UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT

________________ _________________ DONG ZHANG, Petitioner,

v. MERRICK B. GARLAND, United States Attorney General, Respondent. No. 21-9605 (Petition for Review)

________________ _________________ ORDER AND JUDGMENT *

________________ _________________ Before TYMKOVICH , BALDOCK , and CARSON , Circuit Judges.

________________ _________________ Petitioner Dong Zhang is a native and citi zen of China. An Immigration Judge (IJ) denied his applications for asylum, restriction on removal, 1 and relief under the United Nations Convention Against Torture (CAT) after finding his testimony not credible. The Board of Immigration Appe als (BIA) dismissed his appeal, finding no

* After examining the briefs and appella te record, this pa nel has determined unanimously to honor the parties’ request for a decision on the briefs without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(f); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore submitted without oral argument. This or der and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of la w of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.

1 Restriction on removal used to be called “withholding of removal.” NeriGarcia v. Holder , 696 F.3d 1003, 1006 n.1 (10th Cir. 2012) (internal quotation marks omitted). FILED United States Court of Appeals Tenth Circuit 

### October 6, 2022 Christopher M. Wolpert Clerk of Court Appellate Case: 21-9605 Document: 010110749735 Date Filed: 10/06/2022 Page: 12 clear error in the IJ’s determinations that he was not a credible witness and that his corroborating evidence was insu fficient to establish his entitle ment to relief. Mr. Zhang now seeks review of the BIA’s order. Exerci sing jurisdiction under 8 U.S.C. § 1252, we deny the petition.
BACKGROUND Mr. Zhang entered the Un ited States in 2008 on a temporary visa. The Department of Homeland Secur ity (DHS) initiated removal proceedings, charging him as removable for overstaying the visa. He conceded removability and sought asylum, restriction, and CAT protection on the ground that he fled China to escape persecution based on his Christian faith and would be pe rsecuted and tortured if he returned.
1. Testimony and Documents Mr. Zhang testified that he st arted attending church after an incident in August or September 2006, when he was working at a st ate-owned hotel and its leadership had him beaten after he reported theft by hotel exec utives. The church he attended was a house church and the location changed weekly. Although he initially testified that he started attending church in December 2006 he later said he first attended in April 2006. Mr. Zhang described an incident in Au gust 2008 when he was hosting a house church session in his home. Police raided the home and arrested the attendees for participating in an illegal meeting. He was taken to a police station where he was interrogated and beaten, then de tained for five days. He was released after he signed a “repentance statement” and paid a fine. R., vol. 1 at 160. His release was conditioned on his reporting to the police station weekly and not attending “illegal church.” Id. at 160- Appellate Case: 21-9605 Document: 010110749735 Date Filed: 10/06/2022 Page: 23 61. Police told his neighbors to monitor him. Mr. Zhang fled China two months later and came to the United States. His parents to ld him not to return to China because the police would find him and sa y that he fled China beca use he committed a crime. Mr. Zhang lived in central California for a few months beginning in October 2008, then in the Los Angeles area (Monterey Park ) for seven or eight months. He moved to Colorado Springs, Colo rado, but could not remember when . He lived there for about ten months and did not attend church there. He moved back to Monterey Park, but could not remember how long he stayed. Mr. Zhang said that when he lived in Monterey Park he attended “Methodist Christian Church.” Id. at 166-67, 189. He initially test ified that he attended that church from 2009 to 2010, but later sa id he attended from 2008 to 2009. When questioned about the discrepancy, he said it had “been a while” and he could not remember. Id. at 189. The documentary evidence indi cated that he started attending that church in January 2009. Mr. Zhang said he attended the chur ch often enough that he would remember details such as its name. However, the documents he submitted in support of his application identify the name of the church as “Christ Lutheran Church,” not Methodist Christian Church. Id. at 274; id. , vol. 2 at 447. After his second stint in Monterey Park , Mr. Zhang moved back to Colorado and started attending “Boulder City Church” in January 2013. Id. , vol. 1 at 168. When asked where the church was located, the IJ permitte d him to refer to a document he had with him for the address of the church. The IJ noted that the court would take Mr. Zhang’s need to refresh his recollection “into consider ation in assessing the extent to which he can Appellate Case: 21-9605 Document: 010110749735 Date Filed: 10/06/2022 Page: 34 testify without aid of documents.” Id. at 171. After reviewing the document, Mr. Zhang testified that the name of the church wa s “Boulder Chinese Ch ristian Church.” Id. at 173. At the end of the hearing, the IJ note d “significant discrepancies” between his testimony and his written applicat ion regarding his addresses and places of employment in the United States, id. at 217, including that the applicat ion did not indicate that he had lived in Colorado Springs. Over DHS’s objection, the IJ continued the proceedings to give Mr. Zhang an opportunity to provid e corrected informati on and documentation establishing his addresses and employers. The IJ noted that the court had no “evidence of his claimed current involvement with the chur ch here in Colorado,” and ordered him to provide “documentary evidence to substantiate his claims th at he is currently practicing any religious activity.” Id. at 220. She ordered that the author of any letter submitted to substantiate his religious activities be availabl e to testify at the continued hearing so DHS would have an opportunity fo r cross-examination. Mr. Zhang submitted an updat ed application and a le tter, purportedly from the pastor of his church. The letter states that Mr. Zhang started to attend “Boulder Chinese Evangelical Free Church” in January 2013. Id. at 248. When the hearing resumed before a different IJ, Mr. Zhang’s counsel acknowledged the IJ’s order that the letter’s author be available to testify, but said the pastor wa s not present because a ppearing at immigration court proceedings was against church policy. Appellate Case: 21-9605 Document: 010110749735 Date Filed: 10/06/2022 Page: 45 2. The IJ’s Decision The IJ denied Mr. Zhang’s applicati on after finding him not credible and concluding that his corroboratin g evidence was either not reliable or insufficient to independently carry his bur den of proof to establis h eligibility for relief. The IJ explained that because his applica tion was based on his claim that he is a Christian fleeing religious pe rsecution in China, “his co ntinued involvement in and practice of Christianity after his arrival in th e United States is an important aspect of his claim.” Id. at 84. But she found that Mr. Zhang’ s evidence that he “continues to be a practicing Christian” “contains glaring inconsistencies.” Id. In particular, his testimony that the church was called “Methodist Chris tian Church” conflicted with the letters he submitted, which referred to the church as “C hrist Lutheran Church ,” and his testimony about the dates he