Affirm in part; Reverse and Render in part; Remand and Opinion Filed August 13 , 2013 

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In The Court of Appeals Fifth District of Texas at Dallas

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CITY OF DALLAS, TEXA S, Appellant
V. ANTHONY ARREDONDO , CHARLES S. SWANER, J A M ES M. STOVALL, JOSEPH M. BETZEL, LISA M. C L A Y TON, KENNETH L. FOR E M A N, E L M ER J. D A VIS, JACE P. SE P ULVADO, BRIAN CAT O N, ROBERT L. ROGERS, T I M Q. R O SE, GEORGE J. TO M ASO V IC, J A M ES M. CRA F T JR., DAVID T. C HASE, H OWARD R. RUSSE L L, AND D AN N Y W A T SON , Appellees

NO. 05

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CITY OF DALLAS, TEXAS, Appellant V. LEROY H. ABERCROMBIE , JAMES C. ADAMS , PHYLLIS G. ALLEN , JOSE L. BALDAZO , DAVID L. BARBER , MAXIE BISHOP JR. , GARY LEE BOUNDS , LYNN B. BRANTLEY , DAVID LEE BREWER , KENNETH E. BRO OKS ,

DON G. BROWN , GREER W. BURNETT III , ROBERT E. CAMPLEN , KEN J. CLOWER , ANTHONY L. COLEMAN , BILLY C. COLEMAN , BERNARDO CROITORU , JEFFREY L. CULVER , BLAINE A. DANYLUK , DONALD R. DEWEES , GLENN D. DICKERSON , ROY W. FERRELL , SALVADOR G. GARCIA , ANDREW M. GARCIA , HIRAM G. GIDDENS , JAMES M. GRAMMAR , KATHLEEN K. GREGG , DENNIS A. HAGAN , WALTER H. HARKEY , GARRY B. HERRING , MICHAEL L. HUDGINS , CHARLES W. HYLES , FRIEDA K. IVY , DAVID LEE JACOBS JR. , MAX E. KIRK JR. , GREGORY V. KIRKPATRICK , JAMES R. LARABEE , DONALD M. LEHMAN , RICKEY D. LIPE , KENNETH W. LOE , GARY W. LOVELL , THOMAS A. MALOUF , SANDRA D. MARSH , STEVEN L. MCBRIDE , JOHN H. MCKINNEY , ROBERT P. MCMAHAN , CYNTHIA L. MICHAELS , HENRY MILTON ,

PHILIP L. MINSHEW , JERRY R. MITCHELL , JOHN D. OSTROSKI , ROBER T H. PALMER , BUIE A. PENNEY , HUGO R. PRIVITT , CLAY P. REED , BERNARD L. ROTH , PATRICIA BROOKS ROY , ROGER D. SCHUELKE , GEORGE R. SNOWDEN , HUBERT A. SPRINGER , DARYL R. STAUFFER ,– 2

– DONALD L. SUTTON , SAMUEL SUTTON , TED M. TITTLE , RICHARD W. TOWERY , GLENN A. TRU EX , MICHAEL D. TUNNELL , ROY B. WALKER , LARRY R. WALLER , WILLIAM L. WATSON , RANDELL E. WILLMON , MICHAEL R. WILSON , ANDREW D. WRIGHT , Appellees

NO. 05

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CITY OF DALLAS , TEXAS, Appellant V. WILLIAM L. ABBOTT , JAMES W. ADAMS , MARTEE L. ADAMS , JES SE AGUIRRE , NORMAN L. AKINS , KENNETH E. ALBERT , BRIAN K. ALLEN , FRANK B. ALLEN III , JOHN C. ALLEN , TOMMY E. ALLEN , CHARLES THOMAS ALLISON , VINCENT F. ALOI JR. , VERNON W. AMUNDSON , BRUCE G. ANDERSON , CRAIG G. ANDERSON , J.C. ANDERSON JR. , JAMES F. ANDERSON , TEAB F. APPLEWHITE , BRIAN A. ARMSTRONG , RONNIE G. ARMSTRONG , TROY LEON ARMSTRONG , JOE AROCHA JR. , MICHAEL C. AROCHA , DAVID W. ASHLEY , SAMUEL H. ATCHISON , JAMES R. AULBAUGH , ENRIQUE AVILA , WILLIAM LEWIS BABB , JAMES E. BAILEY , JOHN W. BAILEY , CARL BAIRD , GREGORY K. BAKER , JAMES BAKER , ROBERT M. BAKER , FRANCIS L. BALDWIN , JERRELL L. BALEY , MARK BALLARD , STEVEN PERRY BARBER , DAVID R. BARBOUR , BLAIR B. BARDWELL , MIKE BARDWELL , MICHAEL A. BARRETT ,

RUSSELL D. BARTON , JOHN W. BASS , R USSELL S. BATCHELOR , EDWI N L. BATEMAN , JAMES E. BATES , JAMES R. BATES , JOHNNY K. BATES , BOBBY DEAN BAUGHN , CLIFFORD BEAMON JR. , JESSE LEE BEAN ,

GARLAND A. BEATY , DANNY C. BECK , ALLEN WAYNE BEELER , CHARLES S. BELL , DAVID W. BELL , MICHAEL O. BELL JR. , GARY L. BENNINGFIELD , TIM BE RRY , STEPHEN E. BERRYMAN , KENNETH G. BEYER , GREGORY D. BIELEFELDT , LARRY D. BIGGERSTAFF , RONNIE DALE BINION , LARRY W. BITROS , RENE BLAKELY , RETT L. BLANKENSHIP , JIMMY F. BLASINGAME , JOHN L. BLUME , BYRON G. BOINTY , ROBERT A. BOLAND , JIMMY A. BOLLMAN , BIL LY C. BOND , BUCK BOREN , JERRY RAY BOREN , DEAN F. BOULTON , MITCHELL W. BOX , WILLIAM D. BOYCE , JENNIFER BRADLEY , CLAY R. BRAMBLITT , RICHARD K. BRAMBLITT , CHARLES D. BRATTON , JOHN E. BRAWNER , DAVID L. BRAZILE , RICHARD A. BREWER , LINDA BREWER, ROBERT BREY , L YNDON G. BRITT , JIMMY L. BROADNAX , SAMUAL C. BRODNER , CHARLES S. BROWN , GARY M. BROWN , GERALD D. BROWN , HAROLD G. BROWN , PHILLIP W. BROWN , RALPH F. BROWN , TOMMY E. BROWN , WILLIE JAMES BROWN , WILLIAM C. BRUCE , BENJAMIN S. BRYAN , STEPHEN D. BUCHANAN , KEN NETH S. BUCKLEY , JIMMY D. BUCKMEYER , MICHAEL R. BUEHLER , CLAUDE K. BULLARD ,

TOMMY O. BURLESON , DEAN LEE BURMEISTER , EDDIE J. BURNETT , REX GARNER BURNETT , DENNY R. BURRIS , AUSTIN S. BURTON , IRVING BUTLER , EDWARD N. BYERS JR. , JAMES E. BYFORD , MICHAEL J. CALLAWAY , DANNY E. CAMPBELL , KENNETH D. CAMPBELL , JESUS C. CANTU JR. , ABELARDO B. CARDENAS , JAMES E. CARLIN , DANIEL W. CARTER , STEVE H. CARTER , ROBERT W. CASON ,– 3

– GARRY D. CASTRO , HENRY CASTRO , THOMAS A. CATON , FREDDIE B. CAVINESS , BUDDY K. CHAMBERS , JERR Y W. CHAMBERS , SCOTLAND R. CHAMBERS , DAVID JOHN CHAPMAN , RONALD D. CHILDRE , TIMOTHY S. CLARK , WILLIAM E. CLARK , GREGORY H. CLARKE , OZIAS CLARKSON , WILLIAM A. CLAYTON , LARRY V. CLEARMAN , ERIC B. CLIBURN , EARL RAY CLIFTON , SAMUEL F. COCHRAN , BOBBY J. COCKR ELL , EDWARD HILMAN COE , STEVEN D. COFFMAN , MICHAEL H. COLE , GARY W. COLEMAN , JACKIE RAY COLLINS , TERRY R. CONGDON , SAMUEL E. CONNER JR. , EMMETT E. CONOLY , SANDINO L. CONTRERAS , ISAAC F. CONWAY , MARSHALL W. COOK , DENZIL L. COOPER , DONNA K. COOPER , THOMA S S. COOPER , STEVEN DOUGLAS CORDER , ALTON BYRAN CORLEY , EDGAR E. COTTON , GREGORY J. COURSON , THOMAS C. COURSON , KYLE S. COWDEN , DAN L. CRADDOCK , J ERRY W. CRAWFORD , PHILLIP L. CRAWFORD , WILLIAM L. CRAWFORD , KENNETH W. CRENSHAW , LUTHER R. CROSBY JR. , JOHN NY R. CROSS , VERNON L. CROW , EDUARDO A. CUELLAR , HUBERT G. CULP JR. , ALBERT CULTON , KENNETH H. CUNNINGHAM , L YNN ALAN CURRY , FLETCHER D. DAHMAN , AARON L. DAVIS , BRADY K. DAVIS , CLINTON LEE DAVIS , EDWA RD D. DAVIS IV , JAMES L. DAVIS , JERRY M. DAVIS , LARRY G. DAVIS , PAUL E. DAVIS , ROBERT A. DA VI S , ROYCE EDWIN DAVIS , MARK L. DAWSON , GERALD H. DEES , FRANK DELA GARZA , CLARENCE DEMERY , MICHAEL L. DEPAUW , RICHARD L. DEWEES , SCOTT DEWEES , DIXIE R. DICKERSON , SAMUEL DON DICKEY , CHRISTOPHER L. DIKE , BRIAN E. DOR ETHY , MICHAEL R. DORETY , TRAVIS D. DOUGLAS , DAVID DOWER , DAVID DUARTE , BOBBY B. DUCKWORTH , LARRY L. DUKE , ROBERT HOWARD DUNN , JERRY E. DYE , MICKIE A. DYE , WILLIS K. DYKES , WYLIE M. DYKES , GREGORY E. EGNEW , LEWIS ELAM , CHARLIE D. ELLIS , MICHAEL A. ELLIS , JOHN L. ELLISON , RONALD D. ENGLAND , ANDRES B. ENRIQUEZ , JAKE J. ESCAMILLA , DOYLE G. ETHRIDGE , CARLTON T. EVANS , CHARLES E. EVANS , FOSTER L. EVANS , LARRY R. EVANS , SHERMAN EVANS , JAMES D. EVERSON , DAVID WAYNE EVITTS , RICHARD D. EWING ,

MARK A. FERGUSON , PAUL W. FERGUSON , ROY G. FERGUSON , RUDOLF R. FERNANDEZ , CHARLES D. FEY , GERALD W. FIELDS , JIMMY L. FLANAGAN , DARYLE E. FLOOD , JOE FLORES , BILLY W. FORD , LARRY D. FORD , THOMAS J. FORD , GREGG R. FORESTER , RONALD D. FORGE , EDWARD M. FOSTER , G. LEE FOSTER , L EWIS ALVIN FOSTER , L.D. FOX , GARY P. FOXX , JEFFERY LYN FRANCIS , ROBERT FRAZIER III , GARY R. FREEMAN , GEORGE W. FREEMAN , SAMUEL L. FRIAR , MICHAEL R. FULTON , EDDIE ZACK FUQUAY , PAULA FURR , CHARLES E. GALE , AUGUST P. GALLI , WILLIE L. GALLOWAY , RICHARD E. G AMBRELL , FRANK R. GAMEZ , TOM E. GAMEZ , ROY L. GARDNER , BILL L. GARRETT , JOHN A. GARRISON , JAMES W. GATELEY , LOUIS W. GAUDREAU , EARL GERMAN JR. , DAVID E. GIBSON , T.D. GIBSON JR. , DAVID GILL , TOD A. GILLAM , DAVID K. GILLILAND , CLIFFORD C. GLADNEY , E.H. G LASSCOCK JR. , RONALD J. GOINS , O’BRIEN GOLDSBERRY ,

LARRY W. GOLDSMITH , RUDOLPH GONZALES , CURTIS GOOD ,– 4

– MARK ANTHONY GOODE , ROBERT M. GOODNIGHT , DONNIE R. GRAHAM , JAMES B. GRAHAM , STUART W. GRANT , PRESTON L. GRAVES ,

WALLACE J. GRAVES , JOHN A. GREEN , THOMA S M. GREEN , KENNETH P. GREENBERG , BYRON K. GREGG , JERRY C. GREMMINGER , STEPHEN IKE GRIFFITH , CLAYTON PORTER GRIGGS , JOHN P. GROSS , GARTH GROVES , LONNIE R. GUSTERS , FRANK E. GU Y , JOE C. GUZMAN , ALLEN H. HALL , DARRYL O. HALL , JASON HALL , BOBBY G. HAMILTON , MICHAEL A. HAMILTON , RONALD A. HAMILTON , LELAND G. HANCOCK , JOHN R. HANES , DENNIS W. HARDIN , PHIL GREGG HARDIN , DALE HARDY , ROBERT S. HARGROVE , CHARLES D. HARLEY , GREGORY A. HARPER , JEFFREY W. HARRINGTON , KENNE TH L. HARRIS , RONALD E. HARRIS , RONNIE HA RRIS , STEPHEN L. HARRIS , STUART T. HARSTROM , DONALD R. HARTLESS , EUGENE D. HAUPTMANN , JOEL D. HAWKINS , DARRYL HAYES , LARRY L. HAYGOOD , WAYNE FRANKLIN HAYGOOD ,

JOHN DALE HEDRICK , JIMMIE J. HENDRIX , RALPH K. HENDRIX JR. , DAVID L. HENRY , JEROME HENRY , RAL PH R. HENSON , RICHARD HERNANDEZ , ROBERT HERNANDEZ , JAMES A. HESSER , ROGER F. HESTER II , DAVID R. HICKMAN , SAM M. HICKSON , CLAUDE L. HIGHT , KENNETH R. HILL , STAN LE Y D. HILL , JOSE I. HINOJOSA , KENNETH L. HOALDRIDGE , JOHN EARL HOBBS , JOE A. HOGAN , RUSSELL E. HOGAN , RONALD E. HOGGATT , FRANK L. HOLDER , JOHN T. HOLDRIDGE , KENNETH HOLLINS , MICHAEL L. HOLLOWAY , STEVEN K. HOLLYWOOD , RICHARD D. HOLMES , DEVIN HOLT , MICHAEL RAY HOOD , JERRY L. HOOKER , SHANNON HOPPS , RAYMOND L. HOPSON JR. , CHARLES L. HOUSE , JOHN M. HOU SER , DON E. HOWARD III , LESLIE L. HOWELL , JAMES HOYT HUBBELL ,

JACK D. HUGHES , STANLEY B. HUGHES , GEORGE D. HUSSONG , JERRY G. HUTCHINGS , SIDNEY L. HUTCHINGS , KENNETH T. HUTYRA , BRIAN R. HYLES , JEFFREY L. HYLES , JIMMY LOYD HYLES , MIKE D. HYLES , BILLY F. INGR AM , JAMES E. INGRAM II , MICHAEL R. IRVIN ,

F. GEORGE IRWIN , T.J. IWANSKI , DON B. JACKSON , RICHARD D. JACKSON , SERGIO H. JAIMEZ , ROBERT H. JAKUBIK , CHARLES E. JAMES ,

HENRY CURTIS JAMES , REMIE J. JAMES , MARK E. JANICK , PATRICK S. JANICK , ROBERT A. JANICK , DA RRYL W. JEANES ,

TONY L. JENKINS , HAROLD A. JERPI JR. , BILLY J. JOHNSON , DAVID L. JOHNSON , JIMMY R. JOHNSON , KENNETH W. JOHNSON , MICHAEL A. JOHNSON , RONALD R. JOHNSON , STEVE WAYNE JOHNSON , THOMAS M. JOHNSON , FLOYD T. JOHNSTON , JOE H. JOINES , RICHARD D. JOL LY , JAMES L. JONES , JAMES R. JONES , RAYMOND L. JONES , ROBERT C. JONES , DONALD JOURDAN , TERRY LYNN JUDD , PAUL W. JULIAN , JOSEPH J. KAY JR. , JAMES P. KEAN , JOHN E. KECK SR. , BUFORD L. KEMP JR. , MARTIN L. KEMP , DAVID KEMP , DONALD R. KERN , WESLEY D. KILLIAN , E DWARD L. KILLION , KELLY G. KIMBRELL , JOHN W. KINCAID , CLAYTON J. KING , JEFFREY W. KING , TIMOTHY W. KING , DAVID D. KINNEY , BRYAN KIRBY , ALBERT W. KIRKSEY , JERRY W. KNOERR , DUSTIN J. KOELLHOFFER , DAVID PAUL KRAUSE , IDUS D. LAIR , JAMES B. LAMAR , PAUL A. LA MAR , TRACY LEE LANDESS , EDGAR CARL LANEY , RICHARD E. LANGLEY , CHARLES D. LANGRAN , GEORGE R. LEE , RAY H. LEMASTERS , RAYMOND SCOTT LEMASTERS ,– 5

– RONNIE C. LEMM , DAVID LEOS , EDWARD F. LEVELL , RODNEY LEWIS , DAVID A. LIDDLE , STEPHEN B. LILLARD , WILLIE L. LINDSAY JR. , CLARENCE D. LINDSEY , DAVID E. LINDSEY , GEORGE H. LITTLEFIELD JR. , JOHN A. LOHRENGEL , HARRIEL D. LONG , TROY JAMES LOONEY , ROBERT LOPEZ SR. , FRANK JOE LOSOYA , CHARLES E. LUEDEKER ,

EDWARD F. LUIG JR. , TERENCE A. LYON , STEPHEN A. MADDOX , DAVID RAY MANESS , BOBBY J. MANLEY , JOHN A. MARINO , JOHN C. MARSHALL , JACK F. MARTIN , JERRY D. MARTIN , KENNETH R. MARTIN , MARK A. MARTIN , PAUL G. MARTINEZ ,

DAVID EUGENE MASK , LUANNE E. MASSEY

- KIMBALL

- EAST , THOMAS F. MATIJEVICH , ROY GLENN MATKINS , RANDALL R. MATTHEWS ,

DARRY L A. MAYFIELD , THOMAS E. MCCARLEY , AUDREY W. MCCAULEY , LARRY O. MCCLURE , MARTIN B. MCCREARY , SUSAN C. MCCURDY , GREG A. MCDANIEL , MICHAEL L. MCDANIEL , WAYNE N. MCDONALD ,

MICHAEL L. MCGEHEE , CHRIS J. MCGOWAN , LOUIE B. MCKAY JR. , GERALD WAYNE MCKELLER , JOSEPH E. MCKENNA , JOHN WADE MCKINNEY , WADE E. MCMILLAN , PATRICK S. MCWHA , FRANK E. MEDINA , LYDIA MEDINA , JOHN COREY MEEKS , JOHN C. MEREDITH , RENE V. MERRILL , CHARLES J. MIKKELSEN , DANNY D. MILLER , EDWARD C. MILLER , GEARY S. MILLER , JERRY L. MILLER , JOE DANA MIL LER , THOMAS C. MILLER , RUSSELL S. MILLS , SHBRONE D. MIMS , SAMUEL E. MOBLY , HOWARD WAYNE MOFFAT , JESUS R. MONTEMAYOR , RUBEN MONTEMAYOR JR. , KENNETH D. MOORE , SALVADOR V. MORALES JR. , VERNON D. MORELAND , JERRY DEE MORGAN , RUSSELL LEE MORGAN , JERRY W. MORRI S , LARRY J. MORRIS , JOE JESUS MOSQUEDA , LESTER C. MOUNT , DEBRA L. MULLINS , STEPHEN L. MULVANY , RAYMOND D. MUNDAY , JAMES MUNDY , BOBBIE MURDOCK , MICHAEL W. MURDOCK , RICKEY P. MURPHREE , MICHAEL L. MURRAY , MARY D. NABORS , GUZMAN G. NATAL , WALTER M. NEAL , JOS EPH A. NELSON , LINDA L. NELSON , JAMES D. NEWMAN , JOE E. NEWTON , CALVIN J. NICHOLS , JOHN F. NICHOLS , TRIXIE G. NICHOLS , JAMES T. NICHOLSON , MICHAEL L. NIELSEN , GREGORY P. NOEL ,

