M3S661+ 3ot.

AN ECOLOGICALLY ANNOTATED CHECKLIST OF

THE VASCULAR FLORA AT THE CHESAPEAKE

BAY CENTER FOR FIELD BIOLOGY, WITH KEYS

by

Daniel Higman

Office of Ecology

Smithsonian Institution

Washington, D.C.

May, 1968

NOT TO BE CITED OR PUBLISHED WITHOUT PERMISSION

OF THE HEAD OF THE OFFICE OF ECOLOGY, SMITHSONIAN

INSTITUTION

An Ecologically Annotated Checklist of the Vascular Flora

at the Chesapeake Bay Center for Field Biology , with Keys

Smithsonian Office of Ecology

Daniel Higman

Smithsonian Institution

Washington, D. C. 20560

May, 1968

Introduction

The 690 acres of land owned by the Smithsonian Institution at

the Chesapeake Bay Center for Field Biology lie on the west shore

of the Bay in Anne Arundel County, Maryland, approximately 7 miles

south of Annapolis and 30 miles east of Washington, D. C. The

Center consists of three tracts: Java Farm, Corn Island, and the southern part of Ivy Neck peninsula (referred to herein simply as

Ivy Neck) . The topographic map (Figure 1) shows their relationship. Java Farm and Corn Island lie on Rhode River, on opposite

sides of Muddy Creek estuary. Ivy Neck lies on West River. The

topography of the Center ranges from rolling upland at Java Farm

to nearly level lowland at Ivy Neck. There is also much variation

in the soils and drainage. The vegetation includes extensive areas

of hardwood forest, abandoned fields and pastures, and coastal salt

marsh. Ivy Neck also contains cultivated fields and sandy beach

areas. Thus the Center presents a broad spectrum of ecological

systems.

The Smithsonian Institution recently acquired the land, and

in 1966 established a consortium with The Johns Hopkins University

and the University of Maryland for a cooperative program of ecological research. One of the first projects at the Center has been a survev of the vascular flora and the preparation of an ecologically

VICINITY OF THE CHESAPEAKE BAY

CENTER FOR FIELD BIOLOGY

ANNE ARUNDEL COUNTY, MARYLAND

2.

annotated checklist with artificial keys. This checklist provides

basic information required in the planning of future projects.

The floristic survey has concentrated on the areas of Java

Farm and Ivy Neck, with less comprehensive coverage of Corn Island.

The reason for this restriction is that the previous owner of the

island is still in residence there, and much of the vegetation is

subject to slight disturbance. Part of the island has been landscaped and a grass turf is maintained. The chestnut oak forest

vegetation on the rest of the island resembles that of Hog Island,

which is part of Java Farm.

As background information the physical environment, history of

land use, and present vegetation at the Center are presented in the

first part of this introduction. The second part will explain the

checklist, the format of its keys, and the ecological annotations

which accompany each entry.

Physical Environment of the Chesapeake Bay Center

The physiography of the Center ranges from rolling upland at Java Farm to gently south-sloping lowland at Ivy Neck. Java Farm

has two steep north-south ridges near the headquarters area, of which the taller has an elevation of 100 feet. Elsewhere, the elevation

averages 20 to 60 feet. Moderately steep forested slopes occur in

all directions. The Farm lies at the mouth of the watershed of Muddy Creek, and is drained by the north fork of this creek and by

2a.

several springs. Although most of the farm is well drained, one

abandoned pasture is vernally inundated until May or June.

Muddy Creek becomes tidal near the junction of its forks and

apparently grows increasingly saline toward its estuary, as reflected

by a gradient in the vegetation. Salt marshes line much of the coast

of Java Farm. One marsh at the mouth of Fox Creek drainage (near the

head of Fox Creek estuary) changes abruptly from freshwater to salt.

In contrast to Java Farm, Ivy Neck is virtually level and poorly

drained. Three small streams drain the northern part, but on the

peninsulas much of the soil is vernally saturated and the many small

coves are closed by salt marshes. Severe erosion occurs along the

coast, especially at the confluence of Rhode and West Rivers.

The soils of the Chesapeake Bay Center range in texture from loamy

sand to silt loam. Fine sandy loams predominate at Java Farm, silt loams

at Ivy Neck. This distribution of soil types reinforces the differences

in drainage. The soil maps (Figures 2 and 3) illustrate the distribution

of 15 soil types, according to a soil survey of Anne Arundel County now

being conducted by the U. S. Soil Conservation Service. Detailed descriptions of the compositions of these types will not become available

until the soil survey is published in 1969. However, three of the

types were described in an earlier soil survey (Phillips, Perkins, and

Winant, 1928). Brief descriptions of these three soil types are given

below:

1. Collington Fine Sandy Loam : Brown surface loam and

underlying glauconite, both with a high iron content, friable

but sticky. Substratum of fine sand, silt, and clay. Drainage

SOIL TYPES AT JAVA FARM AND CORN ISLAND

Primary Classification (numbers refer to specific types)

Loam

Sandy Loam

mi S|1 ^ L ° am

1\V**»»* Fine Sandy Loai

Tidal Marsh

Man Made

Soils data from Anne Arundel County Soil Survey, Soil Conservation

Service. Data from advanced field sheets, subject to change.

Figure 2.

Soil Types at Java Farm and Corn Island

Loam

762 Donlonton

Sandy Loam

334 Adelphia

774 Colemantown

Fine Sandy Loam

323 Collington

373 Monmouth

763 Donlonton

Silt Loam

318 Marr

341 Shrewsbury

581 Bibb

771 Colemantown

Tidal Marsh

4

Man Made

SOIL TYPES AT IVY NECK

Primary Classification (numbers refer to specific types)

777777:

Loamy Sand

Sandy Loam

Fine Sandy Loam

Soils data from Anne Arundel County Soil Survey, Soil Conservati

Service. Data from advanced field sheets, subject to change. on

Figure 3.

Soil Types at Ivy Neck

Loamy Sand

377 Monmouth

Sandy Loam

334 Adelphia

Fine Sandy Loam

373 Monmouth

Silt Loam

401 Keyport

411 Elkton

771 Colemantown

Tidal Marsh

4

3.

excellent. Agriculturally important. Needs moderate amounts of

lime. Much of the area formerly mapped under this type is now

designated Monmouth Fine Sandy Loam.

2. Keyport Silt Loam : Brown surface loam with a compact

underlying hardpan one or two feet deep. Drainage poor. Deficient

in phosphate and lime.

3. Elkton Silt Loam : Similar to Keyport Silt Loam. Drainage and agricultural value poor. Much of the area now mapped

under this type was formerly designated Keyport Silt Loam. Coastal plain sediments underlie virtually all of Anne Arundel

County. At the Chesapeake Bay Center they are approximately 2,000

feet thick. The most recent deposits are of Pleistocene age. These

cover much of Ivy Neck and correspond approximately with the occurrence

of Keyport silt loam. On Java Farm the Pleistocene deposits have been

eroded away to reveal those of Miocene and Eocene age. These older

sediments are composed of sand, gravel, marl, silt, and clay. Some

contain artesian aquifers. The deeper strata go down to Lower Cretaceous

age, and finally reach a crystaline basement rock of undetermined depth.

The climate is characterized by mild summers and winters,

moderated by the proximity of Chesapeake Bay. Approximate annual

temperatures range from 1.6°C (35F) in January to 25.0°C (77°F) in

July. The growing season is about 203 days, from mid-April to late

October. Annual precipitation averages 44 inches, usually reaching

a maximum in August, but may be quite variable for single months.

The annual snowfall averages 21 inches (Mack, 1962).

4.

History of Vegetation and Land Use

The presettlement forest of Anne Arundel County probably consisted

of mixed mesophytic hardwoods, with pine on the drier sites. In an

attempt to reconstruct this forest, Braun (1950) places the boundary

of her Oak-Chestnut and Oak-Pine forest regions approximately within

the county. On the Maryland Coastal Plain these two regions correlate

roughly with the Wicomico and Talbot Pleistocene terraces, both of which

gccur at the Chesapeake Bay Center. The canopy of Braun' s Oak-Chestnut

forest includes American chestnut, beech, white oak, Spanish oak, red

maple, and pignut hickory. The Oak-Pine forest differs from this primarily in having much more sweet gum, less chestnut, and persistent

stands of loblolly and Virginia pines on the drier sites. On the upland

the Oak-Pine forest also contains black, scarlet, and post oaks; on the lowland are loblolly pine, sweet gum, sour gum, red maple, pin and

willow oaks, beech, and tuliptree. Shelford (1963) describes a similar

canopy composition for the area, but adds shagbark and mockernut hickories and blackjack oak. A historical reference to Ivy Neck (Kelly,

1965) mentions a stand of tuliptree on a hilltop near the Center and

one of white oak on the adjacent lowland during the 1650' s. Virtually

all of the above species except shagbark hickory now occur at the Center (see next section)

.

The composition of the presettlement forest was subject to several

influents, but at present it is difficult to draw conclusions as to

their relative importances. Shelford (1963) describes the inhibitive

effect of the selective consumption of nuts and berries by deer, bears,

4a.

squirrels, etc., and of the selective browsing of tree seedlings by

the deer. However, Hairston, Smith, and Slobodkin (1960) point out

that in order for a community to persist the herbivores must be limited

by predation below the level at which they deplete the vegetation, or

the depleted species will be replaced by more resistant ones. Major

predators in the presettlement forest included bears, cougars, wolves,

bobcats, and foxes (Shelford, 1963). The last two still persist in the

vicinity of the Center.

Storms and hurricanes, aided by the county's normally heavy precipitation, probably caused periodic damage. Craven (1926) notes five major

storms between the years 1658 and 1787; other big storms have been re- corded at 10- to 20-year intervals in the late 19th Century.

Probably the most important disturbances to the presettlement forest were caused by Indians. Indian occupation at the Chesapeake Bay Center

is documented by 22 heaps of discarded oyster shells, 11 of which are

large enough to indicate permanent campsites. Fragments of pottery

permit five of these sites to be dated within the interval 250 B.C. to

1200 A.D. Other artifacts indicate that besides oysters the Indians ate

deer, gathered nuts and other fruits, and probably cultivated corn. They killed the small game and cut the young trees for firewood,

moving on when these resources were temporarily exhausted (H. T. Wright,

unpublished data). By 1608, however, these sedentary Indians had disappeared, apparantly driven away by the warlike Susquehannocks , and the western shore of the Bay north of the Patuxent River was uninhabited

(Marye, 1955).

Marye describes the Susquehannock practice of setting recurrent

4b.

forest fires, principally ground fires, to encourage the growth of grass

for deer and elk. Early settlers held these fires partly responsible for huge areas of "barrens," or "sapling land," on the Maryland Piedmont,

and for an extremely thin shrub layer in the forest of the Coastal Plain.

The Indians also set fires to drive game and to clear village sites

(Middleton, 1953). Early settlers imitated the practice of forest

burning to benefit their cattle and to clear fields (Marye, 1955).

However, the importance of forest fires should not be overestimated.

Fire did not prevent the thin-barked tuliptree or yellow-poplar from

being a characteristic species, as evidenced by the names Tulip Hill

(Kelly, 1965), Poplar Neck, Poplar Knoll, etc. given by early settlers.

The nuts of other fire-sensitive trees, such as beech and hickory, were

eaten by the Indians who left the shell heaps and probably also by the later Susquehannocks. The normally heavy rainfall and numerous streams

in Anne Arundel County probably kept the forest fairly moist and limited

the spread of ground fires.

Colonial settlement in the county began about the year 1650, and tobacco soon became the principal crop. It was raised throughout the vicinity of the Chesapeake Bay Center (Kelly, 1965). As tobacco consumes much nitrogen and potash, only freshly cleared land produced good

crops, and the forest was rapidly cleared to yield the best crops obtainable (Craven, 1926). Soil erosion and stream siltation became so

serious that in 1704 and 1743 laws were passed against the clearing of

stream banks (Middleton, 1953). For this reason, and because of rough

terrain or inaccessability, part of the present forest on Java Farm

(along Muddy Creek and on Fox Point and Hog Island) may have escaped

5.

from cultivation, although it was almost certainly lumbered, burned,

and browsed by cattle. This forest has not been cultivated at least

since 1846. Colonial cultivation methods encouraged erosion and the development

of hardpan. After a few tobacco crops the land was briefly farmed to

corn and wheat, then abandoned. Tobacco exports periodically flooded

the British market, producing severe depressions and the abandonment of

fields (Craven, 1926). Reaccumulation of soil nutrients probably was slow. Before 1800 no fertilization or renewal of the soil was attempted.

The monopoly of arable land for tobacco deprived livestock of corn and

pasturage. Cattle browsed the forests and probably grazed the salt

marshes. There is no available record of the marshes having been cultivated, mowed, or reclaimed. Between 1800 and 1850 the fertilization of fields with manure, marl,

and gypsum developed and slowly became standard practice. Soil erosion

was checked. Large tobacco plantations gave way to small farms where

more efficient use of fertilizer was possible and crops were diversified.

General prosperity continued until the Civil War (Craven, 1926). A postwar depression crippled agriculture until 1880, after which grain

and truck farming slowly recovered. Java Farm served as a dairy from 1915 until its abandonment in

1945. Although the forest there was not lumbered during this period,

fallen logs were removed every spring. Cultivated fields were rotated

between corn and barley, but from 1937 to 1945 alfalfa was largely

substituted for corn. The present meadow north of the headquarters

6.

area was used as pasture. No cultivation, burning, or mowing of the marshes took place. Since the dairy was abandoned in 1945, it has remained unused. No fires or tenant farming disturbed the development

of the vegetation. A broad spectrum of communities now occurs. Portions of Ivy Neck are still under cultivation to corn and

wheat. One field was abandoned in 1963, but was recultivated in 1967. Both Scaffold Peninsula (between Scaffold and Cheston Creeks) and

Cheston Peninsula (between Cheston Creek and Rhode River) were entirely

cultivated until about 1900. The present deciduous forest on Scaffold

Peninsula has apparently developed naturally since the abandonment of agriculture there. It was lumbered about 1942. The loblolly pine

stand on Cheston Peninsula was planted in 1933 and has been left

undisturbed.

Present Vegetation Types

The present vegetation of the Chesapeake Bay Center falls into

six major categories: hardwood forest, coniferous forest, cultivated

field, formerly cultivated field, freshwater marsh, and salt marsh.

Within each category variations occur in the composition of the vegetation. These variations usually take the form of patterns of plant communities, referred to here as vegetation types. The

boundaries of the types are not always sharply distinctive, especially

where the vegetation is immature, but they form a mosaic within the

hardwood forest and other main categories.

6a.

The present vegetation types provide baselines for studies of vegetation development. The similarities and differences among the

types in each major category may reflect environmental characteristics or recent histories, but further research is required to establish correlations. Most of the Center has been abandoned from

cultivation within the past 70 years or less, and the vegetation in

these areas is still immature and changing considerably. The older

hardwood forests appear to be mature and relatively stable. The two vegetation maps of the Center (Figures 4 and 5) are based

on 28 vegetation types, which are listed in the legends of the maps. Details of the types are given in Table I, which includes lists of

the more abundant plants and provides a basis for comparing the vegetation on Java Farm and Ivy Neck. There is less overlap between

the vegetation types of the two areas than might be expected,

probably in part because of the more level topography and poorer

drainage at Ivy Neck, and in part because of differences in recent historical land use. No vegetation map of Corn Island has been prepared.

The remainder of this report will explain the structure of the

checklist and of its artificial keys. The ecological annotations

which show the relationship of each species to its vegetation pattern

will also be described.

Table I follows.

VEGETATION TYPES AT JAVA FARM

Primary Classification (numbers refer to specific types)

7%^ - -' c_l Hardwoods Fresh Marsh

*/>;*.<*

3

Conifers Salt Marsh

Abandoned Fields

FOREST TYPES Hardwoods

1A. Beech, Tuliptree

IB. Beech, Tuliptree, Oaks, Hickories

1C. Beech, Tuliptree, White Oak, Sycamore, Sweetgum

2. Tuliptree, Black Oak, Blackgum

3. White, Black, and Spanish Oaks,

Sweetgum

*4A. Chestnut Oak, White and Black Oaks, Hickories

(4B to AD only at Ivy Neck)

5. Spanish and Willow Oaks, Sweetgum,

Tuliptree

6A. Walnut, Sweetgum

6B. Walnut, Sweetgum, Spanish Oak, Beech

7A. Locust, Sweetgum, Elm

7B. Locust, Black Oak, Sweetgum, Red Maple, Sassafras

7C. Locust, Sweetgum, Tuliptree,

Sycamore

(7D to 7F only at Ivy Neck)

8A. White Ash, Sycamore

8B. White Ash, Sycamore, Red Maple,

Elm, Sweetgum

9. Tuliptree, Sweetgum, Red Maple, Sassafras

10. Dogwood, Sweetgum, Red Maple, Sassafras

(11 to 17 only at Ivy Neck)

JAVA FARM

LEGEND (Figure 4)

Conifers

18A. Virginia Pine predominant

18B. Virginia Pine, Sweetgum, Tuliptree,

Hickories

*19A. Loblolly Pine, Sweetgum (pine

predominant)

(19B and 19C only at Ivy Neck)

ABANDONED FIELD TYPES

(20 and 21 are CULTIVATED FIELD

TYPES, and occur only at Ivy Neck)

22A. Reed Canary Grass

22B. Kentucky Bluegrass

*23. Goldenrod, Aster, Brambles, Poison

Ivy, Honeysuckle, young hardwoods

24A. Sweetgum, Cherry, Red Maple, Pin

Oak, Elm, Sassafras, Persimmon,

Dogwood, Tuliptree, Hornbeam

24B. Virginia Pine predominant

24C. Virginia Pine, hardwoods of 24A.

(25 only at Ivy Neck) MARSH TYPES

Fresh Marsh

26A. Grass, Rose, Black Willow

26B. Hempweed, Touch-me-not, Black Willow

Salt Marsh

*27A. Sea Myrtle, Salt Reedgrass, Salt Cordgrass

*27B. Salt-meadow Grass, Alkali Grass

*27C. Cattail, Marsh Mallow, Salt Cordgrass, Wild Bean

*0ccurs also at Ivy Neck

VEGETATION TYPES AT IVY NECK

Primary Classification (numbers refer to specific types)

Hard woods Abandoned Fields

vVt««] Conifers

Cultivated Fields

Marsh

Pond

IVY NECK

LEGEND (Figure 5) FOREST TYPES

Hardwoods

(1 to 3 only at Java Farm)

*AA. Chestnut Oak, White and Black Oaks,

Hickories

4B. Chestnut Oak, White Oak, Hickories, Red

Maple, Beech

AC. Chestnut Oak, Black and Scarlet Oaks, Walnut

AD. Chestnut Oak, White Oak, Virginia Pine

(5 to 7C only at Java Farm)

7D. Locust, Sweetgum, Persimmon, Tuliptree,

Red Maple

7E. Locust, Sweetgum, Walnut, Willow Oak

7F. Sweetgum, Walnut, Black Oak, Red Maple

(8 to 10 only at Java Farm)

11A. White Oak, Sweetgum, Locust, Red Maple

11B. White and Black Oaks, Sweetgum, Tuliptree, Hickories

11C. White and Spanish Oaks, Sweetgum,

Tuliptree

12. Persimmon, Locust, Cherry, Sycamore,

Maples

13A. Bitternut Hickory, White Oak, Persimmon,

Tuliptree

13B. Bitternut Hickory, White and Pin Oaks, River Birch

14. Tuliptree, Sweetgum, Locust, River Birch

15. White Oak, Sycamore, Walnut, Red Maple

16. Willow Oak, Black and Blackjack Oaks, Locust

17A. Cherry, Locust, Sweetgum

FOREST TYPES Conifers

(18 only at Java Farm)

17B. Cherry, Locust, Black Oak, Mockernut

Hickory

*0ccurs also at Java Farm

*19A. Loblolly Pine, Sweetgum (pine

predominant)

19B. Loblolly Pine, Sweetgum, Locust

19C. Loblolly Pine, Virginia Pine,

Sweetgum, Walnut CULTIVATED FIELD TYPES

20. Pasture

21. Cropland ABANDONED FIELD TYPES

(22 only at Java Farm)

*23. Goldenrod, Aster, Brambles, Poison

Ivy, Honeysuckle, young hardwoods

(2A only at Java Farm)

25A. Locust, Sweetgum, Cherry, Red Maple,

Sassafras, Mulberry, Elm, Persimmon, Pin Oak

25B. Virginia Pine, hardwoods of 25A. MARSH TYPES

(26 only at Java Farm)

*27A. Sea Myrtle, Salt Reedgrass, Salt Cordgrass

*27B. Salt-meadow Grass, Alkali Grass

*27C. Cattail, Marsh Mallow, Switchgrass

28. Sea Rocket, False Indigo, Salt Cordgrass, Wild Bean POND TYPES

Small Pond: Swamp Dock, Duckweed, Water

Purslane

Large Pond: Salt Cordgrass, Horned Pondweed, Marsh Mallow, Sea Myrtle

Table I. COMPARATIVE COMPOSITION OF VEGETATION TYPES AT JAVA FARM AND IVY NECK

Java Farm Ivy Neck

1A.

IB.

FOREST TYPES HARDWOODS

Beech, Tuliptree. Mature upland hardwoods on gentle west- or south-facing

slopes above tributary of Muddy

Creek. Canopy mainly Fagus grandifolia ; less Liriodendron tulipifera, Quercus coccinea , and other

hardwoods. Understory of canopy

species, plus Cornus florida , Acer

rub rum , etc. Shrub and ground

floras include Euonymous americana . Epif agus virginiana , and Hypoxis

hirsuta (none of these found in Type IB) . Rhus radicans and Lonicera japonica virtually absent.

Beech, Tuliptree, Oaks, Hickories. Mature upland hardwoods.

Fagus grandifolia and Liriodendron

tulipifera throughout canopy; Liquidambar styracif lua , Quercus

alba , Q;. coccinea , 0^. velutina , Carya tomentosa , and fewer C^. fal- cata and _C. glabra . Composition of canopy variable. Understory of canopy species, plus Cornus florida Acer rub rum , Carpinus caroliniana , and infrequent sprouts of Castanea

dentata . Shrubs include Viburnum

prunifolium and infrequent Vaccinium staminium . Rhus radicans and Lonicera japonica moderately abundant. Rich herbaceous flora, most

species not found in Type 1A. Herbaceous flora seems to vary with composition of the canopy. At one point, near the head of the tidal portion of Muddy Creek, the shrub and herbaceous flora resembles that of Type 4A.

11B.

FOREST TYPES HARDWOODS

No counterpart.

White and Black Oaks, Sweetgum,

Tuliptree, Hickories.

Moderately mature lowland

hardwoods; canopy resembles

that of Type IB, but contains

infrequent Robinia pseudoacacia

and has less Fagus grandifolia . Main difference is in understory and ground floras,

which reflect poor drainage

of Ivy Neck. (More Nyssa

sylvatica , Viburnum prunifolium , Cercis canadensis , Lindera

benzoin . Podophyllum peltatum , Arisaema atrorubens , etc.) Rhus

radicans and Lonicera japonica

moderately abundant.

(Types 11A and 11C are described on the following pages.)

7a.

Java Farm

1C. Beech, Tuliptree, White Oak,

Sycamore, Sweetgum. Mature lowland hardwoods, on level bank of Muddy Creek near head of tidal portion and on bottom of tributary valley downstream. Quercus alba prominant

in canopy, also Fagus grandifolia, Liquidambar styracif lua , Liriodendron tulipifera , and Platanus occidentalis . Understory of Cornus f lorida on bank

upstream; Lindera benzoin , Viburnum prunifolium , and V. denotatum in tributary valley.

2. Tuliptree, Black Oak, Blackgum.

Moist lowland hardwoods, on gentle north-facing slope.

Canopy of Liriodendron tulipifera and Quercus velutina

throughout; Nyssa sylvatica primarily on the west side, Quercus

alba on the east; few Pinus virginiana . Transition to Type 4A. Understory of Aralia spinosa , Acer rub rum , and Prunus serotina . Ground cover of Smilax rotundifolia.

Ivy Neck

No counterpart,

No counterpart.

7b.

Java Farm

White Oak, Black and Spanish

Oaks, Sweetgum. Mature hardwoods, on southwest-facing slope. Canopy of Quercus alba , Q. velutina , a few very big _Q- falcata , Liquidambar styracif lua , and Nyssa

sylvatica . Understory of Cornus

f lorida , Carya tomentosa , and

Liquidambar . Ground cover of Rhus radicans and Lonicera

japonica .

4A. Chestnut Oak, White and Black

Oaks, Hickories. Mature hardwoods of coastal

zone. Canopy of Quercus alba , Q. prinus , Q. velutina , and Carya tomentosa , with fewer C;. falcata and _C. glabra . Mature

Pinus yirginiana usually few. Understory typically of Ilex opaca , Cornus f lorida , Acer

rubrum, and a few Pinus yirgin- iana (many young pines at Fox

Point) ; also scattered Amelanchier arborea and Viburnum acerif olium . Castanea dentata sprouts.

Ericaceous shrub layer characteristic: Kalmia latifolia , Gaylussacia baccata , G. frondosa , Vaccinium spp. Ground

flora includes mosses, Hieracium

venosum , & Deschampsia f lexuosa . Smilax rotundifolia usually

sparse; Rhus radicans and Lon- icera japonica conspicuously

absent.

Ivy Neck

No counterpart. Resembles Type

11C on Scaffold Peninsula (described

below), but the latter has a level,

poorly drained habitat.

11C. White and Spanish Oaks, Sweetgum,

Tuliptree.

Moderately mature; canopy of Quercus alba , _£. falcata , Liquid- ambar styracif lua , Liriodendron

tulipifera , Nyssa sylvatica , and a few mature Pinus yirginiana . Understory chiefly Ilex opaca ; fewer Juniperus yirginiana , Acer

rubrum , Viburnum prunifolium , and

Carya cordiformis . Ground cover

of dense Lonicera japonica and Rhus radicans .

4A. Very similar in composition to that at Java Farm, and occupies the same habitat: a narrow zone where

the bank drops steeply to the Bay

(probably a zone of improved drainage caused by a drop in the soil water table) ; the finer texture of soil at Ivy Neck seems to make little

difference with this type.

4B. Chestnut Oak, White Oak, Hickories,

Red Maple, Beech. Differs from Type 4A in having

Fagus grandifolia and Acer rubrum

in the canopy, and a more heterogeneous understory which seems tran- sitional to inland Types 11B and 11C. Understory includes Cercis canadensis , Sassafras a lbidum , Viburnum

prunifolium , & Carya cordiformis . Rubus spp. and Campsis radicans also.

4C. Chestnut Oak, Black and Scarlet Oaks,

Walnut

Canopy and understory are more

varied than in either 4A or 4B; has

less Quercus prinus and almost no ericaceous shrubs. New canopy species

include ^. coccinea , Juglans nigra , Liquidambar styracif lua , Liriodendron

tulipifera , Asimina triloba , etc.

7c.

Java Farm Ivy Neck

5. Spanish and Willow Oaks, Sweetgum, Tuliptree. Mature lowland hardwoods adjacent Hog Island salt marsh.

Canopy of Quercus falcata. Q. phellos, Liquidambar styracif lua,

and Liriodendron tulipifera.

Understory of Cornus florida,

Liquidambar, Aralia spinosa, and Viburnum dentatum; infrequent

Quercus stellata and Pinus

virginiana. Seems to be invading drier areas of salt marsh.

6A. Walnut, Sweetgum. Mature stand, probably persistent from cultivation, on steep

esst- and west-facing slopes of

ridge. Canopy of Juglans nigra

only on east side; with Pyrus

communis, Liquidambar styraciflua, and Sassafras albidum on west side. Understory of Lindera

4D. Chestnut Oak, White Oak, Virginia

Pine.

Differs from 4A in having in- frequent Pinus virginiana in canopy Hardwoods formerly lumbered. Pine

abundant in understory, with Acer

rubrum and Liquidambar styraciflua.

Ilex opaca and ericaceous shrubs

infrequent.

No counterpart.

No counterpart. Walnut grows infrequently along both sides of Cheston Creek estuary, in Types

4C, 7E, 7F, and 19C, and on upper Scaffold Creek estuary in Type 15, but not abundantly enough to characterize a stand.

benzoin on east slope, Rubus on

west. Dense Lonicera japonica

on both sides.

6B. Walnut, Sweetgum, Spanish Oak,

Beech. Moderately mature, at top of south-facing slope. Canopy of Liquidambar styraciflua, Juglans

nigra, Quercus falcata, Fagus

grandifolia, and Platanus occidentalis. Understory of Lindera

benzoin and Cornus florida.

Lonicera japonica on ground.

No counterpart.

7d.

Java Farm

7A. Locust, Sweetgum, Elm. Immature, on south- and

southeast-facing slopes overlooking Fox Creek estuary. Can- opy of Robinia pseudoacacia , Liquidambar styraciflua , and Ulmus americana ; fewer Sassafras

albidum and Quercus velutina , the latter mostly on the lower

slopes. Understory of canopy

species. Dense ground cover of Lonicera japonica . Also contains scattered Acer

rub rum and Cornus f lorida .

7B. Locust, Black Oak, Sweetgum, Red

Maple, Sassafras.

Immature, on south-facing

slope near head of Fox Creek estuary. Canopy of Robinia pseu- doacacia and Liquidambar styraciflua , with fewer Quercus velutina , Acer rubrum, Cornus florida , and Sassafras albidum . Understory of canopy species,

plus Ulmus americana . Ground

cover of Lonicera japonica and

Rhus radicans.

7C. Locust, Sweetgum, Tuliptree,

Sycamore.

Moderately mature, along the

shore of Muddy Creek estuary.

Canopy chiefly Robinia pseudoacacia , especially near Hog

Island salt marsh; also includes

Liquidambar styraciflua , Cornus

florida , Liriodendron tulipifera , and Platanus occidentalis near

the eastern end. Understory of canopy species. Ground layer

of Rhus radicans , Smilax rotundifolia , and Lonicera japonica.

Ivy Neck

Types 7D, 7E, and 7F at Ivy Neck

Neck resemble Types 7A and 7B at Java Farm in species composition. Chief

difference is in the habitat: from

moderately steep south-facing slope

and fine sandy loam soil at Java Farm

to poorly drained level lowland and

silt loam soil at Ivy Neck.

7D. Locust, Sweetgum, Persimmon, Tuliptree, Red Maple.

Immature, covers watershed of east fork of Scaffold Creek. Canopy

seems to contain no Quercus velutina

but does include Diospyros virginiana , Nyssa sylvatica , and Platanus occidentalis . Otherwise the same as at Java Farm (Robinia , Liquidambar , Ulmus ) Understory highly variable, in- cludes Sassafras albidum , Cornus florida , Lindera benzoin , Viburnum

prunifolium , Acer rubrum , and Carya

cordiformis . Shrub and ground layers

of Rubus spp. , Rhus radicans , and Lonicera japonica . Type 11A, described on the next

page, seems to be a transition be- tween 7D above and 11B (described

on p . 7 ) .

7E. Locust, Sweetgum, Walnut, Willow Oak. Immature, covers west bank of Cheston Creek estuary north of Type

4B. Resembles Type 7F (p. 8a.) and differs from other variations of Type 7 in having Juglans nigra in the canopy. Canopy of Robinia pseudoacacia , Liquidambar styraciflua , Juglans nigra , and Quercus phellos . Understory of Robinia pseudoacacia , Cornus florida , and Sassafras albidum . Ground layer

Lonicera japonica and Smilax rotundifolium.

8a. Java Farm

No counterpart,

No counterpart,

8A. White Ash, Sycamore.

Moderately mature, follows

bottom of Muddy Creek valley above

tidal limit. Canopy mostly

Fraxinus americana , fewer

Platanus occidentalis , few species

of Type 8B below. Understory of Lindera benzoin , with few Acer

rub rum , Fraxinus , Liquidambar , Ulmus americana , and Carpinus car- oliniana . Ground layer of Rubus

spp. , Vitis spp. , and Rhus radicansl Herbaceous flora mostly Impatiens

capensis . Podophyllum peltatum , and

assorted grasses. i

8B. White Ash, Sycamore, Red Maple,

Elm, Sweetgum.

Similar to Type 8A but farther

upstream. More heterogeneous

canopy includes Acer rubrum , Ulmus americana , Liquidambar

styracif lua . and Quercus palustris . Understory as in Type 8A, with

more Ulmus americana and Carpinus

caroliniana . Ground layer same.

Ivy Neck

7F. Sweetgum, Walnut, Black Oak,

Maple.

Immature, adjoins Type 7E. Can- opy has little or no Robinia, added

Quercus velutina . Salix nigra , Acer rubrum . and Platanus occidentalis . Understory of Viburnum prunifolium , Prunus serotina, and Cercis cana- densis . Ground layer as in Type 7E.

11A. White Oak, Sweetgum, Locust

Red Maple.

Immature, apparently a transition between Types 7D and 11B. Canopy of Quercus alba , Liquidam- bar styracif lua , Nyssa sylvatica , Acer rubrum , and Carya spp.

Robinia pseudoacacia becomes infrequent southward; Ulmus americana

infrequent. Understory varied,

includes Rhus typhina . Ailanthus

altissima . Cornus f lorida . Viburnum prunifolium . Morus alba , Cercis canadensis , etc. Ground

cover of Lonicera japonica and

Rhus radicans .

12. Persimmon, Locust, Cherry, Syca- more, Maples.

Moderately mature, follows

drainage of Cheston Creek above

tidal limit. Persimmon and cherry may be cultivated. Understory in- hibited by browsing cattle.

Canopy of Diospyros virginiana . Robinia pseudoacacia . Prunus sero- tina . Platanus occidentalis . Acer rubrum . A. saccharinum . A. negundo , Liquidambar styraciflua . Nyssa syl- vatica . Understoyy of Viburnum

prunifolium , Salix nigra . Cercis

canadensis . Celtis occidentalis . Ground layer chiefly grass, or forbs in wet areas.

8b.

10.

Java Farm

Tuliptree, Sweetgum, Red Maple,

Sassafras.

Immature, covers north- and

west-facing slopes of hill over- looking wet meadow. Canopy of Liriodendron tulipifera , Liquidambar styraciflua . Acer rub rum , and Sassafras albidum . Understory

similar, plus Ilex opaca , Prunus serotina , Nyssa sylvatica , Cornus

florida , Viburnum prunifolium . Ground layer of Lonicera japonica . Dogwood, Sweetgum, Red Maple,

Sassafras.

Immature, covers east- facing

slope at head of Fox Creek estuary; merges with Virginia pine

stand (Type 18A) on upper slope.

Canopy of Cornus florida . Acer

rub rum . Sassafras albidum . Liquidambar styraciflua . Pinus virginiana . few Fagus grandifolia and Morus rubra . Understory similar.

Ground layer of Smilax rotundifolia , stopping sharply at edge

of pine canopy.

No counterpart.

Ivy Neck

No counterpart.

No counterpart.

13A. Bittemut Hickory, White Oak,

Persimmon, Tuliptree.

Moderately mature but canopy

thin. Lower valley of Scaffold

Creek (east fork) above tidal

limit. Canopy of Carya cordiformis , fewer Quercus alba , Platanus

occidentalis . Diospyros virginiana , and Liriodendron tulipifera . Understory thin, of Morus rubra , Juglans nigra , Ulmus rubra , Quercus

palustris , etc. Shrub and ground

layers very dense, of Rubus spp.

Smilax rotundifolia , and Lonicera

japonica .

8c.

Java Farm

No counterpart. (Habitat of Type 7C resembles that of 13B

except that 7C has fine sandy

loam soil; 13B has silt loam).

No counterpart,

No counterpart.

Ivy Neck

13B. Bitternut Hickory, White and Pin

Oaks, River Birch.

Moderately mature, borders field

between forks of Scaffold Creek.

Canopy of Carya cordiformis . Quercus alba . ,0,. palustris . Understory of Cornus f lorida and

Viburnum prunifolium . few Quercus

alba . Q. stellata . Carya glabra . and Fagus grandifolia . Ground

layer of mixed grasses, few woody

vines

14. Tuliptree, Sweetgum, Locust,

River Birch.

Immature, covers drainage of west fork of Scaffold Creek. Canopy of Liriodendron tulipifera . less Liquidambar styraciflua . Robinia pseudoacacia . Betula nigra . and Juniperus virginiana . Understory of Viburnum spp. , Carya

cordiformis . Quercus velutina , and

^. palustris . Ground layer of Rhus radicans .

15. White Oak, Sycamore, Walnut, Red

Maple.

Moderately mature, at head of west fork of Scaffold Creek estuary. Canopy of Quercus alba , Platanus occidentalis . fewer Acer rubrum . Juglans nigra , and Carya tomentosa . Understory of Liquidambar styraciflua . Morus

rubra , Carya cordiformi Ground

layer of Lonicera laponica . less

Smilax rotundifolia and Rhus

radicans.

8d.

Java Farm Ivy Neck

No counterpart.

No counterpart,

No counterpart. (Habitat

like that of Type 4).

16. Willow Oak, Black and Blackjack

Oaks, Locust. Immature, along east shore of upper Cheston Creek estuary, borders

cultivated field. Canopy has Quercus phellos throughout j Diospyros

virginiana near upstream end; Liquidambar styraciflua near middle;

Quercus velutina . £. marilandica . Q. palustris . and Q% prinus near downstream end. Understory of Viburnum prunifolium . Prunus sero- tina . Maclura pomifera . Sassafras

albidum . etc. Ground layer of Rubus spp. , Lonicera japonica . Rhus radicans . other vines.

17A. Cherry, Locust, Sweetgum. Immature; coves behind salt

marsh on lower Cheston Peninsula.

Canopy thin, variable, includes Prunus serotina , Robinia pseudoacacia . Liquidambar styraciflua . Cornus f lorida . Betula nigra . Liriodendron tulipifera . Carya tomentosa . Quercus velutina . Understory merges with canopy; one clump Rhus typhina . Ground layer

of dense Lonicera japonica . Rhus radicans . other vines.

17B. Cherry, Locust, Black Oak,

Mockernut Hickory.

Immature; on Cheston Point and

low headlands adjoining salt marsh.

Canopy of Prunus serotina , Robinia

pseudoacacia . Quercus velutina , Carya tomentosa , ^. alba , Betula

nigra . Understory on Cheston Point

of Liquidambar styraciflua and

Ulmus americana ; on headlands of Ilex opaca and Viburnum prunifo- lium . Ground layer of Smilax

rotundifolia on one headland;

Rubus spp., Rhus radicans , and Lonicera japonica elsewhere.

9a.

Java Farm Ivy Neck

CONIFERS

18A. Virginia Pine predominant.

Moderately mature; scattered

stands usually on upper slopes

or summits, exception at head

of tidal part of Muddy Creek.

Canopy of Pinus virginiana, may

have few Liquidambar styraciflua,

stand at bend of Fox Point Rd. has few Quercus velutina and Q.

marilandica. Understory of mixed hardwoods, chiefly Liquidambar, Acer rubrum, etc. Ground

layer usually Lonicera iaponica.

18B. Virginia Pine, Sweetgum, Tuliptree, Hickories. A mixture of Type 18A above

and hardwood Type IB (p. 7 ). West-facing slope of ridge with

water tank. Canopy on lower slope

of Pinus virginiana and Liquidambar, latter gives way upslope

to Liriodendron tulipifera,

Carya tomentosa, and few Quercus

velutina. Mature pine only on

slope, summit has young pine and

hardwood stands (Types 24A, B, C)

Understory all over slope of Liriodendron. Acer rubrum. Sass- afras albidum, and few Pinus

virginiana. Shrubs only on lower

slope: Vaccinium spp. , Myrica

cerifera. Ground layer below of Mitchella repens and Lycopodium

complanatum, of Rhus radicans on upper slope.

CONIFERS

No counterpart.

No true counterpart; few mature

Pinus virginiana remain of former

stand on Scaffold Peninsula (now

hardwood Type IIC) . This area resembles Type 18B to the extent

that Type IIC resembles Type IB

at Java Farm, see discussion on

P« 7, 7b.

9b.

Java Farm Ivy Neck

19A. Loblolly Pine, Sweetgum (pine

predominant)

Mature; on south-facing slope

of ridge with water tank, described for Type 18B. Canopy of Pinus taeda and Liquidambar

styracif lua . Understory of Liquidambar . Liriodendron tulip- if era , and Acer rub rum . Ground

layer of Rhus radicans . Also one mature Pinus taeda

at headquarters area and one at west end of Fox Point Road; few

young ones in old fields (Type

23).No counterpart.

No counterpart.

19A. Loblolly Pine, Sweetgum (pine

predominant)

Mature; planted in 1933 on Cheston Peninsula. Very dense;

many trees down, rest with thin

crowns; reproduction at stand

borders. Canopy of Pinus taeda . few

Liquidambar styraciflua and Liriodendron tulipifera . Understory of dense Liquidambar . Liriodendron . Cornus f lorida ; fewer Prunus serotina , Ulmus americana . and Quercus vel- utina . Ground layer of dense Rhus

radicans and Lonicera japonica .

19B. Loblolly Pine, Sweetgum, Locust. Immature; triangular area on Cheston Peninsula between 19A

and coast. Thin canopy of Pinus

taeda . Liquidambar styraciflua and

Robinia pseudoacacia . Dense understory same as for Type 19A, with

few young Pinus taeda . Dense ground layer of Rhus radicans . Lon- icera japonica , Camps is radicans , Vitis sp.

19C. Loblolly Pine, Virginia Pine,

Sweetgum, Walnut. Immature; on Cheston Peninsula

between Type 19A and cultivated

field. Canopy of Liquidambar

styraciflua . fewer Pinus taeda . P_. virginiana . and Juglans nigra . Understory of Acer rub rum , Carya

cordiformia . Ilex opaca . Nyssa

sylvatica . Quercus alba . j£). palus- tris . and _C.. phellos . Shrubs:

Myrica cerifera . Viburnum prun- ifolium . Ground layer of Rhus

radicans and Lonicera japonica .

9 c.

Java Farm

No counterpart.

No counterpart.

Ivy Neck

CULTIVATED FIELD TYPES

20. Pasture. Single pasture, grazed by dairy

herd. Gentle south-facing slope,

bordered on 3 sides by Cheston Creek

drainage. Flora of Andropogon

virginicus . Digitaria ischaemum . Trifolium repens . Taraxacum officinale , other forbs.

21. Cropland.

Cultivated to corn, barley, wheat,

and sorghum. Wild flora mostly

Ipomoea purpurea . 1. hederacea ; also

(vernal) : Stellaria media . Draba verna , Lepidium spp. , Barbarea spp.

