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Table 1. Available Options
Table 1. Available Options

CFC-11 HCFC-22 HCFC-22 HCFC-141b HFC-134a Iso- Cyclope

HCFC-142b pentane ntane

Chemical CFCl CHClF CHClF / CH CCl F CH FCF CH CH (CH )

formula CH CClF (CH )C 

3 22

3 2

32 2 3 3

3

H CH 2 3

2 5

Molecular 137 86 86/100 117 102 72 70

weight

Boiling point 24 -41 -41/-10 32 -27 28 50

(Co)

Gas Conduct. 7.4 9.9 9.9/8.4 8.8 12.4 13.0 11.0

(mW/mK at

10 Co)

Flammable None None None/6.7- 7.3-16.0 None 1.4-7.8 1.4-8.0

limits in air 14.9

(vol%)

TLV or OEL 1000 1000 1000/1000 500 1000 1000 600

(ppm)

ODP 1.0 0.055 0.055/0.065 0.11 0 0 0

GWP 1.0 0.36 0.36/0.42 0.12 0.25 <0.1 <0.1

ODP Class High Low Low Low Zero Zero Zero
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Table 2. Comparison of Properties of Insulation Foam

CFC-11 Reduced HCFC-22 HCFC-22/ HCFC-141b HFC- Iso- CycloCFC-11 HCFC- 134a pentane pentane

142b

Blowing 13 6 5 6 10 6 5 5

agent

content

(% w/w)

Overall 30 31 33 33 35 34 34 35

Density

(kg/m ) 3

Compress 130 140 150 140 150 150 150 160

ive

strength

(KPa)

Dimensio 3 2 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.5 <0.6 <0.6

nal

stability,

percentag

e change -

48 hr, 70o

C, 95 %

RH

-48 hr, -

10 oC

<0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.2 <0.2

Thermal 17-18 18-19 20-21 19-20 18-19 20-21 21-23 19.5-

conductiv 20.5

ity at

10oC

(mW/mK,

initial)
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Table 3. Requirements and Properties of Polyurethane Blowing Agents

Requirements CFC-11 Cyclopentane

/RZ 2'3  

/RZ *:3  

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1RW IODPPDEOH  

Note:

"+" means requirements are met, "-" means requirements are not met, (+) means that requirements are almost

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Table 4. Available Options: Pros and Cons
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CYCLOPENTANE: A BLOWING AGENT FOR POLYURETHANE FOAMS

FOR INSULATION IN DOMESTIC REFRIGERATOR-FREEZERS

13

AVAILABILITY OF VARIOUS OPTIONS

The available options mainly belong to three categories of chemicals viz. HCFCs, HFCs and

hydrocarbons. Table 5 highlights the status of commercial availability of the available options

[10].

Table 5. Commercial Availability of Available Options

Option ShortTerm 1993-1995 Long Term 1995-2000

Cyclopentane Adequate Likely to ease further as 

production builds

HCFC-141b Adequate Uncertain, depending on 

progress made with the 

development of replacement 

products now emerging. In any

case, likely to be from 

developed countries only

HCFC-142b Adequate Adequate-likely to be from 

developed countries only

HCFC-22 Good Good-mainly from developed 

countries. Chinese and Indian 

Production probable

HFC-134a Adequate-could be tight Good-likely to be from 

developed countries only

Isopentane Good Good 

CFC-11 Good, but developed country Tight, relying on developing 

production will run down from country production. Montreal 

1/1/94 Protocol allowances from 

developed country suppliers 

may not be taken up because of

environmental positioning

The HCFCs are only an interim solution because of the reason that they also have to be phased

out in near future. As per the Copenhagen Amendments, HCFCs will be controlled as follows:

 Freeze in 1996 at 3.1% of calculated level of CFCs consumption plus calculated level of

HCFCs in 1989;

 35% reduction by 2004;

 65% reduction by 2010;

 90% reduction by 2015;

 99.5% reduction by 2020; and

 100% reduction by 2030.
CYCLOPENTANE: A BLOWING AGENT FOR POLYURETHANE FOAMS

FOR INSULATION IN DOMESTIC REFRIGERATOR-FREEZERS

14

AVAILABILITY OF CYCLOPENTANE, SYSTEMS AND EQUIPMENTS

Availability of Cyclopentane

Cyclopentane is present in natural hydrocarbon sources and can be separated by fractional

distillation (refineries) and is also formed as a byproduct in the processing of cracking products,

e.g. by hydrogenation of cyclopentene in the C fractions of steam cracking products. It can also 5

be manufactured by the hydrogenation of cyclopentanone or thermal dehydrogenation of

cyclohexane. Cyclopentane is in production in several European plants and is available in

industrial amounts with a requisite purity level. In the near future, the production of

cyclopentane is expected to increase depending on the demand. The technical specifications of

commercially available cyclopentane is given in Appendix A1.

Table 6 gives the list of potential suppliers of cyclopentane (alphabetical sequence) [2,8]. 1

Table 6. Example of Suppliers of Cyclopentane

S.No. Supplier

1. Erdolchemie, Cologne

Mr.Meyer

Tel: (0 21 33) 55 44 75

Fax: (0 21 33) 55 61 96

2. Exxon, Cologne

Dr.Thomas Mehner

Tel: (02 21) 1 61-52 62

Fax: (02 21) 1 61-53 97

3. Haltermann, Hamburg

Dr.Norbert Reimers

Tel: (0 40) 33 38-2 41

Fax: (0 40) 33 38-2 14

4. Phillips Petroleum, Frankfurt

Michael Schwitz

Tel: (0 69) 79 30-5 21

Fax: (0 69) 79 30-5 38

5. Technochemeie (Shell), Dossenheim

Dr.Wolfgang Rauwald

Tel: (0 62 21) 8 65-3 74

Fax: (0 62 21) 8 65-3 72

* Average Indicative Price of Cyclopentane is = US$3/kg

(Suppliers should be contacted for details on pricing.)

This is not an exhaustive list of suppliers. Please contact UNEP IE/PAC if you know of

other suppliers who should be included in future versions of this information paper.
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Table 7. CFC-Free Polyurethane System Suppliers

S.No. Supplier

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Table 8. Foaming Equipment Suppliers

S.No. Supplier

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Table 9. Implementation Status in Developed Countries

Technology/blowing agent Status

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