MONTIE A. NORVELL , J. SHANNON O’GLEE , JERRY B. O’KEEFE , MICHAEL E. O’KEEFE , JAME S E. ODOM , KENNETH G. ODOM , GARY C. OGLE , ROBERT H. OLIVER JR. , STEPHEN KEITH OLSON , CHARLES W. ORGAN , LINDA S. OSBORN , LONNIE KIRK OSBORN , MICHAEL D. OTTO , PAUL E. OVERTON , RODDY LYNN PACKER , DENNIS E. PAGE JR. , STEPHEN NEAL PARIS , KENNETH L. PARKER , RICH ARD H. PARKER , JON R. PARKER JR. , ELMER H. PARKERSON JR. , RONALD B. PARRISH , JOE W. PARSONS , BRIAN A. PARTINGTON , ADAM D. PATRICK , LARRY DUANE PATRICK , STEPHEN R. PATRICK , GEORGE T. PEACOCK , JAMES C. PEARSON , DANIEL L. PECENKA , ANTHONY J. PECK , RICHARD S. PEEK , BILLY W. PELL , GARY G. PELL , WESLEY E. PEMBERTON , JEFF L. PENNINGTON , SERGIO I. PEREZ , JAMES D. PERKINS , HORACE GERALD PERRY JR. , GREG W. PERRY , PHILMORE PETERSON , JAMES E. PHILLIPS , MICHAEL PHILLIPS , JERALD F. PICKARD ,

LAWRENCE E. PIERSON , KENNETH R. PIGG , DAVID PINALES , BOBBY NEAL POPHAM , MELVIN PORTER , MICHAEL E. PRELLE ,– 6

– CLAUDE W. PREWITT , MICHAEL W. PRICE , JERRY W. PRITCHETT , NORVELL R. QUARLES , RICKY LEE RAND , SAMMY D. RANKIN ,

LYLE T. REAGAN , WALTER C. REAVES II , BILLY K. RECORD , BILLY EARL REE D , DONALD W. REED , HOWARD REED , RONALD D. REED , MARKHAM L. REID

, RONALD H. REID , RONALD REMKUS , TIMOTHY L. RENDAHL , DOUGLAS RENER , SMITH W. RIBBLE , W.A. RICHARDSON , LARRY WADE RIDDLE , JACK DOUGLAS RIMBEY , CHARLES L. RINDERKNECHT , MICHAEL R. ROACH , GLEN R OBBINS , JAMES L. ROBERSON , LANCE R. ROBERTS , LARRY E. ROBERTS , LARRY F. ROBERTS , TERRY D. ROBERTS , BILLY P. ROBINSON JR. , JAMES H. ROBINSON , MICHAEL EARL ROBINSON , G. RODRIGUEZ , JESSE R. RODRIGUEZ , RONNIE W. ROE , BRENT K. ROGERS , DONALD A. ROGERS , F. MURP HY ROGERS , ROBERT HENSON ROGERS III , ANTHONY L. ROLATER , KENNETH W. ROWE , JOHNNY L. RUDDER , JOHN LEE RUIZ , DAVID H. RUMBO , JERRY V. RUSHING , BRYAN R. RUSSELL , CAROLE RUSSELL , DONNIE G. RUSSELL , HELEN M. RUSSELL , JAMES D. RUSSELL , JERRY G. RUSSELL , JOSEPH D. RUSSELL , WOODSON R. RUSSELL JR. , STEVEN J. RUTLEDGE , PHILLIP R. RUZICKA , EDUARDO SALAIZ , RENE SALDIVAR , RICHARD SALINAS , DAVID W. SALTER , CLAY S. SANDERS , RANDALL E. SANDERS , TERRY DON SANDERS , EARL WAYNE SANGES , RICHARD SANTACRUZ , CANDA L. SAYLES

- DUNN , CLIFFORD E. SCHAUER , LISA SCHINDLER , GEORGE RINGO SCOTT , ROBERT EARL SEARS , JOHN T. SETTLE , JAMES T. SEWELL , TIMOTHY J. SEYMORE , BILLY E. SHAW , WALTER J. SHEREY , DAVID T. SHIVERS , FRANK SILVAS JR. , ROBERT LEE SIMMONS , ROBERT E. SIMONS , DAVID V. SIMPSON , RICHARD L. SINGLETON , RICHARD B. SISK , JERRY HERSCHEL SKELETON , SAMMY DON SLINE , PAUL KEVIN SLOVAK , CHARLES B. SMITH , DAN G. SMITH , DONALD R. SMITH , JOHN V. SMITH JR. , LARRY C. SMITH , LUTHER J. SMITH JR. , MITCHELL K. SMITH , RICKEY D. SMITH , ROBERT SMITH , S HARON E. SMITH , JAMES A. SOUTHARD , ALAN D. SOUTHARD , MICHAEL A. SOUTHERLAND , NORMAN R. SPEARS , TONY LYNN SPECK , LARRY E. SPIKES , LAURA J. SPRAY , JAMES M. SQUIRES JR. , DAVID M. STAMBAUGH , LINDA K. STAMBAUGH , CURTIS LEE STARLIN , ROBERT W. STEELY , RONALD A. STEPHENS , PAUL R. STEPHENSON , JAMES R. STEVENSON , JAMES TRUETT STEWART , MICHAEL H. STEWART , ROBERT L. STIDGER , HUBERT C. STINSON , JAMES D. STOKES , DONALD D. STONE , MARY LOU STONE , JERRY R. STOUT , GREG A. STOY , KENNETH R. STRADER , JASPER S. STRICKLAND , T.D. STRICKLAND , GREG B. STURCH , ARTHUR R. SULLIVAN JR. , WESLEY B. SULLIVAN , JOEL ETHRIDGE SUMMERLIN , HAROLD L. SUMNER , JEFFREY KENT SWANER , RAYMOND E. SWEENEY , THOMAS S. SWING , DAVID SYPERT , WILLIAM M. TABOR , SHELBY TACKETT , BOBBY JACK TALBOT , THOMAS R. TAN KSLEY , DOMENIC N. TARABORELLI , BILLY W. TAYLOR , LEO J. TAYLOR JR. , ROBERT F. TAYLOR , THOMAS E. TAYLOR , THOMAS M. TAYLOR ,

WILLIAM T. TAYLOR , BYRON E. TEMPLE , DANIEL W. TENNEY ,– 7

– WILLIAM T. TERRY , GERALD D. TESTERMAN , DOUGLAS R. TEUBNER , KENNETH A. THOMAS , MAR ION R. THOMAS , RICKIE L. THOMAS , DAVID L. THOMPSON , JAMES O. THOMPSON , JERRY B. THOMPSON JR. , DAVID H. THORNTON , BRYANT EARL TILLERY , TOMMY F. TINE , ROGER S. TOMLINSON , ROBERT W. TRAMEL , KENNETH N. TUCKER , RONALD S. TUCKER , KEVIN GEORGE TUMA , LONNIE B. TUT T ,

MARK E. TYLER , ULYSSES UNDERWOOD , JUAN J. URRETA , JESSE A. VALENTINE , RAYMOND VELA , ROBERT M. VERVER ,

JACKY DON VEST , ARMANDO M. VIDAL , RODNEY L. VIKE , DAVID H. VOLLRATH , GREGORY L. WADDLETON , GLEN R. WADE , JOSEPH W. WAGNER , PATRICK A. WAGONER , TAMMY E. WAGONER ,

ANTHONY W. WALKER , BILLY RAY WALKER , COREY N. WALKER , DEAN G. WALLACE , JESSE W. WALLACE , GARY S. WALTHALL , CARLTON D. WARD , ANTHONY M. WARRICK , WILLIAM T. WARRICK , CALVIN WASHINGTON , STEPHEN B. WASHINGTON , JIMMY G. WATERS ,

RONALD D. WATKINS , MIC HAEL J. WATSON , HOWARD M. WEEMPE , JOHN G. WEGLEY , TIMOTHY L. WHITE , WILLIAM S. WHITE , DARRYL W. WHITMAN , MICHAEL L. WIER , TOLVIA D. WILCOXSON , GEORGE S. WILCOXSON , GREGORY C. WILLEFORD , CHRISTOPHER C. WILLIAMS , GEORGE W. WILLIAMS , LARRY D. WILLIAMS , MITCHE LL L. WILLIAMS , ROY W. WILLIAMS , SAMUEL T. WILLIAMS , DALE E. WILSON , STANLEY A. WILSON , TODD L. WILSON , TODD M. WILSON , DANNY J. WINDLE , ROBERT B. WINTERS , BRENT A. WISE , STEVEN BRENT WISE , JOHN B. WOOD , WALTER E. WOOD JR. , KENNETH W. WOODARD , GARY KEITH WOODS , R. TERRY WOOTEN JR. , GREGORY B. WRIGHT , RANDALL L. YANOWSKI , BOBBY L. YARBERRY , DOUGLAS R. YORK , RICHARD GENE YORK , NATHAN W. YOUNG ,

ROBERT H. YOUNG , RODNEY B. YOUNG , WILLIAM E. YOUNG , WILLIAM R. YOUNG , MICHAEL A. YUDIZKY , JEROME C. ZABOJNIK JR. , J OHN A. ZABY , Appellees

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- 00967

- CV

CITY OF DALLAS, TEXAS, Appellant V. RONNIE J. ACKER, ALVINO G. ADAME, VANESSA M. ADAME, BRUCE E. ADAMS,

LARRY M. ADAMSON, BILLY V. AILEY, HORACE D. AKINS, TOMMY Q. AKINS, PATRICK W. ALEXANDER, RANDY J. ALEXANDER, JOHN R. ALLEN, PATRICIA J. ALLEN, TIMO THY E. ALLEN, JAMES W. ALMY III , GUADALUPE ALVARADO, TOMMY J. AMES, EDWARD L. ANAYA, AARON ANDERSON, BARRY L. ANDERSON, FRANKIE J. ANDERSON, JAMES W. ANDREWS, RANDY L. ANDREWS, JOE M. ARCE, CATHERINE J. ARNOTT

- THO RNTON,CHRIS R. AULBAU GH , CHARLES L. AVERY, RUSSELL L. BAER, KEVIN G. BAILEY, DAVID D. BAKER, MARY E. BAKER, EDDIE J. BARBER, JAMES L. BARCLAY, NANCY W. BARDIN, RONALD E. BARDIN, JAMES K. BARKSDALE, DALE A. BARNARD, CARL A. BARNES , RUTH A. BARNES, MICHAE L D. BARNETT, LOWEL L W. BASS, LESLIE A. BASSHAM ,– 8

– SYDNEY J. BAUGH, JEFFREY R. BAUMANN, LAURA L. BEATTIE, MICHAEL J. BEATTIE, RAYMOND J. BEAUDREAULT, GARY S. BECK, JAMES M. BEENE JR., DAVID W. BELK, NORMAN BELL III, ROOSEVELT BENJAMIN, ELVIS E. BENSON, RO BERT P. BERNAL, RICHARD C. BERRY, BRETT H. BINFORD, MITCH K. BIRD, WILLIAM E. BIRDWELL, DWAYNE G. BISHOP, KURT M. BJORNSON, ANTHONY O. BLACK, ANN GUINN BLACKBOURN, KENNETH A. BLANK, ROSEANA L. BLOUNT, TIMOTHY P. BORDELON, JASON A. BORDELON, MARTIN P. BO SSE, BRENDIA BOWENS

- JACKSON, MICHAEL R. BOWLES, DUANE H. BOY, JOHN J. BOYLE, MARY J. BRADY, WILLIE BRAGGS JR., LEON BRANNON, JUDE J. BRAUN, RODNEY L. BRAY, SAMUEL G. BREITLING, WILLIAM R. BRICKER, RONALD D. BRIDGES, RONNIE BRIGANCE,

JAMES M. BRIGDON, JE SUS S. BRISENO, GLORIA F. BROADNAX, RUSSELL S. BROOKSHIRE, ARNOLD BROWN, BUTCH S. BROWN, DAVID O. BROWN , PHILIP L. BROWN, RONNIE R. BROWN, D ENNIS L. BRUMMETT, DAVID P. BRUMMETT, CHARLES M. BRUTON, HANS W. BRYSON, GEO RGE W. BUCHANAN, TOMMY R. BUGGS , JE FFREY L. BURGE, DUWARD W. BURGESS, EDNA JOAN BURGESS, PATRICK T. BURKE, ARTHUR D. BUSBY JR., RICHARD G. BUTLER, WILLIAM J. BUTLER, CEDONIA M. BUTTS, JAMES D. BYAS, JAMES S. BYERLY JR., SANTOS CADENA JR. , TERRY K. CAHILL, R ONALD D. CALDWELL, RICHARD W. CAMARATA, JEFF E. CAMMON, DAVID A. CAMPBELL, DANIEL L. CANNON, ROBERT I. CANON,

JAMES T. CAREY, ALBERT M. CARGILE, ROGER D. CARNEY, SANDRA D. CARO , EDGAR E. CAROL JR., CAROL D. CARPENTER, RONALD B. CARPENTER, JOHN W. CARR JR., ELOY A. CARRILLO, FILIBE RTO X. CARRILLO, ARTHUR J. CARROLL JR., JA MES R. CARROLL, DONALD W. CASEY , XAVIER CASTILLO, JAMES A. CASTLEMAN, GILBERT N. CERDA, MARGARET O. CHANDLER, DOUGLAS C. CHANEY, JOSEPH M. CHATHAM, JOSEPH A. CHEATHAM, PATRICK D. CHESHIER, JOHN E. CHILDS JR., ART IE C. CHRISTIAN, THOMAS A. CICIO, DOROTHY L. CLAGGETT, STEVEN B. CLAGGETT, RICHARD E. CLARK, MICHAEL R. CLAY, WALTER M. CLIFTON JR., MICHAEL L. CLINE, JACK B. COBB, ROBERT D. COCKERILL, MICHAEL W. COKER,

GARY A. COLECCHI, JAMES F. COLLERAN, DON W. COLLE Y, GARY L. COLLINS, JAMES D. CONNER, RUDY CONTRERAS, JOE D. COPELAND, MARY M. COPELAND, GAREN L. CORNETT, PAMELA S. CORR,

PAULA S. CORTEZ , DOYLE L. COSLIN, JOHN J. COUGHLIN,

WILLIAM D. COWLEY , GARY G. COX, MELVIN D. COZBY, ANTHONY J. CRAWFORD, TERENCE E . CREAR, ROBERT J. CRIDER, WILLIAM H. CROOM, RICHARD V. CROSBY JR., JACQUELINE A. CROSBY, DARRYL L. CROW, GARY L. CROXDALE, DON W. CRUM, LINDA E. CRUM, LONNIE C. CUNIGAN, STEVEN A. DAVID, BEN E. DAVIS, CARVER P. DAVIS, DANIEL H. DAVIS, HELENA A. DAVIS, LA RRY C. DAVIS, MICHAEL S. DAVIS, JOHN A. DAVISON, WILLIAM C. DEAN, BRAD F. DEASON, JOE A. DECORTE, JOHN J. DEGAN III, CATHERINE J. DELAPAZ, MARK A. DELAPAZ, STEVEN J. DELOACH, JACQUELYNNE D. DENNIS,

JOSEPH R. DENOMY, RONNIE J. DERS, RAYMOND P. DETHLOFF JR .,– 9

– JAMES C. DEWEES, JOHN H. DICKERSON, TERRELL G. DICKERSON, ALFRED F. DIORIO JR., DARNISHA M. DIXON, KEVIN D. DODDS, RICHARD L. DODGE, RENE R. DOMINGUEZ, A.D. DONALD, KENNE TH R. DORTCH, RITA MCKAY DOTSON , EDDIE H. DOUGLAS, KENNETH D. DOUGLAS, RAUL DU ARTE, J.D. DUKES, RONALD E. DUMMER, WILLIAM J. DUNCAN, BRENITA S. DUNN, RICHARD N. DUNN, VERNA L. DURDEN, DEE F. DURHAM, CLARENCE A. DURST, DUANE R. EASTERLING, KYGE C. EDMONDS, SHELIA EDMONDS, KAREN M. ELLIS, RONALD K. ELLISON, JAMES D. ELLISTON, PATT I L. ELLYETT, PAUL V. ELLZEY, TAMMY S. ELLZEY, RICHARD S. ELWONGER, RICHARD L. EMBERLIN II, JOSEPH EMMETT, MICHAEL E. EPPLE, ROBERT L. ERMATINGER, LINDA T. ERWIN, RONALD W. EVERETT, WILLIAM S. EVERETT, JOHN R.D. FAIRBAIRN, GEORGE FARMAKIS, SHARON L. FAR MER, LEN ARD L. FARROW , NANCY L. FELIX, FORREST L. FENWICK, KENNETH R. FERGUSON, RANDY K. FERGUSON, MICHAEL E. FINLEY, ELTON D. FITE, ENO U. FITE, DONALD H. FITZGERALD, JOLENE FITZGERALD, VICTORIA A. FLETCHER, PAUL B. FLETCHER JR., CHARLES M. FLYNN, JOSE L. FONSECA, DOUGLAS B. FOOR, BARBARA A. FORD, CURTIS W. FORTNER, ALAN T. FOSTER,

KELLY B. FOSTER, TOMMY A. FOSTER, ALMA M. FOWLER, TIMOTHY R. FOX, JOE C. FRANKLIN, REGINALD G. FRANKLIN , JOSEPH A. FREEZE, BRENT L. FRENCH, EVERETT A. FRYE, JERRY L. FULLER, KIRK S. FULMER, MARSHAL N. FURR, RICKY J. GADDIS, JEFFREY P. GAERTNER, ROBERT S. GAGE, JAMES E. GALLAGHER, GREGG R. GALLOZZI, RAUL GARCIA JR., ALEX M. GARCIA, TIMOTHY P. GARGANI, DAVID N. GARMANY, BARBARA J. GARNER, TOMMY W. GATES, THOMAS G. GEER, ROY R. GEORGE, SCOTT E. GERDES, MARK A. GIBBONS, ANTHONY D. GIPSON, THOMAS L. GLOVER SR., GARY L. GODSEY, DAVID L. GOELDEN, SHERRY L. GOELDEN, MICHAEL E. GOMEZ, FRANK A. GORKA JR., JACK E. GOUGE, CHARLES T. GRADY, DAVID J. GRAHAM, KAREN M. GRAHAM, ROBERT J. GRANT, RONALD D. GRANT, TODD M. GRAVES, CAROL T. GREGSTON, SAMUEL D. GRIFFIN, JAMES N. GRISSOM, CARLOS GUERRA JR., MANUEL GUEV ARA, IVAN GUNTER, RONALD A. GUY , ENRIQUE GUZMAN JR., JOSE A. GUZMAN, DALE E. HACKBARTH, MICHAEL A. HACKBARTH, RODNEY A. HAIGH , STEPHEN M. HAINES, GENE M. HALE, CLAUDE S. HALL, DWAINE E. HALL, KIM E. HAMMOND, TROY PATRICK HAMMOND, JOHN D. HANCOCK, SCOTT A. HANTEN, CATHY CRITZ HARDING, CLA UDE P. HARDING, BOBBY W. HARGIS , ANGELA R. HARN, JOHNNIE L. HARRIS, MARYLIN J. HARRIS, JAC K G. HARRIS, LYNETTE N. HARRISON, MARION J. HARRISON, TIMOTHY D. HARSHBARGER, VICTOR T. HART, GARY D. HASTY, CHRISTOPHER S. HAUFFE, ALBERT L. HAY, JEFFREY A. HAYWOOD, KEVIN J. HEATH, RICHARD E. HENDERSON,