attended that church was inconsistent—he initially testified that he started attending church the m onth he arrived in Monterey Park (October 2008), but later testified that he started attending that church sometime in 2009. Id. The IJ identified similar inconsistencies in Mr. Zhang’s testimony about the name and denomination of the church he attended in Colorado a nd discrepancies between that testimony and the pastor’s letter, which reflec ted a different name and denomination. She also noted that Mr. Zhang had to refer to documents to refresh his recollection about the location of the church. Fu rther, the IJ explained that sh e afforded the pastor’s letter minimal evidentiary weight because (1) despite the previous IJ’s order, the pastor did not testify when the hearing resumed, so DHS di d not have an opportunity to cross-examine him; and (2) the letter was not written on ch urch letterhead and did not provide a sworn Appellate Case: 21-9605 Document: 010110749735 Date Filed: 10/06/2022 Page: 56 statement from its author, so the court was un able to assess its auth enticity. And the IJ observed that although the c ourt gave Mr. Zhang an opportunity to “provide . . . additional evidence documenting his continued involvement in the Christian religion,” the only additional evidence he subm itted was the unauthenticated letter. Id. at 85. In addition to concerns regarding the evidence about Mr. Zhang’s religious activities, the IJ identified other aspects of hi s evidence that underm ined his credibility. She described his testimony about his places of residence and em ployment as “very unclear,” noting that he was “unsure about the specific or even general dates of when he lived where,” and that after the court orde red him to update his application, the information he provided did not account for his whereabo uts from May 2009 to March 2010 and from October 2010 to December 2011, and his employment history had “similar gaps in time.” Id. The IJ also found discrepancies in the record concerning Mr. Zhang’s account of events in China, including inconsistencie s in his testimony about when he started attending church—at one point he testified that he started attending church after he was beaten by his employer in Sept ember 2006, but later testified that he attended church for the first time in April 2006, mont hs before the beating. Finally, the IJ noted that he did not mention the beating in his written application.
3. The BIA’s Decision The BIA affirmed the IJ’s decision, finding no clear error in her adverse credibility determination. It discussed the “numerous . . . specific, cogent inconsistencies and omissions” the IJ identified in suppor t of her credibility finding, Appellate Case: 21-9605 Document: 010110749735 Date Filed: 10/06/2022 Page: 67 id. at 4, focusing primarily on: (1) the inconsistencie s in Mr. Zhang’s testimony about when he started attending church in China; (2) his failu re to mention the beating by his employer in his written appl ication; (3) the inc onsistencies in his testimony and the discrepancies between hi s testimony and the documentary evidence about the names and denominations of the c hurches he attended in the United States and his dates of attendance; and (4) the inconsistencies a nd gaps in his testimony and application regarding his places of residence and employment. In addition to upholding the IJ’s advers e credibility determination, the BIA agreed with the IJ that Mr. Zhang’s corroborating evidence was insufficient to independently establish his e ligibility for relief. In particular, the BIA concluded the IJ did not err in affording minimal weight to the letters Mr. Zhang submitted from the churches he attended in the United States, and it held that the IJ reasonably ordered that the author of any le tter submitted to substantia te his current religious involvement be available to testify at the hearing. Having concluded that the IJ’s adverse credibility determination was not clearly erroneous and that his corroborating evidence was insufficient, the BI A held that the IJ properly denied Mr. Zhang’s applications be cause without credible testimony, he could not establish his eligibility for asylum, re striction on removal, or CAT protection.
DISCUSSION The BIA reviews an IJ’s credibility findings “for clear error, and only clear error.” Kabba v. Mukasey , 530 F.3d 1239, 1244 (10th Cir. 2008). It may not substitute its judgment for the IJ’s because when “there are two permi ssible views of the evidence . . . Appellate Case: 21-9605 Document: 010110749735 Date Filed: 10/06/2022 Page: 78 the factfinder’s choice between them cannot be clearly erroneous.” Id. at 1245-46 (internal quotati on marks omitted). When the BIA’s application of the clear error standard amounts to a factual determination, we review its decision under the deferential substantial-evidence standard. Id. at 1244. Under that standard, “our duty is to gu arantee that factual determinations are supported by reasonable, subs tantial and probative evidence considering the record as a whole.” Elzour v. Ashcroft , 378 F.3d 1143, 1150 (10th Cir. 2004 ). We ensure that the IJ gave “specific, cogent reasons for di sbelieving [the petitioner’s] testimony,” id. (internal quotation marks omitted), and do es not base an implausib ility finding on “speculation, conjecture, or unsupported personal opinion,” id. at 1153. But we do not reweigh the evidence. Vladimirov v. Lynch , 805 F.3d 955, 960 (10th Cir. 2015). And we do not “question credibility findings that are substantially reasonable.” Ismaiel v. Mukasey , 516 F.3d 1198, 1205 ( 10th Cir. 2008) (internal quotati on marks omitted). The agency’s factual findings “are conclusive unless any re asonable adjudicator would be compelled to conclude to the contrary.” 8 U.S.C. § 1252(b)(4)(B); see Htun v. Lynch , 818 F.3d 1111, 1119 (10th Cir. 2016).
1. Adverse Credibility Determination Mr. Zhang raises several ch allenges to the BIA’s finding that the IJ’s adverse credibility determination was not clearly erroneous. First, he claims the BIA erred by disc rediting his testimony about his religious activities in the United States. He acknowled ges that his testimony about the names and denominations of the churches he attended was inconsistent, both internally and with the Appellate Case: 21-9605 Document: 010110749735 Date Filed: 10/06/2022 Page: 89 documentary evidence, but he ma intains that the inconsistenc ies “are relatively minor and have very little to do with his actual asylum clam” because they “conc ern[] matters in the United States.” Pet’r’s Br. at 20. The BIA concluded, and we agree, that the extent of his religious involvement in the United States was relevant to each of his claims for relief. Specifically, to establish his eligibility for asylum, he had to “show both a genuine, subjective fear of persecution” based on his Christ ian faith “and an objective basis by credible, direct, and specifi c evidence in the reco rd, of facts that would support a reasonable fear of persecution.” Yan v. Gonzales , 438 F.3d 1249, 1251 (10th Cir. 2006) (interna l quotation marks omitted). To qualify for restriction on removal, he had to “show a clear probab ility” of religious persecution in China. Id. (internal quotation marks omitted). And to qualify for CAT protection, he needed to show that he would be tortured based on his religious beliefs if he returned to China. See id. Accordingly, the BIA properly cons idered the extent of Mr. Zhang’s religious activities in this country, and we cannot say that any reasonable adjudicator would be compelled to reach a different conclusion about th e credibility of his testimony on that subject. 2

