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2024 IL App (1st) 230645-U 

SECOND DIVISION 

August 16, 2024 

No. 1-23-0645 

NOTICE: This order was filed under Supreme Court Rule 23 and is not precedent except in the 

limited circumstances allowed under Rule 23(e)(1). 

IN THE 

APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS 

FIRST JUDICIAL DISTRICT 

THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, ) Appeal from the 

) Circuit Court of 

Plaintiff-Appellee, ) Cook County. 

) 

v. ) No. 18CR15692 

) 

MICHAEL FENNER, ) Honorable 

) Michael J. Kane, 

Defendant-Appellant. ) Judge Presiding. 

JUSTICE McBRIDE delivered the judgment of the court. 

Justices Ellis and Cobbs concurred in the judgment. 

ORDER 

¶ 1 Held: (1) the State proved defendant guilty of resisting or obstructing a peace officer 

beyond a reasonable doubt; (2) defendant’s fourth amendment rights were not 

violated and the trial court did not err in excluding this argument; (3) the trial 

court did not abuse its discretion in admitting evidence of a prior incident at a car 

lot because such evidence was not hearsay; and (4) the trial court did not abuse its 

discretion in sentencing defendant to an 18-month term of probation. 

¶ 2 Following a jury trial, defendant Michael Fenner was convicted of two counts of resisting 

or obstructing a peace officer proximately causing injury and subsequently was sentenced to 18 

months of probation. On appeal, defendant argues that: (1) the State failed to prove that the 

officers were engaged in authorized act at the time of the arrest beyond a reasonable doubt; (2) 
No. 1-23-0645 

the trial court erred in excluding evidence and argument that the police violated his fourth 

amendment rights when he was arrested in his home without a warrant; (3) the trial court erred in 

allowing the State to present hearsay and improper other crimes evidence that defendant had 

struck the owner of a car lot; and (4) defendant’s sentence is excessive, constitutes a trial tax, and 

the trial court relied on improper aggravating factors. 

¶ 3 Defendant was arrested on October 8, 2018, and subsequently charged by information 

with multiple counts of aggravated battery, aggravated assault, and resisting or obstructing a 

peace officer proximately causing injury. Prior to trial, the State informed the court that it was 

proceeding on four counts: aggravated battery for kicking and pushing Officer Vincent Barner 

(Counts I and IV respectively); resisting or obstructing a peace officer, and proximately causing 

an injury, against Officer Barner (Count VII) and Sergeant Tiffany Washington1 (Count IX). The 

remaining counts were nol-prossed. The State made a pretrial plea offer to defendant for a 

reduced charge of resisting or obstructing a peace officer, a Class A misdemeanor, in exchange 

for the State recommending a sentence of time served and a dismissal of all charges. Defendant 

declined the plea offer. 

¶ 4 In its motion in limine, the State moved for “the defense [to] be precluded from arguing 

that defendant’s 4th /14th Amendment rights were violated as no motion was filed in the above 

entitled case regarding violations of defendant’s constitutional rights,” which the court granted 

over defendant’s objection. In his motion in limine, defendant asked that the State not be 

permitted to elicit testimony regarding the alleged battery that occurred at a car lot in October 

2018. The charges from the instant case arose while the officers were investigating the alleged 

1 Sergeant Washington was a police officer when the events occurred, but testified at trial that 

she was then a sergeant. We will refer to her by her more recent rank for consistency. 

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No. 1-23-0645 

battery and defendant asserted that the testimony would be prejudicial and portray him as a 

violent person. The court held that it would allow the evidence to show the reason behind the 

officers’ actions but the evidence would not be admitted to show propensity. Defendant also 

objected to the admission of the audio from the police worn body camera footage as inadmissible 

hearsay. The trial court reviewed the video recording and overruled defendant’s objection. 

¶ 5 Defendant was initially tried by a jury on these charges in September 2022 which resulted 

in a not guilty verdict of aggravated battery based on kicking Officer Barner (Count I). The jury 

was unable to reach a verdict on the remaining counts. The trial court entered judgment on the 

not guilty verdict on that charge and declared a mistrial on the other counts. 

¶ 6 Defendant’s second jury trial began on February 15, 2023. The State offered defendant to 

plead guilty to a misdemeanor resisting or obstructing peace officer charge in exchange for a 

recommended sentence of time served. Defendant again declined the offer. The parties also 

reasserted their motions in limine, and the court reaffirmed its previous rulings. 

¶ 7 The following evidence was presented at the second trial. 

¶ 8 Sergeant Tiffany Washington testified that she has been employed by the Chicago Police 

Department for 11 years and at the time of defendant’s trial, she held the rank of sergeant. At the 

time of the incident, she was a field training officer. In that capacity, she was one of the officers 

who would train new officers “in order to show them what needs to be done, to explain to them 

the different laws, the different techniques.” On October 8, 2018, she was training Officer Sandra 

Alvarez while on morning patrol. They were in uniform and driving a marked squad car. The 

sergeant received a call to go to the 9000 block of South Ashland Avenue due to a disturbance at 

a car lot. There, she was informed that a man kept coming into the establishment and threatening 

the employees of the car lot. Sergeant Washington was told by the owner that the man struck him 

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No. 1-23-0645 

in the face. After being given a description of the individual and a copy of his driver’s license, 

she then proceeded to the 9400 block of South Justine Street, which was approximately five 

blocks away. She also contacted Officer Barner for support. 

¶ 9 At the residence, Sergeant Washington and Officer Alvarez stood on the steps to 

defendant’s porch. They first made contact with defendant’s wife when she answered the door. 

Sergeant Washington asked to speak with defendant. Sergeant Washington identified defendant 

in court as the “subject in the blackish, grayish jacket.” Defendant stood at the front door with 

the door open. Sergeant Washington spoke with defendant at the top of the porch with Officer 

Alvarez across from her and down a step, and Officer Barner at the bottom of the steps on the 

sidewalk path leading to the porch. When defendant opened the door, she informed him that the 

complaining witness had made a battery report alleging that defendant had struck him in the face. 

Defendant responded and denied striking the man. Defendant told the officers to come inside his 

house, but Sergeant Washington declined and told defendant to refrain from going to that car lot 

again. Defendant responded that “he didn’t care what we said; if he didn’t get his money by 12 

o’clock, there was gonna be a problem.” Defendant “became highly combative,” telling the 

officers that “he didn’t care what [they] said,” and he “kept making the threat to go back” to the 

car lot. Sergeant Washington considered defendant’s statement a threat. At that point, Officer 

Barner came up the porch steps and defendant “retreated back into the residence and started 

making threats.” 

¶ 10 As defendant went back into the house, the officers followed him. Officer Barner “asked 

[defendant] to place his hands behind his back.” Defendant “turn[ed] with his hands up on the 

wall like he [was] about to let Officer Barner search him, push[ed] off the wall, then [ran] into 

the kitchen, screaming, [g]et out my house, you don’t have any business being in my house.” 

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No. 1-23-0645 

¶ 11 Officer Barner attempted to “de-escalate the situation,” telling defendant to “stop 

resisting,” which defendant “wasn’t having at all.” Sergeant Washington believed defendant 

threw “something at Officer Barner,” went into a stairwell, and swung “a closed fist” at Office 

Barner’s face but did not make contact. Officer Barner was telling defendant not to hit him. 

Sergeant Washington was standing beside them in the stairwell. Defendant “kept swinging” at 

Officer Barner, spit at him, and tried to kick him. The last time defendant swung at Officer 

Barner; Sergeant Washington grabbed defendant’s left hand with her right hand. Defendant then 

pulled away and twisted Sergeant Washington’s wrist, causing her pain. While the officers 

waited for backup, defendant continued refusing to comply and shouting that they were “going to 

have to kill him to get him out the house, he’s not going, he wants his F-ing money. He just kept 

being belligerent, kept going off, would not listen to anyone’s commands whatsoever.” 

¶ 12 When the backup officers arrived, Sergeant Washington backed up and moved to the top 

of the stairwell. As the officers were attempting to turn defendant around to prevent him from 

swinging at them, she observed Officer Barner fall down two to three steps while defendant was 

struggling. After the officers were able to place defendant in handcuffs, Sergeant Washington 

was transported to the hospital for treatment of her wrist. She received an ice pack and pain 

medication, but she did not miss any work for the injury. 

¶ 13 Sergeant Washington was equipped with a body-worn camera, and it was activated 

during the events of that day. She explained that the camera has a “30-second buffer” of video 

recorded without audio prior to an officer activating the camera. Once activated, the camera will 

record audio and video. When the State asked to admit the camera footage, defense counsel 

stated, “Judge, we don’t have any problem with admitting it.” The State then played Sergeant 

Washington’s camera recording for the jury. 

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No. 1-23-0645 

¶ 14 Sergeant Tiffany Washington’s body-worn camera footage shows her standing on 

defendant’s porch with Officer Alvarez standing a couple of steps down. From Sergeant 

Washington’s perspective, Officer Barner is seen approaching from the street and walking onto 

the property. As explained in her testimony, the first 30 seconds of the footage does not have 

audio. The audio begins as defendant opens the front door. Sergeant Washington then turns to a 

closed front door which defendant opened shortly thereafter and spoke with the officers. 