BEVERLY G. HENDLEY, GARY N. HENDLEY, RICKY J. HEN RICHS, EDWARD J. HERBST III, DAVID S. HERNANDEZ, PAUL HERNANDEZ, PAT HERRING, RONALD L. HERRINGTON, ROGER D. HETRICK, LARRY D. HIGBY, THOMAS F. HIGGINS, JESSE T. HILL II, RONALD R. HILL, JACK E. HINTON, ROBERT A. HINTON, BARBARA L. HOBBS,– 10

– KELLI L. HOFF MAN, STEVEN M. HOFFMAN, JERRY L. HOFFPAUIR, ROOSEVELT HOLIDAY, GEORGE R. HOLLAND, TIMOTHY J. HOLLAND , WILLIAM A. HOLLINGSWORTH, ROBERT S. HOLT, BILLY J. HOOKER, MICHAEL G. HOSKINS, TIM R. HOUSTON, CAROLYN J. HOVEY, TOWNSEND B. HOWARD , GROVER S. HOWELL, CH ARLES W. HUDSON , KEVIN G. HUEY, MARK E. HUFFMAN, WILLIAM G. HUFFMAN, JEFFREY K. HULL, STEVEN C. HULL, TIM R. HUMPHREY, HENRY A. JACHNA, DAVID JACKSON , LORRIE A. JACKSON, RANDALL H. JACKSON, ROY L. JACKSON, JON P. JACOB, MADISON JACOB, JOHN H. JAMES , MI LTON R. JARVIS JR. , PAUL M. JARVIS, DAVID A. JENKINS, PAUL E. JEZ,

CLARENCE B. JOHNSON, DANIEL L. JOHNSON, HOWARD E. JOHNSON, KEITH A. JOHNSON, KENNETH R. JOHNSON, DOUGLAS D. JONES, GARY R. JONES, MARTIN E. JONES, PHILIP E. JONES, RODNEY E. JONES , STEP HE N D. JONES, BRADLEY M. JORDAN, KAREN S. JORDAN , REGINA JOSEPH, JAMES J. KALASH, GAYLE L. KANSIER, FRED KATANI, MICHAEL L. KEATING, JOYCE E. KEETER, GENE A. KEITH, RAYMOND E. KELLEY, EDWIN E. KENNEDY, LATONYA DICHELLE KENNEDY

CAHEE, LINDA D. KIMBERLIN, AR CHIE L. KING, C. WESLEY KING, GEORGE M. KING, JERRY W. KING, PAUL R. KING, TERRANCE A. KING, WILLIAM R. KIRK III, GARY L. KIRKPATRICK, ANDREW J. KLEIN, DEBRA A. KNAPP, DON W. KNIGHT, STEVE P. L’HUILLIER, PAUL M. LACHNITT, BILLY E. LACKEY, DAVID J. LANDRY, SCOTT J. LANE, STEVE M. LANEY,

BRUCE E. LANKFORD, DAVID W. LARSEN, RAYMOND A. LAWRENCE, THOMAS W. LAWRENCE JR., KENNETH P. LECESNE, STEVE W. LEDBETTER, SAMUEL T. LEPERE, LARRY A. LEWIS, RAYMOND D. LEWIS III, JACK A. LILLEY JR., DAVID W. LINTHICUM, LARRY W. LITTLEFIELD, LARRY W. LOGGINS, LARRY L. LOOPER, JOSE LOSOYA JR., CARL E. LOWE, GREGORY L. LOWE, DANIEL J. LUSTY, JOSEPH L. MADDOX, RANDAL D. MAGG, SANDRA J. MAGG, SUSAN M. MAGUIRE, JOHN T. MAGUIRE, SAMUEL J. MANDELL JR., KEVIN H. MANSELL, DUDLEY T. M ARCHETTI JR., DONALD W. MARKS, PAMELA A. MARKS, WILLIAM J. MARKS, BILLY G. MARONEY, PURVIS G. MARONEY, CARLTON R. MARSHALL, MICHAEL J. MARSHALL, RUSSELL C. MARSTON, MICHAEL R. MARTIN, ROGER E. MARTIN, TERRY L. MARTIN, WARREN R. MARTIN, J ACK E. MA RTINDAL E, DONNIE M. MASHBURN , ARLIN MASON, CECIL S. MASSEY, EDWARD J. MATIS, MATTHEW B. MAYFIELD, NORMAN RICHARD MAZZOLA, JOHN D. MCCAGHREN, JAMES E. MCCLUER, JILL M. MCCOLLUM, CLINTON D. MCCOY, WARD K. MCDONALD, CHARLES S. MCDONNOLD, EDWARD C. MCFADDEN, MICKEY F. MCFERRIN, JUDITH A. MCGEE, MARGARET J. MCGEE, MICHAEL B. MCGEE, SCOTT R. MCINTIRE, IRA J. MCKEE, THOMAS B. MCKEE III, JON R. MCKEON, JOHN H. MCLAIN, DIANE J. MCLEOD, ROBERT M. MCLEOD, STANLEY L. MCNEAR, DAVID F. MCWILLIAMS, WILLIAM S. MEARS, ANTONIO H. MEDRANO, MICHAEL R. MELDRUM, CLARK D. MENDENHALL , MICHAEL A. MENDEZ, BILLIE L. MILLER , CRAIG R. MILLER, MICHAEL F. MILLER, JAMES R. MILTIMORE, CECIL E. MITCHELL,

ROBERT C. MITCHELL, WILL J. MIXON, FERNANDO MONCIBAIS, RONNAN J. MONTEMAYOR, ALBERT C. MOORE, FRED N. MOORE,– 11

– JACOB P. MOORE III, JAMES A. MOORE, RICHARD F. MOORE, ERIC MORALES, DANIEL MORENO, RAUL A. MORENO, RICHARD C. MORRELL, JAMES D. MORRIS, JOHN K. MORRIS, BILLIE E. MOSER, ELVIS L. MOSES, JAMES D. MOSES, LARRY MOSES SR., THOMAS R. MOUN T, JAMES A. MULLINS, JULIUS B. MUNDT, ROBERT MUNOZ, JULIE R. MUNSTER, JAMES C. MURPHY, P HILLIP MURRAY, FRANK C. MUSCATO , KAREN B. MUSCATO , LESLIE A. MYERS, DAVE F. NAILS, JAMES M. NANNEY, JOHN T. NASH III, THOMAS E. NAULTY, KEVIN W. NAVARRO, MARVIN J. NED , ANTHONY W. NEELY, DENNY D. NEVE, DAVID L. NEVITT, ROBERT F. NEWTON,

JOHN B. NICHOLS, KEVIN R. NICKELL, IRENE NOAH, DAVID H. NOFZINGER,

MICHAEL W. NONNEMACHER, WILFORD R. NUNN, DONALD R. O’DONNEL, STEPHEN T. O’DONNELL, GARY L. O’PRY, KEITH A. OLSON, STEPH EN T. OLSON, WALTER E . ORZECHOWSKI, LONNIE W. OSBORN ,

STEVE B. OULLIBER, DEAN M. OVERALL, FREDDY R. OVERSTREET, THON R. OVERSTREET, RICHARD L. PACE, JIMMY W. PAGE, LESTER T. PAGE, WILLIAM A. PARIS JR., BOBBY R. PARROTT, DONALD M. PARTON, LINDA J. PATTER SON, KEITH C. PATTON, PATRICIA A. PAULHILL, DAVID L. PEEPLES , KENNETH M. PENROD, ANDREA K. PEREZ, ARMANDO PEREZ, JACK C. PERRITT, RONNIE M. PETTIT, TED J. PFURSICH, DONALD M. PINNEY JR., STEPHEN A. PITZ, CHARLES E. PLUMLEE,

FRANK W. POBLENZ, HERBERT W. PODINA, MICHAEL D. POOLE, MORRIS POPE III, MICHAEL J. POTTER, DAVID P. POTTS, KEVIN A. POWELL, WILLIAM K. POWELL, JOHN S. PRACHYL, PATSY R. PRESTENBERG, WILLIAM J. PRESTENBERG, TIMOTHY A. PROKOF, GEORGE L. PRYOR, BARRY W. RAGSDALE, GARRY L. RAGSDALE, RA UL RAMIREZ, SHEREE RAMIREZ, DONALD R. RANDLE, MARK J. RANGEL, ERIC J. RATHJEN, WILLIAM R. READDY, BOBBY J. REEVES, JOHN A. REEVES, RICHARD L. REEVES, STEVEN D. REIDELER, DAVID G. RENFRO, THOMAS C. RENGSTROFF, ERNEST A. REYES, CRAIG A. REYNERSON, JERRY M. RHODES, THOMAS J. RICH, DALE H. RICHARDSON, STANTON G. RICHARDSON, ERIC E. RICKLIC, CEYLA E. RIDLEY, JOHN T. RIGNEY, RAUL RIOS , NANCY S. RIPPY, FRANCISCO RIVERA, JOSE A. RIVERA, DONALD L. ROBB, RACHEL K. ROBB, TIMMY W. ROBBINS, MICHAEL A. ROBERTS, SH ERRY L. ROBERTS, ANN T. ROBINSON, DEVODA ROBINSON JR., MARK E. RODGERS, PAUL W. RONYAK II, KEITH R. ROSA, KEVIN L. ROSS, RONNY W. ROSS, JUNIUS RUCKER, V ANESSA A. RUDLOFF, FRANK J. RUSPOLI, ALFREDO G. SALDANA, ROSS A. SALVERINO, JERRY SANCHEZ, HERBERT K. SANDERS, WILLIAM P. SANDERS, GWENDOLYN WYNELL SARGENT, ISRAEL SARMIENTO , JUAN H. SARMIENTO, ALICIA SARMIENTO, SAUL SARMIENTO , ESTELA SARMIENTO, MIGUEL A. SARMIENTO,

ROBERT K. SARTIN, WILLIAM W. SAUNDERS, BRIAN V. SCHUPP, MICHAEL R. SCOGGINS, PETER A. SERRANO, AGUSTIN J. SERRATOS, MARCUS W. SHARP, CHAR LES E. SHAW JR., STEVEN G. SHAW , MILES H. SHEERIN, BILLY M. SHEHEE, ALDOPHUS SHELTON III, THOMAS S. SHELTON, THOMAS G. SHERMAN, ROBERT A. SHERWIN, COLLEEN E. SHINN, THEODORE L. SHINN III, STEVE M. SH ORT,

JAMES J. SHUBZDA, GREG A. SIEDELMANN, RICARDO SILVA,– 12

– MAURICE L. SIMMONS , WILLIAM C. SIMS, DAVID M. SINGER, MARK A. SITTNER, JAMES E. SKELLY, JUDITH A. SKIBINSKI, GLEN K. SLADE, STEVEN L. SLATON, JOHN P. SMITH, RONNIE T. SMITH, TERRY C. SMITH, TRACY C. SMITH, VICKIE STONAKER SNOW, MARCIA M. SNOWDEN, STEVEN SOLAJA, DEAN A. SORENSON, SANDY L. SOULE, STANLEY L. SOUTHALL, RODNEY A. SPAIN, STEVEN E. SPARKS,

VIRGIL L. SPARKS, JAMES D. SPAULDING, DENNIS A. SPEARS,

ELVIS E. SPEARS, GLORIA D. SPENCER, EDW ARD K. SPILA, PAMELA M. SPRINGER, RICHARD L. ST. CLAIR, STEPHEN L. ST. CLAIR, JAMES N. STACY, LEONARD G. STANDIGE JR., THOMAS W. STARK, JERRY L. STEWART, TIMMY A. STEWART, TODD STEWART, PAUL A. STOKES, SAMUEL E. STORY, LAWRENC E F. STROMILE , LONNIE G. STU RDY, WILFORD L. SUBER, MICHAEL R. SWAIN, BRENDA A. TATE, JANET S. TAYLOR, WILLIAM R. TEMPLE, JIMMIE J. TERRELL, DOUGLAS W. THIGPEN, BRYANT C. THOMAS , DAVID M. THOMAS, JO L. THOMAS, MICHAEL J. THOMAS, ALLEN G. THOMPSON, KARL G. THORMANN, DANE P. THORNT ON, JOHN R. TILLERY, GEORGE E. TILLEY, RICHARD V. TODD, DAVID S. TREMAIN, JEAN E. TREMAIN, JESUS A. TREVINO, AMY B. TRIPPEL, DANIEL E. TRIPPEL, TERESA A. TURKO, EDGEL D. TURNER,

CHARLES W. TUTEN, MARK A. UNDERWOOD, RICKEY B. UPSHAW, LINDA J. UTZ, BRIAN K. VERDINE , DAVID G. VESTAL, CYNTHIA SANCHEZ VILLARREAL, JAMES R. VINEYARD, CARL W. WACHHOLZ, ALBERT C. WAGNER JR., JOE A. WALDEN, DARYL D. WALKER,

LARRY T. WALL, DAVID W. WALLACE, JAMES A. WALLACE, STEPHEN R. WALTHALL, ALAN W. WAMMACK, MARK A. WAMMACK, MARK S. WARD, J EWEL K. WARREN, PEGGY J. WARREN,

LYNETTE C. WASHINGTON, VELICIA J. WASHINGTON, DONALD M. WATERSON, ALFRED J. WATKINS, CURTIS WATTS, DIANA G. WATTS, GREG S. WEATHERFORD, TINA L. WEATHERFORD, KENNETH D. WEAVER, DESIREE A. WEBB, ERIC K. WEBB , NANCY L. WEBB, MARK N. WEBSTER, TOMMY W. WEESNER, RONALD D. WEIMER, JAMES R. WEISINGER, THEODORE G. WEISSENBORN, TODD C. WELHOUSE, LARRY A. WESSON, PATRICIA A. WEST, JOHN E. WESTPHALEN, ADRIAN D. WHITE, GERALDINE R. WHITE, BARRY M. WHITFIELD, DONALD A . WHITSITT, KENNIE W. WIGINTON, KENNETH W. WILKINS, JIMMY G. WILLHOITE, DENNIS L. WILLIAMS, DONALD E. WILLIAMS, RANDY M. WILLIAMS, REBECCA O. WILLIAMS, KEVIN M. WILLIS, RICHARD C. WILSON, RONALD B. WILSON, WARREN W. WILSON, ANTHONY W. WINN, BRIAN W. WOL FF, ROBERT J. WORTH, JAMES O. WRIGHT, RICHARD A. WRIGHT, STEPHEN W. WRIGHT, DONALD W. YOUNG, JOHN M. YOUNG, FREDDIE YOUNGBLOOD, ROBERT A. YOWELL, PEDRO ZAMORA , Appellees

On Appeal from the 199th Judicial District Court Collin County, Texas Trial Court C ause No s . 199

- 1743

- 99 , 199

- 624

- 95, 199

- 697

- 94, 199

- 200

- 95– 13

– OPINION
Before Justices O’ Neill, FitzGerald, and Lang

- Miers Opinion by Justice Lang

- Miers The City of Dallas filed these interlocutory appeal s from order s denying its pleas to the

jurisdiction i n four lawsuits filed against the City by current and former police officers,

firefighters, and rescue officers (the Officers) alleging that the City breached its contract with

them regarding their pay. We consolidated the appeals for the purpose of briefi ng and argument.

F or the following reasons, we affirm the trial court’s denial of the pleas to the jurisdiction in part

and reverse in part

. We remand for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

I. B ACKGROUND

In 1979, the voters of Dallas approv ed a pay referendum for the City’s sworn police

officers, firefighters, and rescue officers , and t he City enacted an ordinance adopting the

referendum

. The Ordinance stated :

Be it ordained that: (1) From and after October 1, 1978, each sworn police officer and fire fighter and rescue officer employed by the City of Dallas, shall receive a raise in salary in an amount equal to not less than 15% of the base salary of a City of Dallas sworn police officer or fire fighter and rescue officer with three years

ser vice computed on the pay level in effect for sworn police officers and fire fighter and rescue officers of the City of Dallas with three years service in effect in the fiscal yea r beginning October, 1977; (2) T he current percentage pay differential between grades in the sw orn ranks of the Dallas Police F orce and the Fire Fighter and Rescue Force shall be maintained; and (3) Employment benefits and assignment pay shall be maintained at levels of not less than those in effect for the fiscal year beginning Oct ober, 1977.

Dallas, Tex.

, Ordinance 16084, § 4 (Jan. 22, 1979).

The City also passed two resolution s implementing the Ordinance

. In the succeeding

years, the C ity raised salaries through annual pay resolutions passed by the City Council

.
Arredondo v. City of Dallas , 79 S.W.3d 657, 660

– 61 (Tex. App.

— Dallas 2002, pet. denied). And

a s time passed, the Officers accused the City of failing to maintain the percentage pay

diffe rential stated in the Ordinance.– 14

– Beginning in 1994, these lawsuits were filed b y th e Of ficers alleg ing that the Ordinance

was a contract requiring the City to maintain the percentage pay differential in all future salary

adjustments and that the City breached the contract by repeatedly increasing the pay of higher

ranking officers without ma king the same percentage adjustments to the pay of the lower

- ranking

officers

. The City contended that the Ordinance was a one

- time salary adjustment and was not

intended to apply to all future salary adjustments

. T he trial court granted summary judgment

a gainst the City and the City appealed

. Id

. at 665. This Court concluded that the Ordinance was

ambiguous about whether it was intended to be a one

- time salary adjustment or apply to all

future salary adjustments

, and we remanded the issue to the fact

- finde r

. Id . at 659.

On remand, the City filed pleas to the jurisdiction asserting it had governmental

immunity. See City of Dallas v. Albert , 214 S.W.3d 631, 634 (Tex. App.

— Dallas 2006), rev’d

,
354 S.W.3d 368 (Tex. 2011). The Officers also amended their petiti ons to seek a declaration that

their interpretation of the Ordinance was correct. Id . at 633. The trial court denied the City’s

pleas to the jurisdiction

, and the City appealed. 1

In addressing the Officers ’ declaratory judgment claim s , we concluded that the trial court

was correct to deny the City’s pleas to the jurisdiction to the extent t he Officers sought only to

declare the rights, status, and legal relations of the parties under the Ordinance. Id . at 637. In

addressing the Officers’ breach of contrac t claim s , w e concluded that the City had immunity and

reversed the trial court’s ruling

. See id . at 63 6, 638

. However, we noted that w hile the appeal was

pending in our Court , the Texas L egislature enacted a new statute that waived immunity from

suit for c ertain breach of contract claims filed against local governmental entities

. Id . at 636

– 37

(citing T EX

. L OCAL G OV ’ T C ODE A NN

. §§ 271.151

– .160 (West 2005 ) )

. We also noted that the

1 For a more det ailed procedural background, see City of Dallas v. Albert , 214 S.W.3d 631, 633

– 37 (Tex. App.

— Dallas 2006), rev’d , 354 S.W.3d 368 (Tex. 2011).– 15

– s tatute applied retroactively to claims already filed

. Id

. Consequently, we re manded for the trial

court to determine whether the Officers ’ breach of contract claims fell within the limited waiver

of immunity found in section 271.152

. Id

. The parties filed cross

- petitions for review, which the

Supreme Court of Texas granted and cons olidated

. City of Dallas v. Albert , 354 S.W.3d 368, 373

& n.3 (Tex. 2011).

