[DO NOT PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

________________________

No. 18-12856

Non-Argument Calendar

________________________

D.C. Docket No. 0:18-cr-60002-WJZ-2

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 

 Plaintiff-Appellee,

 versus

LUIS NAPOLIS, 

 Defendant-Appellant.

________________________

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Southern District of Florida

________________________

(May 14, 2019)

Before TJOFLAT, JORDAN, and EDMONDSON, Circuit Judges.

Case: 18-12856 Date Filed: 05/14/2019 Page: 1 of 13 
2

PER CURIAM: 

Luis Napolis appeals his convictions for conspiracy to possess with intent to 

distribute, and for possession with intent to distribute, 500 grams or more of 

cocaine, in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1), (b)(1)(B)(ii), 846, and 18 U.S.C. § 

2. No reversible error has been shown; we affirm.

As part of an ongoing drug trafficking investigation, police used a 

confidential informant (“CI”) to make controlled buys of cocaine from Alejandro 

Zamora (Napolis’s nephew). On 6 December 2017, the CI purchased a half 

kilogram of cocaine from Zamora at a home in Hollywood, Florida (“residence”). 

On 20 December 2017, the CI arranged to purchase one kilogram of cocaine

from Zamora. After Zamora let the CI know that the cocaine was ready to be 

picked up, the Sheriff’s Office’s SWAT team executed a search warrant on the 

residence. When the SWAT team arrived, Zamora -- who was standing outside in 

the driveway -- ran to the front door, shouted “something” inside, and entered the 

residence. 

When officers searched the residence, the only two people found inside were 

Zamora and Napolis. Officers also discovered two ounces of cocaine in the master 

Case: 18-12856 Date Filed: 05/14/2019 Page: 2 of 13 
3

bathroom and one kilogram of cocaine hidden in a covered shed area in the back 

yard. 

Zamora and Napolis were each charged with conspiracy and with possession 

with intent to distribute cocaine. Zamora pleaded guilty pursuant to a written plea 

agreement. Napolis proceeded to trial, after which the jury found Napolis guilty. 

The district court sentenced Napolis -- who qualified as a career offender -- to 180 

months’ imprisonment.

I.

We first address Napolis’s challenges to the district court’s evidentiary 

rulings. We ordinarily review the district court’s evidentiary rulings for abuse of 

discretion. United States v. Dodds, 347 F.3d 893, 897 (11th Cir. 2003). When a 

party fails to object contemporaneously to a district court’s evidentiary ruling, 

however, we review only for plain error. United States v. Turner, 474 F.3d 1265, 

1276 (11th Cir. 2007). Under the plain-error standard, we will correct an error 

only if the defendant demonstrates that (1) an error occurred; (2) the error was 

plain; (3) the error affected the defendant’s substantial rights; and (4) the error 

seriously affects the fairness, integrity, or public reputation of judicial proceedings. 

Case: 18-12856 Date Filed: 05/14/2019 Page: 3 of 13 
4

Id. Errors affect a defendant’s substantial rights “if they have a ‘substantial 

influence’ on the outcome of a case or leave ‘grave doubt’ as to whether they 

affected the outcome of a case.” Id. 

A. Cross-Examination of Agent Edwards

Napolis argues that the district court violated the Sixth Amendment’s 

Confrontation Clause by limiting Napolis’s cross-examination of Agent Edwards

about whether the CI had ever met or spoken with Napolis. On cross-examination, 

Napolis asked Agent Edwards whether the CI had told officers that he had met 

Napolis before. The district court sustained the government’s hearsay objection. 

Napolis then sought to refresh Agent Edwards’s recollection by showing him a 

document which was not identified on the record.*

 After Agent Edwards read the 

document, Napolis asked Agent Edwards again about whether the CI had ever met 

or seen Napolis. The district court sustained the government’s objection based on 

hearsay. 

Napolis later asked Agent Edwards about a recorded conversation between 

the CI and Zamora on 20 December during which Zamora said, “yeah, that’s my 

 

* On appeal, Napolis describes the document as an email -- on which Agent Edwards was copied 

-- that reported the CI as having told officers that he “had not met/seen” Napolis before.

Case: 18-12856 Date Filed: 05/14/2019 Page: 4 of 13 
5

uncle right there.” Napolis again asked Agent Edwards about whether the CI “had 

said he had never spoken or met Mr. Luis Napolis.” The district court sustained 

the government’s hearsay objection.

Because Napolis raised no contemporaneous Sixth Amendment challenge to 

the district court’s rulings, we review this issue only for plain error. See Turner, 

474 F.3d at 1276; United States v. Charles, 722 F.3d 1319, 1322 (11th Cir. 2013) 

(we review for plain error Sixth Amendment Confrontation Clause claims raised 

for the first time on appeal). 

The district court committed no plain error in sustaining the government’s 

hearsay objections. First, the CI’s alleged statements to officers about his dealings 

(or lack thereof) with Napolis constituted inadmissible hearsay. The CI’s 

statements were out-of-court statements, made by a non-testifying declarant, and 

were being offered to prove the truth of the matter asserted: that the CI had not met 

or seen Napolis before 20 December. See Fed. R. Evid. 801. 