Sergeant Washington stated that defendant went to the dealership and hit someone in the face. 

Defendant told her that he did not hit anyone. He went to the dealer to get his money back 

because they sold him a car with the motor “blown.” Washington informed him that the dealer 

made a report on defendant. Defendant repeated that he wanted his money back. Sergeant 

Washington told defendant that he needed to go through the Better Business Bureau. Defendant 

then said that he “don’t need the neighbors in my business so if y’all coming in, come in.” 

Sergeant Washington responded that she was letting him know that the report had been made. 

When Officer Barner approached the house, he asked Sergeant Washington what the report was 

for, and she responded a battery and the dealer said defendant “hit him in the face.” Defendant 

said he “did not touch that man” but he was arguing with “that man.” Sergeant Washington told 

defendant that the dealer said, “he had cameras” and defendant again denied striking the dealer 

and “I told him I want my money back. Period.” Sergeant Washington again told defendant that 

he needed “to go through the proper channels” and he cannot keep going there. Defendant then 

said, “If I don’t get my money back by 12 o’clock, there’s going to be a problem. And I mean it.” 

¶ 15 At that point, Officer Barner came onto the porch and told defendant to turn around. 

Defendant asserted that this was private property and he retreated into his house followed by 

Officer Barner and Sergeant Washington. Defendant continued to walk through multiple rooms 

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No. 1-23-0645 

and told the officers to leave his house. Defendant walked through his kitchen while saying that 

he could say what he wanted, and it was private property. He started to go down a staircase with 

Officer Barner following and the two men engaged in a struggle. Officer Barner repeatedly tells 

defendant not to hit him and to calm down. Defendant continues to argue with the police and 

exclaimed, “If you don’t got a warrant, you ain’t got no business in my house.” He then started 

to physically struggle with Officer Barner. Defendant said, “You gonna have to kill me” to arrest 

me. Additional officers then entered the stairwell and defendant again began a physical struggle. 

Defendant again said the officers would have to kill him. Officer Barner was below defendant on 

the stairs when the struggle started. Multiple officers continue to tell defendant to stop resisting. 

¶ 16 Officer Vincent Barner testified that he has been a police officer with the Chicago Police 

Department for 28 years. He explained that his uniform includes a body-worn camera. An officer 

activates the camera by pushing the button twice, but the camera is always on. In his experience, 

the body-worn camera may not capture the full incident if the individual is “super close” to the 

camera. 

¶ 17 On October 8, 2018, Officer Barner was on duty by himself in a marked patrol car and 

was in uniform. At approximately 10:20 a.m., he was directed to the 9400 block of South Justine 

Street in Chicago to the home of an alleged battery offender. He received a request for support 

from Sergeant Washington, who was responding to that address. When he arrived on the scene, 

Officer Barner observed defendant on the porch speaking with Sergeant Washington and a 

female trainee police officer. He stood at the bottom of the steps and listened to the conversation 

between defendant and Sergeant Washington. Sergeant Washington explained why the officers 

were there and defendant responded what he had done and what would happen if he did not 

receive his money back. Based on his training and experience, Officer Barner considered 

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No. 1-23-0645 

defendant’s statement to be a threat and explained, “It was considered a threat when he said that 

he was going to go back up there, if he didn’t get his money back by 12 o’clock, it was going to 

be -- he was going to go back up there and it was going to be a problem.” After hearing what he 

considered to be a threat, Officer Barner decided to make an arrest. 

¶ 18 Officer Barner then approached and told defendant to turn around. Defendant reacted by 

moving back into the house and saying that he was not going to be placed under arrest. Officer 

Barner continued to give defendant directions to stop and turn around to be placed in handcuffs. 

He followed defendant into defendant’s house. Defendant “continued to yell obscenities and 

saying that he wasn’t gonna be placed under arrest.” Officer Barner “attempted” to gain control 

of defendant, but defendant pushed him and continued moving into the house. Officer Barner 

followed defendant from the living room into the dining room and continued to instruct 

defendant to turn around and be handcuffed. Defendant at one point turned around but then 

pushed Officer Barner again and ran into the kitchen. Officer Barner followed and continued 

ordering defendant to stop and calm down; defendant refused. Officer Barner confirmed with 

Sergeant Washington that the complaining witness was going to sign the complaints and then 

called for backup. 

¶ 19 While in the kitchen, Officer Barner was “pleading for [defendant] to stop being 

aggressive,” and defendant “swiped something off the counter” at Officer Barner and defendant 

attempted to flee down the basement stairs. While in the kitchen, Officer Barner asked Sergeant 

Washington for confirmation that the car lot owner “was willing to sign complaints,” which she 

confirmed. He also then called for backup officers. Officer Barner tried to grab defendant to stop 

him from getting all the way to the basement because he was concerned about potential weapons 

in the basement. While on the stairs to the basement, he grabbed defendant’s arms and waist. 

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No. 1-23-0645 

Sergeant Washington was also assisting, but Officer Barner was focused on defendant. While 

Officer Barner “begged for [defendant] to calm down,” defendant “kept threatening” and telling 

Officer Barner that he would “have to kill” him in order to arrest him. Officer Barner responded 

that they were not going to kill him and he “kept trying to tell him to calm down and not to make 

this situation worse than what it has to be.” Defendant attempted to hit Officer Barner several 

times, but Officer Barner blocked the blows. 

¶ 20 When the assisting officers arrived, Officer Barner shifted his position from face to face 

with defendant to below defendant on the lower portion of the basement stairs. Defendant 

reacted to the additional officers by kicking, fighting, and biting. Everyone “went to the ground” 

and Officer Barner attempted to hold defendant’s legs to keep control as the other officers placed 

the handcuffs on defendant. When defendant was kicking, Officer Barner fell down a few steps 

and felt “a burning sensation in the back” of his left leg. After defendant was placed in 

handcuffs, Officer Barner was taken by ambulance to a hospital, where he was treated for 

bruising and a torn hamstring. Officer Barner’s leg was bandaged, he had to use crutches, and 

was unable to work for three months. 

¶ 21 The State introduced photographic exhibits showing Officer Barner dressed in uniform 

that day and his bandaged knee. When the State asked the court to enter the camera footage into 

evidence, the court asked if there was any objection and defense counsel answered, “No.” The 

State then played Officer Barner’s body worn camera video of the incident. 

¶ 22 That video shows the front entrance to defendant’s home with five steps leading to the 

porch landing. From Officer Barner’s perspective facing the porch, the porch is on the front of 

the house on the right side and runs from a little to the left of the door to the right edge of the 

house. It does not run the full width of the home. The camera shows defendant standing on the 

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No. 1-23-0645 

porch landing with the door open and defendant speaking with Sergeant Washington and another 

female officer two to three steps down. His camera video displays a similar recording of the 

incident as Sergeant Washington’s video recording. Officer Barner testified that he activated his 

camera as he entered the house, so the beginning of the recording does not have sound until 

approximately 30 seconds into the video. It shows the officer’s perspective as he approached the 

house and defendant retreating into the house. During the confrontation in the stairwell, both 

Officer Barner and Sergeant Washinton held and lowered defendant’s arm as they told him to 

calm down and relax. The struggle continued down the stairs. Officer Barner continued to tell 

defendant to stop resisting and give the officers his hand. Officer Barner stated multiple times 

that he hurt his leg. 

¶ 23 Following the officers’ testimony, the State rested. Defendant moved for a directed 

verdict, which the trial court denied. Defendant rested his case without presenting any additional 

evidence. 

¶ 24 After closing arguments, the trial court instructed the jury, and the jury began its 

deliberations. Following deliberations, the jury found defendant guilty of two counts of resisting 

or obstructing a peace officer and proximately causing an injury and not guilty of aggravated 

battery. 

¶ 25 In March 2023, defendant filed a motion for a new trial raising multiple claims, including 

that the trial court erred in allowing hearsay evidence of the alleged battery at the car lot, the 

hearsay evidence from the police body-worn cameras, and barring evidence and argument that 

the police lacked an arrest warrant and other fourth amendment claims. The trial court denied 

defendant’s motion. 

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No. 1-23-0645 

¶ 26 At sentencing, the parties presented arguments in aggravation and mitigation. In 

aggravation, the State detailed defendant’s criminal history of four misdemeanors, including two 

for domestic battery, and a 1992 felony conviction for delivery of a controlled substance. The 

State requested a sentence of incarceration. In mitigation, defendant argued that the most recent 

misdemeanor was from 2003, he did not “pick up” a new case while on bond, and he was 47 

years old, married with children and grandchildren. Defendant asked for a sentence of probation. 

The trial court sentenced defendant to 18 months of probation, a $2500 fine, and five days of the 

Sheriff’s Work Alternative Program (SWAP), which was considered served based on 

defendant’s pretrial time in custody. Defendant filed a motion to reconsider his sentence as 

excessive, which the trial court denied. 