Cerastium spp. , etc. and (autumnal) Aster spp. ; restricted or infrequent species: Datura stramonium . Echinochloa pungens ; Setaria

lutescens often abundant near borders. One field on Scaffold Peninsula,

described in text as "abandoned

wheatfield" (since recultivated)

was fallow 3 yrs. (1963-66); 60 species were found there in 1966,

especially Oenothera biennis . C% fruticosa , Gnaphalium obtusifolium , Cerastium viscosum . Dianthus armeria . Hypericum perforatum . Ambrosia

artemisiifolia . Locally dense

Trifolium pratense and T_. hybridum . Woody species found under forbs: Campsis radicans dense; Quercus

velutina . Prunus serotina . and

Vltis sp. few.

9d.

Java Farm Ivy Neck

FORMERLY CULTIVATED FIELD TYPES FORMERLY CULTIVATED FIELD TYPES

22A. Reed Canary Grass. No counterpart. (When the Former pasture in valley field described above was abannorth of headquarters area, doned, its north end adjacent

marshy at the west end, drains Cheston Creek drainage had marshy

into Muddy Creek. Very dense species like that of western part

Phalaris arundinacea throughout; of Type 22A.) Juncus effusus, Scirpus rubricosus. Polygonum pensylvanicum

and P. sagittatum at marshy

end; few clumps of young Acer

rubrum, Liquidambar styraciflua,

and Rosa spp. Invasion from

outside slow.

22B. Kentucky Bluegrass. No counterpart.

Small areas of dense Poa pratensis turf in former cultivated fields, being overrun

by Rhus radicans. Associated

forbs: Gnaphalium obtusifolium,

Erigeron canadensis, Asclepias

syriaca, Solanum carolinense.

23.

Cirsium discolor . Goldenrod, Aster, Brambles,

Poison Ivy, Honeysuckle,

scattered young hardwoods.

Very heterogeneous vegetation

throughout most former cultivated fields. Forbs often more

abundant than woody vines but

often less so. Principal forbs:

Solidago altissima. S_. graminifolia, Aster pilosus, A . dumosus,

Eupatorium serotinum, Rubus occidentalis, Lespedeza cuneata, Rosa micrantha, R_. multiflora,

Allium vineale. Early spring

forbs: Barbarea spp. , Draba

verna, Lepidium spp. , etc. Principal vines: Rhus radicans,

Lonicera japonica, Campsis radicans , Vitis vulpina . Many less

frequent species. Trees scattered or locally dense; see Type 24A,

23. Goldenrod, Aster, Brambles,

Poison Ivy, Honeysuckle,

scattered young hardwoods.

Similar to that at Java Farm

but with fewer vines, more grass

and forbs. Merges with Types

25A, 25B. Grasses include

Setaria lutescens . Andropogon

virginicus .

10a.

Java Farm Ivy Neck

24A. Sweetgum, Cherry, Red Maple, Pin

Oak, Elm, Sassafras,

Persimmon, Dogwood, Tuliptree,

Hornbeam.

Very dense young stands, of- ten predominantly Liquidambar

styraciflua but often heterogeneous. Covers parts of old

fields and usually merges with

Type 23. Principal species:

Liquidambar , Prunus serotina , Acer rub rum , Quercus falcata . Sassafras albidum , Cornus f lorida . Less frequent: Liriodendron tulipifera (central upland),

Diospyros virginiana (lowland)

Ulmus americana, JJ. rubra (near

pier) , Carpinus caroliniana

(forest border) , Celtis occidentalis (all over). Understory

usually none. Ground layer of dense Lonicera japonica and

Rhus radicans in all stands. Special cases: South-facing slope at north

border (adjacent Type 22A) is an old orchard; canopy of Liquidambar , Liriodendron . and

Pyrus malus . Understory of Rubus spp. West-facing slope down to Muddy Creek near head of tidal

portion has very dense Carpinus

canopy; so does stand at end of Springhouse Road.

24B. Virginia Pine predominant. Dense young stands of Pinus

virginiana . Two occur on sum- mit and west-facing slope of

ridge west of headquarters area,

one in old field on northeastfacing slope near Fox Point Rd. Few Liquidambar in stands, no understory; ground cover of Rhus radicans and Lonicera

japonica . Pine also infrequent in Type

23.

25A. Locust, Sweetgum, Cherry, Red

Maple, Sassafras, Mulberry,

Elm, Persimmon, Pin Oak. Corresponds to Type 24A but

has Robinia pseudoacacia usually

abundant; Liriodendron . Carpinus , Ulmus rubra , and Celtis infrequent to absent.

Special cases: Stand at head of Scaffold Creek

drainage includes Nyssa sylvatica , Platanus occidentalis . Carya cordiformis , and shrubs Viburnum

prunifolium and Sambucus cana- densis . Stand on Cheston Peninsula

below Type 21 includes dense

understory of Mvrica cerifera . Hedgerows between cultivated

fields usually contain Celtis

occidentalis , Liquidambar styraciflua , Maclura pomifera , Acer

rub rum , or Viburnum prunifolium ; also Campsis radicans .

No counterpart,

10b.

24C. Virginia Pine, hardwoods of 24A. Simultaneous growth of young

Pinus virginiana and Liquidambar

styracif lua in old fields.

Stand overlooking head of Fox Creek estuary also has Robinia

pseudoacacia , Ouercus palustris , Cornus f lorida , and Sassafras

albidum . Stand at west end of field overlooking Muddy Creek at southwest corner of Farm has

Liriodendron tulipifera and Aralia spinosa . Ground cover of Rhus radicans

and Lonicera japonica .

25B. Virginia Pine, hardwoods of 25A. Infrequent occurrence of Pinus

virginiana throughout young hardwood canopies between forks of Scaffold Creek estuary and on Cheston Peninsula between pine stand

and cultivated fields.

Ground cover of Rhus radicans

and Lonicera japonica .

MARSH TYPES Freshwater Marsh

26A. Grass, Rose, Black Willow.

Freshwater portion of marsh

at mouth of Fox Creek drainage,

separated from salt marsh by

hedge of Rosa palustris and Smilax rotundifolia . Assorted

grasses, scattered Salix nigra , clumps of Rosa palustris , Impat - iens capensis , and Scirpus spp.

26B. Hempweed, Touch-me-not, Black

Willow.

Two sites: marshy streambed

at western border of Farm and at base of Fox Point peninsula

adjoining Fox Creek estuary.

Both sites have dense Impatiens

capensis and Mikania scandens , and scattered Salix nigra and Smilax rotundifolia. Scutellaria

MARSH TYPES

No freshwater marshes occur

at Ivy Neck.

lateriflora and Rosa spp. grow

at the first site, Sambucus

canadensis at the second.

10c. Java Farm

Salt Marsh

27A. Sea Myrtle, Salt Reedgrass, Salt

Cordgrass. Covers the wettest and apparently most saline marsh areas

and follows tide channels into

apparently less saline areas. Chiefly Baccharis halimifolia , Spartina cynosuroides , JS. alter- nif lora ; less abundant species:

Iva frutescens , Aster subulatus,

A. tenuifolius , Limonium Carolinianurn , Phragmites communis .

27B. Slat-meadow Grass, Alkali Grass. Covers more sheltered, inland

areas of large marshes; often

absent from smaller ones. Chiefly Spartina patens , Distichlis

spicata ; less abundant species:

Solidago sempervirens , Eleochar- is halophila .

27C. Cattail, Marsh Mallow, Switchgrass. Occurs at landward margins of

marshes or throughout less saline

ones. Chiefly Typha latifolia , —• artgustifolia , Hibiscus palustris , Kosteletzkya virginica , Panicum virgatum ; less abundant

species: Acnida cannabina , Pluchea camphorata . Tidal portion of Muddy Creek

has gradient of decreasing

salinity. Species there not

cited above: Scirpus americanus , S_. robustus (Hog I. Marsh);

Atriplex patula , Dryopteris

thelypteris (with Typha)

, Polygo- num hydropiperoides , Asclepias

incamata. and Mikania scandens

(at upstream end).

Ivy Neck

Salt Marsh and Beach

27A. Sea Myrtle, Salt Reedgrass,

Salt Cordgrass.

Same as at Java Farm; Spartina

cynosuroides infrequent, only at edge of water.

27B. Salt-meadow Grass, Alkali Grass. Same as at Java Farm but areas often too small to map.

27C. Cattail, Marsh Mallow, Switchgrass.

Same as at Java Farm, but

areas often too small to map.

Salt marsh at head of Cheston

Creek estuary has several species

cited for tidal Muddy Creek. Trees occasionally found in salt marshes include Diospyros

virginiana and Juniperus virginiana

at several locations, Robinia

pseudoacacia at Sand Point, Quercus

falcata and (). phellos at Hog Island

marsh, and Salix nigra at head of Fox Creek. The last three species occur near the dry land border.

lOd.

Java Farm

No counterpart.

Ivy Neck

28. Sea Rocket, False Indigo,

Salt Cordgrass, Wild Bean

Sandy beach along Cheston

Peninsula, and sandbars of salt

marshes. Species include Cakile

edentula . Amorpha fruticosa , Spartina alterniflora . Stro- phostyles helyola, Cenchrus

tribuliodes , Ammophila arenaria,

Asparagus officinale . Baccharis halimifolia dense

on Sand Point.

POND TYPES

No counterpart (types 26A and

26B may be temporarily innundated,

but true ponds are lacking.)

No counterpart,

POND TYPES

29A. Small pond on Cheston Peninsula,

separated from Rhode River by an apparently stable sandbar. Vegetation

indicates low salinity at present;

species include Rumex verticillatus , Echinochloa walteri . Sparganium

eurycarpum , Lemna minor , Spirodela

polyrhiza , Ludwigia palustris .

29B. Larger pond on Cheston Peninsula,

separated from Rhode River by an eroding sandbar. Vegetation indicates a salinity equivalent to that

of marshes; species include Spar- tina alterniflora , Zannichellia

palustris , Hibiscus palustris , Baccharis halimifolia , Pluchea

camphorata .

11.

Structure of the Checklist and Keys

The checklist includes 553 species of vascular cryptogams and

phanerogams, distributed among 98 families. They were collected at

Java Farm in the autumn of 1965 and at both Java Farm and Ivy Neck

during the growing seasons of 1966 and 1967. Collection will be

started at Corn Island in 1968 and continued elsewhere in coordination

with studies of vegetation development. An appendix (p. 228) is

provided for the addition of new species. It now contains eight

species collected during the preparation of this checklist. When the

Center becomes further developed the checklist will be revised for

final publication.

The families represented in the checklist are indexed on page 16,

and arranged according to the Engler and Prantl system. When a family

is represented by more than one species artificial keys are provided.

Although many of the keys are set up in a form similar to that used in Gray's Manual of Botany, 8th edition (Fernald, 1950), the keys developed

for this checklist are less extensive than Fernald's, since they are restricted to the flora of the Center and its near vicinity. In

addition, the terminology has been simplified and in some of the more

complex keys the sequence has been revised.

The keys in three families have been adapted from those of local

taxonomic studies compiled for the Washington-Baltimore area, which

includes Anne Arundel County (Hermann, 1946). These three families

are the Gramineae (Gilman, 1957), the Cyperaceae (Hermann, 1941),

(O'Neill, 1941), and the Umbelliferae (Dayton, 1942). The adapted

11a.

keys were modified to exclude species having a strictly Piedmont

distribution and those restricted to habitats which do not occur at

the Chesapeake Bay Center. Entirely new keys were prepared for some

of the more complex taxa which have limited representation at the Center,

There are two reasons for any similarities present between keys

in the literature cited above and keys in the checklist. First, the dependability of the characters in the keys in the literature. Second,

the need of a framework to facilitate the anticipated periodic revision

of the keys as additional species are collected. Such revisions will

be accomplished more readily if the organization of the checklist keys

is designed to allow for them.

Therefore, when a couplet in one of the keys in the literature

separates a genus or species which has in fact been collected at the Center from one not yet discovered there but expected to occur in the

vicinity, both halves of the couplet are included in the checklist key

but the word "expected" follows the unused half and the taxa to which

it refers are named in parentheses. This practice appears justifiable

in view of the continued investigations to be conducted at the Center

and the rich and fluctuating flora of the surrounding county, described

by Stieber (1967). Stieber notes a great intermingling of northern,

southern, and introduced species, the whole assembly subjected to widespread human disturbance. From field collections west of the Chesapeake

Bay Center and an examination of the District of Columbia and Vicinity

collection in the U. S. National Herbarium, Stieber has compiled a checklist of 647 vascular species for the county. His list cites 316

12.

species not yet discovered at the Chesapeake Bay Center; the writer

has collected at the Center 209 species which are not included on

Stieber's list for the county. This complementary collection reinforces Stieber's observation on the need for further systematic

floristic study of the region, and supports the writer's provision

for the inclusion of additional taxa in the keys of the present list.

To prevent the checklist keys from becoming topheavy with "expected"

taxa, the writer has used the following criteria in selecting them:

1. They must be named as established in F. J. Hermann's A Checklist of Plants in the Washington-Baltimore Area, 2nd. edition (Hermann, 1946)

2. They must be described in the available literature as having a distribution which includes the Maryland Coastal Plain,

and must not be restricted to swamps or other habitats which

do not occur at the Center.

3. They must not be too numerous to keep the keys relatively

simple and short.

This system of including "expected" taxa in the keys has already

facilitated the identification of several species listed in Appendix I. Further research at the Center may reveal other taxa not yet listed as "expected." The identification of new taxa may be confirmed by the

use of Gray's Manual.

Nomenclature

The nomenclature of the checklist follows that of Gray's Manual

of Botany, 8th edition, except in the family Gramineae; there,

13.

Gilman (1957) follows the nomenclature of A. S. Hitchcock's Manual

of the Grasses of the United States. Whenever the nomenclature used

conflicts with that of The New Britton and Brown Illustrated Flora

(Gleason, 1952), the names from the latter are given in parentheses.

Common names of species given by Gray's Manual are placed opposite

the scientific names. Additional common names used by residents of the

vicinity of the Chesapeake Bay Center are distinguished by the letter

"(L)," for "local," or are listed separately in Appendix III.

Annotations

The ecological annotation which accompanies each species nas five

categories: the general location (Java Farm or Ivy Neck), the estimated

abundance of the species, its exact collection site or specific habitat,

the dominant or canopy species of the collection site, and some of the associate species observed in the same location and stratum. The estimated abundance of an entry indicates the ease or rediscovering that species in the field; the four categories are: Abundant (plentiful throughout the habitat)

Moderately abundant (evenly distributed but not plentiful)

Infrequent (thinly scattered) One station (a single plant or very small, compact group)

The last category is preferred to "Rare" or "Local" because the Center has not yet been studied in sufficient detail to permit a safe

assumption concerning the restriction of distribution of species.

Additional annotation data are being sought and are listed in Appendix II, When the checklist is revised a more precise evaluation will be made.

14.

The specific location of a species is described in relation to

existing landmarks and to the numbered grid now being constructed

for the entire Center (see Figures 6 and 7). The units of the grid

are in hectares (a hectare equals 2.471 acres or 10,000 square meters).

The hectare was chosen to facilitate the future establishment of sample

plots, since it can easily be broken down into smaller metric units. Once the location of a species is established the reader may check the

soil and vegetation maps (Figures 2 to 5) for additional details.

The remaining annotation data summarize the vegetation of the

collecting sites. The dominant species are listed when these are

apparant. Also listed are "associate species" collected or observed

at the same location and in the same stratum. Further investigation

of the coincidence of these associate species should lead to more

reliable correlations among them and with their habitats. Additional

details of the vegetation may be obtained from Figures 4 and 5 and

from Table I.

The specimen collection numbers of each species follow its

annotation. All specimens collected by the writer are preserved in

the U. S. National Herbarium, Washington, D. C. Duplicate specimens

will be filed at the Chesapeake Bay Center. A few additional specimens

collected by Dr. H. David Hammond are kept in the Howard University

Herbarium, Washington, D. C.

HECTARE COORDINATES OF JAVA FARM

HECTARE COORDINATES OF IVY NECK

AND CORN ISLAND

(Figures 6 and 7)

Hectare Coordinates of the Chesapeake Bay Center for Field Biology

These maps represent a grid system which provides a large number

of fixed points for designating sampling stations and recording

collections. Each square of the grid is 100 meters on a side and

has an area of 10,000 square meters or 1 hectare (1 hectare = 2.471

acres). The squares may be easily broken down into smaller metric

units. Each of the larger squares (with heavier borders) contains

100 hectare squares. The vertical grid lines run north and south at right angles to

the baseline, not according to magnetic north. The heavy horizontal

line crossing Java Farm is the baseline; trees and brush along this

line have been cleared to make a relatively open footpath.

Disturbance to the vegetation along the other grid lines has been

kept to a minimum.

Although the grid lines on these maps extend beyond the boundaries

of the Chesapeake Bay Center, the actual surveying has been confined

to the Smithsonian property. In the field the corners of each

square are pinpointed either by concrete monuments or by pipes

driven into the ground. The monuments are placed two hectares apart,

and have brass plates bearing the numbers of the adjoining squares. Where pipes are used, stakes bearing the grid numbers accompany

them. No markers have been planted in the estuaries.

15.

Literature Cited

Braun, E. Lucy. 1950. Deciduous forests of eastern North America.

Blakiston Press, Philadelphia. 596 p. Craven, Avery 0. 1926. Soil erosion as a factor in the agricultural

history of Virginia and Maryland, 1606-1860. Univ. Illinois Press,

Urbana. 179 p. Dayton, William A. 1942. Preliminary treatment of Umbelliferae,

Washington-Baltimore Flora. Mimeographed. Distributed by the

Conference on District Flora, Smithsonian Institution, Washington,

D. C. 34 p. Fernald, Merritt L. 1950. Gray's Manual of Botany, 8th edition.

American Book Co. , New York. 1632 p. Gilman, Elizabeth M. 1957. Grasses of the Tidewater-Piedmont region

of northern Virginia and Maryland. Castanea 22: 1-105.

Gleason, Henry A. 1952. The new Britton and Brown illustrated flora

of the northeastern United States and adjacent Canada. Lancaster

Press, Lancaster, Pennsylvania. 3 vol. Hairston, Nelson G. , Frederick E. Smith, and Lawrence B. Slobodkin.

1960. Community structure, population control, and competition.

American Naturalist 94: 421-425.

Hermann, Frederick J. 1941. Key to the genus Carex in the WashingtonBaltimore area. Mimeographed. Distributed by the Conference on District Flora, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C. 24 p.

. 1946. A checklist of plants in the Washington-Baltimore area,

2nd. edition. Mimeographed. Issued by the Conference on District

Flora, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C. 134 p. Kelly, J. Reaney. 1965. "Tulip Hill," its history and its people.

Maryland Hist. Soc. Mag. 60: 349-403.

Mack, Frederick K. 1962. Ground water supplies for industrial and

urban development in Anne Arundel County. Maryland Dept. Geol.,

Mines, & Water Res. Bull. 26: 90 p. Marye, William B. 1955. The great Maryland barrens. Maryland Hist.

Soc. Mag. 50: 11-23, 120-142, 234-253.

Middleton, Arthur P. 1953. Tobacco Coast, a maritime history of the Chesapeake Bay in the Colonial era. Mariner's Museum, Newport

News. 487 p.

15a.

O'Neill, Hugh T. 1941. Cyperaceae of the Washington-Baltimore area

(exclusive of Carex) . Mimeographed. Distributed by the Conference

on District Flora, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C. 8 p. Phillips, S. W. , S. 0. Perkins, and H. B. Winant. 1928. Soil survey

of Anne Arundel County, Maryland. U. S. Dept. Agr. , Bur. Chem. and Soils. Ser. 28, no. 10: 29 p., map.

Shelford, Victor E. 1963. The ecology of North America. Univ.

Illinois Press, Urbana. 610 p. Stieber, Michael T. 1967. An annotated checklist of the vascular

flora of Anne Arundel County, Maryland. Master of Science thesis,

Catholic Univ. of America, Washington, D. C. 70 p.

16.

Families Represented at the Chesapeake Bay Center for Field Biology

Division No. No. and Class Family Species Page Family Species Page

Pteridophyta:

Articulatae: Equisetaceae 1 18 Nymphaeaceae

Ranunculaceae

1

8 106 106

Lycopodiinae: Lycopodiaceae 1 18 Berberidaceae

Magnoliaceae

1

1 109109 Filicinae: Ophioglossaceae 2 18 Annonaceae 1 109

Osmundaceae 2 19 Lauraceae 2 110

Polypodiaceae 10 19 Papaveraceae

Cruciferae

1 12 110

111 Spermatophyta

Crassulaceae 1 116 Gymnospermae

Pinaceae 3 23 Saxifragaceae

Hamamelidaceae

1

1 116 116

Angiospermae: Platanaceae 1 116

Monocoty- Rosaceae 28 117 ledonae: Typhaceae 2 24 Leguminosae 33 127 Sparganiaceae 1 25 Oxalidaceae 3 139 Zosteraceae 2 25 Geraniaceae 2 140 Alismataceae 2 25 Simaroubaceae 1 140 Hydrocharitaceae 1 26 Euphorbiaceae 4 140

Gramineae 75 26 Anacardiaceae 5 142 Cyperaceae 26 55 Aquifoliaceae 1 143 Araceae 2 76 Celastraceae 2 143 Lemnaceae 2 App. Aceraceae 4 144 Commelinaceae 1 76 Balsaminaceae 1 145 Juncaceae 8 77 Vitaceae 3 145 Liliaceae 8 79 Malvaceae 3 146 Dioscoreaceae 1 81 Guttiferae 4 146 Amaryllidaceae 4 81 Cistaceae 1 148

Iridaceae 1 82 Violaceae 5 148 Orchidaceae 3 83 Passif loraceae

Lythraceae

1

2 149149 Dicoty- Nyssaceae 1 150 ledonae: Saururaceae 1 84 Onagraceae 7 150

Salicaceae 3 84 Haloragaceae 1 152 Myricaceae 1 85 Araliaceae 2 152 Juglandaceae 4 85 Umbelliferae 6 153 Betulaceae 3 86 Cornaceae 3 156 Fagaceae 12 87 Pyrolaceae 2 157 Ulmaceae 4 91 Ericaceae 9 158 Moraceae 4 92 Primulaceae 1 162 Urticaceae 1 93 Plumbaginaceae 2 162 Polygonaceae 16 93 Ebenaceae 1 163 Chenopodiaceae 3 98 Oleaceae 4 163 Amaranthaceae 3 100 Gentianaceae 2 164 Phytolaccaceae 1 102 Apocynaceae 1 165 Aizoaceae 1 102 Asclepiadaceae 2 166 Portulacaceae 1 102 Convolvulaceae 5 167 Caryophyllaceae 8 103 Boraginaceae 3 168

17.

Division No. and Class Family Species

Dicotyledonae

Verbenaceae 4 (continued) Labiatae 16 Solanaceae 6 Scrophulariaceae 10 Bignoniaceae 1 Orobanchaceae 1 Phrymaceae 1 Plantaginaceae 4 Rubiaceae 7 Caprifoliaceae 8 Valerianceae 2 Campanulaceae 3 Compositae 72

Page

170

172 178

181

186 186

186 186

187

190

193

193

195

Summary

Division No. No. and Class Families Species

Pteridophyta:

Articulatae: 1 1 Lycopodiinae: 1 1 Filicinae: 3 14

Spermatophyta

Gymnospermae1 3 Angiospermae:

Monocotyledonae16 139 Dicotyledonae

76 387

Totals: 98 545

13 species in Appendix I.

558

17a.

Advent ive and Introduced Species at the Chesapeake Bay Center

Pteridophyta ; Filicinae : Osmunda regalis L. Athyrium filix-femina (L.) Roth

Spermatophyta : Gymnospermae : None Angiospermae : Monocotyledonae : Gramineae

Liliaceae

Allium vineale L. Asparagus officinalis L. Hemerocallis fulva L. Narcissus poeticus L. pseudo-narcissus

Ornithogalum umbellatum L.

Dicotyledoneae : Salicaceae

Anthoxanthum odoratum L. Arrhenatherum elatius (L.) Mert. & Koch

Bromus commutatus Schrad.

inermis Leyss.

japonicus Thunb. racemosus L. Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. Dactylis glomerata L. Digitaria ischaemum (Schreb.) Muhl,

Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. Festuca elatior L. Holcus lanatus L. Phleum pratense L. Phragmites communis Trin. Poa annua L. compressa L. Secale cereale L. Setaria glauca (L.) Beauv. faberii Herrm. Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. Triticum aestivum L. Cyperaceae

X Populus eugenei Simon-Louis

Scirpus validus Vahl. var. creber Fern. Commelinaceae

Commelina communis L.

Ulmaceae

Ulmus procera Salisb.

pumila L. Moraceae

Broussonetia papyrifera (L.) Vent. Madura pomifera (Raf.) Schneid. Morus alba L. Polygonaceae

Polygonum aviculare L. cespitosum Blume var. longisetum (DeBruyn) Stewart persicaria L. Rumex acetosella L. crispus L. obtusifolius L. pulcher L. Chenopodiaceae

Chenopodium album L. Amaranthaceae

Amaranthus hybridus L. spinosus L.

17b.

Dicotyledonae, continued:

Aizoaceae

Mollugo verticillata L« Caryophyllaceae

Cerastium viscosum L. vulgatum L. Dianthus armeria L. Lychnis alba Mill.

Silene noctoflora L. Stellaria media (L.) Cyrillo

Ranunculaceae

Clematis dioscoreifolia Levi. & Vaniot

Ranunculus bulbosus L.

Cruciferae Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh.

Barbarea verna (Mill.) Aschers.

vulgaris R. Br. Cardamine hirsuta L. Draba verna L. Lepidium campestre (L.) R. Br. Nasturtium officinale R. Br. Sisymbrium officinale (L.) Scop.

Crassulaceae

Sedum sarmentosum Bunge Rosaceae

Leguminosae

Lespedeza cuneata (Dumont) G. Don. stipulacea Maxim.

Medicago lupulina L. Melilotus alba Desr. officinalis (L.) Lam. Trifolium arvense L. hybridum L. pratense L. procumbens L. repens L. Vicia angustifolia Reichard

sativa L. tetrasperma (L.) Moench.

villosa Roth

Duchesnea indica (Andr.) Focke

Potentilla recta L. Prunus avium L. persica (L.) Batsch

Pyrus communis L. malus L. Rosa canina L. micrantha Sm. multiflora Thunb.

Rubus phoenicolasius Maxim.

Simaroubaceae

Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle Aceraceae

Acer platanoides L. Malvaceae

Abutilon theophrasti Medic.

Guttiferae

Hypericum perforatum L. Violaceae

Viola kitaibeliana R. & S. var. rafinesquii (Greene) Fern. Onagraceae

Ludwigia palustris (L.) Ell. Haloragaceae

Myriophyllum spicatum L. Umbelliferae Daucus carota L,

17c.

Primulaceae

Anagallis arvensis L.

Oleaceae

Syringa vulgaris L. Ligustrum vulgare L. Convolvulaceae

Ipomoea hederacea (L.) Jacq. purpurea (L.) Roth

Labiatae

Glechoma hederacea L. var. micrantha Moricand

Lamium amplexicaule L. purpureum L. Mentha spicata L. Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt.

Solanaceae

Compositae

Achillea millefolium L. Anthemis arvensis L. Arctium minus (Hill) Bernh. Centaurea cyanis L. Chondrilla juncea L. Chrysanthemum leucanthemum L. Cichorium intybus L. Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.

vulgare (Savi) Tenore Galinsoga ciliata (Raf.) Blake

Hieracium scabrum Michx. venosum L. Lactuca canadensis L. floridana (L.) Gaertn. Pyrrhopappus carolinianus (Walt.)

DC. Rudbeckia serotina Nutt. Sonchus asper (L.) Hill Taraxacum officinale Weber

Datura stramonium L. Solanum nigrum L. sarachoides Sendtner

Scrophulariaceae

Paulownia tomentosa (Thunb.) Steud. Verbascum blattaria L. thapsus L. Veronica arvensis L. hederaefolia L. Plantaginaceae

Plantago lanceolata L. major L. Caprif oliaceae

Lonicera japonica Thunb. Valerianaceae

Valerianella olitoria (L.) Poll.

18. EQUISETACEAE

Equisetum arvense L. Common Horsetail

Java Farm. One station: rubble of ruined house at main building

area. Hectare 2580. Higman 752. LYCOPODIACEAE

Lycopodium complanatum L. var. flabelliforme Fern. Groundpine

Java Farm. Moderately abundant on north- and west-facing slopes

of ridge between Muddy Creek valley and main building area. Hectares

2477, 2478, 2487. Canopy of mature Pinus virginiana , Fagus grandifolia , Liriodendron tulipifera , Liquidambar styraciflua . etc. Higman 489. OPHIOGLOSSACEAE

Botrichium

1. Sterile blade sessile, about midway on the stalk; plant fruiting in spring. (Also, divisions of the sterile blade spatulate and serrate or cleft) _B. virginianum

1. Sterile blade on a petiole half the height of the

stalk; plant fruiting in autumn.

(Species typically has divisions of the sterile

blade cleft into many linear notched teeth; in forma obliquum the divisions are broader and

crenate-serrulate to entire) B. dissectum

Botrichium virginianum (L.) Sw. Rattlesnake Fern

Java Farm. Moderately abundant in mature upland forest west of Muddy Creek valley. Canopy of Fagus grandifolia , Carya tomentosa . Quercus alba , Liriodendron tulipifera , etc. Associate species:

Botrichium dissectum .

Ivy Neck. Moderately abundant in mature forest of central

Scaffold Peninsula. Canopy resembles that at Java Farm but lacks

Fagus grandifolia . Same associate species. Higman 1241. Botrychium dissectum Spreng. (typical) Grape Fern

Java Farm. Infrequent in same habitat as J3. virginianum above. Also one station at north edge of Phalaris arundinacea meadow and base

of south-facing slope (hectare 2469). Higman 155.

_B. dissectum forma obliquum (Muhl.) Fern,

(var. obliquum (Muhl.) Clute) Java Farm. One station along northern border between Muddy Creek

Road gate and Muddy Creek. Associated with typical form above.

Ivy Neck. One station on Cheston Peninsula, in mature stand of Pinus taeda . Hectare 5719. Higman 1101, 1102.

19.

OSMUNDACEAE

Osmunda

1. Sterile and fertile fronds bipinnate, the sterile with

simple pinnules JO. regalis

1. Sterile fronds once pinnate, with pinnatifid pinnae;

fertile fronds separate, cinnamon-colored, densely

wooly .

0_. cinnamomea

Osmunda regalis L. var. spectabilis (Willd.) Gray

(var. not in Britton & Brown) Royal Fern

Java Farm. One station: Ravine on east-facing slope between

Fox Point Road and Fox Creek estuary. Hectare 3544. Canopy of Pinus

virginiana . Associate species: Osmunda cinnamomea . Higman 516.

C). cinnamomea L. Cinnamon Fern

Java Farm. Principal station on north shore of Hog Island near junction with salt marsh. Hectare 3582. Canopy of Quercus

prinus , ^. alba , etc. Second station in Hog Island salt marsh near

border of mainland. Hectare 3572. Partial canopy of young

Quercus falcata , C^. stellata . C;. phellos . Third station at eastfacing slope between Fox Point Road and Fox Creek estuary. Hectare

3544 (same site as (h regalis above) . Canopy of Pinus virginiana . Higman 104, 442, 515.

POLYPODIACEAE

1. Indusium obsolete.

2. Fronds leathery, evergreen, simply pinnatifid.

Expected ( Polypodium)

2. Fronds herbaceous, deciduous, 2- to 4-times

pinnate or pinnatifid.

3. Rhizome short and stout, forming a crown; fronds

lanceolate, in vase-like clumps Athyrium

3. Rhizome slender, long and forking; fronds deltoid

or broader, solitary or scattered Dryopteris

1. Indusium present.

4. Indusium formed by revolute margin of the frond. Expected ( Pellaea , Cheilanthes . Dennstaedtia)

4. Indusium not formed by margin of frond, either dorsal

or marginal.

20.

5. Indusium borne beneath the sorus, surrounding its

base as a saucer-shaped structure.

6. Fertile and sterile fronds similar, not rigid.

Expected (Woodsia, Dennstaedtia)

6. Fertile and sterile fronds very dissimilar, stiff,

the sterile much larger, the fertile erect and rigid.

7. Fronds forming tall vase-like clumps, the sterile

and fertile simply pinnate. Expected ( Pteretis )

7. Fronds solitary or scattered, the sterile

coarsely pinnatifid, the fertile bipinnate Onoclea

5. Indusium spreading above or outside the sorus.

8. Indusium attached at center, orbicular to reniform.

9. Indusium shield-shaped, without a sinus Polystichum

9. Indusium reniform or with deep sinus... Dryopteris

8. Indusium attached at margin, linear or oblong

to crescent-shaped. (Also, sori parallel to oblique lateral veins)

10. Fronds deciduous, pinnate to tripinnate;

stipes flat, angled or furrowed Athyrium

10. Fronds evergreen, pinnate (in species

collected); stipes slender, nearly terete... Asplenium

Athyrium

1. Fronds bi- to tripinnate; sori roundish or reniform;

indusium crescent-shaped A. f ilix-femina

1. Fronds simply pinnate or deeply bipinnatif id; sori

straight or nearly so. Expected (A. pycnocarpon)

A. f ilix-femina

1» Rhizome compact, covered with persistent old stipebases; frond widest near middle; indusia toothed, if ciliate the hairs not gland-tipped. (Also, fertile

fronds more leathery and contracted than the sterile; mature sori confluent) var. michauxii

1. Rhizome horizontally creeping, with few or no stipebases; frond widest toward base; indusia ciliate, the

cilia gland-tipped var. asplenioides

21.

A. filix-femina (L.) Roth var. michauxii

(Spreng.) Farw. (var. michauxii Mett.

Lady Fern

Ivy Neck. One station: mature stand of Pinus taeda on Cheston

Peninsula. Hectare 5719. Higman 1103.

A. filix-femina var. michauxii form rubellum Farw.

(A. angustum var. rubellum Butters)

Java Farm. One station: along Muddy Creek entrance road, at culvert of small tributary of Muddy Creek. Hectare 2497. Canopy

of Platanus occidentalis . Higman 480.

A. filix-femina var. asplenioides (Michx.) Farw.

(A. asplenioides A. Eaton)

Java Farm. One station: floor of tributary valley of Muddy

Creek, slightly upstream from Hog Island salt marsh. Hectare 3530. Canopy of Fagus grandifolia . Quercus alba , Liriodendron tulipifera , Liquidambar styracif lua . Higman 456.

Dryopteris

1. Rhizome slender, forking, long; fronds thin, annual, scattered; stipe slender, naked or with scales 1-6 mm. long.

2. Fronds long-lanceolate, with 17 to 46 pairs of pinnae,

the lowest pinnae shorter than to equalling the middle ones.

3. Lateral veins of segments of sterile fronds

forking; indusia glabrous or long-ciliate,

not glandular JD. thelypteris

3. Lateral veins of segments of sterile fronds

simple; indusia finely glandular-ciliate.

(Also, 23 to 46 pairs of pinnae) J3. noveboracensis

2. Fronds triangular to triangular-ovate, simple or with 8-30 pairs of pinnae, the lowest pinnae longest.

Expected (D. hexagonoptera ) , See Appendix I, p. 228.

1. Rhizome stout, short; fronds firm to evergreen, forming

terminal crowns; stipe stout, with abundant basal

scales .5-3.5 cm. long. (Also, lowest pinnae mostly

over 2 cm. long and 1 cm. wide; indusia not overlapping).

4. Frond tripinnate or tripinnatif id, firm, evergreen;

teeth of frond segments bristle-tipped I), dilatata

4. Frond bipinnate or bipinnatif id, firm to leathery,

deciduous; teeth of segments not bristle-tipped.

(Also, sori not marginal; fertile fronds much

taller and narrower than the sterile) D. cristata

22.

Dryopteris thelypteris (L.) Gray var. pubescens

(Lawson) nakai

(Thelypteris palustris Schott.

var. pubescens (Lawson) Fern.) Marsh Fern

Java Farm. Infrequent. Principal station in Typha latifolia

salt marsh at upstream end of tidal portion of Muddy Creek. Hectare

3403. Also in ravines on east-facing slope between Fox Point Road and Fox Creek estuary. Hectares 3543, 3544. Canopy of Pinus virginiana . Higman 286, 524.

_D. noveboracensis (L.) Gray

(T. noveboracensis (L.) Nieuwl) New York Fern

Java Farm. One station: source of Fox Creek drainage at north

boundary, west of new entrance gate. Hectare 2573. Canopy of young

Ulmus americana , Liquidambar styraciflua . and Juglans nigra . Higman 317.

E>. dilatata (Hoffmann) Gray

(D. spinulosa (0. F. Muell) Watt, var.) Florist's Fern

Java Farm. One station: near western apex of triangular area

west of old Muddy Creek Road. Hectare 2470. Level ground adjacent

marsh; canopy of mature Fagus grandifolia . A rare species in this

region. Higman 251.

D. cristata (L.) Gray Crested Woodfern

Java Farm. One station: bottom of Muddy Creek valley. Canopy

of mature Fraxinus americana , Platanus occidentalis . Higman 74.

Onoclea

Onoclea sensibilis L. Sensitive Fern Java Farm. Two stations: bank of Muddy Creek upstream from

culvert of old entrance road. Canopy of Platanus occidentalis , Fagus grandifolia . Fraxinus americana . Also found along deep, narrow

ditch of Fox Creek drainage. Higman 182, 325.

Polystichum

Polystichum acrostichoides (Michx.) Schott. Christmas Fern

Java Farm. Infrequent to moderately abundant on shaded slopes.

Found along trail at north border between Muddy Creek and old entrance

gate, in forest overlooking Rhode River and north side of Fox Creek

salt marsh, and on east-facing slope west of main buildings. Grows

under a variety of hardwood canopies. Higman 160, 161, 237, 376, 497.

23.

Asplenium

Asplenium platyneuron (L.) Oakes Ebony Spleenwort

Java Farm. Infrequent. Found along trail at north border

between Muddy Creek and old entrance gate, in old fields, and on bank

overlooking salt marsh at northeast corner of Farm.

Ivy Neck. One station on bank overlooking halophytic area at Sand Point, on Cheston Peninsula. Hectare 4860. Higman 143, 162,

164, 209, 218, 470, 875.

PINACEAE

1. Leaves opposite or in 3's, scale-like; fruit

berry-like , blue and glaucous Juniperus

1. Leaves sheathed in fascicles; fruit a woody cone Pinus

Juniperus

Juniperus virginiana L. var. crebra Fern. & Grisc. Redcedar

Java Farm and Ivy Neck. Moderately abundant along roads and

fences, in old fields, and in a variety of hardwood forest types.

Infrequent in dry, halophytic areas and salt marshes. Higman 112,

259, 1130.

Pinus

1. Needles 14-25 cm. long; cone scales with stout spine.. P_. taeda

1. Needles usually shorter than 12 cm. ; cone scales with awl-shaped

spine.

2. Needles in 3's. Expected (P. rigida . J?, serotina)

2. Needles in 2's.

3. Twigs glaucous; needles 7-12 cm. long; spine of cone scale 1 mm. long, weak. Expected (P. echinata )

3. Twigs brown, not glaucous; needles 4-8 cm. long; spine of cone scale 2-3 mm. long,

firm, straight or recurved P_. virginiana

24.

Pinus taeda L. Loblolly Pine

Java Farm. Infrequent; mature stand on south-facing slope of ridge, west of main buildings and below water tank. Scattered through canopy of mature Pinus virginiana . Fagus grandifolia. and Quercus

alba on adjacent west-facing slope. Young individuals scattered in

old fields.

Ivy Neck. Mature, planted stand on lower Cheston Peninsula.

Higman 41, 415, 508, 574, 649.

J?, virginiana Mill. Virginia Pine,

Scrub Pine

Java Farm and Ivy Neck. Frequently dominates understory of Quercus prinus forest; infrequent to moderately abundant in old

fields, there associated with Robinia pseudoacacia . Liquidambar

styraciflua , Acer rubrum, etc.

Java Farm. Dominant or co-dominant on west-facing slope

overlooking old entrance road, and along Fox Point Road near base of Fox Point Peninsula. Higman 265.

TYPHACEAE

1. Staminate and pistillate parts of the spike contiguous;

pistillate part 1.5 to 3.5 cm. in diameter JJ. latifolia

1. Staminate and pistillate parts of the spike separated;

pistillate part 6 to 12 mm. in diameter JJ. angustifolia

Typha latifolia L. Common Cattail

Java Farm and Ivy Neck. Abundant or moderately abundant in salt marshes near heads of estuaries and at the landward margins

of more saline marshes. Associate species: Dryopteris thelypteris

(co-dominant in one marsh near head of tidal portion of Muddy Creek),

Scirpus americanus (co-dominant in marsh at head of Cheston Creek estuary)

Hibiscus palustris , Kosteletzkya virginica , Panicum virgatum

(infrequent at landward margins of other salt marshes). Higman 90.

T_. angustifolia L. Narrow-leaved Cattail

Java Farm and Ivy Neck. Infrequent to moderately abundant near landward margins of salt marshes. Associate species: Typha

latifolia . Higman 211, 533.

25.

SPARGANIACEAE Sparganium

Sparganium eurycarpum Engelm. Burreed

Ivy Neck. One station: large clump on dried mud bottom of cut-off pond on Cheston Peninsula. Hectare 4880. Associate species: Rumex verticillatus , Sambucus canadensis , Sium suave . Higman 944.

ZOSTERACEAE

1. Flowers in spikes or on a long axis.

2. Spike more than 2-f lowered, raised above the stipule in anthesis; carpels in fruit sessile Potamogeton

2. Spike 2-f lowered, enclosed in the sheathing leaf base in anthesis; carpels in fruit raised on slender

stalks. Expected ( Ruppia)

1. Flowers axillary Zannichellia

Potamogeton

Potamogeton perfoliatus L. var. bupleuroides (Fern.) Farw. Pondweed

Java Farm and Ivy Neck. Abundant in estuaries. Associate

species: Myriophyllum spicatum . Higman 272, 1009.

Zannichellia

Zannichellia palustris L. Horned Pondweed

Ivy Neck. One station: cut-off pond on Cheston Peninsula.

Higman 1154.

ALISMATACEAE

1. Carpels in a single ring, strongly flattened; style

on the ventral margin of the carpel, below the tip;

flowers all perfect ; stamens 6 Alisma

1. Carpels in dense heads; style apical; upper flowers

staminate (or all either staminate or pistillate)

stamens numerous Sagittaria

26.

Alisma

Alisma subcordatum Raf

Mud-plantain

Ivy Neck. One station: shore of small cut-off pond on Cheston

Peninsula, south of Sand Point. Hectare 5800. Associate species: Rumex verticillatus , Cephalanthus occidentalis , Echinochloa walteri,

Galinsoga ciliata . Higman 946.

Sagittaria

Sagittaria latifolia Willd.

var. pubescens (Muhl.) J. C. Sm. Duckpotato

Java Farm. One station: dry, sandy bed of north fork of Muddy

Creek, upstream from culvert of old entrance road, near barrier of piling (collected during drought). Hectare 2467. Canopy of Platanus

occidentalis , Fagus grandifolia , and Liriodendron tulipifera . Understory chiefly Lindera benzoin . Associate species: Impatiens capensis . Polygonum arifolium . Also observed in the freshwater part of Fox Creek marsh. Hectare 3526. Higman 1056.

