struzeski 

(1998)

0.2

Mercury (μg/L) – – Garbarino and Damrau 

(2001)

0.005

Molybdenum (μg/L) – – Garbarino and Struzeski 

(1998)

0.05

Nickel (μg/L) – – Garbarino and others (2006) 0.19

Selenium (μg/L) – – Garbarino and others (2006) 0.05

Silver (μg/L) – – Garbarino and Struzeski 

(1998)

0.015

Stronitum (μg/L) – – Garbarino and Struzeski 

(1998)

0.18

Zinc (μg/L) – – Garbarino and Struzeski 

(1998)

2
20 Stream-Water and Groundwater Quality in and near the CPN Tribal Jurisdictional Area, Pottawatomie County, Oklahoma

Two equipment blanks were collected to determine 

if field water-quality samples were contaminated by the 

sampling equipment, bottles, or procedural techniques. The 

equipment blanks were prepared with trace-metal-free blank 

water and analyzed for dissolved concentrations of major 

ions and whole concentrations of major cations, nutrients, 

trace elements, and organic compounds. The equipment-blank 

analyses indicated small concentrations (less than 1 milligram 

per liter [mg/L]) of calcium and chloride in both equipmentblank samples and an ammonia nitrogen concentration of 

0.028 mg/L in the equipment-blank sample collected on May 

31, 2012, which exceeded ammonia nitrogen concentrations 

measured in 7 of 8 samples collected at the Tecumseh station, 

in 2 samples collected at the Harrah station, and in 3 samples 

collected at the Shawnee station (app. 1). Water-quality 

analyses also indicated detectable concentrations of lead, 

manganese, mercury, nickel, and zinc in both equipmentblank samples, in addition to molybdenum in the June 27 

equipment-blank sample (app. 2). Of these analyses, the 

concentrations of lead, nickel, and zinc were similar or greater 

than concentrations measured in the stream-water samples 

collected at the Tecumseh station. Mercury concentrations 

in the equipment-blank sample were similar or greater than 

concentrations measured at all four stream sites. It is suspected 

that during 2012, deionized water used for cleaning sampling 

equipment at the USGS Oklahoma Water Science Center 

contained small concentrations of the trace elements and 

ammonia nitrogen. When following USGS sampling protocol, 

stream-sampling equipment is rinsed with native water in 

the field before the environmental sample is collected, and 

any residual contamination from the sampling equipment 

would be removed before sampling occurs. Thiros and others 

(2011) reported that a native-water rinse of the sampling 

equipment was sufficient to remove residual contamination 

before groundwater samples were collected during a study 

to compare the collection of contaminated blank water and 

groundwater samples. Prerinsing with native water probably 

minimized any mixing with residual deionized water used 

for cleaning sampling equipment for environmental samples 

collected during this study.

The two equipment-blank samples analyzed for organic 

compounds contained eight detectable concentrations of 

seven organic compounds (app. 3). The equipment-blank 

sample collected on May 31, 2012, contained detectable 

concentrations of five organic compounds: (1) acetophenone, 

(2) benzophenone, (3) methyl salicylate (compounds found 

in PCPs), (4) 4-nonylphenol sum (a detergent metabolite), 

and (5) 1-methyl-naphthalene (a polycyclic aromatic 

hydrocarbon). The equipment-blank sample collected on 

June 27, 2012, contained detectable concentrations of three 

organic compounds: (1) benzophenone and (2) triethyl citrate 

(compounds found in PCPs) and (3) tetrachloroethylene 

(a solvent and degreaser). Two of these compounds, 

acetophenone and 1-methyl-naphthalene, were not detected 

in any of the environmental samples. Methyl salicylate was 

detected in a stream-water sample collected at the Tecumseh 

station, and tetrachloroethylene was detected in a streamwater sample collected at the Harrah station. The compounds, 

benzophenone and triethyl citrate, were detected in multiple 

stream-water samples collected at the Harrah and Shawnee 

stations, whereas 4-nonylphenol (sum) was detected in at 

least one stream-water sample collected at each of the three 

stations.

Stream-Water-Quality Data Analysis

Graphs were made of streamflow and daily range 

of dissolved oxygen concentration, pH, and specific 

conductance at the Harrah station to show diurnal variation 

and the relation of water properties to streamflow conditions 

and season. Graphs also were made of water-property 

values measured during sample collection at the four sites 

compared to streamflow or season. Water-property values, 

selected constituent concentrations, and bacteria counts 

were compared to MCL or SMCL drinking-water standards 

(U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2013a; 2013b). 

Piper diagrams (Piper, 1944) were made of major-ion data to 

examine water types and changes in major-ion proportions 

with streamflow. In regards to water type, cations and 

anions were considered to be predominant when composing 

50 percent or more of the total ion-type concentration 

expressed in milliequivalents per liter. Ions were considered to 

be secondary when composing between 25 and 49 percent of 

total cation or anion concentration (Back, 1966).

Groundwater Data

For the study described in this report, groundwater 

samples were collected one time from 30 wells (w1–w30) that 

ranged in depth from 42 to 360 ft below land surface (fig. 1; 

table 2). Sampling at each of the 30 wells consisted of purging, 

measuring water properties, collecting water-quality samples, 

and preserving those samples.

Groundwater Field Methods and Laboratory 

Analysis 

All wells had a water spigot on or near the wellhead, 

enabling access to untreated water near the pressure tank. Each 

well was purged of at least three standing well-casing volumes 

of water before sampling. The water properties—dissolved 

oxygen, pH, specific conductance, and temperature—were 

measured with a YSI multiprobe meter every 5–7 min starting 

halfway through the purging process by using procedures 

described by U.S. Geological Survey (2006). The highest 

minimum reporting levels for water properties measured in 

the field are listed in table 5. Samples were collected after the 

water properties had stabilized following the period of time 

needed to purge the well. 
Methods 21

Table 5. Maximum Contaminant Levels, method references, and highest minimum laboratory reporting levels of water properties, 

major ions, nutrients, trace elements, and selected radionuclides measured in water samples collected from 30 wells in and near the 

Citizen Potawatomi Nation Tribal Jurisdictional Area, Pottawatomie County, Oklahoma, 2012–13.—Continued

[Constituent conentrations are dissolved; mg/L, milligram per liter; –, not applicable; μS/cm at 25 °C, microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius; °C, 

degree Celsius; CaCO3, calcium carbonate; N, nitrogen; P, phosphorus; μg/L, microgram per liter; pCi/L, picocurie per liter]

Water properties and chemical 

constituents (units)

Maximum 

Contaminant Levela

Secondary Maximum 

Contaminant Levelb Method references

Highest minimum 

laboratory reporting 

level

Water properties

Dissolved oxygen, field (mg/L) – – U.S. Geological Survey (2012) 0.1

pH, field (standard units) – 6.5–8.5 U.S. Geological Survey (2012) 0.1 

Specific conductance, field 

(μS/cm at 25 °C)

– – U.S. Geological Survey (2012) 3 significant digits

Water temperature, field (°C) – – U.S. Geological Survey (2012) 0.5

Major ions

Bromide (mg/L) – – Fishman and Friedman (1989) 0.01

Calcium (mg/L) – – Fishman (1993) 0.022

Magnesium (mg/L) – – Fishman (1993) 0.011

Potassium (mg/L) – – Fishman and Friedman (1989) 0.03

Sodium (mg/L) – – Fishman (1993) 0.06

Alkalinity, field 

(mg/L as CaCO3

)

– – Rounds (2012) 3 significant digits

Bicarbonate, field (mg/L) – – Rounds (2012) 3 significant digits

Carbonate, field (mg/L) – – Rounds (2012) 3 significant digits

Chloride (mg/L) – 250 Fishman and Friedman (1989) 0.06

Fluoride (mg/L) 4 2 Fishman and Friedman (1989) 0.01

Silica (mg/L) – – Fishman (1993) 0.018

Sulfate (mg/L) – 250 Fishman and Friedman (1989) 0.09

Dissolved solids (mg/L) – 500 Fishman and Friedman (1989) 20

Nutrients

Ammonia nitrogen, (mg/L as N) 10 – Fishman (1993) 0.01

Nitrite-nitrogen (mg/L as N) 1 – Fishman (1993) 0.001

Nitrite plus nitrate-nitrogen 

(mg/L as N)

10 – Patton and Kryskalla (2011) 0.04

Total nitrogen (mg/L) 10 – Patton and Kryskalla (2003) 0.05

Orthophosphorus (mg/L as P) – – Fishman (1993) 0.004

Total phosphorus (mg/L) – – U.S. Environmental Protection 

Agency (1993)

0.003

Trace elements

Aluminum (μg/L) – 50 to 200 Garbarino and others (2006) 2.2

Antimony (μg/L) 6 – Garbarino and others (2006) 0.027

Arsenic (μg/L) 10 – Garbarino and others (2006) 0.04

Barium (μg/L) 2,000 – Garbarino and others (2006) 0.7

Beryllium (μg/L) 4 – Garbarino and others (2006) 0.006

Boron (μg/L) – – Garbarino and others (2006);

Garbarino (1999)

3

Cadmium (μg/L) 5 – Garbarino and others (2006) 0.016

Table 5. Maximum Contaminant Levels, method references, and highest minimum laboratory reporting levels of water properties, 

major ions, nutrients, trace elements, and selected radionuclides measured in water samples collected from 30 wells in and near the 

Citizen Potawatomi Nation Tribal Jurisdictional Area, Pottawatomie County, Oklahoma, 2012–13.

[Constituent conentrations are dissolved; mg/L, milligram per liter; –, not applicable; μS/cm at 25 °C, microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius; °C, 

degree Celsius; CaCO3, calcium carbonate; N, nitrogen; P, phosphorus; μg/L, microgram per liter; pCi/L, picocurie per liter]
22 Stream-Water and Groundwater Quality in and near the CPN Tribal Jurisdictional Area, Pottawatomie County, Oklahoma

Table 5. Maximum Contaminant Levels, method references, and highest minimum laboratory reporting levels of water properties, 

major ions, nutrients, trace elements, and selected radionuclides measured in water samples collected from 30 wells in and near the 

Citizen Potawatomi Nation Tribal Jurisdictional Area, Pottawatomie County, Oklahoma, 2012–13.—Continued

[Constituent conentrations are dissolved; mg/L, milligram per liter; –, not applicable; μS/cm at 25 °C, microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius; °C, 

degree Celsius; CaCO3, calcium carbonate; N, nitrogen; P, phosphorus; μg/L, microgram per liter; pCi/L, picocurie per liter]

Water properties and chemical 

constituents (units)

Maximum 

Contaminant Levela

Secondary Maximum 

Contaminant Levelb Method references

Highest minimum 

laboratory reporting 

level

Trace elements—Continued

Chromium (μg/L) 100 – Garbarino and others (2006) 0.07, 0.14

Cobalt (μg/L) – – Garbarino and others (2006) 0.023

Copper (μg/L) 1,300c 1,000c Garbarino and others (2006) 0.8, 1.6

Iron (μg/L) – 300 Fishman (1993) 3.2, 4

Lead (μg/L) –d 15d Garbarino and others (2006) 0.025

Lithium (μg/L) – – Garbarino and others (2006);

Garbarino (1999)

0.22

Manganese (μg/L) – 50 Garbarino and others (2006) 0.13, 0.15

Mercury (μg/L) 2 – Not measured in groundwater See table 4

Molybdenum (μg/L) – – Garbarino and others (2006) 0.014

Nickel (μg/L) – – Garbarino and others (2006) 0.09

Selenium (μg/L) 50 – Garbarino and others (2006) 0.03, 0.06

Silver (μg/L) – 100 Garbarino and others (2006) 0.005, 0.01

Stronitum (μg/L) – – Garbarino and others (2006);

Garbarino (1999)

0.2

Thallium (μg/L) 2.0 – Garbarino and others (2006) 0.01, 0.02

Vanadium (μg/L) – – Garbarino and others (2006) 0.08

Zinc (μg/L) – 5,000 Garbarino and others (2006) 1.4

Radionuclides

Uranium, natural (μg/L) 30 – Garbarino and others (2006) 0.004

Gross alpha-particle activity 

(pCi/L)

15 – National Environmental Methods 

Index (1980)e

3

Gross beta-particle activity 

(pCi/L)

50f

 /

4 millirems per year

– National Environmental Methods 

Index (1980)e

4

a

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2013a.

b

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2013b. 

c

Copper is regulated in public-water supply by a treatment technique that requires systems to control the corrosiveness of their water. If more than 10 percent 

of public water-supply samples exceed the action level of 1,300 μg/L, water systems must take additional steps to control the corrosiveness of their water. 

d

Lead has a nonenforceable Maximum Contaminant Level goal of zero in drinking water. Lead is regulated by a treatment technique that requires systems 

to control the corrosiveness of their water. If more than 10 percent of public water-supply samples exceed the action level of 15 μg/L, water systems must take 

additional steps to control the corrosiveness of their water. 

e

Gross alpha- and gross beta-particle activities were measured through gas-flow proportional counting at 72 hours after collection and again a second time 

approximately 30 days after the initial count by using a modification of EPA method number 900.0. 

f

For this report, a gross beta-particle activity of 50 pCi/L is used as an indicator for beta-particle concentrations that may exceed the Maximum Contaminant 

Level of 4 millirems per year; this particle activity is based on the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency National Primary Drinking Water Regulations (U.S. 

Environmental Protection Agency, 2000), which allow public water-supply systems that are designated by a State as “vulnerable” or “contaminated” to use 

50 pCi/L as a screening level.
Methods 23

Equipment used to sample each well consisted of a 

plastic Y-connector with a polypropylene adaptor (connects 

Y-connector to water spigot), a garden hose, and an adaptor 

for plastic tubing from which samples were collected. Water 

was filtered for dissolved constituents, collected in bottles, 

and preserved in an enclosed portable sampling chamber 

to prevent wind-borne contamination. Water collected for 

analysis of major ions, trace elements, and radionuclides 

was filtered through 0.45-micrometer polysulfone capsule 

filters and collected in acid-rinsed polyethylene bottles that 

had been prerinsed with filtered native water. Water collected 

for analysis of trace elements was preserved by acidification 

with nitric acid to a pH of 2 or less. Sample bottles for anion 

analysis were neither acid rinsed nor acidified. Samples were 

collected with protocols described in U.S. Geological Survey 

(2006) and processed with protocols described in Wilde and 

others (2004). Samples for nutrients were shipped on ice for 

delivery to the laboratory within 24 hours. All constituents, 

except gross alpha- and gross beta-particle activities, were 

delivered to and analyzed by the USGS NWQL in Lakewood, 

Colo. Samples to be analyzed for gross alpha- and gross betaparticle activities were shipped for delivery within 24 hours to 

Eberline Services, Inc., in Richmond, California.

Alkalinity, bicarbonate, and carbonate concentrations 

of filtered water were measured in the field or within 4 hours 

of sample collection by using an inflection-point titration 

method described by Rounds (2012). Water samples were 

subsequently analyzed for dissolved concentrations of the 

major ions, nitrogen and phosphorus compounds, trace 

elements, and the radionuclides uranium and gross alpha- and 

beta-particle activities. Uranium can be considered a trace 

element because it generally occurs in parts per billion in 

groundwater; however, for this report, uranium is referred to 

as a “radionuclide.” Laboratory analytical methods used to 

analyze groundwater constituents are referenced on table 5. 

The USGS NWQL reports unrounded values for gross 

alpha- and gross-beta particle activity in picocuries per 

liter and uranium in micrograms per liter with the 1-sigma 

combined standard uncertainty (CSU) and sample-specific 

critical level (ssLc) needed to analyze the results shown in 

appendix 5. The CSU is the statistical standard deviation of 

an individual radionuclide concentration and is a function of 

several variables that can cause variances in measurement, 

one of which is the counting error associated with the random 

nature of radioactive decay within any given brief instant of 

time. The counting error imposes limitation on the precision 

of radioactive counting techniques. The CSU is provided 

with the radionuclide concentration and defines upper and 

lower concentrations for a confidence interval of the true 

concentration (McCurdy and others, 2008). The ssLc is 

the lowest concentration measured that shows a significant 

statistical difference from the instrument background noise 

or the analytical blank sample (McCurdy and others, 2008). 

The ssLc is used as the detection level for determining if the 

radionuclide is present in a water sample. If the radionuclide 

concentration is greater than the ssLc, the radionuclide is 

considered to be present in a sample. The laboratory also 

reports a calculated sample-specific minimum detectable 

concentration (MDC) before a sample is analyzed in order to 

select appropriate analytical methods and parameters for the 

radionuclide measurement (McCurdy and others, 2008).

Groundwater Quality-Control Procedures

Decontamination of sampling equipment was performed 

by following USGS methods described in Wilde (2004). 

Quality-control samples associated with groundwater samples 

consisted of 3 replicates and 1 equipment blank. Replicate 

samples were collected with environmental samples at sites 

w5, w6, and w27 (app. 6). The analytical accuracy between 

the environmental and replicate samples was computed as the 

RPD of constituent concentrations.

The RPD values for concentrations of the major ions in 

environmental and quality-assurance groundwater samples 

ranged from zero to 9.7 percent (app. 7). RPD values for 

concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus compounds 

in environmental and quality-assurance groundwater 

samples ranged from zero to 66.7 percent. RPD values for 

concentrations of 23 trace elements, including uranium, in 

environmental and quality-assurance groundwater samples 

ranged from zero to 44.4 percent. 

Similar to stream-water samples, the ionic balance 

was calculated and examined for each groundwater-sample 

chemical analysis as a quality-assurance check (app. 6). 

All 30 stream-water analyses had ionic balances within 

± 6 percent, indicating that the major-ion analyses were 

acceptable. 

The equipment blank was prepared at the USGS 

Oklahoma Water Science Center laboratory with trace-metalfree blank water and was analyzed for concentrations of 

major ions, nutrients, and trace elements, including uranium, 

at the NWQL. The equipment-blank was not analyzed for 

gross alpha- and gross beta-particle activities. Similar to the 

stream-water equipment-blank analyses, the groundwater 

equipment-blank sample contained detectable concentrations 

of some major ions and trace elements. The equipmentblank analyses indicated small concentrations (less than 

1 mg/L) of calcium, sodium, chloride, and silica. These 

concentrations were one to three orders of magnitude less 

than concentrations measured in the environmental samples 

and were considered to be negligible. The equipment-blank 

analyses also detected concentrations of barium, boron, 

copper, iron, lead, nickel, and zinc. Measured concentrations 

of barium and boron in the equipment-blank sample were 

two or more orders of magnitude less than concentrations 

measured in the groundwater samples and were assumed to be 

negligible. Concentrations of copper, iron, lead, nickel, and 

zinc in the equipment-blank sample were similar or exceeded 

concentrations measured in the groundwater samples, with 

copper and zinc concentrations being the highest. A copper 

concentration of 5.4 μg/L measured in the equipmentblank sample exceeded concentrations measured in all 
24 Stream-Water and Groundwater Quality in and near the CPN Tribal Jurisdictional Area, Pottawatomie County, Oklahoma

environmental samples, with 18 of the groundwater samples 

containing copper concentrations below the reporting level 

of 0.80 μg/L. The iron concentration of 10.2 μg/L measured 

in the equipment-blank sample exceeded concentrations 

measured in 26 of the 30 groundwater samples. The lead 

concentration of 0.147 μg/L measured in the equipmentblank sample exceeded concentrations measured in 24 of 

the 30 groundwater samples. The nickel concentration of 

0.18 μg/L measured in the equipment-blank sample exceeded 

concentrations measured in 8 of the 30 groundwater 

samples. The zinc concentration of 84 μg/L measured in the 

equipment-blank sample exceeded concentrations measured 

in 29 of the 30 groundwater samples and was an order of 

magnitude higher than concentrations measured in 27 of the 

30 groundwater samples. 

As described previously, it is suspected the deionized 

water used for cleaning sampling equipment during 2012 

at the USGS Oklahoma Water Science Center contained 

notable concentrations of several trace elements. When 

following USGS sampling protocol, groundwater-sampling 

equipment is rinsed with native water in the field before 

the environmental sample is collected, and any residual 

contamination from the sampling equipment probably would 

be removed before sampling occurs. During the purging 

process of a well to remove water from the casing, native 

water may flow through sampling equipment for 15 to 30 

min, which would have minimized or negated any effects 

of residual metals content in deionized water used to rinse 

sampling equipment used for this study.

Groundwater-Quality-Data Analysis

Graphs were made to examine relations between 

water-property values and major-ion, trace-element, and 

radionuclide concentrations to pH in groundwater samples. 

A Piper diagram was made to show water types, trends 

related to geochemical processes in the sampled aquifers, and 

possible mixing of water types (Piper, 1944). Concentrations 

were compared to historical water-quality data collected by 

the USGS in the study area and to MCL and SMCL drinkingwater standards (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 

2013a, 2013b). 

Stream-Water Quality

This section of the report describes water-property 

measurements in stream samples in addition to water 

properties measured by continuous monitors at the Harrah 

station. Concentrations of major ions, nutrients, and trace 

elements in stream samples are described in addition to fecalindicator bacteria counts and the frequency of detection of 

69 organic compounds.

Water Properties

Dissolved oxygen concentrations in stream-water 

samples collected at the Harrah station, measured by a 

real-time continuous monitor, tended to be higher during 

cooler months (October through February) and decreased 

in the warmer months with the lowest concentrations being 

measured during June through September (fig. 4A). Daily 

mean dissolved oxygen concentration measured at the 

Harrah station ranged from 1.1 mg/L on June 28, 2012, to 

13.6 mg/L on December 26, 2012, with the smallest daily 

concentration being 0.5 mg/L and the highest concentration 

being 14.3 mg/L (fig. 4A). Dissolved oxygen concentrations 

measured at the Harrah station were highest during January 

through February and November through January with mean 

daily concentrations ranging from 8.5 to 13.6 mg/L (fig. 4A). 

Dissolved oxygen concentrations were lowest from June 

through August, with daily mean concentrations ranging 

from 1.1 to 9.4 mg/L, and the largest diurnal variations 

measured during these months ranging as much as 11 mg/L 

in a 24-hour period (fig. 4A). Concentrations of dissolved 

oxygen typically are lower during warmer months because 

oxygen solubility decreases as water temperature increases, 

and the aerobic bacterial decomposition of organic material 

is more active and likely to consume more oxygen at warmer 

temperatures. Diurnal variations in dissolved oxygen 

concentrations in stream water result from photosynthesis 

and aerobic respiration by algae, microbes, and aquatic 

plants. During the day, dissolved oxygen concentrations 

are highest when plants use sunlight for photosynthesis, 

whereas dissolved oxygen concentrations decrease at night 

when plant respiration of oxygen exceeds oxygen production 

(Livingstone, 1963).

Median and mean concentrations of dissolved oxygen 

measured during sample collection at the four stream sites 

ranged between 8.8 and 10.6 mg/L and tended to decrease 

with streamflow at the Harrah and Shawnee stations and 

increase slightly with streamflow at the Tecumseh station 

(fig. 5; app. 1). The lowest measured dissolved oxygen 

concentration was 4.8 mg/L at the Shawnee station measured 

on May 31, 2012, during high streamflow conditions (fig. 5A; 

app. 1). 

Concentrations of dissolved oxygen measured during 

sample collection at the Harrah station ranged from 7.0 to 

12.9 mg/L (app. 1). Dissolved oxygen concentrations (9.2 

and 9.4 mg/L) measured during stream-sample collection on 

June 27 and August 26, 2012, were substantially higher than 

the largest daily maximums recorded those days (2.2 and 

4.3 mg/L) (fig. 4; app. 1). This discrepancy may illustrate the 

occurrence of large spatial differences in dissolved oxygen 

concentrations in the stream during the growing season. The 

continuous dissolved oxygen monitor was in a sheltered 

location near a bridge, whereas the location of sample 

collection was approximately 300 ft upstream in an open 

channel in sunlight.
Stream-Water Quality 25

Daily range and daily mean of water property measured by continuous water-quality monitor

Streamflow, in cubic feet per second

Water-property measured during stream-sample collection 

EXPLANATION

Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.

Specific conductance,

in microsiemens per centimeter 

Streamflow, in cubic feet per second

Daily range of specific conductance

pH, in standard units

10

5

8

9

Streamflow, in cubic feet per second

Dissolved oxygen, in milligrams per liter

2012

Jan.

6

7

B Daily range of pH

15

10

100

1,000

6,000

10

100

1,000

6,000

10

100

1,000

6,000

Daily range of dissolved oxygen

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

Streamflow, in cubic feet per second

A

C

100

300

500

700

900

1,100

1,200

Figure 4. Streamflow and daily range of A, dissolved oxygen concentrations; B, pH; and C, specific conductance measured at the 

U.S. Geological Survey streamflow-gaging station at the North Canadian River near Harrah, Oklahoma (07241550), near the Citizen 

Potawatomi Nation Tribal Jurisdictional Area, central Oklahoma, 2012.
26 Stream-Water and Groundwater Quality in and near the CPN Tribal Jurisdictional Area, Pottawatomie County, Oklahoma

EXPLANATION

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

A

Secondary Maximum Contaminant Level for public drinking-water 

supply (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2013b)

Sampling site

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

0.1 1 10 100 1,000 10,000

Streamflow, in cubic feet per second

C

0

200

400

600

800

1,000

1,200

1,400

Dissolved oxygen, in milligrams per liter Specific conductance, microsiemens per centimeter 

Dissolved solids, in milligrams per liter pH, in standard units

D

7

7.5

8

8.5

9

9.5

10

B

0.1 1 10 100 1,000 10,000

Streamflow, in cubic feet per second

Little River near Tecumseh, Oklahoma (07230500)

North Canadian River near Harrah, Oklahoma (07241550)

Deer Creek near McLoud, Oklahoma (07241590)

North Canadian River at Shawnee, Oklahoma (07241800) 

Figure 5. Water properties measured during water-sample collection, A, dissolved oxygen concentrations; B, pH; C, specific 

conductance; and D, dissolved solids concentrations at four stream sites in and near the Citizen Potawatomi Nation Tribal Jurisdictional 

Area, central Oklahoma, 2012–13. 
Stream-Water Quality 27

The pH values measured during sample collection at the 

Harrah, Shawnee, and Tecumseh stations tended to decrease 

with increasing streamflow (fig. 5B). This trend also is seen 

in continuous real-time measurements of pH (daily range) at 

the Harrah gage (fig. 4B) and is likely to be related to dilution 

of stream water by precipitation, which can be acidic (pH of 

5.4) (National Atmospheric Deposition Program, 2013). At 

the Harrah station, continuous real-time measurements of pH 

fluctuated diurnally (similar to dissolved oxygen) particularly 

during the warmer months (fig. 4B). During daylight hours, 

respiration and photosynthesis of algae and submerged aquatic 

plants remove carbon dioxide from stream water causing the 

pH to increase, whereas, during hours of no daylight, this 

process stops and carbon dioxide concentrations increase, 

resulting in a decrease in pH (Livingstone, 1963). During the 

cooler months when aquatic plant growth tends to subside, the 

daily range of pH at the Harrah gage was generally less than 

0.5 standard units in comparison to the summer months of 

June, July, and August, when the daily pH range periodically 

exceeded 1 standard unit. The uppermost daily pH values were 

below 9.0 throughout the year with exception of 4 weeks from 

June 18 through July 17 when pH values (during daylight 

hours) periodically exceeded 9.0. pH measured during eight 

sample collections at the Harrah, Shawnee, and Tecumseh 

stations ranged from 7.7 to 9.3 (fig. 5B; app. 1). The three 

pH measurements at the Deer Creek site, 7.4, 7.5, and 7.5 

(streamflow was not measured on April 10, 2013, so only two 

samples are shown in fig. 5B), were substantially lower than 

pH measurements at the other three stations, which indicates 

that runoff from precipitation was a large proportion of 

streamflow when samples were collected on March 19, 2012, 

and April 10, 2013 (app. 1); however, a pH of 7.5 also was 

measured when the January 9, 2012, sample was collected. 

Streamflow during the January sampling was at base flow and 

may have represented the pH of shallow groundwater in this 

area.

Specific conductance measures the ability of water 

to transmit electricity and is linearly related to the amount 

of dissolved minerals in the water (U.S. Geological 

Survey, 2014). Similar to pH, specific conductance and 

the concentration of dissolved minerals in water (referred 

to as “dissolved solids”) at the four stream sites decreased 

with increases in streamflow because of dilution by 

precipitation runoff, which has a relatively low mineral 

content. This trend is evident in measurements made during 

sample collection at the four stream sites and in continuous 

real-time measurements at the Harrah station (figs. 4C, 

5C, and 5D). The largest daily mean specific conductance 

(1,160 microsiemens per centimeter [μs/cm]) was measured 

on December 22 and 29, 2012, during base flow (64 and 56 

ft3/s, respectively), whereas the smallest daily mean specific 

conductance (292 μs/cm) was measured on August 27, 2012, 

during high flow (438 ft3/s) at that station. 

In drinking water, the SMCL for concentration of 

dissolved solids is 500 mg/L because high concentrations of 

this constituent can give water a salty taste, leave mineral 

deposits on fixtures, or contain constituents that cause staining 

or water discoloration (U.S. Environmental Protection 

Agency, 2013a). Water samples collected at the Tecumseh 

station contained the highest concentrations of dissolved 

solids of the collected stream-water samples, with 7 of 8 

samples containing concentrations exceeding 500 mg/L 

(app. 1). Dissolved solids concentrations ranged from 199 

to 1,180 mg/L at this station, with a median concentration of 

844 mg/L (apps. 1 and 8). Dissolved solids concentrations 

measured in water samples collected at the Harrah and 

Shawnee stations on the North Canadian River were similar to 

each other, ranging from 168 to 607 mg/L at the Harrah station 

and 224 to 581 mg/L at the Shawnee station, with median 

concentrations of 410 and 394 mg/L, respectively (apps. 1 

and 8). The three samples collected at the Deer Creek site had 

relatively low dissolved solids concentrations of 59, 207, and 

293 mg/L (app. 1).

Major Ions 

Concentrations and relative proportions of major ions 

and trace elements in water samples changed in relation to 

streamflow. Water-quality samples collected at the Harrah, 

Shawnee, and Tecumseh stations during low streamflows 

were a sodium-chloride water type, transitioning to a calcium 

magnesium-bicarbonate water type as streamflow increased 

(figs. 6A and 6B). 

The SMCL for chloride in drinking water is 250 mg/L 

for aesthetic reasons because chloride concentrations above 

250 mg/L can give water a salty taste (U.S. Environmental 

Protection Agency, 2013b). All chloride concentrations 

measured in stream-water samples collected from the North 

Canadian River were less than the SMCL (app. 1). Chloride 

concentrations in samples collected at the Tecumseh station 

ranged from 28.7 to 496 mg/L, with 5 of 8 samples containing 

chloride concentrations exceeding 250 mg/L (app. 1). These 

five samples were collected during periods of relatively low 

streamflow, whereas the two lowest chloride concentrations 

of 28.7 and 202 mg/L were measured during periods of higher 

streamflow. Chloride concentration in samples collected at the 

Harrah and Shawnee stations ranged from 19.9 to 158 mg/L 

and 27.9 to 143 mg/L, respectively, with median chloride 

concentrations of 94.6 and 84.1 mg/L, respectively (app. 8). 

The lowest concentrations of chloride were measured in the 

three stream-water samples collected at the Deer Creek site: 

3.36, 19.8, and 29.9 mg/L (app. 1).