¶ 27 This appeal follows. 

¶ 28 Defendant first argues that the State failed to prove defendant guilty beyond a reasonable 

doubt of resisting or obstructing a peace officer proximately causing injury. Specifically, 

defendant contends that the State failed to establish that the officers were engaged in an 

“authorized act” when they arrested him inside his home without a warrant. The State maintains 

that the evidence was sufficient to show that the officers were engaged in an authorized act while 

arresting defendant. 

¶ 29 When this court considers a challenge to a criminal conviction based upon the sufficiency 

of the evidence, it is not our function to retry the defendant. People v. Hall, 194 Ill. 2d 305, 329-

30 (2000). Rather, our inquiry is limited to “whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most 

favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of 

the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” (Emphasis in original.) Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 

319 (1979); accord People v. Cox, 195 Ill. 2d 378, 387 (2001). It is the responsibility of the trier 

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No. 1-23-0645 

of fact to “fairly *** resolve conflicts in the testimony, to weigh the evidence, and to draw 

reasonable inferences from basic facts to ultimate facts.” Jackson, 443 U.S. at 319. “The trier of 

fact is best equipped to judge the credibility of witnesses, and due consideration must be given to 

the fact that it was the trial court and jury that saw and heard the witnesses.” People v. Wheeler, 

226 Ill. 2d 92, 114-15 (2007). “Accordingly, a jury’s findings concerning credibility are entitled 

to great weight.” Id. The reviewing court must carefully examine the record evidence while 

bearing in mind that it was the fact finder who observed and heard the witnesses. People v. 

Cunningham, 212 Ill. 2d 274, 280 (2004). “A conviction will not be set aside on appeal unless 

the evidence is so unreasonable, improbable, or unsatisfactory that there remains a reasonable 

doubt of the defendant’s guilt.” Wright, 2017 IL 119561, ¶ 70. 

¶ 30 Here, defendant was charged with resisting or obstructing a peace officer that 

proximately caused injury by failing to comply with Officer Barner’s and Sergeant Washington’s 

attempts to place him under arrest. To establish the offense, the State must prove the following 

elements: (1) the defendant knowingly resisted or obstructed a peace officer, (2) the peace officer 

was performing an authorized act in his or her official capacity, and (3) the defendant knew the 

officer was a peace officer. People v. Baskerville, 2012 IL 111056, ¶ 32; 720 ILCS 5/31-1(a) 

(West 2016). A person who is convicted of resisting a peace officer and whose resistance was the 

proximate cause of “injury” to the officer commits a Class 4 felony. 720 ILCS 5/31-1(a-7) (West 

2016). Defendant contests whether the State sufficiently proved that the officers were performing 

an “authorized act” when they entered his residence to place him under arrest. According to 

defendant, the arrest was presumptively unreasonable because the officers did not have a warrant 

to arrest him in violation of the fourth amendment. U.S. Const., amend. IV. 

¶ 31 Despite defendant’s argument to the contrary, the supreme court has held that section 31-

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No. 1-23-0645 

1 of the Criminal Code of 2012 (the Code) is read together with section 7-7 of the Code (People 

v. Locken, 59 Ill. 2d 459, 464-65 (1974)), which provides that a defendant is not authorized to 

use force to resist an arrest by a peace officer, even if he believes the arrest is unlawful and the 

arrest is in fact unlawful. (720 ILCS 5/7-7 (West 2016)). “It appears that the legislature, by 

adopting section 7-7, intended that the making of an unlawful arrest is to be considered an 

‘authorized act’ for purposes of section 31-1. Consequently, resistance of even an unlawful arrest 

by a [peace] officer is a violation of section 31-1.” Locken, 59 Ill. 2d at 464-65; People v. 

Villareal, 152 Ill. 2d 368, 374-77 (1992) (following Locken to hold that the officer’s entry into 

the house to arrest a third party was an “authorized act” under section 31-1). These provisions 

ordinarily override a claim of defense of dwelling because they specifically pertain to the use of 

force in an arrest situation. City of Champaign v. Torres, 214 Ill. 2d 234, 243 (2005). “Where the 

authorized act is an arrest, the inquiry usually ends because a defendant is not privileged to resist 

even an unlawful arrest.” People v. Jones, 2015 IL App (2d) 130387, ¶ 11 (citing Torres, 214 Ill. 

2d at 241-42). 

¶ 32 The evidence established that the officers went to defendant’s house following the 

complaint of a battery committed by defendant at the car lot. Sergeant Washington informed 

defendant of that complaint by the owner of the car lot and told defendant to refrain from 

returning to that location. Defendant eventually stated, “If I don’t get my money back by 12 

o’clock, there’s going to be a problem. And I mean it.” Both Sergeant Washington and Officer 

Barner, based on their training and the battery allegation, interpreted defendant’s statement as a 

threat and Officer Barner approached defendant to make an arrest. He told defendant to turn 

around to be handcuffed. At that point, instead of complying with the officer’s request, defendant 

retreated into his house and declared that he would not be arrested. The officers followed 

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No. 1-23-0645 

defendant into the house to effectuate the arrest. Defendant continued to refuse to comply with 

the officers’ commands which culminated in a physical struggle in his stairwell. During that 

confrontation, both Sergeant Washington and Officer Barner were injured. 

¶ 33 Based on the supreme court’s holding in Locken and section 7-7 of the Code, we find that 

the officers were engaged in an authorized act when Officer Barner made the decision to place 

defendant under arrest. The officers entered defendant’s home only after defendant resisted 

Officer Barner’s command to turn around to be handcuffed. As section 7-7 provides, it is 

irrelevant if defendant believed the arrest was unlawful, he was not authorized to use force to 

resist the arrest. See 720 ILCS 5/7-7 (West 2016). “ ‘Consequently, resistance of even an 

unlawful arrest by a known officer’ is a violation of [section 31-1].” Torres, 214 Ill. 2d at 242 

(quoting Locken, 59 Ill. 2d at 465). 

¶ 34 Defendant fails to discuss section 7-7 and its application to the facts of this case. Rather, 

he cites multiple cases that are distinguishable on their facts. Defendant relies primarily upon 

People v. Gallagher, 2020 IL App (1st) 150354. There, a police officer observed a vehicle 

parked in the parking lot of a closed gas station. Because the officer knew the gas station had 

been burglarized in the past, he pulled up behind the vehicle and turned on his lights to see two 

people in the car. As the officer approached the vehicle, the defendant started the car and began 

to make a three-point turn. The officer got the defendant’s attention and asked for the 

defendant’s license and proof of insurance. The defendant gave his license and an invalid 

insurance card to the officer but said his valid insurance card was in the trunk. The officer 

advised the defendant and the passenger to remain in the vehicle. He called in the defendant’s 

information and learned that there were no outstanding warrants for the defendant. 

¶ 35 At some point additional officers pulled up to the scene, but the initial officer had not 

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No. 1-23-0645 

called for backup. The initial officer told the defendant to exit the vehicle, which the defendant 

did, but the defendant started to walk toward the rear of the car. The officer stopped the 

defendant by grabbing his right arm, but the defendant continued to try to walk away. At that 

time, the officer told the defendant he was under arrest for obstructing and trespassing. Id. ¶¶ 3-

13. 

¶ 36 The defendant and his girlfriend both testified for the defense. Both testified that the 

girlfriend had been driving her vehicle when she felt something strange with the tires so she 

pulled into the gas station to check. The defendant moved to the driver’s seat to drive the car to 

determine the issue. Right after the defendant got into the driver’s seat, the officer pulled up 

behind them. He denied walking to the trunk when the officer ordered him out the car because 

the officer had said to “forget about” the insurance card. The defendant testified that the officer 

“slammed” him against the vehicle. Id. ¶¶ 15-20. The defendant was subsequently found not 

guilty of trespass but guilty of resisting or obstructing a peace officer. Id. ¶ 22. 

¶ 37 On appeal, the defendant argued that the State failed to prove him guilty beyond a 

reasonable doubt because the evidence failed to prove that the officer “was engaged in an 

authorized act where his seizure of defendant lacked reasonable articulable suspicion.” Id. ¶ 27. 

The reviewing court then considered whether the officer had “a reasonable suspicion to conduct 

a brief investigative stop, also known as a ‘Terry stop’ under Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1 (1968).” 

Id. ¶¶ 31-32. “In Terry, the United States Supreme Court held that ‘an officer may, within the 

parameters of the fourth amendment, conduct a brief, investigatory stop of a citizen when the 

officer has a reasonable, articulable suspicion of criminal activity, and such suspicion amounts to 

more than a mere “hunch.” ’ ” Id. ¶ 32 (quoting People v. Gherna, 203 Ill. 2d 165, 177 (2003), 

citing Terry, 392 U.S. at 27). 

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¶ 38 The Gallagher court concluded that the officer lacked a reasonable suspicion to justify a 

Terry stop, noting that the State failed to present any evidence of the gas station being 

burglarized, that the officer had not observed the vehicle’s occupants engage in any suspicious 

activity, and the gas station’s owner had testified that the air pump remained available for 

customers to use when the gas station was closed. Id. ¶¶ 35-38. 

