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Table 1. Available OptionsTable 1. Available Options CFC-11 HCFC-22 HCFC-22 HCFC-141b HFC-134a Iso- Cyclope HCFC-142b pentane ntane Chemical CFCl CHClF CHClF / CH CCl F CH FCF CH CH (CH ) formula CH CClF (CH )C 3 22 3 2 32 2 3 3 3 H CH

2 3 2 5

Molecular 137 86 86/100 117 102 72 70 weight Boiling point 24 -41 -41/-10 32 -27 28 50 (Co) Gas Conduct. 7.4 9.9 9.9/8.4 8.8 12.4 13.0 11.0 (mW/mK at 10 Co) Flammable None None None/6.7- 7.3-16.0 None 1.4-7.8 1.4-8.0 limits in air 14.9 (vol%) TLV or OEL 1000 1000 1000/1000 500 1000 1000 600 (ppm) ODP 1.0 0.055 0.055/0.065 0.11 0 0 0 GWP 1.0 0.36 0.36/0.42 0.12 0.25 <0.1 <0.1 ODP Class High Low Low Low Zero Zero Zero&<&/23(17$1( $ %/2:,1* $*(17 )25 32/<85(7+$1( )2$06 )25 ,168/$7,21 ,1 '20(67,& 5()5,*(5$725)5((=(56

 

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Table 4. Available Options: Pros and Cons7DEOH  $YDLODEOH 2SWLRQV 3URV DQG &RQV

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### AVAILABILITY OF VARIOUS OPTIONS The available options mainly belong to three categories of chemicals viz. HCFCs, HFCs and hydrocarbons. Table 5 highlights the status of commercial availability of the available options [10].

Table 5. Commercial Availability of Available Options Option ShortTerm 1993-1995 Long Term 1995-2000 Cyclopentane Adequate Likely to ease further as production builds HCFC-141b Adequate Uncertain, depending on progress made with the development of replacement products now emerging. In any case, likely to be from developed countries only HCFC-142b Adequate Adequate-likely to be from developed countries only HCFC-22 Good Good-mainly from developed countries. Chinese and Indian Production probable HFC-134a Adequate-could be tight Good-likely to be from developed countries only Isopentane Good Good CFC-11 Good, but developed country Tight, relying on developing production will run down from country production. Montreal 1/1/94 Protocol allowances from developed country suppliers may not be taken up because of environmental positioning The HCFCs are only an interim solution because of the reason that they also have to be phased out in near future. As per the Copenhagen Amendments, HCFCs will be controlled as follows:

 Freeze in 1996 at 3.1% of calculated level of CFCs consumption plus calculated level of HCFCs in 1989;  35% reduction by 2004;  65% reduction by 2010;  90% reduction by 2015;  99.5% reduction by 2020; and  100% reduction by 2030.CYCLOPENTANE: A BLOWING AGENT FOR POLYURETHANE FOAMS FOR INSULATION IN DOMESTIC REFRIGERATOR-FREEZERS

14 

### AVAILABILITY OF CYCLOPENTANE, SYSTEMS AND EQUIPMENTS Availability of Cyclopentane Cyclopentane is present in natural hydrocarbon sources and can be separated by fractional distillation (refineries) and is also formed as a byproduct in the processing of cracking products, e.g. by hydrogenation of cyclopentene in the C fractions of steam cracking products. It can also 5 be manufactured by the hydrogenation of cyclopentanone or thermal dehydrogenation of cyclohexane. Cyclopentane is in production in several European plants and is available in industrial amounts with a requisite purity level. In the near future, the production of cyclopentane is expected to increase depending on the demand. The technical specifications of commercially available cyclopentane is given in Appendix A1. Table 6 gives the list of potential suppliers of cyclopentane (alphabetical sequence) [2,8]. 1 Table 6. Example of Suppliers of Cyclopentane S.No. Supplier 1. Erdolchemie, Cologne Mr.Meyer Tel: (0 21 33) 55 44 75 Fax: (0 21 33) 55 61 96 2. Exxon, Cologne Dr.Thomas Mehner Tel: (02 21) 1 61-52 62 Fax: (02 21) 1 61-53 97 3. Haltermann, Hamburg Dr.Norbert Reimers Tel: (0 40) 33 38-2 41 Fax: (0 40) 33 38-2 14 4. Phillips Petroleum, Frankfurt Michael Schwitz Tel: (0 69) 79 30-5 21 Fax: (0 69) 79 30-5 38 5. Technochemeie (Shell), Dossenheim Dr.Wolfgang Rauwald Tel: (0 62 21) 8 65-3 74 Fax: (0 62 21) 8 65-3 72 * Average Indicative Price of Cyclopentane is = US$3/kg (Suppliers should be contacted for details on pricing.) This is not an exhaustive list of suppliers. Please contact UNEP IE/PAC if you know of other suppliers who should be included in future versions of this information paper.&<&/23(17$1( $ %/2:,1* $*(17 )25 32/<85(7+$1( )2$06 )25 ,168/$7,21 ,1 '20(67,& 5()5,*(5$725)5((=(56

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