Similar to chloride, the SMCL for sulfate is 250 mg/L 

for aesthetic reasons in drinking water (U.S. Environmental 

Protection Agency, 2013b). The SMCL was not exceeded in 

stream-water samples collected for this study (app. 1). Sulfate 

concentrations were similar in samples from the Tecumseh, 

Harrah, and Shawnee stations, with median concentrations of 

75.3, 63.4, and 56.8 mg/L, respectively (app. 8). Similar to 

chloride, stream-water samples collected at the Deer Creek 

site had the lowest sulfate concentrations: 3.28, 10.7, and 

13.9 mg/L (app. 1).
28 Stream-Water and Groundwater Quality in and near the CPN Tribal Jurisdictional Area, Pottawatomie County, Oklahoma

100

80

60

40

20

0

 0 

 20 

 40 

 60 

 80 

 100 

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

100

8 0

60

4 0

20

0

 100 

 80 

 60 

 40 

 20 

 0 

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

80

60

40

20

0

80

60

40

20

0

Calcium Chloride, fluoride, nitrite plus nitrate

Calcium

1 0 0

8 0

6 0

4 0

2 0

0

 0 

 20 

 40 

 60 

 80 

 100 

0

2 0

4 0

6 0

8 0

1 0 0

Chloride, fluoride, nitrite plus nitrate

0

2 0

4 0

6 0

8 0

1 0 0

1 0 0

8 0

6 0

4 0

2 0

0

 100 

 80 

 60 

 40 

 20 

 0 

0

2 0

4 0

6 0

8 0

2 0

4 0

6 0

8 0

1 0 0

8 0

6 0

4 0

2 0

0

1 0 0

8 0

6 0

4 0

2 0

Sodium plus potassium

Carbonate plus bicarbonate

Sulfate

Calcium plus magnesium

Sulfate plus chloride

Magnesium

Calcium plus magnesium

Sodium plus potassium

Magnesium

Carbonate plus bicarbonate

Sulfate

Sulfate plus chloride

North Canadian River near Harrah, 

Oklahoma (07241550)

Increase in streamflow

North Canadian River at Shawnee, 

Oklahoma (07241800)

CATIONS ANIONS

CATIONS ANIONS

EXPLANATION

A

B

Sodiumchloride

Calcium

magnesiumbicarbonate

Calcium

magnesiumsulfate chloride

Sodiumbicarbonate

Little River near Tecumseh, 

Oklahoma (07230500)

Increase in streamflow

Deer Creek near McLoud, 

Oklahoma (07241590)

EXPLANATION

Sodiumchloride

Calcium

magnesiumbicarbonate

Calcium

magnesiumsulfate chloride

Sodiumbicarbonate

Figure 6. Water types and percentages of cations and anions in water samples collected at four stream sites in and near the Citizen 

Potawatomi Nation Tribal Jurisdictional Area, central Oklahoma, 2012–13. A, North Canadian River near Harrah, Okla. (07241550), and 

North Canadian River at Shawnee, Okla. (07241800); and B , Little River near Tecumseh, Okla. (07230500), and Deer Creek near McLoud, 

Okla. (07241590).
Stream-Water Quality 29

Nutrients

The nutrients nitrogen and phosphorus occur naturally in 

surface water but also are associated with manmade sources 

such as fertilizers and wastewater effluent. Nationwide, 

total dissolved nitrogen occurs naturally in streams at a 

background concentration of about 0.6 mg/L (Dubrovsky and 

Hamilton, 2010). In agricultural settings, the median total 

dissolved nitrogen concentration is about 4 mg/L in streams 

and about 2 mg/L in urban settings nationwide (Dubrovsky 

and Hamilton, 2010). For this study, total dissolved nitrogen 

(calculated from the sum of dissolved ammonia plus organic 

nitrogen and nitrite plus nitrate-nitrogen concentrations) 

ranged from 1.25 to 9.34 mg/L in stream-water samples 

collected at the North Canadian River stations, with median 

concentrations of 4.36 mg/L at the upstream Harrah station 

and 2.89 mg/L at the downstream Shawnee station (apps. 1 

and 8). Total dissolved nitrogen concentrations in streamwater samples collected at the Tecumseh station on the 

Little River ranged from 0.12 to 1.2 mg/L, with a median 

concentration of 0.35 mg/L, which is about an order of 

magnitude lower than total dissolved nitrogen concentrations 

in stream-water samples collected from the North Canadian 

River (apps. 1 and 9). Similarly, total dissolved nitrogen 

concentrations in three stream-water samples collected at 

the Deer Creek site ranged from 0.35 to 0.88 mg/L, with a 

median of 0.76 mg/L (apps. 1 and 8). Nitrate-nitrogen was the 

primary nitrogen species in all stream-water samples collected 

at the North Canadian River stations, whereas ammonia- and 

organic-nitrogen concentrations were highest in streamwater samples collected at the Tecumseh station and the Deer 

Creek site (app. 1). Concentrations of nitrate-nitrogen (and 

total dissolved nitrogen) in stream-water samples collected 

at the North Canadian stations were highest at relatively 

low streamflows and decreased with increasing streamflow 

(fig. 7A; app. 1). A decrease in nitrate-nitrogen concentration 

with increase in streamflow indicates that point-source 

discharges may be a substantial source of nitrate-nitrogen in 

the North Canadian River in this area. Wastewater effluent 

is discharged nearly continuously from upstream treatment 

facilities and is diluted by runoff, decreasing the concentration 

of nitrogen compounds in stream water. A decrease in nitratenitrogen concentration with increase in streamflow also was 

shown by previously collected sample concentrations (Esralew 

and others, 2011); however, that report indicated that flowadjusted concentrations of dissolved nitrogen increased with 

time between 1999 and 2009 at the Harrah station. This trend 

was attributed to changes in the ratio of wastewater effluent 

to streamflows that have had decreased low flows since 1999 

(Esralew and others, 2011). 

Ammonia-nitrogen concentrations increased with 

increased streamflow in water samples collected at the North 

Canadian stations from less than 0.010 mg/L as nitrogen 

at both stations to 0.423 mg/L as nitrogen at the Shawnee 

station (fig. 7B; app. 1). Ammonia-nitrogen concentrations in 

stream-water samples collected from Little River and Deer 

Creek did not increase consistently with streamflow, except 

for one sample collected at the Tecumseh station, which 

contained a relatively large ammonia-nitrogen concentration 

of 0.134 mg/L as nitrogen during high streamflow (on March 

19, 2012). Similarly, Brigham and others (2002) reported that 

ammonia-nitrogen concentrations increased with streamflow 

at the Harrah station, which may have been related to the 

runoff of animal waste from livestock and wildlife during 

wet periods. Brigham and others (2002) also reported that the 

highest concentrations of ammonia were measured during 

December and January and attributed those concentrations 

to reduced nutrient uptake by aquatic plants during the 

winter. The water-quality data collected for this study were 

insufficient to identify a seasonal trend in the concentration of 

ammonia nitrogen.

Similar to nitrogen, treated wastewater effluent may 

be a major source of phosphorus to the North Canadian 

River upstream from the Harrah and Shawnee stations. 

Concentrations of total phosphorus and orthophosphorus in 

stream-water samples collected during low streamflows at 

the North Canadian River stations were about two orders of 

magnitude higher than concentrations in stream-water samples 

collected at the Tecumseh station and the Deer Creek site 

(figs. 7C and 7D). Total dissolved phosphorus ranged from 

0.132 to 3.22 mg/L in stream-water samples collected at 

both North Canadian stations, with a median concentration 

of 1.05 mg/L at the Harrah station and 0.805 mg/L at the 

Shawnee station (app. 8). These median concentrations are 

more than three times higher than the median total dissolved 

phosphorus concentration of about 0.25 mg/L reported 

for streams in agricultural and urban settings across the 

United States (Dubrovsky and Hamilton, 2010). Median 

total dissolved phosphorus concentrations were 0.007 mg/L 

and 0.032 mg/L in stream-water samples collected from 

the Tecumseh station and the Deer Creek site, respectively 

(app. 8). 

Orthophosphorus was the major component of total 

dissolved phosphorus in all stream-water samples collected 

for this study (apps. 1 and 8). This form of phosphorus 

is readily taken up by algae and other aquatic plants in 

streams and lakes during warm months and can cause 

excessive plant growth, lowering of oxygen concentrations, 

and increased concentrations of algae-related organic 

compounds, which can cause foul tastes and odors and kill 

fish (Mueller and Helsel, 1996). Total dissolved phosphorus 

and orthophosphorus concentrations are not regulated in 

stream water except for selected Oklahoma streams designated 

as Scenic Rivers with a standard of 0.037 mg/L because of 

concerns about eutrophication (Oklahoma Water Resources 

Board, 2013b). The North Canadian and Little Rivers and 

Deer Creek, however, are not designated as Scenic Rivers. 

All measured concentrations of orthophosphorus and total 

dissolved phosphorus in North Canadian River samples were 

above that standard, whereas all concentrations measured 
30 Stream-Water and Groundwater Quality in and near the CPN Tribal Jurisdictional Area, Pottawatomie County, Oklahoma

in samples from the Little River and Deer Creek were 

less than that standard (fig. 7D). Similar to dissolved 

nitrogen concentrations, Esralew and others (2011) 

described increases in flow-adjusted dissolved phosphorus 

concentration at the Harrah station from 1999 to 2009, 

which was attributed to an increase in the ratio of wastewater 

effluent to streamflow.

Trace Elements

Concentrations of most trace elements analyzed in 

stream-water samples collected at the North Canadian River 

stations increased with increasing streamflow. This relation 

indicates that these trace elements are washed into the streams 

with surface-water runoff or resuspended with streambed 

EXPLANATION

Little River near Tecumseh, Oklahoma (07230500) 

North Canadian River near Harrah, Oklahoma (07241550)

North Canadian River at Shawnee, Oklahoma (07241800) 

Deer Creek near McLoud, Oklahoma (07241590)

Nationwide median concentration reported by

Dubrovsky and Hamilton (2010)

Oklahoma standard for scenic rivers (0.037) 

(Oklahoma Water Resources Board, 2013a)

0.001

0.01

0.1

1

10

Streamflow, in cubic feet per second

D

0.1

1

10

Total nitrogen, (dissolved), calculated,

in milligrams per liter

Background

Agriculture streams

Urban streams

A

0.001

0.01

0.1

1

10

Total phosphorus (dissolved), in milligrams per liter

Background

Agricultural and urban streams

C

Orthophosphorus (dissolved),

in milligrams per liter as phosphorus 

0.01

0.1

1

0.1 1 10 100 1,000 10,000

Ammonia nitrogen (dissolved),

in milligrams per liter as nitrogen

B

0.1 1 10 100 1,000 10,000

Streamflow, in cubic feet per second

Figure 7. Nutrient concentrations in relation to streamflow, A, total dissolved nitrogen; B, dissolved ammonia nitrogen; C, total 

dissolved phosphorus; and D, dissolved orthophosphorus measured in water samples collected at four stream sites in and near the 

Citizen Potawatomi Nation Tribal Jurisdictional Area, central Oklahoma, 2012–13.
Stream-Water Quality 31

sediments (fig. 8; app. 2). This relation between traceelement concentrations and streamflow was not evident in 

stream-water samples collected from the Little River (except 

for barium) and may be related to the comparatively small 

size and relatively undeveloped land use of the upstream 

basin. Trace elements that increased in concentration with 

streamflow at most of the stations included arsenic, aluminum, 

barium, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, iron (dissolved 

and whole), lead, manganese, mercury, nickel, silver, and zinc 

(figs. 8 and 9; app. 2). Only the concentration of molybdenum 

notably decreased with increasing streamflow in stream-water 

samples collected at these four sites (fig. 9B; app. 2). Similar 

to nitrate-nitrogen, this relation indicates that point-source 

discharges, such as wastewater effluent, may be a local source 

of molybdenum to stream water.

In general, all whole trace-element concentrations in 

stream samples were below respective MCLs for public 

drinking-water supplies, except for one sample with an arsenic 

concentration of 10.1 μg/L (MCL is 10 μg/L) collected from 

the North Canadian River at Shawnee and one sample with 

a barium concentration of 2,690 μg/L (MCL is 2,000 μg/L) 

collected from the Little River. Both of those water samples 

were collected during high streamflows, 5,700 ft3

/s and 

1,450 ft3/s, respectively. 

Lead has a nonenforceable MCL goal of zero in drinking 

water because research has determined that there is no 

safe level of human exposure to lead (U.S. Environmental 

Protection Agency, 2014). When the concentration of lead 

exceeds 15 μg/L in more than 10 percent of samples collected 

from public drinking-water systems, suppliers are required 

to take further steps to reduce public exposure (table 5; U.S. 

Environmental Protection Agency 2013a; 2013b). At least one 

water sample collected from each of the four stream sites had 

a lead concentration exceeding the 15-μg/L SMCL (fig. 8; 

app. 2). Those samples were collected during relatively high 

streamflows.

The SMCL for iron in public drinking-water supplies 

is 300 μg/L because concentrations greater than 300 μg/L 

might result in staining of plumbing fixtures and a metallic 

taste (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2013b). 

Concentrations of dissolved iron were below the SMCL in all 

of the collected stream-water samples (app. 2). Comparison 

of dissolved and whole concentrations of iron indicates that 

a large proportion of the iron in those samples is associated 

with particulate material in the stream. Whole concentrations 

of iron were about one order of magnitude higher than 

dissolved iron concentrations in stream-water samples 

collected at the Tecumseh station and about two to three 

orders of magnitude higher than dissolved concentrations in 

the stream-water samples collected at the North Canadian 

River stations (fig. 8; app. 2). Whole concentrations of iron 

in samples collected from the North Canadian River ranged 

from 207 to 21,200 μg/L, with median concentrations of 1,225 

and 2,140 μg/L in samples from the Harrah and Shawnee 

stations, respectively, whereas whole iron concentrations in 

samples collected from the Little River ranged from 74.1 

to 41,400 μg/L, with a median concentration of 139 μg/L 

(app. 8).

Fecal-Indicator Bacteria

Total coliform bacteria and Escherichia coli (E. coli) 

bacteria were analyzed in stream-water samples collected 

four times at the Harrah, Shawnee, and Tecumseh stations 

beginning the last week of March 2012 through the third week 

of September 2012. Coliform bacteria are associated with 

animal waste and soils and are used as a general indicator 

of possible health risks posed by water used for drinking 

and recreation in which there is a possibility of contact and 

ingestion (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2013c). 

E. coli bacteria are used as an indicator of animal waste 

because this species of bacteria lives in the lower intestine 

of warmblooded animals (U.S. Environmental Protection 

Agency, 2013c). Most strains of E. coli are harmless, but the 

presence of E. coli may indicate the potential presence of 

pathogenic bacteria and other microorganisms that can cause 

serious illnesses (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 

2006).

In Oklahoma, raw water used for public drinking-water 

supply has a limit of 5,000 colonies per 100 milliliters (mL) 

for total coliform bacteria (30-day geometric mean), with 

no more than 5 percent of the samples during such a time 

period exceeding 20,000 colonies per 100 mL (Oklahoma 

Water Resources Board, 2013b). Additionally, where there is 

a possibility of body contact or ingestion during recreation, 

a primary body-contact criterion requires that E. coli counts 

should not exceed 126 colonies per 100 mL (30-day geometric 

mean) (Oklahoma Water Resources Board, 2013b).

Total coliform counts ranged from 6,600 to 160,000 

colonies per 100 mL at the Tecumseh station; from 10,000 to 

240,000 colonies per 100 mL at the Harrah station; and from 

10,000 to 1,300,000 colonies per 100 mL at the Shawnee 

station (app. 1). E. coli counts ranged from 31 to 5,100 

colonies per 100 mL in stream-water samples collected at the 

Harrah station and less than 10 to 7,500 colonies per 100 mL 

in stream-water samples collected at the Shawnee station. 

E. coli counts in stream-water samples collected at the 

Tecumseh station ranged from 10 to 8,800 colonies per 100 

mL (app. 1).

Organic Compounds

Sixty-nine organic compounds were analyzed and divided 

into categories on the basis of common use or sources. These 

organic compounds included 8 fecal indicators or plant sterols, 

11 PAHs, 8 detergent metabolites, 14 industrial compounds, 

11 pesticides, 12 personal care products (PCPs), and 5 fire 

retardants. Some organic compounds have multiple uses or 

sources; for example, carbazole is a PAH and is categorized as 

a PAH but also is used as an insecticide and in the manufacture 

of dyes, explosives, and lubricants (table 3). 
32 Stream-Water and Groundwater Quality in and near the CPN Tribal Jurisdictional Area, Pottawatomie County, Oklahoma

Streamflow, in cubic feet per second Streamflow, in cubic feet per second

Streamflow, in cubic feet per second

Arsenic, in micrograms per liter Cadmium, in micrograms per liter Copper, in micrograms per liter Lead, in micrograms per liter

Aluminum, in micrograms per liter Chromium, in micrograms per liter Iron, in micrograms per liter Manganese, in micrograms per liter

Barium, in micrograms per liter Cobalt, in micrograms per liter Iron, dissolved, in micrograms per liter

A B C

D E F

G H I

J K

0.1 1 10 100 1,000 10,000

0.1 1 10 100 1,000 10,000 0.1 1 10 100 1,000 10,000

1

10 10,000

1,000

100

10

100,000

1,000

100

10

10,000

1

0.1

0.01

5

EXPLANATION

Maximum Contaminant Level (U.S. Environmental 

Protection Agency, 2013a)

Secondary Maximum Contaminant Level 

(U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2013b)

Highest concentration measured in two qualityassurance equipment-blank samples 

(appendix 2)

Little River near Tecumseh, Oklahoma (07230500)

North Canadian River near Harrah, Oklahoma (07241550)

Deer Creek near McLoud, Oklahoma (07241590)

North Canadian River at Shawnee, Oklahoma (07241800) 

10

1

100

10,000

1,000

100

10

1

100,000

10

1

0.1

100

10

1

0.1

0.01

100

10

1

100

10

1

0.1

100

1,000

100

10

10,000

Figure 8. Trace-element concentrations in relation to streamflow, A, arsenic; B, aluminum; C, barium; D, cadmium; E, chromium; F, 

cobalt; G, copper; H, iron; I, iron (dissolved); J, lead, and K, manganese measured in water samples collected at four stream sites in and 

near the Citizen Potawatomi Nation Tribal Jurisdictional Area, central Oklahoma, 2012–13.
Stream-Water Quality 33

Of the 69 organic compounds analyzed for this study, 

26 compounds are known or suspected endocrine disruptors 

that can influence or interfere with the hormonal system of 

growing organisms (Rhomberg and Seeley, 2005; Tulane 

and Xavier Universities, 2009), causing reproductive and 

developmental problems (table 3). In humans, the potential 

health effects of these compounds are uncertain, but research 

has shown that the consumption of low concentrations of 

some organic compounds or mixtures can contribute to female 

reproductive disorders (Crain and others, 2008). There also is 

speculation of other health concerns from exposure to small 

concentrations of these compounds, especially to growing 

embryos and fetuses (Tulane and Xavier Universities, 2009).

A greater number of organic compounds were detected 

in stream-water samples collected at the two stations on the 

North Canadian River than in stream-water samples collected 

at the Tecumseh station and Deer Creek site (figs. 10A and 

10B). This difference may be related to the larger basin size 

and more diverse land uses of the North Canadian River and 

the presence of upstream metropolitan areas and wastewatertreatment facilities in that basin. In the 8 stream-water samples 

collected at the upstream Harrah station, 213 detections 

of organic compounds were measured, whereas in 8 

samples collected at the downstream Shawnee station, 203 

detections of organic compounds were measured. In contrast, 

59 detections of organic compounds were measured in the 

8 stream-water samples collected at the Tecumseh station, 

and 25 detections of organic compounds were measured in 

the 3 stream-water samples collected at the Deer Creek site; 

however, the 8 detections of 7 organic compounds in the 

2 equipment-blank samples is problematic for evaluating these 

data, especially for the Deer Creek and Little River samples 

because of the comparatively low detection frequency and 

should be taken into consideration when evaluating these 

results.

Fecal indicators are a group of organic compounds 

that indicate the presence of fecal material in water. Some 

organic compounds occur naturally in the fecal material 

from livestock and humans, such as cholesterol and 3-betacoprostanol, whereas other fecal indicators such as caffeine 

and cotinine (metabolite of nicotine) are excreted exclusively 

by humans (Glassmeyer and others, 2005). Cholesterol was 

the most prevalent fecal indicator in water samples and 

was detected in all stream-water samples collected at the 

Shawnee station, in 7 of 8 stream-water samples collected 

at the Tecumseh and Harrah stations, and in 2 of 3 samples 

collected at the Deer Creek site (app. 3). Caffeine also was 

prevalent, with detections in all samples collected from the 

North Canadian River at the Harrah and Shawnee stations and 

in 2 of 3 samples collected at the Deer Creek site. Cotinine, 

A B C

D E

0.1 1 10 100 1,000 10,000

0.1 1 10 100 1,000 10,000 0.1 1 10 100 1,000 10,000

EXPLANATION

Highest concentration measured in two 

quality-assurance equipment-blank 

samples (appendix 2)

Little River near Tecumseh, Oklahoma (07230500)

North Canadian River near Harrah, Oklahoma 

(07241550)

Deer Creek near McLoud, Oklahoma (07241590)

North Canadian River at Shawnee, Oklahoma 

Streamflow, in cubic feet per second Streamflow, in cubic feet per second (07241800) 

Streamflow, in cubic feet per second

1

10

0.1

100

1

0.1

0.01

10

0.01

0.001

0.1

0.2

0.1

0.01

1

10

1

100

200

Zinc, in micrograms per liter Molybdenum, in micrograms per liter

Nickel, in micrograms per liter

Silver, in micrograms per liter Mercury, in micrograms per liter

Figure 9. Trace-element concentrations in relation to streamflow, A, mercury; B, molybdenum; C, nickel; D, silver, and E, zinc measured 

in water samples collected at four stream sites in and near the Citizen Potawatomi Nation Tribal Jurisdictional Area, central Oklahoma, 

2012–13.
34 Stream-Water and Groundwater Quality in and near the CPN Tribal Jurisdictional Area, Pottawatomie County, Oklahoma

Figure 10. The detection frequency of 69 organic compounds, A, with streamflow, and B, of categories that include fecal indicators 

and plant sterols, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and 5 categories of synthetic organic compounds: detergent metabolites, industrial 

compounds, pesticides, personal-care product compounds, and fire retardants, measured in water samples collected at four stream 

sites in and near the Citizen Potawatomi Nation Tribal Jurisdictional Area, central Oklahoma, 2012–13.

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

1 10 100 1,000

A

Number of detections

0

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

B

5

10,000

Number of detections

0.1

Little River near Tecumseh, 

Oklahoma (07230500)

North Canadian River near Harrah, 

Oklahoma (07241550)

Deer Creek near McLoud, 

Oklahoma (07241590)

North Canadian River at Shawnee, 

Oklahoma (07241800)

EXPLANATION

Little River near Tecumseh, Oklahoma (07230500)

8 samples collected, 59 detections

North Canadian River near Harrah, Oklahoma 

(07241550)

8 samples collected, 213 detections

North Canadian River at Shawnee, Oklahoma 

(07241800)

8 samples collected, 203 detections

Deer Creek near McLoud, Oklahoma (07241590)

3 samples collected, 25 detections

Quality-assurance equipment-blank sample

2 samples collected, 8 detections

Number of compounds analyzed in category

EXPLANATION

(5)

Compound

Streamflow, in cubic feet per second

Fecal indicators and 

Detergent metabolites (8)

plant sterols (8)

Polycyclic aromatic 

hydrocarbons (11)

Industrial compounds (14)

Pesticides (11)

Personal care products (12)

Fire retardants (5)
Stream-Water Quality 35

a metabolite of nicotine, was detected in 5 of 8 stream-water 

samples collected at the Harrah station and 3 of 8 samples 

collected at the Shawnee station but was not detected in 

stream-water samples collected at the Tecumseh station or 

the Deer Creek site. Caffeine and cotinine were not detected 

in the stream-water samples collected at the Tecumseh 

station, which may be related to the absence of wastewatertreatment facilities in the upstream basin. The fecal indicator 

3-beta-coprostanol was detected in at least one stream-water 

sample collected at the Shawnee, Harrah, and Tecumseh 

stations. Indole, a component of fragrances and pesticides 

was detected in 5 of 8 stream-water samples collected at the 

Tecumseh station and in 2 of 3 stream-water samples collected 

at the Deer Creek site but was not detected in any streamwater samples collected at the Harrah and Shawnee stations. 

Commonly referred to as “skatole,” the fecal indicator 

3-methyl-1H-indole was detected only at the Deer Creek site 

(in 2 of 3 stream-water samples).

The plant sterols beta-Sitosterol and beta-Stigmastanol 

occur naturally in plants and plant-based foods and are 

sometimes used as food supplements for humans and in 

the manufacture of drugs. These compounds are plant 

sterols but also may indicate the presence of fecal material. 

Beta-Sitosterol was more frequently detected than betaStigmastanol in stream-water samples collected at all four 

sites: in 6 of 8 stream-water samples collected at the Harrah 

station, in 7 of 8 stream-water samples collected at the 

Shawnee station, in 3 of 8 stream-water samples collected 

at the Tecumseh station, and in 1 of 3 stream-water samples 

collected at the Deer Creek site (app. 3). Beta-Stigmastanol 

was detected in only 1 of 8 stream-water samples collected at 

the Tecumseh and Harrah stations and in 3 of 8 stream-water 

samples collected at the Shawnee station. This plant sterol was 

not detected in any of the three stream-water samples collected 

at the Deer Creek site.

The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) compose 

a large group of organic compounds that are formed by the 

incomplete combustion of coal, oil, gas, wood, and other 

organic substances and commonly are detected in soil, 

water, or attached to particulates in air (U.S. Environmental 

Protection Agency, 1995). Some PAHs are used in the 

manufacture of explosives, dyes, and mothballs, found 

in cigarette smoke, and used in cancer research (U.S. 

Environmental Protection Agency, 1995). Of the 11 PAHs 

analyzed in stream-water samples for this study, only benzo(a)

pyrene is considered to be an endocrine disruptor (U.S. 

Environmental Protection Agency, 2011).

A total of 28 detections of 7 PAHs were measured in 

8 stream-water samples collected at the Harrah station, and a 

total of 30 detections of 8 PAHs were measured in 8 streamwater samples collected at the Shawnee station. One PAH 

(9,10-anthraquinone) was detected in 1 of 3 stream-water 

samples collected at the Deer Creek site. Four PAHs were 

detected in the stream-water sample collected at the Tecumseh 

station on March 19, 2012, during relatively high streamflow 

conditions. Benzo(a)pyrene was detected in four samples 

collected at both of the North Canadian River stations but 

was not detected in stream-water samples collected at the 

Tecumseh station and Deer Creek site (app. 3).

Synthetic organic compounds (SOC) are manmade 

organic compounds that are used in agriculture, 

pharmaceuticals, chemical manufacturing, and PCPs. These 

compounds may enter streams in surface-water runoff from 

agricultural and urban land-use areas and in treated wastewater 

effluent from municipal wastewater-treatment facilities. The 

detection and types of SOCs in groundwater and surface water 

have been the focus of many studies since 2000 (Galloway and 

others, 2004; Masoner and Mashburn, 2004; Tertuliani and 

others, 2008). Fifty SOCs were grouped into five categories on 

the basis of common uses of these compounds: (1) 8 detergent 

metabolites, (2) 14 industrial compounds (plasticizers, 

solvents, and compounds used in the manufacture of various 

products), (3) 11 pesticides, (4) 12 PCPs, and (5) 5 flame 

retardants. Of the 50 SOCs, 24 are known or suspected 

endocrine disruptors (table 3).

Detergent metabolites were detected most frequently in 

stream-water samples collected at the downstream Shawnee 

station on the North Canadian River. Of the 8 detergent 

metabolites, 4 were detected one time in the 8 stream-water 

samples collected at the Harrah station. Five detergent 

metabolites were detected in stream-water samples collected 

at the Shawnee station, for a total of 10 detections in the 

8 stream-water samples. Two detergent metabolites were 

detected in 2 of the 8 stream-water samples collected at the 

Tecumseh station. One detergent metabolite was detected in 

one stream-water sample collected at the Deer Creek site. All 

of the detergent metabolites analyzed are known or suspected 

endocrine disruptors (table 3).

Of the 14 industrial compounds, 10 were detected at the 

Harrah station, with a total of 40 detections in 8 stream-water 

samples (fig. 10B). Three of these compounds are known 

or suspected endocrine disruptors: (1) 1,4-dichlorobenzene, 

(2) bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, and (3) bisphenol A (table 3). 

The industrial compounds with the greatest number of 

detections in stream-water samples (5 of 8) collected at the 

Harrah station were 3,4-dichlorophenyl isocyanate, 5-Methyl1H-benzotriazole, bisphenol A, isophorone, and triphenyl 

phosphate (table 3).

Of the 14 industrial compounds, 6 were detected at the 

Shawnee station, with a total of 35 detections in 8 streamwater samples (fig. 10B). Two of these compounds are known 

or suspected endocrine disruptors: (1) 3,4-dichlorophenyl 

isocyanate and (2) bisphenol A. Four industrial compounds 

were detected in at least 5 of 8 stream-water samples collected 

at the Shawnee station: (1) 3,4-dichlorophenyl isocyanate, 

(2) 5-Methyl-1H-benzotriazole, (3) isophorone, and 

(4) triphenyl phosphate (app. 3). 

Eight of 14 industrial compounds were detected in the 

stream-water samples collected at the Tecumseh station, with 

a total of 19 detections (fig. 10B). Three of these compounds 

are known or suspected endocrine disruptors: (1) bis(2-

ethylhexyl) phthalate, (2) bisphenol A, and (3) diethyl 
36 Stream-Water and Groundwater Quality in and near the CPN Tribal Jurisdictional Area, Pottawatomie County, Oklahoma

phthalate. The solvents isophorone and tribromomethane were 

the two 

most commonly detected industrial compounds, detected 

in 6 of 8 and 5 of 8 samples, respectively, collected at the 

Tecumseh station. Detected concentrations of these two 

compounds were low—less than 0.1 μg/L (app. 3); neither 

of these compounds are known or suspected endocrine 

disruptors.

Four of 14 industrial compounds were detected in streamwater samples collected at the Deer Creek site, with a total of 

5 detections in 3 samples (fig. 10B; app. 3). One compound 

detected, bisphenol-A (a plasticizer), is a known or suspected 

endocrine disruptor. The wood preservative p-cresol was 

detected in 2 of the 3 stream-water samples (app. 3).

Six of 11 pesticides analyzed—atrazine, bromacil, 

carbaryl, metolachlor, pentachlorophenol, and prometon—

were detected in at least one stream-water sample collected 

at both the Harrah and Shawnee stations, with bromacil, a 

general use herbicide, and N,N-Diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET), 

used to repel biting insects, being detected in all eight streamwater samples collected at both of those stations (app. 3). 

Dichlorvos, an insecticide, also was detected in 1 of 8 streamwater samples collected at the Harrah station during relatively 

high-flow conditions. 

Metolachlor, DEET, and pentachlorophenol were the only 

pesticides detected in stream-water samples collected at the 

Tecumseh station, with DEET detections in the five streamwater samples collected from January through August 2012 

at that station. Atrazine, metolachlor, and pentachlorophenol 

were detected in 1 of 3 stream-water samples collected 

at the Deer Creek site, and DEET was detected in 2 of 3 

stream-water samples collected at that site. Of these analyzed 

organic compounds, only atrazine and pentachlorophenol 

concentrations are regulated in drinking water by the EPA 

and have MCLs of 3 μg/L and 1 μg/L, respectively (table 3) 

(U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2013a). Measured 

concentrations of these pesticides were low compared to 

those standards; the highest atrazine concentration was 

0.51 μg/L, and the highest pentachlorophenol concentration 

was 0.4 μg/L in stream-water samples collected at the North 

Canadian River stations. Atrazine, bromacil, chlorpyrifos 

(common name Dursban), diazinon, metolachlor, DEET, 

pentachlorophenol, and prometon were historically detected in 

stream-water samples collected at these North Canadian River 

stations (Becker, 2010; Esralew and others, 2011) (table 3). 

Esralew and others (2011) reported that the frequency of 

detection of atrazine, chlorpyrifos, and diazinon in streamwater samples from the Harrah station decreased from 1988 

to 2009, whereas the frequency of detection of bromacil 

increased from 1991 to 2009. Neither of the insecticides 

diazinon or chlorpyrifos was detected in the stream-water 

samples collected for this study nor in stream-water samples 

collected for Becker (2010), which may be related to the 

discontinuation for residential use of diazinon in 2004 and 

chlorpyrifos in 2001 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 

2002; 2012b).

The PCPs are a diverse group of organic compounds 

that are found in products used for human and animal health, 

in association with cleaning products, and for cosmetic 

purposes (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2012a). 

These compounds include fragrances (such as galaxolide), 

antimicrobial agents (triclosan), and ultraviolet blockers 

(methyl salicylate). Seven of 12 PCP compounds analyzed 

were detected in stream-water samples collected at the Harrah 

station, with a total of 42 detections. Six PCP compounds were 

detected in stream-water samples collected at the Shawnee 

station, with a total of 30 detections (fig. 10B). Four of the 

compounds detected at both sites are known or suspected 

endocrine disruptors: (1) tonalide (AHTN) (musk fragrance), 

(2) benzophenone (ultraviolet blocker), (3) triclosan 

(antimicrobial), and (4) galaxolide (HHCB) (musk fragrance) 

(table 3).

Four of 12 PCP compounds were detected in the 

8 stream-water samples collected at the Tecumseh station, 

with a total of 8 detections (fig. 10B). One of those detected 

compounds, benzophenone, is a known or suspected endocrine 

disruptor. Camphor (an odorant) was the only PCP compound 

detected in stream-water samples collected at the Deer Creek 

site and was detected in each of the three samples collected at 

this site.

Four of five analyzed flame retardants were detected in 

the stream-water samples collected at the North Canadian 

River stations, with a total of 30 detections at the Harrah 

station and 29 detections at the Shawnee station (fig. 10B). 

Two of the flame retardants are known or suspected 

endocrine disruptors: (1) tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate and 

(2) tris(dichloroisopropyl) phosphate. One flame retardant, 

tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate, was detected twice in the eight 

stream-water samples collected at the Tecumseh station. The 

flame retardant tris(dichloroisopropyl) phosphate was detected 

in 1 of the 3 stream-water samples collected at the Deer Creek 

site (app. 3). 

Groundwater Quality

Water from bedrock aquifers is used for many purposes 

in the CPN TJA, except for high volume irrigation because of 

inadequate well yields. Water from alluvial aquifers is used 

for irrigation, livestock, and industry; whereas water from 

terrace aquifers is limited to domestic use and other uses for 

which small amounts of water are sufficient (Oklahoma Water 

Resources Board, 2013a). Of the 30 wells sampled for this 

study, 26 were completed in the bedrock aquifers, and 4 were 

completed in the terrace or alluvial aquifers. Twenty-six of the 

sampled wells were used for domestic purposes, one was used 

for livestock, one was used for industrial purposes, one was 

used for commercial purposes, and one was unused (table 2).
Groundwater Quality 37

The chemical characteristics of groundwater in the GarberWellington aquifer have been shown to change with residence 

time and with depth; older water generally is in deeper parts of 

the aquifer (Parkhurst and others, 1996). The chemical quality 

of water changes with an increase of residence time in an 

aquifer. Such changes include an increase in dissolved solids 

concentration with the constituent concentrations showing a 

relation to the chemical composition of the aquifer rocks and 

biogeochemical processes in the aquifer (Plummer and Back, 

1980; Ayotte and others, 2011). In addition to an increase 

in dissolved solids concentration, the chemical evolution of 

groundwater in the Garber-Wellington aquifer is indicated by 

a process referred to as “cation exchange” in which calcium 

and magnesium cations in groundwater exchange with sodium 

cations present in clays. The cation-exchange process, along 

with the dissolution of carbonate minerals in the aquifer, causes 

groundwater to become sodium rich and the pH in parts of this 

aquifer to become alkaline (increase to pH values above 8). 