¶ 39 The court generally observed that “[i]f the officer’s conduct violated the fourth 

amendment, it is unauthorized, and the defendant, therefore, is not in violation of section 31-

1(a).” Id. ¶ 29. Accordingly, the reviewing court held that the State’s evidence was insufficient 

as a matter of law to establish that the officer was engaged in an authorized act. Id. ¶ 42. 

“Specifically, the evidence failed to demonstrate that there was reasonable articulable suspicion 

present to warrant [the officer’s] attempt to effect a Terry stop. Accordingly, [the officer’s] 

actions were not authorized, and therefore, defendant was not obstructing an authorized act of a 

police officer.” (Emphasis in original.) Id. 

¶ 40 In contrast, the officers in this case were not making a Terry stop, but rather were making 

an arrest after defendant made a perceived threat towards the owner of the car lot. Gallagher is 

distinguishable for this simple reason alone. Moreover, where a peace officer is not undertaking 

an arrest, the Locken rule is inapplicable. Torres, 214 Ill. 2d at 243-44. Thus, the Locken rule was 

not at issue in Gallagher, but is determinative in this case. We find other cases cited by 

defendant to be distinguishable on this basis as well. See Jones, 2015 IL App (2d) 130387, ¶ 16 

(finding that the officer exceeded his authority to remain on the defendant’s porch after the 

officer observed no violence and the potential victim had no discernible injuries and did not 

request assistance); People v. Elliott, 2022 IL App (2d) 210359-U, ¶ 20 (finding that the police 

officer’s order for the defendant to exit his garage was not an authorized act because the officer 

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No. 1-23-0645 

wanted to effectuate a traffic stop for a speeding offense that the officer had witnessed and had 

no intent to arrest the defendant); People v. Tatum, 2024 IL App (3d) 220456-U, ¶¶ 18-20 

(finding that the officers lacked a reasonable suspicion to support a Terry stop and were not 

engaged in an authorized act). 

¶ 41 Moreover, defendant cites People v. Givler, 2022 IL App (3d) 200255-U, for persuasive 

purposes, but the decision actually supports the State’s argument here. In that case, the police 

received a call about a suspicious person in a Meijer store parking lot. Id. ¶ 6. Upon arrival, the 

officers observed the defendant and confirmed that the complainant wanted the defendant 

arrested and would sign complaints. When the officers attempted to place the defendant under 

arrest, he initially complied, but as the officers were trying to place the defendant’s second wrist 

in handcuffs, he pulled his elbow away and tried to walk away. The officers took him to the 

ground and placed him under arrest. Id. ¶¶ 7, 10. 

¶ 42 On appeal, the defendant argued that the State failed to satisfy its burden to prove that the 

officer named in the complaint engaged in any “authorized” act because the underlying reason 

for the arrest, a disorderly conduct charge, was dismissed and not discussed at trial. Id. ¶ 18. The 

reviewing court observed that “[p]hysical acts of resistance support a resisting a peace officer 

charge, even when the underlying charge is unwarranted.” Id. ¶ 19 (citing People v. Thompson, 

2012 IL App (3d) 100188, ¶ 13). The court found that the officer’s testimony explained why he 

and another officer believed they had probable cause to arrest the defendant. After the officer 

initiated the arrest, defendant resisted by pulling his arm away and attempting to move away 

from the officers and his “actions forced the officers to wrestle defendant to the ground to 

effectuate the arrest.” Id. ¶ 20. The Givler court held that the evidence proved beyond a 

reasonable doubt that the defendant resisted a peace officer and the “fact that the charge 

17 
No. 1-23-0645 

defendant was arrested for, disorderly conduct, was eventually dismissed is immaterial.” Id. 

¶ 43 We find Givler persuasive to support our finding that the State proved beyond a 

reasonable doubt that the officers were engaged in an authorized act. Similar to the facts in 

Givler, the officers in the present case came to defendant’s residence after a report of a battery 

had been made. The officers informed defendant of the report and when the defendant made a 

comment that the officers perceived as a threat, Officer Barner initiated an arrest. Defendant’s 

resistance forced the officers to enter his home and engage in a physical struggle to effectuate the 

arrest. 

¶ 44 Thus, under the Locken rule, the State presented evidence to show the officers’ actions to 

place defendant under arrest were authorized acts. See Locken, 59 Ill. 2d at 465. After reviewing 

the evidence in the light most favorable to the State, we conclude that sufficient evidence was 

presented such that a rational trier of fact could find the officers were engaged in an authorized 

act beyond a reasonable doubt and we affirm defendant’s convictions for resisting or obstructing 

a peace officer causing injury. 

¶ 45 Next, defendant contends that the trial court erred in granting the State’s motion in limine 

which prevented defendant from presenting evidence that a violation of his fourth amendment 

rights occurred. According to defendant, the court’s ruling violated his due process rights by 

denying him a fair trial and his right to present a complete defense. The State initially asserts that 

defendant has forfeited this claim by failing to argue before the trial court that the court’s ruling 

violated his due process rights or any other constitutional violation. 

¶ 46 In criminal cases, the supreme court “has held consistently that a defendant preserves an 

issue for review by (1) raising it in either a motion in limine or a contemporaneous trial 

objection, and (2) including it in the posttrial motion.” People v. Denson, 2014 IL 116231, ¶ 11. 

18 
No. 1-23-0645 

In his motion for a new trial, defendant asserted that the trial court “erred in granting the State’s 

motion in limine to bar the introduction of evidence that CPD Officers did not have an arrest 

warrant or a search warrant, and/or may have committed Fourth Amendment violations.” 

Elsewhere in his posttrial motion, defendant contended that he was denied due process and a fair 

trial under the United States Constitution and the Illinois Constitution. Since he raised the issue 

in his posttrial motion, we find defendant sufficiently preserved this issue on appeal. 

¶ 47 Nonetheless, defendant’s claim fails on the merits. “The decision to grant or deny a 

motion in limine rests within the sound discretion of the trial court and that decision will not be 

disturbed absent an abuse of discretion.” People v. Martinez, 2021 IL App (1st) 182553, ¶ 34. An 

abuse of discretion is only found where the trial court’s decision is arbitrary, fanciful, or 

unreasonable, or where no reasonable person would agree with the position adopted by the trial 

court. Id. 

¶ 48 As thoroughly discussed in our analysis above, the officers were engaged in an 

authorized act when they sought to place him under arrest. The making of an unlawful arrest is 

considered an ‘authorized act’ for purposes of section 31-1. Locken, 59 Ill. 2d at 465. As 

previously observed, section 7-7 of the Code provides, “A person is not authorized to use force 

to resist an arrest which he knows is being made either by a peace officer or by a private person 

summoned and directed by a peace officer to make the arrest, even if he believes that the arrest is 

unlawful and the arrest in fact is unlawful.” 720 ILCS 5/7-7 (West 2016). Thus, it is irrelevant 

whether the underlying charge had merit or if defendant believed the arrest was unlawful. See 

Torres, 214 Ill. 2d at 242 (citing Locken, 59 Ill. 2d at 465); see Villareal, 152 Ill. 2d at 374-75. 

Resistance of an unlawful arrest by a peace officer is a violation of section 31-1. Id. “Where the 

authorized act is an arrest, the inquiry usually ends because a defendant is not privileged to resist 

19 
No. 1-23-0645 

even an unlawful arrest.” Jones, 2015 IL App (2d) 130387, ¶ 11. Since defendant was not 

authorized to use force to resist an arrest and the supreme court has consistently held that 

effectuating an arrest is an authorized act, defendant’s fourth amendment claim lacks merit and 

the trial court correctly barred any argument on this basis. Accordingly, the trial court did not 

abuse its discretion in granting the State’s motion in limine. 

¶ 49 Defendant next asserts that the trial court erred in allowing inadmissible hearsay 

statements and other crimes evidence regarding the allegations that defendant struck the owner 

of the car lot. According to defendant, statements about the alleged battery at the car lot were 

improperly admitted through both officers’ testimony and in the footage from the body worn 

cameras. Specifically, defendant contends that these statements were substantive out-of-court 

comments and were not limited to the course of the officers’ investigation. He also argues this 

evidence was admitted as other crimes evidence to show his criminal propensity. The State 

responds that defendant’s claims are either waived, forfeited, and/or lack merit. 

¶ 50 Initially, the State contends that the footage from Sergeant Washington’s and Officer 

Barner’s body worn cameras was admitted without objection and was affirmatively waived. Prior 

to trial, defendant argued in a motion in limine that the State should be barred from playing any 

audio from the police body worn cameras based on hearsay, which the trial court denied. During 

the trial, defense counsel made a standing objection to hearsay statements regarding the 

testimony related to the alleged battery at the car lot. Defense counsel did not object when the 

State sought to admit both of the body camera videos. For Officer Barner’s body camera video, 

the trial court asked if there was any objection and defense counsel answered, “no.” When the 

State asked to admit Sergeant Washington’s body camera video, defense counsel responded, 

“Judge, we don’t have any problem with admitting it.” In his motion for a new trial, defendant 

20 
No. 1-23-0645 

argued that the trial court erred in denying his motion in limine “to bar the hearsay statements of 

CPD [Chicago Police Department] Officers in their bodyworn camera audio.” He further 

asserted that the trial court erred in denying his motion in limine “to bar the hearsay statements 

of the car dealer who alleged Defendant punched him, resulting in CPD Officers relocating to 

Defendant’s house.” 