GRAMINEAE

Key to the Tribes

1. Spikelets 1- to many- flowered; articulation above the glumes

except in Oryzeae .

2. Plants woody; culms perennial Bambuseae (Expected)

2. Plants herbaceous; culms annual.

3. Spikelets 3-f lowered, with 2 rudimentary florets

below the perfect one Phalarideae (p. 28)

3. Spikelets 1- to several-flowered, with no rudimentary florets below the perfect one (but

sometimes above it)

4. Spikelets unisexual; plants monoecious.

5. Pistillate spikelets embedded in joints of the rachis Tripsaceae (p. 28)

27.

5. Pistillate spikelets not embedded in the

j oints of the rachis Zizanieae (Expected)

4. Spikelets perfect or, if unisexual, the plants dioecious.

6. Glumes minute or wanting; articulation

below them Oryzeae (p. 28)

6. Glumes, or at least one of them, welldeveloped; articulation above them.

7. Spikelets sessile; rachis continuous

except in Hordeum .

8. Spikelets on opposite sides of the rachis; spikes terminal, solitary.... Hordeae (p. 29)

8. Spikelets on one side of the rachis;

spikes digitate or racemose Chlorideae (p. 31)

7. Spikelets pedicellate, in open, con- tracted, or spikelike panicles, rarely

in racemes. (Spikelets subsessile in Phleum)

9. Spikelets usually 1-flowered Agrostideae (p. 33)

9. Spikelets 2- to several-flowered.

10. Glumes as long as the lowest

floret, usually as long as the spikelets; lemmas awned from the back (awnless in Sphenopholis , awned between the teeth of a bifid apex in Danthonia) Aveneae (p. 35)

10. Glumes, or at least one of them,

shorter than the first floret;

lemmas awnless or awned from the

tip, or from the back just below

the tip, or from between the teeth of a bifid apex Festuceae (p. 37)

28.

1. Spikelets with 1 perfect terminal floret and one imperfect or sterile lower floret; articulation below

the glumes.

11. Spikelets paired, one sessile and perfect, the

other pediceled and staminate, sterile, or wanting Andropogoneae (p. 45)

11. Spikelets single (or in rows on one side of a continuous rachis in Digitaria and Paspalum) Paniceae (p. 47)

Phalarideae

1. Lower florets reduced to small, awnless, scale-like

lemmas, smaller than the fertile florets; glumes

equal, sometimes winged on the keel Phalaris

1. Lower florets consisting of awned, hairy, sterile

lemmas exceeding the fertile floret; glumes very unequal Anthoxanthum

Phalaris

Phalaris arundinacea L. Reed Canary-grass

Java Farm. Abundant in somewhat marshy 5-acre meadow north of main buildings. Infrequent on roadsides near main buildings.

Higman 149, 772, 779, 826, 894. Anthoxanthum

Anthoxanthum odoratum L. Sweet Vernal Grass

Ivy Neck. One station. Miss A. Colhoun's garden. Higman 1155. Tripsaceae

Tripsacum dactyloides L. Gamagrass

Java Farm. Infrequent, along roads and in scattered clumps in old fields. Higman 25. Oryzeae

Leersia

1. Lower panicle branches fascicled; spikelets about

5 mm. long; leaf sheaths and blades very harshly

scabrous; rhizomes long and slender L_. oryzoides

1. Lower panicle branches not fascicled; spikelets

about 3 mm. long; leaf sheaths and blades scabrous

but not very harsh, not ciliate; rhizomes short,

thick, and scaly L_. virginica

29.

Leersia oryzoides (L.) Wx. Rice-Cutgrass

Java Farm. One station: in freshwater part of Fox Creek

marsh. Hectare 3516. Associate species: Rosa palustris , Aster

puniceus , Impatiens capensis . Higman 246.

_L. virginica Willd. Whitegrass

Java Farm. Infrequent, in woods near bank of Muddy Creek upstream

from entrance road culvert; also along Fox Creek drainage; also one station in old field south of old entrance road. Associate species:

Onoclea sensibilis , Epilobium coloratum . Glyceria striata , Elephantopus

carolinianus . Higman 141, 188, 326.

Hordeae

1. Spikelets solitary at each node of rachis.

2. Spikelets placed edgewise to the rachis Lolium

2. Spikelets placed flatwise to the rachis.

3. Annuals, cultivated.

4 . Glumes ovate , 3-nerved Triticum

4. Glumes subulate, 1-nerved Secale

3. Perennials, not cultivated; plants with creeping

rhizomes Agropyron

1. Spikelets usually more than 1 at each node of the rachis.

5. Spikelets 1-flowered, 3 at each node, the middle one sessile and perfect, the lateral pair usually

pediceled, often reduced to awns and simulating

an involucre Hordeum

5. Spikelets 2- to 6-flowered, all alike, usually 2 or more at each node.

6. Spikes dense; glumes as long as the lemmas,

simulating an involucre; spikelets ascending

or slightly spreading Elymus

6. Spikes loose; glumes reduced to minute awn; spikelets widely spreading Hystrix

30.

Lolium perenne L. Common Darnel

Java Farm. One station: along north boundary fence, adjacent

neighboring cornfield. Associate species: Clematis virginiana . Amaranthus hybridus , Ambrosia artemisiifolia .

Ivy Neck. One station: waste ground around old house, near

entrance road, above drainage of east fork of Scaffold Creek. Hectare 4658. Associate species: Elymus villosus , Plantago aristata . Higman 769, 863. Triticum aestivum L. Wheat

Ivy Neck. One station: path to abandoned wheat field on upper

Scaffold Peninsula. Hectare 4740. Escaped from cultivation. Associate

species: Polygonum avicular , Polygonum pensylvanicum , Diodia teres , Cyperus strigosus . Higman 684.

Secale cereale L. Rye

Ivy Neck. One station: abandoned wheat field on upper Scaffold

Peninsula. Hectare 4761. Associate species: Trifolium pratense , Trifolium hybridum . Higman 747. Agropyron repens (L. ) Beauv. Quickgrass

Java Farm. Infrequent: grassy field south of main buildings.

Associate species: Agrostis alba , Cirsium discolor . Poa pratensis , Asclepias syriaca . Also one station beside new entrance road. Higman 829, 950. Hordeum pusillum Nutt. Little Barley

Ivy Neck. One station: unpaved trail between cornfields on upper Scaffold Peninsula. Hectare 4771. Associate species:

Anthemis arvensis , Plantago virginica , Lepidium virginicum . Rumex

acetosella . Higman 697.

Elymus

1. Glumes narrow, bristle-like; glumes and lemmas

hirsute JE. villosus

1. Glumes broadened near the base; glumes and lemmas

glabrous or nearly so.

2. Glumes about 1 mm. wide at the middle, the bases

not bowed out; palea much shorter than the lemma. Expected (_E. riparius )

2. Glumes 1.5-2 mm. wide at the middle, the bases

bowed out; palea about equal to the lemma _E. virginicus

31,

Elymus villosus Muhl. Wild Rye

Java Farm and Ivy Neck. Infrequent to moderately abundant;

seems to prefer moderately moist, moderately shaded sites like

borders of forest. No consistent associate species. One station

at Java Farm: summit of ridge northeast of main buildings, under

canopy of Juglans nigra . Three stations at Ivy Neck, near streams

or estuaries. Liquidambar styraciflua canopy. Higman 831, 850,

865, 871. Elymus virginicus L. Terrell Grass Java Farm and Ivy Neck. Infrequent: dry, sandy sites near

salt marshes. Two stations at Java Farm: small salt marsh on Rhode River above pier. Associate species: Asplenium platvneuron , Triodia f lava , Rhus typhina , Celastrus scandens . One station at Ivy Neck: bank overlooking dry halophytic area at Sand Point,

Cheston Peninsula. Hectare 4860. Higman 225, 227, 1108.

Hystrix

Hystrix patula Moench Bottle-brush Grass

Ivy Neck. One station: side of low bank at southwest border

of Sand Point marsh. Hectare 4870. Junction of sand and mineral

soil; shaded by forest. Associate species: Elymus villosus . E. virginicus . Higman 940.

Chlorideae

1. Spikelets with more than 1 perfect floret.

2. Spikes slender, numerous, racemose; spikelets shortpediceled. Expected ( Leptochloa)

2. Spikes stout, few, digitate; spikelets sessile Eleusine

1. Spikelets with only 1 perfect floret, sometimes additional imperfect florets above.

3. Spikelets without additional imperfect florets.

4. Spikes racemose; culms erect; spikelets articulate below the glumes; salt marsh habitat Spartina

4. Spikes digitate; culms creeping by rhizomes

or stolons; spikelets articulate above the glumes ; terrestrial habitat Cynodon

3. Spikelets with 1 or more imperfect florets above

the fertile one. Expected ( Gymnopogon)

32.

Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. Goosegrass (L)

Wiregrass

Infrequent, on unshaded waste ground. Java Farm. One station:

rubbish pile at main buildings. Hectare 2580. Associate species: Datura stramonium , Amaranthus spinosus . S planum nigrum .

Ivy Neck. One station: near artificial pond at source of Cheston Creek drainage. Hectare 4722. Associate species: Datura

stramonium , Polygonum persicaria . Abutilon theophrasti . Potentilla

norvegica . Higman 499, 1001.

Spartina

1. Plants robust, usually more than 1 m. tall; keel of glumes and lemmas hispid-scabrous or ciliate; blades

flat (involute after drying), more than 5 mm. wide;

spikelets more than 1 cm. long.

2. First glume nearly as long as the floret; second

glume with an awn up to 7 mm. long. Expected

(S_. pectinata )

2. First glume much shorter than the floret; second

glume awnless, acute or mucronate.

3. Margins of blades very harsh and scabrous;

glumes strongly hispid-scabrous on the keel S^. cynosuroides

3. Margins of blades glabrous or minutely

scabrous; glumes sof t-hispidulous or ciliate on the keel S_. alternifolia

1. Plants rather slender, usually less than 1 m. tall; keels of glumes scabrous; blades involute, less

than 5 mm . wide S_. patens

Spartina cynosuroides (L.) Roth. Salt Reedgrass

Java Farm and Ivy Neck. Moderately abundant in salt marshes on Rhode River and lower estuaries, on seaward side. Associate species: Aster subulatus . Baccharis halimifolia . Scirpus robustus , Atriplex

patula . Higman 59.

_S. alternifolia Loisel. Salt-water Cordgrass

Java Farm and Ivy Neck. Moderately abundant in salt marshes on Rhode River and lower estuaries, and in dry, halophytic areas such as Sand Point. Associate species: Baccharis halimifolia . Distichlis

spicata . Cakile edentula . Higman 115, 285.

33.

_S. patens (Ait.) Muhl. High-water Grass

Java Farm and Ivy Neck. Moderately abundant in drier, more

inland parts of salt marshes and halophytic sandy areas. Forms dense

carpets. Associate species: Distichlis spicata . Panicum virgatum . Iva frutescens. Acnida cannabina . Higman 270.

Cynodon

Wiregrass (L)

Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. Bermuda Grass Java Farm. One station: parking area at main buildings, in cracked pavement. Hectare 2580. Higman 823.

Agrostideae

1. Panicle dense, spikelike. (Also, glumes as long as the

lemma; articulation above the glumes.)

2. Glumes glabrous, awnless; spikelets 11-14 mm. long.... Ammophila

2. Glumes with spreading trichomes, abruptly awned; spikelets not more than 4 mm. long Phleum

1. Panicle somewhat open, not spikelike. (Also, lemma usually

awned except in Cinna and some species of Agrostis )

3. Fruit hardened; callus sharp-pointed. Expected

(Aristida)

3. Fruit thin; callus not sharp-pointed.

4. Glumes as long as the lemma or longer.

5. Callus of lemma bearded. Expected

( Calamagrostis )

5. Callus of lemma not bearded.

6. Lemma minutely awned from just below the

apex; spikelets falling entire Cinna

6. Lemma awnless or awned from the back or near the base; glumes persistent Agrostis

4. Glumes usually shorter than the lemma.

7. Rachilla not prolonged as a bristle behind

the palea; grain enclosed in the lemma and

palea at maturity. (Also, plant with slender

rhizome unless first glume is obsolete) Muhlenberg ia

34.

7. Rachilla prolonged behind the palea as a bristle;

or if not, the grain falling from the lemma and

palea at maturity. Expected (Brachyelytrum)

Ammophila

Ammophila arenaria (L.) Link Sand-reed

Ivy Neck. One station: beach on south shore of Sand Point. Hectare 4861. Higman 1153.

Phleum

Phleum pratense L. Timothy

Ivy Neck. Infrequent in abandoned grassy field on Scaffold

Peninsula. Hectare 4761. Associate species: Festuca elatior . Polygonum aviculare , Hypericum perforatum . Higman 810.

Cinna

Cinna arundinacea L. Wood Reedgrass

Java Farm. Infrequent in Muddy Creek valley; canopy of Fraxinus

americana , Platanus occidentalis ; understory of Lindera benzoin . Also one station at forest border of old field south of old entrance

road; canopy of Fagus grandifolia and Quercus velutina . Higman 66,

85, 134.

Agrostis

1. Palea much smaller than the lemma or wanting,

nerveless. (Also lemma awnless; plants perennial.)

2. Panicle diffuse, its long branches forking at or above the middle. Expected (A. hiemalis )

2. Panicle open but not diffuse, its branches forking at or below the middle.

3. Spikelets mostly 2-2.5 mm. long A. perennans

3. Spikelets mostly 2.5-3.5 mm. long, crowded near

ends of panicle branches. Expected (A. altissima)

35.

1. Palea at least half as long as lemna, 2-nerved.

(Also, ligule 2-6 mm. long; panicle branches spikeletbearing to base.)

4. Panicle open; long stolons absent.

5. Culms erect, with strong creeping rhizomes A. alba

5. Culms decumbent; rhizomes wanting. Expected

(A. stolonifera)

4. Panicle narrow; long stolons usually present A, palustris

Agrostis perennans (Walt.) Tuckerm. Upland Bentgrass

Java Farm. Infrequent, along Fox Creek drainage and in large

field adjacent road to pier. Higman 324, 334.

A. alba L.

(A. stolonifera L.) Redtop

Java Farm and Ivy Neck. Infrequent in grassy abandoned fields.

Associate species at Java Farm: Agropyron repens , Allium vineale,

Cirsium discolor , Asclepias syriaca . Associates at Ivy Neck: Eleocharis

intermedia , Carex scoparia , Agropyron repens . Higman 858, 951.

A. palustris Huds.

(A. stolonifera L.) Creeping Bentgrass

Java Farm. One station: bank of tidal portion of Muddy Creek, near mouth of tributary stream. Hectare 3437. Associate species:

Brasenia schreberi , Carex lurida, Polygonum punctatum . Higman 989.

Muhlenberg ia

Muhlenbergia schreberi Gmel. Java Farm. Infrequent, along Fox Creek drainage and vicinity.

Associate species: Perilla frutescens . Duchesnea indica . Aster

lateriflorus . Geum canadense . Higman 309, 318, 348.

Aveneae

1. Florets 2, one perfect, the other staminate.

2. Lower floret staminate, with a long, bent,

twisted awn; upper floret perfect Arrhenatherum

2. Lower floret perfect, awnless; upper floret

staminate, with a short , hooked awn Holcus

36.

1. Florets 2 or more, all alike except the reduced upper

ones.

3. Lemmas bifid, awned from between the lobes;

florets several Danthonia

3. Lemmas awnless, mucronate, or awned from the back;

florets usually 2 or 3 (up to 6 in Avena)

4. Glumes more than 1 cm. long. Expected (Avena)

4. Glumes less than 1 cm. long.

5. Glumes shorter than the florets; lemmas

awnless or mucronate.

6. Glumes unequal in shape, the second

obovate and much broader than the first.

(Also, plant 3-10 mm. high in species

collected) Sphenopholis

6. Glumes similar in shape, unequal in size.

(Also, plant 3-6 dm. high). Expected

( Koeleria)

5. Glumes as long as or longer than the florets;

lemmas awned from the back.

7. Lemmas keeled, awned from near the apex; awn

bent and twisted. Expected (Trisetum)

7. Lemmas rounded on the back, awned from below

the middle.

8. Rachilla extending as a bristle

behind the upper floret; plants

perennial Deschampsia

8. Rachilla not extending; plants delicate

annuals. Expected (Aira)

Arrhenatherum

Arrhenatherum elatius (L.) Mert. and Koch Fall Oatgrass

Java Farm. Infrequent along roads near main building area, and

in old fields. Associate species: Triosteum perfoliatum , Galium

circaezans , Houstonia purpurea , Lychnis alba . Hignmn 661, 716,

763, 778.

37. Holcus

Holcus lanatus L. Velvet-grass

Java Farm. One station: road to springhouse. Hectare 3417. Associate species: Melilotus alba . Taraxacum officinale , Valerianella

olitoria , Duchesnea indica , Rhus radicans . Higman 800.

Danthonia

Danthonia spicata (L.) Beauv. Poverty-grass,

White Oatgrass

Java Farm. One station near marshy west end of Phalaris

arundinacea meadow, north of main buildings. Hectare 2467. Associate

species: Glyceria striata , Lindera benzoin , Allium vineale, Carex Wanda.

Ivy Neck. Infrequent along banks of upper Cheston Creek estuary.

Canopy of Quercus velutina , Prunus serotina , Liquidambar styracif lua , Acer rubrum . Associate species: Hieracium venosum , Amelanchier

intermedia , Elymus villosus . Higman 787, 843, 872.

Sphenopholis

Sphenopholis nitida (Bieler) Scribn. Java Farm. One station: shoulder of old Muddy Creek Road, near entrance gate. Hectare 2473. Higman 643.

Deschampsia

Deschampsia flexuosa (L.) Trin. Common Hairgrass

Java Farm. Infrequent on Fox Point Road and moderately abundant

at Fox Point under Quercus prinus canopy. Associate species: Rhodo- dendron viscosum , Gaylussacia baccata, Kalmia latifolia , Juncus

tenuis , Baptisia tinctoria . Higman 435, 645, 802.

Festuceae

1. Plants dioecious Distichlis

1. Plants not dioecious; flowers usually perfect.

2. Plants more than 1.5 m. tall; salt marsh habitat... Phragmites

2. Plants not more than 1.5 m. tall, usually shorter;

terrestrial habitat.

38.

3. Lemmas with 3 prominent nerves.

4. Lemmas pubescent on the nerves and callus, the

midnerve extended as a short awn.

5. Palea densely long-ciliate on upper half

of keel; panicle with few spreading,

few-flowered branches; sandy beach habitat.

Expected (Triplasis )

5. Palea not long-ciliate on upper half of keel; panicle large and open; roadsideold field habitat Triodia

4. Lemmas not pubescent on the nerves and

callus , awnless Eragrostis

3. Lemmas with 5 to many nerves, these sometimes

faint.

6. Lemmas keeled.

7. Spikelets with 1-4 empty lemmas below the

fertile florets Uniola

7. Spikelets with no empty lemmas below the

fertile florets.

8. Spikelets flat, nearly sessile, in thick 1-sided clusters at the ends

of stiff branches Dactylis

8. Spikelets only slightly flattened, not

in 1-sided clusters.

9. Spikelets more than 1 cm. long;

lemmas awned Bromus

9. Spikelets not more than 6 mm. long;

lemmas awnless Poa

6. Lemmas rounded on back.

10. Nerves of lemma prominent, parallel.

(Also, glumes not papery; all florets

alike; spikelets usually green) Glyceria

10. Nerves of lemma less prominent, converging

toward the summit.

11. Lemmas minutely bifid at apex, awned

from between the teeth Bromus

11. Lemmas acute, awned from the tip or

awnless.

39.

12. Lemmas awned (except in J?, elatior

and F. obtusa) ; without cobwebby

pubescence at base Festuca

12. Lemmas awnless; with cobwebby

pubescence at base (except in

P_. annua , P_. autumnalis , and

P_. compressa) Poa

Distichlis

Distichlis spicata (L.) Greene Alkali-grass

Java Farm and Ivy Neck. Moderately abundant in the more inland

parts of salt marshes. Associate species: Spartina patens , Panicum

virgatum , Iva frutescens . Higman 52.

Phragmites

Phragmites communis Trin. Reed Java Farm. One station in Hog Island salt marsh. Hectare 3583. Associate species: Spartina cynosuroides , Panicum virgatum . One

other station reported in Corn Island salt marsh. Higman 441.

Triodia

Triodia flava (L.) Smyth

(Tridens flavus (L.) Hitchc.) Fall Redtop Java Farm. One station: old field near Fox Point Road on north

side, near stand of Pinus virginiana . Hectare 3533. Higman 363.

_T. flava , forma cuprea (Jacq.) Fosberg Fall Redtop Java Farm. Infrequent in old fields. Also one station in cracked pavement at main buildings. Hectare 2580. Associate species:

Euphorbia maculata , Juncus tenuis , Eupatorium serotinum . Higman 13,

226, 341.

Erogrostis

Eragrostis spectabilis (Pursh) Steud. Love-grass,

Tumble-grass

Java Farm. Infrequent to moderately abundant in Fox Point Road,

Associate species: Plantago aristata, Dianthus armeria. Digitaria

ischaemum, Juncus tenuis. Higman 26, 365.

40.

Uniola

Uniola laxa (L.) BSP. Spikegrass,

(new comb. Chasmanthium laxum (L.) Yates) Spanglegrass

Java Farm. Infrequent in Hog Island salt marsh. Associate

species: Distichlis spicata , Panicum virgatum . Higman 342, 452.

Dactylis

Dactylis glomerata L. Orchard-grass

Java Farm. Infrequent: stations beside old and new entrance

roads. Associate species: Galium aparine , Carex blanda . Carex muhlenbergii var. enervis , Fragaria virginiana . Poa pratensis . Higman 640, 1107.

Bromus

1. Spikelets strongly flattened, lemmas keeled; awn

short or wanting. Expected (_B. catharticus )

.

1. Spikelets not strongly flattened, terete before

flowering; awn usually present.

2. Plants perennial; culms usually 1 m. tall or more.

3. Creeping rhizomes present; panicle erect,

contracted at maturity; lemmas glabrous;

awn minute or wanting JS. inermi

3. Creeping rhizomes wanting; panicle open, spreading or drooping; lemmas evenly pubescent;

awn present. Expected (B. latiglumis )

.

2. Plants annual; culms usually shorter than 70 cm.

4. Lemmas narrow, acuminate, with a sharp callus

at the base; awns usually more than 1.5 cm. long.

Expected (B. tectorum)

.

4. Lemmas broad, rounded above, without a sharp callus; awns usually less than 1 cm. long or wanting.

5. Panicle contracted, its branches erect or ascending.

6. Lemmas pubescent. Expected (J3. mollis ) .

6. Lemmas scabrous or glabrous _B. racemosus

41.

5. Panicle open, its branches spreading or drooping.

7. Lemma inflated, awnless. Expected

(B. brizeaformis )

.

7. Lemma not inflated, awned.

8. Branches of panicle rather stiffly

spreading, not drooping j3. commutatus

8. Branches of panicle lax, drooping.

9. Lemmas obtuse; awn flexuous; palea

distinctly shorter than lemma lapomcus

9. Lemmas acute, bifid; awn straight

or nearly so; palea about as long

as lemma. Expected (B. arvensis)

.

Bromus inermis Leyss. Awnless Bromegrass

Ivy Neck. One station: beside trail to abandoned grassy field

on Scaffold Peninsula. Hectare 4740. Associate species: Rumex

crispus , Anagallis arvensis , Galinsoga ciliata . Mo Hugo verticillata , Oenothera biennis . Higman 854. racemosus L. Bromegrass

Java Farm. One station: broken pavement in Fox Point Road. Associate species: Plantago aristata , Festuca myuros , Cyperus

f ilicinus . Higman 1112.

_B. commutatus Schrad.

(B. racemosus L.

)

Hairy Chess Java Farm. Infrequent along new entrance road and Fox Point

Road. Also one station on south-facing slope east of Muddy Creek

and adjacent north border. Hectare 2458. Associate species: Allium

vineale, Juncus canadensis , Carex tribuloides , Plantago aristata . Higman 788, 891, 1136.

_B. japonicus Thunb, Japanese Chess Java Farm. One station: old field on south side of Fox Creek

marsh. Hectare 3524. Partial canopy of Pinus virginiana and Liquidambar styraciflua . Associate species: Erigeron annuus , Solidago

graminifolia , _S. altissima . Higman 890.

42.

Poa

1. Plants not more than 25 cm. tall; annuals.

2. Lemmas with webby pubescence at base, distinctly

3-nerved, the intermediate nerves faint, thickly

pubescent on the lateral nerves and keel; plants

pale green . _P. chapmaniana

2. Lemmas glabrous at base, distinctly 5-nerved,

somewhat pubescent on the lower half of all

nerves, especially the keel; plants bright green... J?, annua

1. Plants more than 25 cm. tall; perennials.

3. Creeping rhizomes present.

4. Culms very flattened, 2-edged; lemmas glabrous

or nearly so at base. _P. compressa

4. Culms rounded or slightly flattened; lemmas

with webby pubescence at base.

5. Blades shorter than the culm; lower branches

of panicle in a whorl of 5 P_. pratensis

5. Blades about equal to the culm in length;

lower branches of panicle usually in 2's. Expected (P. cuspidata)

.

3. Creeping rhizomes wanting.

6. Lemmas glabrous at base, tips of lemma blunt

and scarious P_. autumnalis

6. Lemmas webbed at base.

7. Lemmas slightly pubescent on the keel or glabrous on all nerves. Expected (P. trivialis )

.

7. Lemmas pubescent on the keel and marginal

nerves.

8. Lower panicle branches spreading or reflexed

at maturity; panicle erect, much longer

than wide; intermediate nerves of lemma

prominent P_. sylvestris

8. Lower panicle branches not reflexed at maturity; panicle long, open; intermediate

nerves of lemma faint. Expected

(P_. palustris ) .

43.

Poa chapmaniana Scribn. Meadowgrass

Java Farm. One station: broken pavement at main building

area. Hectare 2580. Associate species: Poa annua , Juncus tenuis , Triodia flava .

Ivy Neck. One station at border of cornfield on Scaffold

Peninsula. Higman 587, 822.

J?, annua L. Annual Bluegrass

Java Farm. One station: broken pavement at main building

area. Hectare 2580. Associate species: Poa chapmaniana above. Higman 1113.

P_. compressa L. Wiregrass,

Canada bluegrass

Ivy Neck. Moderately abundant in grazed woods at head of Cheston Creek estuary. Canopy of Robinia pseudoacacia , Platanus

occidentalis , Diospyros virginiana . Also one station on east bank

of estuary. Higman 731, 734, 876.

_P. pratensis L. Kentucky Bluegrass,

Junegrass

Java Farm. Moderately abundant; dominant species in the few

remaining grass areas in old fields. Infrequent along roadsides at both Java Farm and Ivy Neck. Forms dense turf, invaded by Rhus

radicans and Cirsium discolor . Higman 335, 547, 621.

_P. autumnalis Muhl. ex Ell. Meadowgrass

Java Farm. One station: Mature forest near old entrance road. Hectare 2474. Canopy of Fagus grandifolia , Quercus alba , Nyssa

sylvatica , Liriodendron tulipif era , Liquidambar styracif lua . Higman 678.

_P. sylvestris Gray Meadowgrass

Java Farm. Infrequent; stations at old entrance gate and at bank

of Muddy Creek upstream from entrance road. Canopy of mature Fagus

grandifolia , Liriodendron tulipif era . Associate species (none at both stations) : Dactylis glomerata . Galium aparine , Glyceria striata . Higman 641, 791.

Glyceria

1. Spikelets linear, 1-4 cm. long G. septentrionalis

44.

1. Spikelets ovate, 2-7 %m. long. (Also, panicle open;

lemmas prominently nerved; first glume less than

1 mm. long; florets crowded toward ends of branches,

often purplish) G. striata

Glyceria septentrionalis Hitchc. Sweet Grass,

Floating Eastern

Mannagrass

Ivy Neck. One station: moist, grazed woods at head of Cheston

Creek estuary. Hectare 4733. Canopy of mature Platanus occidentalis , Diospyros virginiana , Liquidambar styraciflua . Robinia pseudoacacia . Associate species: Glyceria striata , Poa compressa , Carex crinita , Carex tribuloides . Higman 735.

G_. striata (Lam.) Hitchc. Fowl Meadowgrass,

Fowl Mannagrass

Java Farm and Ivy Neck. Infrequent to moderately abundant in stream valleys, moist woodland, etc. Principal stations are at head

of Cheston Creek estuary (described above) and at shore of Muddy Creek,

upstream from culvert of old entrance road (Java Farm). Associate

species besides those listed above: Panicum clandestinum , Lindera

benzoin , Carex blanda , Duchesnea indica , Danthonia spicata . Higman 180,

730, 732, 745, 756, 790.

Festuca

1. Blades usually 4-8 mm. wide, flat. (Also, plants

tall perennials, not densely tufted; lemmas awnless

except in J£. elatior forma aristata)

.

2. Spikelets 8-15 mm. long, 6- to 11-f lowered;

panicle contracted; lemmas acute F_. elatior

2. Spikelets 4-6 mm. long, 2- to 5-f lowered; panicle

diffuse; lemmas obtuse.

3. Spikelets lanceolate, scattered at tips of branchlets; glumes and lemmas appressed.

Expected (F. obtusa)

.

3. Spikelets ovate, close together; glumes and lemmas loosely ascending _F. paradoxa

1. Blades usually less than 1.5 mm. wide, involute or,

if flat, less than 3.5 mm. wide.

4. Plants annual; stamen 1. (Also, lemmas glabrous).

45.

5. First glume much shorter than the second; awns about 1 cm. long J_. myuros

5. First glume 2/3 to 3/4 as long as the second; awns 3 to 5 mm. long JF. octof lora

4. Plants perennial; stamens 3. (Also, culms densely

tufted).

6. Culms somewhat decumbent at base; base reddish,

the basal sheaths becoming fibrous shreds F_. rubra

6. Culms erect; base not reddish or shreding.

Expected (F. ovina)

.

Festuca elatior L. Meadow-Fescue

Ivy Neck. One station: abandoned grassy field on Scaffold

Peninsula. Hectare 4772. Associate species: Phleum pratense , Trif olium arvense , Hypericum perforatum . Higman 809. Festuca paradoxa Desv. Fescue Java Farm. One station: beside new entrance road. Hectare 2582. Associate species: Panicum clandestinum , Vicia sativa , Lepidium

campestre , Melilotus alba . Higman 833.

_F. myuros L. Java Farm. One station: broken pavement on Fox Point Road. Associate species: Plantago aristata , Cyperus filicinus , Dianthus

armeria . Higman 807.

J£. octof lora Walt. Six-weeks Fescue

Ivy Neck. One station: west shore of Cheston Creek estuary.

Canopy of Quercus velutina, Acer rub rum , Juglans nigra , Liquidambar

styracif lua . Associate species: Glyceria striata . Higman 742.

_F. rubra L. Red Fescue

Java Farm. Infrequent; road to springhouse. Hectare 3417. Associate species: Taraxacum officinale , Poa pratensis , Rhus

radicans . Higman 1109, 1110.

Andropogoneae

1. Spikelets all alike, perfect. (Also, spikelets

surrounded by copious soft hairs; lemmas awned)

.

Expected ( Miscanthus , Erianthus )

.

46.

1. Spikelets dissimilar, one of each group sessile and perfect, the other 1 or 2 pedicellate and either

staminate, sterile, or reduced to a pedicel.

2. Blades ovate; plant a weak, trailing annual.

Expected ( Arthraxon)

.

2. Blades linear, elongate; plant erect, stiff,

perennial.

3. Racemes terminal and axillary; rachis with

several to many joints, promptly disarticulating Andropogon

3. Racemes terminal only; rachis with 2 or 3 tardily separating joints.

4. Fertile spikelet awnless (awn very earlydeciduous) ; pediceled spikelets staminate

or sterile Sorghum

4. Fertile spikelet with a long, persistent,

basally twisted awn; pediceled spikelets

usually rediced to hairy pedicels Sorghastrum

Andropogon

1. Racemes solitary on each peduncle; internodes and

pedicels club-shaped A. scoparius

1. Racemes 2 to several on each peduncle, digitate;

internodes and pedicels slender. (Also,

pedicellate spikelet reduced to a pedicel or

to empty glumes; racemes silky villous, not conspicuously aggregate at the summit of the culm)

.

2. Peduncles mostly 5 to 15 cm. long. Expected

(A. elliottii , A_. ternarius ) .

2. Peduncles not more than 1 cm. long.

3. Upper sheaths conspicuously inflated. Expected

(A. elliottii )

.

3. Upper sheaths not inflated A. virginicus

Andropogon scoparius Michx. Bluestem, Bunchgrass

Java Farm. Infrequent in Hog Island salt marsh. Associate

species: Panicum virgatum , Myrica cerifera , Diospyros virginiana , Distichlis spicata . Higman 287, 292, 302.

47.

Andropogon virginicus L. Broomsedge

Java Farm. Infrequent in Phalaris arundinacea meadow and on adjacent south- and west-facing slopes. Associate species: Asplenium

platyneuron , Hypericum mutilum , Paspalum laeve , Sorghastrum nutans . Higman 150.

Sorghum

Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. Johnson-grass

Java Farm. Infrequent in old fields, especially near the pier.

Associate species: Gnaphalium obtusifolium , Triosetum perfoliatum , Solidago altissima . Higman 144, 243.

Sorghastrum

Sorghastrum nutans (L.) Nash Indian Grass Java Farm. Infrequent in old fields; often solitary among dense

Lonicera japonica and Rhus radicans . Higman 205, 207, 467.

Paniceae

1. Spikelets subtended by an involucre of 1 to many

distinct or united bristles.

2. Bristles united into a spiny bur permanently

enclosing the spikelet . . . . Cenchrus

2. Bristles separate, persistent, the spikelets

deciduous Setaria

1. Spikelets not subtended by an involucre.

3. Glumes or sterile lemma awned Echinochloa

3. Glumes and sterile lemma awnless.

4. Fruit tough but flexible; margins of lemma

not inrolled.

5. Spikelets in slender, rather digitate terminal

racemes Digitaria

5. Spikelets in diffuse panicles. Expected

(Leptoloma)

.

48.

4. Fruit hard and rigid; margins of lemma inrolled.

(Also, spikelets placed with the back of the

lemma toward the rachis, or spikelets pedicellate

in panicles)

6. First glume wanting; spikelets plano-convex,

in spikelike racemes

Paspalum

6. First glume present; spikelets not planoconvex, in panicles.

7. Spikelets on short pedicels; second glume

inflated like a sac near the base. Expected ( Sacciolepis) .

7. Spikelets on long pedicels; second glume

not inflated Panicum

Cenchrus

Cenchrus tribuloides L. Sandbur

Ivy Neck. Infrequent on sandy beach on Rhode River shore of Cheston Peninsula. Associate species: Strophostyles helvola , Spartina

alternif lora , Cakile edentula . Higman 1013.

Setaria

1. Bristles of involucre at least 5. (Also, panicle

dense, spikelike).

2. Plants with short, knotty rhizomes; spikelets

about 2.5 mm. long; palea reduced; plant perennial.

Expected (_S. geniculata )

2. Plants without rhizomes; spikelets about 3 mm. long; palea developed; plant annual S^. glauca

1. Bristles of involucre 1 to 3, or appearing more by

abortion of spikelets.

3. Bristles retrorsely scabrous. Expected

(S . verticillata)

3. Bristles antrorsely scabrous.

4. Fertile lemma coarsely transversely rugose;

spikelets about 3 mm. long S_. faberii

4. Fertile lemma smooth or slightly rugose; spikelets

not more than 2.5 mm. long. Expected OS. viridis )

49.

Setaria glauca (L.) Beauv. Foxtail Grass,

(S. lutescens (Weigel) F. T. Hubbard) Yellow bristlegrass

Java Farm. Infrequent in old fields.

Ivy Neck. Moderately abundant near margins of cultivated fields.

Associate species: Strophostyles umbellata , Echinochloa walteri . Polygonum persicaria , Eupatorium serotinum . Datura stramonium . Higman 140, 336, 1045, 1052, 1127.

_S. faberii Herrm. Foxtail Grass Java Farm. One station: rubbish pile at main building area. Hectare 2580. Associate species: Eleusine indica . Datura stramonium . Also one station at north border, beside neighboring cornfield.

Associate species: Clematis virginiana , Amaranthus hybridus . Ivy Neck. One station: pile of dry soil near artificial pond

at head of Cheston Creek drainage. Hectare 4722. Associate species:

Echinochloa pungens . Higman 5, 878, 1035.

Echinochloa

1. Second glume awnless (often acuminate in E. pungens)

spikelets ovoid; fruit ovoid to oval; sheaths of leaves glabrous.

2. Fertile (coriaceous) lemma obtuse to subacute,

the tip soft and wilting; spikelets with appressed

slender trichomes, pustular-based trichomes if present few and marginal. Expected (E. crusgalli )

2. Fertile lemma acuminate, the tip firm; spikelets

with conspicuous bristles, the trichomes usually

pustular-based _E. pungens

1. Second glume awned (awn shorter than that of sterile

lemma); spikelets ellipsoid; fruit slenderly lanceolate

to lance-ellipsoid, acute; sheaths of leaves usually

hirsute, the hairs pustular-based . _E. walteri

Echinochloa pungens (Poir.) Rydb. Barnyard Grass

(E. crusgalli (L.) Beauv.) Java Farm. One station: marshy west end of Phalaris arundinacea

meadow, north of main building area. Hectare 2467. Associate species:

Erechtites hieracifolia , Juncus effusus , Polygonum pensylvanicum , Polygonum sagittatum .

50.

Ivy Neck. Infrequent at borders of cultivated fields: one station near artificial pond at source of Cheston Creek drainage; one

in weedy field near forested valley of Scaffold Creek drainage.

Associate species: Eleusine indica , Ludwigia palustris . Polygonum

persicaria , Setaria glauca , Strophostyles umbellata . Higman 174, 255, 866,

996, 1138.

_E. walteri (Pursh) Nash

Java Farm. One station: upstream limit of salt marsh on Muddy

Creek, beyond margin of forest. Hectare 3430. Associate species:

Echinochloa pungens , Baccharis halimifolia , Cyperus strigosus , Asclepias

incarnata , Eclipta alba , Scirpus validus var. creber. Higman 541.

Digitaria

Digitaria ischaemum (Schreb.) Muhl. Crabgrass

Java Farm. Infrequent along Fox Point Road and in yard of burned

house on road to springhouse. Associate species: Juncus tenuis , Rhus

typhina , Paspalum setaceum . Higman 27, 387.

Paspalum

1. Racemes both terminal and axillary, the latter sometimes

hidden in the sheaths; spikelets not more than 2 mm.

long.

2. Blades usually not over 8 mm. wide; spikelets

about 1. 5 mm. long P_. setaceum

2. Blades up to 20 mm. wide; spikelets at least 2 mm.

long. (Also, culms erect; leaves sparsely to densely

pilose) . Expected (P. pubescens )

1. Racemes terminal on the primary culm or on leafy

branches, not axillary; spikelets 2.5-4 mm. long.

3. Spikelets conspicuously ciliate on the margins;

leaves glabrous. (Also, culms geniculate at base).

Expected (P_. dilatatum)

3. Spikelets not ciliate; leaves pilose.

4. Plants robust, usually 1-2 m. tall; spikelets

4 mm . long P_. f loridanum .

4. Plants not robust, less than 1 m. tall; spikelets

usually under 3.5 mm. long.

51.

5. Spikelets orbicular, 3-3.2 mm. long. (Also,

blades as long as or longer than the culm)

Expected (P. circulare)

5. Spikelets longer than broad, mostly under

3 mm. long.

6. Sheaths and blades very pilose; culms

ascending to erect. Expected

(P . longipilum)

6. Sheaths and blades glabrous or sparsely

pilose; culms more spreading P_. laeve

Paspalum setaceum Michx.

Java Farm. One station: yard of burned house on road to springhouse. Hectare 3417. Partial canopy of Rhus typhina . Associate

species: Digitaria ischaemum , Lonicera japonica , Trifolium repens , Lepidium virginicum , Clematis virginiana . Higman 386.

JP. f loridanum Michx. , var. glabratum Engelm. ex Vasey

Java Farm. Infrequent: one station on Fox Point Road; associate species: Juncus tenuis , Eragrostis spectabilis , Plantago

aristata . Also one station in Hog Island salt marsh; associate species:

Distichlis spicata , Andropogon scoparius , Panicum virgatum , Juncus dichotomus . Higman 18, 299. Paspalum laeve Michx. Java Farm. One station: south-facing slope north of Phalaris

arundinacea meadow, north of main building area. Hectare 2458. Spreading Rhus radicans , Camp sis radicans, and Rubus spp. ; few grassy

spots. Associate species: Lespedeza repens , Hieracium scabrum . Higman 165.

Panicum

1. Basal leaves similar to culm leaves, not forming

winter rosettes.

2. Plants annual.

3. Spikelets warty, tuberculate. Expected

(P_. verrucosum)

3. Spikelets smooth.

4. First glume about 1/4 as long as the spikelet,

blunt, rounded, or truncate; sheaths glabrous;

nodes glabrous p. dichotomiflorum

52.

4. First glume about 1/2 as long as the spikelet, acute or acuminate; sheaths hirsute or villous; nodes bearded. (Also, panicle

erect; spikelets not more than 4 mm. long).

5. Panicle more than 1/2 the entire length

of plant. (Also, panicle as broad as long) spikelets 2-2.5 mm. long P. capillare

5. Panicle not more than 1/3 the entire

length of plant. Expected (P_. philadelphicum)

2. Plants perennial.

6. Plants without creeping, scaly rhizomes.

Expected (P. agrostoides , P_. stipitatum) .

6. Plants with creeping, scaly rhizomes.

7. Pedicels of spikelets usually over 3 mm. long.

8. Panicle long and narrow; spikelets 5-6.5

mm. long; sandy seacoast habitat. Expected

(P. amarum)

8. Panicle moderately diffuse; spikelets

4.5 mm. long; salt marsh and tidal stream

habitat. (Also, culms rigid, terete; sheaths not compressed) P_. virgatum

7. Pedicels of spikelets 1-3 mm. long. (Also,

panicle open; spikelets 3.3-3.7 mm. long;

culms firm to soft; culms and sheaths

compressed; terrestrial habitat) P_. anceps

Basal leaves unlike the cauline ones, forming winter

rosettes (except in P_. depauperatum , the leaves then

crowded near the base)

9. Spikelets glabrous or nearly so.

10. Spikelets about 3.5 mm. long. (Also, sheaths

pilose; blades scabrous above, pilose beneath)

Expected (P_. depauperatum) .