These chemical changes can cause mobilization of oxyanions 

of arsenic, chromium, selenium, and uranium, and other trace 

elements, if these trace elements are present in the aquifer rocks 

along groundwater flow paths (Schlottmann and others, 1998).

The chemical characteristics of the 30 groundwater 

samples collected for this study generally follow the 

geochemical trend of increasing pH relative to increasing 

concentrations of sodium (relative to calcium and magnesium) 

and selected trace elements; however, this geochemical trend 

in water samples does not appear to be related to well depth 

as would be expected because older water is found at deeper 

depths in the Garber-Wellington aquifer as described by 

Parkhurst and others (1996). This discrepancy may result from 

a common well-construction technique of using loose sand 

(filter pack) to fill the void space between the borehole and 

the well casing from the bottom of the hole to about 10–20 ft 

below land surface (Driscoll, 1986; Oklahoma Water Resources 

Board, 2013c), which allows water from multiple water-bearing 

zones to enter the borehole. As a result, water produced from 

wells completed in bedrock aquifers can be a mixture of 

groundwater from many zones, which complicates identifying 

areas or zones that may have distinctive or undesirable waterquality characteristics; for example, well w6 has a total depth 

of 220 ft and has openings in the casing from 170 to 180 ft 

and from 210 to 220 ft in the Garber-Wellington aquifer. The 

drillers log, however, shows that the alluvium at this location 

underlies the land surface to about 105 ft in depth, and even 

though the well casing does not have openings through this 

zone (Oklahoma Water Resources Board, 2012), the low 

dissolved oxygen concentration and the high concentrations of 

dissolved solids, iron, and manganese indicate that water from 

the alluvial aquifer may be a substantial component of the water 

produced from this well.

Water Properties

Field measurements of dissolved oxygen in water samples 

collected from the 30 wells ranged from 0.9 to 9.7 mg/L, with 

a median concentration of 6.6 mg/L (apps. 5 and 9). Water 

collected from wells w6 and w13 had the lowest dissolved 

oxygen concentrations (0.9 and 1.1 mg/L, respectively) and 

also had an associated hydrogen sulfide odor, indicating 

anaerobic conditions and sulfate reduction. Groundwater in 

bedrock aquifers in the COA generally is oxygen saturated 

(Parkhurst and others, 1996); however, water from alluvial 

aquifers commonly has low concentrations or is absent of 

dissolved oxygen (anaerobic conditions) because of the 

presence and consumption of large amounts of organic 

material by bacteria in the unconsolidated sediments (Appelo 

and Postma, 1999).

Field measurements of pH in water samples collected 

from wells w1–w30 ranged from 5.0 to 8.4, with a median 

value of 6.8 (fig. 11A; app. 9). The SMCL for pH ranges 

from 6.5 to 8.5 for effects not related to health (U.S. 

Environmental Protection Agency, 2013b). Water having 

pH values of 6.5 and below may have a bitter metallic taste 

and may be corrosive to plumbing fixtures, whereas water 

having pH values of 8.5 and above may have a soda taste, 

feel slippery, and leave mineral deposits on plumbing fixtures 

(U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2013b). Values of 

pH below the SMCL of 6.5 were measured in water samples 

collected from eight wells. Six of the eight wells producing 

water with pH values below 6.5 were in the northwestern 

part of the CPN TJA (w1, w2, w3, w8, w9, and w12) and 

were completed to yield water from the Garber Sandstone 

or the upper part of the Wellington Formation (figs. 1 and 

11A). The highest pH (8.4) was measured in the water sample 

collected from well w25 located west of the CPN TJA 

(figs. 1 and 11A) in a part of the COA where high pH values 

have been associated with high concentrations of arsenic, 

chromium, and selenium (Smith and others, 2009). The 

arsenic concentration in the water sample collected from this 

well was 9.8 μg/L, the highest measured in groundwater in 

this study.

Previously collected data indicate that the highest 

pH values occur along the northern areas of the CPN TJA 

in groundwater from the deep parts of the Wellington 

Formation; along the eastern edge of the CPN TJA in the 

Chase, Council Grove, and Admire Groups; and along the 

western edge of the CPN TJA in deep wells completed in 

the Garber Sandstone (fig. 11A) (U.S. Geological Survey, 

2013a). Previously collected pH values indicate that the 

northwestern quadrant of the CPN TJA tends to be underlain 

by groundwater with the lowest pH values. Water produced 

from the terrace and alluvial aquifers along the North 

Canadian River had a wide range of pH values (fig. 11A), 

indicating the different aquifers from which groundwater 

in that area is produced and comingled. Groundwater from 

deeper sections of the Garber-Wellington aquifer in this area 

generally has high pH values, whereas groundwater from 

shallow wells completed in the alluvial aquifers generally 

has neutral pH values, and groundwater from shallow wells 

completed in the terrace aquifers generally has low pH values 

(Becker, 2013). 
38 Stream-Water and Groundwater Quality in and near the CPN Tribal Jurisdictional Area, Pottawatomie County, Oklahoma

w30

w1

w2

w3 w4 w5

w6

w7 w8

w9 w10

w12 w11

w13 w14

w15 w16 w17 w18

w19 w20

w21

w22

w24 w23

w26

w27 w28 w29

w30

w25

w1

w2

w3 w4 w5

w6

w7

w8

w9 w10

w12 w14 w13

w15 w16 w17 w18 w19

w20 w21

w22

w23 w24

w25 w26

w27 w28 w29

w30

w11

w1

w2

w3 w4 w5

w6 w7 w8

w9 w10 w11 w12 w14 w13

w16 w15

w17 w18 w19 w20

w21

w22

w23 w24

w25 w26

w27 w28 w29

97°20’ 97°

35°20’

35°

A. pH values (1951–2013)

pH, in standard units

EXPLANATION

6.5 and below

6.6 to 7.9

8.0 and above

Quaternary-age geologic unit

Permian-age geologic unit

Pennsylvanian-age geologic unit

EXPLANATION

Alluvium

Terrace deposits

Vanoss Formation

Garber Sandstone

Wellington Formation

Chase, Council Grove, and Admire Groups 

(undivided)

Citizen Potawatami Nation Tribal Jurisdictional Area boundary

Well—Previous sample with color coding indicating value 

or concentration. Retrieved from the U.S. Geological 

Survey National Water Information System database 

December 18, 2012 (U.S. Geological Survey, 2013a)

Well and identifier—Water-quality sample collected for this 

study with color coding indicating value or concentration

Salt Creek

Little River

North Canad ian River

97°20’ 97°

35°20’

35°

B. Dissolved-solids concentrations (1947–2013) EXPLANATION

499 and below

500 to 1,500

1,501 and above

Dissolved solids, 

in milligrams 

per liter

Salt Creek

Little River

North Canad ian River

97°20’ 97°

35°20’

35°

C. Hardness concentrations (1947–2013)

Hardness, in milligrams per 

liter as calcium carbonate

EXPLANATION

60 and below (very soft)

61 to 120 (soft)

121 to 180 (moderately hard)

181 and above (very hard)

Salt Creek

Little River

North Canad ian River

Base from U.S. Geological Survey digital data 1:100,000, 1983

Albers Equal-Area Conic projection

North American Datum of 1983

0 5 10 MILES

0 5 10 KILOMETERS

w18

Lake

 Thunderbird

Wes Watkins

Reservoir 

Lake

 Thunderbird

Wes Watkins

Reservoir 

Lake

 Thunderbird

Wes Watkins

Reservoir 

Figure 11. Groundwater-quality data collected for this study and previously collected data from wells in and surrounding the Citizen 

Potawatomi Nation Tribal Jurisdictional Area, central Oklahoma. A, pH values (1951–2013); B, dissolved solids concentrations (1947–

2013); and C, hardness concentrations (1947–2013).
Groundwater Quality 39

Field measurements of specific conductance, which 

is related to the concentration of dissolved solids in water, 

ranged from 89 to 1,920 microsiemens per centimeter at 

25 degrees Celsius (μS/cm at 25 °C), with a median value of 

596 μS/cm at 25 °C in water from the 30 wells (apps. 5 and 

9). Concentrations of dissolved solids in these groundwater 

samples ranged from 55 to 1,280 mg/L, with a median 

concentration of 364 mg/L (app. 9). Water samples collected 

from nine wells (w5, w6, w10, w13, w14, w25, w27, w28, 

and w29) exceeded the drinking-water SMCL for dissolved 

solids of 500 mg/L (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 

2013b) (app. 6). Five of those wells (w5, w6, w10, w13, 

and w14) were near to or completed in the North Canadian 

River alluvium (fig. 11B). Water from the alluvial aquifers 

along the North Canadian River tends to contain relatively 

high concentrations of dissolved solids (in addition to iron 

and manganese) (fig. 11B). Previously collected groundwater 

samples from the bedrock aquifer show the lowest 

concentrations of dissolved solids were in the western onethird of the CPN TJA and increased in an easterly direction, 

with the highest dissolved solids concentrations measured in 

samples from the Wellington Formation; the Chase, Council 

Grove, and Admire Groups; and the Vanoss Formation 

(fig. 11B) (U.S. Geological Survey, 2013a).

Water hardness is related to the concentrations of 

calcium and magnesium and minor amounts of other 

constituents in groundwater and is a characteristic commonly 

used to evaluate usability and treatment needs of water 

supplies. Water hardness concentration in water samples was 

calculated from dissolved concentrations of calcium and 

magnesium and is expressed as calcium carbonate (CaCO3). 

Water hardness concentration in water samples collected from 

these 30 wells ranged from 19 to 465 mg/L as CaCO3, with 

a median concentration of 180 mg/L as CaCO3 (apps. 5 and 

9). Hardness concentrations exceeding 180 mg/L as CaCO3

are considered to be very hard (U.S. Geological Survey, 

2013e). Fifteen groundwater samples contained hardness 

concentrations ranging from 190 to 465 mg/L as CaCO3. 

Wells producing groundwater classified as soft (61 to 120 

mg/L as CaCO3

) to moderately hard (121 to 180 mg/L as 

CaCO3) are most common to the north and northeast of Lake 

Thunderbird and to the west of the Wes Watkins Reservoir 

(fig. 11C). 

Major Ions and Water Types

Groundwater samples from 30 wells showed similar 

water-quality trends with respect to positive relations 

between pH values, dissolved solids, and water types. 

Similar to several previous studies in this area, calcium, 

magnesium, and bicarbonate were the dominant ions in 

groundwater samples collected in the CPN TJA part of the 

COA (Christenson and Havens, 1998; Andrews and others, 

2013). Calcium and magnesium (responsible for water 

hardness) were the major cations in 22 of the 30 samples, 

and bicarbonate was the major anion in 23 samples (fig. 12). 

Those 22 samples were of a calcium magnesium-bicarbonate 

water type, which is characteristic of “younger” water in the 

COA that has not undergone cation exchange and generally 

has pH values below 8.0 (fig. 12) (Schlottman and others, 

1998). The transition from a calcium magnesium-bicarbonate 

water type to a sodium-dominated water type is evident on 

the Piper diagram along the line from A to B (fig. 12). The 

water sample from well w20 is shown as the least altered 

sample from cation exchange and represents the end member 

of the calcium magnesium-bicarbonate water type group, 

whereas the water sample from well w25 is the most altered 

from cation exchange and represents the end member of the 

sodium-dominated water type group. The line connecting the 

end-member water samples from wells w20 to w25 shows the 

trend of water quality in local aquifers related to the process 

of cation exchange. Anion concentrations are not directly 

affected by cation exchange and are not located in distinctive 

groups on the anion triangle, similar to cations. The five 

most altered samples from cation exchange (wells w4, w14, 

w25, w28, and w29) also had the highest pH values, ranging 

from 7.7 to 8.4 and are classified as soft, with hardness 

concentrations below 60 mg/L as CaCO3 (app. 6) (U.S. 

Geological Survey, 2013e).

The SMCLs of 250 mg/L apply to concentrations of both 

chloride and sulfate in public drinking-water supplies because 

of aesthetic effects related to taste (U.S. Environmental 

Protection Agency, 2013b). Chloride concentrations in the 

groundwater samples ranged from 5.13 to 120 mg/L, with a 

median concentration of 19.1 mg/L (apps. 5 and 9). Sulfate 

concentrations in these groundwater samples ranged from 

4.9 to 528 mg/L, with a median concentration of 22.9 mg/L 

(apps. 5 and 9). Sulfate concentrations exceeded the SMCL 

in water samples collected from two wells: w14 (351 mg/L) 

and w25 (528 mg/L) (fig. 1). Water samples from 207 wells 

in the CPN TJA previously collected for USGS studies show 

that 17 samples contained sulfate concentrations exceeding 

the SMCL, and all of those 17 water samples were collected 

from wells producing water from the Chase, Council Grove, 

and Admire Groups in the eastern half of the CPN TJA (not 

shown) (U.S. Geological Survey, 2013a).

Nutrients

Nitrate-nitrogen is the most common form of nitrogen in 

groundwater containing dissolved oxygen and was analyzed 

in combination with nitrite-nitrogen for this study. Nitrite plus 

nitrate-nitrogen concentrations in samples collected for this 

study ranged from less than the reporting level of 0.038 mg/L 

as nitrogen in seven samples to 4.8 mg/L as nitrogen in 

w27, with a median concentration of 0.344 mg/L as nitrogen 

(apps. 5 and 9). Total nitrogen, the sum of ammonia nitrogen 

and nitrite plus nitrate-nitrogen, ranged in concentration from 

less than the reporting level of 0.05 to 5.29 mg/L, with a 

median concentration of 0.42 mg/L (apps. 5 and 9). Median 
40 Stream-Water and Groundwater Quality in and near the CPN Tribal Jurisdictional Area, Pottawatomie County, Oklahoma

100

80

60

40

20

0

20

40

60

80

100 0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

100

80

60

40

20

0

100

80

60

40

20

0

0

20

40

60

80

100

80

60

40

20

0

100

80

60

40

20

0

A

B

EXPLANATION

A

B

Sampled well and identifier

Calcium magnesium-bicarbonate water type

Sodium-dominated water type

0

20

40

60

80

w1

w1

w1

w2

w2

w2

w3

w3

w3

w4

w18 w4

w4

w5

w5

w5

w6

w6

w6

w7 w7

w7

w8

8

w8

w10

w10

w10

w11

w11

w12

w12

w12

w13

w13

w13

w14

w14

w14

w15

w15

w15

w16

w16

w16

w17

w17

w17

w18

w18

w19

w19

w19

w20

w20

w20

w21

w5

w21

w22

w22

w22

w23

w23

w24 w23

w24

w24

w25

w25

w25

w26

w26

w26

w27

w27

w27

w28

28

w28

w29

w29

w29

w30

w30

w30

w11

S ulfate

Carbonate plus bicarbonate

Calcium plus magnesium

S ulfate p lus ch loride

High dissolved 

solids concentrations

Calcium Chloride plus fluoride

Magnesium

S odium plus potassium

CATIONS ANIONS

pH values range 

from 7.7 to 8.4

Sodiumsulfate

chloride

Calcium

magnesiumbicarbonate

Calcium

magnesiumsulfate chloride

Sodiumbicarbonate

w25

Figure 12. Water types and percentages of cations and anions in water samples collected from 30 wells in and near the Citizen 

Potawatomi Nation Tribal Jurisdictional Area, central Oklahoma, 2012–13.
Groundwater Quality 41

concentrations of both types of nitrogen were substantially 

less than the nationwide median nitrate concentrations for 

groundwater in agricultural areas of 5.5 mg/L as nitrogen 

and for groundwater in urban areas of 1.4 mg/L as nitrogen 

(Dubrovsky and Hamilton, 2010). Of 59 historical water 

samples collected from the bedrock aquifers in this area, 

the median concentration of nitrate-nitrogen was less than 

1 mg/L as nitrogen, and the MCL of 10 mg/L as nitrogen 

was exceeded in only two groundwater samples (Andrews 

and others, 2013). These low concentrations indicate that 

groundwater is a minor source of nitrate-nitrogen to local 

streams.

Ammonia nitrogen was detected in 10 of the 30 

groundwater samples at concentrations ranging from 0.015 

to 0.424 mg/L as nitrogen (app. 6). Ammonia nitrogen 

generally occurs in water with negligible or nondetectable 

concentrations of dissolved oxygen and may indicate a 

source of wastewater discharge or manure nearby. Ammonia 

nitrogen was not detected in the groundwater equipment-blank 

sample but was detected at measurable concentrations in the 

associated stream-water equipment-blank sample in this study.

Phosphorus tends to bind to soil particles and has 

relatively low solubility in water; as a result, concentrations 

of dissolved phosphorus in groundwater are generally very 

low (Hemwell, 1957). Concentrations of phosphorus in 

the groundwater samples collected for this study ranged 

from less than the reporting level of 0.003 to 0.445 mg/L, 

with a median concentration of 0.023 mg/L. There is not a 

drinking-water standard for phosphorus, but a standard of 

0.037 mg/L of dissolved phosphorus was established for 

Oklahoma streams designated as “Scenic Rivers” because of 

concerns related to eutrophication in those rivers (Oklahoma 

Water Resources Board, 2013b). None of the streams in 

this study are designated as “Scenic Rivers.” Fourteen of 

those 30 samples contained phosphorus concentrations 

exceeding the 0.037 mg/L standard (app. 6). Orthophosphorus 

concentrations in the groundwater samples ranged from less 

than the reporting level of 0.004 to 0.438 mg/L as phosphorus, 

with a median concentration of 0.025 mg/L as phosphorus 

(app. 9). Orthophosphorus is the form of phosphorus that is 

most available for aquatic plant growth and does not have a 

surface-water standard in Oklahoma.

Trace Elements

Water samples collected from the 30 wells were analyzed 

for concentrations of 22 trace elements that occur naturally at 

low concentrations in rocks and in groundwater in the CPN 

TJA. For these 22 trace elements, 10 MCLs and 7 SMCLs 

have been established for public drinking-water supplies 

(table 5) (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2013a; 

2013b). None of the 10 trace-element concentrations exceeded 

respective MCLs (table 5; apps. 5 and 9) including arsenic, 

chromium, and selenium—the trace elements of most concern 

in the COA. Concentrations of arsenic ranged from 0.08 to 

9.8 μg/L, with a median concentration of 0.58 μg/L (app. 9), 

which is substantially less than the MCL of 10 μg/L (table 5). 

The highest arsenic concentration, 9.8 μg/L, was measured 

in water from well w25 near the western CPN TJA boundary 

in an area where arsenic concentrations in groundwater 

from the Garber-Wellington aquifer have exceeded the MCL 

(fig. 1; app. 6) (Smith, 2005). Chromium concentrations 

ranged from less than the reporting level of 0.07 to 12.2 μg/L, 

with a median concentration of 0.48 μg/L, and selenium 

concentrations ranged from less than the reporting level of 

0.03 to 9.5 μg/L, with a median concentration of 0.27 μg/L 

(apps. 5 and 9).

Concentrations of three trace elements—iron, manganese, 

and aluminum—exceeded the respective SMCLs in at least 1 

of the 30 groundwater samples. SMCLs have been established 

for these three constituents for public drinking-water 

supplies because of aesthetic considerations that include the 

staining of household water fixtures and water discoloration 

(U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2013b). Iron and 

manganese concentrations exceeded the SMCLs of 300 and 

50 μg/L, respectively, in three water samples collected from 

wells w5, w6, and w13 (fig. 1; app. 6). Two of these wells, 

w5 and w13, were relatively shallow, producing water from 

the alluvial aquifer adjoining the North Canadian River. 

Well w6, located on the North Canadian alluvium near the 

river, was completed in the Wellington Formation but also 

probably produced water from the alluvial aquifer. Historical 

groundwater samples show that high concentrations of 

iron and manganese commonly are associated with wells 

completed in the alluvial aquifer along the North Canadian 

River (U.S. Geological Survey, 2013a). The concentration of 

aluminum exceeded the SMCL of 50 μg/L in the water sample 

collected from well w25, with a concentration of 56.9 μg/L 

(app. 6). Aluminum concentrations in only four groundwater 

samples were equal or greater than the reporting level of 

2.2 μg/L. 

Concentrations of several trace elements in water samples 

were related to pH. Concentrations of arsenic, boron, and 

molybdenum were positively related to pH, indicating that 

concentrations of these trace elements increased as pH in 

water increased (figs. 13A–13C). In the form of oxyanions, 

these trace elements can compete for sorption sites on 

mineral surfaces and can be released into groundwater 

during the competitive sorption and cation-exchange process 

(Hem, 1985; Robertson, 1989; Ayotte and others, 2011). 

Chromium and selenium behave similarly during the cationexchange process (Schlottman and others, 1998), but because 

concentrations of these trace elements are relatively low 

in samples with pH values above 7.5 (figs. 13D and 13E), 

these trace elements may be absent or only present in low 

concentrations in rocks along groundwater flow paths in the 

CPN TJA. 
42 Stream-Water and Groundwater Quality in and near the CPN Tribal Jurisdictional Area, Pottawatomie County, Oklahoma

Maximum Contaminant Level for public drinking-water supplies 

(U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2013a) 

Well sample and identifier

EXPLANATION

0.01

0.1

1

10

100

4 5 6 7 8 9

Chromium, in micrograms per liter

pH, in standard units

0.01

0.1

1

10

Selenium, in micrograms per liter

10

100

1,000

10,000

Boron, in micrograms per liter

B

0.01

0.1

1

10

100

Molybdenum, in micrograms per liter

w25

A

C D

E

50

0.01

0.1

1

10

Arsenic, in micrograms per liter

4 5 6 7 8 9

pH, in standard units

w25

Figure 13. Concentrations of A, arsenic; B, boron; C, molybdenum; D, chromium; and E, selenium in relation to pH in water samples 

collected from 30 wells in and near the Citizen Potawatomi Nation Tribal Jurisdictional Area, central Oklahoma, 2012–13. 
Groundwater Quality 43

Selected Radionuclides

Concentration of the radionuclide uranium (uranium-238, 

the isotope measured in this study) was analyzed in water 

samples from 30 wells and gross alpha- and beta-particle 

activities were analyzed in water samples from 27 wells (app. 

5). Uranium is unstable and undergoes a decay process in which 

radioactive particles are emitted, and daughter radionuclides are 

formed to stabilize the atomic configuration. The radioactive 

decay process of uranium and daughter radionuclides in rocks 

and water releases ionizing radiation composed of alpha and 

beta particles (Focazio and others, 2001). In drinking water, 

MCLs for these radionuclides have been established as follows: 

(1) uranium 30 μg/L, (2) gross alpha-particle activity 15 

picocuries per liter (pCi/L), and (3) gross-beta particle activity 

4 millirems per year, which is equivalent to a concentration 

of about 50 pCi/L (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 

2013a). The greatest risk to human health from radionuclides 

comes from a lifetime of exposure (U.S. Environmental 

Protection Agency, 1999); health hazards posed by short-term 

exposure generally are negligible. Drinking-water MCLs for 

exposure to radioactivity are set at a level of about a 1 in 10,000 

chance of developing a fatal cancer over a lifetime of 70 years 

when consuming 2 liters of water per day (U.S. Environmental 

Protection Agency, 2000). 

Concentrations of uranium ranged from 0.03 to 79.5 μg/L 

in the 30 groundwater samples, with a median concentration of 

1.9 μg/L (apps. 6 and 9). Water samples from wells w28 and 

w29 exceeded the MCL of 30 μg/L, with concentrations of 

79.5 μg/L and 31.1 μg/L, respectively. Uranium concentrations 

generally increased with increasing pH values (fig. 14A) 

(similar to arsenic) and also increased with increasing alkalinity 

(27 wells analyzed for gross alpha-particle activity)

w6 w30

w26

w28

w29

Maximum Contaminant Level for public drinking-water supplies 

(U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2013a) 

Well sample and identification number

EXPLANATION

Uranium, in micrograms per liter

B

0.01

0.1

1

10

100

0.1

1

10

100

Gross alpha-particle activity, in picocuries per liter

A

C

0.01

0.1

1

10

100

Uranium, in micrograms per liter

Alkalinity, in milligrams per liter as calcium carbonate

4 5 6 7 8 9

pH, in standard units

10 100 1,000

w29

w29

Figure 14. Concentrations of A, uranium in relation to pH; B, uranium in relation to alkalinity; and C, gross alpha-particle activity in 

relation to pH in water samples collected from 30 wells in and near the Citizen Potawatomi Nation Tribal Jurisdictional Area, central 

Oklahoma, 2012–13.
44 Stream-Water and Groundwater Quality in and near the CPN Tribal Jurisdictional Area, Pottawatomie County, Oklahoma

(fig. 14B). Water samples collected from wells w28 and w29 

were relatively alkaline, both with a pH of 7.7 (fig. 14A; 

app. 6). Generally, uranium concentrations were highest in 

samples collected from wells completed in the Wellington 

Formation and the Chase, Council Grove, and Admire Groups 

in the southern and eastern parts of the CPN TJA (fig. 15). 

Historical groundwater-quality samples show similar trends in 

uranium concentrations and indicate an area in northwestern 

Pottawatomie County where exceptionally high concentrations 

of uranium (1,500 μg/L) were measured in groundwater from 

wells completed in the Wellington Formation (fig. 15) (Becker, 

2013). 

The radioactive decay of uranium-238 and the uranium 

daughter products, radium-226, and radon-222 (not analyzed 

in this study) emit primarily alpha particles but have shortlived, intermediate daughter products created during the decay 

process that emit beta particles (Zapecza and Szabo, 1988). 

The effects of this short-term decay are seen as a decrease 

in gross alpha-particle activity from 72 hours to 30 days and 

an increase in gross beta-particle activity from 72 hours to 

30 days. The increase in gross beta-particle activity over time 

results from the ingrowth and decay of uranium daughter 

products that emit beta particles (Welch and others, 1995; 

Szabo and others, 2007). 

Gross alpha-particle activities decreased from 72 hours to 

30 days in 25 of 27 samples, showing that radioactive decay of 

uranium or uranium daughter products occurred. At 72 hours, 

gross alpha-particle activities ranged from 0.9 to 28 pCi/L 

with four samples (w6, w26, w29, and w30) containing gross 

alpha-particle activities exceeding the MCL of 15 pCi/L 

(fig. 14C; app. 5). Gross alpha-particle activity was not 

analyzed in the water sample collected from well w28 but 

probably would have exceeded the MCL, given the uranium 

concentration of 79.5 μg/L measured in water from that well. 

Uranium concentrations and gross alpha-particle activity both 

increased with increasing pH values (figs. 14A and 14C).

Gross beta-particle activities were slightly higher 

at 30 days compared to 72 hours in 16 of the 27 samples 

analyzed (app. 5). Gross beta-particle activity at 30 days in 

samples ranged from not detected to 9.7 pCi/L in the water 

sample from well w29, which also contained a uranium 

concentration (31.1 μg/L) and a gross alpha-particle activity 

(28 pCi/L) exceeding the respective MCLs. 
w25

w1

w2

w3

w4

w5

w6

w7

w8

w9 w10

w11

w12 w14 w13

w15 w16

w17 w18

w19

w20

w21

w22

w23

w24

w26

w27

w28 w29

w30

Quaternary-age geologic unitPermian-age geologic unit

EXPLANATION

Lake

Thunderbird

Wes Watkins 

Reservoir

POTTAWATOMIE

COUNTY

CLEVELAND

COUNTY

LINCOLN COUNTY

OKLAHOMA

COUNTY

35°20’

35°

AlluviumTerrace deposits

Pennsylvanian-age geologic unit

Vanoss Formation

14 and less15 to 2930 to 100101 and greater

Garber Sandstone

Wellington Formation

Chase, Council Grove, and Admire Groups (

Stanley Draper Lake 

Citizen Potawatami Nation Tribal JurisdictionWell—Historical sample. Retrieved from U.S. 

National Water Information System databa(U.S. Geological Survey, 2013a)

Well and identifier—Sample collected for cheUranium concentration, in micrograms per lit

Salt Creek

MCCLAIN COUNTY PONTOTOC 

COUNTY

w5

Little River

North Canadian River

Canadian River

97°20’ 97°

Base from U.S. Geological Survey digital data 1:100,000, 1983Albers Equal-Area Conic projection,North American Datum of 1983Geology from Lindberg (1987) andBingham and Moore (1975)0 2.5 5 7.5 10 MILES0 2.5 5 7.5 10 KILOMETERS

Figure 15. Uranium concentrations measured in groundwater from wells sampled for this study and historical data (1977–2013) from wells in and sur

Potawatomi Nation Tribal Jurisdictional Area, central Oklahoma.
46 Stream-Water and Groundwater Quality in and near the CPN Tribal Jurisdictional Area, Pottawatomie County, Oklahoma

Summary

The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation 

with the Citizen Potawatomi Nation (CPN), collected waterquality samples at 4 sites on 3 streams and from 30 wells 

during 2012 and 2013 in and near the CPN tribal jurisdictional 

area (TJA). Stream samples were collected eight times from 

January 2012 to April 2013 on the North Canadian River at an 

upstream USGS streamflow-gaging station at North Canadian 

River near Harrah, Okla. (07241550); at a downstream 

USGS streamflow-gaging station at North Canadian River at 

Shawnee, Okla., (07241800); and on the Little River at the 

USGS streamflow-gaging station Little River near Tecumseh, 

Okla. (07230500). Stream samples also were collected three 

times at a nongaged site on Deer Creek, Deer Creek near 

McLoud Okla. (07241590). The water properties—dissolved 

oxygen, pH, specific conductance, and temperature—were 

measured in the field during sampling, and stream-water 

samples also were collected and analyzed for major ions, 

nutrients, trace elements, counts of fecal-indicator bacteria, 

and 69 organic compounds. 

Streamflow at the stations on the North Canadian River 

and the Little River during 2012 was substantially less than 

historical annual mean streamflows measured at these stations. 

The mean daily streamflows during 2012 were 37 percent and 

47 percent of the historical annual mean streamflows at the 

Harrah and Shawnee stations at the North Canadian River, 

respectively, and only 9 percent of the historical annual mean 

streamflow at the Tecumseh station on the Little River.

The highest concentrations of dissolved solids and 

chlorides were measured in stream-water samples collected 

at the Tecumseh station. The Secondary Maximum 

Contaminant Level (SMCL) for dissolved solids in drinking 

water of 500 milligrams per liter (mg/L) was exceeded in 7 

of 8 stream-water samples, with a median concentration of 

844 mg/L. The 250-mg/L SMCL for chloride was exceeded 

in 5 of the 8 stream-water samples collected at that station. 

Concentrations of dissolved solids in stream-water samples 

collected at the Harrah and Shawnee stations ranged from 168 

to 607 mg/L and 224 to 581 mg/L, respectively, with a total 

of three samples collected at the two stations exceeding the 

SMCL of 500 mg/L. Chloride concentrations in stream-water 

samples collected at the Harrah and Shawnee stations ranged 

from 19.9 to 158 mg/L and 27.9 to 143 mg/L, respectively. 

Three stream-water samples collected at the Deer Creek site 

contained relatively low concentrations of dissolved solids and 

chloride, with median concentrations of 207 and 19.8 mg/L, 

respectively. 

Median concentrations of total dissolved nitrogen were 

about an order of magnitude higher in stream-water samples 

collected at the two North Canadian River stations than 

concentrations in stream-water samples collected from the 

Little River and Deer Creek. Median concentrations in streamwater samples were 4.36 and 2.89 mg/L from the two North 

Canadian River stations, 0.35 mg/L from the Tecumseh station, 

and 0.76 mg/L from the Deer Creek site. Nitrate-nitrogen 

was the primary nitrogen species in all stream-water samples 

collected from the North Canadian River, whereas ammonia 

and organic nitrogen were the primary nitrogen species in 

stream-water samples from the Little River and Deer Creek. 

Concentrations of nitrate-nitrogen were highest in samples 

collected at the two North Canadian River stations at low 

streamflows. Previously measured concentrations of nitratenitrogen in local groundwater samples and those collected for 

this study contained median nitrate-nitrogen concentrations of 

less than 1 mg/L, indicating groundwater is a minor source of 

nitrate-nitrogen to local streams.

Similar to nitrogen, the median concentrations of total 

dissolved phosphorus were higher, by about two orders of 

magnitude, in stream-water samples collected at the two 

North Canadian River stations than concentrations in streamwater samples collected from the Tecumseh station and from 

the Deer Creek site. Median total dissolved phosphorus 

concentrations were 1.05 and 0.805 mg/L in stream-water 

samples collected from the two North Canadian River stations, 

0.007 mg/L from the Tecumseh station, and 0.032 mg/L 

from the Deer Creek site. Concentrations of total dissolved 

phosphorus in stream samples from the North Canadian 

River were more than three times higher than the median 

concentration of about 0.25 mg/L for streams nationwide in 

agricultural and urban settings. Dissolved concentrations of 

total nitrogen, nitrate-nitrogen, orthophosphorus, and total 

phosphorus were highest in samples collected at the two North 

Canadian River stations at low streamflows, indicating that 

wastewater effluent was probably a notable source of these 

nutrients.

Concentrations of most trace elements increased with 

increasing streamflow in stream-water samples collected at 

the two North Canadian River stations, indicating that these 

trace elements are washed into the streams with surface-water 

runoff or resuspended with streambed sediments. This relation 

was not as evident in stream-water samples from the Little 

River and may be related to the comparatively small drainage 

basin and relative lack of developed land in the basin upstream 

from that station. In general, all trace-element concentrations 

were below respective Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCL) 

for public drinking-water supplies, except for one arsenic 

concentration of 10.1 micrograms per liter (μg/L) in a streamwater sample collected from the North Canadian River and a 

barium concentration of 2,690 μg/L in a stream-water sample 

collected from the Little River; both samples were collected 

during high streamflow. At least one stream-water sample from 

each of the four stream sites sampled in this study contained a 

lead concentration exceeding the SMCL of 15 μg/L. All of the 

samples with trace-element concentrations exceeding an MCL 

or SMCL were collected during high streamflows. 