¶ 51 As previously observed, “a defendant preserves an issue for review by (1) raising it in 

either a motion in limine or a contemporaneous trial objection, and (2) including it in the posttrial 

motion.” Denson, 2014 IL 116231, ¶ 11; see People v. Bush, 2023 IL 128747, ¶ 56. 

¶ 52 However, defendant’s agreement with the admission of the body camera footage at his 

trial was counter to his previous position. “[W]hen a defendant procures, invites, or acquiesces in 

the admission of evidence, even though the evidence is improper, [he or she] cannot contest the 

admission on appeal.” People v. Bush, 214 Ill. 2d 318, 332 (2005) (citing People v. Gaffney, 205 

Ill. 2d 52, 114 (2001), People v. Payne, 98 Ill. 2d 45, 50 (1983)). “This is because, 

by acquiescing in rather than objecting to the admission of allegedly improper evidence, a 

defendant deprives the State of the opportunity to cure the alleged defect.” Id. When the State 

sought to admit both video recordings, defendant acquiesced in their admission and made no 

objection, which is in direct contradiction to his motion in limine and posttrial motion. By 

acquiescing in the admission of the video recordings, defendant forfeited his ability to challenge 

this claim on appeal. 

¶ 53 Nevertheless, even if defendant’s hearsay arguments were not forfeited, we find that none 

of the statements were inadmissible hearsay for the following reasons. 

¶ 54 As discussed above, the decision to grant or deny a motion in limine rests within the 

sound discretion of the trial court and that decision will not be disturbed absent an abuse of 

21 
No. 1-23-0645 

discretion. People v. Martinez, 2021 IL App (1st) 182553, ¶ 34. Additionally, admissibility of 

evidence is within the discretion of the trial court, and its ruling will not be reversed unless there 

has been an abuse of discretion. People v. Caffey, 205 Ill. 2d 52, 89 (2001). An abuse of 

discretion is only found where the trial court’s decision is arbitrary, fanciful, or unreasonable, or 

where no reasonable person would agree with the position adopted by the trial court. Martinez, 

2021 IL App (1st) 182553, ¶ 34. 

¶ 55 Defendant contends that multiple statements from Officer Barner and Sergeant 

Washington, either in their testimony or in the video from their body cameras, were inadmissible 

hearsay. He argues that the substance of the officers’ statements referring to the alleged battery at 

the car lot was admitted to prove the truth of the matter asserted, i.e., he struck the car lot owner 

and was not part of the officers’ course of conduct. Specifically, defendant points to Sergeant 

Washington’s testimony that she responded to a call from the car lot and a “worker said that 

there was a gentleman that kept coming to the establishment threatening them” and later “[t]he 

owner said the subject struck him in the face.” She then went to defendant’s home and “informed 

him that the victim had made a police report against him for battery.” Sergeant Washington’s 

body camera showed her telling defendant that the owner “just did a report on” him for 

“battery,” the owner said defendant hit him in the face, and the owner “said he [has] cameras.” 

Similarly, Officer Barner testified that he went to defendant’s home because Sergeant 

Washington had “given [him] information of a battery offender.” 

¶ 56 Defendant further asserts that the officers’ statement that the car lot owner wanted to sign 

the complaint was also used for the truth of the matter asserted. Officer Barner testified that 

while inside defendant’s house he sought “reassurance” from Sergeant Washington that “the 

victim was willing to sign complaints.” Following an objection by defendant to the term 

22 
No. 1-23-0645 

“victim,” the prosecutor asked Officer Barner if he confirmed with his partner that “the 

complaining witness was willing to sign complaints,” and the officer responded in the 

affirmative. The footage from the body worn cameras for both Officer Barner and Sergeant 

Washington showed Officer Barner ask, “Did he say he wanted a signed complaint?” and 

Sergeant Washington answered, “Yes,” the car lot owner did “say he wanted to file a complaint.” 

¶ 57 The hearsay rule generally prohibits the introduction of an out-of-court statement used to 

prove the truth of the matter asserted. People v. Spicer, 379 Ill. App. 3d 441, 449 (2007); see Ill. 

R. Evid. 801 (eff. Oct. 15, 2015). “A ‘statement’ is (1) an oral or written assertion or (2) 

nonverbal conduct of a person, if it is intended by the person as an assertion.” Ill. R. Evid. 

801(a). “Hearsay statements are excluded from evidence primarily because of the lack of an 

opportunity to cross-examine the declarant.” People v. Peoples, 377 Ill. App. 3d 978, 983 (2007). 

¶ 58 “However, an out-of-court statement that is offered for a purpose other than to prove the 

matter asserted is not hearsay and does not implicate the confrontation clause.” People v. 

Whitfield, 2014 IL App (1st) 123135, ¶ 25. “[A]n out-of-court statement offered to show the 

effect on the listener’s mind or to show why the listener undertook subsequent actions is not 

hearsay and is admissible.” People v. Saulsberry, 2021 IL App (2d) 181027, ¶ 80. “If an 

assertion is offered to prove that an event it describes occurred or did not occur, it is hearsay; 

conversely, if offered only for the fact that the declarant said those particular words, it clearly is 

admissible.” (Emphasis in original.) People v. Buffman, 260 Ill. App. 3d 505, 511 (1994); see 

also People v. Burgund, 2016 IL App (5th) 130119, ¶ 193 (where witness A testifies that “B told 

me that event X occurred,” and A’s testimony is offered to establish that B said this, A’s 

testimony is not hearsay). 

¶ 59 Thus, “a law enforcement officer may testify about statements made by others, such as 

23 
No. 1-23-0645 

victims or witnesses, when such testimony is offered not to prove the truth of the matter asserted, 

but instead to show ‘the investigative steps taken by the officer leading to the defendant’s 

arrest.’ ” People v. Risper, 2015 IL App (1st) 130993, ¶ 39 (quoting People v. Pulliam, 176 Ill. 

2d 261, 274 (1997)). “This is not an exception to the hearsay rule; it is a relevant basis for 

admission of the testimony other than the truth of the matter asserted in those statements and, as 

such, is not hearsay in the first instance.” Id. Such testimony is not hearsay because it is based 

upon the officer’s own personal knowledge, and it is admissible although the inference logically 

to be drawn from it is that the information received motivated the officer’s subsequent conduct.” 

People v. Griffin, 2022 IL App (1st) 190499, ¶ 42. “The relevance of the testimony lies in 

explaining to the jury how a law enforcement investigation led to the defendant. Without such 

testimony, a jury might not understand how an officer got from point A to point C; it might 

appear to the jury that the officer had less than a valid basis for considering the defendant to be a 

suspect.” Risper, 2015 IL App (1st) 130993, ¶ 39. “Testimony describing the progress of the 

investigation is admissible even if it suggests that a nontestifying witness implicated the 

defendant.” People v. Simms, 143 Ill. 2d 154, 174 (1991). 

¶ 60 Contrary to defendant’s contention, the statements at issue were not hearsay because they 

were not offered for the truth of the matter asserted. Rather, the statements about the alleged 

battery at the car lot, whether from the officers’ testimony or the camera footage, were not 

admitted to establish that defendant struck the car lot owner. Rather, the statements were used to 

explain why the officers were at defendant’s residence and why the officers perceived 

defendant’s comment to be a threat. This distinction was necessary to understand why the 

officers sought to place defendant under arrest. Stated another way, the statements were not 

offered to prove that the incident at the car lot either occurred or did not occur but were admitted 

24 
No. 1-23-0645 

“for the fact that the [car lot owner] said those particular words” and were admissible. (Emphasis 

in original.) Buffman, 260 Ill. App. 3d at 511. Sergeant Washington went to defendant’s house to 

inform him of the fact that the car lot owner made a report of the incident. Similarly, Officer 

Barner went to the location at Sergeant Washington’s request based on the report from the car lot 

owner. 

¶ 61 More importantly, defendant’s actions following Officer Barner’s attempt to place him 

under arrest were the basis of the case. What the car lot owner told the police or whether he 

signed the complaint was not used to establish that defendant engaged in the alleged conduct, but 

rather these statements were relevant to the officers’ decision to place defendant under arrest. 

¶ 62 Further, the statement made by defendant and disclosed either through the officers’ 

testimony or the camera footage falls within an exception and was admissible. Specifically, 

defendant complains of his own statement in response to Sergeant Washington telling defendant 

not to return to the car lot. In her body camera recording, she told defendant that he “can’t keep 

going up there threatening,” and in response, defendant said, “If I don’t get my money back by 

12 o’clock, it’s gonna be a problem and I mean that.” Both officers testified about defendant’s 

statement and that they perceived the statement to be a threat. However, “[t]he party-admission 

doctrine is an exception to the hearsay rule.” People v. Garcia, 2017 IL App (1st) 133398, ¶ 68. 

