IM Guidance Update

OCTOBER 2014 | No. 2014-10

US Securities and Exchange Commission

 Division of Investment Management

MIXED AND SHARED FUNDING ORDERS

Summary

The staff of the Division of Investment Management has received inquiries regarding 

whether (i) a mutual fund that offers its shares as an investment option under a variable 

life and/or variable annuity contract is required to obtain a so-called “mixed and shared 

funding” Commission order prior to making any such offer; and (ii) a mutual fund that 

has previously obtained a mixed and shared funding order must, in all circumstances, 

comply with the terms and conditions of that order. This guidance addresses those inquiries and is intended, among other things, to clarify regulatory obligations and reduce 

unnecessary compliance burdens.

In the staff’s view, a mutual fund is not required to obtain a “mixed and shared funding” 

order prior to offering its shares as an investment option under a variable life and/or 

variable annuity contract. In addition, a fund that has previously obtained a mixed and 

shared funding order need not comply with the terms and conditions of that order if the 

exemptions granted by the order are not being relied upon by any person.1 

Background

What is Mixed and Shared Funding?

In the context of variable insurance contracts, “mixed funding“ refers to the sale of the 

shares of a mutual fund to various types of offerees, such as when a fund is used as an 

investment option in both variable annuity contracts and variable life insurance contracts or when a fund is used as an investment option in both variable life insurance 

contracts and retirement plans. “Shared funding” refers to the sale of the shares of a 

mutual fund as an investment option in variable insurance contracts issued by multiple 

unaffiliated insurance companies.
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What is the Origin of Restrictions on Mixed and Shared Funding?

Neither mixed funding nor shared funding is prohibited by the Investment Company 

Act of 1940 (the “1940 Act”). Commission rules applicable to variable life insurance,2

however, provide certain exemptions that are conditioned on restrictions on mixed and 

shared funding. That is, those who seek to rely on the exemptions provided by the rules 

are required to comply with the restrictions on mixed and shared funding.

Specifically, these rules provide limited exemptions from sections 9(a), 13(a), and 15(a) 

and (b) of the 1940 Act. The exemptions apply to an insurance company separate account organized as a unit investment trust investing in underlying funds, which is the 

structure currently used by almost all insurers offering variable insurance contracts. 

Section 9(a) of the 1940 Act makes certain individuals, and companies of which such 

individuals are affiliated persons, ineligible to serve in certain capacities such as investment adviser or depositor of, or principal underwriter for, certain registered investment 

companies. The exemptions from Section 9(a) provided by the rules generally permit an 

insurance company—or an affiliate—that has an officer, director or employee who is ineligible under Section 9(a), to serve as investment adviser, depositor or principal underwriter with respect to an underlying fund, as long as the ineligible individual does not 

participate directly in the management or administration of the fund.3 The exemptions 

from Sections 13(a), 15(a), and 15(b) permit an insurance company in narrowly circumscribed situations to disregard instructions of contract owners in voting underlying fund 

shares on matters relating to the appointment of an adviser or principal underwriter 

and on matters that could result in changes to the sub-classification of the fund or to its 

investment objectives.4

The rules generally limit these exemptions to cases where a separate account invests 

in an underlying fund whose shares are offered exclusively to variable life insurance 

separate accounts of a particular life insurer and other affiliated insurers (the “exclusivity provision”).5 As a result of the exclusivity provision, a fund that sells its shares to a 

variable life insurance separate account may not engage in shared funding, i.e., also 

sell its shares to variable insurance separate accounts of an unaffiliated insurer, without 

jeopardizing the exemptions otherwise provided by the rules.