A greater number of organic compounds were detected 

in stream-water samples collected at the two North Canadian 

River stations than in stream-water samples collected at the 

Tecumseh station and the Deer Creek site. This difference 

may be related to the larger basin size and more diverse land 

uses of the North Canadian River Basin and the presence 
References Cited 47

of upstream metropolitan areas and wastewater-treatment 

facilities in that basin. In the 8 stream-water samples collected 

at the upstream Harrah station, 213 detections of organic 

compounds were measured, whereas in 8 samples collected 

at the downstream Shawnee station, 203 detections of organic 

compounds were measured. In contrast, 59 detections of 

organic compounds were measured in the 8 stream-water 

samples collected at the Tecumseh station, and 25 detections 

of organic compounds were measured in the 3 stream-water 

samples collected at the Deer Creek site; however, the 8 

detections of 7 organic compounds in the two equipmentblank samples is problematic for evaluating these data, 

especially for the Deer Creek and Little River samples because 

of the comparatively low detection frequency and should be 

taken into consideration when evaluating these results. 

Groundwater samples were collected one time from 

30 wells yielding water from the Garber-Wellington 

aquifer; Admire, Chase, and Council Grove Groups; Vanoss 

Formation; and the terrace and alluvial aquifers along the 

North Canadian River. The water properties—dissolved 

oxygen, pH, specific conductance, and temperature—were 

measured in the field and samples were collected and analyzed 

for the major ions, nutrients, trace elements, and selected 

radionuclides.

Of 30 wells sampled for this study, 26 were completed in 

bedrock aquifers, and 4 were completed in terrace or alluvial 

aquifers. Field measurements of pH ranged from 5.0 to 8.4, 

with a median value of 6.8. pH values in water samples 

collected from eight of those wells were below the SMCL of 

6.5. In general, groundwater in the study area was very hard, 

with hardness concentrations ranging from 19 to 465 mg/L 

as calcium carbonate and a median hardness concentration of 

180 mg/L as calcium carbonate measured in water samples 

collected from the 30 wells. Concentrations of sulfate 

exceeded the 250-mg/L SMCL in two groundwater samples, 

and dissolved solids concentration exceeded the 500-mg/L 

SMCL in nine groundwater samples. Previously collected 

samples indicated that the highest sulfate and dissolved solids 

concentrations occurred in groundwater from the Chase, 

Council Grove, and Admire Groups in the eastern half of the 

study area and that high concentrations of iron and manganese 

commonly occur in groundwater from the North Canadian 

River alluvium.

Nitrite plus nitrate-nitrogen concentrations in the 

30 groundwater samples ranged from less than the reporting 

level of 0.038 (in 7 samples) to 4.8 mg/L as nitrogen, with 

a median concentration of 0.344 mg/L as nitrogen. Total 

nitrogen concentration ranged from less than the reporting 

level of 0.05 (in two samples) to 5.29 mg/L, with a median 

concentration of 0.42 mg/L. Median concentrations of 

both types of nitrogen analyses were substantially less than 

the nationwide median nitrate-nitrogen concentrations for 

groundwater in agricultural areas of 5.5 mg/L and in urban 

areas of 1.4 mg/L. 

Trace-element concentrations did not exceed respective 

MCLs in the 30 groundwater samples collected for this study. 

Arsenic concentrations ranged from 0.08 to 9.8 μg/L, with a 

median concentration of 0.58 μg/L. Chromium concentrations 

ranged from less than 0.7 to 12.2 μg/L, with a median 

concentration of 0.48 μg/L, and selenium concentrations 

ranged from less than 0.03 to 9.5 μg/L, with a median 

concentration of 0.27 μg/L. 

Concentrations of the radionuclide uranium in the 

30 groundwater samples ranged from 0.03 to 79.5 μg/L, with 

a median concentration of 1.9 μg/L. Two water samples, 

from wells w28 and w29, exceeded the MCL of 30 μg/L with 

concentrations of 79.5 and 31.1 μg/L, respectively. Generally, 

uranium concentrations were highest in water samples 

collected from wells completed in the Wellington Formation 

and the Chase, Council Grove, and Admire Groups in the 

southern and eastern parts of the study area.

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Appendixes 1–9

Date of 

sample 

(yyyymmdd)

Sample 

type

Streamflow 

(ft3/s)

Gage height 

(feet above 

NAVD 88)

Ionic 

balance

(percent)a

Dissolved 

oxygen 

(mg/L)

Hardness 

(mg/L as 

CaCO3)

pH 

(standard 

units)

Specific 

conductance 

(μS/cm at 25 

degrees Celsius)

Water 

temperature 

(degrees 

Celsius)

Dissolved 

solids 

(mg/L)

Little River near Tecumseh, Oklahoma (07230500)

20120110 Env 6.1 4.54 -1.75 11.7 289 8.4 1,200 5.9 663 

20120319 Env 1,450 10.06 2.86 7.3 106 8.0 345 15.3 199 20120531 Env 2.6 4.26 6.54 8.9 270 8.4 1,290 25.2 705 20120626 Env 1.5 4.17 1.05 8.5 212 8.4 1,510 30.4 815 20120626 Rep – – -0.27 8.5 201 8.4 1,510 30.4 823 

20120826 Env 1.5 4.19 -2.56 7.7 192 8.6 e766 25.7 1,180 

20120918 Env 1.0 4.14 -2.32 10.2 216 9.0 2,130 23.2 1,180 

20121114 Env 2.4 4.35 -2.20 10.3 272 8.2 1,690 8.4 954 

20121206 Env 2.4 4.37 -4.79 10.8 270 8.4 1,570 10.5 872 

20121206 Rep – – -4.64 10.8 270 8.4 1,570 10.5 827 

North Canadian River near Harrah, Oklahoma (07241550)

20120109 Env 91 4.72 -4.46 12.9 251 8.0 786 7.7 607 

20120320 Env 4,690 11.18 0.62 7.4 99.3 8.0 280 14.8 168 

20120531 Env 677 6.68 0.90 7.0 128 7.8 425 25.8 252 

20120627 Blank – – – – <0.15 – 1 – <20 

20120627 Env 123 4.88 0.14 9.2 195 8.6 690 28.8 459 

20120826 Env 185 5.24 -0.41 9.4 156 8.4 396 28.3 457 

20120917 Env e108 4.71 1.01 9.2 192 8.3 544 25.8 534 

20121113 Env 175b 5.30 0.87 9.7 138 8.4 494 10.1 291 

20121205 Env 162 5.10 -0.81 11.1 164 8.2 645 12.2 363 

Deer Creek near McLoud, Oklahoma (07241590)

20120109 Env 0.34 9.95 -1.84 7.5 169 7.5 470 5.9 293 

20120319 Env 139 – – 9.7 25.8 7.5 74 14.1 59 

20130410 Env – – – 9.3 116 7.4 334 8.1 207 

Table 1–1. Water-property measurements, concentrations of major ions and nutrients, fecal-indicator bacteria counts, and quality-control data for w

four stream sites in and near the Citizen Potawatomi Nation Tribal Jurisdictional Area, central Oklahoma, 2012–13.

[Constituent concentrations are dissolved (filtered) unless otherwise noted; ft3/s; cubic foot per second; NAVD 88, North American Vertical Datum of 1988; mg/L, milligram per 

calculated from dissolved concentrations of calcium and magnesium expressed as calcium carbonate; CaCO3, calcium carbonate; μs/cm, microsiemens per centimeter; Env, envi

sample; Blank, equipment-blank quality-assurance sample; E, estimate, result is outside the lowest or highest calibration point; e, estimated; v, analyte detected in equipment-blaless than; Org., organic; SiO2, silicon dioxide; N, nitrogen; P, phosphorus; –, not determined; mL, milliliter; Bold font denotes value exceeds Maximum Contaminant Level or S

Level for public drinking-water supplies (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2013a, 2013b)]
Date of sample (yyyymmdd) Sample type Streamflow (ft3/s) Gage height (feet above NAVD 88) Ionic balance (percent)a Dissolved oxygen (mg/L) Hardness (mg/L as CaCO3) pH (standard units) Specific conductance (μS/cm at 25 degrees Celsius) Water temperature (degrees Celsius) Dissolved solids (mg/L) 

North Canadian River at Shawnee, Oklahoma (07241800) 20120109 Env e98 8.38 -2.06 13.8 244 8.4 566 8.1 581 

20120320 Env 5,700 16.12 1.71 5.6 120 7.9 365 15.1 224 20120531 Blank – – 3.84 – <0.14 – 1 – <20 

20120531 Env e1,740 12.58 2.18 4.8 169 7.7 522 25.2 301 

20120626 Env 128 8.43 -0.20 15.4 190 9.3 843 33.2 492 

20120826 Env 238 8.81 -6.50 6.5 112 8.4 507 25.0 304 

20120917 Env 136 8.45 0.22 10.2 175 8.8 716 21.4 474 

20121114 Env 214b 9.01 -1.23 11.0 150 8.4 548 11.6 321 

20121206 Env 188b 9.01 -2.06 13.2 193 8.7 819 12.5 467 

Date of sample (yyyymmdd) Sample type Magnesium, (mg/L) Magnesium, (whole) (mg/L) Potassium (mg/L) Potassium, (whole) (mg/L) Sodium (mg/L) Sodium (whole) (mg/L) Alkalinity (mg/L as CaCO3) Bic

(

Little River near Tecumseh, Oklahoma (07230500) 20120110 Env 33.4 33.8 1.84 1.83 142 140 272 

20120319 Env 12.0 36.7 3.23 8.25 22.8 21.1 93.8 

20120531 Env 38.5 34.4 3.25 2.98 196 171 223 

20120626 Env 33.1 33.1 3.19 3.28 226 224 206 

20120626 Rep 32.0 33.0 3.14 3.30 221 223 205 

20120826 Env 32.2 32.2 3.93 3.92 351 350 210 

20120918 Env 36.1 36.3 2.94 3.03 346 356 201 

20121114 Env 34.0 34.4 3.88 3.79 243 240 263 

20121206 Env 33.1 33.5 2.99 3.10 196 214 266 

20121206 Rep 32.9 33.5 3.03 3.23 197 217 266 

Table 1–1. Water-property measurements, concentrations of major ions and nutrients, fecal-indicator bacteria counts, and quality-control data for w

four stream sites in and near the Citizen Potawatomi Nation Tribal Jurisdictional Area, central Oklahoma, 2012–13.—Continued [Constituent concentrations are dissolved (filtered) unless otherwise noted; ft3/s; cubic foot per second; NAVD 88, North American Vertical Datum of 1988; mg/L, milligram per 

calculated from dissolved concentrations of calcium and magnesium expressed as calcium carbonate; CaCO3, calcium carbonate; μs/cm, microsiemens per centimeter; Env, envi

sample; Blank, equipment-blank quality-assurance sample; E, estimate, result is outside the lowest or highest calibration point; e, estimated; v, analyte detected in equipment-blaless than; Org., organic; SiO2, silicon dioxide; N, nitrogen; P, phosphorus; –, not determined; mL, milliliter; Bold font denotes value exceeds Maximum Contaminant Level or S

Level for public drinking-water supplies (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2013a, 2013b)]
Date of 

sample 

(yyyymmdd)

Sample 

type

Magnesium, 

(mg/L)

Magnesium, 

(whole) 

(mg/L)

Potassium 

(mg/L)

Potassium, 

(whole) 

(mg/L)

Sodium 

(mg/L)

Sodium 

(whole) 

(mg/L)

Alkalinity 

(mg/L as CaCO3)

Bic

(

North Canadian River near Harrah, Oklahoma (07241550)

20120109 Env 22.8 22.3 11.7 11.5 114 111 198 20120320 Env 7.69 14.4 3.40 5.36 17.9 17.9 82.9 

20120531 Env 10.7 13.1 4.94 5.95 34.3 33.6 103 

20120627 Blank <0.011 <0.007 <0.03 <0.015 <0.06 <0.06 – 

20120627 Env 16.6 16.6 8.20 8.36 80.8 79.4 129 

20120826 Env 13.5 14.7 10.2 10.5 85.7 84.5 97.7 

20120917 Env 17.5 17.7 11.8 11.9 96.0 95.5 112 

20121113 Env 11.8 12.2 6.60 6.66 45.9 44.2 106 

20121205 Env 14.0 14.6 7.72 8.23 56.2 58.7 114 

Deer Creek near McLoud, Oklahoma (07241590)

20120109 Env 16.0 16.0 1.77 1.87 34.9 35.4 200 

20120319 Env 2.19 4.66 2.70 4.24 3.38 3.15 – 

20130410 Env 10.5 10.4 2.65 2.96 23.1 21.9 – 

North Canadian River at Shawnee, Oklahoma (07241800)

20120109 Env 21.8 22.1 11.3 11.7 98.2 99.5 157 20120320 Env 9.17 22.7 3.96 7.61 25.0 24.9 95.0 20120531 Blank <0.011 <0.007 <0.03 <0.015 <0.06 <0.06 – 

20120531 Env 13.5 22.4 4.84 7.85 42.2 39.8 128 

20120626 Env 19.3 18.9 9.69 9.73 104 98.4 130 

20120826 Env 9.44 12.1 6.78 7.77 48.0 48.0 89.4 

20120917 Env 16.3 18.6 8.02 9.69 72.2 81.4 140 

20121114 Env 12.7 14.0 6.18 6.76 49.1 49.1 114 20121206 Env 17.4 18.6 10.2 10.8 82.2 82.7 138 

Table 1–1. Water-property measurements, concentrations of major ions and nutrients, fecal-indicator bacteria counts, and quality-control data for w

four stream sites in and near the Citizen Potawatomi Nation Tribal Jurisdictional Area, central Oklahoma, 2012–13.—Continued

[Constituent concentrations are dissolved (filtered) unless otherwise noted; ft3/s; cubic foot per second; NAVD 88, North American Vertical Datum of 1988; mg/L, milligram per 

calculated from dissolved concentrations of calcium and magnesium expressed as calcium carbonate; CaCO3, calcium carbonate; μs/cm, microsiemens per centimeter; Env, envi

sample; Blank, equipment-blank quality-assurance sample; E, estimate, result is outside the lowest or highest calibration point; e, estimated; v, analyte detected in equipment-blaless than; Org., organic; SiO2, silicon dioxide; N, nitrogen; P, phosphorus; –, not determined; mL, milliliter; Bold font denotes value exceeds Maximum Contaminant Level or S

Level for public drinking-water supplies (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2013a, 2013b)]
Date of sample (yyyymmdd) Sample type Chloride (mg/L) Fluoride (mg/L) Silica (mg/L as SiO2) Sulfate (mg/L) Ammonia plus org. N (mg/L as N) Ammonia plus org. N, (whole) (mg/L as N) Ammonia N (mg/L as N) Nit

n

(mg

Little River near Tecumseh, Oklahoma (07230500) 20120110 Env 202v 0.38 9.26 60.2 0.12 0.17 0.012 <

20120319 Env 28.7v 0.26 6.31 13.7 0.76 11 0.134 

20120531 Env 233v 0.37 14.0 58.8 0.30 0.30 <0.010 <

20120626 Env 294v 0.43 13.0 69.6 0.38 0.51 <0.010 <

20120626 Rep 291v 0.40 12.0 69.6 0.35 0.40 <0.010 <

20120826 Env 488v 0.45 8.30 107 0.72 1.0 0.012 <

20120918 Env 496v 0.42 8.81 114 0.50 0.58 0.020 <

20121114 Env 344v 0.30 10.2 88.5 0.32 0.33 <0.010 <

20121206 Env 297v 0.33 9.43 81.0 0.29 0.25 0.020 <

20121206 Rep 297v 0.31 9.38 81.8 0.28 0.27 0.021 <

North Canadian River near Harrah, Oklahoma (07241550) 20120109 Env 158v 0.86 8.29 109 0.88 1.0 0.078 

20120320 Env 19.9v 0.23 5.85 26.1 0.65 2.2 0.213 

20120531 Env 39.3v 0.29 3.84 39.4 0.52 1.5 0.066 

20120627 Blank 0.36 <0.04 <0.018 <0.09 <0.07 <0.07 <0.010 <

20120627 Env 107v 0.60 5.09 83.0 0.68 1.5 <0.010 

20120826 Env 117v 0.67 6.58 72.9 0.81 1.9 <0.010 

20120917 Env 125v 0.78 8.56 83.2 0.92 1.2 0.040 

20121113 Env 55.1v 0.36 6.57 43.0 0.57 1.1 0.046 

20121205 Env 82.2v 0.56 6.15 53.9 0.80 1.3 0.126 

Deer Creek near McLoud, Oklahoma (07241590) 20120109 Env 29.9v 0.44 13.8 13.9 0.30 0.50 0.097 

20120319 Env 3.36v 0.15 4.96 3.28 0.61 2.6 0.072 

20130410 Env 19.8v – 10.5 10.7 0.64 1.2 0.080 

Table 1–1. Water-property measurements, concentrations of major ions and nutrients, fecal-indicator bacteria counts, and quality-control data for w

four stream sites in and near the Citizen Potawatomi Nation Tribal Jurisdictional Area, central Oklahoma, 2012–13.—Continued [Constituent concentrations are dissolved (filtered) unless otherwise noted; ft3/s; cubic foot per second; NAVD 88, North American Vertical Datum of 1988; mg/L, milligram per 

calculated from dissolved concentrations of calcium and magnesium expressed as calcium carbonate; CaCO3, calcium carbonate; μs/cm, microsiemens per centimeter; Env, envi

sample; Blank, equipment-blank quality-assurance sample; E, estimate, result is outside the lowest or highest calibration point; e, estimated; v, analyte detected in equipment-blaless than; Org., organic; SiO2, silicon dioxide; N, nitrogen; P, phosphorus; –, not determined; mL, milliliter; Bold font denotes value exceeds Maximum Contaminant Level or S

Level for public drinking-water supplies (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2013a, 2013b)]
Date of 

sample 

(yyyymmdd)

Sample 

type

Chloride 

(mg/L)

Fluoride 

(mg/L)

Silica 

(mg/L as SiO2)

Sulfate 

(mg/L)

Ammonia 

plus org. N 

(mg/L as N)

Ammonia plus 

org. N, (whole) 

(mg/L as N)

Ammonia N 

(mg/L as N)

Nit

n

(mg

North Canadian River at Shawnee, Oklahoma (07241800)

20120109 Env 143v 0.85 7.45 99.8 1.0 1.2 0.193 

20120320 Env 27.9v 0.31 6.23 34.6 0.83 4.4 0.423 

20120531 Blank 0.26 <0.04 <0.018 <0.09 <0.07 <0.07 0.028 <

20120531 Env 44.5v 0.38 5.31 51.2 0.72 3.1 0.307 

20120626 Env 138v 0.69 0.722 78.5 0.71 3.0 <0.010 

20120826 Env 58.2v 0.43 6.13 45.8 0.81 2.6 0.099 

20120917 Env 106v 0.64 5.13 84.6 0.72 1.5 <0.010 

20121114 Env 62.1v 0.40 6.13 49.5 0.54 1.3 0.093 

20121206 Env 119v 0.75 4.57 62.3 0.90 2.3 0.011 

Date of 

sample 

(yyyymmdd)

Sample 

type

Total nitrogen 

(calculated) 

(mg/L)c

Orthophosphorus 

(mg/L as P)

Total phosphorus 

(mg/L)

Total phosphorus, 

(whole) 

(mg/L)

Escherichia coli

(most probable numbe

per 100 mL)

Little River near Tecumseh, Oklahoma (07230500)

20120110 Env 0.12 <0.004 <0.003 0.011 – 

20120319 Env 1.2 0.013 0.030 0.970 – 

20120531 Env 0.30 0.004 0.007 0.017 20 20120626 Env 0.38 <0.004 0.006 0.030 10 20120626 Rep 0.35 0.004 0.007 0.014 – 

20120826 Env 0.72 <0.004 0.017 0.073 6,700 20120918 Env 0.50 0.006 0.010 0.017 8,800 20121114 Env 0.32 <0.004 0.007 0.016 – 

20121206 Env 0.29 0.004 0.007 0.017 – 

20121206 Rep 0.28 <0.004 0.008 0.017 – 

Table 1–1. Water-property measurements, concentrations of major ions and nutrients, fecal-indicator bacteria counts, and quality-control data for w

four stream sites in and near the Citizen Potawatomi Nation Tribal Jurisdictional Area, central Oklahoma, 2012–13.—Continued

[Constituent concentrations are dissolved (filtered) unless otherwise noted; ft3/s; cubic foot per second; NAVD 88, North American Vertical Datum of 1988; mg/L, milligram per 

calculated from dissolved concentrations of calcium and magnesium expressed as calcium carbonate; CaCO3, calcium carbonate; μs/cm, microsiemens per centimeter; Env, envi

sample; Blank, equipment-blank quality-assurance sample; E, estimate, result is outside the lowest or highest calibration point; e, estimated; v, analyte detected in equipment-blaless than; Org., organic; SiO2, silicon dioxide; N, nitrogen; P, phosphorus; –, not determined; mL, milliliter; Bold font denotes value exceeds Maximum Contaminant Level or S

Level for public drinking-water supplies (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2013a, 2013b)]
Date of sample (yyyymmdd) Sample type Total nitrogen (calculated) (mg/L)c Orthophosphorus (mg/L as P) Total phosphorus (mg/L) Total phosphorus, (whole) (mg/L) Escherichia coli (most probable numbe

per 100 mL) 

North Canadian River near Harrah, Oklahoma (07241550) 20120109 Env 7.8 2.09 2.05 2.16 – 

20120320 Env 1.3 0.137 0.147 1.01 – 

20120531 Env 2.1 0.276 0.308 0.703 910 20120627 Blank – <0.004 <0.003 <0.004 – 

20120627 Env 4.1 1.27 1.30 1.46 31 20120826 Env 5.8 1.43 1.41 1.70 1,700 

20120917 Env 9.3 3.30 3.22 3.06 5,100 

20121113 Env 4.0 0.764 0.809 0.930 – 

20121205 Env 4.6 0.371 0.388 0.525 – 

Deer Creek near McLoud, Oklahoma (07241590) 20120109 Env 0.35 0.006 0.003 0.025 – 

20120319 Env 0.88 0.024 0.042 0.655 – 

20130410 Env 0.76 0.016 0.032 0.209 – 

North Canadian River at Shawnee, Oklahoma (07241800) 20120109 Env 8.4 2.53 2.53 2.70 – 

20120320 Env 1.5 0.124 0.132 1.52 – 

20120531 Blank – <0.004 <0.003 <0.004 – 

20120531 Env 1.6 0.276 0.308 1.30 1,500 20120626 Env 1.3 0.273 0.323 0.698 <10 20120826 Env 2.5 0.867 0.929 1.34 7,500 20120917 Env 4.0 1.06 1.06 1.21 7,200 20121114 Env 3.3 0.620 0.681 0.954 – 

20121206 Env 6.9 1.53 1.51 1.91 – 

aThe ionic balance was calculated as the total dissolved cation concentration minus the total dissolved anion concentration divided by the total concentration of ions in millieq

cation concentration was the sum of concentrations of calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, and the trace elements iron and manganese. The total anion concentration was thfluoride, alkalinity, and nitrate-nitrogen concentrations. bDaily mean streamflow.

cTotal dissolved nitrogen calculated from the sum of dissolved ammonia plus organic nitrogen and nitrate plus nitrite-nitrogen concentrations.

Table 1–1. Water-property measurements, concentrations of major ions and nutrients, fecal-indicator bacteria counts, and quality-control data for w

four stream sites in and near the Citizen Potawatomi Nation Tribal Jurisdictional Area, central Oklahoma, 2012–13.—Continued

[Constituent concentrations are dissolved (filtered) unless otherwise noted; ft3/s; cubic foot per second; NAVD 88, North American Vertical Datum of 1988; mg/L, milligram per 

calculated from dissolved concentrations of calcium and magnesium expressed as calcium carbonate; CaCO3, calcium carbonate; μs/cm, microsiemens per centimeter; Env, envi

sample; Blank, equipment-blank quality-assurance sample; E, estimate, result is outside the lowest or highest calibration point; e, estimated; v, analyte detected in equipment-blaless than; Org., organic; SiO2, silicon dioxide; N, nitrogen; P, phosphorus; –, not determined; mL, milliliter; Bold font denotes value exceeds Maximum Contaminant Level or S

Level for public drinking-water supplies (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2013a, 2013b)]
Table 2–1. Trace-element concentrations and quality-control data for water samples collected at four stream sites in and near the Citizen PotawatoJurisdictional Area, central Oklahoma, 2012–13.[Constituent concentrations are in whole water samples (unfiltered) unless otherwise noted; ft3/s, cubic feet per second; μg/L, micrograms per liter; Env, environmental sample; Rsample; Blank, equipment-blank quality-assurance sample; <, less than; –, not applicable; E, estimated (result is outside the lowest or highest calibration point); v, analyte detectassurance sample; Bold font denotes value exceeds Secondary Maximum Contaminant Level or Maximum Contaminant Level for public drinking-water supplies (U.S. Environm2013b)]

Sample 

date

(yyyymmdd)

Sample 

type

Streamflow 

(ft3/s)

Aluminum 

(μg/L)

Arsenic 

(μg/L)

Barium 

(μg/L)

Beryllium

(μg/L)

Cadmium 

(μg/L)

Chromium 

(μg/L)

Cobalt 

(μg/L)

Copper 

(μg/L)

Iron, (dis

solved) 

(μg/L)

Little River near Tecumseh, Oklahoma (07230500)

20120110 Env 6.1 100 1.7 430 <0.19 <0.016 0.49 0.17 <1.4 6.7 

20120319 Env 1,450 34,500 6.9 2,690 6.61 0.481 41.5 41.8 51.8 49.8 

20120531 Env 2.6 70 2.4 363 <0.19 <0.016 <0.30 <0.02 <1.4 7.8 

20120626 Env 1.5 100 3.9 351 <0.19 <0.016 0.32 0.31 <1.4 5.0 

20120626 Rep 1.5 70 3.9 351 <0.19 <0.016 <0.30 0.28 3.2 8.3 

20120826 Env 1.5 200 4.5 257 <0.57 <0.016 0.34 0.71 <4.2 21.4 

20120918 Env 1.0 160 3.6 318 <0.57 <0.016 0.47 <0.02 <4.2 16.1 

20121114 Env 2.4 90 1.3 397 <0.19 <0.016 <0.30 0.15 <1.4 72.3 

20121206 Env 2.4 150 1.3 396 <0.19 <0.016 0.37 0.14 <1.4 21.3 

20121206 Rep 2.4 160 1.4 394 <0.19 <0.017 0.30 0.12 <1.4 13.0 

North Canadian River near Harrah, Oklahoma (07241550)

20120109 Env 91 150 2.8 93 <0.19 0.032 1.0 0.51 <1.4 22.6 

20120320 Env 4,690 10,300 6.4 439 0.66 0.563 47.9 7.6 16.5 86.0 

20120531 Env 677 4,610 4.1 261 <0.19 0.173 5.6 3.0 9.1 35.2 

20120627 Blank – <50 <0.28 <0.3 <0.19 <0.016 <0.30 <0.02 <1.4 <3.2 

20120627 Env 123 670 4.3 126 <0.19 0.047 1.1 1.0 1.7 7 

20120826 Env 185 1,920 3.9 124 <0.19 0.094 2.9 1.7 3.3 32.6 

20120917 Env e108 520 4.2 108 0.20 0.040 1.2 0.73 <1.4 5.9 

20121113 Env 175a 1,380 2.5 135 <0.19 0.085 2.3 0.97 3.0 33.3 

20121205 Env 162 950 2.0 115 <0.19 0.054 1.9 0.89 1.5 28.7 

Deer Creek near McLoud, Oklahoma (07241590)

20120109 Env 0.34 570 1.7 179 <0.19 0.019 0.79 1.1 <1.4 17.2 

20120319 Env 139 11,400 2.8 296 1.18 0.148 13.2 11.3 10.6 78.5 

20130410 Env – 2,450 2.3 152 <0.19 0.051 2.9 2.4 25.2 208 
Sample date (yyyymmdd) Sample type Streamflow (ft3/s) Aluminum (μg/L) Arsenic (μg/L) Barium (μg/L) Beryllium (μg/L) Cadmium (μg/L) Chromium (μg/L) Cobalt (μg/L) Copper (μg/L) Iron, (dis

solved) (μg/L) 

North Canadian River at Shawnee, Oklahoma (07241800) 20120109 Env e98 260 3.7 110 <0.19 0.062 0.82 0.7 1.9 7.0 

20120320 Env 5,700 19,100 10.1 765 1.59 1.04 25.2 14.4 31.9 49.3 

20120531 Blank – <50 <0.28 <0.3 <0.19 <0.016 <0.30 <0.02 <1.4 <3.2 

20120531 Env e1,740 14,000 7.9 563 0.73 0.573 17.0 10.4 22.7 39.4 

20120626 Env 128 350 5.9 134 <0.19 0.071 0.59 1.5 3.7 <3.2 

20120826 Env 238 4,320 5.4 170 0.29 0.152 5.4 3.6 7.5 82.2 

20120917 Env 136 710 4.0 125 <0.19 0.047 1.4 0.93 <1.4 7.5 

20121114 Env 214a 2,000 3.1 147 <0.19 0.117 2.9 1.3 5.7 29.5 

20121206 Env 188a 2,190 3.9 159 <0.19 0.114 3.4 2.2 3.5 13.8 

Sample date (yyyymmdd) Sample type Streamflow (ft3/s) Lithium (μg/L) Manganese (dissolved) (μg/L) Manganese (μg/L) Mercury (μg/L) Molybdenum (μg/L) Nickel (μg/L) Silver (μg/L) Strontium (μg/L) 

Little River near Tecumseh, Oklahoma (07230500) 20120110 Env 6.1 15.5 35.1v 49.7 <0.005 1.04v 0.73v <0.015 453 

20120319 Env 1,450 E39.6 81.5v 5,540 0.066v 0.09v 58.0v 0.095 454 20120531 Env 2.6 E11.3 16.5v 36.6 <0.005 1.60v 0.67v <0.015 429 

20120626 Env 1.5 E15.5 16.1v 58.3 0.036v 2.12v 0.91v <0.015 432 20120626 Rep 1.5 E15.3 13.2v 43.3 0.024v 2.11v 0.94v <0.015 429 20120826 Env 1.5 E16.7 11.9v 135 <0.005 2.71v 1.4v <0.015 436 20120918 Env 1.0 E15.9 4.42v 42.8 0.028v 2.59v 1.3v <0.015 525 

20121114 Env 2.4 E15.2 20.8v 26.7 0.007v 1.62v 0.66v <0.015 608 20121206 Env 2.4 E10.6 20.2v 34.1 0.028v 1.61v 1.3v <0.015 561 20121206 Rep 2.4 E10.4 21.5v 34.5 0.028v 1.63v 1.2v <0.015 568 

Table 2–1. Trace-element concentrations and quality-control data for water samples collected at four stream sites in and near the Citizen PotawatoJurisdictional Area, central Oklahoma, 2012–13.—Continued [Constituent concentrations are in whole water samples (unfiltered) unless otherwise noted; ft3/s, cubic feet per second; μg/L, micrograms per liter; Env, environmental sample; Rsample; Blank, equipment-blank quality-assurance sample; <, less than; –, not applicable; E, estimated (result is outside the lowest or highest calibration point); v, analyte detectassurance sample; Bold font denotes value exceeds Secondary Maximum Contaminant Level or Maximum Contaminant Level for public drinking-water supplies (U.S. Environm2013b)]
Sample 

date

(yyyymmdd)

Sample 

type

Streamflow 

(ft3/s)

Lithium 

(μg/L)

Manganese 

(dissolved) 

(μg/L)

Manganese 

(μg/L)

Mercury 

(μg/L)

Molybdenum 

(μg/L)

Nickel 

(μg/L)

Silver 

(μg/L)

Strontium 

(μg/L)

North Canadian River near Harrah, Oklahoma (07241550)

20120109 Env 91 26.0 28.8v 44.5 <0.005 2.73v 5.6v <0.015 743 

20120320 Env 4,690 E19.6 11.7v 549 0.054v 0.99v 44.4v 0.202 334 

20120531 Env 677 E12.6 2.70v 309 0.024v 1.49v 8.3v 0.063 391 20120627 Blank – <0.04 0.26 <0.20 0.029 0.06 0.56 <0.015 <0.18 

20120627 Env 123 E16.0 3.06v 72.4 0.008v 2.88v 4.6v <0.015 647 

20120826 Env 185 E17.4 7.30v 155 0.014v 2.29v 7.3v 0.042 471 20120917 Env e108 E14.9 5.66v 43.0 0.009v 2.74v 6.7v 0.016 554 

20121113 Env 175a E9.71 4.75v 80.4 0.009v 1.79v 4.5v 0.031 364 

20121205 Env 162 E8.98 7.81v 105 0.005v 2.31v 4.6v 0.027 482 

Deer Creek near McLoud, Oklahoma (07241590)

20120109 Env 0.34 5.64 469v 491 <0.005 0.47v 3.1v <0.015 239 

20120319 Env 139 E7.48 79.3v 588 0.036v 0.07v 13.7v 0.040 60.5 20130410 Env – E3.61 471v 580 0.007v 0.37v 3.9v 0.055 164 

North Canadian River at Shawnee, Oklahoma (07241800)

20120109 Env e98 23.1 9.79v 22.7 <0.005 3.02v 6.7v <0.015 662 

20120320 Env 5,700 E37.2 7.62v 1,260 0.099v 0.63v 28.4v 0.349 513 20120531 Blank – <0.04 0.23 <0.20 0.010 <0.05 0.39 <0.015 <0.18 

20120531 Env e1,740 E25.1 18.0v 1,230 0.067v 0.94v 21.0v 0.206 606 

20120626 Env 128 E18.6 7.55v 69.5 0.012v 2.81v 5.9v 0.021 589 20120826 Env 238 E12.0 5.8v 234 0.021v 1.38v 9.1v 0.069 347 

20120917 Env 136 E17.1 1.87v 58.5 0.016v 2.90v 5.4v 0.020 583 20121114 Env 214a E12.5 3.44v 112 0.048v 1.93v 6.3v 0.068 422 

20121206 Env 188a E12.2 7.23v 122 0.009v 2.10v 7.8v 0.064 544 

aDaily mean streamflow.