Rule 801(d)(2)(A) provides that a statement is not hearsay if “the statement is offered against a 

party and is (A) the party’s own statement.” Ill. R. Evid. 801(d)(2)(A). “The statements at issue 

were all made by the defendant and, so long as they were relevant to the case, could be 

introduced against him as admissions of a party opponent.” People v. Kidd, 175 Ill. 2d 1, 29 

(1996); see also People v. Ramsey, 205 Ill. 2d 287, 294 (2002) (finding the defendant’s out of 

court statement to be admissible as a statement against interest). Such evidence is admissible if it 

25 
No. 1-23-0645 

is relevant to an issue in dispute and its probative value is not substantially outweighed by its 

prejudicial effect. Garcia, 2017 IL App (1st) 133398, ¶ 68. Relevant evidence has a tendency to 

make the existence of a fact of consequence more or less probable than without the evidence. Id. 

Under the party-admission rule, defendant’s statement was particularly relevant to the case 

because it formed the basis of defendant’s arrest. The officers testified that they perceived 

defendant’s statement to be a threat against the car lot owner and caused Officer Barner to 

initiate placing defendant under arrest. Thus, defendant’s statement fell within the exception to 

the hearsay rule. 

¶ 63 Because we find that the complained-of statements were not hearsay, the trial court did 

not abuse its discretion in admitting the officers’ testimony and the camera footage regarding the 

car lot incident as well as defendant’s statements during his conversation with the officers. 

¶ 64 Defendant also asserts that the State improperly relied on the alleged hearsay statements 

in its closing argument. According to defendant, the prosecutor used the officers’ hearsay 

statements about the alleged battery and the subsequent perceived threat for the truth of the 

matter asserted. However, no objection was made at trial to this statement and defendant failed to 

raise this claim in his posttrial motion. To preserve an issue for appellate review, a defendant 

must both object at trial and present the issue in a written posttrial motion. People v. Enoch, 122 

Ill. 2d 176, 186 (1988). Since defendant did neither of these, this claim has been forfeited. 

Further, defendant has not cited or discussed any relevant case law regarding our review of 

closing arguments. “Points not argued are forfeited and shall not be raised in the reply brief, in 

oral argument, or on petition for rehearing.” Ill. S. Ct. R. 341(h)(7) (eff. May 25, 2018). 

Accordingly, defendant has forfeited this argument on this basis as well. 

¶ 65 Even if the statements were improperly admitted, we do not consider the error so 

26 
No. 1-23-0645 

prejudicial as to require a new trial. The testimony from both officers regarding defendant’s 

conduct when they sought to place him under arrest, as well as the body camera footage 

established defendant’s actions in resisting arrest and causing injury to both officers. “ ‘Reversal 

for improperly admitted hearsay evidence is not warranted where properly admitted evidence 

proves the same matter.’ ” People v. Abram, 2016 IL App (1st) 132785, ¶ 76 (quoting People v. 

Songer, 229 Ill. App. 3d 901, 906 (1992)). Accordingly, defendant is not entitled to a new trial 

even if the alleged statements were improper hearsay, which we do not find. 

¶ 66 Additionally, defendant contends that the trial court improperly admitted the evidence 

about the alleged battery at the car lot to show his criminal propensity. The State responds that 

defendant forfeited this argument because he failed to preserve this claim by raising it in his 

posttrial motion. In his reply, defendant maintains that he preserved this claim because he argued 

in his posttrial motion that the court erred in failing to grant a mistrial when the officers referred 

to the car lot owner as a “victim.” However, defendant did not argue that this evidence was 

improperly admitted to show propensity and this claim has been forfeited. See Enoch, 122 Ill. 2d 

at 186 (To preserve a claim for appeal, a defendant must both object at trial and raise the issue in 

a posttrial motion). 

¶ 67 Forfeiture aside, defendant’s claim lacks merit because the trial court explicitly held that 

it would not admit the evidence for propensity. Prior to defendant’s first trial, the court stated 

that it would not allow the evidence for propensity. The court reaffirmed this ruling before 

defendant’s second trial. Further, the court specifically instructed the jury on the evidence of that 

alleged battery and that evidence could only be considered for a limited purpose. 

“Evidence will be received that the defendant has been involved in an 

offense other than that charged in the information. 

27 
No. 1-23-0645 

This evidence will be received on the issues of the defendant’s lack of 

mistake and to explain the officer’s course of conduct and may be considered by 

you only for those limited purposes. 

It for you to determine whether the defendant was involved in that offense 

and, if so, what weight should be given to this evidence on the issues of lack of 

mistake and course of conduct.” 

¶ 68 “We must presume, absent a showing to the contrary, that the jury followed the trial 

judge’s instructions in reaching a verdict.” People v. Simms, 192 Ill. 2d 348, 373 (2000). 

Defendant has not presented any suggestion that the jury disregarded its instructions and 

considered the evidence to show defendant’s criminal propensity. Since the trial court properly 

declined to admit the evidence to show propensity and instructed the jury on its limited purpose, 

defendant’s claim fails. 

¶ 69 Finally, defendant argues that this court should reduce his sentence to time served 

because (1) his sentence is excessive; (2) it constitutes a trial tax; and (3) the trial court relied on 

improper aggravating factors. The State responds that defendant’s claims are waived, forfeited, 

or lack merit. 

¶ 70 Defendant first asserts that his 18-month sentence of probation is excessive based on his 

background, including family support, community ties, work history, and the pretrial deprivation 

of his liberty. Specifically, both at sentencing and before this court, defendant highlights his 23-

year marriage, his children and grandchildren, his lifelong Chicago residency and 

homeownership, and he was employed as a forklift operator. He lost his job while he was 

detained in jail and was working as a driver for Uber, Door Dash, and related companies. 

Defendant also argues that he spent over two months in jail from October 8 to December 27, 

28 
No. 1-23-0645 

2018, when his family was unable to post bond. He then spent over four years on pretrial home 

detention, requiring him to be confined to his home from 7 p.m. to 7 a.m. Defendant contends 

that under these circumstances, the 18-month term of probation was not warranted after he had 

already been deprived of his liberty for over four years. 

¶ 71 The State first responds that defendant forfeited this claim because his sentencing motion 

did not include his pretrial detention as a basis for the court to reconsider. Defendant’s motion 

argued that his “sentence is excessive in view of the defendant’s background and the nature of 

his/her participation in the offense.” However, “[a]n issue raised by a litigant on appeal does not 

have to be identical to the objection raised at trial, and we will not find that a claim has been 

forfeited when it is clear that the trial court had the opportunity to review the same essential 

claim.” People v. Lovejoy, 235 Ill. 2d 97, 148 (2009). The record clearly reflects that defense 

counsel argued extensively in mitigation about defendant’s background, which included his 

pretrial detention. The trial court considered that in imposing the sentence. Since the posttrial 

sentencing motion contended that defendant’s sentence was excessive in light of his background, 

which encompassed all points raised by counsel, the trial court had the opportunity to review this 

claim and defendant has not forfeited his argument. 

¶ 72 The State also asserts that defendant affirmatively waived this claim by asking the court 

to impose a sentence of probation. “The rule of invited error or acquiescence is a procedural 

default sometimes described as estoppel.” In re Detention of Swope, 213 Ill. 2d 210, 217 (2004). 

“Simply stated, a party cannot complain of error which that party induced the court to make or to 

which that party consented. The rationale behind this well-established rule is that it would be 

manifestly unfair to allow a party a second trial upon the basis of error which that party injected 

into the proceedings.” Id. 

29 
No. 1-23-0645 

¶ 73 In this case, the State asked the court to enter a term of imprisonment and defendant 

requested a sentence of probation. He did not request a specific term of probation; it was a 

general request. The court ultimately imposed an 18-month term of probation. In his reply, 

defendant maintains that his claim has not been waived because he is objecting to the length of 

the probation, not its imposition, which he asserted in his motion to reconsider sentence, and asks 

this Court to reduce his term to time served. While defendant did request a term of probation, he 

did not consent to the length and challenged his sentence before the trial court. We cannot say he 

affirmatively waived his claim by asking generally for a sentence of probation. 

¶ 74 However, regardless of whether defendant waived this claim, we find that it fails on the 

merits. “It is well established that a trial court has broad discretionary authority in sentencing a 

criminal defendant.” People v. Evans, 373 Ill. App. 3d 948, 967 (2007). “An appellate court 

typically shows great deference to a trial court’s sentencing decision since the trial court is in a 

better position to decide the appropriate sentence.” Id. Accordingly, a trial court’s sentencing 

decision will not be overturned absent an abuse of discretion. Id. “The reviewing court may not 

reverse the sentencing court just because it could have weighed the factors differently.” People v. 

McWilliams, 2015 IL App (1st) 130913, ¶ 28 (citing People v. Streit, 142 Ill. 2d 13, 19 (1991)). 