10. Spikelets less than 3 mm. long.

11. Spikelets 1.5 mm. long or less. (Also, ligule

not over 1.5 mm. long; nodes bearded) P_. microcarpon

11. Spikelets 2-3 mm. long. Expected (5 species,

especially P_. dichotomum) . (Also, blades 2 cm. wide or more, strongly nerved, scabrous,

round at base; spikelets 3 mm. long).

53.

9. Spikelets pubescent, some sparingly so.

12. Spikelets 3 mm. long or more.

13. Blades of leaves at midculm 15 times as long as wide. (Also, sheaths hispid or glabrous; spikelets pointed). Expected

(Z* depauperatum)

13. Blades of leaves at midculm seldom over

10 times as long as wide. (Also,

spikelets 3.5-4 mm. long or more).

14. Blades velvety-pubescent beneath.

Expected (P_. ravenelii , P_. boscii v. molle) .

14. Blades not velvety-pubescent beneath.

15. Sheaths glabrous or minutely

puberulent

16. Nodes bearded; spikelets 4 mm. long or more. Expected

(P . boscii )

16. Nodes not bearded; spikelets

about 2.8 mm. long P_. commutatum

15. Sheaths bristly. (Also, blades

2 cm. wide or more) P_. clandestinum

12. Spikelets less than 3 mm. long. (Also, blades

usually over 5 mm. wide)

17. Spikelets attenuate at base; blades

tapering from base to apex. Expected

(P. angustif olium)

17. Spikelets not attenuate at base; blades

otherwise. (Also, sheaths not retrorsely

pilose)

18. Ligule (1.5) 2-5 mm. long.

19. Sheaths, or all but the lowest,

glabrous. (Also, ligule 4-5 mm. long; spikelets 1.5 mm. long: leaf blades and axis of panicle glabrous

or nearly so) . Expected (P. lindheimeri )

53a.

19. Sheaths pubescent. (Also, culms and

spikelets usually so).

20. Spikelets not more than 2 mm. long.

21. Ligule 1-1.5 mm. long. Expected

(.P . tsugetorum) .

21. Ligule 2-5 mm. long.

22. Axis of panicle glabrous or puberulent.

(Also, spikelets 1.3-1.6

mm. long) . Expected (P_. meridionale )

22. Axis of panicle pilose.

23. Spikelets 1-1.3 mm. long.

Expected (P. leucothrix)

23. Spikelets 1.6-1.9 mm. long.

24. Culms, sheaths, and blades

velvety _P . lanuginosum

24. Culms, sheaths, and blades

spreading-pilose. Expected

(P. huachucae)

20. Spikelets about 2.5 mm. long. (Also,

culms, sheaths, and blades densely

villous). Expected (P. villosissimum) . See Appendix 1.

18. Ligule absent.

25. Nodes bearded.

26. Spikelets 1.3-1.5 mm. long 7_. microcarpon

26. Spikelets 2 mm. long or more. Expected (P. mattamuskeetense)

25. Nodes not bearded.

27. Plant velvet-pubescent throughout.

Expected (P. scoparium)

27. Plant not velvety throughout.

28. Sheaths pilose or hispid.

54.

29. Blades 2 cm. wide or more P_. clandestinum

29. Blades less than 1 cm. wide.

Expected (P. addisonii)

28. Sheaths glabrous or puberulent

29. Spikelets spherical. (Also, blades

cordate, white-margined). Expected

(P_. polyanthes )

29. Spikelets ovate.

30. Spikelets 2.3-3 mm. long.

30. Spikelets less than 2 mm. long.

Expected (P. columbianum)

31. Culms glabrous or nearly so; blades 1.5 cm. wide or more P. commutatum

31. Culms puberulent; blades not over

1 cm. wide. Expected (P. ashei)

Panicum dichotomif lorum Michx. Java Farm. One station: border of salt marsh on tidal portion

of Muddy Creek. Associate species: Spartina alternif lora , Rumex verticillatus . Higman 290.

P_. capillare L. Old -witch Grass

Java Farm. One station: small old field north of main buiding

area. Hectare 2580. Lonicera japonica and Vitis vulpina dominant.

Higman 539.

P_. virgatum L. var. spissum Linder Switchgrass

Java Farm and Ivy Neck. Moderately abundant in salt marshes,

especially the more inland parts. Associate species: Distichlis spicata , Pluchea camphorata , Spartina patens . Higman 89, 344, 440, 973, 1027,

1050, 1051.

P_. anceps Michx. Java Farm. Infrequent in woods between Muddy Creek and Phalaris

arundinacea meadow, north of main building area. Canopy of Fagus

grandif olia , Platanus occidentalis , and Quercus alba . Associate

species : Lindera benzoin , Glyceria striata , Onoclea sensibilis , Duchesnea indica . Higman 181, 474, 1111.

55.

P_. microcarpon Muhl. Java Farm. Infrequent in Hog Island salt marsh, near landward

margin. Associate species: Panicum virgatum . Cyperus filicinus . Juncus dichotomus .

Ivy Neck. Infrequent on west shore of Cheston Creek. Associate

species: Danthonia spicata , Hieracium venosum . Panicum commutatum , Rosa Carolina . Higman 303, 446, 847.

_P. commutatum Schult.

Ivy Neck. One station: west shore of Cheston Creek. Canopy of

Quercus prinus . Quercus alba . Associate species: Danthonia spicata , Hieracium venosum , Panicum microcarpon . Higman 848.

P_. clandestinum L. Java Farm. Infrequent along Muddy Creek valley and Fox Creek

drainage. Associate species: Geum canadense . Carex blanda . Danthonia

spicata , Muhlenbergia schreberi . Perilla frutescens . Higman 87,

308, 322, 785, 832. Panicum lanuginosum Ell.

var. fasciculatum (Torr.) Fern.

Ivy Neck. One station: abandoned unpaved road through forest on Scaffold Peninsula. Canopy of Quercus alba , Quercus velutina , Fagus

grandifolia , Liriodendron tulipifera . Associate species: Houstonia

purpurea , Juncus tenuis , Vernonia glauca . Higman 841.

CYPERACEAE

1. Flowers unisexual, the staminate and pistillate

in the same or in different spikes (the latter

resembling spikelets)

2. Achene naked, bony, supported on a disc.

Expected ( Scleria)

2. Achene enclosed in a sac (perigynium) borne in the axil of a bract or scale. (Also, culms mostly

triangular; leaves with sheath, ligule, and midrib;

spikes in axils of leafy or scalelike bracts,

often aggregated into heads) Carex

1. Flowers perfect, spikes essentially uniform.

3. Spikelets 1-2-f lowered, with 2-many empty basal

scales. Expected ( Rhynchospora)

56,

3. Spikelets many-flowered (if only 1-f lowered, the spikelets

in densely glomerulate heads with 2-ranked scales), with

1 of the lower scales empty (more in Eriophorum)

4. Scales of spikelet strictly 2-ranked, folded

lengthwise and keeled.

5. Inflorescences terminal simple or compound umbels

or glomerules; flowers without perianth bristles;

achene without a tubercle or enlarged style-base Cyperus

5. Inflorescences axillary, from leaf sheaths;

flowers with a perianth of bristles; achene

capped by a long tubercle. Expected (Dulichium )

4. Scales of spiklet spirally arranged (sometimes 2- ranked in Eleocharis , with single terminal spikelets)

5. Achene crowned by a persistent bulbous tubercle.

6. Culms naked, the basal colored sheaths

usually bladeless; spikelet terminal;

perianth of bristles often present Eleocharis

6. Culms leafy or leafy-based; spikelets 2- many, in terminal or axillary inflorescences

with leafy involucres; perianth wanting.

Expected ( Bulbostylis , Psilocarya)

5. Achene without a tubercle (Scirpus may have a small

point on the achene, left by the fallen style).

7. Flowers with one or more inner subtending scales

or with dilated sepals. Expected ( Hemicarpha)

7. Flowers without inner subtending scales or dilated sepals (may have bristle perianth)

8. Style dilated at base, deciduous below the enlargement; perianth wanting. Expected

( Fimbristylis )

8. Style terete, slender; perianth usually present.

9. Perianth of 1 to 6 broad bristles. (Also,

spikelets with an involucre of 1 erect or several spreading leaves) Scirpus

9. Perianth of many long silky bristles.

Expected ( Eriophorum )

57.

Carex

(from Hermann, 1941)

Key to Sections

1. Spike one.

2. Spikes with pistillate flowers above, staminate

ones below, many- flowered; perigynia strongly

inflated, sessile Squarrosae (p. 61)

2. Spikes with staminate flowers above, pistillate

ones below; perigynia not inflated. Expected

( Phyllostachyae , Polytrichoideae ) . Species in expected sections are listed on p. 68a.

1. Spikes more than one.

3. Stigmas two; achenes lenticular.

4. Lateral spikes sessile, short; terminal spike

usually with both pistillate and staminate flowers.

5. Culms arising singly or few-together from

long-creeping rootstocks. Expected ( Divisae , Arenariae )

5. Culms tufted, the rootstocks occasionally

prolonged with short internodes but not

long- creep ing

6. Spikes with staminate flowers above,

pistillate ones below.

7. Perigynia tapering into the beak or, if abruptly contracted, the culms

flaccid and flattening in drying.

Expected (Vulpinae )

7. Perigynia abruptly contracted into the

beak; culms not flaccid nor flattening

in drying.

8. Spikes usually 10 or fewer,

greenish Eracteosae (p. 62)

8. Spikes numerous, yellowish or brownish at maturity; leaf-sheaths

often red-dotted ventrally.

58.

9. Perigynia plano-convex, thin,

yellowish; bracts mostly much

exceeding the spikes; leafsheaths usually transversely

rugose ventrally . Multif lorae (p. 65)

9. Perigynia thick-plano-convex

or unequally biconvex, brown;

bracts mostly shorter than the spikes; leaf-sheaths not transversely rugose. Expected

( Paniculatae )

6. Spikes with pistillate flowers above,

staminate ones below.

10. Perigynia with winged margins Ovales (p« 65)

10. Perigynia without winged margins,

at most thin-edged. Expected

( Stellulatae , Deweyanae , Heleonastes )

4. Lateral spikes peduncled or, if sessile, elongate;

terminal spike usually staminate.

11. Achenes constricted in the middle; scales

3-nerved, long-awned Cryptocarpae (p- 66)

11. Achenes not constricted in the middle;

scales 1-nerved, not long-awned. Expected

( Acutae )

3. Stigmas three; achenes trigonous.

12. Perigynia or foliage pubescent.

13. Style continuous with the achene, persistent,

indurated. Expected ( Paludosae )

13. Style articulated with the achene, at length deciduous.

14. Achenes closely enveloped by the perigynia; bracts sheathless or nearly so.

15. Perigynia obtusely triangular or orbicular-triangular in crosssection; plant (except perigynia)

glabrous Montanae (p« 66)

59.

15. Perigynia sharply triangular in cross-section; plant pubescent.

Expected (Triquetrae)

14. Achenes not closely enveloped by the per- igynia or, if so, the bracts strongly

sheathing.

16. Beak of perigynium strongly bidentate;

leaves septate-nodulose. Expected (Hirtae )

16. Beak of perigynium at most shallowly

bidentate; leaves not septate-nodulose.

17. Bracts long-sheathing, or at least

the lower ones Laxif lorae (p» 66)

17. Bracts sheathless or the lower ones short-sheathing. Virescentes (p* 68)

12. Perigynia and foliage glabrous.

18. Style not articulated, continuous with the achene, persistent, indurated.

19. Perigynia subcoriaceous, firm. Expected

( Paludosae )

19. Perigynia membranaceous.

20. Perigynia obconic or broadly obovoid,

truncately contracted into long,

subulate beaks Squarrosae (p. 61)

20. Perigynia lanceolate to ovoid or globoseovoid, not truncately contracted.

21. Perigynia lanceolate or ovoidlanceolate, tapering into the beak. Expected (Lupulinae , Collinsiae , Folliculatae)

21. Perigynia broader, abruptly con- tracted into the beak, usually

strongly ribbed.

22. Perigynia finely and closely

ribbed. Expected ( Pseudo-cyperi )

22. Perigynia coarsely ribbed.

60.

23, Perigynia 7-10 mm. long;

achenes 2-3 mm. long, 1.25-

2.25 mm. wide Vesicariae (p. 68)

23. Perigynia 10-20 mm. long;

achenes 2.5-6 mm. long,

2-4 mm. wide. Expected ( Lupulinae)

18. Style articulated with the achene, at length

deciduous.

24. Achenes strongly constricted at base,

rounded at apex; lower pistillate scales

bract-like. Expected (Phyllostachyae)

24. Achenes not strongly constricted at base,

short-pointed at apex; lower pistillate

scales not bract-like.

25. Lower bracts sheathless or shortsheathing. Expected ( Shortianae , Atratae,

Gracillimae)

25. Lower bracts long-sheathing.

26. Bracts bladeless or with

rudimentary blades Laxiflorae (p. 66)

26. Bracts with well-developed blades.

27. Foliage, especially the sheaths,

pubescent or puberulent. Expected

(Gracillimae , Sylvaticae )

27. Foliage glabrous.

28. Beak of perigynium bidentate.

Expected (Extensae)

28. Beak of perigynium at most

emarginate.

29. Pistillate spikes elongate,

linear to cylindric, on slender peduncles, the lower

usually drooping; perigynia

not sharply trigonous.

Expected ( Gracillimae , Sylvaticae )

61.

29. Pistillate spikes short, oblong

or linear, erect or, if drooping,

either on long capillary peduncles

or with the perigynia sharply

trigonous.

30. Perigynia with numerous

fine impressed nerves. Expected ' (Qligocarpae , Griseae)

30. Perigynia with few to many

strongly raised nerves.

31. Perigynia rounded at the base, suborbicular

in cross-section, loosely

enveloping the achenes.

Expected ( Granulares )

31. Perigynia tapering at the base, trigonous,

closely enveloping the

achenes.

32. Rootstocks elongate,

often with long

horizontal stolons.

Expected ( Paniceae)

32. Rootstocks not

elongate, without

long horizontal

stolons Laxif lorae (p. 66)

Keys to the Species

Section Squarrosae .

1. Perigynia shorter than the rough-awned scales, 14-20-

ribbed; terminal spike usually staminate, narrowly

linear, .5-2.5 mm. long; ligule not longer than wide

or slightly so; achenes about 1.5 mm. long _C. frankii

1. Perigynia much longer than the scales, several-ribbed

above; terminal spike with pistillate flowers above,

staminate ones below; ligule much longer than wide;

achenes 2.2-3 mm. long.

62.

2. Beaks of perigynia appressed-ascending; spikes

oblong-cylindric; achenes obovoid, their sides

concave; pistillate scales mostly blunt; style

straight below. Expected (C. typhina)

2. Beaks of perigynia widely radiating; spikes oval

or oblong-oval; achenes linear-oval, their sides

almost flat; pistillate scales acute to shortawned; style strongly curved below C^. squarrosa

Carex frankii Kunth Sedge Java Farm. One station: beside old entrance road near junction

with road to springhouse. Hectare 3408. Associate species: Juncus

tenuis , Agropyron repens , Verbascum blattaria .

Ivy Neck. Infrequent; at edge of woods near drainage of Cheston

Creek. Canopy of Liquidambar styraciflua , Platanus occidentalis , Diospyros

virginiana . Higman 797, 859, 1020.

(1. squarrosa L. Sedge

Ivy Neck. One station: west bank of upper Cheston Creek estuary.

Canopy of Quercus velutina , Acer rubrum, Juglans nigra , Liquidambar

styracif lua . Higman 744.

Section Bracteosae .

1. Sheaths loose, mottled with green and white, usually

septate-nodulose dorsally; leaf-blades 4.5-8 mm. wide.

Expected (_C. aggregata , C^. sparganioides )

1. Sheaths tight, not mottled or inconspicuously so, nor septate-nodulose dorsally (except sometimes in

_C. leavenworthii) ; leaf-blades 1-4.5 mm. wide.

2. Perigynia distended and spongy at the base, usually

wide-spreading or reflexed at maturity.

3. Beaks of perigynia smooth, scarcely exceeding

the acuminate, deciduous scales. Expected

(C . retroflexa)

3. Beaks of perigynia minutely serrulate, much

exceeding the obtuse or somewhat acute, persistent scales.

4. Stigmas long, slender, seldom twisted, light

reddish; perigynium tapering into the beak;

leaf-blades 1-2 mm. wide C. rosea

63.

4. Stigmas short, stout, strongly twisted or contorted, deep red; perigynium abruptly

contracted into the beak.

5. Leaf-blades (1.5) 2.5 (3) mm. wide; perigynia 3.3-4.5 mm. long, 6-20 per spike C. convoluta

5. Leaf-blades 1 (1.75) mm. wide; perigynia

2.3-3 mm. long, 2-6 per spike. Expected

(C_. radiata)

Perigynia not distended and spongy at the base,

mostly ascending.

6. Inflorescence ovoid or oblong-ovoid; spikes

densely capitate.

7. Scales much shorter than bodies of the perigynia.

8. Perigynia broadest below the middle,

round-tapering at the base, with raised

margins ventrally; beaks long, serrulate.. C.. cephalophora

8. Perigynia broadest at the truncate-cordate

base, flat ventrally; beaks short, smooth.

Expected (C. leavenworthii)

7. Scales slightly shorter to longer than bodies

of the perigynia.

9. Culms lax; perigynia faintly nerved

dorsally. Expected (C. mesochorea)

9. Culms stiff, erect; perigynia usually

strongly nerved or ribbed dorsally; stigmas

long , slender. . £. muhlenbergia , var. enervis

6. Inflorescence oblong or linear-oblong to elongate and interrupted; spikes not capitate.

10. Spikes all aggregated; inflorescence 1.5-4

cm. long; sheaths concave or convex at the mouth.

11. Scales reddish-brown to purplish-red;

perigynia few nerved dorsally; sheaths

not thickened at the mouth. Expected

(C . spicata)

64.

11. Scales greenish; perigynia strongly

ribbed dorsally; sheaths thickened at the mouth.

12. Perigynia strongly nerved and low convex ventrally, the margins usually

slightly raised. Expected

(C . muhlenbergii)

12. Perigynia nerveless or basally nerved

ventrally, the margins not raised

at maturity C_. muhlenbergii , var . enervis

10. Spikes not aggregated, the lower ones separate; sheaths truncate and thickened at

the mouth. Expected (C. virens )

Carex rosea Schk. Sedge Java Farm. Infrequent; two stations: Along old entrance road

under canopy of mature Fagus grandifolia , Quercus alba , Liriodendron

tulipif era , etc. Also at summit of south-facing slope overlooking

Fox Creek salt marsh, in small depression: canopy of Robinia pseudoacacia

and Ulmus americana ; ground cover of Lonicera japonica . Higman 676, 765.

C_. convoluta Mack. Sedge

(C. rosea Schk.) Java Farm. One station: mature forest west of Muddy Creek, near old entrance road. Hectare 2474. Canopy of Fagus grandifolia , Liriodendron tulipif era , Quercus alba , Acer rubrum , etc. Higman 1098.

C^. cephalophora Muhl. ? Sedge Java Farm. One station: shore of Muddy Creek upstream from

old entrance road. Hectare 2467. Canopy of Fagus grandifolia , Platanus occidentalis , Liriodendron tulipif era ; Understory of Cornus

f lorida , Lindera benzoin . Associate species: Carex blanda , Duchesnea

indica , Glyceria striata , Onoclea sensibilis . Higman 1096.

C_. muhlenbergii Schk., var. enervis Boott. Sedge Java Farm. Infrequent, along new entrance road. (Collected

before resurfacing. Associate species: Carex blanda , Melilotus alba , Ranunculus bulbosus , Vicia sativa , Lepidium campestre .) Higman 623,

1094, 1095.

65.

Section Multif lorae .

Carex valpinoidea Michx. Sedge

Ivy Neck. One station: strip of moist woods at source of Cheston

Creek drainage. Hectare 4752. Canopy of Platanus occidentalis , Diospyros virginiana , Robinia pseudoacacia . etc. Associate species: Carex crinita , Glyceria striata . Poa compressa . Higman 736.

Section Ovales .

1. Wing of perigynium abruptly narrowed near middle of body; sterile culms strongly developed, their leafblades numerous, spreading, not clustered at the apex.

2. Tips of perigynia appressed or ascending; perigynia thin, barely distended over the achenes _C. tribuloides

2. Tips of perigynia recurved or spreading; perigynia

firm, obviously distended over the achenes.

Expected (C_. cristatella) .

1. Wing of perigynium not narrowed near middle of body;

sterile culms often poorly developed, their leafblades erect or ascending, clustered toward the apex.

3. Perigynia obovate, widest near the top. Expected

(C. longii . _C. albolutescens , C_. alata )

3. Perigynia not obovate, widest near middle or base.

4. Leaf-sheaths green and strongly nerved ventrally

nearly to the mouth. Expected (C_. hormathodes )

4. Leaf-sheaths strongly white-hyaline ventrally.

5. Perigynia lanceolate to narrowly ovatelanceolate, 3 to 4 times as long as wide £. scoparia

5. Perigynia ovate-lanceolate or broader, at most twice as long as wide. Expected (£. tenera , _C. normalis , C_. festucaea . C. molesta)

Carex tribuloides Wahl. Sedge Java Farm. One station: beside Fox Point Road, approx. hectare

3523. Associate species: Eragrostis spectabilis , Dianthus armeria , Juncus tenuis . Euphorbia maculata , etc. Higman 733, 893. Ivy Neck. See next page.

66.

Ivy Neck. One station: moist woods at head of Cheston Creek

drainage. Hectare 4752. Canopy of Platanus occidentalis, Diospyros

virginiana , Robinia pseudoacacia , etc. Associate species: Carex crinita , Glyceria striata , Poa compressa , Carex vulpinoidea . Higtnan 733, 893.

_C. scoparia Schk. Sedge

Ivy Neck. One station: north end of grassy abandoned field near Cheston Creek drainage. Hectare 4762. Associate species: Carex

frankii , Juncus effusus , Juncus dichotomus . Higman 879.

Section Cryptocarpae . Carex crinita Lam.

Sedge

Ivy Neck. One station: moist woods at source of Cheston Creek

drainage. Hectare 4752. Canopy of Platanus occidentalis , Diospyros

virginiana , Robinia pseudoacacia , etc. Associate species: Carex vulpinoidea , Carex tribuloides , Glyceria striata , Poa compressa . Higman 729.

Section Montanae . Carex emmonsii Dewey Sedge Java Farm. One station: low, mossy bluffs at head of short,

broad valley tributary to Muddy Creek, south of Fox Point Road. Hectare 3531. Canopy of mature Quercus alba , Quercus velutina , Carya tomentosa , and Pinus virginiana . Associate species: Luzula echinata , Carex digitalis . Higman 614, 615.

Section Laxiflorae .

1. Bract-sheaths, base of culms, and staminate scales

strongly red-tinged. Expected (C. plantaginea )

1. Bract-sheaths not red-tinged, base of culms rarely

so; staminate scales greenish white to dull reddish

brown.

2. Perigynia sharply triangular, short-tapering at base, closely 35-50-nerved.

3. Spikes erect, nearly sessile; leaf-blades smooth

except on margins, the larger 12-25 mm. wide,

those of fertile culms much smaller than those

of the sterile. Expected (C. platyphylla )

67.

3. Spikes drooping on filiform peduncles; leaf blades hispidulous on the veins, 2-12 mm. wide, those of the fertile culms moderately

smaller than those of the sterile.

4. Staminate spikes sessile or subsessile,

inconspicuous; pistillate ones close to- gether; lowest bract exceeding the inflorescence. Expected (C. abscondita)

4. Staminate spikes peduncled, conspicuous;

pistillate ones scattered; lowest bract

not exceeding the inflorescence.

5. Pistillate spikes without a staminate

flower at the base; leaf-blades 2-5 mm. wide , erect , green C_. digitalis

5. Pistillate spikes with 1 or 2 staminate

flowers at the base; leaf-blades 5-12 mm. wide, weak, glaucous-green. Expected

(C. laxiculmis )

2. Perigynia obtusely triangular at least below,

long-tapering at the base.

6. Bract-sheaths entire or slightly serrulate on the edges. Expected (C. stylof lexa , _C . laxif lora)

6. Bract-sheaths strongly serrulate on the edges.

7. Sterile shoots reduced to tufts of leaves, not forming culms; leaf-blades 7-30 mm. wide; pistillate scales broadly obovateorbicular. Expected (C. albursina )

7. Sterile shoots forming conspicuous culms; leaf-blades 3-12 mm. wide; pistillate scales mucronate to long-awned.

8. Culms not red-tinged at base; lower

pistillate spikes not on long capillary

peduncles; staminate scales usually

greenish white or slightly reddish

brown; staminate spike sessile or very

short-peduncled; perigynia obovoid,

3-4 mm. long C^. blanda

68.

8. Culms red-tinged at base; lower pistillate

spikes on long capillary peduncles; staminate scales strongly tinged with reddish

brown; staminate spike long-peduncled;

perigynia broadly obovoid, 2.5-3.2 mm.

long. Expected (C. gracilescens )

Carex digitalis Willd. Sedge Java Farm. One station: low, mossy bluffs at head of short,

broad valley tributary to Muddy Creek, south of Fox Point Road. Hectare 3531. Canopy of mature Quercus alba , Quercus velutina , Carya tomentosa , and Pinus virgiriiana . Associate species: Luzula echinata , Carex emmonsii . Higman 1129.

C_. blanda Dewey Sedge

Java Farm. One station: moist wooded bank of Muddy Creek, upstream

from culvert of old entrance road. Hectare 2467. Canopy of Platanus

occidentalis , Fagus grandifolia , Liriodendron tulipifera , 6tc.

understory of Cornus florida , Lindera benzoin . Associate species: Carex cephalophora , Onoclea sensibilis , Duchesnea indica , Glyceria

striata .

Ivy Neck. One station: east shore of Scaffold Creek. Canopy

of Quercus alba , Quercus velutina , Carya tomentosa . Understory of Viburnum prunifolium. Higman 546, 786.

Section Virescentes . Carex swanii (Fern.) Mack. Sedge Java Farm. Moderately abundant under mature canopy of Fagus

grandifolia , Quercus alba , Quercus velutina , Liriodendron tulipifera , Carya tomentosa , and Liquidambar styraciflua . Collected at shoulders

of old Muddy Creek Road, near old entrance road, and on slopes overlooking Muddy Creek and its upper tidal portion. Higman 698, 712,

987, 992.

Section Vesicariae . Carex lurida Wahl. Sedge Java Farm. Infrequent along tributary streams of Muddy Creek (tidal

portion). South-facing slope. Canopy of Fagus grandifolia , Quercus

velutina , Carya tomentosa , and Liriodendron tulipifera . Associate species: Saururus cernuus .

Ivy Neck. Infrequent, in salt marsh at head of Cheston Creek

estuary. Associate species: Typha latifolia , Scirpus americana . Higman 399, 738, 986.

68a.

Species of Carex in Expected Sections

Phyllostachyae : _C. willdenowii Schkuhr, jC. lames ii Schwein.

Polytrichoideae : _C. leptalea Muhl.

Arenariae : _C. arenaria L.

Divisae : _C. divisa Huds. Vulpinae : _C. stipata Muhl. , C. stipata v. maxima Chapm. , _C. laeyivaginata

(Kukenth.) Mack. Paniculatae : C_. decomposita Muhl. Deweyanae : _C. bromoides Schkuhr

Stellulatae : C_. seorsa Howe, J3. interior Bailey, C. howei Mack. , C_. incomperta Bickn. , jC. atlantica Bailey

Heleonastes : _C. canescens L. var. disjuncta Fern. Acutae : _C. emoryi Dewey, C_. stricta Lam. , _C. stricta var. strictior

(Dewey) Carey, C_. torta Boott Paludosae : _C. riparia var. lacustris (Kukenth.) Mack. Triquetrae : _C. hirtifolia Mack. Hirtae : _C. lanuginosa Michx. , £. hirta L. , C. yestita Willd.

Lupulinae : _C. grayii Carey, <Z. intumescens Rudge, C_. louisianica Bailey,

_C. lupulina Muhl. , C. lupuliformis Sartw. Collinsiae : C_. collinsii Nutt. Folliculatae : C_. folliculata L. Pseudo-cyperi : C_. hystricina Muhl. , C_. comosa Boott Shortianae : C. shortiana Dewey Atratae : _C. buxbuamii Wahl. Gracillimae : _C. gracillima Schwein. , _C. prasina Wahl. , _C. davisii Schwein & Torr. Sylvaticae : _C. oblita Steud. , C_. debilis Michx. , _C. allegheniensis Mack. Extensae : _C. viridula Michx.

Granulares : _C. haleana Olney, _C. granularis Muhl. Oligocarpae : _C. oligocarpa Schkuhr, _C. hitchcockiana Dewey

Griseae : C_. amphibola Steud. , C_. grisea Wahl. , _C. glaucodea Tuckerm.

Paniceae : _C. woodii Dewey

69.

Cvperus

(from O'Neill, 1941)

1. Achene lenticular, flat with an edge facing the rachilla; styles bifid; spikelets very flat.

2. Spikelets 1.5 to 2 mm. long, 1-f lowered, congested

into a solitary cluster of dense, sessile heads. Expected (C. tenuifolius )

2. Spikelets 3 to 20 mm. long, 3- to 40- flowered,

digitate in an umbel-like panicle.

3. Achene suborbicular , black, transversely

wrinkled. (Also, spikelets yellow, 2-2.5 mm. wide.) Expected (C. f lavescens )

3. Achene obovate to oblong-obovate, purplishbrown, not wrinkled.

4. Spikelets 1 to 1.5 mm. wide. Expected

(C . polystachyos var . texensis )

4. Spikelets 2 to 3.5 mm. wide.

5. Rachilla winged, the wings forming a collar .2 to .3 mm. wide at the base

of the achene; salt marsh habitat C_. f ilicinus

5. Rachilla wingless; freshwater marsh

habitat. Expected (C. rivularis )

1. Achene 3-angled; styles trifid; spikelets thicker

in the center.

6. Rachilla readily disarticulating into 1-fruited

joints. Expected (C. odoratus )

6. Rachilla not articulated or articulating only

at the base.

7. Rachilla wingless; stamens 1 or 2 (3 in

C^. f ilicinus ) .

8. Glumes long-awned, conspicuously 9- to 13-nerved; plants scented. Expected

(C . inf lexus )

8. Glumes obtuse to mucronate, 3-nerved;

plants odorless.

70.

9. Glumes 9- to 11-nerved; stamens 3 _C. filicinus

9. Glumes 3-nerved; stamens 1 or 2. Expected

(C . pseudovegetus , _C. fuscus )

7. Rachilla winged; stamens 3.

10. Spikelets not all deflexed, the uppermost

ascending or spreading, 3- to 40-f lowered

(sometimes 2-f lowered in _C. ovularis )

11. Achenes .8-1 mm. long; glumes 3- to 7- nerved. Expected (C. dentatus , C_. erythro- rhizos )

11. Achenes 1.3-3 mm. long; glumes 7- to many-nerved.

12. Achenes 2.2-3 mm. long, 3 to 5 times

as long as wide; glumes 4-5.5 mm. long. Expected (_C. refractus , C. lancastriensis )

12. Achenes 1.3-2 mm. long (rarely 2.2

mm. in £. ovularis ) , ovoid to oblong;

glumes 1.5-4 mm. long (rarely 4.5 mm.

in _C. strigosus )

13. Spikelets 2- to 3-f lowered,

densely congested into subglobose

heads at the ends of the rays;

achenes 1.8-2.2 mm. long £. ovularis

13. Spikelets 5- to 40-f lowered, not

in subglobose heads; achenes

1.3-2 mm. long.

14. Spikelets nearly flat; achenes

linear, 1.5-1.8 mm. long;

glumes 3.7-4.5 mm. long.... _C. strigosus

14. Spikelets subterete or subquadrangular; achenes ovoid

to oblong, .5-1.2 mm. long;

glumes 1.5-3.5 mm. long. Ex- pected (C. esculentus , _C. grayii )

10. Spikelets all deflexed at maturity, 1- or 2-flowered. Expected (_C. retrofractus , _C. dipsaciformis )

71.

Cyperus f ilicinus Vahl.

Java Farm. Infrequent. One station in Hog Island salt marsh

on inland side. Hectare 3572. Associate species: Panicum virgatum , Juncus dichotomus , Osmunda cinnamomea , Distichlis spicata . Also one station on Fox Point Road; associate species: Festuca

myuros , Plantago aristata , Lepidium virginicum , Juncus tenuis , Digitaria

ischaemum , Cyperus ovularis . Higman 438, 804.

_C. ovularis (Michx.) Torr.

Java Farm. Infrequent along Fox Point Road. Associate species

same as for _C. f ilicinus .

Ivy Neck. One station: marshy north end of grassy abandoned

field on Scaffold Peninsula. Hectare 4762. Associate species: Juncus

ef fusus , Juncus dichotomus , Phleum pratense , Trifolium pratense , Agrostis alba , Carex frankii . Higman 17, 490, 1099.

_C. strigosus L. Java Farm and Ivy Neck. Moderately abundant in a variety of habitats; seems to prefer unshaded sites whether dry, moist, or slightly saline. Collected at old entrance gate of Java Farm, Spartina

patens community of Fox Creek salt marsh, old field south of Fox Point

Road (associate species: Lespedeza cuneata) , upstream limit of salt

marsh on Muddy Creek, and border of cornfield on Cheston Peninsula.

Higman 97, 124, 154, 256, 1006, 1032.

Eleocharis

1. Spikelet not thicker than the culm; scales persistent.

(Also, culm quadrangular, not septate). Expected

(E. quadrangulata)

1. Spikelet much thicker than the culm; scales

deciduous.

2. Achenes lenticular or biconvex, styles 2-cleft.

3. Uppermost sheaths white, scarious and loose

at the mouth; dwarfed annual usually less than

10 cm. tall. Expected (E. olivacea )

3. Uppermost sheaths greenish or reddish, opaque, tight-fitting at the mouth; plant 10-130 cm. tall. (Also, achenes whitish to tawny or brown at maturity)

72.

4. Tubercle only slightly constricted from the achene; plants densely tufted annuals

without long, firm rhizomes or stolons.

5. Perianth bristles wanting or rarely as long as the achene; tubercle less than

1/4 as high as achene. Expected

(E. engelmanni)

5. Perianth bristles longer than the achene

and tubercle; tubercle 1/3 to 1/2 as high as achene. _E. obtusa

4. Tubercle deeply constricted from the achene;

plants not densely tufted, with long, firm

rhizomes or stolons.

6. Basal scales of spikelet 2 or 3, the lowest not encircling the culm. Expected

(E. palustris )

6. Basal scale 1, encircling the culm.

7. Spikelet closely many-flowered; scales

broadly obtuse or rounded, opaque, appressed. Expected (E. calva)

7. Spikelet loosely 5- to 30-f lowered;

scales acute or subobtuse, lustrous,

loosely ascending E_. halophila

2. Achenes trigonous, styles 3-cleft.

8. Achenes with shallow to deep honeycomb reticulation, or with prominent longitudinal ridges.

Expected (E. acicularis , E_. tortilis )

8. Achenes smooth or minutely roughened.

9. Perianth bristles longer than the achene

and tubercle; plant a tufted annual. (Also,

mouth of sheath oblique; spikelets lanceolate;

achene smooth) E_. intermedia

9. Perianth bristles shorter than the achene;

plant perennial with long, slender rhizomes.

(Also, culms flat, scales acuminate or attenuate) . Expected (E. compressa)

73.

Eleocharis obtusa (Willd.) Schultes? (immature) Spikerush

Ivy Neck. One station: abundant in salt marsh at head of Cheston

Creek estuary. Hectare 4753. Associate species: Typha latifolia , Scirpus validus . Higman 741.

_E. halophila L. Spikerush

Java Farm. Two stations in salt marshes: Hog Island marsh (pure

stand north of Hog Island, hectare 3582) and Typha latifolia marsh

at junction of forks of Muddy Creek (hectare 3436). Higman 298, 677.

JE. intermedia L. Spikerush

Ivy Neck. Two stations near drainage to Cheston Creek estuary:

north end of grassy abandoned field on Scaffold Peninsula (hectare

4762) and beside artificial pond above Cheston Peninsula (Murray property)

Higman 881, 883, 994.

Scirpus

1. Involucre subtending the inflorescence consisting of a single bract resembling a continuation of the culm; culms leafless or basally leaved.

2. Inflorescence without long branches, either a spike,

a spikelet, or a cluster of spikelets; culms 3-angled,

or if terete less than 3 mm. thick at the base.

3. Plants tufted, annual, without rhizomes; mature

achenes black or blackish. Expected (S. smithii , _S. purshianus )

3. Plants mostly solitary or scattered, perennial,

with long rhizomes; mature achenes whitish, drab,

or brown. (Also, rhizome hard; upper leaf sheaths

closed; spikelets solitary or clustered, ovoid,

reddish-brown to dark brown; scales ovate to orbicular, the margins irregular).

4. Involucre linear, 2-15 cm. long, acute; upper

sheath concave but not notched at orifice, with

a long, linear, sharp-pointed blade _S. americanus

4. Involucre lance-triangular, 1-3.5 cm. long, blunt; upper sheath V-notched at orifice, with a lanceolate, blunt-pointed blade 8-15 mm. long.

Expected (S . olneyi )

74.

2. Inflorescence with long branches; culms terete, 3 to 20 mm. thick at the base. (Also, style 2-cleft;

achenes plano-convex; scales reddish to deep brown).

5. Scales glabrous, not gummy or spotted, the green

midrib projecting as an awn; basal sheath membranaceous , with scarious margin _S. validus , var. creber

5. Scales pubescent, with many gummy dots, midrib

mucronate; basal sheath firm, with fibrillose

margin. Expected (S_. acutus )

1. Involucre of 2 or more flat leaves; culms leafy.

6. Culms sharply 3-angled, solitary or scattered;

spikelets 1 to 5 cm. long, 5 to 11 mm. thick.

(Also, midribs of scales awned)

7. Achenes equilaterally 3-angled; freshwater marsh

habitat. Expected (S. f luviatilis )

7. Achenes plano-convex to obtusely 3-angled; salt marsh habitat. (Also, spikelets reddish-brown,

blunt or rounded at apex; ligule scarious) S_. robustus

6. Culms obtusely angled, or sometimes sharply at summit; spikelets 2 to 15 mm. long, 1 to 3 mm. thick.

(Also, spikelets 35 to over 100, in decompound

umbelliform panicles).

8. Bristles retrorsely barbed; culms solitary or few; stolons thick and scaly.

9. Bristles barbed nearly to base; lower sheaths

reddish. Expected (S_. expansus )

9. Bristles barbed only above the middle; all

sheaths greenish.

10. Bristles twice as long as achene; spikelets

reddish-brown. Expected (S. polyphyllus )

10. Bristles not exceeding achene; spikelets

pale to dark brown. (Also, scales round). S_. atrovirens

8. Bristles smooth or with few hairs; culms tufted;

stolons absent.

11. Bristles barely exceeding the scales. Expected (S. lineatus )

11. Bristles greatly exceeding scales at maturity.

(Also, lateral spikelets in the ultimate fascicles

pedicelled, central one sessile; spikelets reddishbrown, ovoid) S. rubricosus

75.

Scirpus americanus Pers. Bulrush

Java Farm. Infrequent in Hog Island salt marsh, at shore of Muddy Creek estuary. Associate species: Atriplex patula , Polygonum

punctatum , Aster puniceus .

Ivy Neck. One station: beach at Sand Point, on Cheston

Peninsula. Associate species: Cakile edentula , Spartina alternif lora . Higman 295, 451, 937.

_S. americanus Pers. (extreme form)

Ivy Neck. Salt marsh at head of Cheston Creek estuary. Associate

species: Typha latifolia , Scirpus validus , Carex lurida , Juncus bufonius , Eleocharis sp. Higman 856.

_S. validus Vahl. , var. creber Fern. Bulrush

Java Farm. Infrequent in Hog Island salt marsh. Associate

species: Scirpus americanus , Pluchea camphorata , Distichlis spicata , Panicum virgatum .

Ivy Neck. Moderately abundant in salt marsh at head of Cheston

Creek estuary. Co-dominant with Typha latifolia . Less frequent in moist

woods of Cheston Creek drainage, under canopy of Platanus occidentalis , Diospyros virginiana , Liquidambar styraciflua . Higman 257, 294, 737.

_S. robustus Pursh. Bulrush

Java Farm and Ivy Neck. Infrequent in salt marshes. Collected

at Fox Point and at the head of Cheston Creek estuary. Also observed

along the tidal portion of Muddy Creek. Associate species: Typha lat - ifolia , Pluchea camphorata , Scirpus americanus , Iva frutescens . Higman

56, 857.

_S. atrovirens Willd. Bulrush

Ivy Neck. One station: moist woods at Cheston Creek drainage. Mature canopy of Platanus occidentalis , Diospyros virginiana , and Liquidambar styraciflua . Associate species: Carex crinita , Glyceria

striata , Poa compressa , Eupatorium coelestinum , Carex vulpinoidea . Higman 728.

_S. rubricosus Fern. Bulrush

Java Farm. Infrequent; stations in the freshwater part of Fox Creek marsh and at the marshy west end of the Phalaris arundinacea

meadow north of the main building area. Associate species: Juncus

effusus , Polygonum pensylvanicum , Impatiens capensis , Aster praealtus , Salix nigra , Sambucus canadensis . Higman 190 495.

76. ARACEAE

Arisaema

1. Lateral leaflets very rounded on lower side, tapering

to base on the upper side; tube of spathe 3.5-7.0 cm. long, summit flange 2-8 mm. broad, hood 3-6 cm. broad;

fruiting head 3-6 cm. long A. atrorubens

1. Lateral leaflets narrowed subequally at base, not especially rounded on the lower side; measurements

of other parts usually smaller than above but slightly

overlapping A. triphyllum

Arisaema atrorubens (Ait.) Blume Jack-in-the-pulpit

Java Farm. Infrequent; prefers moist, shaded sites. Along old entrance road under canopy of Liquidambar styracif lua , Fagus grandifolia , Ouercus alba , Acer rubrum , etc. Associate species: Podophyllum peltatum .

Also along moist terrace of Muddy Creek under canopy of Fraxinus

americana and Platanus occidentalis .

Ivy Neck. Moderately abundant in similar habitats, especially

source of Scaffold Creek, under canopy of Liquidambar styraciflua , Acer rubrum , Robinia pseudoacacia , etc. Associate species: Viola spp.

Podophyllum peltatum , Claytonia virginica . Higman 72, 600.

A. triphyllum (L. ) Schott Small Jack-in-thepulpit

as Java Farm and Ivy Neck. Habitats and associate species the same

for A. atrorubens above. Higman 544.

LEMNACEAE

1. Floating frond flattish, ovate to circular; rootlets

present, 1 to several.

2. Rootlet 1; frond 1- to 5-nerved, green beneath Lemna

2. Rootlets 2 or more; frond 4- to 15-nerved, purple

beneath Spirodela

1. Floating frond ellipsoid to globose (like green rice)

rootlets absent. Expected (Wolffia , Wolff iella) .