Table 2–1. Trace-element concentrations and quality-control data for water samples collected at four stream sites in and near the Citizen PotawatoJurisdictional Area, central Oklahoma, 2012–13.—Continued[Constituent concentrations are in whole water samples (unfiltered) unless otherwise noted; ft3/s, cubic feet per second; μg/L, micrograms per liter; Env, environmental sample; Rsample; Blank, equipment-blank quality-assurance sample; <, less than; –, not applicable; E, estimated (result is outside the lowest or highest calibration point); v, analyte detectassurance sample; Bold font denotes value exceeds Secondary Maximum Contaminant Level or Maximum Contaminant Level for public drinking-water supplies (U.S. Environm2013b)]
Table 3–1. Organic compound concentrations and quality-control data for water samples collected at four stream sites in and near the Citizen PotawJurisdictional Area, central Oklahoma, 2012–13.[Constituent concentrations are in whole water samples (unfiltered); ft3/s, cubic feet per second; values in bold are detections; μg/L, micrograms per liter; Env, environmental sa

detected); Rep, replicate quality-assurance sample; –, not measured; E, estimated; Blank, equipment-blank quality-assurance sample; M, presence verified but not quantified]

Date of 

sample 

(yyyymmdd)

Sample 

type

Streamflow 

(ft3/s)

Number of 

detections

1,4-dichlorobenzene 

(μg/L)

Atrazine 

(μg/L)

Bromacil 

(μg/L)

Camphor 

(μg/L)

Carbaryl 

(μg/L)

Carbazole 

(μg/L)

Little River near Tecumseh, Oklahoma (07230500)

20120110 Env 6.1 6 <0.08 <0.16 <0.16 0.02 <0.06 <0.020 

20120319 Env 1,450 18 <0.08 <0.16 <0.16 0.03 <0.06 <0.020 

20120531 Env 2.6 3 <0.08 <0.16 <0.16 <0.08 <0.06 <0.020 

20120626 Env 1.5 4 <0.08 <0.16 <0.16 0.05 <0.06 <0.020 

20120626 Rep 1.5 4 <0.08 <0.16 <0.16 0.06 <0.06 <0.020 

20120826 Env 1.5 8 <0.08 <0.16 <0.16 <0.08 <0.06 <0.020 

20120918 Env 1.0 5 <0.08 <0.16 <0.16 <0.08 <0.06 <0.020 

20121114 Env 2.4 9 <0.08 <0.16 <0.16 0.07 <0.06 <0.020 

20121206 Env 2.4 6 <0.08 <0.16 <0.16 0.03 <0.06 <0.020 

20121206 Rep 2.4 – – – – – – 

North Canadian River near Harrah, Oklahoma (07241550)

20120109 Env 91 20 <0.08 0.04 0.33 <0.08 <0.06 <0.020 

20120320 Env 4,690 38 0.01 0.12 1.14 <0.08 E0.09 0.026 

20120531 Env 677 26 0.02 0.10 2.25 <0.08 E0.07 <0.022 

20120627 Blank – 3 <0.08 <0.16 <0.16 <0.08 <0.06 <0.020 

20120627 Env 123 25 <0.08 <0.16 0.32 0.04 <0.06 <0.020 

20120826 Env 185 27 <0.08 <0.16 E0.18 0.08 <0.06 <0.020 

20120917 Env E108 22 <0.08 0.04 0.18 0.02 <0.06 <0.020 

20121113 Env 175a 32 <0.08 <0.16 0.26 <0.08 E0.05 0.011 

20121205 Env 162 23 <0.08 <0.16 0.22 <0.08 <0.06 <0.020 

Deer Creek near McLoud, Oklahoma (07241590)

20120109 Env 0.34 5 <0.08 <0.16 <0.16 0.03 <0.06 <0.020 

20120319 Env 139 7 <0.08 E0.02 <0.16 E0.03 <0.06 <0.020 

20130410 Env – 13 <0.08 <0.16 <0.16 0.04 <0.06 <0.020 
Date of 

sample 

(yyyymmdd)

Sample 

type

Streamflow 

(ft3/s)

Number of 

detections

1,4-dichlorobenzene 

(μg/L)

Atrazine 

(μg/L)

Bromacil 

(μg/L)

Camphor 

(μg/L)

Carbaryl 

(μg/L)

Carbazole 

(μg/L)

North Canadian River at Shawnee, Oklahoma (07241800)

20120109 Env E98 25 <0.08 0.04 0.23 0.03 <0.06 <0.020 

20120320 Env 5,700 32 <0.08 0.51 0.84 <0.08 E0.07 0.026 

20120531 Blank – 5 <0.08 <0.16 <0.16 <0.08 <0.27 <0.020 

20120531 Env E1,740 26 <0.08 0.09 1.62 <0.08 <0.06 0.025 

20120626 Env 128 17 <0.08 <0.16 0.32 0.05 <0.06 <0.020 

20120826 Env 238 32 <0.08 <0.16 E0.90 <0.08 <0.06 0.022 

20120917 Env 136 22 <0.08 E0.05 E0.15 E0.03 <0.06 <0.020 

20121114 Env 214a 29 <0.08 <0.16 0.24 <0.08 <0.06 0.008 

20121206 Env 188a 20 <0.08 <0.16 0.18 <0.08 <0.06 <0.020 

Date of 

sample 

(yyyymmdd)

Sample 

type

Streamflow 

(ft3/s)

Dichlorvos 

(μg/L)

Metalaxyl 

(μg/L)

Metolachlor 

(μg/L)

N,N-Diethyl-mtoluamide 

(DEET) 

(μg/L)

p-Cresol 

(μg/L)

Penta-chlorophenol 

(μg/L)

Prometon 

(μg/L)

n

Little River near Tecumseh, Oklahoma (07230500)

20120110 Env 6.1 <0.08 <0.16 <0.04 M <0.08 <1.6 <0.16 

20120319 Env 1,450 <0.08 <0.16 0.02 0.05 <0.08 E0.2 <0.16 20120531 Env 2.6 <0.08 <0.16 <0.04 0.02 <0.08 <1.6 <0.16 

20120626 Env 1.5 <0.08 <0.16 <0.04 0.03 <0.08 <1.6 <0.16 

20120626 Rep 1.5 <0.08 <0.16 <0.04 0.03 <0.08 <1.6 <0.16 

20120826 Env 1.5 <0.08 <0.16 <0.04 E0.06 <0.08 <1.6 <0.16 

20120918 Env 1.0 <0.08 <0.16 <0.04 <0.04 <0.08 <1.6 <0.16 

20121114 Env 2.4 <0.08 <0.16 <0.04 <0.04 0.12 <1.6 <0.16 

20121206 Env 2.4 <0.08 <0.16 <0.04 <0.04 <0.08 <1.6 <0.16 20121206 Rep 2.4 – – – – – – – 

Table 3–1. Organic compound concentrations and quality-control data for water samples collected at four stream sites in and near the Citizen PotawJurisdictional Area, central Oklahoma, 2012–13.—Continued[Constituent concentrations are in whole water samples (unfiltered); ft3/s, cubic feet per second; values in bold are detections; μg/L, micrograms per liter; Env, environmental sa

detected); Rep, replicate quality-assurance sample; –, not measured; E, estimated; Blank, equipment-blank quality-assurance sample; M, presence verified but not quantified]
Date of sample (yyyymmdd) Sample type Streamflow (ft3/s) Dichlorvos (μg/L) Metalaxyl (μg/L) Metolachlor (μg/L) N,N-Diethyl-m- toluamide (DEET) (μg/L) p-Cresol (μg/L) Penta-chloro- phenol (μg/L) Prometon (μg/L) 

n

North Canadian River near Harrah, Oklahoma (07241550) 20120109 Env 91 <0.08 <0.16 <0.04 0.05 <0.08 <1.6 <0.16 

20120320 Env 4,690 0.03 <0.16 0.02 0.06 <0.08 E0.4 <0.16 20120531 Env 677 <0.08 <0.16 0.03 0.14 <0.08 E0.2 0.15 20120627 Blank – <0.08 <0.16 <0.04 <0.04 0.01 <1.6 <0.16 

20120627 Env 123 <0.08 <0.16 0.01 0.21 0.01 E0.1 0.06 

20120826 Env 185 <0.08 <0.16 <0.04 E0.17 <0.08 <1.6 0.04 20120917 Env E108 <0.08 <0.16 0.02 0.11 <0.08 <1.6 0.07 20121113 Env 175a <0.08 <0.16 0.01 0.07 0.02 <1.6 0.23 

20121205 Env 162 <0.08 <0.16 <0.04 0.08 <0.08 <1.6 0.08 

Deer Creek near McLoud, Oklahoma (07241590) 20120109 Env 0.34 <0.08 <0.16 <0.04 0.08 0.03 <1.6 <0.16 

20120319 Env 139 <0.08 <0.16 <0.04 E0.02 <0.08 <1.6 <0.16 20130410 Env – <0.08 <0.16 0.02 <0.04 0.7 E0.2 <0.16 

North Canadian River at Shawnee, Oklahoma (07241800) 20120109 Env E98 <0.08 <0.16 <0.04 0.09 <0.08 <1.6 <0.16 

20120320 Env 5,700 <0.08 <0.16 0.12 0.06 <0.08 E0.4 0.13 20120531 Blank – <0.08 <0.16 <0.04 <0.04 <0.08 <1.6 <0.16 

20120531 Env E1,740 <0.08 <0.16 0.03 0.18 <0.08 E0.3 0.11 

20120626 Env 128 <0.08 <0.16 <0.04 0.25 <0.08 <1.6 <0.16 20120826 Env 238 <0.08 <0.16 <0.04 E0.21 <0.08 E0.1 0.04 20120917 Env 136 <0.08 <0.16 E0.02 E0.13 <0.08 <1.6 E0.05 20121114 Env 214a <0.08 <0.16 0.01 0.07 <0.08 <1.6 0.10 

20121206 Env 188a <0.08 <0.16 <0.04 0.08 <0.08 <1.6 0.08 

Table 3–1. Organic compound concentrations and quality-control data for water samples collected at four stream sites in and near the Citizen PotawJurisdictional Area, central Oklahoma, 2012–13.—Continued [Constituent concentrations are in whole water samples (unfiltered); ft3/s, cubic feet per second; values in bold are detections; μg/L, micrograms per liter; Env, environmental sa

detected); Rep, replicate quality-assurance sample; –, not measured; E, estimated; Blank, equipment-blank quality-assurance sample; M, presence verified but not quantified]
Date of 

sample 

(yyyymmdd)

Sample 

type

Streamflow 

(ft3/s)

2-methylnaphthalene 

(μg/L)

3,4-dichlorophenyl 

isocyanate 

(μg/L)

3-beta-coprostanol 

(μg/L)

3-methyl-1hindole 

(μg/L)

3-tert-butyl4-hydroxyanisole 

(μg/L)

4-cumylphenol 

(μg/L)

4-n-octyphenol 

(μg/L)

4-no

Little River near Tecumseh, Oklahoma (07230500)

20120110 Env 6.1 <0.04 <0.32 <1.6 <0.04 <0.16 <0.04 <0.02 <

20120319 Env 1,450 <0.04 <0.32 <1.6 <0.04 <0.16 <0.04 <0.02 E

20120531 Env 2.6 <0.04 <0.32 <1.6 <0.04 <0.16 <0.04 <0.02 <

20120626 Env 1.5 <0.04 <0.32 <1.6 <0.04 <0.16 <0.04 <0.02 <

20120626 Rep 1.5 <0.04 <0.32 <1.6 <0.04 <0.16 <0.04 <0.02 <

20120826 Env 1.5 <0.04 <0.32 E0.2 <0.04 <0.16 <0.04 <0.02 <

20120918 Env 1.0 <0.04 <0.32 <1.6 <0.04 <0.16 <0.04 <0.02 <

20121114 Env 2.4 <0.04 <0.32 <1.6 <0.04 <0.16 <0.04 <0.02 <

20121206 Env 2.4 <0.04 <0.32 <1.6 <0.04 <0.16 <0.04 <0.02 <

20121206 Rep 2.4 – – – – – – – 

North Canadian River near Harrah, Oklahoma (07241550)

20120109 Env 91 <0.04 <0.32 <1.6 <0.04 <0.16 <0.04 <0.02 <

20120320 Env 4,690 <0.04 E1.1 E0.4 <0.04 <0.16 <0.04 <0.02 E

20120531 Env 677 <0.04 E1.6 <1.6 <0.04 <0.16 <0.04 <0.02 <

20120627 Blank – <0.04 <0.32 <1.6 <0.04 <0.16 <0.04 <0.02 <

20120627 Env 123 <0.04 E0.73 <1.6 <0.04 <0.16 <0.04 <0.02 <

20120826 Env 185 <0.04 E0.47 E0.3 <0.04 <0.16 <0.04 <0.02 <

20120917 Env E108 <0.04 E0.24 <1.6 <0.04 <0.16 <0.04 <0.02 <

20121113 Env 175a <0.04 E0.16 E0.3 <0.04 <0.16 <0.04 <0.02 <

20121205 Env 162 <0.04 E0.16 E0.2 <0.04 <0.16 <0.04 <0.02 <

Deer Creek near McLoud, Oklahoma (07241590)

20120109 Env 0.34 <0.04 <0.32 <1.6 0.01 <0.16 <0.04 <0.02 <

20120319 Env 139 <0.04 <0.32 <1.6 <0.04 <0.16 <0.04 <0.02 E

20130410 Env – <0.04 <0.32 <1.6 0.03 <0.16 <0.04 <0.02 <

Table 3–1. Organic compound concentrations and quality-control data for water samples collected at four stream sites in and near the Citizen PotawJurisdictional Area, central Oklahoma, 2012–13.—Continued[Constituent concentrations are in whole water samples (unfiltered); ft3/s, cubic feet per second; values in bold are detections; μg/L, micrograms per liter; Env, environmental sa

detected); Rep, replicate quality-assurance sample; –, not measured; E, estimated; Blank, equipment-blank quality-assurance sample; M, presence verified but not quantified]
Date of sample (yyyymmdd) Sample type Streamflow (ft3/s) 2-methyl- naphthalene (μg/L) 3,4-dichloro- phenyl isocyanate (μg/L) 3-beta-co- prostanol (μg/L) 3-methyl-1h- indole (μg/L) 3-tert-butyl- 4-hydroxy- anisole (μg/L) 4-cumyl- phenol (μg/L) 4-n-octyphenol (μg/L) 4-no

North Canadian River at Shawnee, Oklahoma (07241800) 20120109 Env E98 <0.04 <0.32 E0.9 <0.04 <0.16 <0.04 <0.02 E

20120320 Env 5,700 <0.04 E0.80 <1.6 <0.04 <0.16 <0.04 <0.02 <

20120531 Blank – <0.04 <0.32 <1.6 <0.04 <0.16 <0.04 <0.02 E

20120531 Env E1,740 <0.04 E2.1 <1.6 <0.04 <0.16 <0.04 <0.02 <

20120626 Env 128 <0.04 E0.28 E0.9 <0.04 <0.16 <0.04 <0.02 <

20120826 Env 238 <0.04 E0.59 E0.6 <0.04 <0.16 <0.04 <0.02 E

20120917 Env 136 <0.04 E0.31 E0.2 <0.04 <0.16 <0.04 <0.02 <

20121114 Env 214a <0.04 E0.16 E0.3 <0.04 <0.16 <0.04 <0.02 <

20121206 Env 188a <0.04 E0.13 E0.5 <0.04 <0.16 <0.04 <0.02 <

Date of sample (yyyymmdd) Sample type Streamflow (ft3/s) 4-Nonylphenol monoethoxylate (sum) (μg/L) 4-tert- Octylphenol diethoxylate (μg/L) 4-tert- Octyl-phenol mono-ethox- ylate (μg/L) 4-tert-Octyl- phenol (μg/L) 5-Methyl-1H- benzotriazole (μg/L) 9,10-Anthra- quinone (μg/L) Acetophenone (μg/L) 

Little River near Tecumseh, Oklahoma (07230500) 20120110 Env 6.1 <1.6 <0.2 <0.6 <0.4 <0.32 <0.04 <0.4 

20120319 Env 1,450 <1.6 <0.2 <0.6 <0.4 <0.32 <0.04 <0.4 

20120531 Env 2.6 <1.6 <0.2 <0.6 <0.4 <0.32 <0.04 <0.4 

20120626 Env 1.5 <1.6 <0.2 <0.6 <0.4 <0.32 <0.04 <0.4 

20120626 Rep 1.5 <1.6 <0.2 <0.6 <0.4 <0.32 <0.04 <0.4 

20120826 Env 1.5 <1.6 <0.2 <0.6 <0.4 <0.32 <0.04 <0.4 

20120918 Env 1.0 <1.6 <0.2 <0.6 <0.4 <0.32 <0.04 <0.4 

20121114 Env 2.4 <1.6 <0.2 <0.6 <0.4 <0.32 <0.04 <0.4 

20121206 Env 2.4 <1.6 <0.2 <0.6 <0.4 <0.32 <0.04 <0.4 

20121206 Rep 2.4 – – – – – – – 

Table 3–1. Organic compound concentrations and quality-control data for water samples collected at four stream sites in and near the Citizen PotawJurisdictional Area, central Oklahoma, 2012–13.—Continued [Constituent concentrations are in whole water samples (unfiltered); ft3/s, cubic feet per second; values in bold are detections; μg/L, micrograms per liter; Env, environmental sa

detected); Rep, replicate quality-assurance sample; –, not measured; E, estimated; Blank, equipment-blank quality-assurance sample; M, presence verified but not quantified]
Date of 

sample 

(yyyymmdd)

Sample 

type

Streamflow 

(ft3/s)

4-Nonylphenol 

monoethoxylate 

(sum) 

(μg/L)

4-tertOctylphenol 

diethoxylate 

(μg/L)

4-tertOctyl-phenol 

mono-ethoxylate 

(μg/L)

4-tert-Octylphenol 

(μg/L)

5-Methyl-1Hbenzotriazole 

(μg/L)

9,10-Anthraquinone 

(μg/L)

Acetophenone 

(μg/L)

North Canadian River near Harrah, Oklahoma (07241550)

20120109 Env 91 <1.6 M <0.6 <0.4 E0.29 E0.03 <0.4 

20120320 Env 4,690 <1.6 <0.2 <0.6 M E0.15 E0.10 <0.4 

20120531 Env 677 <1.6 <0.2 <0.6 <0.4 E0.37 E0.10 <0.4 

20120627 Blank – <1.6 <0.2 <0.6 <0.4 <0.32 <0.04 <0.4 

20120627 Env 123 <1.6 <0.2 <0.6 <0.4 E0.48 <0.04 <0.4 

20120826 Env 185 <1.6 <0.2 <0.6 <0.4 E0.64 E0.05 <0.4 

20120917 Env E108 <1.6 <0.2 <0.6 <0.4 E0.31 E0.03 <0.4 

20121113 Env 175a <1.6 <0.2 <0.6 <0.4 E0.42 E0.06 <0.4 

20121205 Env 162 <1.6 <0.2 <0.6 <0.4 E0.64 <0.04 <0.4 

Deer Creek near McLoud, Oklahoma (07241590)

20120109 Env 0.34 <1.6 <0.2 <0.6 <0.4 <0.32 <0.04 <0.4 

20120319 Env 139 <1.6 <0.2 <0.6 <0.4 <0.32 <0.04 <0.4 

20130410 Env – <1.6 <0.2 <0.6 <0.4 <0.32 E0.04 <0.4 

North Canadian River at Shawnee, Oklahoma (07241800)

20120109 Env E98 E0.27 E0.1 <0.6 M E0.46 <0.04 <0.4 

20120320 Env 5,700 <1.6 <0.2 <0.6 M E0.20 E0.08 <0.4 

20120531 Blank – <1.6 <0.2 <0.6 <0.4 <0.32 <0.04 0.3 

20120531 Env E1,740 <1.6 <0.2 <0.6 <0.4 E0.49 E0.12 <0.4 

20120626 Env 128 <1.6 <0.2 <0.6 <0.4 E0.49 <0.04 <0.4 

20120826 Env 238 <1.6 <0.2 <0.6 M E0.49 E0.10 <0.4 

20120917 Env 136 <1.6 <0.2 <0.6 <0.4 E0.28 E0.02 <0.4 

20121114 Env 214a <1.6 <0.2 <0.6 <0.4 E0.31 E0.05 <0.4 

20121206 Env 188a <1.6 <0.2 <0.6 <0.4 E0.72 <0.04 <0.4 

Table 3–1. Organic compound concentrations and quality-control data for water samples collected at four stream sites in and near the Citizen PotawJurisdictional Area, central Oklahoma, 2012–13.—Continued[Constituent concentrations are in whole water samples (unfiltered); ft3/s, cubic feet per second; values in bold are detections; μg/L, micrograms per liter; Env, environmental sa

detected); Rep, replicate quality-assurance sample; –, not measured; E, estimated; Blank, equipment-blank quality-assurance sample; M, presence verified but not quantified]
Date of sample (yyyymmdd) Sample type Streamflow (ft3/s) 2,2’,4,4’-Tetra- bromodiphenyl- ether (PBDE 47) (μg/L) Benzo(a) pyrene (μg/L) Benzophenone (μg/L) beta- Sitosterol (μg/L) beta- Stigmastanol (μg/L) Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (μg/L) Bisphenol A (μg/L) 

Little River near Tecumseh, Oklahoma (07230500) 20120110 Env 6.1 <0.04 <0.02 <0.08 <4.8 <3.4 <2 <0.04 

20120319 Env 1,450 <0.04 <0.02 0.04 E2.4 E0.7 <2 0.02 

20120531 Env 2.6 <0.04 <0.02 <0.08 E0.9 <3.4 <2 <0.04 

20120626 Env 1.5 <0.04 <0.02 <0.08 <4.8 <3.4 <2 <0.04 

20120626 Rep 1.5 <0.04 <0.02 <0.08 <4.8 <3.4 <2 <0.04 

20120826 Env 1.5 <0.04 <0.02 <0.08 E0.9 <3.4 <2 <0.04 

20120918 Env 1.0 <0.04 <0.02 <0.08 <4.8 <3.4 <2 0.01 

20121114 Env 2.4 <0.04 <0.02 <0.08 <4.8 <3.4 M <0.04 

20121206 Env 2.4 <0.04 <0.02 <0.08 <4.8 <3.4 <2 0.04 

20121206 Rep 2.4 – – – – – – – 

North Canadian River near Harrah, Oklahoma (07241550) 20120109 Env 91 <0.04 <0.02 0.08 <4.8 <3.4 <2 0.07 

20120320 Env 4,690 <0.04 0.05 0.03 E1.0 E0.3 <2 0.09 

20120531 Env 677 <0.04 0.04 0.05 E0.9 <3.4 <2 0.05 

20120627 Blank – <0.04 <0.02 0.06 <4.8 <3.4 <2 <0.04 

20120627 Env 123 <0.04 <0.02 0.06 E0.8 <3.4 <2 <0.04 

20120826 Env 185 <0.04 0.01 0.09 E0.7 <3.4 <2 <0.04 

20120917 Env E108 <0.04 <0.02 0.07 <4.8 <3.4 <2 <0.04 

20121113 Env 175a <0.04 0.01 0.06 E1.3 <3.4 <2 0.07 

20121205 Env 162 <0.04 <0.02 0.10 E1.0 <3.4 M 0.06 

Deer Creek near McLoud, Oklahoma (07241590) 20120109 Env 0.34 <0.04 <0.02 <0.08 <4.8 <3.4 <2 <0.04 

20120319 Env 139 <0.04 <0.02 <0.08 <4.8 <3.4 <2 <0.04 

20130410 Env – <0.04 <0.02 <0.08 E0.9 <3.4 <2 0.04 

Table 3–1. Organic compound concentrations and quality-control data for water samples collected at four stream sites in and near the Citizen PotawJurisdictional Area, central Oklahoma, 2012–13.—Continued [Constituent concentrations are in whole water samples (unfiltered); ft3/s, cubic feet per second; values in bold are detections; μg/L, micrograms per liter; Env, environmental sa

detected); Rep, replicate quality-assurance sample; –, not measured; E, estimated; Blank, equipment-blank quality-assurance sample; M, presence verified but not quantified]
Date of 

sample 

(yyyymmdd)

Sample 

type

Streamflow 

(ft3/s)

2,2’,4,4’-Tetrabromodiphenylether (PBDE 47)

(μg/L)

Benzo(a)

pyrene

(μg/L)

Benzophenone 

(μg/L)

betaSitosterol 

(μg/L)

betaStigmastanol 

(μg/L)

Bis(2-ethylhexyl) 

phthalate 

(μg/L)

Bisphenol A 

(μg/L)

North Canadian River at Shawnee, Oklahoma (07241800)

20120109 Env E98 <0.04 <0.02 0.12 <4.8 <3.4 <2 <0.04 

20120320 Env 5,700 <0.04 0.06 0.04 E1.7 E0.6 <2 0.06 

20120531 Blank – <0.04 <0.02 0.23 <4.8 <3.4 <2 <0.04 

20120531 Env E1,740 <0.04 0.08 0.04 E1.0 E0.3 <2 0.08 

20120626 Env 128 <0.04 <0.02 0.11 E1.5 <3.4 <2 <0.04 

20120826 Env 238 <0.04 0.02 0.06 E1.5 E0.5 <2 E0.08 

20120917 Env 136 <0.04 <0.02 E0.04 E0.6 <3.4 <2 <0.04 

20121114 Env 214a <0.04 0.01 0.05 E1.1 <3.4 <2 0.06 

20121206 Env 188a <0.04 <0.02 0.08 E1.4 <3.4 <2 <0.04 

Date of 

sample 

(yyyymmdd)

Sample 

type

Streamflow 

(ft3/s)

Cotinine 

(μg/L)

Diethyl 

phthalate 

(μg/L)

d-Limonene 

(μg/L)

Fluoranthene 

(μg/L)

Galaxolide 

(HHCB) 

(μg/L)

Indole 

(μg/L)

Isoborneol 

(μg/L)

I

Little River near Tecumseh, Oklahoma (07230500)

20120110 Env 6.1 <0.08 <0.4 <0.16 <0.02 <0.04 M <0.090 

20120319 Env 1,450 <0.08 0.1 <0.16 0.01 <0.04 0.01 <0.090 

20120531 Env 2.6 <0.08 <0.4 <0.16 <0.02 <0.04 <0.04 <0.090 

20120626 Env 1.5 <0.08 <0.4 <0.16 <0.02 <0.04 <0.04 <0.090 

20120626 Rep 1.5 <0.08 <0.4 <0.16 <0.02 <0.04 <0.04 <0.090 

20120826 Env 1.5 <0.08 <0.4 <0.16 <0.02 <0.04 0.01 <0.090 

20120918 Env 1.0 <0.08 <0.4 <0.16 <0.02 <0.04 0.01 <0.090 

20121114 Env 2.4 <0.08 <0.4 <0.16 <0.02 <0.04 0.01 <0.090 

20121206 Env 2.4 <0.08 <0.4 <0.16 <0.02 <0.04 <0.04 <0.090 

20121206 Rep 2.4 – – – – – – – 

Table 3–1. Organic compound concentrations and quality-control data for water samples collected at four stream sites in and near the Citizen PotawJurisdictional Area, central Oklahoma, 2012–13.—Continued[Constituent concentrations are in whole water samples (unfiltered); ft3/s, cubic feet per second; values in bold are detections; μg/L, micrograms per liter; Env, environmental sa

detected); Rep, replicate quality-assurance sample; –, not measured; E, estimated; Blank, equipment-blank quality-assurance sample; M, presence verified but not quantified]
Date of sample (yyyymmdd) Sample type Streamflow (ft3/s) Cotinine (μg/L) Diethyl phthalate (μg/L) d-Limonene (μg/L) Fluoranthene (μg/L) Galaxolide (HHCB) (μg/L) Indole (μg/L) Isoborneol (μg/L) I

North Canadian River near Harrah, Oklahoma (07241550) 20120109 Env 91 E0.04 <0.4 <0.16 <0.02 0.5 <0.04 <0.090 

20120320 Env 4,690 <0.08 <0.4 <0.16 0.08 0.09 <0.04 <0.090 

20120531 Env 677 <0.08 <0.4 <0.16 0.07 E0.10 <0.04 <0.090 

20120627 Blank – <0.08 <0.4 <0.16 <0.02 <0.04 <0.04 <0.090 

20120627 Env 123 <0.08 <0.4 <0.16 0.01 0.07 <0.04 <0.090 

20120826 Env 185 E0.04 <0.4 <0.16 0.01 0.14 <0.04 <0.090 

20120917 Env E108 E0.04 <0.4 <0.16 <0.02 0.17 <0.04 <0.090 

20121113 Env 175b E0.06 <0.4 <0.16 0.02 0.17 <0.04 <0.090 

20121205 Env 162 E0.05 <0.4 <0.16 <0.02 0.21 <0.04 <0.090 

Deer Creek near McLoud, Oklahoma (07241590) 20120109 Env 0.34 <0.08 <0.4 <0.16 <0.02 <0.04 0.01 <0.090 

20120319 Env 139 <0.08 <0.4 <0.16 <0.02 <0.04 <0.04 <0.090 

20130410 Env – <0.08 <0.4 <0.16 <0.02 <0.04 0.02 <0.090 

North Canadian River at Shawnee, Oklahoma (07241800) 20120109 Env E98 E0.07 <0.4 <0.16 <0.02 0.27 <0.04 <0.090 

20120320 Env 5,700 <0.08 <0.4 <0.16 0.11 0.09 <0.04 <0.090 

20120531 Blank – <0.08 <0.4 <0.16 <0.02 <0.04 <0.04 <0.090 

20120531 Env E1,740 <0.08 <0.4 <0.16 0.14 0.06 <0.04 <0.090 

20120626 Env 128 <0.10 <0.4 <0.16 <0.02 0.03 <0.04 <0.090 

20120826 Env 238 <0.08 <0.4 <0.16 0.05 0.03 <0.04 <0.090 

20120917 Env 136 E0.05 <0.4 <0.16 <0.02 E0.04 <0.04 <0.090 

20121114 Env 214a E0.05 <0.4 <0.16 0.01 0.09 <0.04 <0.090 

20121206 Env 188a <0.08 <0.4 <0.16 <0.02 0.1 <0.04 <0.090 

Table 3–1. Organic compound concentrations and quality-control data for water samples collected at four stream sites in and near the Citizen PotawJurisdictional Area, central Oklahoma, 2012–13.—Continued [Constituent concentrations are in whole water samples (unfiltered); ft3/s, cubic feet per second; values in bold are detections; μg/L, micrograms per liter; Env, environmental sa

detected); Rep, replicate quality-assurance sample; –, not measured; E, estimated; Blank, equipment-blank quality-assurance sample; M, presence verified but not quantified]
Date of 

sample 

(yyyymmdd)

Sample 

type

Streamflow 

(ft3/s)

Isoquinoline 

(μg/L)

Menthol 

(μg/L)

Methyl 

salicylate 

(μg/L)

Naphthalene 

(μg/L)

Phenanthrene 

(μg/L)

Phenol 

(μg/L)

Pyrene 

(μg/L)

T

Little River near Tecumseh, Oklahoma (07230500)

20120110 Env 6.1 <0.04 <0.32 <0.08 <0.02 <0.02 <0.16 <0.02 

20120319 Env 1,450 <0.04 <0.32 <0.08 0.04 0.01 <0.16 0.01 

20120531 Env 2.6 <0.04 <0.32 <0.08 <0.02 <0.02 <0.16 <0.02 

20120626 Env 1.5 <0.04 <0.32 <0.08 <0.02 <0.02 <0.16 <0.02 

20120626 Rep 1.5 <0.04 <0.32 <0.08 <0.02 <0.02 <0.16 <0.02 

20120826 Env 1.5 <0.04 <0.32 <0.08 <0.02 <0.02 <0.16 <0.02 

20120918 Env 1.0 <0.04 <0.32 <0.08 <0.02 <0.02 <0.16 <0.02 

20121114 Env 2.4 <0.04 <0.32 0.03 <0.02 <0.02 0.04 <0.02 

20121206 Env 2.4 <0.04 <0.32 <0.08 <0.02 <0.02 <0.16 <0.02 20121206 Rep 2.4 – – – – – – – 

North Canadian River near Harrah, Oklahoma (07241550)

20120109 Env 91 <0.04 <0.32 <0.08 <0.02 <0.02 <0.16 <0.02 20120320 Env 4,690 <0.04 0.05 <0.08 <0.02 0.04 <0.16 0.07 

20120531 Env 677 <0.04 <0.32 <0.08 <0.02 0.02 <0.16 0.06 

20120627 Blank – <0.04 <0.32 <0.08 0.01 <0.02 <0.16 <0.02 

20120627 Env 123 <0.04 <0.32 <0.08 <0.02 <0.02 <0.16 0.01 

20120826 Env 185 <0.04 <0.32 <0.08 <0.02 <0.02 <0.16 0.01 

20120917 Env E108 <0.04 <0.32 <0.08 <0.02 <0.02 <0.16 0.01 

20121113 Env 175a <0.04 <0.32 <0.08 <0.02 0.01 <0.16 0.02 

20121205 Env 162 <0.04 <0.32 <0.08 <0.02 <0.02 <0.16 <0.02 

Deer Creek near McLoud, Oklahoma (07241590)