2 We find no error in the BIA’s determin ation that the IJ properly afforded limited weight to the letter s Mr. Zhang submitted from th e churches he attended in the United States. They cont radicted aspects of his testimony, and despite the IJ’s order, the pastor who wrote the letter about Mr. Zhang’s attendance at the church in Colorado did not appear at the hearing, so DHS did not have an opportunity to crossexamine him. See Matter of D-R- , 25 I. & N. Dec. 445, 458 (B.I.A. 2011) (explaining that IJs have “broad discretion to accept a document as authentic or not based on the particular factual showi ng presented” (internal quotation marks omitted)). Appellate Case: 21-9605 Document: 010110749735 Date Filed: 10/06/2022 Page: 910 We also reject Mr. Zhang’s cont ention that the BIA’s reliance on inconsistencies in his evid ence about the denomination of the churches he attended amounted to improperly questioning his doctr inal knowledge of Christianity. In Yan , we were critical of the IJ’s focus on the petitioner’s “forma l, doctrinal knowledge of Christianity,” explaining that “a detailed knowledge of Christian doctrine may be irrelevant to the sincerity of an applicant’s belief.” Id. at 1255. But the inconsistencies the BIA relied on here were about Mr. Zhang’ s knowledge of the location, denomination, and names of churches he atte nded and when he attended them—factors that the agency reasonably concluded shed light on the extent of his participation in Christian activities a nd the overall strength of his religious persecution claim. This is a far cry fro m the “mini-catechism” on religious doctrine at issue in Yan