While the petitions for review were pending, in August 2009, the attorney for the Officers

died and new counsel was substituted in each of the four cases. However, new counsel was

unable to locate and contact all the Officers and, as a result, many were unrepresented after

counsel died.

In 2011, the supreme court issued its opinion in Albert

. The supreme court concluded that

the City had governmental immunity from the Officers ’ cla ims for declaratory judgment because

the Officers were “not attempting to invalidate the pay ordinance. To the contrary, they are

attempting to enforce the ordinance according to its terms as they read it.” Id . at 378. The court

concluded that “[b]ecause t he Officers’ only potential relief was an award of money damages,

the City is immune from their declaratory judgment claims” and the claims must be dismissed.

Id

. The supreme court also noted that none of the parties had appealed our judgment remanding

“ the issue of whether the Local Government Code amendments waive the City’s immunity for

the Officers’ breach of contract claims” and declined to consider the Officers ’ request for leave

to file supplemental briefing on th at issue. See id

. at 377.

On remand

, the represented Officers amended their petitions to drop their claims for

declaratory relief , but t he unrepresented Officers did not

. T he City filed special exceptions on the

remaining claims, which included the unrepresented Officers’ claims for declara tory relief and

all the Officers ’ claims for attorney’s fees for breach of contract . The trial court sustained the

special exceptions on the attorney’s fees claims , and the represented Officers nonsuited their– 16

– claims for attorney’s fees ; the unrepresented Officers did not

. The City then filed pleas to the

jurisdiction , with evidence, arguing that the local government code did not waive its immunity

from the Officers ’ breach of contract claims . It also argued that the unrepresented Officers ’

claims for decla ratory judgment should be dismissed pursuant to Albert and their attorney’s fees

claims should be dismissed because the trial court sustained the City’s special exceptions on

those claims

. The trial court denied the pleas to the jurisdiction, and th ese int erlocutory appeal s

followed.

II. B REACH OF C ONTRACT C LAIMS

In issues one and two, the City contends that the trial court erred by denying its pleas to

the jurisdiction on the Officers ’ breach of contract claims . The City argues that it has immunity

from those claims because the Officers did not plead jurisdictional facts bringing their claims

within the waiver under section 271.152 of the local government code.

A. Standard of Review

Governmental immunity protects cities from lawsuits for money damages. B en Bolt

Palito Blanco Consol. Indep. Sch. Dist. v. Tex. Political Subdivisions Prop

. /Cas. Joint Self

- Ins.

Fund , 212 S.W.3d 320, 324 (Tex. 2006). It deprives a court of subject matter jurisdiction and

may be raised in a plea to the jurisdiction. City of Hou ston v. Williams , 353 S.W.3d 128, 133

– 34

(Tex. 2011). Whether a trial court has subject matter jurisdiction is a question of law which we

review de novo. Id . at 133

. When a plea to the jurisdiction challenges the existence of

jurisdictional facts, we consi der relevant evidence submitted by the parties when necessary to

resolve the jurisdictional issues raised. See Tex. Dep’t of Parks & Wildlife v. Miranda , 133

S.W.3d 217, 227 (Tex. 2004) . If the evidence raises a fact question about the jurisdictional issue

, the issue must be resolved by the fact

- finder. Id . at 227

– 28. But if the relevant evidence is

undisputed, or fails to raise a fact question, the court rules on the plea as a matter of law. Id . at– 17

– 228. We take as true all evidence favorable to the nonmova nt and indulge every reasonable

inference and resolve any doubts in favor of the nonmovant. Id . at 228.

B. Applicable Law

In 2005, t he legislature enacted a statute waiving the immunity of local governmental

entities for cer tain breach of contract claims :

A local government al entity that is authorized by statute or the constitution to enter into a contract and that enters into a contract subject to this subchapter waives sovereign immunity to suit for the purpose of adjudicating a claim for breach of the contract, subject to the terms and conditions of this subchapter.

T EX

. L OC

. G OV ’ T C ODE A NN

. § 271.152

. The statute waived immunity retroactively for a claim

arising under a contract executed before the effective date of the statute if governmental

immunity had not been waived for the claim

. Act of May 23, 2005, 79 th Leg., R.S., ch. 604, § 2,

2005 Tex. Gen. Laws 1548, 1549.

The statute defines “contract subject to this subchapter” as “ a w ritten contract stating the

essential terms of the agreement for provid ing goods or services to the local governmental entity

that is properly executed on behalf of the local governmental entity. ” T EX

. L OC

. G OV ’ T C ODE

A NN

. § 271.151(2). T he supreme court has interpreted “contract subject to this subchapter” to

mean that t he c ontract must be in writing, state the esse ntial terms of the agreement, provide for

goods or services to the local governmental entity, and be executed on behalf of the local

governmental entity

. City of Houston , 353 S.W.3d at 135 (citing T EX

. L OC

. G OV ’ T C ODE A NN

.
§ 271.151(2)).

C. Discussion

The Officers’ Pleadings

In their live pleading s , the Officers alleged that the City conducted a special election to

submit a pay referendum to the voters, the voters passed the referendum, and the City adopted

the ref erendum by passing the Ordinance. They alleged that the City implemented the pay raises– 18

– contained in the Ordinance by adopting two pay resolutions, Resolutions 79

- 0348 and 79

- 0434,

specifying the base pay by rank. They alleged that “the Ordinance became a non

- negotiable and

essential written term in each [Officer] ’s contract of employment with the City, which was

accepted by [the Officers] through their performance.” They alleged that the City breached the

Ordinance by failing to “maintain the established p ercentage pay differentials between the

grades” in all future salary adjustments. They alleged that they did not become aware of the

City’s non

- compliance until December 1993. The Officers alleged that they each had a contract

of employment with the City, that the City breached the contracts, and that the Officers suffered

“actual damages equal to the difference between the amount of each [ Officer ]’s salary that the

City actually paid, and the amount that the City should have paid had it maintained the

perc entage pay differential between all grades that existed on the effective date of the Ordinance

in all pay resolutions adopted by the City after that date . . .

. ” The Officers d o not seek back pay

after May 1998.

The Officers also alleged a waiver of gove rnmental immunity under section 271.152.

They alleged that “the combination of the pay referendum, the Ordinance, other ordinances, the

City Charter, and the relevant pay resolutions adopted by the City, all of which were properly

executed by the City, and all of which contain the essential terms of the City’s agreement to

employ [ the Officers ] and to pay them the compensation provided by these documents, satisfy

the requirements of a written contract within the meaning of § 271.151(2) of the Local

Governme nt Code.”

The City’s Pleas to the Jurisdiction

In its pleas to the jurisdiction, t he City d id not dispute that it is a local governmental

entity or that it is authorized by statute or the constitution to enter into a contract as required by– 19

– section 271.152

. However, the City did dispute whether it entered into a contract subject to

section 271.152

. We conclude that it did.

In City of Houston , the supreme court examined whether city ordinances and other

documents constituted a contract between the city and its firefighters within the meaning of

section 271.152. 353 S.W.3d at 134

– 39 . The Officers argue that City of Houston controls the

outcome in these appeals, while t he City contends that City of Houston is distinguishable . We

agree with the Officers

.

The C ity of Houston Case

A group of firefighters sued the city of Houston alleging wrongful underpayment of lump

sums due upon t ermination of their employment. Id

. at 131. The city argued it was immune from

the firefighters’ lawsuit

, and the issue was whether t he city ordinances and other documents

relied on by the firefighters constituted a contract within the waiver of section 271.152

. Id

. The

city argued that the legislature did not intend for section 271.152 to apply to municipal

ordinances. Id . at 135.

The supreme court examined whether certain city ordinances relied on by the firefighters

constituted a “contract subject to this subchapter.” Id . at 134

– 35

. The court stated that a contract

to which section 271.152 applies is in writing, states the essential terms of the parties’

agreement, provides for goods or services to the local governmental entity, and is properly

executed on behalf of the local governmental entity. Id . at 137 (citing T EX

. L OC

. G OV ’ T C ODE

A NN

. § 271.151(2)).

The court began its analysis by noting that a contract may be bilateral or unilateral

. Id . at

135

– 36. A unilateral contract is formed in the employment context when an employer promises a

benefit if the employee performs. Id

. at 135

– 36 (citing Vanegas v. Am. Energy Servs. , 302

S.W.3d 299, 303 (Tex. 2009)). The consideration for the promise is performance, and the– 20

– contract becomes enforceable when the employee performs. Id . at 136. The court concluded that

under some circumstances an ordinance or group of ordinances may constitute a uni lateral

contract between an employer and an employee. Id . at 136

– 37. The court said that multiple

related documents may be read together as a single agreement, and that the contract did not

require particular words as long as the documents stated the essen tial terms of the agreement. Id

.

at 137. However , the court also said that “most municipal ordinances will not function as

contracts within the meaning of section 271.151(2), because most will not contain the detailed

request for performance and promised c ompensation . . . nor will they be cognizable as an offer

to identifiable offerees[.]” Id . at 143.

The firefighters in that case relied on city ordinances that addressed termination and

overtime pay. Id . at 138. One ordinance stated that firefighters and police officers who leave the

service “ shall receive, in a lump sum payment, the full amount of his salary for the period of his

accumulated vacation leave, minus any hours of vacation leave previously taken during the

calendar year in which the terminatio n occurs.” Id

. at n.10 & app. at 150 (quoting Houston, Tex.

,

Code of Ordinances ch. 34, art. I, § 34

- 3(b)). Another ordinance s tated that firefighters “shall be

entitled to overtime pay . . . .” Id

. app. at 152 (quoting Houston, Tex., Code of Ordinances ch . 34

,
art. III, § 34

- 59(b)). The supreme court said the ordinances “promised the Firefighters specific

compensation in the form of overtime pay and termination pay

. ” Id

. at 138. It said the ordinances

evidenced the city’s intent to be bound by the “extensi ve use of the word ‘shall.’” Id

. The supreme court next examined whether the documents contained the essential terms of

the agreement. Id . at 138

– 39. It said that “essential terms” has been characterized as including

“‘the time of performance, the price to be paid, . . . [and] the service to be rendered.’” Id

. (quoting Kirby Lake Dev. Ltd. v. Clear Lake City Water Auth. , 320 S. W.3d 829, 838 (Tex.

2010)). I t said that “[i]n the context of employment agreements, typical essential terms include,– 21

– among others, ‘compensation, duties or responsibilities.’” City of Houston , 353 S.W.3d at 139

(citing Martin v. Credit Prot. Ass’n, Inc. , 793 S.W.2d 667, 669 (Tex. 1990)). The supreme court

said the ordinances upon which the firefighters relied “plainly reflect such ter ms.” Id . It found

the “time of performance” element in the ordinance’s “definitions of ‘workweek,’ . . . ‘time

actually worked or actual work,’ . . . and ‘overtime,’ . . . and in the various holiday, vacation, and

leave provisions” of the city’s code of or dinances. Id . (internal citations omitted). It also found

the “price to be paid or compensation” element “in the definitions of ‘overtime,’ . . . and ‘regular

rate of pay,’ . . . and in the various termination pay, overtime, holiday, vacation, and leave

pr ovisions” of the city’s code of ordinances.” Id . (internal citations omitted). And it found the

“service to be rendered” element in the code provisions describing the firefighters’ duties. Id

. Having determined that the ordinances when read together contai ned the essential terms

of the agreement, the court next examined whether the ordinances provided for services to the

city. The court characterized “services” as “encompass[ing] a wide array of activities, generally

including any act performed for the bene fit of another.” Id . (citing Kirby Lake , 320 S.W.3d at

839). The cour t cited the ordinances which described the firefighters’ duties as “‘extinguishing

fires and conflagrations and preventing loss of human life and property,’ . . . ‘operating the fire

alar m system,’ . . . and ‘conducting inspections, reviewing plans for construction and conducting

public information campaigns to reduce the loss of life and property by fire[.]’” Id . at 1 38

(internal citations omitted). The court also concluded that those “se rvices were rendered to the

City” and “[t]he Firefighters benefitted the City by providing fire protection services as defined

in the Ordinances themselves.” Id . at 139.

The final element the court examined was whether the ordinances were executed by the

city. Id . The city did not deny that the ordinances “were duly enacted,” but challenged whether

the ordinances were “executed.” Id . The court noted that section 271.151(2) did not define the– 22

– term “executed,” but said that it “means to ‘finish’ or to ‘compl ete,’ and that it is not necessary to

sign an instrument in order to execute it, unless the parties agree that a signature is required.” Id

. (citing Mid

- Continent Cas. Co. v. Global Enercom Mgmt., Inc. , 323 S.W.3d 151, 157 (Tex.

2010) (per curiam)). The co urt said the parties had not agreed that a signature was required and

that when the city duly enacted the ordinances with the intent to be bound by them, the

ordinances were “executed” for purposes of section 271.151(2). Id

. After examining all the elemen ts of a contract required by section 271.151(2), the

supreme court concluded that the ordinances when read together constituted a unilateral

employment contract with the city within the waiver of section 271.152

, which the firefighters

accepted by performi ng their jobs

. Id

. at 137

– 39.

The City’s Arguments about At

- Will Employment

Before we examine whether the Ordinance and other documents upon which the Officers

rely constitute a contract, we first address the City’s contention that there can be no employm ent

contract because the Officers are at

- will employees. In its plea s to the jurisdiction, the City

contended that the Officers are employees at will who do not have employment contracts with

the City

. The City argues that the presumption in Texas is that employees are at will and the

Officers must show “that the employer unequivocally indicated a definite intent to be bound not

to terminate the employee except in clearly specified circumstances.” The City relies on the

affidavit testimony of Patsy Palmer, the City’s compensation manager, who testified that the

Officers do not have written employment contracts with the City.

T he issue in this case , however, is n ot whether the parties agreed that the City would not

“terminate the employee except in clearly specified circumstances.” Instead, t he issue is whether

the City and the Officers entered into a contract within the waiver of section 271.152

. Even in an

at

- will employment situation, an employer and an employee may enter into an employment

-– 23

– related contra ct. See, e.g.

, Vanegas , 302 S.W.3d at 303 (stating that promise to pay five percent

of proceeds from sale or merger to at

- will employees who remained after sale or merger was

enforceable as unilateral contract); Hathaway v. Gen. Mills, Inc. , 711 S.W.2d 227 , 228 (Tex.

1986) (recognizing that terms of employment of at

- will employees may be modified).

The City also cites a personnel rule that disavows the creation of an employment

contract. S ection 34

- 1 of the personnel rules states, “Nothing in this chapter conveys a contract

of employment with the City of Dallas. Nothing in this chapter conveys a private cause of action

to any employee.” Dallas, Tex., Code ch. 34, § 34

- 1 ( 2011 )

. The City argues that section 34

- 1

“negates any implication that the City’s pers onnel rules convert the employment

- at

- will

relationship into an employment contract.” The Officers argue that this rule was not in effect

when their claims accrued, and the City responds by stating the Officers are bound by the rule

because they continued their employment.

By its terms, section 34

- 1 is specifically limited to the provisions in chapter 34; it does

not apply to the Ordinance. But even if it did

, the issue here is not whether the at

- will

employment relationship between the City and the Office rs was “convert[ed],” but whether the

Ordinance constituted a unilateral employment contract regarding the Officers’ pay that the

Officers accepted by performance within the waiver of section 271.152

. The City also argues that none of the documents upon w hich the Officers rely “evidence

a definite intent on the part of the City to be contractually bound to terminate [the Officers] only

in clearly specified circumstances.” It cites our opinion in Seals v. City of Dallas , 249 S.W.3d

750 (Tex. App.

— Dallas 20 08, no pet.)

, to support its argument that the Officers’ employment “is

the traditional at

- will employment favored in Texas

. ” But Seals does not support the City’s

argument. As we have stated, the issue here is not whether the Ordinance evidenced the City’ s

intent to change the Officers’ at

- will employment status. Additionally, in Seals , we said the– 24

– appellant firef ighters did not produce any evidence showing their employment was “anything

other than the traditional ‘at

- will’ employment favored in Texas.” Id . We did not conclude,

however, that an employer may never contract with an at

- will employee regarding employment

related matters. See id . at 752

– 61

. And in this case, the Officers point to a specific Ordinance

which they claim evidenced the City’s intent to be contractually bound

.

Is There a Contract U nder Section 271.15 1( 2 ) ?

Using City of Houston as our guide, we now examine whether the documents upon which

the Officers rely constitute a unilateral employment contract between the City and the Officers

wit hin the waiver of section 271.152, which the Officers accepted by performance. As explained

in City of Houston , a contract to which section 271.152 applies is in writing, states the essential

terms of the agreement, provides for goods or services to the lo cal governmental entity, and is

properly executed on behalf of the local governmental entity. City of Houston , 353 S.W.3d at

137 (citing T EX

. L OC

. G OV ’ T C ODE A NN

. § 271.151(2)).

1

. Ordinances and Other Documents May Constitute a Contract i n Writing

We beg in our analysis by noting that the Ordinance and other documents upon which the

Officer s rely are in writing as required by section 271.151(2)

. T EX

. L OC

. G OV ’ T C ODE A NN

.
§ 271.151(2). T he City a rgues that the se other documents “do not relate at all to any agreement

to maintain pay differentials” and the Ordinance and other documents cannot be construed

together to constitute a contract because they were not “executed at the same time, for the same

purpose, and in the course of the same transaction.” But t he cases the City cites to support its

arguments were decided before the supreme court’s opinion in City of Houston and did not

involve municipal ordinances or government employees. A nd in City of Houston , the supreme

court construed multiple code provisions together as a contract without regard to when those

provisions were passed or adopted. See City of Houston , 353 S.W.3d at 136

– 38. I t also quoted its– 25

– opinion in Byrd v. City of Dallas , 6 S.W.2d 738 , 741 (Tex. 1928), in which it construed together

state sta tutes enacted in 1925 and city ordinances passed in 1916 and 1921 regarding a pension

plan and concluded that when police officers and firefighters were employed by the City their

participation in the City’s “pension plan became ‘as much a part of the agre ed compensation as is

the monthly stipend.’” City of Houston , 353 S.W.3d at 137.

T he City also argues that this case is distinguishable from the City of Houston case

because here the Officers are not “seeking to be paid specific compensation promised for the past

performance of specific duties, [but] seek to use the provisions to alter the presumption of at

- will

employment . . . .” As we have explained, however, the Officers have not alleged that the

Ordinance altered their at

- will employment status with t he City. Instead, they argue that, to the

extent the Officers’ employment with the City was not terminated after the Ordinance was

enacted, the Ordinance bound the City to pay the Officers in accordance with its terms.

2

. States the Essential Terms

Sectio n 271.151(2) also requires the written contract to state the essential terms of the

parties’ agreement. T EX

. L OC

. G OV ’ T C ODE A NN

. § 271.151(2). In City of Houston , the court

stated that the essential terms are “time of performance,” “price to be paid” and “service to be

rendered.” 353 S.W.3d at 138

– 39. In the context of employment agreements, it stated that the

essential terms include “compensation, duties or responsibilities.” Id . at 139. The Officers here

relied on the pay referendum, the Ordinance, resol utions implementing the Ordinance, and

various provisions of the City’s charter and code to supply the essential terms of the agreement. 2

The City argues that alone or together these provisions do not state the “essential terms of a

contract to maintain p ay differentials between ranks.”