20120109 Env 0.34 <0.04 <0.32 <0.08 <0.02 <0.02 <0.16 <0.02 

20120319 Env 139 <0.04 <0.32 <0.08 <0.02 <0.02 <0.16 <0.02 

20130410 Env – <0.04 <0.32 <0.08 <0.02 <0.02 0.27 <0.02 

Table 3–1. Organic compound concentrations and quality-control data for water samples collected at four stream sites in and near the Citizen PotawJurisdictional Area, central Oklahoma, 2012–13.—Continued[Constituent concentrations are in whole water samples (unfiltered); ft3/s, cubic feet per second; values in bold are detections; μg/L, micrograms per liter; Env, environmental sa

detected); Rep, replicate quality-assurance sample; –, not measured; E, estimated; Blank, equipment-blank quality-assurance sample; M, presence verified but not quantified]
Date of sample (yyyymmdd) Sample type Streamflow (ft3/s) Isoquinoline (μg/L) Menthol (μg/L) Methyl salicylate (μg/L) Naphthalene (μg/L) Phenanthrene (μg/L) Phenol (μg/L) Pyrene (μg/L) T

North Canadian River at Shawnee, Oklahoma (07241800) 20120109 Env E98 <0.04 <0.32 <0.08 <0.02 <0.02 <0.16 <0.02 

20120320 Env 5,700 <0.04 <0.32 <0.08 0.02 0.05 <0.16 0.09 

20120531 Blank – <0.04 <0.32 0.07 <0.02 <0.02 <0.16 <0.02 

20120531 Env E1,740 <0.06 <0.32 <0.08 <0.02 0.06 0.05 0.12 

20120626 Env 128 <0.04 <0.32 <0.08 0.02 <0.02 0.07 <0.02 

20120826 Env 238 <0.04 <0.32 <0.08 <0.02 0.02 0.05 0.04 

20120917 Env 136 <0.04 <0.32 <0.08 <0.02 <0.02 <0.16 M 

20121114 Env 214a <0.04 <0.32 <0.08 <0.02 0.01 <0.16 0.01 

20121206 Env 188a <0.04 <0.32 <0.08 <0.02 <0.02 <0.16 <0.02 

Date of sample (yyyymmdd) Sample type Streamflow (ft3/s) Tributyl phosphate (μg/L) Triclosan (μg/L) Triethyl citrate (μg/L) Triphenyl phos- phate (μg/L) Tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (μg/L) Tris(2-chloroethy

phosphate (μg/L) 

Little River near Tecumseh, Oklahoma (07230500) 20120110 Env 6.1 <0.064 <0.32 <0.04 <0.08 E0.22 <0.16 

20120319 Env 1,450 <0.064 <0.32 0.04 <0.08 <0.64 <0.16 

20120531 Env 2.6 <0.064 <0.32 <0.04 <0.08 <0.64 <0.16 

20120626 Env 1.5 <0.064 <0.32 <0.04 <0.08 <0.64 <0.16 

20120626 Rep 1.5 <0.064 <0.32 <0.04 <0.08 <0.64 <0.16 

20120826 Env 1.5 <0.064 <0.32 <0.04 <0.08 <0.64 <0.16 

20120918 Env 1.0 <0.064 <0.32 <0.04 <0.08 <0.64 <0.16 

20121114 Env 2.4 <0.064 <0.32 <0.04 <0.08 E0.40 <0.16 

20121206 Env 2.4 <0.064 <0.32 <0.04 E0.01 <0.64 <0.16 

20121206 Rep 2.4 – – – – – – 

Table 3–1. Organic compound concentrations and quality-control data for water samples collected at four stream sites in and near the Citizen PotawJurisdictional Area, central Oklahoma, 2012–13.—Continued [Constituent concentrations are in whole water samples (unfiltered); ft3/s, cubic feet per second; values in bold are detections; μg/L, micrograms per liter; Env, environmental sa

detected); Rep, replicate quality-assurance sample; –, not measured; E, estimated; Blank, equipment-blank quality-assurance sample; M, presence verified but not quantified]
Date of 

sample 

(yyyymmdd)

Sample 

type

Streamflow 

(ft3/s)

Tributyl 

phosphate 

(μg/L)

Triclosan 

(μg/L)

Triethyl 

citrate 

(μg/L)

Triphenyl phosphate 

(μg/L)

Tris(2-butoxyethyl) 

phosphate 

(μg/L)

Tris(2-chloroethy

phosphate 

(μg/L)

North Canadian River near Harrah, Oklahoma (07241550)

20120109 Env 91 0.062 0.11 0.13 0.01 E0.44 0.18 

20120320 Env 4,690 0.109 0.05 0.03 0.03 E0.53 0.08 

20120531 Env 677 0.069 0.05 <0.06 0.02 <0.64 0.14 

20120627 Blank – <0.064 <0.32 E0.01 <0.08 <0.64 <0.16 

20120627 Env 123 E0.186 0.09 E0.03 0.01 E0.54 0.17 

20120826 Env 185 0.102 E0.11 E0.06 0.01 E0.67 0.27 

20120917 Env E108 0.048 0.11 0.09 <0.08 <0.64 0.26 

20121113 Env 175a 0.061 0.10 0.06 E0.03 E0.68 0.17 

20121205 Env 162 E0.062 0.12 0.13 E0.02 E0.72 0.21 

Deer Creek near McLoud, Oklahoma (07241590)

20120109 Env 0.34 <0.064 <0.32 <0.04 <0.08 <0.64 <0.16 

20120319 Env 139 <0.064 <0.32 <0.04 <0.08 <0.64 <0.16 

20130410 Env – <0.064 <0.32 <0.04 <0.08 <0.64 <0.16 

North Canadian River at Shawnee, Oklahoma (07241800)

20120109 Env E98 0.133 0.13 0.17 0.02 E0.48 0.22 

20120320 Env 5,700 0.099 0.04 0.08 0.02 E0.41 0.09 

20120531 Blank – <0.064 <0.32 <0.04 <0.08 <0.64 <0.16 

20120531 Env E1,740 0.085 <0.32 <0.05 0.03 <0.64 0.11 

20120626 Env 128 <0.064 <0.32 <0.04 <0.08 E0.65 0.26 

20120826 Env 238 0.105 E0.09 <0.04 0.01 E0.71 0.19 

20120917 Env 136 E0.069 <0.32 E0.02 <0.08 <0.64 E0.18 

20121114 Env 214a 0.043 0.12 0.04 E0.02 E0.66 0.16 

20121206 Env 188a E0.044 0.23 0.11 E0.01 E0.80 0.27 

aDaily mean streamflow.

Table 3–1. Organic compound concentrations and quality-control data for water samples collected at four stream sites in and near the Citizen PotawJurisdictional Area, central Oklahoma, 2012–13.—Continued[Constituent concentrations are in whole water samples (unfiltered); ft3/s, cubic feet per second; values in bold are detections; μg/L, micrograms per liter; Env, environmental sa

detected); Rep, replicate quality-assurance sample; –, not measured; E, estimated; Blank, equipment-blank quality-assurance sample; M, presence verified but not quantified]
Table 4–1. Analytical relative percent difference for concentrations of major ions, nutrients, and trace elements in two quality-control samples for wfour stream sites in and near the Citizen Potawatomi Nation Tribal Jurisdictional Area, central Oklahoma, 2012–13.[Concentrations of major ions and nutrients are dissolved unless noted otherwise; Concentrations of trace elements are in whole-water samples unless noted otherwise; mg/L, mpercent difference; CaCO3, calcium carbonate; SiO2, silicon dioxide; –, not detected; N, nitrogen; P, phosphorus; <, less than; μg/L, micrograms per liter; RPD was not calculate

estimated concentration or a concentration less than the minimum reporting level]

Sample 

date Sample type Dissolved solids (mg/L) Calcium (mg/L) Calcium (whole) (mg/L) Magnesium (mg/L) Magnesium (whole) (mg/L) Potassium (mg/L) Potassiu

(m

Little River near Tecumseh, Oklahoma (07230500)

20120626 Environmental 815 30.3 30.2 33.1 33.1 3.19 3

20120626 Replicate 823 27.8 30.1 32.0 33.0 3.14 3

RPD 1.0 percent 8.6 percent 0.3 percent 3.4 percent 0.3 percent 1.6 percent 0.6 p

20121206 Environmental 872 53.7 53.8 33.1 33.5 2.99 3

20121206 Replicate 827 54.0 54.0 32.9 33.5 3.03 3

RPD 5.3 percent 0.6 percent 0.4 percent 0.6 percent 0 percent 1.3 percent 4.1 p

Sample 

date Sample type Sodium whole (mg/L) Alkalinity (mg/L as CaCO3) Bicarbonate (mg/L) Carbonate (mg/L) Chloride (mg/L) Fluoride (mg/L) Si

(mg/L 

Little River near Tecumseh, Oklahoma (07230500)

20120626 Environmental 224 206 244 3.10 294 0.43 13

20120626 Replicate 223 205 241 4.40 291 0.40 12

RPD 0.4 percent 0.5 percent 1.2 percent 34.7 percent 1.0 percent 7.2 percent 8.0 p

20121206 Environmental 214 266 317 3.7 297 0.33 9

20121206 Replicate 217 266 317 3.7 297 0.31 9

RPD 1.4 percent 0 percent 0 percent 0 percent 0 percent 6.3 percent 0.5 p

Sample 

date Sample type

Ammonia plus 

organic nitrogen 

(mg/L as N)

Ammonia plus 

organic nitrogen 

(whole) 

(mg/L as N)

Ammonia 

nitrogen 

(mg/L as N)

Nitrite plus 

nitrate-nitrogen 

(mg/L as N)

Nitrite-nitrogen 

(mg/L as N)

Orthophosphate 

phosphorus 

(mg/L as P)

Tot

phosp

(mg

Little River near Tecumseh, Oklahoma (07230500)

20120626 Environmental 0.38 0.51 <0.010 <0.040 <0.001 <0.004 0.0

20120626 Replicate 0.35 0.40 <0.010 <0.040 <0.001 0.004 0.0

RPD 8.2 percent 24.2 percent – – – – 15.4 p

20121206 Environmental 0.29 0.25 0.020 <0.040 <0.001 0.004 0.0

20121206 Replicate 0.28 0.27 0.021 <0.040 <0.001 <0.004 0.0

RPD 3.5 percent 7.7 percent 4.9 percent – – – 13.3 p
Sample 

date Sample type Aluminum (μg/L) Arsenic (μg/L) Barium (μg/L) Beryllium (μg/L) Cadmium (μg/L) Chromium (μg/L) Cobalt (μg/L) Copper (μg/L) 

Little River near Tecumseh, Oklahoma (07230500)

20120626 Environmental 100 3.9 351 <0.19 <0.016 0.32 0.31 <1.4 

20120626 Replicate 70 3.9 351 <0.19 <0.016 <0.30 0.28 3.2 

RPD 35.3 0 0 – – – 10.2 – 

20121206 Environmental 150 1.3 396 <0.19 <0.016 0.37 0.14 <1.4 

20121206 Replicate 160 1.4 394 <0.19 0.017 <0.30 0.12 <1.4 

RPD 6.5 percent 7.4 percent 0.5 percent – – – 15.4 percent – 

Sample 

date Sample type Lead (μg/L) Lithium (μg/L) Manganese (dissolved) (μg/L Manganese (μg/L) Mercury (μg/L) Molybdenum (μg/L) Nickel (μg/L) Silver (μg/L) Selenium (μg/L) 

Little River near Tecumseh, Oklahoma (07230500)

20120626 Environmental 0.18 15.5 16.1 58.3 0.036 2.12 0.91 <0.015 0.186 

20120626 Replicate 0.18 15.3 13.2 43.3 0.024 2.11 0.94 <0.015 0.305 

RPD 0 percent 1.3 percent 19.8 percent 29.5 percent 40 percent 0.5 percent 3.2 percent – 48.5 percent 

20121206 Environmental 0.21 10.6 20.2 34.1 0.028 1.61 1.3 <0.015 0.258 

20121206 Replicate 0.20 10.4 21.5 34.5 0.028 1.63 1.2 <0.015 0.305 

RPD 4.9 percent 1.9 percent 6.2 percent 1.2 percent 0 percent 1.2 percent 8.0 percent – 16.7 percent 

Table 4–1. Analytical relative percent difference for concentrations of major ions, nutrients, and trace elements in two quality-control samples for wfour stream sites in and near the Citizen Potawatomi Nation Tribal Jurisdictional Area, central Oklahoma, 2012–13.—Continued[Concentrations of major ions and nutrients are dissolved unless noted otherwise; Concentrations of trace elements are in whole-water samples unless noted otherwise; mg/L, mpercent difference; CaCO3, calcium carbonate; SiO2, silicon dioxide; –, not detected; N, nitrogen; P, phosphorus; <, less than; μg/L, micrograms per liter; RPD was not calculate

estimated concentration or a concentration less than the minimum reporting level]
78 Stream-Water and Groundwater Quality in and near the CPN Tribal Jurisdictional Area, Pottawatomie County, Oklahoma

Table 5–1

Table 5–1. Selected radionuclide concentrations and quality-control data for samples collected from 30 wells in and near the Citizen 

Potawatomi Nation Tribal Jurisdictional Area, central Oklahoma, 2012–13.

[ID, identifier; USGS, U.S. Geological Survey; Env, environmental sample; ND, analyte not detected (concentration is less than the sample-specific critical 

level); –, not applicable; pCi/L, picocurie per liter; ±, plus or minus; μg/L, micrograms per liter; Rep, replicate quality-control sample; Result, radiological 

concentrations plus or minus the 1-sigma combined standard uncertainty; GA (72h), sample analyzed for gross alpha-particle activity at approximately 72 hours 

after sample collection as referenced to a detector calibrated by using 230Thorium; GA (30d), sample used for the 72-hour gross alpha-particle analysis is 

counted a second time approximately 30 days after the initial count as referenced to a detector calibrated by using 230Thorium; GB (72h), sample analyzed 

for gross beta-particle activity at approximately 72 hours after sample collection as referenced to a detector calibrated by using 137Cesium; GB (30d), sample 

used for the 72-hour gross beta-particle analysis is counted a second time approximately 30 days after the initial count as referenced to a detector calibrated by 

using 137Cesium; –, not applicable; a, laboratory background blank was greater than the sample-specific critical level; b, sample-specific minimum detectable 

concentration was above the contractual (also called the a priori) minimum detectable concentration; c, counted five days after collection; d, diluted sample 

because the high range of the method was exceeded; Bold font denotes value exceeds Maximum Contaminant Level for public drinking-water supplies 

(U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2013a)]

Well and 

sample ID USGS station ID Sample date (yyyymmdd) Sample type Radionuclide constituent Result Sample-specific critical level Remark Units

w1 352755097141801 20130312 Env GA (30d) ND 0.4 – pCi/L

w1 352755097141801 20130312 Env GA (72h) 1.4 ± 0.37 0.32 – pCi/L

w1 352755097141801 20130312 Env GB (30d) 1.7 ± 0.44 0.64 – pCi/L

w1 352755097141801 20130312 Env GB (72h) ND 0.47 – pCi/L

w1 352755097141801 20130312 Env Uranium 0.156 0.004 – μg/L

w2 352527097144201 20130312 Env GA (30d) 1.5 ± 0.72 0.85 – pCi/L

w2 352527097144201 20130312 Env GA (72h) 6.6 ± 1.3 0.88 – pCi/L

w2 352527097144201 20130312 Env GB (30d) 1.9 ± 0.48 0.7 – pCi/L

w2 352527097144201 20130312 Env GB (72h) 1.4 ± 0.51 0.8 – pCi/L

w2 352527097144201 20130312 Env Uranium 0.04 0.004 – μg/L

w3 352449097054601 20120919 Env GA (30d) ND 0.69 – pCi/L

w3 352449097054601 20120919 Env GA (72h) 4 ± 0.99 0.72 – pCi/L

w3 352449097054601 20120919 Env GB (30d) 1.7 ± 0.5 0.76 – pCi/L

w3 352449097054601 20120919 Env GB (72h) 2.2 ± 0.5 0.68 – pCi/L

w3 352449097054601 20120919 Env Uranium 0.145 0.004 – μg/L

w4 352412097040301 20120731 Env GA (30d) 5.9 ± 1.3 1.1 – pCi/L

w4 352412097040301 20120731 Env GA (72h) 4.6 ± 1.1 0.85 – pCi/L

w4 352412097040301 20120731 Env GB (30d) 1.5 ± 0.56 0.85 – pCi/L

w4 352412097040301 20120731 Env GB (72h) 1.2 ± 0.6 0.97 – pCi/L

w4 352412097040301 20120731 Env Uranium 1.42 0.004 – μg/L

w5 352407096462701 20120718 Env GA (30d) ND 1.5 b pCi/L

w5 352407096462701 20120718 Rep GA (30d) 1.4 ± 1.1 1.4 b pCi/L

w5 352407096462701 20120718 Env GA (72h) 4.8 ± 1.6 1.7 b pCi/L

w5 352407096462701 20120718 Rep GA (72h) 6.9 ± 1.5 0.94 – pCi/L

w5 352407096462701 20120718 Env GB (30d) 2.6 ± 0.52 0.75 – pCi/L

w5 352407096462701 20120718 Rep GB (30d) 1.9 ± 0.42 0.61 – pCi/L

w5 352407096462701 20120718 Env GB (72h) 4.4 ± 0.65 0.89 – pCi/L

w5 352407096462701 20120718 Rep GB (72h) 2 ± 0.49 0.71 – pCi/L

w5 352407096462701 20120718 Env Uranium 2.13 0.004 – μg/L

w5 352407096462701 20120718 Rep Uranium 2.14 0.004 – μg/L

w6 352303097033401 20120910 Env GA (30d) 11 ± 2.2 2.1 b pCi/L

w6 352303097033401 20120910 Rep GA (30d) 18 ± 3 1.9 b pCi/L

w6 352303097033401 20120910 Env GA (72h) 22 ± 3.3 1.5 b pCi/L
Table 5–1 79

Well and 

sample ID USGS station ID Sample date (yyyymmdd) Sample type Radionuclide constituent Result Sample-specific critical level Remark Units

w6 352303097033401 20120910 Rep GA (72h) 20 ± 3 0.94 – pCi/L

w6 352303097033401 20120910 Env GB (30d) 3.3 ± 0.68 0.92 – pCi/L

w6 352303097033401 20120910 Rep GB (30d) 4 ± 0.64 0.76 – pCi/L

w6 352303097033401 20120910 Env GB (72h) 3.8 ± 0.43 0.5 – pCi/L

w6 352303097033401 20120910 Rep GB (72h) 3.5 ± 0.45 0.57 – pCi/L

w6 352303097033401 20120910 Env Uranium 5.43 0.004 d μg/L

w6 352303097033401 20120910 Rep Uranium 5.83 0.004 – μg/L

w7 352232097035501 20120731 Env GA (30d) 1.4 ± 0.67 0.63 – pCi/L

w7 352232097035501 20120731 Env GA (72h) 2.7 ± 0.85 0.59 – pCi/L

w7 352232097035501 20120731 Env GB (30d) 1.5 ± 0.56 0.83 – pCi/L

w7 352232097035501 20120731 Env GB (72h) ND 0.86 – pCi/L

w7 352232097035501 20120731 Env Uranium 0.047 0.004 – μg/L

w8 352226097073901 20120718 Env GA (30d) 1.3 ± 0.49 0.43 – pCi/L

w8 352226097073901 20120718 Env GA (72h) 2.6 ± 0.7 0.51 – pCi/L

w8 352226097073901 20120718 Env GB (30d) 1.2 ± 0.42 0.63 – pCi/L

w8 352226097073901 20120718 Env GB (72h) 3.7 ± 0.63 0.84 – pCi/L

w8 352226097073901 20120718 Env Uranium 0.169 0.004 – μg/L

w9 352104097044701 20120724 Env GA (30d) ND 0.44 – pCi/L

w9 352104097044701 20120724 Env GA (72h) 0.9 ± 0.61 0.62 a pCi/L

w9 352104097044701 20120724 Env GB (30d) ND 0.79 – pCi/L

w9 352104097044701 20120724 Env GB (72h) ND 0.9 – pCi/L

w9 352104097044701 20120724 Env Uranium 0.059 0.004 – μg/L

w10 352002097000301 20120829 Env GA (30d) 4.2 ± 1.3 1.5 b pCi/L

w10 352002097000301 20120829 Env GA (72h) 9.1 ± 1.7 0.88 – pCi/L

w10 352002097000301 20120829 Env GB (30d) 2.1 ± 0.34 0.46 – pCi/L

w10 352002097000301 20120829 Env GB (72h) 1.6 ± 0.45 0.67 – pCi/L

w10 352002097000301 20120829 Env Uranium 1.66 0.004 – μg/L

w11 351937096512201 20120919 Env GA (30d) 5.9 ± 1.1 0.81 – pCi/L

w11 351937096512201 20120919 Env GA (72h) 8.2 ± 1.8 1.2 – pCi/L

w11 351937096512201 20120919 Env GB (30d) 2.5 ± 0.52 0.76 – pCi/L

w11 351937096512201 20120919 Env GB (72h) 1.8 ± 0.71 1.1 – pCi/L

w11 351937096512201 20120919 Env Uranium 4.53 0.004 – μg/L

Table 5–1. Selected radionuclide concentrations and quality-control data for samples collected from 30 wells in and near the Citizen 

Potawatomi Nation Tribal Jurisdictional Area, central Oklahoma, 2012–13.—Continued

[ID, identifier; USGS, U.S. Geological Survey; Env, environmental sample; ND, analyte not detected (concentration is less than the sample-specific critical 

level); –, not applicable; pCi/L, picocurie per liter; ±, plus or minus; μg/L, micrograms per liter; Rep, replicate quality-control sample; Result, radiological 

concentrations plus or minus the 1-sigma combined standard uncertainty; GA (72h), sample analyzed for gross alpha-particle activity at approximately 72 hours 

after sample collection as referenced to a detector calibrated by using 230Thorium; GA (30d), sample used for the 72-hour gross alpha-particle analysis is 

counted a second time approximately 30 days after the initial count as referenced to a detector calibrated by using 230Thorium; GB (72h), sample analyzed 

for gross beta-particle activity at approximately 72 hours after sample collection as referenced to a detector calibrated by using 137Cesium; GB (30d), sample 

used for the 72-hour gross beta-particle analysis is counted a second time approximately 30 days after the initial count as referenced to a detector calibrated by 

using 137Cesium; –, not applicable; a, laboratory background blank was greater than the sample-specific critical level; b, sample-specific minimum detectable 

concentration was above the contractual (also called the a priori) minimum detectable concentration; c, counted five days after collection; d, diluted sample 

because the high range of the method was exceeded; Bold font denotes value exceeds Maximum Contaminant Level for public drinking-water supplies 

(U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2013a)]
80 Stream-Water and Groundwater Quality in and near the CPN Tribal Jurisdictional Area, Pottawatomie County, Oklahoma

Well and 

sample ID USGS station ID Sample date (yyyymmdd) Sample type Radionuclide constituent Result Sample-specific critical level Remark Units

w12 351819097071201 20120724 Env GA (30d) 0.6 ± 0.41 0.42 – pCi/L

w12 351819097071201 20120724 Env GA (72h) 2.1 ± 0.73 0.63 a pCi/L

w12 351819097071201 20120724 Env GB (30d) ND 0.69 – pCi/L

w12 351819097071201 20120724 Env GB (72h) ND 0.92 – pCi/L

w12 351819097071201 20120724 Env Uranium 0.03 0.004 – μg/L

w13 351807096545801 20120619 Env GA (30d) ND 1.5 b pCi/L

w13 351807096545801 20120619 Env GA (72h) 8.3 ± 1.8 1.5 b pCi/L

w13 351807096545801 20120619 Env GB (30d) 2.4 ± 0.51 0.76 – pCi/L

w13 351807096545801 20120619 Env GB (72h) 2.3 ± 0.49 0.69 – pCi/L

w13 351807096545801 20120619 Env Uranium 3.66 0.004 – μg/L

w14 351751096563301 20120924 Env GA (30d) 1.9 ± 1.3 1.8 b pCi/L

w14 351751096563301 20120924 Env GA (72h) 7.6 ± 1.9 1.7 a, b pCi/L

w14 351751096563301 20120924 Env GB (30d) 2.4 ± 0.52 0.76 – pCi/L

w14 351751096563301 20120924 Env GB (72h) 2.8 ± 0.57 0.8 – pCi/L

w14 351751096563301 20120924 Env Uranium 0.895 0.004 – μg/L

w15 351649096584801 20120910 Env GA (30d) 11.7 ± 1.9 0.83 – pCi/L

w15 351649096584801 20120910 Env GA (72h) 12.8 ± 1.8 0.75 – pCi/L

w15 351649096584801 20120910 Env GB (30d) 2.6 ± 0.57 0.76 – pCi/L

w15 351649096584801 20120910 Env GB (72h) 1.4 ± 0.41 0.6 – pCi/L

w15 351649096584801 20120910 Env Uranium 4.8 0.004 – μg/L

w16 351634097025601 20120627 Env GA (30d) ND 0.99 – pCi/L

w16 351634097025601 20120627 Env GA (72h) 9.4 ± 1.9 1.4 b pCi/L

w16 351634097025601 20120627 Env GB (30d) 1 ± 0.42 0.66 – pCi/L

w16 351634097025601 20120627 Env GB (72h) 2.8 ± 0.42 0.57 – pCi/L

w16 351634097025601 20120627 Env Uranium 0.837 0.004 – μg/L

w17 351536096545501 20120619 Env GA (30d) 3.4 ± 0.92 0.76 – pCi/L

w17 351536096545501 20120619 Env GA (72h) 6.8 ± 1.2 0.75 – pCi/L

w17 351536096545501 20120619 Env GB (30d) 1 ± 0.55 0.9 – pCi/L

w17 351536096545501 20120619 Env GB (72h) 1.9 ± 0.61 0.91 – pCi/L

w17 351536096545501 20120619 Env Uranium 2.62 0.004 – μg/L

w18 351518096511501 20120724 Env GA (30d) ND 0.63 – pCi/L

w18 351518096511501 20120724 Env GA (72h) 2.1 ± 0.55 0.43 a pCi/L

w18 351518096511501 20120724 Env GB (30d) 1.1 ± 0.48 0.74 – pCi/L

Table 5–1. Selected radionuclide concentrations and quality-control data for samples collected from 30 wells in and near the Citizen 

Potawatomi Nation Tribal Jurisdictional Area, central Oklahoma, 2012–13.—Continued

[ID, identifier; USGS, U.S. Geological Survey; Env, environmental sample; ND, analyte not detected (concentration is less than the sample-specific critical 

level); –, not applicable; pCi/L, picocurie per liter; ±, plus or minus; μg/L, micrograms per liter; Rep, replicate quality-control sample; Result, radiological 

concentrations plus or minus the 1-sigma combined standard uncertainty; GA (72h), sample analyzed for gross alpha-particle activity at approximately 72 hours 

after sample collection as referenced to a detector calibrated by using 230Thorium; GA (30d), sample used for the 72-hour gross alpha-particle analysis is 

counted a second time approximately 30 days after the initial count as referenced to a detector calibrated by using 230Thorium; GB (72h), sample analyzed 

for gross beta-particle activity at approximately 72 hours after sample collection as referenced to a detector calibrated by using 137Cesium; GB (30d), sample 

used for the 72-hour gross beta-particle analysis is counted a second time approximately 30 days after the initial count as referenced to a detector calibrated by 

using 137Cesium; –, not applicable; a, laboratory background blank was greater than the sample-specific critical level; b, sample-specific minimum detectable 

concentration was above the contractual (also called the a priori) minimum detectable concentration; c, counted five days after collection; d, diluted sample 

because the high range of the method was exceeded; Bold font denotes value exceeds Maximum Contaminant Level for public drinking-water supplies 

(U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2013a)]
Table 5–1 81

Well and 

sample ID USGS station ID Sample date (yyyymmdd) Sample type Radionuclide constituent Result Sample-specific critical level Remark Units

w18 351518096511501 20120724 Env GB (72h) ND 0.5 – pCi/L

w18 351518096511501 20120724 Env Uranium 0.212 0.004 – μg/L

w19 351448097024501 20120919 Env GA (30d) ND 1.1 – pCi/L

w19 351448097024501 20120919 Env GA (72h) 10.6 ± 1.7 0.87 – pCi/L

w19 351448097024501 20120919 Env GB (30d) 4.4 ± 0.84 1.2 – pCi/L

w19 351448097024501 20120919 Env GB (72h) 3 ± 0.67 1 – pCi/L

w19 351448097024501 20120919 Env Uranium 3.68 0.004 – μg/L

w20 351422097072801 20120627 Env GA (30d) 3.2 ± 0.96 1 – pCi/L

w20 351422097072801 20120627 Env GA (72h) 10.7 ± 1.7 0.96 – pCi/L

w20 351422097072801 20120627 Env GB (30d) 2.7 ± 0.72 1.1 – pCi/L

w20 351422097072801 20120627 Env GB (72h) 5.5 ± 0.9 1.2 – pCi/L

w20 351422097072801 20120627 Env Uranium 0.853 0.004 – μg/L

w21 351251097000801 20120619 Env GA (30d) ND 0.74 – pCi/L

w21 351251097000801 20120619 Env GA (72h) 3.4 ± 0.96 0.99 – pCi/L

w21 351251097000801 20120619 Env GB (30d) 1.2 ± 0.55 0.86 – pCi/L

w21 351251097000801 20120619 Env GB (72h) ND 1.1 – pCi/L

w21 351251097000801 20120619 Env Uranium 0.542 0.004 – μg/L

w22 351103096534601 20120829 Env GA (30d) 2.6 ± 1.2 1.3 b pCi/L

w22 351103096534601 20120829 Env GA (72h) 7.5 ± 1.5 1 – pCi/L

w22 351103096534601 20120829 Env GB (30d) 2.9 ± 0.41 0.54 – pCi/L

w22 351103096534601 20120829 Env GB (72h) 0.7 ± 0.35 0.54 – pCi/L

w22 351103096534601 20120829 Env Uranium 6.68 0.004 – μg/L

w23 350624097005601 20130501 Env Uranium 0.704 0.004 – μg/L

w24 350603097065901 20130313 Env GA (30d) 1.5 ± 0.72 0.85 – pCi/L

w24 350603097065901 20130313 Env GA (72h) 5.7 ± 1.1 0.93 c pCi/L

w24 350603097065901 20130313 Env GB (30d) 3.4 ± 0.52 0.7 – pCi/L

w24 350603097065901 20130313 Env GB (72h) 1.8 ± 0.51 0.8 c pCi/L

w24 350603097065901 20130313 Env Uranium 3.27 0.004 – μg/L

w25 350236097191501 20130501 Env Uranium 18.2 0.004 – μg/L

w26 350234097040401 20130326 Env GA (30d) 11 ± 1.9 0.95 – pCi/L

w26 350234097040401 20130326 Env GA (72h) 16 ± 2.4 1.2 – pCi/L

w26 350234097040401 20130326 Env GB (30d) 4.7 ± 0.75 0.94 – pCi/L

w26 350234097040401 20130326 Env GB (72h) 2 ± 0.61 0.92 – pCi/L

Table 5–1. Selected radionuclide concentrations and quality-control data for samples collected from 30 wells in and near the Citizen 

Potawatomi Nation Tribal Jurisdictional Area, central Oklahoma, 2012–13.—Continued

[ID, identifier; USGS, U.S. Geological Survey; Env, environmental sample; ND, analyte not detected (concentration is less than the sample-specific critical 

level); –, not applicable; pCi/L, picocurie per liter; ±, plus or minus; μg/L, micrograms per liter; Rep, replicate quality-control sample; Result, radiological 

concentrations plus or minus the 1-sigma combined standard uncertainty; GA (72h), sample analyzed for gross alpha-particle activity at approximately 72 hours 

after sample collection as referenced to a detector calibrated by using 230Thorium; GA (30d), sample used for the 72-hour gross alpha-particle analysis is 

counted a second time approximately 30 days after the initial count as referenced to a detector calibrated by using 230Thorium; GB (72h), sample analyzed 

for gross beta-particle activity at approximately 72 hours after sample collection as referenced to a detector calibrated by using 137Cesium; GB (30d), sample 

used for the 72-hour gross beta-particle analysis is counted a second time approximately 30 days after the initial count as referenced to a detector calibrated by 

using 137Cesium; –, not applicable; a, laboratory background blank was greater than the sample-specific critical level; b, sample-specific minimum detectable 

concentration was above the contractual (also called the a priori) minimum detectable concentration; c, counted five days after collection; d, diluted sample 

because the high range of the method was exceeded; Bold font denotes value exceeds Maximum Contaminant Level for public drinking-water supplies 

(U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2013a)]
82 Stream-Water and Groundwater Quality in and near the CPN Tribal Jurisdictional Area, Pottawatomie County, Oklahoma

Table 5–1. Selected radionuclide concentrations and quality-control data for samples collected from 30 wells in and near the Citizen 

Potawatomi Nation Tribal Jurisdictional Area, central Oklahoma, 2012–13.—Continued

[ID, identifier; USGS, U.S. Geological Survey; Env, environmental sample; ND, analyte not detected (concentration is less than the sample-specific critical 

level); –, not applicable; pCi/L, picocurie per liter; ±, plus or minus; μg/L, micrograms per liter; Rep, replicate quality-control sample; Result, radiological 

concentrations plus or minus the 1-sigma combined standard uncertainty; GA (72h), sample analyzed for gross alpha-particle activity at approximately 72 hours 

after sample collection as referenced to a detector calibrated by using 230Thorium; GA (30d), sample used for the 72-hour gross alpha-particle analysis is 

counted a second time approximately 30 days after the initial count as referenced to a detector calibrated by using 230Thorium; GB (72h), sample analyzed 

for gross beta-particle activity at approximately 72 hours after sample collection as referenced to a detector calibrated by using 137Cesium; GB (30d), sample 

used for the 72-hour gross beta-particle analysis is counted a second time approximately 30 days after the initial count as referenced to a detector calibrated by 

using 137Cesium; –, not applicable; a, laboratory background blank was greater than the sample-specific critical level; b, sample-specific minimum detectable 

concentration was above the contractual (also called the a priori) minimum detectable concentration; c, counted five days after collection; d, diluted sample 

because the high range of the method was exceeded; Bold font denotes value exceeds Maximum Contaminant Level for public drinking-water supplies 