Nor has Napolis demonstrated that the district court’s rulings violated his 

constitutional rights. Under the Sixth Amendment’s Confrontation Clause, “a 

defendant has no right to confront a ‘witness’ who provides no evidence at the 

trial.” Shuler v. Wainwright, 491 F.2d 1213 (5th Cir. 1974). Because the CI 

neither testified at trial nor was quoted as a hearsay declarant, Napolis had no 

Case: 18-12856 Date Filed: 05/14/2019 Page: 5 of 13 
6

constitutional right to confront the CI through his cross-examination of Agent 

Edwards. See United States v. Kabbaby, 672 F.2d 857, 863-64 (11th Cir. 1982). 

Napolis also cannot demonstrate that the challenged evidentiary rulings 

affected his substantial rights. Officer Canales did testify that -- to his knowledge -

- the CI had had no prior dealings with Napolis before 20 December 2017. Agent 

Edwards and Officer Canales also testified that Napolis was not the target of the 

investigation and had no known involvement in the earlier drug transactions 

between the CI and Zamora. Because the testimony Napolis sought to elicit from 

Agent Edwards would have been cumulative of other evidence already in the

record, nothing evidences that the district court’s evidentiary rulings impacted on

the outcome of the proceedings. See Turner, 474 F.3d at 1276. 

B. Admission of 2015 Criminal Complaint

Napolis also argues -- and the government concedes -- that the district court 

abused its discretion by admitting into evidence a 2015 criminal complaint against 

Andres Zamora (Alejandro Zamora’s brother). On cross-examination, a defense 

witness testified that Andres Zamora (the witness’s husband) had been convicted 

for a drug offense but that he never sold drugs from inside the residence. The 

Case: 18-12856 Date Filed: 05/14/2019 Page: 6 of 13 
7

government sought to impeach the witness’s testimony by introducing into 

evidence the criminal complaint against Andres Zamora, which charged him with 

selling drugs from the residence. 

“Evidentiary errors do not constitute grounds for reversal unless there is a 

reasonable likelihood that they affected the defendant’s substantial rights; where an 

error had no substantial influence on the outcome, and sufficient evidence 

uninfected by error supports the verdict, reversal is not warranted.” United States 

v. Drury, 396 F.3d 1303, 1315 (11th Cir. 2005) (quotation omitted). 

No reversal is demanded in this case. The 2015 criminal complaint was not 

pertinent to establishing the elements of the offenses with which Napolis was 

charged. Instead, the 2015 criminal complaint was introduced to impeach the 

credibility of a defense witness: a collateral matter. Moreover, the specific 

location (inside or outside the residence) from which Andres Zamora sold drugs in 

2015 had no bearing on Napolis’s involvement in the sale of drugs on 20 

December 2017, particularly when cocaine was discovered hidden both inside and 

outside the residence. Sufficient independent evidence supports the jury’s 

determination that Napolis was guilty of the charged offenses; no reasonable 

likelihood exists that the district court’s evidentiary error influenced substantially 

the outcome of the case. See id. 

Case: 18-12856 Date Filed: 05/14/2019 Page: 7 of 13 
8

Because Napolis has identified only one error, the cumulative error doctrine 

is inapplicable. See United States v. House, 684 F.3d 1173, 1210-11 (11th Cir. 

2012) (“where there is no error or only a single error, there can be no cumulative 

error”). 

II.

Napolis also challenges the district court’s denial of his motions for 

judgment of acquittal and for a new trial. Briefly stated, Napolis contends that the 

evidence was insufficient to permit the jury to find that he knew about Zamora’s 

drug-trafficking activities, that he entered knowingly into an agreement with 

Zamora to traffic cocaine, that he participated in a conspiracy with Zamora, or that 

he possessed with intent to distribute the cocaine found at the residence. Napolis 

asserts, instead, that he was merely present as an overnight guest at the residence. 

“We review de novo a district court’s denial of judgment of acquittal on 

sufficiency of the evidence grounds.” United States v. Rodriguez, 732 F.3d 1299, 

1303 (11th Cir. 2013). In determining the sufficiency of the evidence, “we 

consider the evidence in the light most favorable to the government, drawing all 

reasonable inferences and credibility choices in the government’s favor.” Id. We 

Case: 18-12856 Date Filed: 05/14/2019 Page: 8 of 13 
9

cannot overturn a jury’s verdict unless no “reasonable construction of the evidence 

would have allowed the jury to find the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable 

doubt.” Id. 

Credibility questions are for the jury; we will assume that the jury answered 

questions of credibility in a way that supports the jury’s verdict. United States v. 

Jiminez, 564 F.3d 1280, 1285 (11th Cir. 2009). Because the “jury is free to choose 

among reasonable constructions of the evidence,” the government need not 

“disprove every reasonable hypothesis of innocence.” United States v. Foster, 878 

F.3d 1297, 1304 (11th Cir. 2018) (quotations omitted). “[W]hen the government 

relies on circumstantial evidence, the conviction must be supported by reasonable 

inferences, not mere speculation.” Rodriguez, 732 F.3d at 1303.