2 The Officers also referred to many other rules and code and charter provisions to support their arguments that the contract stated the essential terms of the parties’ agreement, but we do not address those for purposes of this appeal.– 26

– a

. Time of p erformance

With reg ard to the “ time of performance, ” the Officers cite d provisions in Chapter 34 of

the City ’s c ode defining “work period” and “work hours” for “sworn emp loyees of the police

department”; “wor k period” and “work hours” for “sworn e mployees of the fire department ” ;

and various holiday, vacation, and leave provisions. See , e.g. , Dallas, Tex., Code ch. 34, §§ 34

- 4

(definitions), 34

- 16 ( standard work day and 24

- hour staffing ) , 34

- 17 (overtime and p aid leave),

34

- 19 (a) (work period and hours for sworn employees of police department ), 34

- 19(b) (work

period and hours for sworn employees of fire department), 34

- 22 (sick leave), 34

- 23 (vacation

leave), 34

- 24 (compensatory leave), 34

- 25 (holidays for fire department and employees who

regularly work holidays ), 34

- 26 (court leave)

, & a pp

. A (alternate work schedules) ( 1995 )

. 3

The City argues that those provisions do not mention “a time of performance for the

accrual of the right to a pay differential.” But the code sets out the work period, work hours, and

various leave provisions for the police and fire department employees. And t ho se provisions are

similar to the provisions in Houston’s code of ordinance s that the supreme court found satisfied

the element of “time of performance.” See City of Houston

, 353 S.W.3d at 139 & app. at 151

– 54.

We c onclude that the provisions of the City’s c ode cited by the Officers satisfy the essential term

of “time of performance” in this case. See id

.

b

. Compensation/p rice to be p aid

The Ordinance states that the Officers “shall” receive a certain pay raise and the City

“shall” maintain the percentage pay differential between grades. Dallas, Tex., Ordinance 16084.

It is undisputed that the Officers received the salary raise i ncluded in the Ordinance; the issue is

whether the City was required to maintain the percentage pay differential from that date forward.

3 The cited code is the version through March 1995 amendments; the parties do not contend that the relevant sections have changed si nce 1979.– 27

– T he City argues that “[m]aintaining pay differentials is not a specific price to be paid” and “is

not a promised benefi t, because differentials can be maintained by raising all salaries by the

same percentage, keeping salaries the same , or even lowering all salaries by the same

percentage.” It also argues that the various holiday, vacation pay, and sick leave provisions c ited

by the Officers “are simply general policies pertaining to the accrual and payment of those

benefits and do not relate to any alleged contract to maintain pay differentials forever.” But the

various holiday, vacation, and leave provisions are similar to those provisions in Houston’s code

of ordinances that the supreme court concluded satisfied the “compensation” or “price to be

paid” element of a contract. See City of Houston , 353 S.W.3d at 139 & app. at 151. And we do

not find persuasive the City’s ar gument that the differential could also be maintained by lowering

all Officers’ salaries. The issue is whether the provisions state the essential terms of a contract
, regardless of the interpretation of its terms.

T he City also contends that the “only pay ments due that can be determined from the

documents” are the salaries refer red to in the resolutions that the Officers do not complain about

(the 15% pay raise)

. But t he Ordinance, along with the resolutions adopted to implement the

Ordinance, stated more :

(1) From and after October 1, 1978, ea ch sworn police officer and fire fighter and rescue officer employed by the City of Dallas, shall receive a raise in salary in an amount equal to not less than 15% of the base salary of a City of Dallas sworn police o fficer or fire fighter or rescue officer with three years service computed on the pay level in effect for sworn police officers and fire fighter and rescue officers of the City of Dallas with three years service in effect in the fiscal year beginning Octob er, 1977; (2) The current percentage pay differential between grades in the sworn ranks of the Dallas Police Force and the Fire Fighter and Rescue Force shall be maintained[.]

Dallas, Tex., Ordinance 16084, § 4 . The Ordinance expressly stated that the pay raise was to be

calculated on the respective base pay of an officer with three years’ service. And t h e resolution

implementing the Ordinance expressly stated the amount of the base pay for a police officer with– 28

– three years’ service

, a firefighter with thre e years’ service , and a rescue officer with three years’

service. Dallas, Tex., Resolution 79

- 0348 (1979). It also stated that a pay differential “shall be

maintained.” When construed together, we conclude that the y established the “ compensation ” or

“ price to be paid. ” See City of Houston , 353 S.W.3d at 139 (concluding that definitions of

“ overtime, ” “ regular rate of pay, ” and other leave provisions of city code satisfied element of

“ compensation ” or “ price to be paid ” )

. The City also argues that the Offic ers “seek to use the pay differential provision in the

1979 Ordinance” differently from the firefighters in Houston. It contends that the Officers do not

seek a specific compensation that was promised for past performance, but, instead, “seek to use

the pr ovisions to . . . obtain consequential damages from the alleged failures to maintain

differentials.” We do not agree that this case is different from the City of Houston case. T he

Officers interpret the Ordinance to mean that maintaining the differential in all future salary

adjustments was part of the Officers’ contract with the City

. T he lawsuits seek damages for

breach of that contract

. We conclude that the documents when read together provide the element

of “compensation” or “price to be paid.”

c

. S erv ice to be r endered

Next, the City argues that none of the documents on which the Officers rely states the

essential term “service to be rendered” in exchange for the promise to maintain the percentage

pay differential. We disagree.

The City’s charter desc ribes the duties and responsibilities of the sworn members of the

police and fire departments. For example, section 6 describes the duties of a police officer to

include the prevention of crimes, the enforcement of laws, the detention and arrest of offende rs,

and the preservation of the public peace, health, and safety. Dallas, Tex., Charter

, ch. XII, § 6

(1976). The charter describes the duties of the chief of the fire

- rescue department as protecting– 29

– “the city and the property of its citizens from destruct ion by fire or conflagration” and states that

one of the chief’s duties is to provide fire

- rescue personnel and services for emergency use. Id

. ch. XIII, § 2. Construing section two in the Officers’ favor, we conclude that the fire

- rescue

personnel referre d to in that section have the same duties to protect the city and its citizens’

property from destruction by fire or conflagration. See id .; see also Miranda

, 133 S.W.3d at 238

(stating court must construe evidence and reasonable inferences in favor of non movant). The

charter also gives “[e]ach member of the fire

- rescue department acting under orders of a

commanding officer” the authority “to exercise powers of police officers while going to,

attending, or returning from any fire, alarm of fire, or rescue s ituation.” Dallas, Tex., Charter, ch.

XII I

, § 7. While the job descriptions of the firefighters in the City’s c harter are not as detailed as

those in Houston’s ordinances, we conclude that they are sufficient to satisfy the element of

“service to be render ed” by the Officers. See City of Houston , 353 S.W.3d at 138 (describing

firefighters’ duties).

3

. That Provides for Goods or Services to the Local Governmental Entity

The City argues that an employment contract is not a contract for goods or services.

Howe ver, i n City of Houston , the supreme court held that the provision of fire fighting services

constituted a “service” for purposes of section 271 .151(2). The court said that “‘services’ under

section 271.151(2) encompass a wide array of activities, generally including any act performed

for the benefit of another.” Id

. at 139. It concluded that the firefighters in that case provided a

benefit to the city “by providing fire protection services as defined in the Ordinances

themselves.” Id

.
As in that case, the Officers here provided a benefit to the City by providing police

protection and fire

- and

- rescue protection services as defined in the City’s c harter. We perceive

no difference between the services rendered in City of Houston and those rendered here.– 30

– 4

. Th at is Properly Executed by the Local Governmental Entity

Section 271.151(2) also requires the contract to be executed on behalf of the local

governmental entity. T EX

. L OC

. G OV ’ T C ODE A NN

. § 271.151(2); City of Houston , 353 S.W.3d at

137. The City contends that it did not properly execute the contract in this case because none of

the documents was signed or approved by the appropriate people. See Dallas, Tex., Charter

, ch.

XXII, § 1 (2006) (requiring public contracts to be signed by city manager and approved by city

attorney). It argues that the Ordinance was approved by the city attorney but not signed by the

city manager

, the resolutions were signed by the city manager but not approved by the city

attorney
, and the charter was approved by a special act not by signature. The City argues that

“[w]ithout the proper signatures, the City has no intent to be contractually bound to employees

by its legislation.” We disagree.

By use of the word “shall” in the Ordinance, the City made a promise that evidenced its

in tent “to act in a specific way[.]” See City of Houston , 353 S.W.3d at 138 (stating a promise “is

a manifestation of intention to act . . . in a specified way, so made as to justify a promisee in

understanding that a commitment has been made”) (quoting Mont gomery Cnty. Hosp. Dist. v.

Brown , 965 S.W.2d 501, 502 (Tex. 1998)). And in adopting the Ordinance, t he City said it was

“valid and binding[.]” Dallas, Tex., Ordinance 16084.

Additionally, c hapter XVIII, section 14 of the City’s charter states that when t he majority

of the qualified electors vote in favor of a proposed ordinance the ordinance becomes “a valid

and binding ordinance of the city, and . . . cannot be repealed or amended except by a vote of the

people.” Dallas, Tex., Charter, ch. XVIII, § 14. T o require the city manager’s signature on the

Ordinance to make its terms valid and binding on the City would render both the charter and the

Ordinance meaningless. See id

. ; see also City of Houston v. Petroleum Traders Corp.

, 261

S.W.3d 350, 357

– 58 (Tex. App.

— Houston [14 th Dist.] 2008, no pet.) ( rejecting city’s argument– 31

– that because contract not signed by mayor and comptroller it was not “properly executed”); City

of Houston v. Clear Channel Outdoor, Inc. , 233 S.W.3d 441, 446

– 47 (Tex. App.

— Houston

[14th D ist.] 2007, no pet.) (same).

In summary, we conclude that the Officers alleged a unilateral contract with the City that

satisfies the requirements of the waiver of immunity for breach of contract claims in section

271.152 of the local government code. How ever, we previously concluded in Arredondo that the

language of the Ordinance was ambiguous about whether the differential was intended to apply

that one time or to all future salary adjustments. 4 See Arredondo , 79 S.W.3d at 669. As we stated

then, we aga in state that the resolution of that issue is one for the fact

- finder on remand. Id

. We affirm the trial court’s order denying the City’s pleas to the jurisdiction on the

Officers’ claims for breach of contract.

III. C LAIMS FOR D ECLARATORY J UDGMENT AND A TTORNEY ’ S F EES

In 2011, the supreme court issued an opinion in the Albert case holding that the Officers ’

claims for declaratory relief must be dismissed because their “only potential relief was an award

of money damages” and the City was immune from thos e claims. See Albert , 354 S.W.3d at 378

–

79. On remand

, the represented Officers amended their petitions and dropped their claims for

declaratory judgment, but the unrepresented Officers did not . Because all the Officers were

represented by counsel when the petition for review was filed, however, we conclude that Albert

applied to all the Officers . Consequently, pursuant to Albert

, all claims for declaratory judgment

should have been dismissed

. See id

. Because the trial court denied the City’s pleas to the

j urisdiction asserted against the unrepresented Officers ’ claims for declaratory judgment, we

conclude that the trial court erred

. We sustain the City’s third issue and reverse the trial court’s

4 The Officers also contend that Arredondo concluded that the Ordinance was a contract and that Arredondo is the law of the case. But the issue of whether the documents constituted a contract for purposes of waiver under section 271.152 was not before the Court in that case. See generally Arredondo , 79 S.W.3d at 659

– 70.– 32

– order denying the City’s pleas to the jurisdiction on the unre presented Officers ’ claims for

declaratory judgment.

The Officers also sought attorney’s fees for breach of contract. See T EX

. C IV

. P RAC

. &

R EM

. C ODE A NN

. § 38.001 (West 2008 ). The City filed special exceptions arguing that it was not

a n individual or a corporation for purposes of chapter 38. See T EX

. L OC

. G OV ’ T C ODE A NN

.
§ 5.904 (West 2008 ) ( stating that municipality not considered corporation unless express words

are used) ; see also City of Alton v. Sharyland Water Supply Corp. , 277 S.W.3d 132, 147 (Tex

.
App.

— Corpus Christi 2009) (concluding that attorney’s fees not available against municipality

for breach of contract)

, rev’d on other grounds , 354 S.W.3d 407 (Tex. 2011) ; City of Carrollton

v. Cecil Carr Constr. Co., Inc. , No. 05

- 92

- 00083

- CV, 1993 WL 586 60, at *4 (Tex. App.

— Dallas

Mar. 3, 1993, writ denied) (not designated for publication)

. The trial court sustain ed the City’s

special exceptions

, struck the allegations for attorney’s fees

, and ordered certain named parties to

amend their petitions. 5 T he represented Officers nonsuited t heir claims for attorney’s fees

, but

the unrepresented Officers did not.

The City argues that the trial court erred by denying its plea s to the jurisdiction on the

unrepresented Officers’ claims for attorney’s fees when the y did not amend their petitions

pursuant to the trial court’s order s

. W e agree the court erred with respect to the Officers the court

named in its orders. We sustain issue four as to those parties named in the court’s orders and

reverse the trial court’s d enial of the City’s pleas on the claims for attorney’s fees as to those

parties to the extent they have not already nonsuited th eir claims in compliance with the trial

court’s orders : 6

5 It appears the trial court’s orders were addressed only to those unrepresented Officers who had notice of the hearing on the City’s special exceptions.

6 Some of the names in the orders were duplicated across multiple orders and some appear to have been included in the wrong trial court cause number.– 33

– In the Barber case: Kenneth E. Brooks, Bernardo Croitoru, Blaine A. Dan yluk, James R.

Larabee, Clay P. Reed, Donald L. Sutton

.

In the Albert case: Enriquez Andres

, Irv ing Butler, Henry Castro, Isaac F. Conway,

Marshall W. Cook, Kenneth W. Crens h aw, Kenneth H. Cunningham, James L. Davis, Richard L.

Dewees, Gerald W. Fields, J effery Lyn Francis, Claude L. Hight, Jennifer Bradley a /k/a Jennifer

Hopps, Michael A. Johnson, James P. Kean, Donald R. Kern, Frank E. Medina, Brian A.

Partington, Donald W. Reed, Woodson R

. Russell Jr., Thomas S. Swing, David Sypert, Kevin

George Tuma, U lysses Underwood, George W. Williams, Douglas R. York, and Rodney B.

Young

.

In the Willis case: Donald W. Casey, William D. Cowley, Rita M. Dotson, Todd M.

Graves, Ronald A. Guy, Garry D. Hasty, Richard E. Henderson, David Jackson, Donnie M.

Mashburn, Agu stin J. Serratos, Maurice L. Simmons, Terry C. Smith, Elvin E. Spears, Lawrence

F. Stromile, Theodore G. Weissenborn; Patrick W. Al exander, Timothy E. Allen, James W.

A l my, Frankie J. Anderson, Chris R. Aulbaugh, Charles L. Av ery, Carl A. Ba rn es, Leslie A.

Bassham, Norman Bell III, David O

. Brown, Tommy R

. Buggs, Duward W. Burgess, Santos

Cadena Jr., Sandra D. Caro, William D. Cowley, Helena A. Davis, La rr y C. Davis, Jacqu e lynne

D

. Dennis, Rita McKay Dotson, Kyge C. Edmonds, Len ard L. Farrow, Michael E. Fin ley,

Reginald G. Fra nklin , Todd M. Graves, Dwaine E. Hall, Kim E. Hamm ond, Scott A. Hanten,

Bo bby W. Hargis, Ga rry D. Hasty, Kevin J. Heath, Richard E. Henderson, Timothy J. Holland,

Towns e n d B. Howard, Charles W. H u dson, David Jackson, Lorrie A. Jackson, John H. Jam e s,

Milton R. Jarvis Jr., Rodney E. Jones, Bradley M. Jordan, Donnie M. Mashbu rn , Clark D.

Mendenha l l, Billie L. Miller, Albert C. Moore, John K. Mo rr is, Frank C Muscato, Karen B.

Musca to , Anthony W. Neely, Marvin J. Ned, Lonnie W. Osbor n , Richa rd L. Pace, David L.

Peeples, Bobby J. Reeves, Vanessa A. Rudloff, Agustin J. Serrates

, Steven G. Shaw, Robert A

.– 34

– Sherwin, Maurice L. Simmons, Terry C. Smith, Steven E. Sparks, Elvis E. Spears, Vickie

Stonake r Snow, Gloria D. Sp e n ce r, Paul A. Stokes, Lawre nce F. St ro mile

, Douglas W. Thigpen,

Bryant C. Thomas , Brian K

. Verdine, David G. Vestal, Daryl D. Walker, Lyn ette C. Washington

,

Dia na G. Watts, Jewel K. Warren, Peggy J. Warren, Donald E. WiIliams, and Pedro Zamora

.

IV. C ONCLUSION

We reverse the trial c ourt’s order denying the City’s pleas to the jurisdiction on the

unrepresented Officers ’ claims for declaratory judgment and render judgment granting the City’s

pleas on those claims . We reverse the trial court’s order denying the City’s pleas to the

juris diction on the named unrepresented Officers ’ claims for attorney’s fees , and we render

judgment granting the City’s pleas on those claims

. We otherwise affirm the trial court’s order

denying the City’s pleas to the jurisdiction.

120963F.P05 /Elizabeth Lang

- Miers/ ELIZABETH LANG

- MIERS JUSTICE– 35

– 

# S

Court of Appeals Fifth District of Texas at Dallas

JUDGMENT

CITY OF DALLAS, TEXAS, Appellant

No. 05

- 12

- 00963

- CV V.

ANTHONY ARREDONDO, CHARLES S. SWANER, J A M ES M. STOVALL, JOSEPH M. BETZEL, LISA M. C L A Y TON, KENNETH L. FOR E M A N, E L M ER J. D A VIS, JACE P. SE P ULVADO, BRIAN CAT O N, ROBERT L. ROGERS, T I M Q. R O SE, GEORGE J. TO M ASO V IC, J A M ES M. CRA F T JR., DAVID T. C HASE, H OWARD R. RUSSE L L, AND DAN N Y W A T SON

, Appellees On Appeal from the 199th Judicial District Court, Collin County, Texas Trial Court Cause No. 199

- 1743

- 99. Opinion delivered by Justice Lang

- Miers, Justices O’Neill and FitzGerald participating.

In accordance with this Court’s opinion of this date, the order of the trial court is AFFIR MED

.

It is ORDERED that appellees Anthony Arredondo, Charles S. Swaner, J a m es M. Stovall, Joseph M. Betzel, Lisa M. C l a y ton, Kenneth L. For e m a n, E l m er J. D a vis, Jace P. Se p ulvado, Brian Cat o n, Robert L. Rogers, T i m Q. R o se, George J. To m aso v ic, J a m es M. Cra f t Jr., David T. C hase, H oward R. Russe l l, and Dan n y W a t son shall recover their costs of this appeal from appellant City of Dallas, Texas.

Judgment entered this 13th day of August, 2013.

/Elizabeth Lang

- Miers/
ELIZABETH LANG

- MIERS
JUSTICE– 36

– 

# S

C ourt of Appeals Fifth District of Texas at Dallas

JUDGMENT

CITY OF DALLAS, Appellant

No. 05

- 12

- 00965

- CV V.

