Projectioned Power Sector CO2Emissions0.00.51.01.52.02.53.03.52005 2012 2020 2030

CO 2 emissions (billion tonnes)Rest of power sectorFuture coal plantsCFPP's:1990 to presentCFPP's:1970 to 1989CFPP's:1969 and beforeData source: NETL analysis using the Energy Information Administration’s Annual Energy Outlook and Carben model.Data source: Energy Velocity Suite, May 2008CFPP Average Efficiency and Range for 200715%20%25%30%35%40%45%1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 2000Year Online

EfficiencyEfficiency rangeAverage efficiencyData source: Energy Velocity Suite, May 2008CFFP Efficiency by Year Online, Steam Cycle Typeand Capacity Factor (2007)15%20%25%30%35%40%1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000Year online

EfficiencySubcriticalSubcritical, cf<50%SupercriticalSupercritical, cf<50%0.84 to 2.6Steam Turbine (refurbish)1.1Steam Leaks (reduce)0.1 to 0.65Sootblower Optimization0.4Reduction of Slag and Furnace Fouling0.2 to 2Process Controls (installation/improvement)0.1 to 1.7Coal Drying (Installation)0.3 to 1.5Flue Gas Heat Recovery0.3 to 0.65Flue Gas Moisture Recovery0.2 to 2Feedwater Heaters (optimize)0.2 to 1Cooling System Performance (upgrade)0.7 to 2.4Condenser (optimize)0.15 to 0.84Combustion System (optimize)2.1Boiler (increase airheater surface)0.1Ash Removal System (replace)0.16 to 1.5Air Preheaters (optimize)Efficiency Increase(percentage points)Improvement Projects0.84 to 2.6Steam Turbine (refurbish)1.1Steam Leaks (reduce)0.1 to 0.65Sootblower Optimization0.4Reduction of Slag and Furnace Fouling0.2 to 2Process Controls (installation/improvement)0.1 to 1.7Coal Drying (Installation)0.3 to 1.5Flue Gas Heat Recovery0.3 to 0.65Flue Gas Moisture Recovery0.2 to 2Feedwater Heaters (optimize)0.2 to 1Cooling System Performance (upgrade)0.7 to 2.4Condenser (optimize)0.15 to 0.84Combustion System (optimize)2.1Boiler (increase airheater surface)0.1Ash Removal System (replace)0.16 to 1.5Air Preheaters (optimize)Efficiency Increase(percentage points)Improvement ProjectsLiterature review of heat rate improvement projectsData source: Energy Velocity Suite, May 2008Unit Efficiencies by AgeBand and Steam Cycle TypeSteam cycletypeAge bandNo. ofUnitsNameplatecapacity(MW)Generation(BkWh)Avg.eff.EfficiencyRangeEff. ofTop10%1969 and before 410 77,789 447 31.3% 19.1 – 40.9%36.3%1970 to 1989 273 127,675 824 31.4% 20.5 – 38.7%36.3%

Subcritical1990 to present 27 7,477 51 29.9% 21.1 – 37.6%35.9%Subcritical subtotal710212,9421,32231.3%19.1 – 40.9%36.4%1969 and before 34 19,467 114 34.9% 22.5 – 40.1%38.8%1970 to 1989 74 60,169 398 35.1% 29.8 - 41.0%39.1%

Supercritical1990 to present 1 1,426 10 40.2% N/AN/ASupercriticalsubtotal1091,06152235.1%22.5 – 41.0%39.3%Grand Total 819 294,003 1,844 31.8% 19.1 – 41.0% 37.4%Improved PC efficiency, constant power scenarioCarbon dioxide emissions from existingCFPPs1.501.701.902.102.302005 2012 2020 2030

CO 2 Emissions (billion tonnes)Business as usualEfficiency improvementsImproved PC efficiency, constant coal scenarioElectricity generation from exisitingCFPPs1,5001,7502,0002,2502,5002005 2012 2020 2030

Billion kilowatt-hours (BkWh)Efficiency improvementsBusiness as usualData sources: Plant efficiencies – Energy Velocity Suite, Oct 2007; Elevation - ESRIDigital Elevation Model;Temperature – Dept. of Agriculture’s National Resources Conservation ServiceCFPP Efficiency and Temperature (2007)70758085909510010515% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45%Efficiency

Avg summer high temp (deg F)1969 and before1970 to 19891990 and laterData sources: Plant efficiencies– Energy Velocity Suite, Oct 2007;Elevation - ESRI Digital ElevationModel; Temperature – Dept. of Agriculture’s National Resources Conservation ServiceCFPP Efficiency and Elevation (2007)0500100015002000250015% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45%Efficiency

Elevation (meters )1969 and before1970 to 19891990 and laterData source: Energy Velocity Suite, Oct 2007Average unit efficiency by boiler manufacturer01002003004005006007008009001,000Aker KvaernerAsaGeneralElectric C oErie City IronWorksCombustionEngineeringNone listed Riley Power FosterWheelerBabcock &Wilcox C oALSTOM ENTIREPOPULATION

Number of units0%5%10%15%20%25%30%35%40% EfficiencyAverage efficiencyNumber of unitsData source: Energy Velocity Suite, Oct 2007Average unit efficiency by generator manufacturer01002003004005006007008009001,000Ingersoll RandC o LtdSiemens/GE ALSTOM ABB PowerGeneration LtdNone listed SiemensWestinghousePower C orpGeneralElectric C oENTIREPOPULATION

Number of units0%5%10%15%20%25%30%35%40% Efficienc yAverage efficiencyNumber of unitsData sources: Plant efficiencies and pollution controls – Energy Velocity Suite, Oct 2007;Cooling systemconfigurations – Energy InformationAdministration's 2005 form 767 dataAverage unit efficiency by cooling system type01002003004005006007008009001,000Recirculatingwith forceddraft coolingtower(s)Once through,fresh waterOnce through,saline waterRecirculatingwith coolingpond(s) orcanal(s)Once throughwith coolingpond(s) orcanal(s)Recirculatingwith induceddraft coolingtower(s)Recirculatingwith naturaldraft coolingtower(s)Grand Total

Number of units0%5%10%15%20%25%30%35%40% Efficienc yAverage EfficiencyNumber of Cooling SystemsData sources: Plant efficiencies and pollution controls – Energy Velocity Suite, Oct 2007;Cooling systemconfigurations – Energy InformationAdministration's 2005 form 767 dataEfficiency and emission control equipment01002003004005006007008009001,000NY NY NYFGD? SCR? PM Controls?

Number of units0%5%10%15%20%25%30%35% EfficiencyAverage efficiencyNumber of unitsCheap coal, combined with decisions to sacrifice efficiency for reliability contributed tolack of supercritical plants and lower-than-expected efficiencies in the past 20 yearsData source: Energy Velocity Suite, Oct 2007; Coal prices, EnergyInformation Administration, Annual Energy ReviewPrices are in chained (2000) dollars, calculated by using gross domestic product implicit price deflatorshttp://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/coal.html.CFPP Efficiency and Year Online by Steam Cycle Type andCapacity Factor15%20%25%30%35%40%45%1940 1960 1980 2000Year online

Efficienc y152025303540455055 Coal price ($/short ton)SubcriticalSubcritical (<50%cf)SupercriticalSupercritical (<50%cf)Coal price