76a.

Lemna

Lemna minor L. Duckweed

Ivy Neck. Abundant on surface of small cut-off pond near Sand

Point on Cheston Peninsula. Hectare 4870. Associate species:

Spirodela polyrhiza above. Higman 1225.

Spirodela

Spirodela polyrhiza (L. ) Schleid. Water- flaxseed

Ivy Neck. Abundant on surface of small, fresh to slightly

saline cut-off pond near Sand Point on Cheston Peninsula. Hectare

4872. Associate species: Lemna minor , Rumex verticillatus , Sparganium eurycarpum . Higman 1226.

COMMELINACEAE

Commelina

Commelina communis L. var. ludens (Miquel) C. B. Clarke Dayflower

Java Farm. Infrequent along Old Muddy Creek Road and in ditch at entrance gate. Partly shaded by adjacent canopy of Fag us grandifolia , Quercus alba , and Liriodendron tulipifera . Associate species: Poly- gonum spp. , Oxalis stricta , Galium aparine . Dactylis g.lomerata . Geranium

carolinianum , Sphenopholis nitida . Tovara virginiana . Hieracium scabrum . Higman 352.

PONTEDERIACEAE

Heteranthera

Heteranthera reniformis R. & P. Mud-plantain

Ivy Neck. One station: muddy bank of artificial pond at source

of Cheston Creek drainage, on Murray farm. Associate species: Gratiola

neglecta . Ranunculus sceleratus . Higman 874.

77.

JUNCACEAE

1. Leaves and young steins pubescent; capsule 1-locular... Luzula

1. Leaves and young stems glabrous; capsule 3-locular . . . . Juncus

Luzula

Luzula echinata (Small) F. J. Herm. Woodrush

Java Farm. Infrequent on moist, south-facing forested slope

overlooking upper tidal portion of Muddy Creek, One station adjacent

to Typha latifolia salt marsh and one at source of tributary stream. Canopy of Quercus alba , ^. velutina , Carya tomentosa , Liriodendron

tulipifera , etc. Associate species: Carex emmonsii . Higman 717, 1097,

Juncus

1. Individual flowers subtended by a pair of bracteoles

as well as the bractlet at base of pedicel.

2. Inflorescence terminal, subtended by one or more

slender divergent leaves.

3. Leaf sheaths tapering to summit, not auricled;

inflorescence at least one quarter height of plant J_ . bufonius

3. Leaf sheaths auricled at summit; inflorescence

less than one quarter height of plant. (Also,

auricles entire; rhizome short, hidden by

tussock; tips of sepals not appressed to capsule)

4. Auricles prolonged, scarious, lancetriangular ; leaves flat J_. tenuis

4. Auricles rounded, not lance-triangular;

leaves terete or only channeled on upper

side J_. dichotomus

2. Inflorescence apparently lateral, the subtending

leaf like a continuation of the stem J_. ef fusus

1. Individual flowers subtended only by a bractlet at base of the very short pedicel.

5. Leaves not septate. Expected (J_. repens , _J. biflOrus )

5. Leaves septate. (Also, heads of flowers not spherical)

78.

6. Heads hemispherical to nearly spherical J^. canadensis

6. Heads less than hemispherical J^ acuminatus

Juncus bufonius L. Toad-rush

Ivy Neck. Principal station in marsh at head of Cheston Creek

estuary. Hectare 4753. Co-dominant with Eleocharis palustris . Adjacent to stands of Typha latifolia and Scirpus validus .

Infrequent at forest border of cornfield; there associated with

Juncus tenuis . Higman 739, 838.

J_. tenuis Willd. Bog-rush

Java Farm and Ivy Neck. Moderately abundant on dry, unshaded

areas (fields, bluffs overlooking Rhode River near Sand Point, etc.),

roadsides, and cracked pavement. Wide variation of associate species.

Higman 24, 173, 796, 824, 837, 839.

Juncus tenuis , f. anthelatus (Wieg.) F. J. Herm. Java Farm. One station in broken pavement at Fox Point. Hectare

3557. Canopy of Quercus prinus . Higman 434.

J_. dichotomus Ell. Bog-rush

Java Farm. One station: in Hog Island salt marsh. Hectare

3582. Associate species: Panicum virgatum .

Ivy Neck. One station: marshy north end of abandoned wheatfield. Hectare 4762. Associate species: Juncus effusus , Carex

frankii . Carex scoparia , and Scirpus atrovirens . Higman 304, 749.

—' e f fusus L. , var. solutus Fern. & Wieg. Soft Rush

Java Farm. Infrequent at marshy west end of meadow north of main buildings. Hectare 2468. Associate species: Phalaris

arundinacea (dominant) , Polygonum saggitatum . and Scirpus rubricosus .

Ivy Neck. Infrequent at marshy end of abandoned wheatfield. Hectare 4762. Associate species: Carex scoparis . Eleocharis

intermedia . Higman 748, 880.

^J. canadensis J. Gay Bog-rush

Java Farm. One station: bank of Muddy Creek above entrance

road culvert. Hectare 2467. Open canopy of Platanus occidentalis , Fagus grandifolia . and Liriodendron tulipifera . Understory of Cornus f lorida and Lindera benzoin . Associate species : Glyceria

striata . Panicum clandestinum, and Duchesnea indica. Higman 792.

79.

_J. acuminatus Michx. Bog-rush

Ivy Neck. One station: dry bank of artificial pond on upper Cheston Peninsula. Associate species: Echinochloa pungens . Higman 997,

LILIACEAE

1. Flowers or inflorescence terminal.

2. Flowers solitary. Expected (Lilium , Erythropium)

2. Flowers in clusters.

3. Plant woody, evergreen; leaves rigid, erect, with

marginal shreddy fibers. Sandy shore habitat.

(Also, flowers white, campanulate, in a panicle) Yucca

3. Plant herbaceous, not evergreen; leaves not rigid,

without marginal shreddy fibers. Inland habitat.

4. Flowers 1 dm. long or more, very showy.

5. Flowering stem arising from fibrous roots; leaves basal Hemerocallis

5. Flowering stem arising from a scaly

bulb; leaves cauline. Expected ( Lilium)

4. Flowers considerably smaller.

6. Flowers in umbels.

7. Flowers white or pink; leaves basal;

plant onion-scented Allium

7. Flowers greenish yellow; leaves

cauline; plant odorless. Expected

( Medeola )

6. Flowers in racemes, corymbs, or panicles.

8. Styles 3. Expected (Amianthium , Stenanthium )

8. Style 1, sometimes cleft at tip.

9. Base bulbous; leaves linear, basal;

fruit a capsule. (Also, perianth

segments white with broad green

midribs) Ornithogalum

9. Base not bulbous, arising from

long rhizomes; leaves oblong to ovate, cauline; fruit a berry Smilacina

80.

1. Flowers or inflorescences axillary.

10. Plant thorny, a woody vine, often with tendrils... Smilax

10. Plant thornless, herbaceous, without tendrils.

11. Leaves reduced to small scales; plant extremely

branched Asparagus

11. Leaves normally developed. Expected (Uvularia )

See Appendix I. Yucca

Yucca filamentosa L. Adam's Needle

Ivy Neck. Infrequent on sandy beach facing Rhode River, well

north of Sand Point. Higman 1076.

Hemerocallis

Hemerocallis fulva L. Day Lily

Ivy Neck. One station: yard of abandoned house north of entrance road. Hectare 4720. Persistent after cultivation.

Higman 961.

Allium

Allium vineale L. Wild Onion,

Field Garlic Java Farm and Ivy Neck. Moderately abundant to abundant in old

fields and in moist, moderately shaded areas near freshwater marshes

and streams. Higman 784.

Ornithogalum

Ornithogalum umbellatum L. Star of Bethlehem

Java Farm. One station: large field along north border. Hectare 3508. Dense Rhus radicans . Higman 1146.

Smilacina

Smilacina racemosa (L.) Desf. False Solomon's Seal Java Farm. Infrequent to moderately abundant in mature forest

beside old entrance road. Canopy of Fagus grandifolia , Quercus alba , Liriodendron tulipifera , etc. Associate species: Dentaria laciniata , Dentaria heterophylla , Claytonia virginica . Higman 412, 668.

81.

Smilax

1. Leaves whitened or glaucous beneath; berries blue _S. glauca

1. Leaves green beneath; berries blue-black S^. rotundifolia

Smilax glauca Walt.

Java Farm. Infrequent on Fox Point. Canopy of mature Quercus

prinus . Associate species: Baptisia tinctoria , Epigaea repens , Gaylussacia baccata . Higman 1072.

_S. rotundifolia L. Greenbriar

Java Farm and Ivy Neck. Abundant on the landward borders of salt marshes, often forming a dense barrier. Apparently delimits the saline and freshwater parts of marshes. Associate species: Rosa palustris , Typha latifolia , Hibiscus palustris . Higman 269.

Asparagus

Asparagus officinalis L. Asparagus

Java Farm. One station: lawn at main building area. Hectare 2580. Associate species: Medicago lupulina , Melilotus alba , Allium vineale .

Ivy Neck. Infrequent on sandbars, landward borders of salt marshes, and muddy shores of Cheston Creek and Scaffold Creek estuaries.

Higman 740. DIOSCOREACEAE

Dioscorea

Dioscorea villosa L. Yam

Java Farm. One station: beside old entrance road. Hectare 2474. Mature canopy of Fagus grandifolia , Quercus alba , Liriodendron

tulipif era , etc. Associate species: Claytonia virginica , Dentaria

heterophilla , Smilacina racemosa , Viola papilionacea . Higman 699.

AMARYLLIDACEAE

1. Perianth and fruit glabrous; base a truncated bulb.

(Also, flowers loosely spreading or nodding;

perianth with a slender tube and campanulate or cup-like crown and a spreading limb) Narcissus

82.

1. Perianth pilose on the outside; base a corm, rhizome,

or tuber. (Also, tube of perianth covering ovary

and perianth segments converging to form a beak over

the fruit; leaves linear, usually pubescent) Hypoxis

Narcissus

1. Flowers yellow; crown about as long as perianthsegments N_. pseudonarcissus

1. Flowers white; crown much shorter than perianthsegments N. poeticus

Narcissus pseudonarcissus L. Daffodil

Java Farm. One station: steep east-facing slope of ridge near north border, north of new entrance road (yard of old house). Hectare 2562. Canopy of mature Juglans nigra . Persistent after

cultivation. Higman 552.

_N. pseudonarcissus L. , var.?

Ivy Neck. One station: yard of old house between entrance road

and source of Scaffold Creek drainage. Hectare 4658. Persistent after

cultivation. Higman 586.

_N. poeticus L. Poets' Narcissus

Java Farm. One station: summit of steep ridge near north

border, north of new entrance road (yard of old house). Hectare 2562. Canopy of mature Juglans nigra . Persistent after cultivation.

Higman 601.

Hypoxis

Hypoxis hirsuta (L.) Coville Stargrass

Java Farm. One station: bank of tributary of Muddy Creek, near old Muddy Creek Road. Hectare 2491. Canopy of mature Fagus

grandifolia . Associate species: Claytonia virginica , Smilacina racemosa . Higman 670.

IRIDACEAE Sisyrinchium

Sisyrinchium angustifolium Mill. Blue-eyed Grass Java Farm. One station: mound of charcoal in yard of burned house

on road to springhouse. Hectare 3417. Partial canopy of Rhus typhina . Associate species: Trifolium repens , Lepidium virginicum . Higman 709.

83.

ORCHIDACEAE

1. Inflorescence a terminal spike; stem with narrow, clasping leaves. (Also, basal leaves fleshy and evergreen, with white veins) Goodyera

1. Inflorescence a raceme or of one terminal flower;

flowers borne on a scape.

2. Flowers remotely racemose, exceeded by leafy bracts;

lips of corolla pink and white; flowers 2 to 3 cm. long Orchis

2. Flowers solitary, terminal, without leafy bracts;

lip of corolla pink or roseate, inflated, drooping,

3.5 to 7 cm. long Cypripedium

Goodyera

Goodyera pubescens (Willd.) R. Br. Rattlesnake-plantain,

Latticeleaf

Java Farm. Infrequent in mature forest west of Muddy Creek. Canopy of Fagus grandifolia , Liriodendron tulipifera , Quercus alba . Also one station in mature forest at Fox Point. Canopy of Quercus

alba , Quercus prinus . Higman 250.

Orchis

Orchis spectabilis L. Showy Orchis

Java Farm. One station: mature forest west of Muddy Creek, near old entrance road. Canopy of Fagus grandifolia , Quercus alba , and Liriodendron tulipifera . Associate specie*: Dentaria heterophilla , Claytonia virginica , Smilacina racemosa . Rare species. Higman 654.

Cypripedium

Cypripedium acaule Ait. Lady-slipper,

Moccasin flower Java Farm. Infrequent: two stations under canopy of mature

Fagus grandifolia and Quercus alba . One station near apex of triangular area west of old Muddy Creek Road, near freshwater marsh.

One on northeast-facing slope between old entrance road and main

building area, north of water tank. Rare species. Higman 476, 669.

84.

SAURURACEAE

Saururus

Saururus cernuus L. Lizard' s-tail

Java Farm. Infrequent, in valleys of tributaries to Muddy Creek.

Canopy of Quercus alba , Fagus grandifolia , etc. Higman 397, 985.

SALICACEAE

1. Leaves linear to lanceolate, acute; aments ascending

or divergent Salix

1. Leaves broadly ovate or triangular, acuminate; aments

arching or drooping Populus

Salix

The species included in this key are those from the WashingtonBaltimore flora (Hermann, 1946) which the available literature does not report as restricted to the Piedmont. Of these seven species,

three (S. nigra , _S. sericea , and _S. tristis ) are represented from the

Maryland Coastal Plain in the U. S. National Herbarium. Only _S. nigra

has been found at the Chesapeake Bay Center to date. This key should

facilitate the search for additional species there.

1. Leaves entire or sparingly undulate-crenate, narrowly

oblanceolate to obovate; plant a shrub. (Also, aments preceding the leaves; staminate and pistillate

flowers each with one basal gland.) Expected (S_. humilis , _S . tristis ) .

1. Leaves closely serrulate, linear-lanceolate to broadly lanceolate; plant a tree (shrubby in _S. sericea ) . (Also, scales of ament pubescent.)

2. Aments sessile, preceding the leaves; scales

blackish, persistent; capsules silky-puberulent

staminate flowers each with one basal gland.

(Also, leaves acuminate, glaucous and silky

beneath; stamens 2.) Expected (S_. sericea )

84a.

2. Aments on leafy peduncles, accompanying the leaves;

scales yellow, deciduous; capsules glabrous;

staminate flowers each with two basal glands.

3. Petioles not glandular above at apex; stamens 3 to 8; pistillate flowers whorled. (Also, leaves

long-acuminate)

4. Leaves glaucous beneath. (Also, leaves somewhat

pubescent, especially on midribs). Expected

(S. caroliniana)

4

Leaves green beneath S^. nigra

3. Petioles glandular above at apex; stamens usually 2; pistillate flowers spirally arranged.

5. Leaves glabrous at maturity, with 4 to 6 teeth

per cm. of margin; capsules short-pedicelled.

Expected (S_. fragilis ) .

5. Leaves silky-pubescent, with 7 to 9 teeth per

cm. of margin; capsules sessile. Expected (j^. alba )

Salix nigra Marsh. Black Willow

Java Farm. Infrequent, in freshwater portion of marsh at mouth of Fox Creek drainage and at the landward margin of small marsh on the north

side of Fox Point peninsula. Hectares 3526, 3557. Associate species: Rosa palustris .

Ivy Neck. Infrequent, in moist wooded strip at source of Cheston

Creek estuary. Hectare 4733. Canopy of Diospyros virginiana , Robinia

pseudoacacia , Platanus occidentalis , etc. Higman 465, 493, 525, 589.

Populus

1. Leaves ovate, short-acuminate, wooly when young but

glabrate at maturity; teeth remote, deltoid, unequal P_. grandidentata

1. Leaves triangular, acuminate, glabrous at all ages;

teeth numerous , equal X P_. eugenei

Populus grandidentata Michx. Big-toothed Aspen

Java Farm. One station: rubbish pile on north side of headquarters,

near big steel shed. Hectare 2489. Associate species: Paulownia

tomentosa , Celtis occidentalis. Higman 913.

85.

X _P. eugenei Simon-Lewis Carolina Poplar

(P. deltoides Marsh, x J?, nigra L. var. italica Muench.)

(X P_. canadensis Moench var. eugenei (Simon-Lewis) Schelle)

Ivy Neck. One station: two large trees in yard of old house near

entrance road. Hectare 4658. Higman 1089, 1142.

MYRICACEAE

Myrica

Myrica cerif era L. Wax Myrtle

Java Farm and Ivy Neck. Moderately abundant along shores of estuaries, under a variety of hardwood canopies. Infrequent on sandbars and at margins of salt marshes. Higman 572.

JUGLANDACEAE

1. Leaves with 10 to 17 leaflets; nut with fleshy indehiscent

husk and irregularly furrowed shell; pith of branchlets

separating into thin plates Juglans

1. Leaves with 5 to 9 leaflets; nut with dry, partly or wholly dehiscent husk and smooth bony shell; pith of branchlets continuous Carya

Juglans

Juglans nigra L. Black Walnut Java Farm and Ivy Neck. Infrequent to moderately abundant in mature

canopies, usually associated with Liquidambar styraciflua in canopy and

Lindera benzoin in understory. Dominant at Java Farm on steep east- and

west-facing slopes of ridge near north boundary (hectare 2562) ; co- dominant with Quercus falcata , Fagus grandifolia , Platanus occidentalis , and Liquidambar styraciflua on south-facing slope above Muddy Creek

(hectare 3415, 3416). Co-dominant at Ivy Neck with Quercus prinus at two points on shore of Scaffold Peninsula (hectares 5704, 5745). Higman 159, 755,

Carya

1. Terminal buds yellow, somewhat lanceolate. (Also, leaflets 5 to 9, lanceolate to lance-ovate) _C. cordiformis

1. Terminal buds brown, ovoid-acute.

2. Leaflets 5; young branchlets glabrous jC. glabra

2. Leaflets 7 to 9; young branchlets tomentose C. tomentosa

86.

Carya cordiformis (Wang.) K. Koch Bitternut Hickory

Java Farm and Ivy Neck. Infrequent to moderately abundant in understory of mature forest, under canopy of Quercus alba , Fagus

grandifolia , Quercus velutina , Liriodendron tulipifera , etc. Most

abundant near top of south-facing slope overlooking tidal portion of Muddy Creek. Higman 170, 247, 403.

_C. glabra (Mill.) Sweet Pignut Hickory

Java Farm and Ivy Neck. Infrequent in understory of mature

forest, like C. cordiformis above. Also observed under canopy of Quercus

prinus . Associate species: Cornus florida , Acer rubrum . Carpinus

caroliniana , Carya tomentosa , Liquidambar styraciflua . Higman 521.

C_. tomentosa (Poir.) Nutt. Mockernut Hickory

Java Farm and Ivy Neck. Infrequent to moderately abundant in understory and canopy of mature forest. Associated with C_. cordiformis

and C_. glabra above. Higman 418, 419, 420.

BETULACEAE

1. Bark smooth, with rounded ridges (muscular) ; fruit

a nutlet at the base of a lobed, leafy bract; nutlet

wingless Carpinus

1. Bark smooth only on younger trees, without rounded

ridges; fruit a number of small winged nutlets grouped

into a cone, without leafy bracts.

2. Pith of branchlets triangular; cones woody, persistent , ovoid Alnus

2. Pith of branchlets circular; cones cylindrical Betula

Carpinus

Carpinus caroliniana Walt. Hornbeam,

Blue Beech

Java Farm. Infrequent to moderately abundant in the understory

of mature hardwood forest, under canopy of Fagus grandifolia , Quercus

alba , Liriodendron tulipifera , etc. Seems to prefer slopes overlooking

streams and freshwater marshes. Higman 187, 1105.

87.

Alnus

Alnus rugosa (Du Roi) Spreng. Smooth Alder

(A. serrulata (Air.) Willd. , var. vulgaris ) Java Farm. One station: base of Fox Point peninsula, on north side. Hectare 3557. Canopy of Nyssa sylvatica . Quercus velutina , Quercus

alba . Quercus prinus , Pinus virginiana . Associate species: Aralia

spinosa , Prunus serotina , Acer rubrum . Higman 650.

Betula

Betula nigra L. River Birch,

Red Birch

Java Farm and Ivy Neck. Infrequent along banks of estuaries,

bottom of Muddy Creek valley and on Fox Point Road. Occasionally found

under Quercus prinus canopy. Higman 651, 1106

FAGACEAE

1. Leaves simple, sharply and regularly serrate, acuminate;

fruit a nut in a spiny bur.

2. Leaves oblong-ovate; leaf buds linear-lanceoloid and sharply pointed; bark pale gray; large tree Fagus

2. Leaves oblong-lanceolate; leaf buds short and blunt;

bark dark brown; stump sprouts only Castanea

1. Leaves lobed, or if simple, entire or with roundtipped teeth; fruit a smooth acorn with a basal cup... Quercus

Fagus

Fagus grandifolia Ehrh. Beech Java Farm. Moderately abundant in mature canopy, especially on upland west of Muddy Creek and on north- and west-facing slopes of ridge

between old entrance road and main building area. Less frequent on lower south-facing slopes overlooking the tidal portion of Muddy

Creek. Associate species: Quercus alba , Quercus velutina , Liriodendron tulipif era , Liquidambar styracif lua . Ivy Neck. Infrequent in southern part of Quercus alba forest

on Scaffold Peninsula. Higman 277, 558.

88.

Castanea

Castanea dentata (Marsh.) Borkh. Chestnut

Java Farm. Infrequent in mature mixed hardwood forest, occurring

only as stump sprouts. Collected under canopy of Fagus grandifolia and

its associates, also one station on Hog Island under canopy of Quercus

prinus . Higman 107, 402.

Quercus

1. Lobes or teeth of leaves not bristle-tipped;

acorn cup with puberulent scales, rust- puberulent within.

2. Leaves not lobed, or with sinuses less than

1/3 of distance to midrib. (Also, leaves

puberulent beneath; acorn puberulent above).

3. Acorns on peduncles 2-7 cm. long, exceeding

petioles; leaves much paler and densely

stellate-tomentose beneath, often shallowly

lobed. Expected (Q_. bicolor)

3. Acorns sessile or nearly so; leaves slightly

paler and moderately stellate-puberulent

beneath, coarsely serrate with sharp or rounded teeth (never lobed)

4. Leaves sharply serrate (tips of teeth

round); acorn 1.5-2.0 cm. long, subglobose. . . C;. muehlenbergii

4. Leaves dentate with broadly rounded teeth; acorn 2^3 cm. long, ovoid-ellipsoid C^. prinus

2. Leaves lobed with sinuses more than 1/3 of distance

to midrib.

5. Mature leaves glabrous, whitened beneath,

irregularly lobed (lobes ascending) ; acorn

ovoid-ellipsoid, 2-3 cm. long, glabrous Q. alba

5. Mature leaves densely stellate-pubescent

beneath, lobed like a cross; acorn ovoid, 1-1.5

cm . long , puberulent above £. stellata

89.

1. Lobes of leaves (or tip in Q. phellos ) bristle- tipped.

6. Leaves unlobed, entire. (Also, leaves glabrous

beneath, acorn globose, 10-15 mm. long; acorn

cup very shallow, with appressed scales, nearly

sessile) £. phellos

6. Leaves lobed, the lobes usually cleft.

7. Leaves broadly obovate, shallowly 3-lobed.

(Also, leaves rounded at base, minutely

rust-puberulent beneath; acorn cup turbinate,

with tomentose scales, covering about

1/2 of nut) Q. marilandica

7. Leaves oblong or elliptic in general outline,

moderately to deeply 5- to 7-lobed.

8. Base of leaf blade rounded to petiole, often

unevenly; basal lobes broadly divergent,

terminal one long and narrow. (Also, acorn

cup deeply saucer-shaped, covering 1/3 of nut,

its scales appressed, rounded) C^. falcata

8. Base of leaf blade tapering to petiole;

lobes all ascending-spreading. (Also,

leaves often pubescent only in axils of veins beneath)

9. Acorn cup turbinate, covering more than

1/3 of nut; leaf buds tomentose.

10. Upper scales of acorn cup loosely

imbricated, forming a fringe,

pubescent (^. velutina

10. Upper scales of acorn cup appressed,

becoming glabrous. (Also, leaf sinuses

often broadly circular; acorns often

with pale concentric rings around the

tip) _£. coccinea

9. Acorn cup saucer-shaped, covering about

1/4 of nut; leaf buds usually glabrous

(or tomentose above in £. rubra )

11. Leaves lobed moderately, bottom of sinus

rarely more than 2/3 the distance from

lobe-tip to midrib; acorn cup 1.5-3 cm. wide; nut 2-3 cm. long. (Also, bark

often with pale gray streaks on upper

trunk; forest habitat). Expected

(£. rubra).

89 a.

11. Leaves lobed deeply, bottom of sinus often

3/4 or more the distance from lobe-tip to midrib; acorn cup 1-1.6 cm. wide; nut 1-1.3

cm. long. (Also, lower branches often

spreading downward; frequently in old field

habitat) Q. palustris

Quercus muehlenbergii Engelm.

(£. prinoides Willd. var. acuminata (Michx) Gl.) Yellow Oak

Java Farm. Infrequent, large trees overhanging Rhode River

(Fox Creek estuary). Adjacent forest canopy of Robinia pseudoacacia

and Ulmus americana dominants. Higman 766.

_£. prinus L. Chestnut Oak

Java Farm. Co-dominant with Quercus alba in canopy at Fox Point and Hog Island. Hectares 3558 and 3592. Associate canopy

species include Carya glabra and Carya tomentosa . Understory

dominants are Pinus virginiana (at Fox Point under thin canopy)

and Kalmia latifolia (at Hog Island). Understory associates include

Ilex opaca , Acer rub rum , and Liquidambar styracif lua . Ericaceous

shrubs numerous. Also one station in bottom of Muddy Creek valley,

with canopy dominant Fagus grandifolia . Hectare 3403.

Ivy Neck. Dominates most of the shoreline of lower Scaffold

Peninsula, usually on banks 6 to 10 feet above the estuary. Co- dominants include Quercus alba , Carya tomentosa . Acer rub rum , and

locally Fagus grandifolia . On Cheston Peninsula (west shore)

Quercus velutina usually co-dominates. Understory resembles that

at Java Farm. Higman 261. Quercus alba L. White Oak Java Farm and Ivy Neck. Moderately abundant inmost hardwood

canopies, on dry to moderately moist sites. Co-dominant on upland

with Quercus velutina . Acer rubrum . Liriodendron tujipifera. Carya tomentosa . Fagus grandifolia . etc. Often co-dominant with Quercus

prinus on estuary shores. Higman 263.

C;. stellata Wang. Post Oak

Java Farm. Infrequent on banks of tidal portion of Muddy Creek,

under canopy of Quercus velutina and Quercus alba . One station on

Fox Point, under canopy of Quercus prinus . Prefers the shoreline,

overhanging the water. Also adventive in Hog Island salt marsh.

Higman 260, 275, 460.

90.

£. phellos L. Willow Oak

Java Farm. One station in Hog Island salt marsh. Hectare 3572. Associate species: Pinus virginiana , Juniperus virginiana , Liquidambar

styraciflua , Quercus stellate , Quercus palustris , Myrica cerifera . Higman 278, 591.

^. marilandica (L.) Muench. Black-jack Oak

Java Farm and Ivy Neck. Infrequent , associated with Pinus virginiana . Also at Java Farm: one station west of Old Muddy Creek Road, in canopy

of Liriodendron tulipifera and Fagus grandifolia . Higman 407

.Q. falcata Michx. Spanish Oak , Red oak (L) Java Farm. Moderately abundant in canopy of bottomland forest at northwest corner of Hog Island salt marsh. Hectares 3561, 3571. Adventive

into the marsh. Infrequent on south-facing slope along tidal portion of Muddy Creek, with dominants Quercus alba . Fagus grandifolia , and Quercus

velutina . Also one station on Fox Point. Hectare 3558. Canopy there of Quercus prinus .

Ivy Neck. One station on east bank of Scaffold Peninsula. Canopy

of Quercus alba . Quercus velutina . Higman 91, 262, 404.

J^. velutina Lam. Black Oak

Java Farm and Ivy Neck. Moderately abundant in most mature hardwood

canopies, especially on upper slopes and moderately dry sites. Also

moderately abundant on estuary shore of Cheston Point, where Quercus prinus

would be expected. Higman 588.

^. coccinea Muench. Scarlet Oak

Java Farm. Infrequent in canopy of mature upland forest west of Muddy Creek; also on ridge west of main building area and on south-facing

slope overlooking meadow, north of main buildings. Canopy dominants include

Fagus grandifolia . Quercus alba, Liquidambar styraciflua . and Liriodendron

tulipifera . Higman 414, 557.

C\ palustris Muench. Pin Oak

Java Farm and Ivy Neck. Moderately abundant adventive in abandoned

fields; associate species: Acer rubrum . Liquidambar styraciflua , Cornus florida . etc. Also at Java Farm: infrequent in valley of Muddy Creek,

under canopy of Platanus occidentalis and Fraxinus americana. Higman

75, 169.

91.

ULMACEAE

1. Leaves entire, glabrous, prominently 3-veined at base, very oblique at base, usually with insect galls;

buds appressed to stem; fruit a dark green drupe...... Celtis

1. Leaves serrate or dentate, pubescent or roughened

on both surfaces (except U. pumila )

, moderately to slightly oblique at base, without insect galls; buds

somewhat spreading; fruit a samara Ulmus

Celtis occidentalis L. Hackberry^ Sugarberry (L) Java Farm. Moderately abundant in old fields and along roadsides,

especially those with oyster shell paving. Prefers calcareous soil.

Ivy Neck. One station at old house, between entrance road and source of Scaffold Creek drainage. Hectare 4658. Higman 367, 370,

463, 473, 483, 633, 773.

Ulmus

1. Leaves smooth, simply serrate, very slightly oblique

at base; samaras entirely glabrous U. pumila

1. Leaves rough or harsh above, doubly serrate, definitely

oblique at base; samaras pubescent.

2. Leaves slightly folded at the midrib, very harsh

above, ciliate; buds and branchlets downy pubescent; samaras pubescent only in the center IJ. rubra

2. Leaves flat, moderately scabrous above, glabrous;

buds and branchlets glabrous or sparingly pilose; samaras pubescent only on the margins IJ. americana

Ulmus pumila L. (not in Britton & Brown) Dwarf Elm

Ivy Neck. One station: edge of bank above Rhode River, just

north of Sand Point. Hectare 4769. Associate species: Maclura

pomif era , Liquidambar styraciflua . Higman 1074.

IJ. rubra Muhl. Slippery Elm Java Farm. Infrequent near northeast corner and in vicinity of pier. Associate species: Fraxinus tomentosa , Ulmus americana , Celtis occidentalis . Higman 347, 391, 619, 771.

92.

JJ. americana L. American Elm

Java Farm. Infrequent in old fields north of main building area. Associate species: Celtis occidentalis . Liquidambar styraciflua . Quercus palustris . One station along shore of Muddy Creek estuary

east of Hog Island salt marsh. Associate species there: Robinia

pseudoacacia . Cornus florida , Liquidambar styraciflua . Prunus avium , Morus rubra .

Ivy Neck. Infrequent in Quercus alba forest of central Scaffold

Peninsula. Higman 428.

MORACEAE

1. Leaves entire; branches with axillary spines; staminate

flowers in rounded racemes; mature syncarp (fleshy

aggregate fruit) 7 to 15 cm. in diameter, with a dry

rind Maclura

1. Leaves coarsely serrate, often lobed; branches

spineless; staminate flowers in long aments; mature

syncarp 1 to 2 cm. thick.

2. Buds with 2 or 3 scales; syncarp globose, with

protruding fruits Broussonetia

2. Buds with 3 to 6 scales; syncarp cylindric or ellipsoid, juicy, the fruits not protruding Morus

Maclura

Maclura pomifera (Raf.) Schneid. Osage Orange

Ivy Neck. Infrequent to moderately abundant along coast of upper Cheston Peninsula, both on the Cheston Creek and Rhode River sides.

Also in hedgerows and along drainage of Cheston Creek above the estuary.

Higman 869, 1010.

Broussonetia

Broussonetia papyrifera (L.) Vent. Paper Mulberry

Java Farm. One station: west fence of field at northeast corner

of Farm. Hectare 3600. Associate species: Liquidambar styraciflua , Ulmus americana . Ulmus rubra . Higman 346, 1137.

93.

Morus

1. Leaves densely pubescent on veins and surface beneath. . M. rubra

1. Leaves pubescent only in axils of veins beneath M. alba

Morus rubra L. Red Mulberry

Java Farm and Ivy Neck. Infrequent in understory of a variety

of mature hardwood canopies; seems to prefer low stream banks, poorly

drained woods, etc. Higman 425, 527, 770.

M. alba L. White Mulberry

Java Farm and Ivy Neck. Infrequent, same habitat as Morus rubra

above. Higman 479.

URTICACEAE

Boehmeria cylindrica (L.) Sw. False Nettle

Java Farm. Infrequent along old entrance road near culvert of Muddy Creek and along new entrance road near culvert of Fox Creek

drainage. Both sites densely shaded by adjacent forest. Associate

species: Lycopus virginicus , Cryptotaenia canadensis , Agrimonia

microcarpa , Elephantopus carolinianus . Higman 458, 978.

POLYGONACEAE

1. Outer sepals wide-spreading or reflexed, inner ones

(valves) enlarged in fruit Rumex

1. All sepals equal, erect or ascending and petaloid.

2. Styles 2, deflexed and hooked, persistent on achene

as rigid beaks; flowers remote on terminal raceme, deflexed in fruit Tovara

2. Styles 2-3, not deflexed or hooked, deciduous;

flowers in dense raceme, not deflexed in fruit Polygonum

Rumex

1. Leaves hastate, with 2 spreading basal lobes; racemes

red or yellowish; flowers dioecious; plant spreading

by slender horizontal rootstocks R. acetosella

94.

1. Leaves without basal lobes, entire or with crisped

or uneven margins; racemes greenish, brown in fruit;

flowers monoecious or perfect; vertical taproot.

2. Margins of leaves entire, not crisped or uneven.

(Also, margins of valves entire).

3. Salt marsh or sub-aquatic habitat; leaves

narrowly elliptic; fruiting pedicels clavate

and ref lexed R. verticillatus

3. Terrestrial habitat; leaves oblong-lonceolate,

with cordate bases in one species; fruiting

pedicels slender, not ref lexed. Expected

(R. altissinjtus )

2. Margins of leaves undulate or crisped.

4. Valves entire or obscurely dentate. (Also,

valves broadly ovate; leaves with crisped

or crumpled margin) II. crispus

4. Valves with long teeth. (Also, habitat not saline;

margins of leaves slightly uneven).

5. Plant 2-7 dm. high; length of panicle more

than 1/2 height of plant R. pulcher

5. Plant 6-15 dm. high; length of panicle less

than 1/2 height of plant R. obtusifolius Rumex acetosella L. Red Sorrel Java Farm and Ivy Neck. Infrequent to moderately abundant in

dry, open soil (abandoned fields, roadsides, etc.) Higman 590,

759, 1083.

_R. verticillatus L. Water Dock

Java Farm. Moderately abundant in salt marshes along Muddy

Creek. Associated with Panicum virgatum . Scirpus spp.

Ivy Neck. Moderately abundant in estuarine salt marshes and at coastal overflow ponds on Cheston Peninsula. Higman 289, 945.

R. crispus L. Sour Dock

Ivy Neck. Infrequent in abandoned wheatfield. Also one station

in dry, sandy halophytic marsh on tip of Scaffold Peninsula. Higman

688, 852, 915, 975.

95.

R. pulcher L. Dock

Java Farm. One station: grassy patch at entrance gate. Hectare

2463. Associated with Cyperus strigosus . Perilla frutescens . Trifolium

spp. Higman 1084.

R. obtusifolius L. Bitter Dock

Java Farm. One station: on Fox Point Road just before turn eastward

to Fox Point; in front of old barn. Hectare 3543.

Ivy Neck. One station: abandoned road through forest on Scaffold

Peninsula. Canopy of Liquidambar styraciflua . Robinia pseudoacacia . Nyssa sylvatica , Morus rubra . Higman 523, 976.

Tovara

Tovara virginiana (L.) Adans.

( Polygonum virginianum L.) Virginia Knotweed

Java Farm. Infrequent; seems to prefer moist, partly shaded sites. At entrance gate; along entrance road under canopy of Quercus alba , Fagus grandifolia , Liquidambar styraciflua , etc. ; on moist valley of Muddy Creek under canopy of Fraxinus americana and Platanus occidentalis : and at main buildings. Higman 38, 65, 354, 538.

Polygonum

1. Plant prostrate-spreading; flowers in axillary

fascicles P_. aviculare

1. Plant erect; flowers in spiciform racemes or panicles,

or capitate.

2. Stem prickly; leaves sagittate or hastate.

3. Leaves sagittate; inflorescence capitate P_. sagittatum

3. Leaves hastate, the basal lobes horizontally

spreading; inflorescence a short raceme or panicle P_. arifolium

2. Stem smooth; leaves elliptic.

4. Ocreae (sheathing stipules) without marginal cilia.

96.

5. Leaves strigose; peduncles and axis with

stalked glands P. pensylvanicum

5. Leaves glabrous to scabrous; peduncles and axis

glandless. (Also, ocreae short-strigose; base

of plant creeping) P_. hydropiperoides

4. Ocreae with marginal cilia (lower ocreae may

have top torn off).

6. Plant annual, with fibrous roots.

7. Mature calyx glandular-punctate.

8. Calyx greenish; achene dull. Expected (P. hydropiper )

8. Calyx white; achene lustrous P_. punctatum

7. Mature calyx glandless.

9. Leaves ciliate on margins and lower

veins; spikes terminal, 3-5 mm. thick;

cilia of ocreae equal to or longer

than the sheath P_. cespitosum , var. longisetum

9. Leaves glabrous, or sparsely strigose

beneath; spikes in panicles, 7-11 mm. thick; cilia of ocreae shorter than

the sheath. (Also, leaves often with

purple blotch above but this

character not consistent) P_. persicaria

6. Plant perennial, with subligneous forking

rootstocks.

10. Mature calyx glandular-punctate P. punctatum

10. Mature calyx glandless.

11. Calyx pink; leaves glabrous to scabrous; ocreae short-strigose P_. hydropiperoides

11. Calyx white; leaves strigose; ocreae strigose-hirsute _P. setaceum

See also Appendix I., p. 229: P_. cristatum .

97.

Polygonum aviculare L. Smar tweed

Ivy Neck. One station: unpaved road to abandoned wheatfield. Hectare 4740. Associated with Diodia teres , Leapedeza stipulacea . Polygonum pensylvanicum , Cyperus strigosus . Higman 1059.

J?, sagittatum L. Smar tweed

Java Farm. Two stations: freshwater part of Fox Creek marsh

(associated with Aster puniceus , Lycopus virginicus , Leersia oryzoides , Solidago graminifolia , Impatiens capensis )

, and in marshy western end

of Phalaris arundinacea meadow north of main buildings (associated with

Polygonum punctatum , P_. pensylvanicum , Scirpus rubricosus) . Higman 152.

J?, arifolium L. Smar tweed

Java Farm. One station: low bank of Muddy Creek, adjacent to west end of meadow above. Hectare 2467. Canopy of Platanus occidentalis , Fagus grandifolia. Liriodendron tulipif era . Understory of Lindera

benzoin , Cornus f lorida . Higman 1055.

P_. pensylvanicum L. Smartweed

Java Farm. One station: large clump at marshy western end of Phalaris arundinacea meadow north of main buildings. Hectare 2467. Associates: see JP. sagittatum above.

Ivy Neck. Infrequent in open fields, unpaved roads. Associated

with Strophostyles umbellata, Desmodium perplexum , Lespedeza stipulacea , Oenothera biennis . Higman 151, 1023, 1123, 1124.

P_. hydropiperoides Michx. , forma leucochranthum A. H. Moore

(form not in Brit ton and Brown) Smartweed

Java Farm. One station: border of salt marsh at upstream end of tidal portion of Muddy Creek. Hectare 3403. Associated with Mikania

scandens , Pluchea camphorata . Lobelia cardinalis . Hibiscus palustris , Typha latifolia . Higman 80.

P_. punctatum Ell. Smartweed

Java Farm. Infrequent in fresh and brackish marshes. Stations

in Hog Island salt marsh, muddy shore of tidal portion of Muddy Creek,

in Fox Point salt marsh, and at marshy west end of Phalaris arundinacea

meadow north of main buildings.

Associates in freshwater marsh: see _P. sagittatum above. Associates in salt marshes: Aster puniceus . Atriplex patula , Scirpus americanus , Distichlis spicata . Kosteletzkya virginica . Higman 58, 153, 449, 990, 1245.

98.

_P. punctatum , var. Leptostachyum (Meisn.) Small

(variety not in Britton and Brown) Smartweed

Java Farm. One station: large abandoned field south of entrance

road and east of road to springhouse. Solidago graminifolia . Rubus spp. Rhus radicans , and Lonicera japonica dominant. Higman 132.

P_. cespitosum Blume, var. longisetum (deBruyn) Stewart Smartweed

Java Farm. Three stations: along entrance road between gate and

Muddy Creek (canopy of Quercus alba . Fagus grandifolia . Liquidambar

styraciflua , etc.; associate species Desmodium spp., Agrimonia microcarpa , Elephantopus caroliniana , Tovara virginiana) ; two stations along Fox Creek ditch (canopy of Juglans nigra . Liquidambar styraciflua ; associate

species Perilla frutescens , Duchesnea indica . Eupatorium serotinum . Geum canadense )

Also observed along stream at northeast border of farm. Higman

35, 223, 314, 922. Polygonum persicaria L. Smartweed

Ivy Neck. One station: near small barn on south bank of artificial

pond, Cheston Peninsula. Hectare A723. Dry, unshaded. Associate

species: Potentilla norvegica . Ipomoea hederacea . Abutilon theophrasti , Eleusine indica . Higman 1002.

_P. setaceum Baldw.

(P. hydropiperoides . var. setaceum (Baldw.) Gl.) Smartweed

Java Farm. One station: north boundary fence, adjacent neighbor's

cornfield. Associate species: Ambrosia trif ida . Clematis virginiana . Amaranthus hybridus . Higman 1243.

CHENOPODIACEAE

1. Leaves alternate, or the lower opposite in Atriplex . flat, neither reduced to scales nor spine-tipped.

(Also, plants erect; stems and branches green with white longitudinal stripes; flowers in small,

spicate clusters)

2. Terrestrial habitat; flowers perfect; calyx

5-parted. (Also, leaves narrowly to broadly

lanceolate , entire to dentate) Chenopodium

2. Salt marsh habitat; flowers unisexual, monoecious or dioecious; calyx absent in pistillate flowers, these

enclosed by two appressed bracts. (Also, in species

collected, leaves hastate; spikes reddish) Atriplex

99.