LEROY H. ABERCROMBIE, JAMES C. ADAMS, PHYLLIS G. ALLEN, JOSE L. BALDAZO, DAVID L. BARBER, MAXIE BISHOP JR., GARY LEE BOUNDS, LYNN B. BRAN TLEY, DAVID LEE BREWER, KENNETH E. BROOKS, DON G. BROWN, GREER W. BURNETT III, ROBERT E. CAMPLEN, KEN J. CLOWER, ANTHONY L. COLEMAN, BILLY C. COLEMAN, BERNARDO CROITORU, JEFFREY L. CULVER, BLAINE A. DANYLUK, DONALD R. DEWEES, GLENN D. DICKERSON, ROY W. FER RELL, SALVADOR G. GARCIA, ANDREW M. GARCIA, HIRAM G. GIDDENS, JAMES M. GRAMMAR, KATHLEEN K. GREGG, DENNIS A. HAGAN, WALTER H. HARKEY, GARRY B. HERRING, MICHAEL L. HUDGINS, CHARLES W. HYLES, FRIEDA K. IVY, DAVID LEE JACOBS JR., MAX E. KIRK JR., GREGORY V. K IRKPATRICK, JAMES R. LARABEE, DONALD M. LEHMAN, RICKEY D. LIPE, KENNETH W. LOE, GARY W. LOVELL, THOMAS A. MALOUF, SANDRA D. MARSH, STEVEN L. MCBRIDE, JOHN H. MCKINNEY, ROBERT P. MCMAHAN, CYNTHIA L. MICHAELS, HENRY MILTON, PHILIP L. MINSHEW, JERRY On Appeal from the 199th Judicial District Court, Collin County, Texas Trial Court Cau se No. 199

- 624

- 95. Opinion delivered by Justice Lang

- Miers, Justices O’Neill and FitzGerald participating.– 37

– R. MITC HELL, JOHN D. OSTROSKI, ROBERT H. PALMER, BUIE A. PENNEY, HUGO R. PRIVITT, CLAY P. REED, BERNARD L. ROTH, PATRICIA BROOKS ROY, ROGER D. SCHUELKE, GEORGE R. SNOWDEN, HUBERT A. SPRINGER, DARYL R. STAUFFER, DONALD L. SUTTON, SAMUEL SUTTON, TED M. TITTLE, RICH ARD W. TOWERY, GLENN A. TRUEX, MICHAEL D. TUNNELL, ROY B. WALKER, LARRY R. WALLER, WILLIAM L. WATSON, RANDELL E. WILLMON , MICHAEL R. WILSON, ANDREW D. WRIGHT , Appellees

In accordance with this Court’s opinion of this date, the order of the trial court denying the City of Dallas’s plea to the jurisdiction is AFF IRMED in part and REVERSED AND RENDERED in part.

We REVERSE that portion of the trial court’s order denying the City of Dallas’s plea to the jurisdiction and RENDER judgment granting the City of Dallas’s plea to the jurisdiction on appellees’ claims for declaratory judgment.

We REVERSE that portion of the trial court’s order denying the City of Dallas’s plea to the jurisdiction and RENDER judgment granting the City of Dallas’s plea to the jurisdiction on the claims for attorney’s fees filed by Kenneth E . Brooks, Bernardo Croitoru, Blaine A. Danyluk, James R. Larabee, Clay P. Reed, and Donald L. Sutton to the extent the claims have not been nonsuited.

In all other respects, we AFFIRM the trial court’s order denying the City of Dallas’s plea to the juris diction.

It is ORDERED that all parties shall bear their own costs of this appeal.

Judgment entered this 13th day of August, 2013.

/Elizabeth Lang

- Miers/
ELIZABETH LANG

- MIERS
JUSTICE– 38

– 

# S

Court of Appeals Fifth District of Texas at Dalla s

JUDGMENT

CITY OF DALLAS, TEXAS, Appellant

No. 05

- 12

- 00966

- CV V.

WILLIAM L. ABBOTT, JAMES W. ADAMS, MARTEE L. ADAMS, JESSE AGUIRRE, NORMAN L. AKINS, KENNETH E. ALBERT, BRIAN K. ALLEN, FRANK B. ALLEN III, JOHN C. ALLEN, TOMMY E. ALLEN, CHARLES THOMAS ALLISON, VINCENT F. ALOI JR., VERNON W. AMUNDSON, BRUCE G. ANDERSON, CRAIG G. ANDERSON, J.C. ANDERSON JR., JAMES F. ANDERSON, TEAB F. APPLEWHITE, BRIAN A. ARMSTRONG, RONNIE G. ARMSTRONG, TROY LEON ARMSTRONG, JOE AROCHA JR., MICHAEL C. AROCHA, DAVID W. ASHLEY, SAMUEL H. ATCHISON, JAMES R. AULBAUGH, ENRIQUE AVILA, WILLIAM LEWIS BABB, JAMES E. BAILEY, JOHN W. BAILEY, CARL BAIRD, GREGORY K. BAKER, JAMES BAKER, ROBERT M. BAKER, FRANCIS L. BALDWIN, JERRELL L. BALEY, MARK BALLARD, STEVEN PERRY BARBER, DAVID R. BARBOUR, BLAIR B. BARDWELL, MIKE BARDWELL, MICHAEL A. BARRETT, RUSSELL D. BARTON, JOHN W. BASS, RUSSELL S. BATCHELOR, EDWIN L. BATEMAN, JAMES E. BATES, JAMES R. BATES, JOHNNY K. BATES, BOBBY DEAN On Appeal from the 199th Judicial District Court, Collin County, Texas Trial Court Cause No. 199

- 697

- 94. Opinion delivered by Justice Lang

- Miers, Justices O’Neill and Fi tzGerald participating.– 39

– BAUGHN, CLIFFORD BEAMON JR., JESSE LEE BEAN, GARLAND A. BEATY, DANNY C. BECK, ALLEN WAYNE BEELER, CHARLES S. BELL, DAVID W. BELL, MICHAEL O. BELL JR., GARY L. BENNINGFIELD, TIM BERRY, STEPHEN E. BERRYMAN, KENNETH G. BEYER, GREGORY D. BIELEFELDT, LARRY D. BIGGERSTAFF, RONNIE DALE BINION, LARRY W. BITROS, RENE B LAKELY, RETT L. BLANKENSHIP, JIMMY F. BLASINGAME, JOHN L. BLUME, BYRON G. BOINTY, ROBERT A. BOLAND, JIMMY A. BOLLMAN, BILLY C. BOND, BUCK BOREN, JERRY RAY BOREN, DEAN F. BOULTON, MITCHELL W. BOX, WILLIAM D. BOYCE, JENNIFER BRADLEY, CLAY R. BRAMBLITT, RICHA RD K. BRAMBLITT, CHARLES D. BRATTON, JOHN E. BRAWNER, DAVID L. BRAZILE, RICHARD A. BREWER, LINDA BREWER, ROBERT BREY, LYNDON G. BRITT, JIMMY L. BROADNAX, SAMUAL C. BRODNER, CHARLES S. BROWN, GARY M. BROWN, GERALD D. BROWN, HAROLD G. BROWN, PHILLIP W. BROWN , RALPH F. BROWN, TOMMY E. BROWN, WILLIE JAMES BROWN, WILLIAM C. BRUCE, BENJAMIN S. BRYAN, STEPHEN D. BUCHANAN, KENNETH S. BUCKLEY, JIMMY D. BUCKMEYER, MICHAEL R. BUEHLER, CLAUDE K. BULLARD, TOMMY O. BURLESON, DEAN LEE BURMEISTER, EDDIE J. BURNETT, REX GAR NER BURNETT, DENNY R. BURRIS, AUSTIN S. BURTON, IRVING BUTLER, EDWARD N. BYERS JR., JAMES E. BYFORD, MICHAEL J. CALLAWAY, DANNY E. CAMPBELL, KENNETH D. CAMPBELL, JESUS C. CANTU JR., ABELARDO B. CARDENAS, JAMES E. CARLIN, DANIEL W. CARTER, STEVE– 40

– H. CARTE R, ROBERT W. CASON, GARRY D. CASTRO, HENRY CASTRO, THOMAS A. CATON, FREDDIE B. CAVINESS, BUDDY K. CHAMBERS, JERRY W. CHAMBERS, SCOTLAND R. CHAMBERS, DAVID JOHN CHAPMAN, RONALD D. CHILDRE, TIMOTHY S. CLARK, WILLIAM E. CLARK, GREGORY H. CLARKE, OZIAS CLARKSO N, WILLIAM A. CLAYTON, LARRY V. CLEARMAN, ERIC B. CLIBURN, EARL RAY CLIFTON, SAMUEL F. COCHRAN, BOBBY J. COCKRELL, EDWARD HILMAN COE, STEVEN D. COFFMAN, MICHAEL H. COLE, GARY W. COLEMAN, JACKIE RAY COLLINS, TERRY R. CONGDON, SAMUEL E. CONNER JR., EMMETT E. CONOLY, SANDINO L. CONTRERAS, ISAAC F. CONWAY, MARSHALL W. COOK, DENZIL L. COOPER, DONNA K. COOPER, THOMAS S. COOPER, STEVEN DOUGLAS CORDER, ALTON BYRAN CORLEY, EDGAR E. COTTON, GREGORY J. COURSON, THOMAS C. COURSON, KYLE S. COWDEN, DAN L. CRADDOCK, JERRY W. CRAWFORD, PHILLIP L. CRAWFORD, WILLIAM L. CRAWFORD, KENNETH W. CRENSHAW, LUTHER R. CROSBY JR., JOHNNY R. CROSS, VERNON L. CROW, EDUARDO A. CUELLAR, HUBERT G. CULP JR., ALBERT CULTON, KENNETH H. CUNNINGHAM, LYNN ALAN CURRY, FLETCHER D. DAHMAN, AARON L. DAVIS, BRADY K. DAVIS, CLINTON LEE DAVIS, EDWARD D. DAVIS IV, JAMES L. DAVIS, JERRY M. DAVIS, LARRY G. DAVIS, PAUL E. DAVIS, ROBERT A. DAVIS, ROYCE EDWIN DAVIS, MARK L. DAWSON, GERALD H. DEES, FRANK DELA GARZA, CLARENCE DEMERY, MICHAEL L. DEPAUW, RICHARD L

. DEWEES, SCOTT DEWEES, DIXIE R. DICKERSON, SAMUEL DON DICKEY,– 41

– CHRISTOPHER L. DIKE, BRIAN E. DORETHY, MICHAEL R. DORETY, TRAVIS D. DOUGLAS, DAVID DOWER, DAVID DUARTE, BOBBY B. DUCKWORTH, LARRY L. DUKE, ROBERT HOWARD DUNN, JERRY E. DYE, MICKIE A. DYE, WIL LIS K. DYKES, WYLIE M. DYKES, GREGORY E. EGNEW, LEWIS ELAM, CHARLIE D. ELLIS, MICHAEL A. ELLIS, JOHN L. ELLISON, RONALD D. ENGLAND, ANDRES B. ENRIQUEZ, JAKE J. ESCAMILLA, DOYLE G. ETHRIDGE, CARLTON T. EVANS, CHARLES E. EVANS, FOSTER L. EVANS, LARRY R. EVAN S, SHERMAN EVANS, JAMES D. EVERSON, DAVID WAYNE EVITTS, RICHARD D. EWING, MARK A. FERGUSON, PAUL W. FERGUSON, ROY G. FERGUSON, RUDOLF R. FERNANDEZ, CHARLES D. FEY, GERALD W. FIELDS, JIMMY L. FLANAGAN, DARYLE E. FLOOD, JOE FLORES, BILLY W. FORD, LARRY D. FO RD, THOMAS J. FORD, GREGG R. FORESTER, RONALD D. FORGE, EDWARD M. FOSTER, G. LEE FOSTER, LEWIS ALVIN FOSTER, L.D. FOX, GARY P. FOXX, JEFFERY LYN FRANCIS, ROBERT FRAZIER III, GARY R. FREEMAN, GEORGE W. FREEMAN, SAMUEL L. FRIAR, MICHAEL R. FULTON, EDDIE ZACK FUQUAY, PAULA FURR, CHARLES E. GALE, AUGUST P. GALLI, WILLIE L. GALLOWAY, RICHARD E. GAMBRELL, FRANK R. GAMEZ, TOM E. GAMEZ, ROY L. GARDNER, BILL L. GARRETT, JOHN A. GARRISON, JAMES W. GATELEY, LOUIS W. GAUDREAU, EARL GERMAN JR., DAVID E. GIBSON, T.D. GIB SON JR., DAVID GILL, TOD A. GILLAM, DAVID K. GILLILAND, CLIFFORD C. GLADNEY, E.H. GLASSCOCK JR., RONALD J. GOINS, O’BRIEN GOLDSBERRY, LARRY W.– 42

– GOLDSMITH, RUDOLPH GONZALES, CURTIS GOOD, MARK ANTHONY GOODE, ROBERT M. GOODNIGHT, DONNIE R. GRAHAM, JAMES B. GRAHAM, STUART W. GRANT, PRESTON L. GRAVES, WALLACE J. GRAVES, JOHN A. GREEN, THOMAS M. GREEN, KENNETH P. GREENBERG, BYRON K. GREGG, JERRY C. GREMMINGER, STEPHEN IKE GRIFFITH, CLAYTON PORTER GRIGGS, JOHN P. GROSS, GARTH GROVES, LONNIE R. GUSTERS, FRANK E. GUY, JOE C. GUZMAN, ALLEN H. HALL, DARRYL O. HALL, JASON HALL, BOBBY G. HAMILTON, MICHAEL A. HAMILTON, RONALD A. HAMILTON, LELAND G. HANCOCK, JOHN R. HANES, DENNIS W. HARDIN, PHIL GREGG HARDIN, DALE HARDY, ROBERT S. HARGROVE, CHARLES D. HARLEY, GREGORY A. HARPER, JEFFREY W. HARRINGTON, KENNETH L. HARRIS, RONALD E. HARRIS, RONNIE HARRIS, STEPHEN L. HARRIS, STUART T. HARSTROM, DONALD R. HARTLESS, EUGENE D. HAUPTMANN, JOEL D. HAWKINS, DARRYL HAYES, LARRY L. HAYGOOD, WAYNE FRANKLIN HAYGOOD, JOHN DALE HEDRICK, J IMMIE J. HENDRIX, RALPH K. HENDRIX JR., DAVID L. HENRY, JEROME HENRY, RALPH R. HENSON, RICHARD HERNANDEZ, ROBERT HERNANDEZ, JAMES A. HESSER, ROGER F. HESTER II, DAVID R. HICKMAN, SAM M. HICKSON, CLAUDE L. HIGHT, KENNETH R. HILL, STANLEY D. HILL, JOSE I. HI NOJOSA, KENNETH L. HOALDRIDGE, JOHN EARL HOBBS, JOE A. HOGAN, RUSSELL E. HOGAN, RONALD E. HOGGATT, FRANK L. HOLDER, JOHN T. HOLDRIDGE, KENNETH HOLLINS, MICHAEL L. HOLLOWAY, STEVEN K. HOLLYWOOD, RICHARD D. HOLMES,– 43

– DEVIN HOLT, MICHAEL RAY HOOD, JERRY L. HO OKER, SHANNON HOPPS,RAYMOND L. HOPSON JR., CHARLES L. HOUSE, JOHN M. HOUSER, DON E. HOWARD III, LESLIE L. HOWELL, JAMES HOYT HUBBELL, JACK D. HUGHES, STANLEY B. HUGHES, GEORGE D. HUSSONG, JERRY G. HUTCHINGS, SIDNEY L. HUTCHINGS, KENNETH T. HUTYRA, BRIAN R. HYLES, JEFFREY L. HYLES, JIMMY LOYD HYLES, MIKE D. HYLES, BILLY F. INGRAM, JAMES E. INGRAM II, MICHAEL R. IRVIN, F. GEORGE IRWIN, T.J. IWANSKI, DON B. JACKSON, RICHARD D. JACKSON, SERGIO H. JAIMEZ, ROBERT H. JAKUBIK, CHARLES E. JAMES, HENRY CURTIS JAMES, REMIE J. JAMES, MARK E. JANICK, PATRICK S. JANICK, ROBERT A. JANICK, DARRYL W. JEANES, TONY L. JENKINS, HAROLD A. JERPI JR., BILLY J. JOHNSON, DAVID L. JOHNSON, JIMMY R. JOHNSON, KENNETH W. JOHNSON, MICHAEL A. JOHNSON, RONALD R. JOHNSON, STEVE WAYNE JOHNSO N, THOMAS M. JOHNSON, FLOYD T. JOHNSTON, JOE H. JOINES, RICHARD D. JOLLY, JAMES L. JONES, JAMES R. JONES, RAYMOND L. JONES, ROBERT C. JONES, DONALD JOURDAN, TERRY LYNN JUDD, PAUL W. JULIAN, JOSEPH J. KAY JR., JAMES P. KEAN, JOHN E. KECK SR., BUFORD L. KEMP JR., MARTIN L. KEMP, DAVID KEMP, DONALD R. KERN, WESLEY D. KILLIAN, EDWARD L. KILLION, KELLY G. KIMBRELL, JOHN W. KINCAID, CLAYTON J. KING, JEFFREY W. KING, TIMOTHY W. KING, DAVID D. KINNEY, BRYAN KIRBY, ALBERT W. KIRKSEY, JERRY W. KNOERR, DUSTIN J. KOELL HOFFER, DAVID PAUL KRAUSE, IDUS D. LAIR, JAMES B. LAMAR, PAUL A. LAMAR, TRACY– 44

– LEE LANDESS, EDGAR CARL LANEY, RICHARD E. LANGLEY, CHARLES D. LANGRAN, GEORGE R. LEE, RAY H. LEMASTERS, RAYMOND SCOTT LEMASTERS, RONNIE C. LEMM, DAVID LEOS, EDWARD F. LEVELL, R ODNEY LEWIS, DAVID A. LIDDLE, STEPHEN B. LILLARD, WILLIE L. LINDSAY JR., CLARENCE D. LINDSEY, DAVID E. LINDSEY, GEORGE H. LITTLEFIELD JR., JOHN A. LOHRENGEL, HARRIEL D. LONG, TROY JAMES LOONEY, ROBERT LOPEZ SR., FRANK JOE LOSOYA, CHARLES E. LUEDEKER, EDWAR D F. LUIG JR., TERENCE A. LYON, STEPHEN A. MADDOX, DAVID RAY MANESS, BOBBY J. MANLEY, JOHN A. MARINO, JOHN C. MARSHALL, JACK F. MARTIN, JERRY D. MARTIN, KENNETH R. MARTIN, MARK A. MARTIN, PAUL G. MARTINEZ, DAVID EUGENE MASK, LUANNE E. MASSEY

- KIMBALL

- EAST, THOMAS F. MATIJEVICH, ROY GLENN MATKINS, RANDALL R. MATTHEWS, DARRYL A. MAYFIELD, THOMAS E. MCCARLEY, AUDREY W. MCCAULEY, LARRY O. MCCLURE, MARTIN B. MCCREARY, SUSAN C. MCCURDY, GREG A. MCDANIEL, MICHAEL L. MCDANIEL, WAYNE N. MCDONALD, MICHAEL L. MCGEHEE, CHRIS J. MCGOWAN, LOUIE B. MCKAY JR., GERALD WAYNE MCKELLER, JOSEPH E. MCKENNA, JOHN WADE MCKINNEY, WADE E. MCMILLAN, PATRICK S. MCWHA, FRANK E. MEDINA, LYDIA MEDINA, JOHN COREY MEEKS, JOHN C. MEREDITH, RENE V. MERRILL, CHARLES J. MIKKELSEN, DANNY D. MILLE R, EDWARD C. MILLER, GEARY S. MILLER, JERRY L. MILLER, JOE DANA MILLER, THOMAS C. MILLER, RUSSELL S. MILLS, SHBRONE D. MIMS, SAMUEL E. MOBLY, HOWARD– 45