. Id. Next, Mr. Zhang takes issue with the BI A’s reliance on inconsistencies in his testimony about his residences and places of employment in the United States. He argues that the BIA should have ov erlooked those inconsistencie s because they stem from his having moved and changed jobs frequently and forgotten th e details over time. This argument essentially ask us to reweig h the evidence, which we cannot do. See Vladimirov , 805 F.3d at 960. And we cannot say that any reasonable adjudicator would have disregarded the discrepanc ies and gaps in his timeline, particularly since the court gave him an opportunity to supplement the residence and employment history in his application and he failed to do so. We are not persuade d otherwise by Mr. Zhang’s argument that “where he has lived at certain times in the United St ates has nothing to do Appellate Case: 21-9605 Document: 010110749735 Date Filed: 10/06/2022 Page: 1011 with his asylum claim,” Pet’r’s Br. at 25, because an adverse credibility determination may be based on any inconsistencies in the applicant’s testimony, regardless of whether they go “to the heart of [his] claim,” 8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1)(B)(iii). Finally, Mr. Zhang argues that the BIA erred by discrediting his testimony about events in China—specifically, about the be ating by his employer an d when he started attending church there. Contrary to his c ontention, the BIA did not err by relying on his failure to mention the beating in his written application—omissions on an application can form the basis of an advers e credibility determination. See Ismaiel , 516 F.3d at 1205-06. And while he maintains that the reference in the application to his employer having retaliated against him for trying to “protect [h is] basic rights” “indirectly alluded” to the beating, Pet’r’s Br. at 32, the BIA was not required to make that inference. See Matter of
D-R- , 25 I. & N. Dec. 445, 455 (B.I.A. 2011) (a fact-finder “is not required to accept a respondent’s assertions, even if plausible, where there are other permissible views of the evidence based on the record”). With respect to the incons istencies in his testimony about when he started attending church in Ch ina, the BIA acknowledged that he “was not explicitly questioned about” th at issue so did not have an opportunity to clarify his testimony. 3 R., vol. 1 at 4. But it concluded that even disregarding that inconsistency,