1. Leaves opposite and reduced to scales, or alternate

and spine-tipped. Expected (Salicornia , Salsola)

Chenopodium

1. Leaves and inflorescence glandular,

aromatic. Expected (£. ambrosioides , _C. botrys )

1. Leaves and inflorescence not glandular but often

farinose (covered with mealy substance in dry

specimens)

2. Principal leaves deltoid or rhomic to broadly

ovate, their margins serrate or sinuate. (Also,

seeds all horizontal if collected in late autumn)

3. Leaves with lustrous upper surface, coarsely

serrate margin, and long petiole, usually not

farinose; inflorescence short, spreading,

branched. Expected (C. murale )

3. Leaves with dull or glaucous upper surface,

sinuate-dentate margin, tapering to short

petiole, slightly to densely farinose;

inflorescence of dense clusters, these

forming long, short-branching, continuous

or interrupted spikes. (Spikes may be shorter

than leaves in C. rubrum)

4. Terrestrial habitat.

5. Leaves glaucous above, densely farinose

beneath; young stem greenish; fresh calyxlobes barely keeled. (Also, leaves and inflorescence often red in late autumn; leaves subtending the individual spikes

narrowly linear, unlike the serrate cauline

leaves) C_. album

5. Leaves dark green or yellowish, slightly

farinose beneath; young stem red or purple;

fresh calyx-lobes strongly keeled. Expected

(€ . paganum)

100.

4. Salt marsh habitat. (Also leaves and

inflorescence red at maturity. Seeds often

vertical) .C. rubrum

2. Principal leaves lanceolate, elliptic,

narrowly ovate or oblong, the margins

usually entire (often sinuate in C. glaucum) . Ex- pected (C. glaucum , t C. leptophyllum , C_. lanceolatum)

Chenopodium album L. Lamb's Quarters

Java Farm. One station: entrance road near road to springhouse. Hectare 3408. Dry, unshaded site.

Ivy Neck. One station: abandoned wheatfield. Hectare 4772. Higman 982, 1121.

_C. rubrum L. Goosefoot

Java Farm. Probably in salt marsh near Fox Point Peninsula.

(Collected by H. David Hammond).

Atriplex

Atriplex patula L. , var. hastata (L.) Gray Spearscale

Java Farm and Ivy Neck. Moderately abundant in salt marshes.

Associate species: Polygonum punctatum , Distichlis spicata , Scirpus

robustus , Kosteletzkya virginica . Rumex verticillatus , Pluchea

camphorata , etc. Higman 60, 276, 282, 450.

AMARANTHACEAE

1. Leaves alternate, anthers 2-locular. (Also,

flowers unisexual; filaments separate).

2. Salt marsh habitat; flowers dioecious; leaves

lance-linear; spikes remotely flowered in loose,

spreading panicle Acnida

2. Terrestrial habitat; flowers monoecious; leaves

lance-ovate; spikes densely flowered in compact,

erect panicle Amaranthus

1. Leaves opposite; anthers 1-locular. Expected

(Iresine)

101.

Acnida

Acnida cannabina L. Water Hemp

Java Farm and Ivy Neck. Infrequent in salt marshes, seems to prefer drier parts of marsh, also sandbars or low hummocks. Associate

species: Distichlis spicata , Spartina patens . Panicum virgatum , Baccharis halimifolia , Gerardia maritima, Juniperus virginiana . Higman

99, 971.

Amaranthus

1. Spines absent from axils of leaves; utricle

circumscissle, the top falling off as a lid.

2. Plant slender; blades of principal leaves .5 to 7 cm. long; flowers in small axillary

clusters; stamens 2 or 3. Expected (A. albus ) .

2. Plant stout; blades of principal leaves 5 to 30 cm. long; flowers monoecious in terminal and

axillary simple or panicled spikes; stamens 5.

3. Calyx of pistillate flowers about 3 mm. long,

the bracts 2 to 3 times this length.

Expected (A. retrof lexus )

3. Calyx of pistillate flowers 1.5 to 2 mm. long, the bracts slightly longer to twice

as long.

4. Lateral spikes of terminal panicle divergent;

bracts red or purple; utricle longer than

calyx. Expected (A. cruentus )

4. Lateral spikes of terminal panicle ascending

to erect; bracts green to red-tinged;

utricle shorter than to equalling the calyx A. hybridus

1. Spines paired in axils of leaves; utricle bursting

irregularly A. spinosus

102.

Amaranthus hybridus L. Prince's Feather,

Amaranth

Java Farm. One station: north boundary fence, adjacent to neighbor's cornfield. Associate species: Clematis virginiana , Ambrosia trif ida .

Ivy Neck. One station: rubbish pile between old house and tobacco barn, near road. Hectare 4658. Associate species: Juncus

tenuis , Barbarea vulgaris , etc. Higman 1037, 1117.

A. spinosus L. Thorny Amaranth

Java Farm. One station: rubbish pile near old house, at main

buildings. Hectare 2580. Associate species: Solanum nigrum , Eleusine

indica , Datura stramonium , Juncus tenuis , Melilotus alba . Higman 500.

PHYTOLACCACEAE

Phytolacca americana L. Pokeweed,

Pokeberry

Java Farm. Infrequent around main buildings and in abandoned fields.

Ivy Neck. Apparently an initial dominant in abandoned fields on Scaffold Peninsula. Moderately abundant in stands of young Liquidambar

styracif lua and Acer rubrum. Infrequent in hardwood forests of Scaffold

and Cheston Peninsulas, under canopy of Liquidambar styracif lua , Juglans nigra , Robinia pseudoacacia , Nyssa sylvatica , etc. Higman 3.

AIZOACEAE

Mollugo verticillata L. Carpet-weed

Ivy Neck. Infrequent in cornfields. Associate species: Ipomoea

hederacea , Barbarea verna , Draba verna, Lepidium virginicum , etc. Higman 958, 1062.

PORTULACACEAE

Claytonia virginica L. Spring Beauty

Java Farm. Moderately abundant in mature forest in vicinity of old entrance road and gate. Canopy of Acer rubrum , Quercus alba , Liquidambar

styracif lua . etc. Associate species: Sanguinaria canadensis , Dentaria

laciniata , Desmodium spp. Higman 562.

103,

CARYOPHYLLACEAE

1. Sepals distinct; petals, if present, without basal

claws

2. Leaves with scarious stipules. Expected ( Spergularia)

2. Leaves without stipules.

3. Petals not apically notched or deeply 2-cleft.

(Petals may be absent in Sagina) . Expected

(Sagina , Arenaria, Holosteum)

3. Petals apically notched or 2-cleft.

4. Styles 3; capsule ovoid or ellipsoid;

flowers solitary or in cymes Stellaria

4. Styles 5; capsule cylindric; flowers not

in umbels but may be clustered Cerastium

1. Sepals united into a tube; petals, if present, with

basal claws.

5. Petals absent. (Also, calyx a hard cup; flowers

green, sessile in upper axils). Expected (Scleranthus )

5. Petals present.

6. Petals red-violet; calyx with scarious or leafy

basal bracts Dianthus

6. Petals white or pinkish; calyx without

basal bracts.

7. Styles 5; capsule opening by 5 or 10 teeth... Lychnis

7. Styles 2 or 3; capsule with 3, 4, or 6 valves.

8. Calyx 10-nerved; styles 3; capsule 3- or 6-valved Silene

8. Calyx obscurely nerved and cylindric or 5-nerved and ovoid; styles 2; capsule

4-valved. Expected ( Saponaria )

104.

Stellaria media (L) Cyrillo Chickweed, Starwort

Java Farm. Infrequent to abundant along roadsides and in sparsely

shaded old fields. Principal station near junction of old entrance

road and base line. Canopy of Platanus occidentalis and Fraxinus

americana . Associate species: Ranunculus sceleratus , Duchesnea

indica , Lonicera japonica .

Ivy Neck. Infrequent in cornfields and abandoned grassy field.

Higman 550, 753.

Cerastium

1. Plants perennial, with long, matted, creeping basal

branches. (Also, bracts of inflorescence scariousmargined or the lowest ones herbaceous).

2. Basal leafy branches herbaceous, without axillary

tufts , their leaves hirsute C_. vulgatum

2. Basal leafy branches becoming dry and withering

but persistent, with conspicuous axillary tufts,

their leaves not hirsute. Expected (C. arvense

var. villosum)

1. Plants annual or winter-annual, without creeping

basal branches.

3. Leaves narrowly oblong to oblanceolate; capsules

2-3 times as long as sepals; sepals oblong, blunt

or acute. Expected (C. nutans )

3. Leaves broadly elliptic to ovate or obovate;

capsules 1-2 times as long as sepals; sepals

lance-attenuate.

4. Bracts of inflorescence scarious-margined.

Expected (C. semidecandrum)

4. Bracts of inflorescence herbaceous. (Also,

sepals scarious-margined) C. viscosum

Cerastium vulgatum L. Mouse-ear Chickweed

Ivy Neck. Abundant in fallow cornfields. Associate species:

Cerastium viscosum , Stellaria media , Draba verna, Barbarea vulgaris , etc. Also one station on dike through salt marsh at head of Cheston

Creek estuary. Higman 868.

105.

_C. viscosum L. Mouse-ear Chickweed

Java Farm. Infrequent in grassy old fields between south side

of main building area and old entrance road. Associate species: Poa pratensis , Cirsium vulgare . Asclepias syriaca .

Ivy Neck. Moderately abundant in fallow cornfields. Associated

with C. vulgatum above. Higman 636.

Dianthus

Dianthus armeria L. Deptford Pink

Java Farm. Infrequent along unshaded portions of Fox Point Road

and new entrance road, and in old field south of Fox Creek marsh.

Ivy Neck. Infrequent along tractor trails and in abandoned

grassy field. Higman 23, 722.Lychnis

Lychnis alba Mill. White Campion

Java Farm. Infrequent to moderately abundant in grassy old fields south of main building area. Associate species: Cerastium

viscosum above. Higman 8, 662.

Silene

1. Calyx glabrous or virtually so.

2. Stem not sticky; calyx somewhat inflated, its nerves not prominent.

3. Leaves in whorls of 4; petals fringed S^. stellata

3. Leaves opposite; petals 2-lobed. Expected

(S. cucubalus , S. nivea)

2. Stem with sticky areas; calyx tight around the capsule,

its 5 to 10 straight nerves prominent. (Also,

flowers in loose panicles, with long pedicels;

petals inconspicuous or wanting) _S_. antirrhina

1. Calyx pilose. (Also, plants annual, without

persistent bases; calyx prominently 5- to 10- nerved; inflorescence an open cymose panicle) _S. noctof lora

Silene stellata (L.) Ait. Starry Campion

Java Farm. One station: large mound on bottom of Muddy Creek

valley, between old entrance road and Muddy Creek. Hectare 2497. Canopy of Quercus alba , Quercus velutina , Fagus grandifolia , Carya

glabra . Higman 1041.

106.

_S. antirrhlna L. Catchfly

Ivy Neck. One station: southern part of grassy abandoned field

on Scaffold Peninsula. Hectare 4772. Higman 693.

_S. noctoflora L. Catchfly, Campion

Java Farm. One station on Fox Point Road. Higman 803.

NYMPHACEAE

Brasenia schreberi Gmel. Water-shield

Java Farm. One station on shore of tidal portion of Muddy Creek, near mouth of small tributary below springhouse. Hectare 3437. Growing on soft mud. Associate species: Panicum virgatum , Pluchea

camphorata . Polygonum punctatum. Higman 998.

RANUNCULACEAE

I. Pistils forming follicles (pods opening down one

side) or berries. Expected (Caltha, Coptis , Aquil- egia . Delphinium , Aconitum, Cimicifuga . Actaea)

1. Pistils forming achenes or utricles borne in heads

or dense spikes.

2. Plant a vine; leaves opposite; sepals 4, petaloid

(petals absent); styles long and plumose Clematis

2. Plant erect; leaves alternate or radical, the upper sometimes opposite or whorled; sepals 3 to 20.

3. Petals 5, yellow; sepals 5 Ranunculus

3. Petals absent or represented by modified

stamens; sepals 3 to 20.

4. Leaves all alternate; flowers in racemes, panicles, or corymbs. (Also, leaves 2- to 3-temately compound; flowers dioecious).... Thalictrum

107.

4. Leaves at summit of stem or peduncle opposite

or whorled, forming an involucre; flowers

solitary or in umbels.

6. Basal leaf 1, involucral leaves compound

(3 leaflets); roots tuberous; sepals 5 to

10, petaloid. (Also, sepals white or pink).

Anemonella

6. Basal leaves several, basal and involucral

leaves simple roots not tuberous; sepals

4 to 6.

7. Involucral leaves unlobed, near the flower, sepals bluish, white or pink;

plant stemless. Expected ( Hepatica)

7. Involucral as well as basal leaves with

3 to 5 deeply lobed divisions; involucral

leaves remote from the flower; sepals

greenish-yellow; plant with stem Anemone

Clematis

1. Leaflets toothed or dissected; sepals 6 to 12 mm. long; achenes pilose or villous-hirsute C_. virginiana

1. Leaflets entire or wavy-margined; sepals 10 to 17 mm. long; achenes appressed-silky C_. dioscoreif olia

Clematis virginiana L. Virgin's Bower Java Farm. Infrequent in old fields, among Rhus radicans and

Lonicera japonica . Higman 130, 710, 1038.

_C. dioscoreifolia Levi & Vaniot Clematis

Java Farm. One station: steep southeast-facing slope at shore of Rhode River, slightly below pier. Hectare 3610. Shaded by Robinia

pgeudoacacia . Associate species Lonicera japonica . Higman 1039.

Ranunculus

1. Basal leaves simple or lobed, cauline ones divided;

roots fibrous, without corm.

2. Habitat aquatic or amphibious; plant fleshy; the lower and middle cauline leaves long-petioled R.. sceleratus

108.

2. Habitat terrestrial; plant not fleshy; cauline

leaves short-petioled to sessile. (Also, achene

beakless; basal leaves shallowly dentate or crenate) R. abort ivus

1. Basal and cauline leaves compound; roots spreading

from sub-globose corm R. bulbosus

Ranunculus sceleratus L. Cursed Crowfoot

Ivy Neck. Infrequent along Cheston Creek drainage and near artificial

pond at source of the drainage. Canopy of Platanus occidentalis , Diospyros virginiana , Liquidambar styraciflua . Higman 877, 1157.

R. abortivus L. Small-flowered Crowfoot

Java Farm. Two stations, both shaded and apparently well-drained;

at north boundary west of new entrance gate, and along cut bank of old

Muddy Creek Road. Higman 580, 605.

_R. bulbosus L. Common Buttercup

Java Farm & Ivy Neck. Moderately abundant along dirt roads, and

in old fields not yet swamped by Rhus radicans . Prefers moderately dry, sunny or partly shaded areas. Higman 627, 1147, 1148.

Thalictrum

Thalictrum dioicum L. Meadow Rue

Ivy Neck. One station: steep bank overlooking Rhode River, slightly

above Sand Point. Hectare 4749. Higman 1012.

Anemonella

Anemonella thalictroides (L.) Spach.

Ivy Neck. One station in poorly-drained forest of central Scaffold

Peninsula. Canopy of Liquidambar styraciflua , Acer rubrum, Liriodendron

tulipifera , Fagus grandifolia , Juglans nigra , Quercus alba , Carya cordiformis , etc. Higman 570, 631.

109.

Anemone

Anemone virginiana L

Anemone

Wind-flower

Java Farm. Infrequent on summit of ridge, northwest of water

tank. Canopy of Pinus taeda , Fagus grandifolia . Quercus alba , C;. velutina , Carya tomentosa , etc. Higman 504.

BERBERIDACEAE Podophyllum peltatum L. May Apple, Mandrake

Java Farm. Moderately abundant in bottom of Muddy Creek valley,

under canopy of Fraxinus americana and Platanus occidentalis . Less frequent on slopes of valley, under canopy of Fagus grandifolia . Quercus

alba , Liriodendron tulipifera , etc. Associate species: Claytonia virginica , Smilacina racemosa , Viola papilionacea .

Ivy Neck. Moderately abundant in valley of Scaffold Creek

drainage, and less frequently in central Scaffold Peninsula. Canopy of Liquidambar styracif lua , Acer rubrum, Liriodendron tulipifera , Platanus occidentalis , etc. Higman 628.

MAGNOLIACEAE

Liriodendron tulipifera L. Tulip-tree,

Yellow-poplar

Java Farm and Ivy Neck. Infrequent to moderately abundant in

a variety of mature hardwood canopies. Seems to prefer moderately

moist upland, sides of stream valleys, etc. Associate species:

Quercus alba , Fagus grandifolia , Acer rubrum , Carya cordiformis , Quercus velutina . Cornus florida . Higman 266, 1122.

ANNONACEAE

Asimina triloba (L.) Duval Pawpaw, Papaw

Ivy Neck. Infrequent in mixed hardwood forests of Scaffold and

Cheston peninsulas. Small clump between cornfield and Sand Point salt

marsh. Higman 573.

110.

LAURACEAE

1. Leaves usually with 1 or more lobes; flowers

in peduncled corymbose racemes, appearing with

the leaves; fruit a blue drupe, its pedicel

thickened at the end Sassafras

1. Leaves not lobed; flowers in sessile clusters,

appearing before the leaves; fruit a red drupe,

its pedicel not thickened Lindera

Sassafras

Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees. Sassafras

Java Farm. Moderately abundant in old fields and along fences. Associate species: Acer rubrum , Quercus palustris , Liquidambar

styraciflua . Infrequent in mature mixed hardwood forest.

Ivy Neck. Infrequent at margins of fields. Higman 382, 584.

Lindera

Lindera benzoin (L.) Blume, Spice-bush

L_. benzoin , var. pubescens •i" iasasas » »» k ~" » (Palmer & Steyerm.) Rehd.

Java Farm. Abundant in valley bottom of Muddy Creek. Canopy of Fraxinus americana and Platanus occidentalis . Associate species: Cornus

florida , Rubus sp. Infrequent to moderately abundant in forested valleys

of tributaries to Muddy Creek. Higman 73, 559, 583, 632.

PAPAVERACEAE

Sanguinaria canadensis L. Bloodroot

Java Farm. One station: along old entrance road under canopy

of mature Fagus grandifolia , Quercus alba , Liriodendron tulipifera , etc. Associate species: Dentaria laciniata , Dentaria heterophylla , Claytonia virginica , Viola papi,lionacea . Desmodium spp., etc. Higman 560.

111. CRUCIFERAE

li Petals yellow or orange.

2. Leaves all simple, not deeply divided. Expected

( Erysimum , Rorippa , Conringia , Camelina)

2. Leaves, at least the lower, deeply divided, lyrate,

or pinnate.

3. Petals 1 to 2 cm. long. Expected ( Raphanus , Brassica)

3. Petals .5 to 10 mm. long.

4. Cauline leaves clasping the stem by pinnatifid bases Barbarea

4. Cauline leaves not clasping, or if so their

bases entire or shallowly dentate.

5. Sepals erect at anthesis; petals 6 to 10 mm. long; ovary and fruit beaked. Expected

( Brassica)

5. Sepals spreading at anthesis; petals

shorter; ovary and fruit beakless.

6. Dry habitat; sepals and ovary linear.

(Also, terminal segment of the pinnatifid cauline leaves bluntly to sharply

serrate; flowers pale yellow) Sisymbrium

6. Damp to aquatic habitat; sepals and ovary ovate to elliptic. Expected

( Rorippa )

1. Petals white, purple, or pink.

7. Petals purple to pink; leaves palmately

3-divided; plant perennial with fleshy rhizomes;

forest habitat Dentaria

7. Petals white; leaves simple or pinnate; plant usually

annual or biennial without rhizomes; roadside and field habitat. (Raphanus , above, may have whitish to pale purple petals, lyrate leaves).

112.

8. Leaves simple, not deeply divided.

9. Basal rosettes present. ( Lepidium may

have a false rosette of cauline leaves)

10. Cauline leaves absent; flowering

stem a scape. (Also, petals cleft

to middle) Draba

10. Cauline leaves present.

11. Leaves sagittate at base. Expected (Capsella , Arabis )

11. Leaves not sagittate at base.

(Also, ovary linear; petals

spatulate; plant annual with

slender taproot) Arabidopsis

9. Basal rosettes absent.

12. Plants halophytic, succulent Cakile

12. Plants not halophytic or succulent;

old-field habitat.

13. Cauline leaves clasping the stem,

sagittate.

14. Ovary notched at summit; style

absent or very short.

15. Plant pubescent; petals 1.5

mm. long Lep id ium

15. Plant glabrous; petals 2-4

mm. long. Expected (Thlaspi )

14. Ovary not notched, but subglobose

or cordate; style filiform.

Expected (Cardaria )

13. Cauline leaves not clasping.

16. Ovary short, lanceolate to ovate; petals 1 to 2 mm. long or absent Lepidium

16. Ovary long, linear or cylindric.

113.

17. Cauline leaves deltoid-ovate,

cordate, long-petioled; plant

onion-scented. Expected

(Alliaria)

17. Cauline leaves tapering to base,

sessile or nearly so; plant

odorless. (Also, blades of petals

not raised above sepals; cauline

leaves blunt-toothed) Cardamine

8. Leaves deeply pinnatifid, lyrate, or pinnate.

18. Petals 1 to 2 cm. long. Expected

(Cardamine , Raphanus )

18. Petals not over 8 mm. long, or absent.

19. Ovary lance-oblong to round or obcordate. Expected (Teesdalia , Lepidium , Coronopus , Armoracia)

19. Ovary slenderly linear.

20. Wet or aquatic habitat; petals

4 to 5 mm. long Nasturtium

20. Dry habitat; petals shorter Cardamine

Barbarea

1. Uppermost leaves coarsely and irregularly dentate;

lyrate lower leaves with 1 to 4 pairs of lateral lobes. _B. vulgaris

1. Uppermost leaves lyrate-pinnatif id; lyrate lower

leaves with 10 to 20 lateral lobes B. verna

Barbarea vulgaris R. Br. Winter Cress

Java Farm. Moderately abundant in old fields, in areas not yet

covered by Rhus radicans and Lonicera japonica . Also along roadsides

and around headquarters. Associate species: Draba verna , Stellaria media , Arabidopsis thaliana , Cerastium vulgatum .

Ivy Neck. Moderately abundant in cultivated fields. Same associate

species as as Java Farm. Higman 596.

114.

_B. verna (Mill.) Aschers. Winter Cress

Java Farm and Ivy Neck. Moderately abundant. Associated with

_B. vulgaris above. Higman 575, 617, 1082.

Sisymbrium

Sisymbrium officinale Scop., var. leiocarpum DC. Hedge Mustard

Ivy Neck. One station: pasture behind mule shed, north of Cheston Creek drainage. Higman 724.

Dentaria

1. Bracts of inflorescence more or less hirsute;

flowering stem usually without a basal leaf D. laciniata

1. Bracts of inflorescence glabrous (occasionally

densely hirsute) ; flowering stem with basal

leaf; leaves violet beneath „ EL heterophylla

NOTE: These species are difficult to distinguish., may hybridize.

Dentaria laciniata Muhl. Toothwort

Java Farm. Infrequent, along old entrance road under mature

canopy of Fagus grandifolia , Quercus alba , Liriodendron tulipif era , etc. Associate species: Claytonia virginica , Sanguinaria canadensis , Viola

papilionacea , Smilacina racemosa , etc. Higman 1081.

_D. heterophylla Nutt. Toothwort

Java Farm. Infrequent, associated with I), laciniata . Higman 561.

Draba

Draba verna L. Whitlow Grass

Ivy Neck. Abundant in cultivated fields and along tractor trails,

Associate species: Cerastium vulgatum , Barbarea vulgaris , Arabidopsis

thaliana , etc. Java Farm. Infrequent to moderately abundant. Roadsides and open fields. Higman 555.

115.

Arabidopsis

Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh.

(Sysimbrium thalianum Gray) Mouse-ear Cress

Java Farm and Ivy Neck. Infrequent to moderately abundant. Same habitat as Draba verna above and associated with it. Higman 582, 624.

Cakile

Cakile edentula (Bigel.) Hook. Sea Rocket

Ivy Neck. Infrequent to moderately abundant on sandy bars and beaches of Cheston Peninsula. Associated with Spartina alternif lora . Higman 860, 936.

Lepidium

1. Plant densely short-villous; cauline leaves

sagittate-clasping at the base, oblanceolate

to obovate in shape, entire or shallowly serrate _L. campestre

1. Plant glabrous or nearly so; cauline leaves tapering

to base, very variable in shape and serration.

2. Petals equaling or longer than the sepals L_. virginicum

2. Petals shorter than the sepals or wanting.

Expected (L. densif lorum)

Lepidium campestre (L.) R. Br. Field Cress Java Farm. Infrequent along new entrance road. Associate species:

Dactylis glomerata, Lepidium virginicum , Melilotus alba, Vicia sativum , Trifolium repens . Higman 637.

L_. virginicum L. Pepper Grass Java Farm and Ivy Neck. Infrequent along roads and tractor trails.

Associate species: Juncus tenuis , Trifolium repens . Higman 681,

704, 708, 794.

Cardamine

Cardamine hirsuta L. Bitter Cress

Ivy Neck. Infrequent to moderately abundant in cultivated fields.

Associate species: Draba verna , Cerastium vulgatum , Stellaria media , etc, Higman 554, 634.

116.

Nasturtium

Nasturtium officinale R. Br. Water Cress

Java Farm. One station: bank of tidal portion of Muddy Creek

at mouth of tributary from springhouse. Canopy of Fagus grandifolia

and Quercus velutina . Higman 616.

CRASSULACEAE

Sedum sarmentosum Bunge Stonecrop

Ivy Neck. One station: stone flower box in yard of old house

(persistent after cultivation). Higman 721.

SAXIFRAGACEAE

Penthorum sedoides L. (put in Crassulaceae by

Britton and Brown) Ditch Stonecrop

Ivy Neck. One station: mud bottom of dry overflow pond on Rhode River shore of Cheston Peninsula. Associate species: Sparganium

eurycarpum . Higman 1015.

HAMMELIDACEAE

Liquidambar styracif lua L. Sweet Gum, Sweetgum

Java Farm and Ivy Neck. Infrequent to moderately abundant in canopy and understory of all hardwood forest types. Adventive in abandoned fields, often forming very dense stands. Higman 63.

PLATANACEAE

Platanus occidentalis L. Sycamore

Java Farm. Dominates canopy along upper Muddy Creek near culvert

of old entrance road and at source of tributary near junction of old entrance road and springhouse road. Hectares 2466, 2476, and 2497. Associate with canopy dominant Fraxinus alba along Muddy Creek valley

bottom. Also one station at main building area.

Ivy Neck. Dominates canopy along drainage of Cheston Creek

estuary. Hectares 4722, 4732, 4752. Co-dominants include Diospyros

virginiana and Liquidambar styraciflua . Higman 459.

117.

ROSACEAE

1. Trees or woody shrubs.

2. Ovary inferior; fruit a pome or berry.

3. Plant not spiny; mature carpels papery.

4. Flowers in racemes; pome small, berry-like... Amelanchier

4. Flowers in corymbed or umbellate cymes, very showy; pome large and fleshy (a berry in P_. melanocarpa) Pyrus

3. Plant with long spines; mature carpels

hard, with 1 to 5 bony nutlets Crataegus

2. Ovary superior; fruit a follicle, capsule,

or drupe.

5. Plant a shrub; fruit dehiscent, a follicle

or capsule. (Also, flowers white in dense

elongate panicles in species collected;

cultivated) Spiraea

5. Plant a tree; fruit indehiscent, a drupe.

(Also, flowers in racemes or corymbs) Prunus

1. Herbs or semi-woody shrubs, the latter thorny.

6. Ovaries partly or entirely enclosed by the calyx.

7. Plant herbaceous.

8. Calyx covered with stiff, hooked bristles;

petals 5, yellow; leaves pinnately

compound Agrimonia

8. Calyx without hooked bristles; petals none, flowers greenish; leaves palmately cleft. Expected (Alchemilla)

7. Plant a thorny shrub. (Also, flowers white

and pink, showy; calyx an open cup, ripening

as a fleshy lip; leaves pinnately compound) Rosa

6. Ovaries not enclosed by the calyx.

118.

9. Plant a thorny shrub; fruit a cluster of juicy drupelets Rubus

9. Plant herbaceous; fruit achenes.

10. Plant prostrate-spreading.

11. Receptacle pulpy, enlarged in fruit

(strawberry-like); leaflets 3, digitate.

12. Petals white; bractlets of calyx similar to the narrow

lobes Fragaria

12. Petals yellow; bractlets of calyx

much broader than the lobes, 3- toothed. (Also, plant very pilose;

stipules 3-divided) Duchesnea

11. Receptacle dry, hairy, not enlarged in fruit; leaflets 5, palmate. (Also,

petals yellow) Potentilla

10. Plant erect. (Also, receptacle hairy).

12. Petals yellow; receptacle flatish; leaves

oblanceolate to narrowly obovate, coarsely

serrate, never lobed Potentilla

12. Petals white; receptacle conic-cylindric;

leaves broadly oblanceolate or rhombic,

serrate, the lower often lobed or cleft. Geum

Amelanchier

1. Racemes ascending; sepals divergent in fruit;

petals 7-12 mm. long; leaves blunt or acute at apex, glabrous beneath, round at base A. canadensis

1. Racemes drooping; sepals tightly reflexed in fruit;

petals 1-2 mm. long; leaves acuminate at apex, tomentose beneath, round or cordate at base A. arborea

119.

Amelanchler canadensis Medic. Shad-bush,

Service Berry

Ivy Neck. Two stations: head of Scaffold Creek estuary and east bank of Scaffold Peninsula. Canopy of Quercus alba , Carya tomentosa , Fagus grandifolia , Acer rub rum . Higman 594, 844.

A. arborea (Michx. f.) Fern. Shad-bush,

Service Berry

Java Farm. One station: Hog Island. Hectare 3592. Canopy of Quercus prinus . Associate species: Rhododendron nudiflora , Nyssa

sylvatica , Gaylussacia baccata . Cornus florida . Higman 117.

Pyrus

1. Leaves glandular along upper midrib; petals less than 1 cm. long and 7 mm. broad; fruit small and berry-like P_. melanocarpa

1. Leaves not glandular; petals 1-2 cm. long and 0.8-1.5

cm. broad; fruit large and fleshy.

2. Leaves and branchlets glabrous; fruit pear-shaped,

yellow P_. communis

2. Leaves and branchlets white-tomentose; fruit

apple-shaped , red P_. malus

Pyrus melanocarpa (Michx.) Willd.

(Aronia melanocarpa (Michx.) Ell.) Chokeberry

Java Farm. One station on Fox Point, under canopy of Quercus prinus . Also observed on Hog Island. Hectares 3558, 3592. Higman 532.

P_. communis L. Pear

Java Farm. Infrequent on steep west-facing slope overlooking

meadow, adjacent northern boundary. Persistent after cultivation.

Canopy of Juglans nigra .

J?, malus L. Apple

Java Farm. Infrequent on south-facing slope overlooking meadow,

adjacent northern boundary. Persistent after cultivation. Open canopy also

includes Liriodendron tulipif era and Robinia pseudoacacia .

Ivy Neck. Infrequent on borders of cultivated fields. Presumably

cultivated. Higman 157, 506, 578, 597, 604.

120.

Crataegus

Crataegus pruinosa (Wendl.) K. Koch Hawthorn, Red Haw

Ivy Neck. One station on east shore of Scaffold Creek; canopy

of Quercus prinus , J^. velutina , and Carya tomentosa . Another station

on east shore of Cheston Creek; small area of Quercus phellos-mixed

hardwoods. Higman 656, 1073.

Spiraea

Spiraea prunifolia Sieb. & Zucc? Spiraea

Ivy Neck. Two stations near old houses. Hectares 4720, 4658. Persistent after cultivation. Higman 593, 1144.

Prunus

1 . Flowers in long racemes P_. serotina

1. Flowers umbellate or corymbed.

2. Ovary and fruit tomentose P_. persica

2. Ovary and fruit glabrous, not glaucous P_. avium

Prunus serotina Ehrh. Black Cherry

Java Farm. Infrequent to moderately abundant in old fields and along roadsides. Associate species: Sassafras albidum , Acer rubrum , Quercus palustris , Liquidambar styracif lua . Cornus f lorida .

Ivy Neck. Infrequent in old fields between east and west forks

of Scaffold Creek estuary, in forest at source of Scaffold Creek

drainage (east fork), and in forest of central Scaffold Peninsula.

Moderately abundant on Cheston Point and in coves behind salt marsh

there. Associate species: those at Java Farm plus Robinia

pseudoacacia , Rhus typhina , Quercus velutina . Higman 139, 644. Prunus persica (L.) Batsch Peach

Java Farm. One station at main buildings. Hectare 2580. Persistent

after cultivation. Higman 598, 867.

121.

J?, avium L. Sweet Cherry

Java Farm. Infrequent along shore of Muddy Creek and Fox Creek

estuaries. Associate species not definite, may include Robinia

pseudoacacia , Liquidambar styraciflua , Ulmus rubra , Cornus florida .

Ivy Neck. Infrequent along shores of estuaries and at Cheston

Point, not associated with Quercus prinus canopy. Also one station

(presumably cultivated) beside old house on upper Scaffold Peninsula.

Higman 422, 424, 585, 767, 1163, 1164.

Agrimonia

1. Larger leaflets of middle and upper leaves lanceacuminate, sharply serrate, villous and copiously

white-glandular-dotted beneath. (Also, axis of raceme minutely glandular) A. parvif lora

1. Larger learlets of middle and upper leaves ovateoblong, coarsely dentate, either villous or glandulardotted but not both.

2. Axis of raceme minutely glandular, glabrous or nearly so; rachis and lower leaflet surfaces

glabrous A. rostellata

2. Axis of raceme glandless, pubescent; rachis

and lower leaflet surfaces pubescent.

3. Larger leaflets broadly obtuse at apex; mature hypanthium about 2 mm. long A. microcarpa

3. Larger leaflets acute to blunt at apex; mature hypanthium about 3 mm. long.

Expected (A. pubescens )

Agrimonia parviflora Ait. Agrimony

Java Farm. Infrequent in grassy fields between south side

of main building area and old entrance road. Associate species:

S planum carolinense , Cirsium discolor , Erigeron annuus , Verbascum

thapsus . Asclepias syriaca .

Ivy Neck. One station: drainage into Cheston Creek estuary. Hectare 4743. Canopy of Robinia pseudoacacia . Diospyros virginiana . Platanus occidentalis . Associate species: Elephantopus carolinianus . Cuphea petiolata .

A. rostellata Wallr. Agrimony

Java Farm. Infrequent along abandoned trail between old entrance

gate and Muddy Creek, parallel to north boundary. Canopy of mature

Fagus grandifolia . Carya tomentosa . Quercus alba , Liriodendron tulipifera,

etc. Higman 1079.

122.

A. microcarpa Wallr. AgrimonyJava Farm. Infrequent along old entrance road between gate and Muddy Creek. Canopy same as for A. rostellata above. Associate species: Lactuca f loridana , Eupatorium purpureum , Desmodium paniculatum , Desmodium glutinosum , Elephantopus carolinianus , Polygonum cespitosum

var. longisetum . Higman 32.

Rosa

1. Styles united into a column equalling the stamens.

2. Stipules entire; leaflets 3. Expected (R. setigera )

2. Stipules fringed like a comb; leaflets 7 or 9 R. multif lora

1. Styles free (sometimes partly united) and shorter

than the stamens.

3. Sepals persistent in fruit; foliage not glandular-aromatic. Expected (£.• cinnamoaea)

3. Sepals deciduous in fruit, if persistent, the foliage glandular-aromatic.

4. Mature hips 2 cm. long or more, ellipsoidovoid, the achenes often visible through the

walls. (Also, leaves glabrous, glandless,

not aromatic) R. canina

4. Mature hips usually 1 cm. long or shorter

(1.5 cm. long in R. micrantha ) , ovoid-subglobose,

opaque.

5. Leaves glandular beneath at least, ovalovate, the teeth glandular or gland-tipped;

hips sparsely glandular-hirsute to glabrous; sepals fringed like a comb.

6. Sepals persistent until fruit is entirely

ripe (only sure distinction) ; leaflets

strongly glandular above; styles

pubescent. Expected (R. eglanteria )

6. Sepals promptly deciduous in fruit;

leaflets sparsely glandular above;

styles glabrous or nearly so R. micrantha

123.

5. Leaves glandless, narrowly ellipticobovate; hips and sepals glandularhirsute; sepals entire or with 2 narrow lateral divisions.

7. Stipules upwardly dialated, the

spreading adnate part of the pair

3-10 mm. broad. Expected

(R. virginiana)

7. Stipules with parallel sides, the

adnate part .5-2 mm. broad.

8. Sepals entire; leaflets glabrous,

or pilose only on veins beneath;

cauline thorns stout and recurved R. palustris

8. Sepals with 2 narrow lateral

divisions; leaflets pilose beneath;

cauline thorns slender and straight.... R. Carolina

Rosa multif lora Thunb. Rose

Java Farm and Ivy Neck. Infrequent, usually on banks of streams

and in nearby old fields. Associate species: Gratiola virginiana , Trifolium repens , Tripsacum dactyloides , Panicum clandestinum . Viburnum

prunifolium, Rhus typhina , Celastrus scandens . Higman 221, 328, 680,

703, 727.

R. canina L. Dog Rose

Ivy Neck. One station: steep bluff above sandy shore of Rhode River

on Cheston Peninsula, north of Sand Point. Associate species: Amorpha

frutescens , Rhus typhina , Verbascum thapsus , Daucus carota , Atriplex

patula, Plantago lanceolata , Juncus tenuis , Solidago sempervirens , Cirsium discolor , Arctium minus . Higman 368, 1162.

R. micrantha Sm. Sweetbrier

Java Farm. Infrequent in old fields. Associate species: Rosa

palustris , Solidago altissima , Rhus radicans . Higman 377, 761.

R. palustris Marsh. Swamp Rose

Java Farm. Infrequent along shores of streams and estuaries,

landward margin of salt marsh on tidal portion of Muddy Creek, and scattered along Fox Creek drainage and adjacent fields. Associate species:

Salix nigra . Rosa micrantha , Myrica cerifera . Viburnum prunifolium . Higman 291, 368, 379, 466, 861.

124.

R. Carolina L. Rose

Ivy Neck. One station: east shore of Scaffold Peninsula.

Canopy of mature Quercus prinus , Quercus alba , Carya tomentosa , Acer rubrum, Fagus grandifolia . Higman 846.

Rubus

1. Flowers 3-4 cm. broad, with spreading petals;

fruit often drying in the receptacle without

falling; leaves pale green beneath, pilose

on both sides; stems and petioles very bristly R. hispidus

1. Flowers much smaller, with calyx lobes exceeding

petals; fruit readily falling from receptacle;

leaves densely white-woolly beneath, nearly

glabrous above; stems and petioles pubescent

or glabrous.

2. Stems, petioles, pedicels, and calyx with dense

red glandular hairs; leaflets red-veined;

fruit red R. phoenicolasius

2. Stems glabrous but often very glaucous; petioles

and pedicels slightly pilose with non-glandular

hairs; calyx tomentose; leaflets green-veined;

fruit purple-black R. occidentalis

Rubus hispidus L. Dewberry, Bramble Java Farm. One station: border of mixed hardwood forest at end

of road to springhouse. Hectare 3427.

Ivy Neck. One station: prostrate in cornfield on Scaffold

Peninsula and in adjacent forest.

(May be infrequent to moderately abundant at forest borders.)

Higman 658.

R. phoenicolasius Maxim. Wineberry

Java Farm. One station: near northeast border fence. Hectare

2550. Summit of steep west-facing slope (old orchard); dense

canopy of Juglans nigra , dense ground layer of Lonicera japonica . Also in small ravine at base of slope, adjoining meadow. Higman 781.

125,

R. occidentalis L. Black Raspberry

Java Farm. Dominant in many old fields, forming dense clumps. Seems to compete well with Camp sis radicans and Lonicera japonica . Also scattered in grassy areas. Higman 702, 648.

Fragaria

Fragaria virginiana Duchesne Strawberry

Java Farm. Three stations: grassy triangle at entrance gate,

washed-out culvert on upper Fox Creek, and open glade at end of springhouse road. All sites moderately moist, moderately sunny, and moderately free of Rhus radicans and Lonicera japonica . Associated

with Viola spp. , Duchesnea indica, assorted grasses. Higman 622.

Duchesnea

Duchesnea indica (Andr.) Focke. False or Indian

Strawberry

Java Farm. Moderately abundant to abundant in same habitat as Fragaria virginiana above. Also found in bottom of Muddy Creek valley,

under canopy of Fraxinus americana and Platanus occidentalis ; associate

species there include Ranunculus sceleratus and Allium vineale .

Ivy Neck. Moderately abundant along Cheston Creek drainage.

Canopy of mature Platanus occidentalis , Robinia pseudoacacia . Higman

177, 313, 609, 783.

Potentilla

1. Stem erect, 2-9 dm. high.

2. Leaves digitately 5- to 7-foliate; teeth of larger

leaflets narrowly deltoid, ascending toward the

apex; petals notched at apex; flowers 15 to 25

mm. broad P_. recta

2. Leaves palmately 3-foliate; teeth of larger

leaflets broadly acute, spreading; petals only

slightly notched at apex; flowers 3 to 10 mm. broad P_. norvegica

126.

1. Stem prostrate-trailing.

3. Rhizome short and blunt, max. 2 cm. long;

stipules of basal leaves with oblong-lanceolate

flat auricles; leaves small at anthesis P. canadensis

3. Rhizome irregularly enlarged, max. 8 cm. long;

stipules of basal leaves with linear-lanceolate

inrolling auricles; leaves expanded at anthesis.... P_. simplex

(NOTE: These last two species look very similar in the field and on herbarium sheets, and distinguishing characters cannot be fully trusted.)

Potentilla recta L. Five-finger

Java Farm & Ivy Neck, One station each: both on open, unshaded

roadsides. Higman 720.

P_. norvegica L. Five-finger

Java Farm. One station at border of parking lot, main building area. Hectare 2580.

Ivy Neck. One station: near old barn on south side of artificial

pond at source of Cheston Creek drainage. Hectare 4723. Associate

species: Ipomoea hederacea . Datura stramonium , Cyperus strigosus , Abutilon

theophrasti , Eleusine indica, Polygonum persicaria . Higman 932, 998.

P_. canadensis L. Five-finger

Java Farm. One station: near old entrance gate. Hectare 2463. Canopy of mature Fagus grandifolia , Quercus alba , Quercus velutina,

Liriodendron tulipifera , Carya tomentosa . etc. Higman 664.