In the case of certain variable life insurance contracts, the exemptions are also subject 

to the requirement that funds not engage in mixed funding, i.e., sell to variable annuity 

separate accounts of the same insurer or an affiliated insurer.6 In the case of other variable life insurance contracts, mixed funding is permitted without loss of the exemptions, 

subject to certain conditions.7
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Mutual funds offered as investment options under variable insurance contracts typically are organized to serve as funding vehicles for both variable annuity and variable 

life insurance contracts, as well as retirement plans and other offerees. In addition, fund 

sponsors often seek to offer fund shares as funding vehicles for the variable insurance 

contracts of multiple, unaffiliated insurance companies. That is, they seek to engage in 

both mixed and shared funding. For some time, mutual funds that are offered under 

variable life insurance contracts have typically applied for mixed and shared funding 

orders.8 These orders grant insurance companies and their affiliates the same exemptions from sections 9(a), 13(a), and 15(a) and (b) of the 1940 Act that are provided by 

the variable life insurance rules but without the limitation in the exclusivity provision of 

those rules, which restricts mixed and shared funding. 

How have insurance companies used the exemptions granted in mixed and shared 

funding orders?

The staff has now had more than thirty years of experience with applications for mixed 

and shared funding orders. Based on our experience during that period, as well as discussions with industry representatives, despite many mutual funds obtaining mixed and 

shared funding orders, we understand that the exemptions are relied upon very infrequently and that there may be no instances of reliance on the exemptions granted from 

sections 13 and 15 of the 1940 Act.

Conclusion

In light of infrequent reliance on mixed and shared funding orders, the staff has been 

asked to address requirements, if any, for obtaining those orders and complying with 

the terms and conditions of an existing mixed and shared funding order. In the staff’s 

view, a mutual fund that offers its shares as an investment option in one or more variable annuity and/or variable life insurance contracts of affiliated and/or unaffiliated life 

insurers is not required to obtain a mixed and shared funding order prior to making 

any such offer. Indeed, a mutual fund is permitted to engage in both mixed and shared 

funding without obtaining such an order. If a fund engages in mixed funding or shared 

funding without obtaining a mixed and shared funding order, an insurer who issues 

the contracts under which that fund is an investment option—and the insurer’s affiliates—will not have the benefit of the exemptions typically granted by those orders. The 

absence of these exemptions, however, may be of limited, or no, practical significance 

given the infrequency of reliance on the exemptions.
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In addition, it is the staff’s view that compliance with the terms and conditions of a previously issued mixed and shared funding order is not required if none of the insurers to 

whose separate accounts fund shares are being sold—or any affiliate of those insurers 

—are relying on the exemptions granted by the order but, instead, are complying with 

sections 9(a), 13(a), 15(a), and 15(b) of the 1940 Act or are relying on other exemptions 

in the Commission’s rules or under another order.9 Similarly, it is the staff’s view that 

compliance with the conditions to the exemptions from sections 9(a), 13(a), 15(a), and 

15(b) that are provided by the variable life insurance rules themselves, including restrictions on mixed and shared funding, is not required in cases where those exemptions are 

not relied upon, i.e., in cases of full compliance with sections 9(a), 13(a), 15(a), and 15(b) 

or in cases of reliance on other exemptions that are available in the Commission’s rules 

or under an order.

The staff encourages life insurers that issue variable insurance contracts, funds that offer their shares as investment options under variable insurance contracts, and advisers 

to those funds to carefully consider the staff’s views in determining whether to apply 

for mixed and shared funding orders. In addition, the staff encourages these persons to 

carefully consider whether any parties are relying on the exemptions granted in existing 

mixed and shared funding orders and, if not, whether continued compliance with the 

terms and conditions of those orders is necessary. Further, it is the staff’s understanding 

that the terms of some participation agreements between insurers that issue variable 

insurance contracts and the funds that are investment options under those contracts 

require compliance with the terms and conditions of mixed and shared funding orders. 

In cases where the funds that have obtained mixed and shared funding orders and the 

insurers to whose separate accounts shares of those funds have been sold determine 

that there has been no reliance on the exemptions granted in those orders and none is 

anticipated, they may also want to consider whether to revise the terms of their participation agreements to eliminate such requirements.

Endnotes

1 The parties who can rely on the exemptions granted in these orders include insurance companies offering contracts under which the mutual fund shares are offered 

as an investment option, as well as advisers and underwriters of the fund that are 

affiliated with those insurance companies.