3 We note that “[a]n applicant may be put on notice of inconsistencies in different ways, depending on the circumstances.” Matter of Y-I-M- , 27 I. & N. Dec. 724, 727 (B.I.A. 2019). Explic it questioning is not necessa ry when an inconsistency is “obvious or apparent.” Id. In such cases, the adj udicator may assume that the applicant and his counsel “are aware of the inconsistencies, and it is the applicant’s responsibility to proffer, with or without prompting, an explanation for what appears on its face to be a clear contradiction.” Id. at 727-28 (brackets and internal quotation marks omitted). Appellate Case: 21-9605 Document: 010110749735 Date Filed: 10/06/2022 Page: 1112 the other issues the IJ identified supported th e adverse credibility dete rmination. Again, we cannot say that any reasonable adjudi cator would be compelled to conclude otherwise. The common theme in all of Mr. Zhang’ s attacks on the ag ency’s credibility determination is his argument that the incons istencies in his testimony were the result of his fading memory over time, nervousness about testifying, and confusion in a stressful situation. These explanations boil down to an argument that the BIA gave too much weight to the inconsistencies it identified an d too little weight to other aspects of his testimony that he thinks are more important. But again, decisions about the relative weight of the evidence are w ithin the fact-finder’s discretion, and we will not disturb them unless any reasonable adjudicator wo uld be compelled to reach a different conclusion. That is not the case here. C onsidering the record as a whole, the BIA’s decision is supported by su bstantial evidence.
2. Eligibility for Relief Mr. Zhang next argues the IJ and BIA erred by denying his claims for relief because he established his entitlement to relief by showing a we ll-founded fear of persecution (asylum), a likelihood of pers ecution (restriction on removal), and a likelihood of torture (CAT), if he returns to China. But these arguments ignore that the IJ concluded Mr. Zha ng had failed to meet his burden to establish eligibility for asylum, restriction, and CAT relief be cause he had not testified cr edibly and had not submitted Appellate Case: 21-9605 Document: 010110749735 Date Filed: 10/06/2022 Page: 1213 other evidence that could in dependently meet his burden. 4 And the BIA upheld the IJ’s adverse credibility determination. If the agency determines that an applicant’s testimony is not credible, it may deny relief on that basis alone. See Matter of M-S- , 21 I. & N. Dec. 125, 129 (B.I.A. 1995) (“A persecution claim which lacks veracity cannot satisfy the burdens of proof and persua sion necessary to establish eligibility for asylum and withholding relief.”); Ismaiel , 516 F.3d at 1206 (holding that an adverse credibility determination was sufficient to preclude a cl aim under CAT). As discussed above, the BIA did not err in upholding the IJ’s adverse credibility determin ation. It thus did not err in upholding the IJ’s conclu sion that Mr. Zhang had not me t his burden to establish eligibility for asylum, restricti on on removal, and CAT relief.
CONCLUSION We deny the petition for review.

Entered for the Court
Bobby R. Baldock Circuit Judge

4 Mr. Zhang does not challenge the IJ’s conclusion, which the BIA upheld, that the other evidence he submitted did not inde pendently meet his burden to establish entitlement to relief. He has therefore waived any such challenge. See Krastev v. INS , 292 F.3d 1268, 1280 (10th Cir. 2002) (“Is sues not raised on appeal are deemed to be waived.”). Appellate Case: 21-9605 Document: 010110749735 Date Filed: 10/06/2022 Page: 13