¶ 75 “In determining an appropriate sentence, the trial judge is further required to consider all 

factors in aggravation and mitigation which includes defendant’s credibility, demeanor, general 

moral character, mentality, social environments, habits, and age, as well as the nature and 

circumstances of the crime.” Id. “If the sentence imposed is within the statutory range, it will not 

be deemed excessive unless it is greatly at variance with the spirit and purpose of the law or is 

manifestly disproportionate to the nature of the offense.” People v. Starnes, 374 Ill. App. 3d 132, 

143 (2007) (citing People v. Fern, 189 Ill. 2d 48, 54 (1999)). 

30 
No. 1-23-0645 

¶ 76 Here, defendant was convicted of resisting or obstructing a peace officer that proximately 

caused injury, a Class 4 felony. See 720 ILCS 5/31-1(a-7) (West 2016). The sentencing range for 

a Class 4 felony is a term of probation up to three years imprisonment. 730 ILCS 5/5-6-1(a); 5/5-

4.5-45(a) (West 2022). Defendant received an 18-month term of probation. This sentence of 

probation was well within the statutory range for two Class 4 felony convictions. 

¶ 77 In its findings, the trial court discussed both the offense and defendant’s background at 

length before imposing the sentence of probation. 

“I had two opportunities to evaluate you based on what is in the videos 

because I sat through the videos. I have seen you in court all the time. You always 

behave in court. There is no indication to me that you do anything but – you had 

problems when you were young like a lot of people, you are 48 now. You haven’t 

had any problems in a long time. You are trying to support your family and those 

are all good things. Frankly, you live in a nice neighborhood with a nice home. I 

am familiar with that neighborhood. I didn’t grow up far from there. 

Here is my problem with what happened. I could tell from the videos that 

the anger that you had against whoever it is that caused you to be investigated by 

the police was transferred to the police when the police started investigating you. I 

know you were mad at somebody else about a deal of some sort and I understand 

that sometimes it happens. 

But in a society with rules, the police represent the Executive Branch. 

When the Executive Branch says you have to do something and you don’t want to 

do it, you bring it to a judge. You don’t take on the responsibility of deciding 

what your rights are on the street. That leads to chaos. 

31 
No. 1-23-0645 

And that’s what happened here. You were so upset that you were being 

investigated by somebody who you thought had shorted you or mistreated you as 

a result of some kind of an automobile deal, and you were making remarks about 

him or that deal and I heard what you said. That something better happen by a 

certain time or there was going to be a problem. Those are magical words to the 

police because if they walk away from that and you execute the plan and nobody 

gives you what you want, you go back with a gun and kill that guy, somebody is 

going to be saying, officers, how come you didn’t stop that guy? He threatened to 

do something in front of you and you didn’t take any action. 

Now you have to put yourself in their spot. The chances are you aren’t 

going to do it. But there is a possibility when you are saying you are going to do it 

and your body language and your temperament suggest you are going to do it, 

which is what I saw, then they have a responsibility to say calm down, we will 

deal with this, let’s cool off. And, yeah, maybe we are going take you in for a few 

hours and let you sit. Then you are going to tell a judge later on, I am not really 

going to hurt anybody, but I am pretty upset about what happened. 

But you let the anger get the best of you. It was apparent on the video how 

angry you were. But you got to remember just because they wear a uniform, they 

are human beings. They have families just like you have. They have to support 

their families. There was really in my opinion no reason for any of this to happen 

except you were so darn mad. 

And one of the officers hurt his knee. I heard the testimony. You got to 

keep in mind officers have to have certain physical conditions or they can’t be 

32 
No. 1-23-0645 

officers any more, which is a problem. And it could have been worse. You could 

all have fallen down the stairs in those house landed on concrete or something and 

somebody could have really gotten hurt. 

But I will say this, because I did, your lawyers were able to show me 

exactly what happened. And I am not really sure why this was a no bond case to 

begin with. Sixty-five days is a lot of days for what was basically a resisting 

arrest, which got aggravated because the police officers were hurt a little bit. And 

I am not down playing those injuries; but, at your age, I am not saying you are 

old, but you are not young. Sixty-five days in jail while you have a job is kind of a 

lot of time. 

Anyway, this is one of those things that should have never happened. You 

kind of brought it on yourself. They had to do what they needed to do. Two of 

them were women. Okay. 

*** 

I considered the factual basis, the trial evidence, the presentence report, 

history, character and attitude of the defendant, the evidence, arguments, and 

statement of allocution presented by the defendant. I considered also the statutory 

matters which were itemized in the Code. The State’s aggravation and mitigation, 

which has been suggested by counsel for the defendant. 

The defendant is hereby sentenced to a period probation of 18 months. He 

is to be fined $2,500. He is to do five days’ SWAP, which is satisfied by time 

considered served.” 

¶ 78 The record clearly shows that the trial court fully considered the evidence in aggravation 

33 
No. 1-23-0645 

and mitigation alongside the facts of the case before imposing a sentence it believed was 

appropriate for the seriousness of the crime. The court recounted how the incident escalated due 

to defendant’s anger over his issues with the car lot and how the police have to consider 

defendant’s statement that if he did not get his money back, there would be a problem. The court 

considered defendant’s age, his history, work and family, and the fact that he was detained for 

over two months. Defendant’s sentence was below the maximum of three years in prison and 

was in line with defendant’s request. While defendant sought a lower period of probation, the 

trial court entered a sentence within statutory guidelines. Based on our review of the record, we 

find that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in sentencing defendant to probation for 18 

months. 

¶ 79 Defendant next argues that his sentence of 18 months’ probation constitutes a “trial tax.” 

Specifically, defendant focuses on the State’s pretrial plea offer for defendant to plead guilty to a 

reduced charge of resisting or obstructing a peace officer, a Class A misdemeanor, in exchange 

for the State’s recommended sentence of time served and a dismissal of the remaining charges. 

Defendant rejected this plea offer multiple times. Ultimately, the jury found him guilty of two 

Class 4 felonies and he was sentenced to 18 months of probation. Defendant maintains that the 

disparity between the plea offer, and the sentence creates an inference of an unconstitutional trial 

tax. The State again responds that defendant waived this claim because he received the sentence 

he requested. As we previously found, defendant requested a term of probation, but he did not 

consent to the length and challenged his sentence before the trial court. We cannot say he 

affirmatively waived his claim by asking generally for a sentence of probation. 

¶ 80 The State asserts in the alternative that defendant’s claim that his sentence amounts to a 

trial tax lacks merit. We agree. 

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¶ 81 A trial court may not penalize a defendant for choosing to exercise his right to stand trial. 

People v. Jones-Beard, 2019 IL App (1st) 162005, ¶ 26. The “ ‘mere fact that the trial court 

imposed a greater sentence than was offered during plea negotiations does not, in and of itself, 

support an inference that the greater sentence was imposed as a punishment for demanding 

trial.’ ” People v. Jones-Beard, 2019 IL App (1st) 162005, ¶ 26 (quoting People v. Carroll, 260 

Ill. App. 3d 319, 348-49 (1992)). Instead, the record must clearly show that the harsher sentence 

resulted from defendant’s trial demand. Id. When the sentencing court makes “explicit remarks” 

concerning the reason for the harsher sentence, or the sentence is “outrageously higher” than the 

one offered by the State, it can be evidence of a trial tax. Id. In making this determination, we 

consider the entire record rather than focus on a few statements by the trial court. Id. As 

previously stated, we review the trial court’s sentencing decision for an abuse of discretion. 

Evans, 373 Ill. App. 3d at 967. 

¶ 82 Defendant relies on People v. Garcia, 2023 IL App (1st) 172005, to support his claim. 

However, we find the facts of that case to be distinguishable from the circumstances in this case. 

There, the defendant was charged and later convicted of three counts of aggravated criminal 

sexual assault and one count of aggravated kidnapping, all Class X felonies. Id. ¶ 68. Prior to 

trial, the trial court presided over a plea conference under Supreme Court Rule 402(d) (eff. July 

1, 2012). At the conference, the State offered the defendant a term of 40 years in exchange for 

his plea of guilty on the four counts. The trial court recommended a term of 36 years. The court 

further explained to the defendant that he could receive a prison term of up to 120 years if he was 

convicted on all four counts. The defendant rejected the plea bargain offer in favor of trial. Id. 

¶ 75. The defendant was convicted of all four counts and was subsequently sentenced to 25 years 

on each count of the four counts, to run consecutively to each other, for a total of 100 years. Id. 

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No. 1-23-0645 

¶ 45. 

¶ 83 On appeal, the defendant argued that his sentence was an unconstitutional trial tax. He 

asserted that the disparity between the 36-year offer from the court or 40-year offer from the 

State and his imposed sentence of 100 years penalized him for exercising his right to a trial. Id. 