2 See rules 6e-2 and 6e-3(T) under the 1940 Act. Rule 6e-2 applies to variable life 

insurance contracts under which premium payments are to be paid in specified 

amounts at specified times in accordance with the terms of the contracts (“scheduled premium contracts”). See rule 6e-2(c)(1). Rule 6e-3(T) applies to variable life 
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insurance contracts under which premium payments generally are not fixed by the 

life insurer as to both timing and amount (“flexible premium contracts”). See rule 

6e-3(T)(c)(1). Relatively few scheduled premium contracts are being offered today.

3 The exemptions from Section 9(a) are provided by rules 6e-2(b)(15)(i) and (ii) and 

6e-3(T)(b)(15)(i) and (ii) under the 1940 Act.

4 Section 13(a) of the 1940 Act requires a registered investment company to obtain 

shareholder approval to make certain changes (e.g., changing from a mutual fund to 

a closed-end fund). Section 15(a) of the 1940 Act requires a registered investment 

company to obtain shareholder approval of investment advisory contracts, and 

Section 15(b) of the 1940 Act requires a registered investment company to obtain 

shareholder approval or approval by the board of directors of an underwriting 

contract with the principal underwriter. The exemptions from sections 13(a), 15(a), 

and 15(b) of the 1940 Act are provided by rule 6e-2(b)(15)(iii)(A) and (B) and by 

rule 6e-3(T)(b)(15)(iii)(A)(1) and (2) under the 1940 Act. Insurers serving as depositors of variable life insurance separate accounts the assets of which are invested in 

shares of mutual funds are the record owners of those shares, but are generally 

required to vote those shares in accordance with instructions of variable life contract owners whose assets are allocated to those funds. Investment Company 

Act Release No. 15651, Section B.4 (Mar. 30, 1987) [52 FR 11187, at 11190-91 

(Apr. 8, 1987)].

5 Rules 6e-2(b)(15) and 6e-3(T)(b)(15) under the 1940 Act.

6 This additional restriction applies to scheduled premium contracts. See preamble to 

rule 6e-2(b)(15) under the 1940 Act. 

7 This applies to flexible premium contracts. See preamble to rule 6e-3(T)(b)(15) under the 1940 Act. The conditions to this mixed funding relief include, among other 

things, that the fund board be composed of a majority of independent directors 

and that the board monitor for conflicts of interest among variable annuity contract 

owners and variable life insurance contract owners.

8 See, e.g., Variable Life Insurance Trust, et al., Investment Company Act Release 

Nos. 30700 (Sept. 24, 2013) (notice) and 30749 (Oct. 22, 2013) (order); Wilshire 

Variable Life Insurance Trust, et al., Investment Company Act Release Nos. 27701 

(Feb. 16, 2007) (notice) and 27751 (Mar. 15, 2007) (order); Templeton Variable 

Products Series Fund, et al., Investment Company Act Release Nos. 24018 

(Sept. 17, 1999) (notice) and 24079 (Oct. 13, 1999) (order); The Manufacturers Life 
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Insurance Company of America, et al., Investment Company Act Release Nos. 18070 

(Mar. 29, 1991) (notice) and 18112 (Apr. 25, 1991) (order); MML Bay State Life Insurance Company, et al., Investment Company Act Release Nos. 13418 (Aug. 2, 1983) 

(notice) and 13464 (Aug. 26, 1983) (order). 

9 Cf. Maxim Series Fund, Inc., et al., (pub. avail. July 31, 2009) (assurances provided to 

fund, adviser, and insurance companies that intended to comply with sections 9(a), 

13(a), 15(a), and 15(b) of the 1940 Act rather than the terms and conditions of an 

existing mixed and shared funding order). 

This IM Guidance Update summarizes the views of the Division of Investment Management 

regarding various requirements of the federal securities laws. Future changes in laws or 

regulations may supersede some of the discussion or issues raised herein. This IM Guidance 

Update is not a rule, regulation or statement of the Commission, and the Commission has 

neither approved nor disapproved of this IM Guidance Update.

The Investment Management Division works to:

s protect investors

s promote informed investment decisions and 

s facilitate appropriate innovation in investment products and services 

through regulating the asset management industry.

If you have any questions about this IM Guidance Update, please contact:

Disclosure Review Office

Phone: 202.551.6921

Email: IMOCC@sec.gov