– WAYNE MOFFAT, JESUS R. MONTEMAYOR, RUBEN MONTEMAYOR JR., KENNETH D. MOORE, SALVADOR V. MORALES JR., VERNO N D. MORELAND, JERRY DEE MORGAN, RUSSELL LEE MORGAN, JERRY W. MORRIS, LARRY J. MORRIS, JOE JESUS MOSQUEDA, LESTER C. MOUNT, DEBRA L. MULLINS, STEPHEN L. MULVANY, RAYMOND D. MUNDAY, JAMES MUNDY, BOBBIE MURDOCK, MICHAEL W. MURDOCK, RICKEY P. MURPHREE, MICHAE L L. MURRAY, MARY D. NABORS, GUZMAN G. NATAL, WALTER M. NEAL, JOSEPH A. NELSON, LINDA L. NELSON, JAMES D. NEWMAN, JOE E. NEWTON, CALVIN J. NICHOLS, JOHN F. NICHOLS, TRIXIE G. NICHOLS, JAMES T. NICHOLSON, MICHAEL L. NIELSEN, GREGORY P. NOEL, MONTIE A. NORVE LL, J. SHANNON O’GLEE, JERRY B. O’KEEFE, MICHAEL E. O’KEEFE, JAMES E. ODOM, KENNETH G. ODOM, GARY C. OGLE, ROBERT H. OLIVER JR., STEPHEN KEITH OLSON, CHARLES W. ORGAN, LINDA S. OSBORN, LONNIE KIRK OSBORN, MICHAEL D. OTTO, PAUL E. OVERTON, RODDY LYNN PACKER

, DENNIS E. PAGE JR., STEPHEN NEAL PARIS, KENNETH L. PARKER, RICHARD H. PARKER, JON R. PARKER JR., ELMER H. PARKERSON JR., RONALD B. PARRISH, JOE W. PARSONS, BRIAN A. PARTINGTON, ADAM D. PATRICK, LARRY DUANE PATRICK, STEPHEN R. PATRICK, GEORGE T. PEACOCK, JAMES C. PEARSON, DANIEL L. PECENKA, ANTHONY J. PECK, RICHARD S. PEEK, BILLY W. PELL, GARY G. PELL, WESLEY E. PEMBERTON, JEFF L. PENNINGTON, SERGIO I. PEREZ, JAMES D. PERKINS, HORACE GERALD PERRY JR., GREG W. PERRY,– 46

– PHILMORE PETERSON, JAMES E. PHILLIPS, MICHAEL PHILLIPS, JERALD F. PICKARD, LAWRENCE E. PIERSON, KENNETH R. PIGG, DAVID PINALES, BOBBY NEAL POPHAM, MELVIN PORTER, MICHAEL E. PRELLE, CLAUDE W. PREWITT, MICHAEL W. PRICE, JERRY W. PRITCHETT, NORVELL R. QUARLES, RICKY LEE RAND, SAMMY D. RANKIN, LYL E T. REAGAN, WALTER C. REAVES II, BILLY K. RECORD, BILLY EARL REED, DONALD W. REED, HOWARD REED, RONALD D. REED, MARKHAM L. REID, RONALD H. REID, RONALD REMKUS, TIMOTHY L. RENDAHL, DOUGLAS RENER, SMITH W. RIBBLE, W.A. RICHARDSON, LARRY WADE RIDDLE, JACK DO UGLAS RIMBEY, CHARLES L. RINDERKNECHT, MICHAEL R. ROACH, GLEN ROBBINS, JAMES L. ROBERSON, LANCE R. ROBERTS, LARRY E. ROBERTS, LARRY F. ROBERTS, TERRY D. ROBERTS, BILLY P. ROBINSON JR., JAMES H. ROBINSON, MICHAEL EARL ROBINSON, G. RODRIGUEZ, JESSE R. RODRIG UEZ, RONNIE W. ROE, BRENT K. ROGERS, DONALD A. ROGERS, F. MURPHY ROGERS, ROBERT HENSON ROGERS III, ANTHONY L. ROLATER, KENNETH W. ROWE, JOHNNY L. RUDDER, JOHN LEE RUIZ, DAVID H. RUMBO, JERRY V. RUSHING, BRYAN R. RUSSELL, CAROLE RUSSELL, DONNIE G. RUSSELL, HELEN M. RUSSELL, JAMES D. RUSSELL, JERRY G. RUSSELL, JOSEPH D. RUSSELL, WOODSON R. RUSSELL JR., STEVEN J. RUTLEDGE, PHILLIP R. RUZICKA, EDUARDO SALAIZ, RENE SALDIVAR, RICHARD SALINAS, DAVID W. SALTER, CLAY S. SANDERS, RANDALL E. SANDERS, TERRY DON SANDERS , EARL WAYNE SANGES, RICHARD SANTACRUZ, CANDA L. SAYLES

- DUNN, CLIFFORD E.– 47

– SCHAUER, LISA SCHINDLER, GEORGE RINGO SCOTT, ROBERT EARL SEARS, JOHN T. SETTLE, JAMES T. SEWELL, TIMOTHY J. SEYMORE, BILLY E. SHAW, WALTER J. SHEREY, DAVID T. SHIVERS, FRANK SILVAS JR., ROBERT LEE SIMMONS, ROBERT E. SIMONS, DAVID V. SIMPSON, RICHARD L. SINGLETON, RICHARD B. SISK, JERRY HERSCHEL SKELETON, SAMMY DON SLINE, PAUL KEVIN SLOVAK, CHARLES B. SMITH, DAN G. SMITH, DONALD R. SMITH, JOHN V. SMITH JR., LARRY C. SMITH, LUTHER J. SMITH JR., MITCHELL K. SMITH, RICKEY D. SMITH, ROBERT SMITH, SHARON E. SMITH, JAMES A. SOUTHARD, ALAN D. SOUTHARD, MICHAEL A. SOUTHERLAND, NORMAN R. SPEARS, TONY LYNN SPECK, LARRY E. SPIKES, LAURA J. SPRAY, JAMES M. SQUIRES JR., DAVID M. STAMBAUGH, LINDA K

. STAMBAUGH, CURTIS LEE STARLIN, ROBERT W. STEELY, RONALD A. STEPHENS, PAUL R. STEPHENSON, JAMES R. STEVENSON, JAMES TRUETT STEWART, MICHAEL H. STEWART, ROBERT L. STIDGER, HUBERT C. STINSON, JAMES D. STOKES, DONALD D. STONE, MARY LOU STONE, JERRY R. STOUT, GREG A. STOY, KENNETH R. STRADER, JASPER S. STRICKLAND, T.D. STRICKLAND, GREG B. STURCH, ARTHUR R. SULLIVAN JR., WESLEY B. SULLIVAN, JOEL ETHRIDGE SUMMERLIN, HAROLD L. SUMNER, JEFFREY KENT SWANER, RAYMOND E. SWEENEY, THOMAS S. SWING, DAVID SYPERT, WILLIAM M. TABOR, SHELBY TACKETT, BOBBY JACK TALBOT, THOMAS R. TANKSLEY, DOMENIC N. TARABORELLI, BILLY W. TAYLOR, LEO J. TAYLOR JR., ROBERT F. TAYLOR, THOMAS E. TAYLOR,– 48

– THOMAS M. TAYLOR, WILLIAM T. TAYLOR, BYRON E. TEMPLE, DANIEL W. TENNEY, WILLIAM T. TERRY, GE RALD D. TESTERMAN, DOUGLAS R. TEUBNER, KENNETH A. THOMAS, MARION R. THOMAS, RICKIE L. THOMAS, DAVID L. THOMPSON, JAMES O. THOMPSON, JERRY B. THOMPSON JR., DAVID H. THORNTON, BRYANT EARL TILLERY, TOMMY F. TINE, ROGER S. TOMLINSON, ROBERT W. TRAMEL, KENNETH N. TUCKER, RONALD S. TUCKER, KEVIN GEORGE TUMA, LONNIE B. TUTT, MARK E. TYLER, ULYSSES UNDERWOOD, JUAN J. URRETA, JESSE A. VALENTINE, RAYMOND VELA, ROBERT M. VERVER, JACKY DON VEST, ARMANDO M. VIDAL, RODNEY L. VIKE, DAVID H. VOLLRATH, GREGORY L. WADDLETON, GLEN R. WADE, JOSEPH W. WAGNER, PATRICK A. WAGONER, TAMMY E. WAGONER, ANTHONY W. WALKER, BILLY RAY WALKER, COREY N. WALKER, DEAN G. WALLACE, JESSE W. WALLACE, GARY S. WALTHALL, CARLTON D. WARD, ANTHONY M. WARRICK, WILLIAM T. WARRICK, CALVIN WASHINGTON, ST EPHEN B. WASHINGTON, JIMMY G. WATERS, RONALD D. WATKINS, MICHAEL J. WATSON, HOWARD M. WEEMPE, JOHN G. WEGLEY, TIMOTHY L. WHITE, WILLIAM S. WHITE, DARRYL W. WHITMAN, MICHAEL L. WIER, TOLVIA D. WILCOXSON, GEORGE S. WILCOXSON, GREGORY C. WILLEFORD, CHRISTOPHE R C. WILLIAMS, GEORGE W. WILLIAMS, LARRY D. WILLIAMS, MITCHELL L. WILLIAMS, ROY W. WILLIAMS, SAMUEL T. WILLIAMS, DALE E. WILSON, STANLEY A. WILSON, TODD L. WILSON, TODD M. WILSON, DANNY J. WINDLE, ROBERT B. WINTERS,– 49

– BRENT A. WISE, STEVEN BRENT WISE, JOHN B. WOOD, WALTER E. WOOD JR., KENNETH W. WOODARD, GARY KEITH WOODS, R. TERRY WOOTEN JR., GREGORY B. WRIGHT, RANDALL L. YANOWSKI, BOBBY L. YARBERRY, DOUGLAS R. YORK, RICHARD GENE YORK, NATHAN W. YOUNG, ROBERT H. YOUNG, RODNEY B. YOUNG, WILLIAM E. YOUNG, WIL LIAM R. YOUNG, MICHAEL A. YUDIZKY, JEROME C. ZABOJNIK JR., JOHN A. ZABY, Appellees

In accordance with this Court’s opinion of this date, the order of the trial court is AFFIRMED in part and REVERSED in part.

We REVERSE that portion of the trial court’s order denying the City of Dallas’s plea to the jurisdictio n and RENDER judgment granting the City of Dallas’s plea to the jurisdiction on appellees’ claims for declaratory judgment.

We REVERSE the trial court’s order denying the City of Dallas’s plea to the jurisdiction and RENDER judgment granting the City of Dallas’s plea to the jurisdiction on the claims for attorney’s fees filed by the following appellees to the extent the claims have not already been dismissed: Enriquez Andres, Irving Butler, Henry Castro, Isaac F. Conway, Marshall W. Cook, Kenneth W. Crens haw, Kenneth H. Cunningham, James L. Davis, Richard L. Dewees, Gerald W. Fields, Jeffery Lyn Francis, Claude L. Hight, Jennifer Bradley a/k/a Jennifer Hopps, Michael A. Johnson, James P. Kean, Donald R. Kern, Frank E. Medina, Brian A. Partington, Donald W. Reed, Woodson R. Russell Jr., Thomas S. Swing, David Sypert, Kevin George Tuma, Ulysses Underwood, George W. Williams, Douglas R. York, and Rodney B. Young

. In all other respects, the trial court’s order is AFFIRMED

.

It is ORDERED that all parties sha ll bear their own costs of this appeal.

Judgment entered this 13th day of August, 2013.

/Elizabeth Lang

- Miers/
ELIZABETH LANG

- MIERS
JUSTICE– 50

– 

# S

Court of Appeals Fifth District of Texas at Dallas

JUDGMENT

CITY OF DALLAS, TEXAS, Appellant

No. 05

- 12

- 00967

- CV V.

RONNIE J. ACKER, ALVINO G. ADAME, VANESSA M. ADAME, BRUCE E. ADAMS, LARRY M. ADAMSON, BILLY V. AILEY, HORACE D. AKINS, TOMMY Q. AKINS, PATRICK W. ALEXANDER, RANDY J. ALEXANDER, JOHN R. ALLEN, PATRICIA J. ALLEN, TIMOTHY E. ALLEN, JA MES W. ALMY III, GUADALUPE ALVARADO, TOMMY J. AMES, EDWARD L. ANAYA, AARON ANDERSON, BARRY L. ANDERSON, FRANKIE J. ANDERSON, JAMES W. ANDREWS, RANDY L. ANDREWS, JOE M. ARCE, CATHERINE J. ARNOTT

THORNTON,CHRIS R. AULBAUGH, CHARLES L. AVERY, RUSSELL L. BAER, KEVIN G. BAILEY, DAVID D. BAKER, MARY E. BAKER, EDDIE J. BARBER, JAMES L. BARCLAY, NANCY W. BARDIN, RONALD E. BARDIN, JAMES K. BARKSDALE, DALE A. BARNARD, CARL A. BARNES, RUTH A. BARNES, MICHAEL D. BARNETT, LOWELL W. BASS, LESLIE A. BASSHAM, SYDNEY J. BAU GH, JEFFREY R. BAUMANN, LAURA L. BEATTIE, MICHAEL J. BEATTIE, RAYMOND J. BEAUDREAULT, GARY S. BECK, JAMES M. BEENE JR., DAVID W. BELK, NORMAN BELL III, ROOSEVELT On Appeal from the 199th Judicia l District Court, Collin County, Texas Trial Court Cause No. 199

- 200

- 95. Opinion delivered by Justice Lang

- Miers, Justices O’Neill and FitzGerald participating.– 51

– BENJAMIN, ELVIS E. BENSON, ROBERT P. BERNAL, RICHARD C. BERRY, BRETT H. BINFORD, MITCH K. BIR D, WILLIAM E. BIRDWELL, DWAYNE G. BISHOP, KURT M. BJORNSON, ANTHONY O. BLACK, ANN GUINN BLACKBOURN, KENNETH A. BLANK, ROSEANA L. BLOUNT, TIMOTHY P. BORDELON, JASON A. BORDELON, MARTIN P. BOSSE, BRENDIA BOWENS

- JACKSON, MICHAEL R. BOWLES, DUANE H. BOY, JOHN J. BOYLE, MARY J. BRADY, WILLIE BRAGGS JR., LEON BRANNON, JUDE J. BRAUN, RODNEY L. BRAY, SAMUEL G. BREITLING, WILLIAM R. BRICKER, RONALD D. BRIDGES, RONNIE BRIGANCE, JAMES M. BRIGDON, JESUS S. BRISENO, GLORIA F. BROADNAX, RUSSELL S. BROOKSHIRE, ARNOLD BROW N, BUTCH S. BROWN, DAVID O. BROWN, PHILIP L. BROWN, RONNIE R. BROWN, DENNIS L. BRUMMETT, DAVID P. BRUMMETT, CHARLES M. BRUTON, HANS W. BRYSON, GEORGE W. BUCHANAN, TOMMY R. BUGGS, JEFFREY L. BURGE, DUWARD W. BURGESS, EDNA JOAN BURGESS, PATRICK T. BURKE, ART HUR D. BUSBY JR., RICHARD G. BUTLER, WILLIAM J. BUTLER, CEDONIA M. BUTTS, JAMES D. BYAS, JAMES S. BYERLY JR., SANTOS CADENA JR., TERRY K. CAHILL, RONALD D. CALDWELL, RICHARD W. CAMARATA, JEFF E. CAMMON, DAVID A. CAMPBELL, DANIEL L. CANNON, ROBERT I. CANON, JAMES T. CAREY, ALBERT M. CARGILE, ROGER D. CARNEY, SANDRA D. CARO, EDGAR E. CAROL JR., CAROL D. CARPENTER, RONALD B. CARPENTER, JOHN W. CARR JR., ELOY A. CARRILLO, FILIBERTO X. CARRILLO, ARTHUR J. CARROLL JR., JAMES R. CARROLL,– 52

– DONALD W. CASEY, XAVIER CASTILLO, JAMES A. CASTLEMAN, GILBERT N. CERDA, MARGARET O. CHANDLER, DOUGLAS C. CHANEY, JOSEPH M. CHATHAM, JOSEPH A. CHEATHAM, PATRICK D. CHESHIER, JOHN E. CHILDS JR., ARTIE C. CHRISTIAN, THOMAS A. CICIO, DOROTHY L. CLAGGETT, STEVEN B. CLAGGETT, RICHARD E . CLARK, MICHAEL R. CLAY, WALTER M. CLIFTON JR., MICHAEL L. CLINE, JACK B. COBB, ROBERT D. COCKERILL, MICHAEL W. COKER, GARY A. COLECCHI, JAMES F. COLLERAN, DON W. COLLEY, GARY L. COLLINS, JAMES D. CONNER, RUDY CONTRERAS, JOE D. COPELAND, MARY M. COPELAND, GAREN L. CORNETT, PAMELA S. CORR, PAULA S. CORTEZ, DOYLE L. COSLIN, JOHN J. COUGHLIN, WILLIAM D. COWLEY, GARY G. COX, MELVIN D. COZBY, ANTHONY J. CRAWFORD, TERENCE E. CREAR, ROBERT J. CRIDER, WILLIAM H. CROOM, RICHARD V. CROSBY JR., JACQUELINE A. CROSBY, DARRYL L. CROW, GARY L. CROXDALE, DON W. CRUM, LINDA E. CRUM, LONNIE C. CUNIGAN, STEVEN A. DAVID, BEN E. DAVIS, CARVER P. DAVIS, DANIEL H. DAVIS, HELENA A. DAVIS, LARRY C. DAVIS, MICHAEL S. DAVIS, JOHN A. DAVISON, WILLIAM C. DEAN, BRAD F. DEASON, JOE A. DE CORTE, JOHN J. DEGAN III, CATHERINE J. DELAPAZ, MARK A. DELAPAZ, STEVEN J. DELOACH, JACQUELYNNE D. DENNIS, JOSEPH R. DENOMY, RONNIE J. DERS, RAYMOND P. DETHLOFF JR., JAMES C. DEWEES, JOHN H. DICKERSON, TERRELL G. DICKERSON, ALFRED F. DIORIO JR., DARNISHA M . DIXON, KEVIN D. DODDS, RICHARD L. DODGE, RENE R. DOMINGUEZ, A.D. DONALD, KENNETH R. DORTCH, RITA– 53

– MCKAY DOTSON, EDDIE H. DOUGLAS, KENNETH D. DOUGLAS, RAUL DUARTE, J.D. DUKES, RONALD E. DUMMER, WILLIAM J. DUNCAN, BRENITA S. DUNN, RICHARD N. DUNN, VERNA L . DURDEN, DEE F. DURHAM, CLARENCE A. DURST, DUANE R. EASTERLING, KYGE C. EDMONDS, SHELIA EDMONDS, KAREN M. ELLIS, RONALD K. ELLISON, JAMES D. ELLISTON, PATTI L. ELLYETT, PAUL V. ELLZEY, TAMMY S. ELLZEY, RICHARD S. ELWONGER, RICHARD L. EMBERLIN II, JOSEPH E MMETT, MICHAEL E. EPPLE, ROBERT L. ERMATINGER, LINDA T. ERWIN, RONALD W. EVERETT, WILLIAM S. EVERETT, JOHN R.D. FAIRBAIRN, GEORGE FARMAKIS, SHARON L. FARMER, LENARD L. FARROW, NANCY L. FELIX, FORREST L. FENWICK, KENNETH R. FERGUSON, RANDY K. FERGUSON, MICH AEL E. FINLEY, ELTON D. FITE, ENO U. FITE, DONALD H. FITZGERALD, JOLENE FITZGERALD, VICTORIA A. FLETCHER, PAUL B. FLETCHER JR., CHARLES M. FLYNN, JOSE L. FONSECA, DOUGLAS B. FOOR, BARBARA A. FORD, CURTIS W. FORTNER, ALAN T. FOSTER, KELLY B. FOSTER, TOMMY A . FOSTER, ALMA M. FOWLER, TIMOTHY R. FOX, JOE C. FRANKLIN, REGINALD G. FRANKLIN, JOSEPH A. FREEZE, BRENT L. FRENCH, EVERETT A. FRYE, JERRY L. FULLER, KIRK S. FULMER, MARSHAL N. FURR, RICKY J. GADDIS, JEFFREY P. GAERTNER, ROBERT S. GAGE, JAMES E. GALLAGHER, GREGG R. GALLOZZI, RAUL GARCIA JR., ALEX M. GARCIA, TIMOTHY P. GARGANI, DAVID N. GARMANY, BARBARA J. GARNER, TOMMY W. GATES, THOMAS G. GEER, ROY R. GEORGE, SCOTT E. GERDES,– 54