P_. simplex Michx. Five-finger

Java Farm. One station: along old Muddy Creek Road. Same habitat as J?, canadensis above. Hectare 2472. Higman 665.

Geum

Geum canadense Jacq. Java Farm. Moderately abundant along new entrance road,

especially near culvert of Fox Creek drainage. Associate species:

Panicum clandestinum , Duchesnea indica , Agrimonia microcarpa , Lonicera

japonica . Site is partly shaded by Juglans nigra and Liquidambar

styraciflua . Continued next page.

127.

Less frequent in forest north of Fox Creek marsh and in Muddy

Creek valley near old entrance road. Both areas have dense, mature

canopy and a dense ground layer of Lonicera japonica . Associate

species at both locations: Elephantopus carolinianus . Higman 184,

248, 830.

LEGUMINOSAE

1. Stamens completely separate, (monadelphous at base

in Amorpha )

2. Stamens inserted on the calyx.

3. Herbs; flowers yellow; petioles with 1 or more glands Cassia

3. Trees; flowers white or pink; petioles without

basal glands.

4. Plants thorny. Expected (Gleditsia)

4. Plants thornless.

5. Leaves bipinnate, with ovate leaflets;

flowers white, not papilionaceous; legumes

thick and woody, 1 dm. or more in length.. Gymnocladus

5. Leaves simple, cordate; flowers pink,

papilionaceous, appearing before the leaves; legumes not woody, approx.

5-7 cm. long Cercis

2. Stamens inserted on the corolla.

6. Shrubs; sandy shoreline habitat; leaves

with 13 to 35 leaflets; corolla of 1 violet

petal; legumes resin-dotted Amorpha

6. Herbs; inland habitat; leaves with 3 leaflets; corolla of 5 yellow petals

(papilionaceous); legumes not resinous Baptisia

1. Stamens monadelphous or diadelphous. Herbs,

except Robinia. ( Wisteria and Cytisus omitted)

128.

7. Anthers of 2 forms; legume dehiscent. (Also, stamens monadelphous) . Expected (Luplnus )

7. Anthers uniform. (Stylosanthes has 2 forms but legume is indehiscent)

8. Leaflets denticulate or serrulate.

9. Inflorescence a head; petals persistent

in fruit Trifolium

9. Inflorescence a raceme or spike; petals

deciduous in fruit.

10. Legume straight; plant about 1 m. tall Melilotus

10. Legume curved; plant (in species

collected) low and spreading Medicago

8. Leaflets entire.

11. Trees, thorny. (Also, 3 to 10 pairs of leaflets) Robinia

11. Herbs, thornless.

12. Plant not a vine, without tendrils nor twining. (2 species of Lespedeza

are prostrate and spreading).

13. Leaflets 5 or more, up to approx. 25; legume dehiscent.

Expected (Aeschynomene , Tephrosia)

13. Leaflets 3; legume indehiscent.

14. Leaflets stipellate (with

appendages like stipules)

calyx 2-lipped; flowers

purple to pink; legume

adhesive Desmodium

14. Leaflets not stipellate;

calyx subequally 5-toothed;

flowers yellow or whitish;

legume not adhesive.

129.

15. Flowers whitish with purple markings;

stamens diadelphous; calyx persistent

in fruit. (Some species have apetalous

flowers also) Lespedeza

15. Flowers yellow; stamens monadelphous (2 kinds of anthers) ; calyx deciduous in fruit Stylosanthes

12. Plant a vine, trailing or twining, may have

tendrils.

16. Tendrils terminating the pinnate leaves;

leaflets 10 or more Vicia

16. Tendrils absent; leaves odd-pinnate, with 3 to 9 leaflets.

17. Leaflets usually 5 to 9, ovate- lanceolate Apios

17. Leaflets 3.

18. Corolla yellow. Expected ( Rhynchosia )

18. Corolla blue or purple to white.

19. Style not bearded.

20. Flowers both petaliferous and apetalous, the latter attached

to roots; calyx of petaliferous

flowers without small bracts

at base of pedicel; calyx teeth

subequal Amphicarpa

20. Flowers all petaliferous;

calyx with small bracts at base of pedicel; calyx 2- lipped, deeply cleft. Expected ( Pueraria )

19. Style bearded.

21. Style bearded at summit

around stigma. Expected

( Centrosema )

21. Style bearded along upper

surface.

130.

22. Flowers numerous in racemes or panicles; keel spirally coiled Phaseolus

22. Flowers 1 to few in heads or short racemes; keel curved but not spirally

coiled.

23. Flowers 4-6 cm. long. Expected

( Clitoria).

23. Flowers .6-2.5 cm. long. ( Also,

keel long and blackened; flowers creamy with pink tinge; legume

linear , flat

Strophostyles

Cassia fasciculata Michx. Partridge Pea Java Farm. Infrequent along Fox Point Road. Associate species: Daucus carota , Verbascum thapsus , Plantago major , Prunella vulgaris , Ambrosia artemisiifolia , Erigeron canadensis .

Ivy Neck. Infrequent on tractor trails and field borders.

Higman 16.

Gymnocladus

Gymnocladus dioica (L.) K. Koch Kentucky Coffee-tree

Ivy Neck. One station: large tree by parking area, north of entrance road. Hectare 4720. Probably cultivated. Higman 1047, 1053.

Cercis

Cercis canadensis L. Redbud

Ivy Neck. Infrequent in forest of central Scaffold Peninsula.

Canopy of Quercus alba , Quercus velutina , Nyssa sylvatica , Liriodendron

tulipifera , Carya tomentosa , etc. Understory includes Rhus typhina . Higman 595.

Amorpha

Amorpha fruticosa L. False Indigo

Ivy Neck. Infrequent along landward margin of sandy beach, at shore

of Rhode River. Associate species: Baccharis halimifolia . Higman 1063.

131.

Baptisia

Baptisia tinctoria (L.) R. Vr. Wild Indigo

Java Farm. One station: Fox Point, at end of road. Hectare 3558. Canopy of mature Quercus prinus , Quercus alba . Associate species: Liatris

graminifolia . Higman 431.

Trifolium

1. Flowers sessile in head.

2. Heads cylindric, not subtended by opposite

leaves; flowers pale gray; calyx long-villous T_. arvense

2. Heads subglobose, subtended by opposite leaves;

flowers pink or reddish; calyx densely shortpilose T_. pratense

1. Flowers pedicellate in head.

3. Flowers yellow, becoming brown with age T. procumbens

3. Flowers white to reddish-pink.

4. Stems repent or creeping, the peduncles

ascending ; flowers white _T. repens

4. Stems erect or ascending; flowers pink or reddish T_. hybridum

Trifolium arvense L. Rabbit-foot Clover

Ivy Neck. Infrequent along tractor trail beside grassy abandoned

field. Associate species: Hypericum perforatum , Festuca elatior , Trifolium hybridum , Rudbeckia serotina . Higman 813.

T. pratense L. Red Clover

Ivy Neck. Moderately abundant in central part of grassy abandoned

field. Associate species: Trifolium hybridum , Verbascum blatteria , Oenothera fruticosa . Higman 545, 695.

JJ. pratense , var. sativum (Mill.) Schreb. Java Farm. Infrequent along new entrance road. Associate species:

Vicia sativa , Melilotus alba . Higman 203.

132.

_T. procumbens L. Hop Clover

Java Farm. One station: south-facing slope adjacent north border,

overlooking meadow. Hectare 2458. Open canopy of Pyrus malus , Robinia

pseudoacacia , Liriodendron tulipifera . Fairly dense Rhus radicans

and Lonicera japonica . Higman 1119.

JJ. repens L. White Clover

Java Farm, Infrequent to moderately abundant along old entrance

road and road to springhouse. Higman 673, 705, 706.

T. hybridum L. Alsike Clover

Ivy Neck. Moderately abundant in grassy abandoned field. Associated

with JJ. pratense above. Higman 687, 689, 817.

Melilotus

1. Petals yellow M. officinalis

1. Petals white M. alba

Melilotus officinalis (L») Lam. Yellow Sweet Clover

Java Farm. Moderately abundant around main buildings and along

sunny roadsides.

Ivy Neck. Infrequent, around farm buildings. Higman 511, 700.

M. alba Desr. White Sweet Clover

Java Farm and Ivy Neck. Same habitat as M. officinalis above;

somewhat more abundant. Associate species: Cirsium discolor , Osclepias

syriaca , Verbascum thapsus . Higman 361.

Medicago

Medicago lupulina L. Black Medick

Java Farm. One station: weedy lawn beside parking area at main

buildings. Hectare 2580. Associate species: Melilotus alba. Higman 701,

133.

Robinia pseudoacacia L. Black Locust,

Yellow Locust (L)

Java Farm and Ivy Neck. Infrequent to moderately abundant in old fields and immature forest, often associated with Liquidambar

styraciflua . Absent to infrequent in mature hardwood forest. Formerly

cultivated at Java Farm, on south- and west-facing slopes overlooking

meadow. Higman 264, 696, 1046.Desmodium

1. Stamens monadelphous; stipe of loment (legume)

equal to or exceeding the pedicel, more than 3 times as long as calyx.

2. Inflorescences axillary and terminal; flowers

white. Expected (D. pauciflorum)

2. Inflorescences terminal only; flowers rose to purple. (Also, flowering stem leafless or nearly so).

3. Flowering stem leafless at base; leaves at apex of a sterile stem. Expected

(D. nudf ilorum)

3. Flowering stem arising from a basal whorl

of leaves I) . glutinosum

1. Stamens diadelphous (9 and 1) ; stipe of loment

shorter than the pedicel, not over twice as long

as calyx.

4. Stipules ovate-attenuate, cordate at base,

conspicuous. Expected (D. ochroleucum , _D. canescens ) .

4. Stipules linear to lance-ovate-attenuate, often

deciduous.

5. Loments with 1 to 3 articles. (Also, flowers

not longer than 6 mm. ; bracts not longer than

3 mm.) Expected (D- rigidum , _D. ciliare , D. marilandicum )

5. Loments with 4 or more articles (occasionally

only 3).

6. Leaflets linear-lanceolate to lance-ovate,

not ciliate, nearly glabrous; stem glabrous

or nearly so I) . paniculatum

6. Leaflets rhombic to ovate, ciliate,

pilose on both surfaces; stem puberulent

and/or pilose.

134,

7. Venation of leaflets conspicuously

reticulate.

8. Flowers 6.5-13.5 mm. long; primary

bracts up to 12 mm. long; loments

sessile or nearly so I), canadense

8. Flowers and bracts smaller; loments

on stipes.

9. Leaflets tomentose beneath, velvety

to touch, pilose above. Expected

(D. viridif lorum)

9. Leaflets appressed-pilose on both

surfaces D . glabellum

7. Venation of leaflets inconspicuous.

10. Plant prostrate. (Also, stipules

ovate- to lance-attenuate)

Expected (I), humifusum) .

10. Plant erect. (Also, stipules linearto lance-attenuate) I), perplexum

Desmodium glutinosum (Muhl.) Wood Tick Trefoil

Java Farm. Infrequent to moderately abundant along old entrance

road. Canopy of mature Fagus grandifolia , Quercus alba , Liriodendron

tulipifera , etc. Associate species: Agrimonia microcarpa , Lactuca

floridana var. villosa , Eupatorium purpureum , Elephantopus carolinianus , Smilacina racemosa. Tovara virginiana . Dentaria laciniata , etc. Higman 34, 36.

JJ. paniculatum (L.) DC. Tick Trefoil

Java Farm. Infrequent along old entrance road. Associated

with D_. glutinosum above. Higman 33.

D. canadense (L.) DC. Tick Trefoil

Java Farm. Infrequent -along old entrance road. Associated

with p_. glutinosum above. Higman 40.

D. glabellum (Michx.) DC. Tick Trefoil

Java Farm. Infrequent along old entrance road. Associated

with D_. glutinosum above. Higman 39.

135.

D. perplexum Schub. Tick Trefoil

(not in Britton and Brown)

Java Farm. One station in large field south of old entrance

road and east of road to springhouse. Hectare 3419. Rhus radicans

and Solidago altissima dominate. Associate species: Lespedeza cuneata , Eupatorium serotinum . Cyperus strigosus . Clematis virginiana . Daucus

carota .

Ivy Neck. One station in fallow field between entrance road and

Scaffold Creek drainage. Hectare 4668. Associate species: Setaria

lutescens , Eupatorium serotinum , Echinochloa pungens , Strophostyles

umbellata . Higman 119, 834.

Lespedeza

1. Stipules and bracts broad and scarious; calyx lobes

broad; annuals. (Stem prostrate in species

collected)

2. Flowers and fruits in tiny axillary clusters.

Expected (L. striata )

2. Flowers and fruits in long, bracted spiciform

racemes L_. stipulacea

1. Stipules and bracts narrow to awl-shaped; calyx lobes

narrow; perennials.

3.Petalif erous flowers in racemes or panicles; apetalous

ones present; calyx shorter than the legume,

flowers violet.

4. Peduncles of petalif erous flowers 2 to 4 times as long as the subtending leaves.

5. Stems erect or ascending. Expected

(L. violacea)

5. Stems prostrate, spreading.

6. Stems and leaf lets, densely pubescent L_. procumbens

6. Stems and leaflets glabrous or nearly so L. repens

4. Peduncles of petaliferous flowers equal to or shorter than the subtending leaves. Expected

(L. nuttallii , _L. virginica , L. intermedia )

136.

3. Petaliferous flowers in heads, spikes, or axillary racemes; apetalous ones absent

(except in _L. cuneata , in which the calyx equals

the legume); flowers white with purple markings.

7. Inflorescences at summit of stems and branches;

calyx very pilose. Expected (L. capitata , L,. hirta )

7. Inflorescences axillary along erect branches;

calyx nearly glabrous L. cuneata

Lespedeza stipulacea Maxim. Bush Clover

Ivy Neck. One station: on dirt road leading to abandoned wheat

field. Also old house by tobacco barn. Higman 1022. Hectares 4658, 4740,

L. procumbens Michx. Bush Clover

Java Farm. One station: level bank above upper Fox Creek; open

area dominated by Rubus spp. and Tripsacum dactyloides . Higman 323. Hectare 2593.

L. repens (L.) Bart. Bush Clover

Java Farm. One station: south-facing slope adjacent north

boundary, overlooking meadow. Open canopy of Pyrus malus , Liriodendron

tulipif era , and Robinia pseudoacacia . Dense ground cover of Lonicera japonic

and Rhus radicans except in a few spots like this

station. Higman 163. Hectare 2459.

L_. cuneata (Dumont) G. Don Bush Clover Java Farm. Infrequent to moderately abundant in old fields

dominated by Rubus spp., Solidago altissima , Camps is radicans , Lonicera

japonica , Rhus radicans , etc. Higman 123, 372. Stylosanthes

Stylosanthes biflora (L.) BSP. Pencil-flower

Java Farm. Collected by H. David Hammond.

Vicia

1. Peduncle very short or wanting. (Also, flowers

purple)

2. Flower 1.8-3 cm. long; mature legumes brown, terete V. sativa

2. Flower 1-1.8 cm. long; mature legumes black,

somewhat flattened V. angustif olia

137.

1. Peduncle equal to or longer than the leaflets.

3. Flowers 1 to 8, 3-8 mm. long.

4. Legume beakless, not oblique V_. tetrasperma

4. Legume beaked, oblique at the tip.

Expected (V. hirsuta)

3. Flowers 3 to 40 or more, .8-2 cm. long

(if less than 8 in number, then 1.5-2 cm. long).

5. Calyx teeth deltoid; flowers scattered in racemes. Expected (_V. caroliniana )

5. Calyx teeth lance-attenuate to linear;

flowers strongly overlapping.

6. Plant glabrous or appressed-pilose.

Expected (V. dasycarpa )

6. Plant villous, the lower calyx teeth

ciliate V_. villosa

Vicia sativa L. Vetch

Java Farm. Infrequent along new entrance road. Associate species:

Melilotus alba , Trifolium pratense , Lepidium campestre . Ranunculus

bulbosus . Higman 635.

V. angustifolia Reichard Vetch

Java Farm. Infrequent along old entrance road, near main

building area. Lonicera japonica and Rhus radicans dominant.

Higman 1165.

V. tetrasperma (L.) Moench. Vetch

Java Farm. Infrequent along old entrance road, near main

building area. Higman 1166.

V. villosa Roth, var. glabrescens

(variety not in Britton and Brown) Vetch

Ivy Neck. One station in grassy field near parking area and old

house. Hectare 4720. Higman 719.

Java Farm. One station beside entrance road. Higman 1246.

138.

Apios

Apios americana Medic. Wild Bean,

Ground-nut

Java Farm. One station: salt marsh along tidal portion of Muddy Creek, upstream from Hog Island marsh. Hectare 3540. Associate

species: Spartina alternif lora , Pluchea camphor ata , Kosteletzkya

virginica . Higman 283.

Amphicarpa

Amphicarpa bracteata (L.) Fern. Hog Peanut

Java Farm. Infrequent along banks of Muddy Creek (fresh-water)

Canopy of Fraxinus americana ; understory of Lindera benzoin . Higman 92, 1044.

Phaseolus

Phaseolus polystachios (L^ BSP. Wild Bean Java Farm. One station: valley of Muddy Creek, upstream from

culvert at old entrance road, near Phalaris arundinacea meadow. Hectare 2467. Canopy of Platanus occidentalis, Fagus grandifolia , Quercus alba . Understory of Lindera benzoin . Ground layer of Lonicera

japonica . Higman 178.

Strophostyles

1. Principal leaflets ovate, may be somewhat 3-lobed,

acuminate; stem glabrous or spreading-pilose J3. helvola

1. Principal leaflets very narrowly ovate, unlobed;

stem retrorsely pilose for 1-2 dm. back from tip only.

S^. umbellata

Strophostyles helvola (L.) Ell. Wild Bean

Ivy Neck. Infrequent on sand bars and beaches at the Rhode River

shore of Cheston Peninsula. Associate species: Cenchrus tribuloides , Spartina alternif lora . Higman 1014.

_S. umbellata (Muhl.) Britt. Wild Bean

Ivy Neck. One station: fallow field between entrance road and forested valley of Scaffold Creek drainage. Hectare 4668. Associate

species: Desmodium perplexum , Echinochloa pungens , Eupatorium

serotinum, Setaria lutescens . Higman 1116.

139. OXALIDACEAE

Oxalis

1. Plant stemless, the leaves and scapes basal; petals

purple or white. Expected (0. violacea)

1. Plant with leafy stem; petals yellow.

2. Petals 12-18 mm. long. Expected (0. grandis )

2. Petals 5-11 mm. long.

3. Stems prostrate, rooting at the node; stipules

broad, brownish. Expected (0. corniculata )

3. Stems ascending, not rooting above the base; stipules narrow or wanting.

4. Fruiting pedicels straight, erect or ascending. Expected (0. europaea)

4. Fruiting pedicels deflexed, the capsules

erect.

5. Lower internodes of flowering stems glabrous or strigose; styles 1-2 mm.

long.

6. Capsule densely puberulent, 15-25 mm . long () . stricta

6. Capsule glabrous or remotely pilose,

8-12 mm. long 0_. filipes

5. Lower internodes spreading pilose;

styles 3-4 mm. long 0^. f lorida

Oxalis stricta L. Wood Sorrel, Sheep Sorrel Java Farm. Infrequent to moderately abundant in old fields.

Higman 760.

0_. filipes Small Wood Sorrel, Sheep Sorrel

(combined with (). stricta in Britton and Brown) Java Farm and Ivy Neck. Infrequent to moderately abundant in old fields; infrequent in open forest. Higman 171, 390, 396, 1115.

JD. florida Salisb. Wood Sorrel, Sheep Sorrel

(combined with 0_. stricta in Britton and Brown) Java Farm. One station: side of ravine, of tributary to tidal

portion of Muddy Creek. Hectare 3437. Canopy of Juglans nigra , Fagus

grandifolia . Quercus alba, Quercus velutina . Higman 718.

140. GERANIACEAE Geranium

1. Leaves .5-1.5 dm. wide, glabrous; rhizome at base

of stem; petals much exceeding calyx; beak of mature

style-column up to 2-3 cm. long G_. maculatum

1. Leaves not over .5 dm. wide, hirsute above, hirsute

on nerves below; rhizome absent, taproots present;

petals about equalling calyx; beak of mature stylecolumn 1-2 mm. long G_. carolinianum

Geranium maculatum L. Wild Geranium,

Crane's-bill

Java Farm. Infrequent; along old entrance road under mature

canopy of Fagus grandifolia , Quercus alba . Higman 625.

G_. carolinianum L. Wild Geranium,

Crane' s-bill Java Farm. One station in open, grassy triangle before entrance

gate. Hectare 2463. Associate species: Ranunculus bulbosus . Duchesnea

indica , Fragaria virginiana , Cyperus strigosus . Higman 642.

SIMAROUBACEAE

Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle Tree of Heaven

Java Farm. One station in old field, approximate hectare 3508. Rhus radicans abundant. Higman 1238.

EUPHORBIACEAE

1. Flowers with a calyx, not in a calyx-like involucre.

2. Stamens 2 or 3; styles simple. Expected

(Phyllanthus )

2. Stamens 5 to many; styles divided.

3. Pubescence of branched or stellate hairs.

Expected ( Croton , Crotonopsis )

3. Pubescence of simple hairs or absent. (Also,

flowers monoecious, the staminate ones very

small, in spikes; stamens 8 to 16; pistillate

flowers at the base of the spikes; styles 3, the stigmas cut-fringed, red) Acalypha

141.

1. Flowers without a calyx, in a calyx-like involucre. (Also,

staminate flowers culstered around a single pistillate

one; styles 3, each 2-cleft; outer structure (cyathium)

surrounding the involucre and bearing 4 or 5 glands,

these often with petaloid appendages

Euphorbia

Acalypha virginica L. Three-seeded Mercury

Ivy Neck. Infrequent along trail to artificial pond, above source

of Cheston Creek drainage. Associate species: Galinsoga ciliata , Gratiola

neglecta , Ranunculus sceleratus , Perilla f rutescens . Higman 1065.

Euphorbia

1. Leaves entire, symmetrical; appendages (on glands of cyathium) broadly obovate, petaloid; inflorescence

terminal, umbellate E. corollata

1. Leaves serrulate, oblique at base; appendages narrow

or rudimentary; inflorescence of axillary clusters.

2. Stem semi-prostrate, villous; appendages white,

narrow; ovary and capsule strigose _E. supina

2. Stem erect or ascending, glabrous; appendages

pink to maroon, very small; ovary and capsule

glabrous (purple spot on leaves is not a consistent character) _E. maculata

Euphorbia corollata L. Flowering Spurge

Java Farm. Infrequent in old fields among dense Rubus sp.

Rhus radicans , and Lonicera japonica . Higman 137, 388.

_E. supina Raf

Milk-purslane

(not in Britton and Brown) Java Farm. One station on Fox Point Road. Associate species:

Digitaria ischaemum , Eragrostis spectabilis , Juncus tenius . Higman 28.

_E. maculata L. Wortweed , Eyebane Java Farm. Infrequent in cracked pavement at main building area and

along Fox Point and old entrance roads. Higman 14, 120, 543, 983.

142.

ANACARDIACEAE

Rhus

1. Plant a woody vine, or with woody stems ascending

1 meter or higher; leaflets 3; flowers in axillary

panicles; drupes whitish R. radicans

1. Plant an erect woody shrub; leaflets 11 or more; flowers in terminal pyramidal panicles; drupes reddish.

2. Rachis of leaves winged; leaflets entire or nearly so R. copallina

2. Rachis of leaves not winged; leaflets coarsely

serrate.

3. Branches, petioles, and drupes with long,

dense pubescence R. typhina

3. Branches and petioles glabrous, drupes minutely

pubescent R. glabra

Rhus radicans L. Poison Ivy Java Farm and Ivy Neck. Ubiquitous, but conspicuously infrequent

under Quercus prinus canopy along estuary shores. Absent from salt

marshes, but invading sparsely wooded sandbar at Sand Point, Cheston

Peninsula.

R. radicans , forma malanotrichocarpa

(A. H. Moore) Fern. Java Farm. Old field near Fox Creek drainage. Dense, ascending

woody stems 3 to 5 feet tall. Near southern limit of known range. Higman 375.

R. radicans , var. vulgaris (Michx.)

DC. , forma negundo (Greene) Fern. Java Farm. Twining on tree north of Fox Creek marsh. Near northern

limit of known range. Higman 768.

R. copallina L. . Dwarf Sumac Java Farm. One station in valley of Muddy Creek, upstream from

culvert of old entrance road. Canopy of Fagus grandifolia , Quercus

alba , Liriodendron tulipifera , etc. Hectare 2457. Ivy Neck. Infrequent, in ditch through cornfields on Scaffold

Peninsula, also on west shore of Scaffold Peninsula under canopy of Liquidambar styracif lua , Acer rubrum, etc. Higman 179, 851.

143.

R. typhina L. Staghorn Sumac

Java Farm. Infrequent, usually in scattered clumps; observed

around main buildings, around burned house on road to springhouse

(charcoal-covered soil), and along Rhode River shore near pier.

Ivy Neck. One clump near Cheston Point, and scattered nearby.

Associate species: Prunus serotina , Robinia pseudoacacia . Infrequent

in forest of central Scaffold Peninsula. Associate species there: Quercus alba , Liquidambar styracif lua , etc. Higman 222, 360.

R.. glabra L. Smooth Sumac

Ivy Neck. Infrequent along top of bluff overlooking Rhode

River, on Cheston Peninsula. Hectare 4768. Associate species:

Maclura pomifera . Liquidambar styraciflua . Higman 1011. AQUIFOLIACEAE

Ilex opaca Ait. American Holly

Java Farm and Ivy Neck. Infrequent to moderately abundant along

estuary shores, under canopy of Quercus prinus and Quercus alba . Occasional in mature upland forest or even in old fields. Higman

288, 522. CELASTRACEAE

1. Plant a shrub, 1-1.5 meters high; leaves opposite;

capsule 5-valved, reddish-pink; seeds bright

orange Euonymus

1. Plant a woody vine; leaves alternate; capsule

3-valved, yellow-orange; seeds red Celastrus

Euonymus americanus L. Strawberry Bush

Java Farm. Infrequent, triangular area west of old Muddy Creek

Road. Hectare 2472. Canopy of Fagus grandifolia and Liriodendron

tulipifera . Higman 409. Celastrus

Celastrus scandens L. Bittersweet

Java Farm and Ivy Neck. One station each, both at top of bank

overlooking Rhode River. Also found on an old field fence at Java

Farm. Hectares 3407, 3600, 4890. Associate species at all sites:

dense Rhus radicans. Higman 219, 496.

144. ACERACEAE

Acer

1. Leaves pinnately compound; young branches bright

green; samaras forming a sharp, inverted V A. negundo

1. Leaves simple, palmately lobed; young branches not green; samaras forming a broad, inverted U or divergent.

2. Leaves 7-lobed, broader than long; sap milky;

samaras widely divergent; leaves green beneath A. platanoides

2. Leaves (3-) 5-lobed, usually longer than broad;

sap clear; samaras forming an inverted U or moderately

divergent; leaves white beneath.

3. Lobes extending more than halfway to midrib,

sides of terminal and sometimes lateral

lobes divergent; buds, flowers, petioles, young branches, and samaras yellowish-green A. saccharinum

3. Lobes usually extending less than halfway to midrib, sides of all lobes converging; buds,

flowers, petioles, young branches, and samaras (especially young) reddish to bright red A. rubrum

Acer negundo L. Boxelder

Java Farm and Ivy Neck. Infrequent in old fields and at margins

of forest. Higman 427, 577, 620.

A. platanoides L. Norway Maple

Java Farm. One station: single seedling on trail along north

boundary from old entrance gate to Muddy Creek. Hectare 2471. Canopy of Quercus alba , Liriodendron tulipifera , Acer rubrum, Fagus

grandifolia . Carya tomentosa, etc. Higman 1078.

A. saccharinum L. Silver Maple

Ivy Neck. One station: several large trees along marshy border of pasture (source of Cheston Creek). Hectare 4733. Grazing cows have

prevented understory development and have deposited considerable manure. Canopy of Robinia pseudoacacia . Diospyros virginiana . Higman 1071.

A. rubrum L. Red Maple

Java Farm and Ivy Neck. Aggressive invader of abandoned fields, often

co-dominant with Liquidambar styracif lua . Infrequent to moderately abundant

in almost all forested areas, especially moister ones. Higman 417, 556.

145.

BALSAMINACEAE

Impatiens capensis Meerb,

f. immaculata (Weath.) Fern, and Schub. Touch-me-not

Java Farm and Ivy Neck. Abundant in very moist, forested areas, especially the upper Muddy and Scaffold Creek valleys. Higman 76.

f. albiflora (Rand and Redf.) Fern, and Schub.

(I_. biflora Willd.) Touch-me-not

Java Farm. One station: freshwater part of Fox Creek marsh. Hectare 3516. Higman 242.

VITACEAE

1. Leaves simple, may be lobed; bark loosening in ropy shreds, without lenticels Vitis

1. Leaves with 5 palmate leaflets; bark tight, with

many lenticels Parthenocissus

Vitis

1. Leaves ovate-squarish, with dense rusty pubescence

beneath; grapes 1.5-2.5 cm. diameter V_. labrusca

1. Leaves cordate at base, acuminate at tip, glabrous

except for conspicuous tufts in axils of veins,

beneath; grapes 3-9 mm. diameter V. vulpina

Vitis labrusca L. Fox Grape

Java Farm. Infrequent in bottom of Muddy Creek valley. Canopy

of Fraxinus americana . Associate species: Rubus sp., Lonicera japonica . Higman 67.

V. vulpina L. Frost Grape

Java Farm. Moderately abundant in old fields. Associate species:

Rhus radicans , Camps is radicans , Lonicera japonica . Higman 166, 374.

Parthenocissus

Parthenocissus quinquef olia L. Virginia Creeper

Java Farm. Infrequent in old fields and at borders of freshwater

marshes. Associated with Rhus radicans, Lonicera japonica, etc. Higman 86, 224.

146.

MALVACEAE

1. Salt marsh habitat; flowers white or pink-violet;

carpels 5.

2. Flowers 8-12 cm. broad; petals white with red

bases; leaves broadly ovate, 3-lobed, feltpubescent Hibiscus

2. Flowers 6-8 cm. broad; petals roseate; leaves

cordate-ovate; stellate-puberulent Kosteletzkya

1. Roadside habitat; flowers yellow-orange; carpels

12-15 Abutilon

Hibiscus palustris L. , forma

peckii House Rose Mallow

Java Farm and Ivy Neck. Moderately abundant at shoreward margins

of wet salt marshes and marshy estuaries. Associate species: Typha

latif olia , T\ angustif olia , Kosteletzkya virginica . Iva frutescens , Baccharis halimifolia , Panicum virgatum , etc. Grows just seaward

of the Smilax rotundif olia zone. Higman 78. Kosteletzkya

Kosteletzkya virginica (L.) Presl. Seashore Mallow

Java Farm and Ivy Neck. Moderately abundant in same habitat

as Hibiscus palustris above. Higman 57, 281. Abutilon

Abutilon theophrasti Medic. Velvet-leaf

Ivy Neck. One station: border of cornfield beside old barn south

of artificial pond, near source of Cheston Creek. Hectare 4723. Associate species: Datura stramonium , Plantago major , Eleusine indica,

and Polygonum persicaria . Higman 1000. GUTTIFERAE

1. Sepals 4, in 2 unequal pairs; petals 4 Ascyrum

1. Sepals 5; petals 5 Hypericum

i Ascyrum hypericoides L. St. Andrew's Cross

Ivy Neck. One station: abandoned road near southern border of central mixed hardwood forest, Scaffold Peninsula. Canopy of Quercus

alba , Quercus velutina , Fagus grandifolia , etc. Higman 968.

147,

Hypericum

1. Flowers flesh-color or mauve, clustered in axils and' top of stem. Expected (H. virginicum)

1. Flowers yellow, in terminal cymes.

2. Stamens 20-100 or more.

3. Stamens in 3 to 5 clusters; styles 3; capsules,

petals, sepals, and leaves with black dots or lines (oil vesicles) , leaf dots may also be

translucent.

4. Plant very branched; leaves very numerous, elliptic-linear, usually with axillary

fascicles on whole stem and branches;

petals with black marginal dots; sepals

5-6 mm. long, acuminate H. perforatum

4. Plant branched only at summit for cyme;

leaves remote, elliptic-ovate, seldom with

axillary fascicles except on upper stem near cyme; petals with black lines; sepals

2-3 mm. long , acute or blunt H. punctatum

3. Stamens not in clusters; styles united into

a sharp beak; capsules, petals, sepals, and

leaves without oil vesicles or black markings.

Expected (H. densiflorum)

2. Stamens 5 to 12, if up to 20 the flowers are very small.

5. Leaves spreading, not linear-subulate.

6. Leaves ovate-deltoid or round-oblong, the upper cordate or clasping at base H. mutilum

6. Leaves lanceolate or linear to narrowly

obovate, tapering to sessile or shortpetioled base. Expected (H. canadense)

5. Leaves appressed or strongly ascending, linear-subulate.

Expected (H. gentianoides )

148. Klamath-weed

Hypericum perforatum L. St. John's-wort

Java Farm. One station: western part of main building area. Hectare 2499. Associate species: Erigeron canadensis , Achillea

millefolium , Setaria faberii , Flantago lanceolata .

Ivy Neck. Moderately abundant in abandoned wheatfield,

especially near road. Higman 7, 812, 955, 956.

H. punctatum Lam. St. John's-wort

Ivy Neck. Infrequent along abandoned road through forest of Scaffold Peninsula. Canopy of Quercus alba , Liriodendron tulipif era , Liquidambar styracif lua , Carya tomentosa , Nyssa sylvatica . Higman 928, 929.

H. mutilum L. St. John's-wort

Java Farm. One station: border of Phalaris arundinacea meadow,

north of main building area. Hectare 2560. Higman 156.

CISTACEAE

Lechea racemulosa Michx. Pinweed

Ivy Neck. One station: south shore of Scaffold Peninsula. Hectare 5763. Canopy of Quercus prinus . Higman 1049.

VIOLACEAE

Viola

1. Stemless; petioles and peduncles rising from thick

rhizome; flowers blue to violet.

2. Sepals ciliate.

3. Petioles and both or only the lower leaf surfaces

villous V_. sororia

3. Petioles glabrous; only upper leaf surface villous

or strigose V. septentrionalis

2. Sepals glabrous (rest of plant same except bearded

lateral petals) V. papilionacea

1. Stem leafy, rising from taproot; flowers white

to bluish V. kitaibeliana , var. raf inesquii

149.

Viola sororia Willd. Wooly Blue Violet

Ivy Neck. Abandoned road through central Scaffold Peninsula.

Canopy of Quercus alba , Quercus velutina, Nyssa sylvatica , Liriodendron

tulipifera , Carya tomentosa . Higman 599.

V. septentrionalis Green. Violet

Java Farm. Infrequent along old Muddy Creek Road. Canopy

of Fagus grandifolia , Quercus alba . Higman 548.

_V. papilionacea Pursh. Meadow Violet Java Farm. Moderately abundant on steep east-facing slope

adjacent north border. Hectare 2573. Canopy of Juglans nigra . Higman 581, 602, 629, 630.

V. kitaibeliana R. and S., var. raf inesquii Fern.

(V. raf inesquii Greene) Wild Pansy

Java Farm. Infrequent on south-facing slope adjacent north

border, overlooking meadow. Hectare 2550. Open canopy of Liriodendron

tulipifera , Pyrus malus , Robinia pseudoacacia . Found in scattered

grassy areas. Higman 1150.

(NOTE: All violet species except the last appear to be moderately

abundant throughout the more moist forested areas, especially on Java Farm. No clear pattern of distribution has yet been determined.)

PASSIFLORACEAE

Passiflora lutea L. Passion-flower

Ivy Neck. One station: west side of southern Cheston Peninsula. Low bluff overlooking big salt marsh. Hectare 5749. Canopy of Quercus

velutina and Carya tomentosa . Higman 1075.

LYTHRACEAE

1. Flowers regular or nearly so.

2. Calyx short, campanulate to globular. Expected

(Rotala, Ammannia)

2. Calyx tubular. (Also, petals white; leaves

linear) Lythrum

1. Flowers irregular, the tubular calyx spurred at base on the upper side. (Also, petals purple;

leaves ovate-lanceolate) Cuphea

150. Lythrum

Lythrum lineare L. Loosestrife

Java Farm. One station: Fox Creek salt marsh. Hectare 3527. Iva frutescens and Distichlis spicata dominant. Higman 61.

Cuphea

Cuphea petiolata (L.) Koehne Blue Waxweed

Ivy Neck. One station: moist woods along Cheston Creek

drainage. Hectare 4752. Canopy of Platanus occidentalis , Diospyros

virginiana , and Liquidambar styracif lua . Associate species : Duchesnea

indica , Eupatorium coe lest inurn , Ranunculus sceleratus , Viola sp

Higman 1005. NYSSACEAE

Nyssa sylvatica Marsh. Black Gum, Sour Gum

Java Farm and Ivy Neck. Infrequent to moderately abundant in a variety of mixed hardwood oanopies, especially oaks. Higman 109, 421, 520, ONAGRACEAE

1. Flowers 2-merous; fruit indehiscent, bristly Circaea

1. Flowers 4-merous (5- or 6-merous in Jussiaea)

fruit dehiscent.

2. Fruit indehiscent, with 1 to 4 seeds. Expected ( Gaura)

2. Fruit a dehiscent capsule (loculicidal)

many-seeded.

3. Leaves alternate; petals showy; capsule

stoutly cylindric Oenothera

3. Leaves opposite; petals inconspicuous or absent; capsule linear-cylindric or short

and angled to terete.

4. Stamens 4; capsule short; seeds glabrous Ludwigia

4. Stamens 8; capsule linear-cylindric, its

valves widely splitting; seeds with apical

tufts of hair, like the bristle pappus on achenes of Compos itae Epilobium

151.

Circaea

Circaea quadrisulcata (Maxim.) Franch. and Sav., var. canadensis

(L.) Hara Enchanter's Nightshade

Java Farm. One station: along old entrance road between intersections with Fox Point road and springhouse road. Hectare 3409.

Ivy Neck. One station: moist woods at Cheston Creek drainage. Hectare 4752. Canopy of Diospyros virginiana . Platanus occidentalis , Liquidambar styraciflua . Associate species: Eupatorium coelestinum , Duchesnea indica , Cuphea petiolata , Ranunculus sceleratus . Higman

821, 855.

Oenothera

1. Leaves lyrate-pinnatif id; stem leafy to base, often

branching at base. (Also, capsule 2-3 cm. long) 0_. laciniata

1. Leaves entire or shallowly serrate; stem often nearly

leafless below the middle, branching above the middle.

2. Calyx tube 1.8-4.4 cm. long; capsules 1-3.5 cm. long, lance-cylindric, nearly sessile, appressed

ascending _0. biennis

2. Calyx tube .5-1.5 cm. long; capsules 6-11 mm. long, short-ellipsoid, tapering to slender

stipes 5-15 mm. long* ascending-spreading Q. fruticosa

Oenothera laciniata Hill Evening Primrose

Ivy Neck. One station in abandoned field on Scaffold Peninsula. Hectare 4761. Associate species: Hypericum perforatum , Trifolium

pratense , Trifolium hybridum , Eupatorium serotinum , Plantago virginica . Higman 690.

_0. biennis L. Evening Primrose

Java Farm. One station on Fox Point Road. Ivy Neck. Infrequent in grassy abandoned field on Scaffold

Peninsula. Associated with 0. laciniata above. Higman 145, 954, 1018.

_0. fruticosa L. Evening Primrose

Ivy Neck. Moderately abundant in abandoned field on Scaffold

Peninsula. Associated with _0. laciniata and 0_. biennis and their

associates above. Higman 1114.

152.

Ludwigia

1. Leaves alternate; stems erect; flowers pedicelled;

petals yellow, conspicuous L_. alternifolia

1. Leaves opposite; stems ascending to depressed;

flowers sessile; petals purple to green, or wanting _L. palustris

Ludwigia alternifolia L. Seedbox

Ivy Neck. One station: marsh at head of Cheston Creek estuary. Hectare 4753. Associate species: Typha latifolia , Scirpus americana , Panicum clandestinum , Eleocharis intermedia . Higman 1100.

L. palustris (L.) Ell., var. americana (DC.) Fern, and Grisc. Water-purslane

Ivy Neck. Infrequent on muddy shore of artificial pond near

source of Cheston Creek drainage. Hectare 4723. Associate species:

Eleocharis sp. , Echinochloa pungens , Limnobium spongia , Gratiola

neglecta , Juncus acuminatus , Ranunculus sceleratus . Higman 995.

Epilobium

Epilobium coloratum Biehler Willow-herb

Java Farm. Two stations: old field on north side of main

buildings, dominated by woody vines. Hectare 2580. Also in deep

ditch of Fox Creek drainage. Hectare 2583. May be infrequent

elsewhere. Higman 195, 327.

HALORAGIDACEAE Myriophyllum spicatum L. Eurasian Water Milfoil

Java Farm and Ivy Neck. Abundant in estuaries, especially

Muddy Creek estuary. Found along Muddy Creek to upstream limit

of salt marsh vegetation. (Virtually disappeared in 1967).

ARALIACEAE

1. Leaves 2-or 3-times compound; plant a thorny shrub

(in the species collected) Aralia

1. Leaves simple, palmately lobed; plant a thornless

woody vine Hedera

153.

Aralia spinosa L. Hercules' Club

Java Farm. Principal station on north side of Fox Point Road, near base of peninsula and head of Fox Creek estuary. Hectare 3556. Abundant in understory. Canopy of Quercus velutina, Quercus alba , Nyssa sylvatica , and Pinus virginiana .

Also observed in Hectares 3415, 3530, and 3554. Scattered

infrequently under a variety of hardwood canopies.

Ivy Neck. Infrequent in forest on lower Scaffold Peninsula.

Canopy of mixed hardwoods. Higman 395.

Hedera

Hedera helix L. English Ivy Java Farm. Principal station north of Smithsonian property, on north-facing slope above stream, near road to pier. Hectare 2599. Canopy of mixed hardwoods; understory of Ilex opaca . Also on north

bank of Fox Point. Hectare 3558. Canopy of Quercus prinus . Higman 1239.

UMBELLIFERAE

(From Dayton, 1942)

1. Leaves without blades, reduced to hollow, linear,

cylindrical, septate petioles. Expected (Lilaeopsis )

1. Leaves with blades well-developed.

2. Leaves simple (only the basal ones in Zizia)

3. Stems creeping, rooting at the nodes Hydrocotyle

3. Stems erect. Expected (Eryngium , Zizia)

2. Leaves compound.

4. Leaves, or most of them, palmately compound.

5. Umbellets globose; fruit burlike, with

hooked bristles Sanicula

5. Umbellets not globose; fruit not burlike

nor bristly.