(U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2013a)]

Well and 

sample ID USGS station ID Sample date (yyyymmdd) Sample type Radionuclide constituent Result Sample-specific critical level Remark Units

w26 350234097040401 20130326 Env Uranium 9.43 0.004 – μg/L

w27 350117096591001 20130326 Env GA (30d) 2.8 ± 1.2 1.4 b pCi/L

w27 350117096591001 20130326 Rep GA (30d) 2.9 ± 1.5 1.9 b pCi/L

w27 350117096591001 20130326 Env GA (72h) 7.7 ± 1.8 1.4 b pCi/L

w27 350117096591001 20130326 Rep GA (72h) 7.5 ± 1.8 1.7 b pCi/L

w27 350117096591001 20130326 Env GB (30d) 1.9 ± 0.66 1 – pCi/L

w27 350117096591001 20130326 Rep GB (30d) 1.8 ± 0.61 0.93 – pCi/L

w27 350117096591001 20130326 Env GB (72h) 3.1 ± 0.62 0.88 – pCi/L

w27 350117096591001 20130326 Rep GB (72h) 1.9 ± 0.56 0.89 – pCi/L

w27 350117096591001 20130326 Env Uranium 2.66 0.004 – μg/L

w27 350117096591001 20130326 Rep Uranium 2.66 0.004 – μg/L

w28 350034097031201 20130501 Env Uranium 79.5 0.004 – μg/L

w29 350017096595501 20130326 Env GA (30d) 23 ± 3.2 1.5 b pCi/L

w29 350017096595501 20130326 Env GA (72h) 28 ± 3.7 1 – pCi/L

w29 350017096595501 20130326 Env GB (30d) 9.7 ± 0.96 0.92 – pCi/L

w29 350017096595501 20130326 Env GB (72h) 3.2 ± 0.72 1 – pCi/L

w29 350017096595501 20130326 Env Uranium 31.1 0.004 – μg/L

w30 345816097095101 20130313 Env GA (30d) 10.3 ± 1.9 1.3 – pCi/L

w30 345816097095101 20130313 Env GA (72h) 17 ± 2.5 1.1 – pCi/L

w30 345816097095101 20130313 Env GB (30d) 7 ± 0.84 1 – pCi/L

w30 345816097095101 20130313 Env GB (72h) 3.2 ± 0.67 0.95 – pCi/L

w30 345816097095101 20130313 Env Uranium 10.6 0.004 – μg/L

– – 20120615 Blank Uranium ND 0.004 – μg/L
Table 6–1. Water-property measurements and concentrations of major ions, nutrients, and trace-elements and quality-control data for water sampleand near the Citizen Potawatomi Nation Tribal Jurisdictional Area, central Oklahoma, 2012–13.[Constituent concentrations are dissolved (filtered); USGS, U.S. Geological Survey; ID, identifier; mg/L, milligrams per liter; μS/cm, microsiemens per centimeter; Hardness codissolved concentrations of calcium and magnesium expressed as calcium carbonate; CaCO3, calcium carbonate; Env, environmental sample; Rep, replicate quality-assurance sa

equipment-blank quality-assurance sample; <, less than; SiO2, silica dioxide; e, may not represent true concentration in sample. Something other than carbonate and bicarbonate 

P, phosphorus; N, nitrogen; μg/L, micrograms per liter; v, analyte detected in equipment-blank quality-assurance sample; Bold font denotes value exceeds Maximum Contamina

Contaminant Level for public drinking-water supplies (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2013a, 2013b)]

USGS 

station ID

Date of 

sample 

(yyyymmdd)

Well and 

sample ID

Sample 

type

Ionic 

balance

(percent)a

Dissolved 

oxygen 

(mg/L)

pH 

(standard units)

Specific conductance 

(μS/cm at 25 

degrees Celsius)

Water 

temperature 

(degrees Celsius)

Dissolv

solid

(mg/L

352755097141801 20130312 w1 Env 4.16 5.6 6.3 376 16.6 21

352527097144201 20130312 w2 Env 4.30 9.7 5.0 89 16.7 5

352449097054601 20120919 w3 Env 2.70 7.3 6.1 338 18.9 20

352412097040301 20120731 w4 Env -1.40 2.3 8.2 703 16.4 44

352407096462701 20120718 w5 Env 2.02 7.7 6.8 1,020 17.1 62

352407096462701 20120718 w5 Rep – – – – – 64352303097033401 20120910 w6 Env -0.67 0.9 6.8 854 17.0 53

352303097033401 20120910 w6 Rep – – – – – 52352232097035501 20120731 w7 Env 1.60 8.6 6.0 308 19.0 19

352226097073901 20120718 w8 Env 2.98 5.0 5.3 227 17.8 14

352104097044701 20120724 w9 Env 1.32 5.5 5.8 114 18.6 7

352002097000301 20120829 w10 Env 1.32 6.6 6.7 955 18.2 58

351937096512201 20120919 w11 Env 1.55 6.8 7.2 587 17.7 36

351819097071201 20120724 w12 Env 1.54 8.0 5.7 101 18.3 6

351807096545801 20120619 w13 Env -1.27 1.1 6.9 1,010 17.6 60

351751096563301 20120924 w14 Env 0.22 4.0 7.8 1,250 17.7 87

351649096584801 20120910 w15 Env 2.30 7.8 6.9 517 18.3 30

351634097025601 20120627 w16 Env 1.32 6.6 6.8 744 17.4 42

351536096545501 20120619 w17 Env 3.20 7.0 7.2 511 18.8 31

351518096511501 20120724 w18 Env 1.56 7.6 6.4 323 18.6 18

351448097024501 20120919 w19 Env 1.36 7.2 6.7 706 17.5 39

351422097072801 20120627 w20 Env 1.39 5.7 6.8 502 16.2 28

351251097000801 20120619 w21 Env 1.98 6.5 7.0 560 18.7 32

351103096534601 20120829 w22 Env 1.93 4.4 6.7 834 18.4 49

350624097005601 20130501 w23 Env 4.56 8.8 6.7 431 18.1 24

350603097065901 20130313 w24 Env -3.35 2.6 6.7 399 17.5 22

350236097191501 20130501 w25 Env -1.23 1.4 8.4 1,920 18.2 1,28

350234097040401 20130326 w26 Env -0.77 7.8 7.2 704 16.9 43
USGS station ID Date of sample (yyyymmdd) Well and sample ID Sample type Ionic balance (percent)a Dissolved oxygen (mg/L) pH (standard units) Specific conductance (μS/cm at 25 degrees Celsius) Water temperature (degrees Celsius) Dissolv

solid

(mg/L

350117096591001 20130326 w27 Env 1.32 9.7 7.2 846 18.0 502 

350117096591001 20130326 w27 Rep – – – – – 501 

350034097031201 20130501 w28 Env -0.69 2.4 7.7 1,420 17.7 900 

350017096595501 20130326 w29 Env -4.09 2.8 7.7 934 17.8 578 

345816097095101 20130313 w30 Env 2.09 6.1 7.0 605 17.2 363 

– 20120615 – Blank – – – – – <20 

Well and sample ID Sample type Calcium (mg/L) Magnesium (mg/L) Potassium (mg/L) Sodium (mg/L) Alkalinity (mg/L as CaCO3) Bicarbonate (mg/L) Carbonate (mg/L) Bromide (mg/L) 

w1 Env 38.4v 17.1 1.33 14.5v 146 177 0.1 0.150 

w2 Env 5.75v 1.76 0.83 6.17v 17.0 20 <1.0 0.056 

w3 Env 29.0v 14.0 1.73 19.8v 102 124 <1.0 0.608 

w4 Env 4.17v 1.96 0.99 154v 256 304 3.9 0.126 

w5 Env 104v 49.7 1.61 72.5v 522 648 0.4 <0.010 

w5 Rep 104v 49.5 1.56 73.6v – – – <0.010 

w6 Env 56.5v 18.2 1.62 118v 420 512 0.4 0.100 w6 Rep 56.7v 18.4 1.65 121v – – – 0.103 

w7 Env 16.0v 8.59 1.12 35.8v 82.0 100 <1.0 0.071 

w8 Env 15.0v 6.88 0.86 19.3v 34.0 41e <1.0 0.188 

w9 Env 7.35v 3.95 0.80 8.77v – – – 0.060 

w10 Env 82.1v 39.0 1.31 71.8v 264 322 0.1 0.651 

w11 Env 41.3v 16.0 1.45 72.8v 267 324 0.3 0.301 

w12 Env 5.80v 2.70 0.77 10.0v 26.0 32 <1.0 0.099 

w13 Env 96.3v 31.1 1.10 80.6v 327 398 0.3 <0.010 

w14 Env 15.0v 4.30 1.72 262v 252 303 1.9 0.097 

w15 Env 16.2v 9.38 1.25 94.2v 240 291 0.8 0.074 

w16 Env 75.1v 40.2 1.87 24.3v 260 317 0.2 0.553 

w17 Env 54.8v 22.0 1.36 24.9v 223 272 0.4 0.053 

Table 6–1. Water-property measurements and concentrations of major ions, nutrients, and trace-elements and quality-control data for water sampleand near the Citizen Potawatomi Nation Tribal Jurisdictional Area, central Oklahoma, 2012–13.—Continued[Constituent concentrations are dissolved (filtered); USGS, U.S. Geological Survey; ID, identifier; mg/L, milligrams per liter; μS/cm, microsiemens per centimeter; Hardness codissolved concentrations of calcium and magnesium expressed as calcium carbonate; CaCO3, calcium carbonate; Env, environmental sample; Rep, replicate quality-assurance sa

equipment-blank quality-assurance sample; <, less than; SiO2, silica dioxide; e, may not represent true concentration in sample. Something other than carbonate and bicarbonate 

P, phosphorus; N, nitrogen; μg/L, micrograms per liter; v, analyte detected in equipment-blank quality-assurance sample; Bold font denotes value exceeds Maximum Contamina

Contaminant Level for public drinking-water supplies (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2013a, 2013b)]
Well and 

sample ID

Sample 

type

Calcium 

(mg/L)

Magnesium 

(mg/L)

Potassium 

(mg/L)

Sodium 

(mg/L)

Alkalinity 

(mg/L as CaCO3)

Bicarbonate 

(mg/L)

Carbonate 

(mg/L)

Bromide 

(mg/L)

w18 Env 42.1v 8.50 0.64 14.1v 118 144e <1.0 0.047 

w19 Env 74.4v 43.1 2.45 17.3v 327 399 0.1 0.371 

w20 Env 58.0v 29.2 1.44 9.87v 258 314 0.3 0.124 

w21 Env 61.1v 33.0 1.08 13.7v 273 332 0.4 0.153 

w22 Env 95.7v 46.9 0.70 32.4v 423 516 0.2 0.111 

w23 Env 45.1v 21.5 0.69 17.8v 202 246 0.1 0.098 

w24 Env 40.5v 21.4 1.43 15.7v 182 222 0.1 0.116 

w25 Env 5.36v 1.81 0.91 409v 312 372 4.3 0.190 

w26 Env 50.3v 23.6 1.53 69.8v 294 358 0.3 0.304 

w27 Env 66.5v 39.0 1.48 52.0v 268 326 0.3 0.460 

w27 Rep 66.7v 38.9 1.43 49.7v – – – 0.507 

w28 Env 13.7v 3.12 1.35 316v 348 – 1.1 0.189 

w29 Env 10.9v 7.67 1.60 196v 449 423 1.3 0.061 

w30 Env 56.3v 30.5 2.25 26.3v 250 305 0.2 0.168 

– Blank 0.071 <0.011 <0.03 0.10 – – – <0.010 

Well and 

sample ID

Sample 

type

Silica 

(mg/L as SiO2)

Sulfate 

(mg/L)

Ammonia 

nitrogen

(mg/L as N)

Nitrite plus 

nitrate-nitrogen 

(mg/L as N)

Nitrate-nitrogen 

(calculated) 

(mg/L as N)

Nitrite-nitrogen 

(mg/L as N)

Total 

nitrogen 

(mg/L)

Orthop

(mg/

w1 Env 14.1v 9.46 <0.010 0.326 0.326 <0.001 0.35 0

w2 Env 17.7v 8.12 <0.010 0.303 0.303 <0.001 0.32 0

w3 Env 15.8v 14.4 <0.010 0.204 0.204 <0.001 0.21 0

w4 Env 8.58v 46.2 0.046 <0.040 <0.040 <0.001 <0.05 0

w5 Env 24.2v 51.7 0.227 <0.040 <0.038 0.002 0.33 0

w5 Rep 24.4v 51.3 0.230 <0.040 <0.039 0.001 0.32 0

w6 Env 22.4v 35.1 0.328 <0.040 <0.039 0.001 0.37 0

w6 Rep 22.5v 35.2 0.344 <0.040 <0.039 0.001 0.38 0

w7 Env 11.8v 32.7 <0.010 2.35 2.35 <0.001 2.41 0

Table 6–1. Water-property measurements and concentrations of major ions, nutrients, and trace-elements and quality-control data for water sampleand near the Citizen Potawatomi Nation Tribal Jurisdictional Area, central Oklahoma, 2012–13.—Continued[Constituent concentrations are dissolved (filtered); USGS, U.S. Geological Survey; ID, identifier; mg/L, milligrams per liter; μS/cm, microsiemens per centimeter; Hardness codissolved concentrations of calcium and magnesium expressed as calcium carbonate; CaCO3, calcium carbonate; Env, environmental sample; Rep, replicate quality-assurance sa

equipment-blank quality-assurance sample; <, less than; SiO2, silica dioxide; e, may not represent true concentration in sample. Something other than carbonate and bicarbonate 

P, phosphorus; N, nitrogen; μg/L, micrograms per liter; v, analyte detected in equipment-blank quality-assurance sample; Bold font denotes value exceeds Maximum Contamina

Contaminant Level for public drinking-water supplies (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2013a, 2013b)]
Well and sample ID Sample type Silica (mg/L as SiO2) Sulfate (mg/L) Ammonia nitrogen (mg/L as N) Nitrite plus nitrate-nitrogen (mg/L as N) Nitrate-nitrogen (calculated) (mg/L as N) Nitrite-nitrogen (mg/L as N) Total nitrogen (mg/L) Orthop

(mg

w8 Env 14.6v 19.6 <0.010 4.09 4.09 0.001 4.21 0

w9 Env 9.51v 14.3 <0.010 0.188 0.188 <0.001 0.19 0

w10 Env 15.5v 75.6 <0.010 4.73 4.73 <0.001 5.29 0

w11 Env 18.0v 23.8 <0.010 0.657 0.657 <0.001 0.66 0

w12 Env 12.3v 9.12 <0.010 0.295 0.295 <0.001 0.30 0

w13 Env 27.8v 31.8 0.134 <0.040 <0.040 <0.001 0.41 0

w14 Env 10.7v 351 0.424 0.046 0.046 <0.001 0.43 <0

w15 Env 12.9v 18.6 <0.010 0.585 0.585 <0.001 0.57 0

w16 Env 14.7v 23.3 <0.010 0.362 0.362 <0.001 0.41 0

w17 Env 19.5v 32.0 0.015 0.440 0.440 <0.001 0.76 0

w18 Env 23.7v 19.6 <0.010 0.654 0.654 <0.001 0.69 0

w19 Env 17.4v 15.7 <0.010 0.960 0.960 <0.001 0.97 0

w20 Env 11.9v 4.99 <0.010 0.847 0.847 <0.001 0.87 0

w21 Env 15.1v 13.8 0.016 0.760 0.760 <0.001 0.87 0

w22 Env 18.2v 41.5 <0.010 <0.040 <0.040 <0.001 <0.05 0

w23 Env 19.3v 13.1 <0.010 0.267 0.267 <0.001 0.28 0

w24 Env 17.4v 4.93 <0.010 0.464 0.464 <0.001 0.50 0

w25 Env 8.56v 528 0.235 <0.040 <0.040 <0.001 0.25 0

w26 Env 16.0v 41.8 <0.010 0.438 0.438 <0.001 0.45 0

w27 Env 15.3v 44.8 <0.010 4.80 4.80 <0.001 5.20 0

w27 Rep 15.3v 44.8 <0.010 4.95 4.95 <0.001 5.16 0

w28 Env 9.96v 249 0.198 0.047 0.047 <0.001 0.24 0

w29 Env 11.1v 18.9 0.108 <0.040 <0.040 <0.001 0.10 0

w30 Env 17.1v 22.4 <0.010 2.61 2.61 0.001 2.74 0

– Blank 0.153 <0.09 <0.010 <0.040 – <0.001 <0.05 <0

Table 6–1. Water-property measurements and concentrations of major ions, nutrients, and trace-elements and quality-control data for water sampleand near the Citizen Potawatomi Nation Tribal Jurisdictional Area, central Oklahoma, 2012–13.—Continued [Constituent concentrations are dissolved (filtered); USGS, U.S. Geological Survey; ID, identifier; mg/L, milligrams per liter; μS/cm, microsiemens per centimeter; Hardness codissolved concentrations of calcium and magnesium expressed as calcium carbonate; CaCO3, calcium carbonate; Env, environmental sample; Rep, replicate quality-assurance sa

equipment-blank quality-assurance sample; <, less than; SiO2, silica dioxide; e, may not represent true concentration in sample. Something other than carbonate and bicarbonate 

P, phosphorus; N, nitrogen; μg/L, micrograms per liter; v, analyte detected in equipment-blank quality-assurance sample; Bold font denotes value exceeds Maximum Contamina

Contaminant Level for public drinking-water supplies (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2013a, 2013b)]
Well and 

sample ID

Sample 

type

Aluminum 

(μg/L)

Antimony 

(μg/L)

Arsenic 

(μg/L)

Barium 

(μg/L)

Beryllium 

(μg/L)

Boron 

(μg/L)

Cadmium 

(μg/L)

Chromium 

(μg/L)

Cobalt 

(μg/L)

w1 Env <2.2 <0.027 1.3 321v 0.010 47v <0.016 1.0 <0.023 w2 Env <2.2 <0.027 0.17 213v 0.101 18v <0.016 0.40 <0.023 w3 Env <2.2 <0.027 0.27 114v 0.028 54v <0.016 0.86 <0.021 w4 Env <2.2 <0.027 0.48 48.4v 0.074 2,680v <0.016 <0.07 <0.021 w5 Env <2.2 <0.027 2.4 176v 0.015 281v 0.018 <0.07 0.110 

w5 Rep <2.2 <0.027 2.4 179v 0.015 279v <0.016 <0.07 0.106 

w6 Env <4.4 <0.054 0.67 800v 0.038 1,170v <0.032 <0.14 <0.042 w6 Rep <2.2 <0.027 0.65 834v 0.046 1,010v <0.016 <0.07 0.024 

w7 Env <2.2 <0.027 0.15 69.6v 0.064 420v <0.016 0.26 0.547 

w8 Env <2.2 <0.027 0.37 77.3v 0.088 29v <0.016 0.19 0.038 

w9 Env <2.2 <0.027 0.08 47.3v 0.196 19v <0.016 0.55 <0.021 

w10 Env <2.2 <0.027 0.52 216v 0.013 82v <0.016 0.85 0.064 

w11 Env <2.2 <0.027 0.40 102v 0.007 217v <0.016 0.24 <0.021 

w12 Env <2.2 <0.027 0.28 220v 0.066 23v <0.016 0.46 0.054 

w13 Env <2.2 <0.027 3.7 289v 0.010 247v <0.016 <0.07 0.247 

w14 Env <2.2 <0.027 1.4 11.9v 0.071 2,370v <0.016 <0.07 <0.021 

w15 Env <2.2 <0.027 1.2 88.8v 0.009 275v <0.016 12.2 <0.021 w16 Env <2.2 <0.027 1.9 272v 0.007 82v <0.016 0.51 0.026 

w17 Env <2.2 <0.027 2.4 125v <0.006 115v <0.016 1.3 <0.021 

w18 Env <2.2 <0.027 1.2 45.9v 0.012 26v <0.016 0.49 0.030 

w19 Env <2.2 <0.027 0.57 616v 0.019 135v <0.016 0.43 0.044 

w20 Env <2.2 <0.027 0.21 424v <0.006 78v <0.016 2.0 <0.021 

w21 Env <2.2 <0.027 1.4 238v <0.006 68v <0.016 1.3 0.023 

w22 Env <2.2 <0.027 0.24 507v 0.011 251v <0.016 0.16 0.026 

w23 Env <2.2 <0.027 0.76 299v 0.020 102v <0.016 1.3 <0.023 

w24 Env <2.2 <0.027 0.38 545v 0.020 211v <0.016 1.0 0.023 

w25 Env 56.9 <0.027 9.8 15.2v 0.322 5,900v 0.148 <0.07 0.038 

w26 Env <2.2 <0.027 0.51 83.8v 0.026 459v <0.016 2.0 <0.023 

Table 6–1. Water-property measurements and concentrations of major ions, nutrients, and trace-elements and quality-control data for water sampleand near the Citizen Potawatomi Nation Tribal Jurisdictional Area, central Oklahoma, 2012–13.—Continued[Constituent concentrations are dissolved (filtered); USGS, U.S. Geological Survey; ID, identifier; mg/L, milligrams per liter; μS/cm, microsiemens per centimeter; Hardness codissolved concentrations of calcium and magnesium expressed as calcium carbonate; CaCO3, calcium carbonate; Env, environmental sample; Rep, replicate quality-assurance sa

equipment-blank quality-assurance sample; <, less than; SiO2, silica dioxide; e, may not represent true concentration in sample. Something other than carbonate and bicarbonate 

P, phosphorus; N, nitrogen; μg/L, micrograms per liter; v, analyte detected in equipment-blank quality-assurance sample; Bold font denotes value exceeds Maximum Contamina

Contaminant Level for public drinking-water supplies (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2013a, 2013b)]
Well and sample ID Sample type Aluminum (μg/L) Antimony (μg/L) Arsenic (μg/L) Barium (μg/L) Beryllium (μg/L) Boron (μg/L) Cadmium (μg/L) Chromium (μg/L) Cobalt (μg/L) 

w27 Env 2.4 0.031 0.56 208v 0.008 126v <0.016 0.91 0.073 

w27 Rep 2.2 0.027 0.60 210v 0.007 127v <0.016 0.91 0.072 w28 Env 4.5 <0.027 0.63 16v 0.105 2,300v 0.025 0.15 <0.023 

w29 Env <2.2 <0.027 0.73 129v 0.032 641v <0.016 <0.07 <0.023 w30 Env <2.2 <0.027 0.59 372v 0.011 202v <0.016 0.78 0.058 

– Blank <2.2 <0.027 <0.03 0.49 <0.006 4 <0.016 <0.07 <0.021 

Well and sample ID Sample type Lead (μg/L) Lithium (μg/L) Manganese (μg/L) Molybdenum (μg/L) Nickel (μg/L) Selenium (μg/L) Silver (μg/L) Strontium (μg/L) Thallium (μg/L) 

w1 Env 0.068v 17.0 0.17 0.032 0.33v 0.24 <0.005 110 <0.010 

w2 Env 0.102v 4.55 0.75 0.015 1.4v 0.07 <0.005 31.2 <0.010 

w3 Env 0.215v 11.1 <0.13 0.068 2.4v 0.12 <0.005 99.2 <0.010 

w4 Env 0.060v 6.20 4.51 2.12 <0.09 0.18 <0.005 79.6 <0.010 

w5 Env <0.025 25.4 519 4.27 0.46v 0.15 0.008 1,050 <0.010 

w5 Rep <0.025 25.2 516 4.26 0.44v 0.16 0.006 1,050 <0.010 

w6 Env 0.084v 9.74 310 1.58 0.29v <0.06 <0.010 370 <0.020 

w6 Rep 0.132v 11.1 314 1.65 0.25v 0.03 <0.005 388 <0.010 

w7 Env 0.270v 2.47 0.13 0.026 2.2v 0.66 <0.005 118 <0.010 

w8 Env 0.935v 8.01 0.44 <0.014 2.6v 0.48 <0.005 78.4 <0.010 

w9 Env 0.045v 1.82 0.27 <0.014 2.6v 0.23 <0.005 50.7 <0.010 

w10 Env 0.118v 16.9 <0.13 0.182 1.1v 1.3 <0.005 268 <0.010 

w11 Env 0.054v 17.5 0.77 0.246 0.18v 1.0 <0.005 267 <0.010 

w12 Env 0.110v 5.45 <0.13 <0.014 1.0v 0.19 <0.005 29.9 <0.010 

w13 Env <0.025 17.5 489 2.73 1.3v 0.06 <0.005 761 <0.010 

w14 Env 0.075v 10.7 7.74 3.10 <0.09 <0.03 <0.005 306 <0.010 

w15 Env 0.038v 11.9 <0.13 0.256 <0.09 9.5 <0.005 97.1 <0.010 

w16 Env 0.043v 16.3 <0.13 0.072 0.26v 0.25 <0.005 364 <0.010 

w17 Env <0.025 11.7 <0.13 0.249 0.14v 0.56 <0.005 3,500 <0.010 

Table 6–1. Water-property measurements and concentrations of major ions, nutrients, and trace-elements and quality-control data for water sampleand near the Citizen Potawatomi Nation Tribal Jurisdictional Area, central Oklahoma, 2012–13.—Continued [Constituent concentrations are dissolved (filtered); USGS, U.S. Geological Survey; ID, identifier; mg/L, milligrams per liter; μS/cm, microsiemens per centimeter; Hardness codissolved concentrations of calcium and magnesium expressed as calcium carbonate; CaCO3, calcium carbonate; Env, environmental sample; Rep, replicate quality-assurance sa

equipment-blank quality-assurance sample; <, less than; SiO2, silica dioxide; e, may not represent true concentration in sample. Something other than carbonate and bicarbonate 

P, phosphorus; N, nitrogen; μg/L, micrograms per liter; v, analyte detected in equipment-blank quality-assurance sample; Bold font denotes value exceeds Maximum Contamina

Contaminant Level for public drinking-water supplies (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2013a, 2013b)]
Well and 

sample ID

Sample 

type

Lead 

(μg/L)

Lithium 

(μg/L)

Manganese 

(μg/L)

Molybdenum 

(μg/L)

Nickel 

(μg/L)

Selenium 

(μg/L)

Silver 

(μg/L)

Strontium 

(μg/L)

Thallium 

(μg/L)

w18 Env 0.078v 2.10 <0.13 0.024 0.26v 0.21 <0.005 71.6 <0.010 

w19 Env 0.096v 13.7 0.29 0.087 0.30v 1.2 <0.005 341 <0.010 w20 Env <0.025 11.6 <0.13 0.030 0.20v 0.28 <0.005 175 <0.010 

w21 Env 0.064v 4.74 <0.13 0.015 0.22v 0.32 <0.005 138 <0.010 

w22 Env 0.026v 6.62 0.56 0.136 0.33v 0.04 <0.005 423 <0.010 

w23 Env 0.054v 7.79 <0.15 0.137 0.17v 0.61 <0.005 91.3 <0.010 

w24 Env 0.140v 16.3 0.25 0.120 0.54v 0.86 <0.005 313 <0.010 

w25 Env 0.432v 15.1 10.7 38.0 <0.09 0.04 <0.005 106 <0.010 

w26 Env 0.263v 19.8 <0.15 0.227 0.26v 6.3 <0.005 1,340 <0.010 

w27 Env 0.053v 12.6 0.52 0.122 0.46v 2.4 <0.005 885 <0.010 

w27 Rep 0.054v 12.7 0.47 0.118 0.44v 2.5 <0.005 894 <0.010 

w28 Env 0.117v 18.1 30.1 5.10 0.14v 1.2 <0.005 737 <0.010 

w29 Env 0.087v 18.0 28.0 0.348 <0.09 0.06 <0.005 225 <0.010 

w30 Env 0.835v 12.6 <0.15 0.137 0.47v 1.8 0.007 3,000 <0.010 

– Blank 0.147 <0.22 <0.13 <0.014 0.18 <0.03 <0.005 <0.20 <0.010 

aThe ionic balance was calculated as the total dissolved cation concentration minus the total dissolved anion concentration divided by the total concentration of ions in millieq

cation concentration was the sum of concentrations of calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, and the trace elements iron and manganese. The total anion concentration was thfluoride, alkalinity, and nitrate-nitrogen concentrations.

Table 6–1. Water-property measurements and concentrations of major ions, nutrients, and trace-elements and quality-control data for water sampleand near the Citizen Potawatomi Nation Tribal Jurisdictional Area, central Oklahoma, 2012–13.—Continued[Constituent concentrations are dissolved (filtered); USGS, U.S. Geological Survey; ID, identifier; mg/L, milligrams per liter; μS/cm, microsiemens per centimeter; Hardness codissolved concentrations of calcium and magnesium expressed as calcium carbonate; CaCO3, calcium carbonate; Env, environmental sample; Rep, replicate quality-assurance sa

equipment-blank quality-assurance sample; <, less than; SiO2, silica dioxide; e, may not represent true concentration in sample. Something other than carbonate and bicarbonate 

P, phosphorus; N, nitrogen; μg/L, micrograms per liter; v, analyte detected in equipment-blank quality-assurance sample; Bold font denotes value exceeds Maximum Contamina

Contaminant Level for public drinking-water supplies (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2013a, 2013b)]
Table 7–1. Analytical relative percent difference for concentrations of major ions, nutrients, trace elements, and uranium in three quality-control samfrom 30 wells in and near the Citizen Potawatomi Nation Tribal Jurisdictional Area, central Oklahoma, 2012–13.[Concentrations are of dissolved constituents, (filtered); ID, identifier; mg/L, milligrams per liter; CaCO3, calcium carbonate; Env, environmental sample; <, less than; Rep, repli

RPD, relative percent difference; –, not calculated; SiO2, silicon dioxide; N, nitrogen; P, phosphorus; μg/L, micrograms per liter; RPD was not calculated if one constituent had a

concentration less than the minimum reporting level]

Well and 

sample ID

Date of sample 

(yyyymmdd)

Sample 

type

Dissolved solids 

(mg/L)

Calcium 

(mg/L)

Magnesium 

(mg/L)

Potassium 

(mg/L)

Sodium 

(mg/L)

Brom

(mg

w5 20120718 Env 624 104 49.7 1.61 72.5 <0.0

w5 20120718 Rep 643 104 49.5 1.56 73.6 <0.0

RPD 3 percent 0 percent 0.4 percent 3.2 percent 1.5 percent – 

w6 20120910 Env 532 56.5 18.2 1.62 118 0.1

w6 20120910 Rep 527 56.7 18.4 1.65 121 0.1

RPD 0.9 percent 0.4 percent 1.1 percent 1.8 percent 2.5 percent 3 per

w27 20130326 Env 502 66.5 39.0 1.48 52.0 0.4

w27 20130326 Rep 501 66.7 38.9 1.43 49.7 0.5

RPD 0.2 percent 0.3 percent 0.3 percent 3.4 percent 4.5 percent 9.7 pe

Well and 

sample ID

Date of sample 

(yyyymmdd)

Sample 

type

Fluoride 

(mg/L)

Silica 

(mg/L as SiO2)

Ammonia 

nitrogen

(mg/L as N)

Nitrite plus nitrate-nitrogen 

(mg/L as N)

Nitrite-nitrogen 

(mg/L as N)

Total nitr

(mg/L

w5 20120718 Env 0.62 24.2 0.227 <0.040 0.002 0.33 

w5 20120718 Rep 0.66 24.4 0.23 <0.040 0.001 0.32 

RPD 6.3 percent 0.2 percent 1.3 percent – 66.7 percent 3.1 perc

w6 20120910 Env 0.48 22.4 0.328 <0.040 0.001 0.37 

w6 20120910 Rep 0.48 22.5 0.344 <0.040 0.001 0.38 

RPD 0 percent 0.5 percent 4.8 percent – 0 percent 2.7 perc

w27 20130326 Env – 15.3 <0.010 4.80 <0.001 5.20 

w27 20130326 Rep – 15.3 <0.010 4.95 <0.001 5.16 

RPD – 0 percent – 3.1 percent – 0.8 perc
Well and 

sample ID

Date of sample

(yyyymmdd)

Sample 

type

Phosphorus 

(mg/L)

Aluminum 

(μg/L)

Antimony 

(μg/L)

Arsenic 

(μg/L)

Barium 

(μg/L)

Beryllium 

(μg/L)

w5 20120718 Env 0.212 <2.2 <0.027 2.4 176 0.015 

w5 20120718 Rep 0.226 <2.2 <0.027 2.4 179 0.015 

RPD 6.4 percent – – 0 percent 1.7 percent 0 percent 0.

w6 20120910 Env 0.214 <4.4 <0.054 0.67 800 0.038 

w6 20120910 Rep 0.211 <2.2 <0.027 0.65 834 0.046 

RPD 1.4 percent – – 3.0 percent 4.2 percent 19.1 percent 14

w27 20130326 Env 0.037 2.4 0.031 0.56 208 0.008 

w27 20130326 Rep 0.037 2.2 0.027 0.60 210 0.007 

RPD 0 percent 8.7 percent 13.8 percent 6.9 percent 1 percent 13.3 percent 0.