To obtain a conviction for conspiracy to distribute cocaine, the government 

must prove (1) the existence of an agreement to distribute drugs; (2) that the 

defendant knew about the agreement; and (3) that the defendant participated 

knowingly in the illegal scheme. United States v. Matthews, 168 F.3d 1234, 1245 

(11th Cir. 1999). A defendant’s knowing participation in the conspiracy may be 

inferred from the “surrounding circumstances, such as acts committed by the 

defendant that furthered the purpose of the conspiracy.” Id. “Although mere 

presence at the scene of a crime is insufficient to support a conspiracy conviction, 

Case: 18-12856 Date Filed: 05/14/2019 Page: 9 of 13 
10

presence nonetheless is a probative factor which the jury may consider in 

determining whether a defendant was a knowing and intentional participant in a 

criminal scheme.” Id. 

“To sustain a conviction for possession of a controlled substance with intent 

to distribute, the government must show that a defendant knowingly possessed the 

controlled substance with the intent to distribute it.” United States v. Hernandez, 

433 F.3d 1328, 1333 (11th Cir. 2005). Possession may be actual or constructive. 

Id. “Constructive possession exists when a defendant has ownership, dominion, or 

control over an object itself or dominion [or] control over the premises . . . in 

which the object is concealed.” Id. “Intent to distribute may be inferred from the 

amount of the drug involved.” Id. (alteration omitted). 

A person who aids or abets the commission of an offense is punishable as a 

principal. 18 U.S.C. § 2. “[T]o prove that the defendant aided and abetted an 

offense, the government must establish that: (1) someone else committed the 

substantive offense, (2) the defendant committed an act that contributed to and 

furthered the offense; and (3) the defendant intended to aid in the commission of 

the offense.” United States v. Cruickshank, 837 F.3d 1182, 1189 (11th Cir. 2016).

Viewed in the light most favorable to the government, the evidence 

presented at trial was sufficient to permit a reasonable factfinder to conclude 

Case: 18-12856 Date Filed: 05/14/2019 Page: 10 of 13 
11

beyond a reasonable doubt that Napolis was guilty of both charged offenses. 

Zamora and Napolis were the only two people found at the residence at the time of 

the search. When SWAT arrived, Zamora ran to the front door and shouted 

“something” inside. Aerial surveillance confirmed that, shortly after SWAT 

arrived, a person (who could not have been Zamora) was seen moving in a covered 

shed area in the back yard and then entering the rear of the house. The kilogram of 

cocaine was later discovered hidden in the covered shed area. An officer involved 

in the search testified that Napolis was first seen in a bedroom in the rear of the 

home, near the door to the back yard. 

The government also admitted a recording of a conversation between 

Zamora and Napolis after the two men were detained in the back of a police car. 

During the conversation, Napolis made inculpatory statements, including (1) that 

he had failed to dispose properly of the cocaine as instructed by Zamora; (2) that 

the CI was a “mole” who was cooperating with the police; (3) that “this . . . job 

went south;” and (4) asking Zamora “did they catch you inside or in the street?” 

The evidence was sufficient to permit a jury to infer reasonably that an 

agreement existed between Zamora and Napolis to sell cocaine to the CI and that 

Napolis participated knowingly and voluntarily in the conspiracy. 

Case: 18-12856 Date Filed: 05/14/2019 Page: 11 of 13 
12

Sufficient circumstantial evidence also existed from which the jury could 

infer reasonably that Napolis was guilty of possession with intent to distribute the

cocaine. Evidence supports that Napolis exercised at least some level of dominion 

or control over the cocaine. Not only was Napolis an overnight guest at the 

residence, but sufficient evidence supports the inference that Napolis was also the 

person who hid the cocaine in the back yard. Napolis’s intent to distribute may 

also be inferred reasonably based on the quantity of cocaine involved and based on 

Napolis’s recorded statements to Zamora. 

The evidence presented at trial was also sufficient to support a guilty verdict 

under an aiding-and-abetting theory. That Zamora intended to sell a kilogram of 

cocaine to the CI is clear. Given the evidence that Napolis hid that cocaine when 

the SWAT team arrived at the residence, a jury could conclude reasonably that 

Napolis was acting in furtherance of and intended to aid in the commission of the 

offense.

Because the evidence was sufficient to permit a jury to conclude reasonably

that Napolis was guilty beyond a reasonable doubt, the district court committed no 

error in denying Napolis’s motion for judgment of acquittal. The jury was free to 

disbelieve Napolis’s theory that he was merely an overnight guest with no 

involvement in Zamora’s drug trafficking. 

Case: 18-12856 Date Filed: 05/14/2019 Page: 12 of 13 
13

Because the evidence supported the jury’s verdict, the district court also 

abused no discretion in denying Napolis’s motion for a new trial. See Hernandez, 

433 F.3d at 1336-37 (“Motions for new trials based on the weight of the evidence 

are not favored” and will be granted only in “exceptional cases” where the 

evidence “preponderate[s] heavily against the verdict, such that it would be a 

miscarriage of justice to let the verdict stand.”).

AFFIRMED.

Case: 18-12856 Date Filed: 05/14/2019 Page: 13 of 13