– MARK A. GIBBONS, ANTHONY D. GIPSON, THOMAS L. GLOVER SR., GARY L. GODSEY, DAVID L. GOELDEN, SHERRY L. GOELDEN, MICHAEL E. GOMEZ, FRANK A. GORKA JR., JACK E. GOUGE, CHARLES T. GRADY, DAVID J. GRAHAM, KAREN M. GRAHAM, ROBERT J. GRANT, RONALD D. GRANT, TODD M. GRAVES, CAROL T. GREGSTON, SAMUEL D. GRIFFIN, JAMES N. GRISSOM, CARLOS GUERRA JR., MANUEL GUEVARA, IVAN GUNTER, RONALD A. GUY, ENRIQUE GUZMAN JR., JOSE A. GUZMAN, DALE E. HACKBARTH, MICHAEL A. HACKBARTH, RODNEY A. HAIGH, STEPHEN M. HAINES, GENE M. HALE, CLAUDE S. HALL, DWAINE E. HALL, KIM E. HAMMOND, TROY PATRICK HAMMOND, JOHN D. HA NCOCK, SCOTT A. HANTEN, CATHY CRITZ HARDING, CLAUDE P. HARDING, BOBBY W. HARGIS, ANGELA R. HARN, JOHNNIE L. HARRIS, MARYLIN J. HARRIS, JACK G. HARRIS, LYNETTE N. HARRISON, MARION J. HARRISON, TIMOTHY D. HARSHBARGER, VICTOR T. HART, GARY D. HASTY, CHRISTOPH ER S. HAUFFE, ALBERT L. HAY, JEFFREY A. HAYWOOD, KEVIN J. HEATH, RICHARD E. HENDERSON, BEVERLY G. HENDLEY, GARY N. HENDLEY, RICKY J. HENRICHS, EDWARD J. HERBST III, DAVID S. HERNANDEZ, PAUL HERNANDEZ, PAT HERRING, RONALD L. HERRINGTON, ROGER D. HETRICK, LA RRY D. HIGBY, THOMAS F. HIGGINS, JESSE T. HILL II, RONALD R. HILL, JACK E. HINTON, ROBERT A. HINTON, BARBARA L. HOBBS, KELLI L. HOFFMAN, STEVEN M. HOFFMAN, JERRY L. HOFFPAUIR, ROOSEVELT HOLIDAY, GEORGE R. HOLLAND, TIMOTHY J. HOLLAND, WILLIAM A. HOLLINGSWOR TH,– 55

– ROBERT S. HOLT, BILLY J. HOOKER, MICHAEL G. HOSKINS, TIM R. HOUSTON, CAROLYN J. HOVEY, TOWNSEND B. HOWARD, GROVER S. HOWELL, CHARLES W. HUDSON, KEVIN G. HUEY, MARK E. HUFFMAN, WILLIAM G. HUFFMAN, JEFFREY K. HULL, STEVEN C. HULL, TIM R. HUMPHREY, HENR Y A. JACHNA, DAVID JACKSON, LORRIE A. JACKSON, RANDALL H. JACKSON, ROY L. JACKSON, JON P. JACOB, MADISON JACOB, JOHN H. JAMES, MILTON R. JARVIS JR., PAUL M. JARVIS, DAVID A. JENKINS, PAUL E. JEZ, CLARENCE B. JOHNSON, DANIEL L. JOHNSON, HOWARD E. JOHNSON, K EITH A. JOHNSON, KENNETH R. JOHNSON, DOUGLAS D. JONES, GARY R. JONES, MARTIN E. JONES, PHILIP E. JONES, RODNEY E. JONES, STEPHEN D. JONES, BRADLEY M. JORDAN, KAREN S. JORDAN, REGINA JOSEPH, JAMES J. KALASH, GAYLE L. KANSIER, FRED KATANI, MICHAEL L. KEATING , JOYCE E. KEETER, GENE A. KEITH, RAYMOND E. KELLEY, EDWIN E. KENNEDY, LATONYA DICHELLE KENNEDY

- CAHEE, LINDA D. KIMBERLIN, ARCHIE L. KING, C. WESLEY KING, GEORGE M. KING, JERRY W. KING, PAUL R. KING, TERRANCE A. KING, WILLIAM R. KIRK III, GARY L. KIRKPATRI CK, ANDREW J. KLEIN, DEBRA A. KNAPP, DON W. KNIGHT, STEVE P. L’HUILLIER, PAUL M. LACHNITT, BILLY E. LACKEY, DAVID J. LANDRY, SCOTT J. LANE, STEVE M. LANEY, BRUCE E. LANKFORD, DAVID W. LARSEN, RAYMOND A. LAWRENCE, THOMAS W. LAWRENCE JR., KENNETH P. LECESNE, STEVE W. LEDBETTER, SAMUEL T. LEPERE, LARRY A. LEWIS, RAYMOND D. LEWIS III, JACK A. LILLEY JR., DAVID W. LINTHICUM,– 56

– LARRY W. LITTLEFIELD, LARRY W. LOGGINS, LARRY L. LOOPER, JOSE LOSOYA JR., CARL E. LOWE, GREGORY L. LOWE, DANIEL J. LUSTY, JOSEPH L. MADDOX, RANDAL D. MAGG, SANDRA J. MAGG, SUSAN M. MAGUIRE, JOHN T. MAGUIRE, SAMUEL J. MANDELL JR., KEVIN H. MANSELL, DUDLEY T. MARCHETTI JR., DONALD W. MARKS, PAMELA A. MARKS, WILLIAM J. MARKS, BILLY G. MARONEY, PURVIS G. MARONEY, CARLTON R. MARSHALL, MICHAEL J. M ARSHALL, RUSSELL C. MARSTON, MICHAEL R. MARTIN, ROGER E. MARTIN, TERRY L. MARTIN, WARREN R. MARTIN, JACK E. MARTINDALE, DONNIE M. MASHBURN, ARLIN MASON, CECIL S. MASSEY, EDWARD J. MATIS, MATTHEW B. MAYFIELD, NORMAN RICHARD MAZZOLA, JOHN D. MCCAGHREN, JAMES E. MCCLUER, JILL M. MCCOLLUM, CLINTON D. MCCOY, WARD K. MCDONALD, CHARLES S. MCDONNOLD, EDWARD C. MCFADDEN, MICKEY F. MCFERRIN, JUDITH A. MCGEE, MARGARET J. MCGEE, MICHAEL B. MCGEE, SCOTT R. MCINTIRE, IRA J. MCKEE, THOMAS B. MCKEE III, JON R. MCKEON, JOHN H. MCLAIN, DIANE J. MCLEOD, ROBERT M. MCLEOD, STANLEY L. MCNEAR, DAVID F. MCWILLIAMS, WILLIAM S. MEARS, ANTONIO H. MEDRANO, MICHAEL R. MELDRUM, CLARK D. MENDENHALL, MICHAEL A. MENDEZ, BILLIE L. MILLER, CRAIG R. MILLER, MICHAEL F. MILLER, JAMES R. MILTIMOR E, CECIL E. MITCHELL, ROBERT C. MITCHELL, WILL J. MIXON, FERNANDO MONCIBAIS, RONNAN J. MONTEMAYOR, ALBERT C. MOORE, FRED N. MOORE, JACOB P. MOORE III, JAMES A. MOORE, RICHARD F. MOORE, ERIC MORALES, DANIEL MORENO, RAUL A. MORENO,– 57

– RICHARD C. MORRELL, JAMES D. MORRIS, JOHN K. MORRIS, BILLIE E. MOSER, ELVIS L. MOSES, JAMES D. MOSES, LARRY MOSES SR., THOMAS R. MOUNT, JAMES A. MULLINS, JULIUS B. MUNDT, ROBERT MUNOZ, JULIE R. MUNSTER, JAMES C. MURPHY, PHILLIP MURRAY, FRANK C. MUSCATO, KAREN B. MUSCATO, LESLIE A. MYERS, DAVE F. NAILS, JAMES M. NANNEY, JOHN T. NASH III, THOMAS E. NAULTY, KEVIN W. NAVARRO, MARVIN J. NED, ANTHONY W. NEELY, DENNY D. NEVE, DAVID L. NEVITT, ROBERT F. NEWTON, JOHN B. NICHOLS, KEVIN R. NICKELL, IRENE NOAH, DAVID H. NOFZINGER, MICHAEL W. NO NNEMACHER, WILFORD R. NUNN, DONALD R. O’DONNEL, STEPHEN T. O’DONNELL, GARY L. O’PRY, KEITH A. OLSON, STEPHEN T. OLSON, WALTER E. ORZECHOWSKI, LONNIE W. OSBORN, STEVE B. OULLIBER, DEAN M. OVERALL, FREDDY R. OVERSTREET, THON R. OVERSTREET, RICHARD L. PACE, J IMMY W. PAGE, LESTER T. PAGE, WILLIAM A. PARIS JR., BOBBY R. PARROTT, DONALD M. PARTON, LINDA J. PATTERSON, KEITH C. PATTON, PATRICIA A. PAULHILL, DAVID L. PEEPLES, KENNETH M. PENROD, ANDREA K. PEREZ, ARMANDO PEREZ, JACK C. PERRITT, RONNIE M. PETTIT, TED J . PFURSICH, DONALD M. PINNEY JR., STEPHEN A. PITZ, CHARLES E. PLUMLEE, FRANK W. POBLENZ, HERBERT W. PODINA, MICHAEL D. POOLE, MORRIS POPE III, MICHAEL J. POTTER, DAVID P. POTTS, KEVIN A. POWELL, WILLIAM K. POWELL, JOHN S. PRACHYL, PATSY R. PRESTENBERG, WIL LIAM J. PRESTENBERG, TIMOTHY A. PROKOF, GEORGE L. PRYOR, BARRY W. RAGSDALE, GARRY L. RAGSDALE,– 58

– RAUL RAMIREZ, SHEREE RAMIREZ, DONALD R. RANDLE, MARK J. RANGEL, ERIC J. RATHJEN, WILLIAM R. READDY, BOBBY J. REEVES, JOHN A. REEVES, RICHARD L. REEVES, STEVEN D. REIDELER, DAVID G. RENFRO, THOMAS C. RENGSTROFF, ERNEST A. REYES, CRAIG A. REYNERSON, JERRY M. RHODES, THOMAS J. RICH, DALE H. RICHARDSON, STANTON G. RICHARDSON, ERIC E. RICKLIC, CEYLA E. RIDLEY, JOHN T. RIGNEY, RAUL RIOS, NANCY S. RIPPY, FRANCISCO RIVER A, JOSE A. RIVERA, DONALD L. ROBB, RACHEL K. ROBB, TIMMY W. ROBBINS, MICHAEL A. ROBERTS, SHERRY L. ROBERTS, ANN T. ROBINSON, DEVODA ROBINSON JR., MARK E. RODGERS, PAUL W. RONYAK II, KEITH R. ROSA, KEVIN L. ROSS, RONNY W. ROSS, JUNIUS RUCKER, VANESSA A. RU DLOFF, FRANK J. RUSPOLI, ALFREDO G. SALDANA, ROSS A. SALVERINO, JERRY SANCHEZ, HERBERT K. SANDERS, WILLIAM P. SANDERS, GWENDOLYN WYNELL SARGENT, ISRAEL SARMIENTO, JUAN H. SARMIENTO, ALICIA SARMIENTO, SAUL SARMIENTO, ESTELA SARMIENTO, MIGUEL A. SARMIENTO, R OBERT K. SARTIN, WILLIAM W. SAUNDERS, BRIAN V. SCHUPP, MICHAEL R. SCOGGINS, PETER A. SERRANO, AGUSTIN J. SERRATOS, MARCUS W. SHARP, CHARLES E. SHAW JR., STEVEN G. SHAW, MILES H. SHEERIN, BILLY M. SHEHEE, ALDOPHUS SHELTON III, THOMAS S. SHELTON, THOMAS G. S HERMAN, ROBERT A. SHERWIN, COLLEEN E. SHINN, THEODORE L. SHINN III, STEVE M. SHORT, JAMES J. SHUBZDA, GREG A. SIEDELMANN, RICARDO SILVA, MAURICE L. SIMMONS, WILLIAM C.– 59

– SIMS, DAVID M. SINGER, MARK A. SITTNER, JAMES E. SKELLY, JUDITH A. SKIBINSKI, GLEN K. SL ADE, STEVEN L. SLATON, JOHN P. SMITH, RONNIE T. SMITH, TERRY C. SMITH, TRACY C. SMITH, VICKIE STONAKER SNOW, MARCIA M. SNOWDEN, STEVEN SOLAJA, DEAN A. SORENSON, SANDY L. SOULE, STANLEY L. SOUTHALL, RODNEY A. SPAIN, STEVEN E. SPARKS, VIRGIL L. SPARKS, JAMES D. SPAULDING, DENNIS A. SPEARS, ELVIS E. SPEARS, GLORIA D. SPENCER, EDWARD K. SPILA, PAMELA M. SPRINGER, RICHARD L. ST. CLAIR, STEPHEN L. ST. CLAIR, JAMES N. STACY, LEONARD G. STANDIGE JR., THOMAS W. STARK, JERRY L. STEWART, TIMMY A. STEWART, TODD STEWART , PAUL A. STOKES, SAMUEL E. STORY, LAWRENCE F. STROMILE, LONNIE G. STURDY, WILFORD L. SUBER, MICHAEL R. SWAIN, BRENDA A. TATE, JANET S. TAYLOR, WILLIAM R. TEMPLE, JIMMIE J. TERRELL, DOUGLAS W. THIGPEN, BRYANT C. THOMAS, DAVID M. THOMAS, JO L. THOMAS, MICHA EL J. THOMAS, ALLEN G. THOMPSON, KARL G. THORMANN, DANE P. THORNTON, JOHN R. TILLERY, GEORGE E. TILLEY, RICHARD V. TODD, DAVID S. TREMAIN, JEAN E. TREMAIN, JESUS A. TREVINO, AMY B. TRIPPEL, DANIEL E. TRIPPEL, TERESA A. TURKO, EDGEL D. TURNER, CHARLES W. TU TEN, MARK A. UNDERWOOD, RICKEY B. UPSHAW, LINDA J. UTZ, BRIAN K. VERDINE, DAVID G. VESTAL, CYNTHIA SANCHEZ VILLARREAL, JAMES R. VINEYARD, CARL W. WACHHOLZ, ALBERT C. WAGNER JR., JOE A. WALDEN, DARYL D. WALKER, LARRY T. WALL, DAVID W. WALLACE, JAMES A. WALL ACE,– 60

– STEPHEN R. WALTHALL, ALAN W. WAMMACK, MARK A. WAMMACK, MARK S. WARD, JEWEL K. WARREN, PEGGY J. WARREN, LYNETTE C. WASHINGTON, VELICIA J. WASHINGTON, DONALD M. WATERSON, ALFRED J. WATKINS, CURTIS WATTS, DIANA G. WATTS, GREG S. WEATHERFORD, TINA L. WEAT HERFORD, KENNETH D. WEAVER, DESIREE A. WEBB, ERIC K. WEBB, NANCY L. WEBB, MARK N. WEBSTER, TOMMY W. WEESNER, RONALD D. WEIMER, JAMES R. WEISINGER, THEODORE G. WEISSENBORN, TODD C. WELHOUSE, LARRY A. WESSON, PATRICIA A. WEST, JOHN E. WESTPHALEN, ADRIAN D. WHITE, GERALDINE R. WHITE, BARRY M. WHITFIELD, DONALD A. WHITSITT, KENNIE W. WIGINTON, KENNETH W. WILKINS, JIMMY G. WILLHOITE, DENNIS L. WILLIAMS, DONALD E. WILLIAMS, RANDY M. WILLIAMS, REBECCA O. WILLIAMS, KEVIN M. WILLIS, RICHARD C. WILSON, RONALD B. WIL SON, WARREN W. WILSON, ANTHONY W. WINN, BRIAN W. WOLFF, ROBERT J. WORTH, JAMES O. WRIGHT, RICHARD A. WRIGHT, STEPHEN W. WRIGHT, DONALD W. YOUNG, JOHN M. YOUNG, FREDDIE YOUNGBLOOD, ROBERT A. YOWELL, PEDRO ZAMORA, Appellees

In accordance with this Court’s opinion of this date, the order of the trial court denying the City of Dallas’s plea to the jurisdiction is AFFIRMED in part and REVERSED in part.

We REVERSE that portion of the trial court’s order denying the City of Dallas’s plea to the jurisdiction and RENDER judgment granting the City of Dallas’s plea to th e jurisdiction on appellees’ claims for declaratory judgment.

We REVERSE that portion of the trial court’s order denying the City of Dallas’s plea to the jurisdiction and RENDER judgment granting the City of Dallas’s plea to the jurisdiction on the claim s for attorney’s fees filed by the following appellees to the extent their claims for attorney’s fees have not been nonsuited: Donald W. Casey, William D. Cowley, Rita M. Dotson, Todd M. Graves, Ronald A. Guy, Garry D. Hasty, Richard E. Henderson, David Ja ckson, Donnie– 61

– M. Mashburn, Agustin J. Serratos, Maurice L. Simmons, Terry C. Smith, Elvin E. Spears, Lawrence F. Stromile, Theodore G. Weissenborn; Patrick W. Alexander, Timothy E. Allen, James W. Almy, Frankie J. Anderson, Chris R. Aulbaugh, Charles L. Av ery, Carl A. Barnes, Leslie A. Bassham, Norman Bell III, David O. Brown, Tommy R. Buggs, Duward W. Burgess, Santos Cadena Jr., Sandra D. Caro, William D. Cowley, Helena A. Davis, Larry C. Davis, Jacquelynne D

. Dennis, Rita McKay Dotson, Kyge C. Edmonds, Le nard L. Farrow, Michael E. Finley, Reginald G. Franklin, Todd M. Graves, Dwaine E. Hall, Kim E. Hammond, Scott A. Hanten, Bo bby W. Hargis, Garry D. Hasty, Kevin J. Heath, Richard E. Henderson, Timothy J. Holland, Townsend B. Howard, Charles W. Hudson, Davi d Jackson, Lorrie A. Jackson, John H. James, Milton R. Jarvis Jr., Rodney E. Jones, Bradley M. Jordan, Donnie M. Mashburn, Clark D. Mendenhall, Billie L. Miller, Albert C. Moore, John K. Morris, Frank C Muscato, Karen B. Muscato, Anthony W. Neely, Marvin J . Ned, Lonnie W. Osborn, Richard L. Pace, David L. Peeples, Bobby J. Reeves, Vanessa A. Rudloff, Agustin J. Serrates, Steven G. Shaw, Robert A Sherwin, Maurice L. Simmons, Terry C. Smith, Steven E. Sparks, Elvis E. Spears, Vickie Stonaker Snow, Gloria D. S pencer, Paul A. Stokes, Lawrence F. Stromile, Douglas W. Thigpen, Bryant C. Thomas, Brian K. Verdine, David G. Vestal, Daryl D. Walker, Lynette C. Washington, Diana G. Watts, Jewel K. Warren, Peggy J. Warren, Donald E. WiIliams, and Pedro Zamora

.

In all other respects, the trial court’s order is AFFIRMED

.

It is ORDERED that all parties shall bear their own costs of this appeal.

Judgment entered this 13th day of August, 2013.

/Elizabeth Lang

- Miers/
ELIZABETH LANG

- MIERS
JUSTICE