Well and 

sample ID

Date of sample

(yyyymmdd)

Sample 

type

Chromium 

(μg/L)

Cobalt 

(μg/L)

Copper 

(μg/L)

Iron

(μg/L)

Lead

(μg/L)

Lithium

(μg/L)

Ma

w5 20120718 Env <0.07 0.110 <0.80 2,310 <0.025 25.4 

w5 20120718 Rep <0.07 0.106 <0.80 2,310 <0.025 25.2 

RPD – 3.7 percent – 0 percent – 0.8 percent 0.w6 20120910 Env <0.14 <0.042 <1.6 3,000 0.084 9.74 w6 20120910 Rep <0.07 0.024 <0.80 3,000 0.132 11.1 RPD – – – 0 percent 44.4 percent 13.1 percent 1.

w27 20130326 Env 0.91 0.073 1.1 7.1 0.053 12.6 

w27 20130326 Rep 0.91 0.072 1.0 <4.0 0.054 12.7 

RPD 0 percent 1.4 percent 9.5 percent – 1.9 percent 0.8 percent 10

Table 7–1. Analytical relative percent difference for concentrations of major ions, nutrients, trace elements, and uranium in three quality-control samfrom 30 wells in and near the Citizen Potawatomi Nation Tribal Jurisdictional Area, central Oklahoma, 2012–13.—Continued[Concentrations are of dissolved constituents, (filtered); ID, identifier; mg/L, milligrams per liter; CaCO3, calcium carbonate; Env, environmental sample; <, less than; Rep, repli

RPD, relative percent difference; –, not calculated; SiO2, silicon dioxide; N, nitrogen; P, phosphorus; μg/L, micrograms per liter; RPD was not calculated if one constituent had a

concentration less than the minimum reporting level]
Well and sample ID Date of sample (yyyymmdd) Sample type Nickel (μg/L) Selenium (μg/L) Silver (μg/L) Strontium (μg/L) Thallium (μg/L) Vanadium (μg/L) 

w5 20120718 Env 0.46 0.15 0.008 1,050 <0.010 0.26 

w5 20120718 Rep 0.44 0.16 0.006 1,050 <0.010 0.25 

RPD 4.4 percent 6.5 percent 28.6 percent 0 percent – 3.9 percent 5.w6 20120910 Env 0.29 <0.06 <0.010 370 <0.020 2.9 

w6 20120910 Rep 0.25 0.03 <0.005 388 <0.010 2.9 

RPD 14.8 percent – – 4.8 percent – 0 percent 14w27 20130326 Env 0.46 2.4 <0.005 885 <0.010 4.5 

w27 20130326 Rep 0.44 2.5 <0.005 894 <0.010 4.5 

RPD 4.4 percent 4.1 percent – 1.0 percent – 0 percent 0 

Table 7–1. Analytical relative percent difference for concentrations of major ions, nutrients, trace elements, and uranium in three quality-control samfrom 30 wells in and near the Citizen Potawatomi Nation Tribal Jurisdictional Area, central Oklahoma, 2012–13.—Continued [Concentrations are of dissolved constituents, (filtered); ID, identifier; mg/L, milligrams per liter; CaCO3, calcium carbonate; Env, environmental sample; <, less than; Rep, repli

RPD, relative percent difference; –, not calculated; SiO2, silicon dioxide; N, nitrogen; P, phosphorus; μg/L, micrograms per liter; RPD was not calculated if one constituent had a

concentration less than the minimum reporting level]
Table 8–1. Summary statistics of water-quality properties and constituent concentrations measured in water samples collected at four stream sites Potawatomi Nation Tribal Jurisdictional Area, central Oklahoma, 2012–13.[Constituent concentrations are in whole water samples (unfiltered) unless otherwise noted; MCL, Maximum Contaminant Level; SMCL, Secondary Maximum Contaminant Le–, not determined; μS/cm, microsiemens per centimeter; CaCO3, calcium carbonate; <, less than; SiO2, silicon dioxide; N, nitrogen; P, phosphorus; μg/L, micrograms per liter; E

lowest or highest calibration point); Total nitrogen was calculated as the sum of dissolved nitrogen compounds]

Constituent Minimum value 25th percentile 50th percentile 75th percentile Maximum value Mean valuea Samp

M

Little River near Tecumseh, Oklahoma (07230500)

Dissolved oxygen (mg/L) 7.3 8.3 9.6 10.4 11.7 9.4 

pH (standard units) 8.0 8.4 8.4 8.5 9.0 – 

Specific conductance (uS/cm at 25 degrees 

Celsius)

345 1,092 1,400 1,600 2,130 1,313 

Water temperature (degrees Celsius) 5.9 9.5 19.3 25.5 30.4 18.1 

Dissolved solids (mg/L) 199 695 844 1,011 1,180 821 

Major ions

Calcium, (dissolved) (mg/L) 22.6 26.2 37.4 53.1 60.5 39.4 

Calcium (mg/L) 23.7 29.5 46.8 55.6 116 50.7 

Magnesium, (dissolved) (mg/L) 12.0 32.9 33.3 34.5 38.5 31.6 

Magnesium (mg/L) 32.2 33.4 34.1 34.9 36.7 34.3 

Potassium, (dissolved) (mg/L) 1.84 2.98 3.21 3.41 3.93 3.16 

Potassium (mg/L) 1.83 3.01 3.19 3.82 8.25 3.77 

Sodium, (dissolved) (mg/L) 22.8 183 211 269 351 215 

Sodium (mg/L) 21.1 163 219 268 356 215 

Alkalinity (mg/L as CaCO3) 94 205 217 264 272 217 

Bicarbonate (mg/L) 114 241 255 317 326 258 Carbonate (mg/L) <1.0 2.5 3.4 4.6 5.7 – Chloride (mg/L) 28.7 225 296 380 496 298 

Fluoride (mg/L) 0.26 0.32 0.38 0.42 0.45 0.37 

Silica (mg/L as SiO2) 6.31 8.68 9.35 10.9 14.0 9.91 

Sulfate (mg/L) 13.7 59.9 75.3 93.1 114 74.1 

Nutrients

Ammonia plus organic nitrogen, (dissolved) 

(mg/L as N)

0.12 0.30 0.35 0.56 0.76 0.42 

Ammonia plus organic nitrogen (mg/L as N) 0.17 0.29 0.42 0.69 11 1.8 

Ammonia nitrogen, (dissolved) (mg/L as N) <0.01 <0.01 0.01 0.02 0.13 – Nitrite plus nitrate-nitrogen, (dissolved) 

(mg/L as N)

<0.04 <0.04 <0.04 <0.04 0.44 – 
Constituent Minimum value 25th percentile 50th percentile 75th percentile Maximum value Mean valuea Samp

M

Nutrients—Continued Nitrite-nitrogen, (dissolved) (mg/L as N) <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.014 – 

Total nitrogen (calculated) (mg/L) 0.12 0.3 0.35 0.61 1.2 0.48 

Orthophosphorus, (dissolved) (mg/L as P) <0.004 <0.004 – 0.005 0.013 – 

Total phosphorus, (dissolved) (mg/L) <0.003 0.007 0.007 0.014 0.030 – 

Total phosphorus (mg/L) 0.011 0.017 0.017 0.265 0.970 0.144 

Trace elements Aluminum (μg/L) 70 98 125 170 34,500 4,421 

Arsenic (μg/L) 1.3 1.6 3.0 4.1 6.9 3.2 

Barium (μg/L) 257 343 380 405 2,690 650 

Beryllium (μg/L) <0.19 <0.19 <0.19 <.57 6.6 – 

Cadmium (μg/L) <0.016 <0.016 <0.016 <0.016 0.481 – 

Chromium (μg/L) <0.30 – 0.36 0.48 41.5 – 

Cobalt (μg/L) <0.02 – 0.16 0.51 41.8 – 

Copper (μg/L) <1.4 <1.4 <1.4 <4.2 51.8 – 

Iron, (dissolved) (μg/L) 5.0 7.3 18.7 35.6 72.3 25.1 

Iron (μg/L) 74 107 139 166 41,400 5,290 

Lead (μg/L) 0.10 0.16 0.18 0.24 77.9 9.9 

Lithium (μg/L) E10.6 E13.3 E15.5 E16.3 E39.6 E17.5 

Manganese, (dissolved) (μg/L) 4.42 15.1 18.4 24.4 81.5 25.8 

Manganese (μg/L) 26.7 40.0 46.3 77.5 5,540 740 Mercury (μg/L) <0.005 <0.005 0.018 0.032 0.066 – 

Molybdenum (μg/L) 0.09 1.46 1.62 2.24 2.71 1.67 

Nickel (μg/L) 0.66 0.72 1.1 1.3 58.0 8.1 

Selenium (μg/L) 0.172 0.213 0.281 0.35 0.487 0.302 

Silver (μg/L) <0.015 <0.015 <0.015 <0.015 0.095 – 

Strontium (μg/L) 429 435 454 534 608 487 

Zinc (μg/L) <2.0 <2.0 <6.0 2.3 100 – 

Table 8–1. Summary statistics of water-quality properties and constituent concentrations measured in water samples collected at four stream sites Potawatomi Nation Tribal Jurisdictional Area, central Oklahoma, 2012–13.—Continued [Constituent concentrations are in whole water samples (unfiltered) unless otherwise noted; MCL, Maximum Contaminant Level; SMCL, Secondary Maximum Contaminant Le–, not determined; μS/cm, microsiemens per centimeter; CaCO3, calcium carbonate; <, less than; SiO2, silicon dioxide; N, nitrogen; P, phosphorus; μg/L, micrograms per liter; E

lowest or highest calibration point); Total nitrogen was calculated as the sum of dissolved nitrogen compounds]
Constituent Minimum value 25th percentile 50th percentile 75th percentile Maximum value Mean valuea Samp

M

North Canadian River near Harrah, Oklahoma (07241550)

Water properties

Dissolved oxygen (mg/L) 7.0 8.75 9.3 10.1 12.9 9.5 pH (standard units) 7.8 8.0 8.3 8.4 8.6 – 

Specific conductance (uS/cm at 25 degrees 

Celsius)

280 418 519 656 786 533 

Water temperature (degrees Celsius) 7.7 11.7 20.3 26.4 28.8 19.2 Dissolved solids (mg/L) 168 281 410 478 607 391 

Major ions

Calcium, (dissolved) (mg/L) 27.1 35.3 41.4 48.7 62.9 42.6 

Calcium (mg/L) 38.8 45.2 48.2 54.2 62.6 50.1 

Magnesium, (dissolved) (mg/L) 7.69 11.5 13.8 16.8 22.8 14.3 Magnesium (mg/L) 12.2 14.1 14.7 16.9 22.3 15.7 

Potassium, (dissolved) (mg/L) 3.40 6.2 8.0 10.6 11.8 8.1 

Potassium (mg/L) 5.36 6.48 8.30 10.8 11.9 8.56 

Sodium, (dissolved) (mg/L) 17.9 43.0 68.5 88.3 114 66.4 

Sodium (mg/L) 17.9 41.6 69.1 87.3 111 65.6 

Alkalinity (mg/L as CaCO3) 82.9 102 109 118 198 118 

Bicarbonate (mg/L) 101 123 132 140 239 142 

Carbonate (mg/L) <1.0 <1.0 0.7 1.3 4.1 – Chloride (mg/L) 19.9 51.2 94.6 119 158 87.9 

Fluoride (mg/L) 0.23 0.34 0.58 0.70 0.86 0.54 

Silica (mg/L as SiO2) 3.84 5.66 6.36 7.01 8.56 6.37 

Sulfate (mg/L) 26.1 42.1 63.4 83.1 109 63.8 

Nutrients

Ammonia plus organic nitrogen, (dissolved) 

(mg/L as N)

0.52 0.63 0.74 0.83 0.92 0.73 

Ammonia plus organic nitrogen (mg/L as N) 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 2.2 1.5 

Ammonia nitrogen, (dissolved) (mg/L as N) <0.01 – 0.056 0.102 0.213 – 

Table 8–1. Summary statistics of water-quality properties and constituent concentrations measured in water samples collected at four stream sites Potawatomi Nation Tribal Jurisdictional Area, central Oklahoma, 2012–13.—Continued[Constituent concentrations are in whole water samples (unfiltered) unless otherwise noted; MCL, Maximum Contaminant Level; SMCL, Secondary Maximum Contaminant Le–, not determined; μS/cm, microsiemens per centimeter; CaCO3, calcium carbonate; <, less than; SiO2, silicon dioxide; N, nitrogen; P, phosphorus; μg/L, micrograms per liter; E

lowest or highest calibration point); Total nitrogen was calculated as the sum of dissolved nitrogen compounds]
Constituent Minimum value 25th percentile 50th percentile 75th percentile Maximum value Mean valuea Samp

M

Nutrients—Continued Nitrite plus nitrate-nitrogen, (dissolved) (mg/L as N) 0.694 2.97 3.62 5.45 8.42 4.15 

Nitrite-nitrogen, (dissolved) (mg/L as N) 0.024 0.038 0.047 0.067 0.089 0.052 

Total nitrogen (calculated) (mg/L) 1.34 3.05 4.36 6.78 9.34 4.88 

Orthophosphorus, (dissolved) (mg/L as P) 0.137 0.347 1.02 1.60 3.30 1.20 

Total phosphorus, (dissolved) (mg/L) 0.147 0.368 1.05 1.57 3.22 1.20 

Total phosphorus (mg/L) 0.525 0.873 1.24 1.82 3.06 1.44 

Trace elements Aluminum (μg/L) 150 633 1,165 2,593 10,300 2,563 

Arsenic (μg/L) 2.0 2.7 4.0 4.2 6.4 3.8 

Barium (μg/L) 93 113 125 167 439 175 Beryllium (μg/L) <0.19 <0.19 <0.19 – 0.66 – 

Cadmium (μg/L) 0.032 0.045 0.070 0.114 0.563 0.136 

Chromium (μg/L) 1 1.2 2.1 3.6 47.9 8.0 

Cobalt (μg/L) 0.51 0.85 0.99 2.0 7.6 2.1 

Copper (μg/L) <1.4 – 2.35 6.2 16.5 – Iron, (dissolved) (μg/L) 5.9 14.8 30.6 34.3 86.0 31.4 

Iron (μg/L) 207 543 1,225 2,500 10,900 2,612 

Lead (μg/L) 0.43 1.48 3.2 10.0 27.1 7.51 

Lithium (μg/L) E8.98 E11.2 E15.5 E18.5 E26.0 E15.6 

Manganese (dissolved) (μg/L) 2.7 4.3 6.5 8.8 28.8 9.0 

Manganese (μg/L) 43.0 65.4 92.7 194 549 170 

Mercury (μg/L) <0.005 0.007 0.009 0.019 0.054 – Molybdenum (μg/L) 0.99 1.72 2.30 2.73 2.88 2.15 

Nickel (μg/L) 4.5 4.6 6.2 7.6 44.4 10.8 

Selenium (μg/L) 0.262 0.284 0.306 0.321 0.352 0.304 

Silver (μg/L) <0.015 – 0.053 0.029 0.202 – 

Strontium (μg/L) 334 384 476 577 743 498 

Zinc (μg/L) 8.1 12.2 16.0 26.1 62.7 23.6 

Table 8–1. Summary statistics of water-quality properties and constituent concentrations measured in water samples collected at four stream sites Potawatomi Nation Tribal Jurisdictional Area, central Oklahoma, 2012–13.—Continued [Constituent concentrations are in whole water samples (unfiltered) unless otherwise noted; MCL, Maximum Contaminant Level; SMCL, Secondary Maximum Contaminant Le–, not determined; μS/cm, microsiemens per centimeter; CaCO3, calcium carbonate; <, less than; SiO2, silicon dioxide; N, nitrogen; P, phosphorus; μg/L, micrograms per liter; E

lowest or highest calibration point); Total nitrogen was calculated as the sum of dissolved nitrogen compounds]
Constituent Minimum value 25th percentile 50th percentile 75th percentile Maximum value Mean valuea Samp

M

Deer Creek near McLoud, Oklahoma (07241590)

Water properties

Dissolved oxygen (mg/L) 7.5 – 9.3 – 9.7 8.8 pH (standard units) 7.4 – 7.4 – 7.5 – 

Specific conductance (uS/cm at 25 degrees 

Celsius)

74 – 334 – 470 293 

Water temperature (degrees Celsius) 5.9 – 8.1 – 14.1 9.4 Dissolved solids (mg/L) 59 – 207 – 293 186 

Major ions

Calcium, (dissolved) (mg/L) 6.73 – 29.3 – 41.5 25.8 Calcium (mg/L) 13.3 – 30.5 – 43.1 29.0 

Magnesium, (dissolved) (mg/L) 2.19 – 10.5 – 16.0 9.6 

Magnesium (mg/L) 4.66 – 10.4 – 16.0 10.4 Potassium, (dissolved) (mg/L) 1.77 – 2.65 – 2.70 2.37 

Potassium (mg/L) 1.87 – 2.96 – 4.24 3.02 

Sodium, (dissolved) (mg/L) 3.38 – 23.1 – 34.9 20.2 Sodium (mg/L) 3.15 – 21.9 – 35.4 20.2 

Alkalinity (mg/L as CaCO3) 25 – – – 200 113 

Bicarbonate (mg/L) 30 – – – 240 135 

Chloride (mg/L) 3.36 – 19.8 – 29.9 17.7 

Fluoride (mg/L) 0.15 – – – 0.44 0.30 

Silica (mg/L as SiO2) 4.96 – 10.5 – 13.8 9.75 

Sulfate (mg/L) 3.28 – 10.7 – 13.9 9.29 

Nutrients

Ammonia plus organic nitrogen, (dissolved) 

(mg/L as N)

0.30 – 0.61 – 0.64 0.52 

Ammonia plus organic nitrogen (mg/L as N) 0.50 – 1.2 – 2.6 1.4 

Ammonia nitrogen, (dissolved) (mg/L as N) 0.072 – 0.080 – 0.097 0.083 

Nitrite plus nitrate-nitrogen, (dissolved) 

(mg/L as N)

0.045 – 0.117 – 0.269 0.144 

Table 8–1. Summary statistics of water-quality properties and constituent concentrations measured in water samples collected at four stream sites Potawatomi Nation Tribal Jurisdictional Area, central Oklahoma, 2012–13.—Continued[Constituent concentrations are in whole water samples (unfiltered) unless otherwise noted; MCL, Maximum Contaminant Level; SMCL, Secondary Maximum Contaminant Le–, not determined; μS/cm, microsiemens per centimeter; CaCO3, calcium carbonate; <, less than; SiO2, silicon dioxide; N, nitrogen; P, phosphorus; μg/L, micrograms per liter; E

lowest or highest calibration point); Total nitrogen was calculated as the sum of dissolved nitrogen compounds]
Constituent Minimum value 25th percentile 50th percentile 75th percentile Maximum value Mean valuea Samp

M

Nutrients—Continued Nitrite-nitrogen, (dissolved) (mg/L as N) 0.001 – 0.005 – 0.006 0.004 

Total nitrogen (calculated) (mg/L) 0.35 – 0.76 – 0.88 0.66 

Orthophosphorus, (dissolved) (mg/L as P) 0.006 – 0.016 – 0.024 0.015 

Total phosphorus, (dissolved) (mg/L) 0.003 – 0.032 – 0.042 0.026 

Total phosphorus (mg/L) 0.025 – 0.209 – 0.655 0.296 

Trace elements Aluminum (μg/L) 570 – 2,450 – 11,400 4,807 

Arsenic (μg/L) 1.7 – 2.3 – 2.8 2.3 

Barium (μg/L) 152 – 179 – 296 209 Beryllium (μg/L) <0.19 – <0.19 – 1.18 – Cadmium (μg/L) 0.019 – 0.051 – 0.148 0.073 

Chromium (μg/L) 0.79 – 2.9 – 13.2 5.6 

Cobalt (μg/L) 1.1 – 2.4 – 11.3 4.9 

Copper (μg/L) <1.4 – 10.6 – 25.2 – 

Iron, (dissolved) (μg/L) 17.2 – 78.5 – 208 101 

Iron (μg/L) 1,040 – 2,940 – 12,000 5,327 

Lead (μg/L) 0.81 – 3.35 – 24.6 9.59 

Lithium (μg/L) E3.61 – E5.64 – E7.48 E5.58 

Manganese, (dissolved) (μg/L) 79.3 – 469 – 471 340 

Manganese (μg/L) 491 – 580 – 588 553 

Mercury (μg/L) <0.005 – 0.007 – 0.036 – 

Molybdenum (μg/L) 0.07 – 0.37 – 0.47 0.30 

Nickel (μg/L) 3.1 – 3.9 – 13.7 6.9 

Selenium (μg/L) 0.231 – 0.297 – 0.335 0.288 

Silver (μg/L) <0.015 – 0.040 – 0.055 0.048 

Strontium (μg/L) 60.5 – 164 – 239 155 

Zinc (μg/L) 5.2 – 10.3 – 41.3 18.9 

Table 8–1. Summary statistics of water-quality properties and constituent concentrations measured in water samples collected at four stream sites Potawatomi Nation Tribal Jurisdictional Area, central Oklahoma, 2012–13.—Continued [Constituent concentrations are in whole water samples (unfiltered) unless otherwise noted; MCL, Maximum Contaminant Level; SMCL, Secondary Maximum Contaminant Le–, not determined; μS/cm, microsiemens per centimeter; CaCO3, calcium carbonate; <, less than; SiO2, silicon dioxide; N, nitrogen; P, phosphorus; μg/L, micrograms per liter; E

lowest or highest calibration point); Total nitrogen was calculated as the sum of dissolved nitrogen compounds]
Constituent Minimum value 25th percentile 50th percentile 75th percentile Maximum value Mean valuea Samp

M

North Canadian River at Shawnee, Oklahoma (07241800)

Water properties

Dissolved oxygen (mg/L) 4.8 6.3 10.6 13.4 15.4 10.1 pH (standard units) 7.7 8.3 8.4 8.7 9.3 – 

Specific conductance (uS/cm at 25 degrees 

Celsius)

365 518 557 742 843 611 

Water temperature (degrees Celsius) 8.1 12.3 18.3 25.0 33.2 19.0 

Dissolved solids (mg/L) 224 303 394 479 581 396 

Major ions

Calcium, (dissolved) (mg/L) 29.3 37.8 43.9 46.4 61.7 43.2 

Calcium (mg/L) 40.9 45.1 52.7 70.0 110 62.6 

Magnesium, (dissolved) (mg/L) 9.17 11.89 14.9 17.9 21.8 15.0 Magnesium (mg/L) 12.1 17.5 18.8 22.2 22.7 18.7 

Potassium, (dissolved) (mg/L) 3.96 5.85 7.40 9.82 11.3 7.62 

Potassium (mg/L) 6.76 7.73 8.77 10.0 11.7 8.99 

Sodium, (dissolved) (mg/L) 25.0 46.6 60.7 86.2 104 65.1 

Sodium (mg/L) 24.9 46.0 65.3 86.6 99.5 65.5 

Alkalinity (mg/L as CaCO3) 89.4 109 129 139 157 124 

Bicarbonate (mg/L) 106 115 147 161 189 143 Carbonate (mg/L) <1.0 <1.0 0.9 4.0 20.4 – Chloride (mg/L) 27.9 54.8 84.1 124 143 87.3 

Fluoride (mg/L) 0.31 0.40 0.54 0.71 0.85 0.56 

Silica (mg/L as SiO2) 0.72 4.99 5.72 6.16 7.45 5.21 

Sulfate (mg/L) 34.6 48.6 56.8 80.0 99.8 63.3 

Nutrients

Ammonia plus organic nitrogen, (dissolved) 

(mg/L as N)

0.54 0.72 0.77 0.85 1.0 0.78 

Ammonia plus organic nitrogen (mg/L as N) 1.2 1.5 2.5 3.0 4.4 2.4 

Ammonia nitrogen, (dissolved) (mg/L as N) <0.010 – 0.096 0.250 0.423 – Nitrite plus nitrate-nitrogen, (dissolved) 

(mg/L as N)

0.544 0.847 2.21 3.98 7.39 2.91 

Table 8–1. Summary statistics of water-quality properties and constituent concentrations measured in water samples collected at four stream sites Potawatomi Nation Tribal Jurisdictional Area, central Oklahoma, 2012–13.—Continued[Constituent concentrations are in whole water samples (unfiltered) unless otherwise noted; MCL, Maximum Contaminant Level; SMCL, Secondary Maximum Contaminant Le–, not determined; μS/cm, microsiemens per centimeter; CaCO3, calcium carbonate; <, less than; SiO2, silicon dioxide; N, nitrogen; P, phosphorus; μg/L, micrograms per liter; E

lowest or highest calibration point); Total nitrogen was calculated as the sum of dissolved nitrogen compounds]
Constituent Minimum value 25th percentile 50th percentile 75th percentile Maximum value Mean valuea Samp

M

Nutrients—Continued Nitrite-nitrogen, (dissolved) (mg/L as N) 0.019 0.041 0.056 0.089 0.112 0.062 

Total nitrogen (calculated) (mg/L) 1.25 1.57 2.89 5.48 8.39 3.69 

Orthophosphorus, (dissolved) (mg/L as P) 0.124 0.275 0.744 1.18 2.53 0.91 

Total phosphorus, (dissolved) (mg/L) 0.132 0.319 0.805 1.17 2.53 0.934 

Total phosphorus (mg/L) 0.698 1.15 1.32 1.62 2.70 1.45 

Trace elements Aluminum (μg/L) 260 620 2,095 6,740 19,100 5,366 

Arsenic (μg/L) 3.1 3.9 4.7 6.4 10.1 5.5 

Barium (μg/L) 110 132 153 268 765 272 Beryllium (μg/L) <0.19 <0.19 <0.19 1.16 1.59 – 

Cadmium (μg/L) 0.047 0.069 0.116 0.257 1.04 0.272 

Chromium (μg/L) 0.59 1.26 3.15 8.30 25.2 7.09 

Cobalt (μg/L) 0.7 1.21 1.85 5.30 14.4 4.38 

Copper (μg/L) <1.4 2.7 4.7 15.1 31.9 – 

Iron, (dissolved) (μg/L) <3.2 7.25 21.7 44.4 82.2 – Iron (μg/L) 286 587 2,140 6,645 21,200 5,656 

Lead (μg/L) 0.82 1.69 4.78 19.2 56.2 15.6 

Lithium (μg/L) E12 E12.4 E17.9 E24.1 E37.2 E19.7 

Manganese, (dissolved) (μg/L) 1.87 5.21 7.39 8.16 18.0 7.66 

Manganese (μg/L) 22.7 66.8 117 483 1,260 389 Mercury (μg/L) <0.005 0.011 0.019 0.058 0.099 – Molybdenum (μg/L) 0.63 1.27 2.02 2.83 3.02 1.96 

Nickel (μg/L) 5.4 6.2 7.3 12.1 28.4 11.3 

Selenium (μg/L) 0.241 0.297 0.316 0.374 0.497 0.348 

Silver (μg/L) <0.015 0.020 0.066 0.138 0.349 – 

Strontium (μg/L) 347 490 564 593 662 533 

Zinc (μg/L) 7.2 16.4 27.8 53.7 105 41.1 

aMean values not calculated for constituents having censored (<) data. Table 8–1. Summary statistics of water-quality properties and constituent concentrations measured in water samples collected at four stream sites 

Potawatomi Nation Tribal Jurisdictional Area, central Oklahoma, 2012–13.—Continued [Constituent concentrations are in whole water samples (unfiltered) unless otherwise noted; MCL, Maximum Contaminant Level; SMCL, Secondary Maximum Contaminant Le–, not determined; μS/cm, microsiemens per centimeter; CaCO3, calcium carbonate; <, less than; SiO2, silicon dioxide; N, nitrogen; P, phosphorus; μg/L, micrograms per liter; E

lowest or highest calibration point); Total nitrogen was calculated as the sum of dissolved nitrogen compounds]
Table 9–1. Summary statistics of water-quality properties and constituent concentrations measured in water samples collected from 30 wells in and Potawatomi Nation Tribal Jurisdictional Area, central Oklahoma, 2012–13.[Concentrations are dissolved (filtered); MCL, Maximum Contaminant Level; SMCL, Secondary Maximum Contaminant Level; mg/L, milligrams per liter; –, not determined; μcentimeter; CaCO3, calcium carbonate; N, nitrogen; P, phosphorus; μg/L, micrograms per liter; <, less than; pCi/L, picocuries per liter]

Constituent Minimum value 25th percentile 50th percentile 75th percentile Maximum value Mean valuea Number of s

exceeding M

Water properties

Dissolved oxygen (mg/L) 0.9 4.1 6.6 7.7 9.7 5.8 – pH (standard units) 5.0 6.5 6.8 7.2 8.4 6.8 8 Specific conductgance (μS/cm at 

25 degrees Celsius)

89 382 596 852 1,920 663 – 

Dissolved solids (mg/L) 55 216 364 525 1,280 407 9 Hardness (calculated) (mg/L as CaCO3) 19 61 180 284 465 189 – 

Major ions

Calcium (mg/L) 4.17 15.0 41.7 60.3 104 42.8 – Magnesium (mg/L) 1.76 7.08 17.7 31.0 49.7 19.9 – Potassium (mg/L) 0.64 0.93 1.34 1.58 2.45 1.31 – Sodium (mg/L) 6.17 16.1 29.4 78.7 409 76.0 – Alkalinity (mg/L) 17 182 258 312 522 246 – Bicarbonate (mg/L) 20 222 314 372 648 300 – Carbonate (mg/L) <1.0 0.1 0.3 0.4 4.3 – – 

Chloride (mg/L) 5.13 12.5 19.1 40.4 120 33.8 0 Fluoride (mg/L) 0.05 0.15 0.22 0.56 2.65 0.47 0 Silica (mg/L as SiO2) 8.6 12.0 15.4 17.9 27.8 15.7 – 

Sulfate (mg/L) 4.9 14.3 22.9 41.7 528 60.5 2 

Nutrients

Ammonia nitrogen (mg/L as N) <0.010 <0.010 <0.010 0.046 0.424 – – Nitrite-nitrogen (mg/L as N) <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.002 – 0 

Nitrite plus nitrate-nitrogen (mg/L as N) <0.038 0.046 0.344 0.760 4.8 – 0 

Total nitrogen (mg/L) <0.05 0.28 0.42 0.87 5.29 – 0 

Orthophosphorus (mg/L as P) <0.004 0.013 0.025 0.064 0.438 – – Phosphorus (mg/L) <0.003 0.01 0.023 0.061 0.445 – – 

Trace elements

Aluminum (μg/L) <2.2 <2.2 <2.2 <2.2 56.9 – 1 

Antimony (μg/L) <0.027 <0.027 <0.027 <0.027 0.031 – 0 

Arsenic (μg/L) 0.08 0.37 0.58 1.3 9.8 1.2 0 
Constituent Minimum value 25th percentile 50th percentile 75th percentile Maximum value Mean valuea Number of s

exceeding M

Trace elements—Continued Barium (μg/L) 11.9 77.3 192 299 800 223 0 

Beryllium (μg/L) <0.006 0.010 0.020 0.066 0.322 – 0 

Boron (μg/L) 18 68 169 420 5,900 621 0 

Cadmium (μg/L) <0.016 <0.016 <0.016 <0.016 0.148 – 0 

Chromium (μg/L) <0.07 0.15 0.48 1.0 12.2 – 0 

Cobalt (μg/L) <0.021 <0.021 0.023 0.044 0.547 – 0 

Copper (μg/L) <0.8 <0.8 <0.8 1.4 5.3 – 0 

Iron (μg/L) <3.2 <3.2 <4.0 6.9 3,000 – 3 

Lead (μg/L) <0.025 0.045 0.077 0.118 0.935 – 0 

Lithium (μg/L) 1.82 6.62 11.8 16.9 25.4 11.8 0 

Manganese (μg/L) <0.13 <0.13 0.26 4.51 519 – 3 

Molybdenum (μg/L) <0.014 0.030 0.137 0.348 38.0 – 0 

Nickel (μg/L) <0.09 0.17 0.30 1.0 2.6 – 0 

Selenium (μg/L) <0.03 0.12 0.27 1.0 9.5 – 0 

Silver (μg/L) <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 0.008 – 0 

Strontium (μg/L) 29.9 97.1 246 423 3,500 514 0 Thorium (μg/L) <0.010 <0.010 <0.010 <0.010 <0.010 – 0 

Vanadium (μg/L) 0.20 0.91 2.8 7.8 33.1 5.7 0 Zinc (μg/L) <1.4 <1.4 2.3 5.2 93.1 – 0 

Radionuclides Gross alpha-particle activity at 72 hours (pCi/L) 0.9 3.7 7.5 10 28 8.2 4 

Gross alpha-particle activity at 30 days (pCi/L) 0.0 0.0 1.5 5.1 23 3.8 0 Gross beta-particle activity at 72 hours (pCi/L 0.0 1.0 1.9 3.1 5.5 2.0 0 Gross beta-particle activity at 30 days (pCi/L) 0.0 1.4 2.1 2.8 9.7 2.5 0 Uranium (μg/L) 0.03 0.29 1.9 4.7 79.5 6.5 2 

aMean values not calculated for constituents having censored (<) data. Table 9–1. Summary statistics of water-quality properties and constituent concentrations measured in water samples collected from 30 wells in and 

Potawatomi Nation Tribal Jurisdictional Area, central Oklahoma, 2012–13.—Continued [Concentrations are dissolved (filtered); MCL, Maximum Contaminant Level; SMCL, Secondary Maximum Contaminant Level; mg/L, milligrams per liter; –, not determined; μcentimeter; CaCO3, calcium carbonate; N, nitrogen; P, phosphorus; μg/L, micrograms per liter; <, less than; pCi/L, picocuries per liter]
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Becker—Stream-Water and Groundwater Quality in and near the CPN Tribal Jurisdictional Area, Pottawatomie County, Oklahoma—SIR 2014–5178

ISSN 2328-031X (print)

ISSN 2328-0328 (online)

http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/sir20145178 Printed on recycled paper

I SBN 978- 1- 4113-3856- 2

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