¶ 72. The reviewing court observed that the disparity was “exceptionally large, 64 years or 

177%.” Id. ¶ 77. The Garcia court could not account for the large disparity based on any facts 

disclosed at trial that were not presented to the court at the plea conference. Id. ¶ 78. The court 

further could not “account for the extraordinary plea-trial sentencing disparity here solely as an 

incentive or discount to plead guilty” and pointed out the large disparity was the difference 

between the defendant leaving prison in his late fifties or spending the rest of his life in prison. 

Id. ¶¶ 79, 85. The Garcia court recognized that a “court may impose a sentence following 

conviction that is greater than what was offered a defendant at a plea-bargaining conference,” but 

held that “under the particular circumstances of this case,” the record supported the defendant’s 

claim that he was penalized for exercising his right to trial. Id. ¶ 87. 

¶ 84 In contrast, the plea offer in this case for the lower Class A misdemeanor in exchange for 

a recommendation of time served was made by the State. Defendant does not assert that the trial 

court was actively involved in plea discussions, nor that it offered any sentencing 

recommendation in exchange for a guilty plea. A Rule 402(d) conference was not conducted. 

The extent of the court’s involvement was to admonish defendant of the consequences of a 

refusal of a plea offer based on the State’s recommendations. Defendant focuses on several 

comments after hearing the plea offer that defendant would not have to do any additional jail 

time, could walk out of court a free man, and defendant would not have to report back to the 

court or a probation officer. 

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No. 1-23-0645 

¶ 85 However, the court did not explicitly agree to the sentencing recommendation from the 

State. The court also admonished defendant that if it “theoretically *** went along with the 

agreement” to reduce the charge to a Class A misdemeanor, it “could give [defendant] less than a 

year in jail and that’s just potentially.” The court further advised defendant that he was facing a 

potential felony conviction. After rejecting the plea offer and being convicted of two Class 4 

felonies, defendant received a sentence of 18 months’ probation. According to defendant, this 

disparity between time served and 18 months of probation “creates the inference of a trial tax.” 

We disagree that a sentence of probation compared to time served on its own infers a trial tax. 

See People v. Moore, 2023 IL App (1st) 211421, ¶ 136 (finding that a sentence three times 

greater than the State’s offer, on its own, does not establish a trial tax). 

¶ 86 Moreover, defendant faced a greater sentence going to trial because, as observed, the 

offer he rejected would have also reduced his charge to a Class A misdemeanor of resisting or 

obstructing a peace officer. See 720 ILCS 5/31-1(a) (West 2016). The maximum sentence for a 

Class A misdemeanor is less than one year in prison. See 730 ILCS 5/5-4.5-55(a) (West 2022). 

Rather than accepting the plea, defendant chose a jury trial on the two charges of resisting or 

obstructing a peace officer proximately causing injury, Class 4 felonies, with a maximum 

sentence of three years in prison. See 720 ILCS 5/31-1(a-7) (West 2016); 730 ILCS 5/5-4.5-

45(a) (West 2022). He was subsequently convicted of the two Class 4 felonies and his sentence 

varied from the plea offer for this reason. Our review of the record finds no suggestion that the 

court imposed the term of probation as a form of a trial tax. As detailed above, the trial court 

thoroughly discussed the aggravating and mitigating factors considered in imposing the sentence. 

Accordingly, defendant’s claim fails. 

¶ 87 Finally, defendant asserts that the trial court relied on improper aggravating factors in 

37 
No. 1-23-0645 

imposing his sentence. Specifically, he argues that the court improperly relied on three 

aggravating factors: (1) that defendant could have killed the car lot owner; (2) the officers 

suffered injuries that prevented them from being officers and supporting their families; and (3) 

that two of the officers on the scene were women. He concedes that defense counsel did not 

preserve these errors but asks this court to relax with forfeiture rule or, in the alternative, his 

counsel was ineffective for failing to preserve this claim. We recognize that we may apply 

principles of forfeiture less rigidly where a defendant challenges a trial court’s conduct. People v. 

Johnson, 2023 IL App (4th) 220201, ¶ 57. However, since defendant did not raise this claim in 

his motion to reconsider his sentence, the trial court was not given the opportunity correct or 

clarify its remarks. See id. Accordingly, we decline to relax the bar of forfeiture, but will review 

whether defense counsel was ineffective. 

¶ 88 Claims of ineffective assistance of counsel are resolved under the standard set forth in 

Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984). In Strickland, the Supreme Court delineated a 

two-part test to use when evaluating whether a defendant was denied the effective assistance of 

counsel in violation of the sixth amendment. Under Strickland, a defendant must demonstrate 

that counsel’s performance was deficient and that such deficient performance substantially 

prejudiced defendant. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687. To demonstrate performance deficiency, a 

defendant must establish that counsel’s performance fell below an objective standard of 

reasonableness. People v. Edwards, 195 Ill. 2d 142, 163 (2001). “A defendant is entitled to 

reasonable, not perfect, representation, and mistakes in strategy or in judgment do not, of 

themselves, render the representation incompetent.” People v. Fuller, 205 Ill. 2d 308, 331 

(2002). “Counsel’s strategic choices are virtually unchallengeable. Thus, the fact that another 

attorney might have pursued a different strategy, or that the strategy chosen by counsel has 

38 
No. 1-23-0645 

ultimately proved unsuccessful, does not establish a denial of the effective assistance of 

counsel.” Id. 

¶ 89 In evaluating sufficient prejudice, “[t]he defendant must show that there is a reasonable 

probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have 

been different. A reasonable probability is a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the 

outcome.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694. If a case may be disposed of on the ground of lack of 

sufficient prejudice, that course should be taken, and the court need not ever consider the quality 

of the attorney’s performance. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 697. “Strickland requires actual prejudice 

be shown, not mere speculation as to prejudice.” People v. Bew, 228 Ill. 2d 122, 135 (2008). 

¶ 90 However, we find for the following reasons that defendant’s claims of error lack merit 

and counsel’s failure to pursue a meritless claim cannot constitute deficient representation. See 

People v. Stoecker, 2020 IL 124807, ¶ 45. 

¶ 91 “[A] trial judge may not consider an improper factor in aggravation when sentencing a 

defendant because such consideration clearly affects that defendant’s fundamental right to 

liberty.” People v. Brown, 2019 IL App (5th) 160329, ¶ 18. “When we review a sentence for an 

alleged error based upon the consideration of an improper factor in aggravation, we consider the 

record as a whole and do not focus merely on a few words or statements from the trial judge.” Id. 

We consider the trial court’s statements as a whole because an isolated remark made in passing, 

even though improper, does not necessarily require that the defendant be resentenced. Id. In 

order to obtain a remand for resentencing, “a defendant who has alleged error must show more 

than the mere mentioning of the improper factor in aggravation: the defendant bears the burden 

of showing that the trial judge relied upon the improper factor in fashioning the defendant’s 

sentence.” Id. 

39 
No. 1-23-0645 

¶ 92 As quoted above, when the trial court’s comments are read in context, it is clear that the 

court did not improperly rely on these alleged aggravating factors in imposing his sentence. First, 

defendant maintains that the court relied on the fact that he could have killed the car lot owner as 

an aggravating factor. However, the court did not make a finding that defendant could have 

killed the car lot owner. When read in context, the court’s intention was clear, the court was 

explaining why defendant’s perceived threat had to be taken seriously by the officers. The court 

also recognized that “chances are” defendant was not going to harm the car lot owner, but 

defendant’s language and temperament suggested the possibility. This was not error. 

¶ 93 Second, defendant asserts that the court improperly concluded that the officers suffered 

injuries that made them unable to be officers and support their families. But the court made no 

such finding. In context, the court was noting that the officers have families, and their job is 

physically demanding. Additionally, the evidence established that Officer Barner was unable to 

work for three months due to the injury to his knee. The court’s comments observed the risks of 

being an officer and that the struggle could have been worse and caused more serious injuries. 

The court did not suggest that either Officer Barner or Sergeant Washington suffered injuries that 

ended their career or livelihood. No error occurred in this comment. 

¶ 94 Third, defendant contends that the court’s observation that two of the officers at the scene 

were female was improper. Courts have found that the trial court need not disregard the fact that 

the victim was a female when shaping a sentence. “The gender of the victim is part of the nature 

and circumstances of the offense.” People v. Helm, 282 Ill. App. 3d 32, 34 (1996). However, 

even if this observation was error, defendant has not shown that the court relied upon this single 

improper comment in fashioning his sentence. See Brown, 2019 IL App (5th) 160329, ¶ 18. 

Rather, an isolated remark made in passing does not show that the court improperly relied on an 

40 
No. 1-23-0645 

improper aggravating factor. See id. When the trial court’s findings are read in their entirety and 

in context, the record does not support defendant’s claim. The court detailed the circumstances 

and its consideration of defendant’s history, the nature of the offense, and aggravating and 

mitigating factors. As the record shows, the trial court did not rely on improper aggravating 

factors in sentencing defendant. Since there was no error, defendant’s counsel could not have 

been deficient for failing to object to the trial court’s comments and defendant’s claim of 

ineffective assistance fails. 

¶ 95 Based on the foregoing reasons, we affirm defendant’s convictions and sentence. 

¶ 96 Affirmed. 

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