6. Umbels conspicuously irregular; flowers

white; calyx teeth and involucels absent;

fruit narrowly oblong, bony, often curved. Cryptotaenia

154.

6. Umbels regular; flowers yellow; calyx

teeth and involucels prominent ; fruit

oblong or oval. Expected (Zizia )

4. Leaves not palmately compound.

7. Leaves ternately compound or decompound.

Expected (Zizia . Chaerophyllum , Osmorhiza)

7. Leaves pinnate or pinnately decompound.

8. Plants annual.

9. Plants glabrous; leaf segments filiform;

fruits glabrous; involucral bracts

pinnately parted Ptilimnium

9. Plants rough-pubescent; leaf segments

lanceolate; fruits with hooked bristles;

involucral bracts small, lanceolate,

sometimes absent. Expected ( Torilis) .

8. Plants biennial or perennial.

10. Plant pubescent.

11. Plant bristly-hispid; involucre

conspicuous, of leafy, pinnately

parted bracts; fruit oblong,

barbed-bristly on the winged

ribs Daucus

11. Plant closely pilose above;

involucre absent; fruit oval

or ovate, pubescent (not barbed),

winged laterally, flattened

dorsally. Expected (Angelica).

10. Plant glabrous.

12. Flowers yellow; plants mesophytic,

in fields, etc. Expected (Pastinaca )

12. Flowers white; plants hydrophytic,

poisonous.

13. Fruit wavy-ribbed; involucre

and involucels of ovate- acuminate bracts; calyx teeth

absent. Expected (Conium)

155.

13. Fruit with straight ribs or winged;

involucre and involucels of narrow

bracts or the former absent; calyx

teeth present (may be minute)

14. Fruit winged laterally, flattened

dorsally. (Also, roots tuberous;

leaves simply pinnate; leaflets

entire or remotely toothed;

calyx teeth evident) . Expected

(Oxypolis )

14. Fruit not winged laterally.

(Also, umbels compound; fruit ovate to oblong, or orbicular

in Cicuta)

15. Leaves simply pinnate; stems corrugated; involucre present;

fruit with prominent corky

ribs and broad red-brown furrows;

calyx teeth minute Slum

15. Leaves twice or thrice pinnate;

stems terete; involucre usually

absent; fruit with rounded corky

ribs and dark furrows ; calyx

teeth prominent. (Also, leaf veins

tend in direction of notches

between teeth) . Expected (Cicuta )

Hydrocotyle

Hydrocotyle verticillata Thunb. Water Pennywort

(Collected by H. David Hammond)

Java Farm. Probably along Fox Point Road. Sanicula

Sanicula canadensis L. Black Snakeroot Java Farm. One station: new entrance road, near culvert of Fox Creek drainage. Hectare 2573. Canopy of Juglans nigra and Liquidambar styracif lua . Higman 69, 310. Cryptotaenia

Cryptotaenia canadensis (L.) DC. Honewort, Wild Chervil

Java Farm. Moderately abundant along old entrance road, from entrance gate nearly to main building area. Canopy of Quercus alba , Fagus grandifolia . etc. over most stations. Higman 793, 820, 933, 980.

156. Ptilimnium

Ptilimnium capillaceum (Michx.) Raf. Mock Bishop-weed

Java Farm. One station: shore of Muddy Creek near upstream

limit of salt marsh. Hectare 3403. Associate species: Panicum

virgatum , Baccharis halimifolia , Aster subulatus , Cyperus strigosus . Higman 254.

Daucus

Daucus carota L. Wild Carrot Java Farm and Ivy Neck. Infrequent; in grassy old fields, along

roadsides, etc. Higman 138, 199, 953.

Sium

Sium suave Walt. Water Parsnip

Ivy Neck. One station: margin of cut-off pond on Rhode River shore

of Cheston Peninsula. Hectare 5300. Associate species: Sambucus

canadensis , Rumex verticillatus , Sparganium eurycarpum . Higman 948.

CORNACEAE

1. Flowers green or purple, in a close cyme or head,

with a large 4-bracted white or pink involucre;

fruit red C. florida

1. Flowers white or creamy, in open cymes, without

involucre; fruit blue or white.

2. Leaves alternate, but appearing whorled by

crowding at tips of branches C_. alternifolia

2. Leaves opposite, not crowded at tips of branches.

3. Cymes long, loosely paniculate; leaves 1 to

4 cm. broad. (Also, pedicels bright red).

Expected (C. racemosa)

3. Cymes compact, broad and flat-topped;

leaves 1.5 to 13 cm. broad.

157,

4. Pith of branches 1 to 2 years old white.

Expected (3 species).

4. Pith of branches 1 to 2 years old brown.

(Also, leaves smooth above, appressed

puberulent beneath; fruit blue) C_. amomum

Cornus f lorida L. Flowering Dogwood

Java Farm and Ivy Neck. Infrequent to moderately abundant in abandoned fields; associate species: Liquidambar styraciflua , Acer rubrum , Quercus palustris . Also infrequent to moderately abundant in mature upland forest of old entrance road , under canopy of Quercus

alba , Fagus grandifolia , Liriodendron tulipif era , etc. Higman 33, 603.

C_. alternifolia L. f

Green Osier,

Pagoda-dogwood

Java Farm. One station: west slope of Hog Island. Canopy of Quercus alba and Quercus prinus . Associate species: Kalmia latifolia , Viburnum acerifolium . Hectare 3592. Higman 103.

C_. amomum Mill. Red Willow

Java Farm. Infrequent in valley of Muddy Creek under canopy of Fraxinus americana, and in freshwater marsh at western boundary, west

of old Muddy Creek Road.

Ivy Neck. One station near source of a tributary to the east fork of Scaffold Creek estuary. Hectare 4677. Associate species: Acer rubrum , Liquidambar styraciflua . Higman 71, 186, 413.

PYROLACEAE

1. Leaves green, well-developed; plant self-supporting.

2. Stem leafy; flowers in a corymb. (Also, in species collected, leaves thick and shiny,

with white veins) Chimaphila

2. Stem scapose, leafy only near base; flowers in

a raceme. Expected ( Pyrola )

1. Leaves white, scaly; plant saprophytic or rootparasitic.

158.

3. Plant white, fleshy, odorless; flowers 1 or

few, nodding; petals 4 to 6, separate; calyx

of 2 to 5 bracts; deciduous forest habitat Monotropa

3. Plant purple-brown, somewhat fleshy, sweet- scented when fresh; flowers several in a raceme, nodding at first; petals united; calyx

of 5 regular sepals; pine forest habitat.

Expected ( Monotropsis )

Chimaphila

Chimaphila maculata (L.) Pursh. Wintergreen,

Waxf lower Java Farm. Infrequent to moderately abundant on forested slopes

overlooking Muddy Creek valley and Fox Creek estuary. Canopy

usually of Quercus alba , Acer rubrum , Liquidambar styracif lua . and a few Pinus virginiana . Higman 94, 884.

Monotropa

Monotropa unif lora L. Indian-pipe,

Corpse-plant

Java Farm. One station: among leaf litter at base of dead

Quercus alba , along north boundary between old entrance gate and

Muddy Creek. Higman 1182.

ERICACEAE

1. Ovary inferior; fruit a dark blue to black berry.

(Also, corolla 5-cleft; stamens 10).

2. Leaves with many amber glandular dots; ovary

10-locular; anthers not awned at base Gaylussacia

2. Leaves not glandular-dotted; ovary either 5 locular and the anthers awnless, or ovary 10- locular and anthers awned at base Vaccinium

1. Ovary superior; fruit a capsule, berry-like in Gaultheria .

3. Plant prostrate and trailing, sub-herbaceous.

159.

4. Leaves acute at base, glabrous or sparsely

bristly beneath; fruit berry-like, red. Expected (Gaultheria)

4. Leaves round to cordate at base, red-hirsute

beneath; fruit a capsule. (Also, stems,

petioles, and capsules hirsute) Epigaea

3. Plant an erect shrub.

5. Corolla globose, ovoid, or tubular; capsule

loculicidal. (Also, anthers open at apex;

flowers white, in lateral racemes or umbelliform clusters). Expected (Lyonia , Leucothoe )

5. Corolla funnelform, campanulate, or saucershaped; capsule septicidal.

6. Corolla funnelform, irregularly lobed;

capsule cylindric, 10-25 mm. long. (Also,

flowers pink, leaves deciduous in species

collected) Rhododendron

6. Corolla saucer-shaped, regular; capsule

depressed-globose, less than 10 mm. long.. Kalmia

Gaylussacia

1. Leaves copiously glandular-dotted on both sides;

fruit black, not glaucous G_. baccata

1. Leaves moderately glandular-dotted, on underside

only; fruit dark blue, glaucous G_. frondosa

Gaylussacia baccata (Wang.) K. Koch Black Huckleberry

Java Farm and Ivy Neck. Moderately abundant under canopy of Quercus prinus , along banks of estuaries and on Hog Island. Also

at Java Farm, infrequent on slopes overlooking Muddy Creek valley

(hectares 2467 and 3415) under canopy of Fagus grandifolia and Quercus alba . Associate species: Kalmia latifolia . Rhododendron

nudif lorum . Vaccinium staminigm . Higman 106, 110, 475, 675.

G_. frondosa (L.) T. and B. Dangleberry

Java Farm. Infrequent on Hog Island (hectare 3592) under

Quercus prinus canopy. Associated with G_. baccata and its associate

species, above. Higman 111.

160.

Vaccinium

1. Leaves not more than 1 cm. long, rounded at both

ends; stem trailing; corolla cleft to below the middle, its lobes recurved. Expected (V. macrocarpon)

1. Leaves 2-7 cm. long, acute at both ends (or some apically rounded in V. vacillans ) ; stem erect; corolla shallowly cleft.

2. Flowers subtended by leafy bracts much smaller

than the foliage leaves, in panicles or racemes; anthers 2-awned on the back. (Also, leaf veins

thinly puberulent on both sides; corolla white)..... _V. stamineum

2. Flowers not subtended by bracts, in small racemes

or corymbs; anthers awnless.

3. Leaves finely and sharply serrulate (also

entire in V. corymbosum)

4. Leaves narrowly elliptic, 2-3 cm. long, not

over 1 cm. wide. Expected (V. angust ifolium)

4. Leaves broadly elliptic or ovate, 4-6 cm. long, 2 cm. wide or more. (Also, corollas

pink; berries blue to black, glaucous) _V. corymbosum

3. Leaves entire, occasionally slightly serrulate

near the apex. (Also, corolla usually pink to reddish, cylindric to urceolate; berry blue to black, 5-8 mm. dia)

5. Leaves elliptic to oval, the smaller lateral

ones more circular; twigs often bright green.

(Also, berry dark blue, faintly glaucous) V. vacillans

5. Leaves all elliptic or ovate, acute; twigs

dull green or brownish.

6. Leaves very tomentulose beneath, especially

on the veins; berries shiny black, not

glaucous.

6. Leaves sparsely puberulent or glabrous

beneath; berries dark blue to blue-black,

glaucous.

160a.

7. Leaves 3-5 cm. long; corolla 5-6 mm. long, dull white; berry 5-8 mm. dia.

Expected (V. caesarlense)

7. Leaves 5-8 mm. long; corolla 7-12 mm. long, bright white; berry 6-12 mm. dia... V. corymbosum

Vaccinium stamineum L. Deerberry

Java Farm. Infrequent along old Muddy Creek Road and on upland

slopes of Muddy Creek valley. Canopy of Fagus grandifolia . Quercus

alba , Quercus prinus . Associate species: Gaylussacia baccata . Higman 647, 671

V. vacillans Torr. Low Bilberry

Java Farm. Moderately abundant on Fox Point peninsula. Hectare

3559. Canopy of Quercus prinus . Associate species: Rhododendron

nudiflorum . Vaccinium stamineum . Gaylussacia baccata . Kalmia latifolia . Higman 1240.

V. corymbosum L. High-bush Bilberry

Ivy Neck. One station: southern shore of Scaffold Peninsula. Hectare 5763. Canopy of Quercus prinus , Quercus alba . Carya tomentosa,

and Fagus grandifolia . Higman 845.

Epigaea

Epigaea repens L. Mayflower, Trailing

Arbutus

Java Farm. Infrequent at Fox Point and Hog Island. Hectares

3559 and 3592. Canopy of Quercus prinus . Associate species:

Gaylussacia baccata . Kalmia latifolia . Vaccinium staminium . Higman

105, 567.

161.

Rhododendron

1. Flowers preceding the leaves or accompanying the young ones.

2. Plants colonial, with subterranean stolons; corolla

buds with rows of stalked glands; corolla glabrous

within. Expected (R. atlanticum)

2. Plants not strikingly colonial; corolla buds

glandless; corolla tube pubescent within.

3. Leaves pubescent beneath; flowers fragrant.

Expected (R. maximum , R. atlanticum)

3. Leaves glabrous beneath or with strigose midrib;

flowers not fragrant. (Also, pedicels and calyx

not glandular; corolla tube pilose without) R. nudif lorum

1. Flowers expanding after the leaves.

4. Young branchlets and leaves glabrous; calyx lobes not glandular; ovary densely glandular-villous.

Expected (R. arborescens) .

4. Young branchlets bristly or strigose; leaves bristly

on the midrib beneath; pedicels and calyx lobes

glandular-hirsute; ovary strigose, not glandular R. viscosum

Rhododendron nudiflorum (L.) Torr. Election-pink,

Pinxter-flower Java Farm. Infrequent on Fox Point (hectare 3559; canopy of Quercus prinus ) and on west-facing slope overlooking Muddy Creek

(hectare 3415; canopy of Fagus grandifolia and associates). Canopy

at both sites includes Quercus alba , Q. velutina . and Carya tomentosa , Associate species at both stations: Gaylussacia baccata , Kalmia

latifolia , Vaccinium spp. Higman 102, 401.

R. viscosum (L.) Torr. Swamp Honeysuckle

Java Farm. Infrequent at Fox Point. Hectare 3559. Canopy and associates as for R. nudiflorum , above. Higman 646.

162. Kalmia

Kalmia latifolia L. Mountain Laurel

Java Farm. Infrequent to moderately abundant on moderately

steep, usually west-facing slopes overlooking Muddy Creek and its

tributaries. Canopy of Fagus grandifolia . Quercus alba , Liriodendron

tulipifera . Dominates understory on steep west-facing slope of Hog Island,

under canopy of Quercus alba and Quercus prinus . Less frequent

under the same canopy at Fox Point and along estuary shoreline at Ivy Neck. Associate species: Gaylussacia baccata . Higman 801.

PRIMULACEAE

Anagallis arvensis L. Scarlet Pimpernel

Ivy Neck. One station: beside tractor trail to abandoned

field on Scaffold Peninsula. Hectare 4740. Associate species:

Galinsoga ciliata . Mollugo verticillata , Diodia teres . Polygonum

aviculare . Higman 835.

PLUMBAGINACEAE

Limonium

1 . Calyx tube glabrous L_. carolinianum

1. Calyx tube pubescent at base and part way up the

angled sides L_. nashii

Limonium carolinianum (Walt.) Britt. Sea Lavender

Java Farm and Ivy Neck. Infrequent in flooded parts of salt marshes. Associate species: Spartina alterniflora . Spartina cynosuroides , Baccharis halimifolia . Higman 993.

L_. Nashii Small Sea Lavender

Java Farm and Ivy Neck. Infrequent in flooded parts of salt marshes. Associated with L_. carolinianum above. Higman 212.

163.

EBENACEAE

Dicspyros virginiana L. Persimmon

Java Farm. Infrequent in old fields. Associate species:

Quercus palustris , Acer rubrum . Liquidambar styraciflua .

Ivy Neck. Infrequent in old fields as above. Also moderately

abundant in canopy along drainage of Cheston Creek. Associate species

there: Robinia pseudoacacia . Platanus occidentalis m Liquidambar

styraciflua . Java Farm and Ivy Neck. Infrequent in salt marshes, apparently

the less saline parts. Associate species: Panicum virgatum . Typha

latifolia . Also on sandbars. Higman 116, 158, 233, 293, 383, 512, 746.

OLEACEAE

1. Plant a large tree; leaves pinnate; fruit a samara.... Fraxinus

1. Plant a woody shrub or small tree; leaves simple;

fruit a wingless capsule, drupe or berry.

2. Fruit a loculicidal capsule. (Also, plant

cultivated or escaped; flowers lilac-purple;

leaves ovate, acuminate, entire, petioled, truncate or subcordate at base) Syringa

2. Fruit a drupe or berry.

3. Petals linear, nearly separate. Expected

(Chionanthus )

3. Petals united, funnelform corolla with broad

lobes. (Also, panicles terminal, erect; stigma 2-lobed; berry 2-locular) Ligustrum

Fraxinus

1. Leaflets definitely on wingless petiolules. (Also,

leaflets acuminate, with round or broadly acute base; samaras with a distinct flat wing and terete body)

2. Leaflets abruptly acuminate, equilateral at base,

oblong to ovate or obovate; samaras 3-5 cm. long,

the wing 4-7 mm. broad, the body .7-1.6 cm. long.

(Also, leaflets may be serrulate near summit) J_. americana

(Typical species has glabrous branchlets, petioles, and lower surfaces of leaflets; var. biltmoreana has these pubescent and the

leaflets white beneath)

164.

2. Leaflets long-acuminate, inequilateral at base,

lanceolate to oblong or elliptic; samaras (4) 5.5

(7.5) cm. long, the wing 6-12 mm. broad, the body

1-3 cm. long. (Also, branchlets, petioles, and

leaf rachiese velvet-tomentose) F\ tomentosa

1. Leaflets sessile, or subsessile on winged petiolules.

(Also, leaflets lanceolate to oblong, with broadly

acute base)

3. Leaflets entire or undulate, rarely serrulate,

often inequilateral at base, on winged petiolules;

samaras 4-7.5 cm. long, wing extending to middle

of body. (Also, leaflets usually 7).

(Typical species has pubescent branchlets,

petioles, panicles, and lower surfaces of leaflets; var. subintegerrima has these

glabrous) F_. pennsylvanica

3. Leaflets conspicuously serrate, equilateral at base,

sessile; samaras 2.5-4 cm. long, 6-10 mm. broad, the body poorly defined, wing extending to base.

Expected (F. nigra)

Fraxinus americana L. , var. biltmoreana (Beadle) J. Wright White Ash

Java Farm. Canopy dominant along bottom of Muddy Creek valley

above tidal portion. Associate species: Platanus occidentalis . Liquidambar styracif lua , Ulmus americana . Acer rubrum . Understory

chiefly Lindera benzoin . Higman 1043.

J_. tomentosa Michx. Red Ash

Java Farm. One station in old field near junction of old entrance road and road to springhouse. Hectare 3407. Associate

species: Liquidambar styraciflua . Higman 389. Syringa

Syringa vulgaris L. Lilac

Ivy Neck. One station: yard of reconditioned house near parking

area. Hectare 4720. Cultivated. Higman 1145. Ligustrum

Ligustrum vulgare L. Privet Java Farm. One station: main building area. Hectare 2580. Persistent after cultivation. Higman 828.

165. GENTIANACEAE

1. Leaves alternate, mostly petioled, compound or crenate. Expected (Menyanthes , Nymphoides )

1. Leaves opposite, sessile, simple, entire.

2. Style filiform; corolla rotate. (Also,

corolla pink, 5-parted; leaves thin, cordateovate, clasping) .

Sabatia

2. Style short to absent; corolla campanulate.

3. Calyx lobes 2, resembling leaves. (Also,

corolla white, 4-lobed; leaves thick, cuneateobovate) Obolaria

3. Calyx 4- or 5-parted, not resembling leaves.

Expected (Gentiana, Bartonia)

Sabatia

Sabatia annularis (L.) Pers. Rose-pink,

Bitter-bloom

Ivy Neck. One station: along abandoned road through central

Scaffold Peninsula. Hectare 5722. Canopy of Quercus alba , Quercus

velutina , Liriodendron tulipifera . Associate species: Aureolaria

virginica . Vernonia glauca . Amphicarpa bracteata . Higman 964.

Obolaria

Obolaria virginica L. Pennywort

Java Farm. One station: mature forest west of Muddy Creek and

south of old entrance road. Canopy of Fagus grandifolia . Quercus

alba . Carya tomentosa , Quercus velutina . Liriodendron tulipifera . Higman 653.

APOCYNACEAE Apocynum cannabinum L. Dogbane,

Indian Hemp Java Farm. Infrequent in old fields. Associate species:

Solidago altissima . Rubus sp. , Lonicera japonica . Rhus radicans . Higman 232

166.

ASCLEPIADACEAE

Asclepias

1. Corolla red to purple; hoods (5 in a crown on tube

of stamens) orange or purple.

2. Tidal stream habitat; umbels several, forming

a corymb. (Also, leaves tapering to tip; stems

and lower leaf surfaces glabrous or nearly so) ..... A. incarnata

2. Moist to dry forest habitat; umbels 1 or few,

scattered. Expected (A. tuberosa . A. rubra)

1. Corolla and hoods greenish, yellowish, white, or tinged purple.

3. Leaves narrowly linear, with revolute margins.

Expected (A. verticillata)

3. Leaves lanceolate to oblong or obovate.

4. Leaves membranaceous, long-attenuate.

Expected (A. quadrifolia)

4. Leaves firm, thicker, blunt-tipped.

5. Leaves sessile and clasping at base. Expected (A. amplexicaulis )

5. Leaves short-petioled, not clasping.

6. Leaves glabrous, tapering to petioles;

flowers 8-12 mm. long, white with purple

center. Expected (A. variegata )

6. Leaves minutely tomentose below, rounded

at base; flowers 12-25 mm. long, hoods

greenish to whitish or purplish. .......... A. syriaca

Asclepias incarnata L. , var. pulchra (Ehrh. ) Pers. Swamp Milkweed

Java Farm. Infrequent along tidal portion of Muddy Creek. Associate species: Typha latifolia , Smilax rotundifolia , Aster subulatus , Scirpus validus . Higman 268.

167.

A. syriaca L. Common Milkweed

Java Farm. Moderately abundant along old entrance road near main building area and in grassy fields south of main buildings.

Associate species: Cirsium discolor , Rubus sp., Erigeron canadensis , Verbascum blattaria . Higman 359, 825.

CONVOLVULACEAE

1. Parasitic; stem yellowish or reddish; leaves reduced

to scales; flowers tiny, cymose-clustered. Cuscuta

1. Not parasitic; stem green; leaves normal; flowers

much larger, few-clustered to solitary.

2. Stigmas 2, linear-filiform to subulate or slenderly

ovoid Convolvulus

2. Stigma 1, capitate or with 2-3 globular lobes....

Cuscuta

Cuscuta gronovii Willd.? Dodder,

Strangleweed

Java Farm and Ivy Neck. Infrequent to moderately abundant

in salt marshes. Parasitic on Iva frutescens and Baccharis halimifolia . Higman 62

Convolvulus

Convolvulus sepium I,

Hedge Bindweed,

Wild Morning-glory

Ivy Neck. One station: salt marsh at southwest end of Scaffold

Peninsula, on mud flat adjacent water. Hectare 5761. Associate species:

Panicum virgatum . Acnida cannabina . Gerard ia maritima . Higman 814,

969.

Ipomoea

Stem and sepals glabrous, tips of sepals obtuse

or blunt; stigma lobes or 2; locules of capsule

2. (Also: corolla white with purple in tube, 4.5 to 8 cm. long; leaves unlobed or with 2 short,

rounded basal lobes) I . pandurata

168.

1. Stem and sepals pubescent, tips of sepals acute to linear or bristle-tipped; lobes of stigma and locules

of capsule 3 (2 in 1^ lacunosa)

2. Sepals densely yellow-villous near base, shorthirsute above, tapering to long linear tips;

leaves densely hirsute on both sides, the lobes,

if present, with narrow U-shaped sinuses I_. hederacea

2. Sepals moderately to sparsely pilose, with broadly

acute or bristle tips; leaves strigose or sparsely

pilose, the lobes, if present, with broadly obtuse

sinuses.

3. Sepals moderately hirsute at base, sparsely so above, with broadly acute tips; peduncles long;

leaves never lobed, strigose on both sides..... I. purpurea

3. Sepals sparsely pilose, with bristle tips;

peduncles short; leaves sparsely pilose, the

lobes, if present, with broadly obtuse sinuses.

Expected (I_. lacunosa) . Ipomoea pandurata (L.) G. F. W. Mey. Wild Potato-vine

Ivy Neck. One station: plowed, fallow cornfield on Cheston

Peninsula. Higman 1028.

I. hederacea (L.) Jacq. Blue Morning-glory

Ivy Neck. Moderately abundant in cornfields. Associate species:

Barbarea vulgaris , _B. verna, Cerastium vulgatum , etc. Higman 999, 1007, 1016,

I_. purpurea (L.) Roth. Common Morning-glory

Java Farm and Ivy Neck. Infrequent along unshaded roadsides,

and in cornfields at Ivy Neck. Associated with _I. hederacea above. Higman 1021, 1064.

B0RAGINACEAE

1. Ovary unlobed, surmounted by the style. (Also,

leaves oval, 2-5 cm. long, petioled; spikes bractless,

5-12 cm. long; sepals 2-3 mm. long). Expected

(Heliotropium)

1. Ovary deeply lobed, the 1-locular divisions forming

nutlets around the base of the style.

169.

2. Attachment of nutlet strongly plug-like, leaving

a pit on the gynobase (enlarged receptacle). (Also,

corolla campanulate or rotate, blue, or yellowish in

Symphytum) . Expected ( Lycopsis , Borago , Symphytum)

2. Attachment of nutlet flat or concave, leaving no pit.

3. Stigmas 2 or style bifid. (Also, leaves linearelliptic to narrowly oblanceolate) . Expected

( Echium , Onosmodium, Lithospermum)

3. Stigma 1, simple.

4. Nutlets attached near the apex, strongly

divergent. (Also, leaves lanceolate to broadly

ovate, 10-15 cm. long, very bristly, the cauline sessile (clasping in species collected); racemes paniculate; carpels very hirsute;

corolla white in species collected . Cynoglossum

4. Nutlets attached near the middle or base, erect and parallel.

5. Flowers of the raceme not subtended by

leafy bracts; nutlets smooth. (Also, plant

not over 5 dm. high; cauline leaves sessile,

narrowly oblanceolate-spatulate, very

pilose; calyx somewhat irregular; corolla

blue or white, 1-3 mm. broad) Myosotis

5. Flowers, at least the lower, with leafy

bracts; nutlets prickly, rough, or wrinkled.

(Also, cauline leaves elliptic to ovate, up

to 2 dm. long, smoothish, petioled)

6. Nutlets covered with hooked prickles.

(Also, racemes about 1 dm. long, with

small bracts; nutlets globose, 3 mm. long. Hackelia

6. Nutlets wrinkled, not prickly. (Also,

flowers in scorpioid cymes; corolla

blue, 1-2 cm. long). Expected (Mertensia)

Cynoglossum

Cynoglossum virginianum L. Beggar's-lice

Java Farm. Infrequent to moderately abundant in mature forest

south of old entrance road and west of Muddy Creek. Canopy of Fagus

grandifolia , Quercus spp. , Liriodendron tulipifera . Carya tomentosa , etc, Associate species: Podophyllum peltatum , Claytonia virginica , Galium

aparine, Orchis spectabilis , Viola papilionacea . etc. Higman 666.

170.

Myosotis

Myosotis verna Nutt. Scorpion-grass

(species not in Britton and Brown) Forget-me-not

Ivy Neck. One station: abandoned grassy field on Scaffold

Peninsula. Associate species: Trifolium hybridum . Trifolium

pratense , Oenothera fruticosa , Hypericum perforatum , Eupatorium

serotinum , etc. Higman 1085.

Hackelia

Hackelia virginiana (L.) Johnst. Stickseed

»ar' s-lice

Java Farm. Infrequent; principal station in small stream valley

on Rhode River shore, slightly below pier. Hectare 3519. Canopy

of Robinia pseudoacacia , Liquidambar styraciflua , Ulmus americana . Associate species: Lonicera japonica (dominant species of ground layer),

Verbesina occidentalis . Rich collecting area. Higman 674.

VERBENACEAE

Verbena

1. Spikes panicles at apices of stems and branches;

corolla limb 2 to 4.5 mm. broad.

2. Spikes very slender (also interrupted in all species collected); fruiting calyces remote.

3. Leaves obtuse to subacute, pinnatifid or deeply incised; calyx glandular.

Expected (V. officinalis )

3. Leaves acuminate, regularly serrate; calyx

not glandular. (Also, corolla white to bluish, with limb 2 mm. broad)

4. Leaves narrowly ovate, 3 to 13 cm. long,

serrate-dentate, harshly scabrous above;

fruiting calyx 2.5 to 3 mm. long, its

lanceolate lobes converging into an acute beak above the schizocarp (pericarp which

splits into nutlets); nutlets 1 to 1.3

mm. long, reticulate above V. scabra

171.

4. Leaves oblong-ovate to lanceolate,

8 to 20 cm. long, doubly crenateserrate, strigose on veins beneath;

fruiting calyx 2 to 2.3 mm. long, its

deltoid subulate-tipped lobes equal to or shorter than the schizocarp;

nutlets 1.5 to 2 mm. long, not reticulate.... V. urticifolia

2. Spikes thicker, pencil-like, continuous; fruiting

calyces imbricated. (Also, corollas violetblue; mature calyx overtopping the schizocarp,

with incurved teeth) V. hastata

1. Spikes single or in 3's at tips of stems or branches;

corolla limb 5 to 6 mm. broad. (Also, in species

collected, leaves narrowly lanceolate to oblanceolate,

3 to 10 cm. long, serrate; fruiting calyx 4 to

5 mm. long, with acuminate lobes; corolla purple) V. simplex

Verbena scabra Vahl Harsh Vervain

Java Farm. One station: along old entrance road. Canopy of Quercus alba , Fagus grandifolia , and Liriodendron tulipifera . Higman 897.

V. urticifolia L. White Vervain

Java Farm. One station: western end of main building area. Hectare 2489. Near wooden shed among dense Rhus radicans and Camp sis

radicans . Higman 4.

V. hastata L. Blue Vervain,

Simpler' s Joy

Java Farm. One station: clump of trees in Hog Island salt marsh. Hectare 3582. Canopy of Quercus falcata , Quercus stellata , Prunus serotina , Liquidambar styraciflua . Associate species: Panicum

virgatum, Osmunda cinnamomea , Juncus dichotomus . Higman 305.

_V. simplex Lehm. Vervain

(V. angustifolia Michx.)

Ivy Neck. One station: southern part of abandoned grassy field. Hectare 4772. Associate species: Rudbeckia serotina , Trifolium

hybridum . Ambrosia artemisiifolia , Oenothera fruticosa . Higman 815.

172.

LABIATAE

1. Ovary 4-lobed, not deeply divided.

2. Corolla regular, with 5 subequal lobes. (Also,

flowers solitary at ends of terminal pedicels;

stamens long-exerted; stem glandular-pubescent).... Tricho sterna

2. Corolla irregular, the upper lip apparently

wanting Teucrium

1. Ovary deeply 4-divided. (Also, corolla irregular,

with upper lip present or, if regular, 4-lobed).

3. Stamens included in the corolla tube, not directly visible. Expected ( Marrubium)

3. Stamens exerted from the corolla tube, directly

visible.

4. Upper lip of corolla helmet-shaped or concave. (Also, stamens always 4, ascending

under the corolla lip, exceeding it only

in Agastache )

5. Calyx with a helmet-like projection

on the upper side, closed in fruit.

(Also, flowers blue to purple, usually

in leafy-bracted racemes or panicles

but axillary in one species) Scutellaria

5. Calyx without a helmet-like projection on

the upper side, open in fruit except in Prunella .

6. Stem prostrate to ascending; leaves

cordate to reniform at base. (Also,

flowers lilac to blue-violet)

7. Flowers distinctly pediceled,

usually 3 per axil; upper stamens longer than the lower; corollas

blue-violet „ . Glechoma

7. Flowers sessile, in dense terminal and axillary verticils; upper stamens shorter

than the lower; corollas pink- or red-violet Lamium

6. Stem erect; leaves acute, rounded, or shallowly cordate at base.

173.

8. Flowers axillary. Expected (Leonurus,

Ballota)

8. Flowers in terminal spikes, clusters,

or heads; if axillary, the subtending

leaves reduced and clustered into

a terminal spike.

9. Spike very dense (may be somewhat

interrupted in Nepeta)

10. Calyx distinctly 2-lipped,

closed in fruit. (Also,

flowers blue-violet, in

clusters of 3 subtended

by round bracts) Prunella

10. Calyx nearly regular, open in

fruit. Expected ( Nepeta , Agastache) . See Appendix I.

9. Spike loose or interrupted.

(Also, calyx regular; flowers

pale purple or pink)

11. Plant glabrous; flowers single

in axils of small bracts.

Expected ( Physostegia)

11. Plant pubescent; flowers in small, dense cymes subtended

by small bracts Stachys

4. Upper lip of corolla not helmet-shaped

or concave.

12. Flowers in dense cymes or heads.

(Also , corolla purple to white) Pycanthemum

12. Flowers in panicles, racemes, spikes, or clusters, inflorescence terminal or axillary.

13. Flowers in loose terminal racemes

or panicles. (Also, leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, serrate, acuminate,

with long petioles)

174.

14. Plant annual, without a rootstock;

calyx villous; corolla purple (at

Chesapeake Bay Center) or white; stamens

4. (Also, leaves purple beneath) Perilla

14. Plant perennial, with large woody rootstock;

calyx nearly glabrous, minutely glandular;

corolla pale yellow; stamens 2. (Also, one

of the 5 corolla lobes much enlarged and deeply fringed; stamens and style longexserted) Collinsonia

13. Flowers in spikes or clusters, terminal

or axillary.

15. Stamens 2.

16. Flowers axillary, in dense clusters.

17. Corolla regular, 4-lobed.

(Also, leaves coarsely dentate,

acuminate at both ends; strong

mint odor) Lycopus

17. Corolla irregular, 2-lipped.

Expected ( Hedeoma , Monarda, and

Blephilia )

16. Flowers in an interrupted spike.

(Also, in species collected, leaves

basal , lyrate-pinnatif id) Salvia

15. Stamens 4.

18. Corolla regular, 4-lobed. (Also,

in species collected, flowers in an interrupted spike; strong

mint odor) Mentha

18. Corolla irregular, 2-lipped.

(Also, flowers axillary).

Expected ( Melissa , Satureja )

Trichostema

Tricbostema dichotomum L. Bluecurls,

Bastard Pennyroyal

Java Farm. Infrequent in old fields, more abundant near young

Pinus virginiana stands invading these fields. Hectares 3513, 3535. Associate species: Solidago juncea . Solidago nemoralis . Higman 378, 462,

175.

Teucrium canadense L. Germander,

Wood-sage

Java Farm. One station: new entrance road. Canopy of mature

Quercus alba , Fagus grandifolia , Liriodendron tulipifera . Higman 918.

Scutellaria

1. Racemes not 1-sided; base of stem without stolons.

2. Cauline leaves round- to oblong-ovate or the lower deltoid, all dentate or serrate.

3. Principal leaves cordate at base, villous.

Expected OS. ovata )

3. Principal leaves not cordate, if shallowly

so, not villous.

4. Principal leaves rhombic-ovate, 3 to 6 cm. long. (Also, lower leaves slender-petioled,

median and upper ones cuneate to short—winged

petioles; 2 to 5 pairs of leaves below the single or panicled terminal racemes; corolla

1.4 to 2 cm. long) S^. elliptica

4. Principal leaves ovate or ovate-oblong,

4 to 14 cm. long. Expected (S.. serrata , _S. incana)

2. Cauline leaves ovate and crenate below, oblong

to linear-lanceolate and entire above,

successively narrower to summit of stem. (Also,

petioles of upper leaves short, not winged,

3 to 8 pairs of leaves below the terminal raceme or leafy panicle of them) S_. integrifolia

1. Racemes 1-sided; base of stem with creeping rhizomes

developed from stolons. (Also, in species collected, racemes in upper axils as well as terminal, their

bracts not minute)

5. Stolons not forming tubers; lower leaves regularly

serrate, with slender petioles; stem with

incurved-ascending pubescence at least on the angles; leaves round to subcordate to base,

acuminate to tip S^. lateriflora

5. Stolons, leaves, or stem pubescence otherwise.

Expected (J3. parvula . _S. nervosa , _S. saxatilis )

176.

Scutellaria elliptica Muhl. Hairy Skullcap

Ivy Neck. Infrequent in west-central Scaffold Peninsula.

Canopy of Quercus alba , Quercus velutina , Liriodendron tulipifera , Liquidambar styraciflua , Carya tomentosa . Higman 1093.

j>. integrifolia L. Skullcap

Ivy Neck. Infrequent in west-central Scaffold Peninsula.

Associated with S_. elliptica above.

Java Farm. One station: south-facing slope east of Muddy Creek,

adjacent north boundary of Center. Hectares 2458, 2459. Partial

canopy of Liquidambar styraciflua , Pyrus malus . and Liriodendron

tulipifera . Dense Rhus radicans on ground, with few grassy patches.

Higman 545, 849.

_S. lateriflora L. Mad-dog Skullcap

Java Farm. Infrequent in freshwater marsh at western apex of triangular area west of old Muddy Creek Road. Hectare 2470. Higman 405. Glechoma

Glechoma hederacea L. , Ground-ivy,

var. micrantha Moricand Gill-over-the-ground

Java Farm. One station: gravel fill of old Muddy Creek Road,

beside stream culvert south of entrance gate. Hectare 2491. Shaded

by adjacent canopy of Fagus grandifolia ; growing among dense Lonicera

japonica . Higman 566. Lamium

1. Upper or bracteal leaves sessile, reniform; flowers

6-10 per whorl; calyx teeth converging L_. amplexicaule

1. Upper or bracteal leaves petioled, ovate-subrhombic;

flowers 3-7 per whorl; calyx teeth divergent L. purpureum Lamium amplexicaule L. Henbit,

Dead-nettle

Java Farm. Infrequent around parking apron, main building

area. Hectare 2580. Associate species: Juncus tenuis . Ivy Neck. Infrequent to moderately abundant in cornfields and around old tobacco barn near entrance road. Hectare 4658. Associate

species: Draba verna , Stellaria media , Cerastium vulgatum . Higman 553.

177,

L. purpureum L. Purple Dead-nettle

Java Farm. One station: edge of old Muddy Creek Road, on top

of stream culvert south of entrance gate. Hectare 2491. Near station

for Glechoma hederacea, but drier. Higman 565.

Prunella

Prunella vulgaris L. Selfheal,

Carpenter-weed

Java Farm. Infrequently along Fox Point and eld entrance roads. Partial shading on springhouse road by Celtis occidentalis , Liquidambar

styracif lua , and Prunus serotina . Associate species: Melilotus

alba . Higman 20, 118.

Stachys

Stachys palustris L.? Hedge-nettle

Woundwort

Java Farm. One station: salt marsh at northeast corner of Farm,

above pier. Hectare 3620. Flooded at high tide. Associate species:

Spartina cynosuroides , Baccharis halimifolia , Limonium carolinianum , Aster subulatus. Higman 216.

Pycanthemum

Pycanthemum flexuosum (Walt.) BSP. Mountain-mint,

Basil

Java Farm. One station: old field dominated by Aster spp,, Rubus spp. , Solidago altissima , Rhus radicans , Lonicera japonica , etc, Hectare. 3501. Higman 364.

Perilla

Peril la frutescens (L.) Britt. Beefsteak-plant

Java Farm. One station: grassy triangle at entrance gate to old Muddy Creek Road. Hectare 2463. Associate species: Cyperus strigosus , Duchesnea indica , Fragaria virginiana . Ranunculus bulbosus , Daucus

carota .

Ivy Neck. One station: tractor trail to artificial pond, above

source of Cheston Creek Drainage. Hectare 4721. Associate species:

Mentha spicata , Ambrosia trifida , Galinsoga ciliata . Higman 1031, 1061.

178.

Collinsonia canadensis L. Horse-balm,

Stoneroot

Java Farm. One station: mature forest south of old entrance

road. Hectare 2484. Canopy of Quercus alba , Fagus grandifolia , Liriodendron tulipifera, etc. Higman 1206.

Lycopus

Lycopus virginicus L. Water-horehound

Bugleweed

Java Farm. Infrequent along bank of Muddy Creek, upstream from

old entrance road. Hectare 2467. Canopy of Fagus grandifolia , Platanus occidentalis , Quercus alba . Understory of Lindera benzoin . Also infrequent in freshwater part of Fox Creek marsh. Hectare

3516. Higman 977, 1209.

Salvia

Salvia lyrata L. Cancerweed,

Lyre-leaved Sage Java Farm. One station: mature forest along old entrance road, near wellhouse. Hectare 2487. Canopy of Fagus grandifolia , Quercus

alba , Liriodendron tulipifera , etc. Higman 819.

Mentha

Mentha spicata L. Spearmint

Ivy Neck. One station: partly shaded border of tractor trail

to artificial pond north of Cheston Peninsula, near source of Cheston

Creek drainage. Hectare 4712. Associate species: Ambrosia trifida , Chondrilla j uncea , Solanum carolinense , Cichorum intybus . Higman 1026.

SOLANACEAE

1. Plant a shrub. Expected ( Lycium)

1. Plant a forb or vine.

179.

2. Corolla fuimelform, 7 to 10 cm. long, white

with purple tinge; fruit a large, spiny capsule.... Datura

2. Corolla rotate to campanulate, much shorter, white

or yellow (sometimes purple, but not in species

collected); fruit a berry.

3. Anthers forming a tube around the style;

calyx deeply 5-parted, not inflated over berry in fruit Solanum

3. Anthers separate; calyx 5-lobed only at the

summit, inflated and loosely covering

the berry in fruit.

4. Sepals united, calyx with round or cordate

base in fruit; corolla yellow or yellowishgreen, with dark center; ovary 2-locular;

berry juicy Physalis

4. Sepals free, sagittate-based; corolla

pale blue; ovary 3- to 5-locular; berry

dry. Expected ( Nicandra)

Datura

Datura stramonium L. Jimsonweed

Java Farm. One station: trash pile near ruined house, main

building area. Hectare 2581. Associate species: Melilotus alba , Aster spp. , Eleusine indica , Solanum nigrum , and Amaranthus spinosus ,

Ivy Neck. Infrequent: edge of cornfield near old barn south

of artificial pond, north of Cheston Peninsula. Hectare 4733. Associate species: Eleusine indica , Abutilon theophrasti , Potentilla norvegica , Ipomoea app. Higman 501, 1008.

Solanum

1. Calyx lobes very spiny, covering the berry.

Expected (S_. rostratum , _S . sisymbriifolium)

1. Calyx not spiny, not covering the berry.

2. Plant a woody vine or climbing shrub; berries

red. (Also, corolla violet; leaves often basally

lobed) . Expected (S_. dulcamara )

2. Plant herbaceous, not a vine; berries yellow,

green, or black.

180.

3. Stem and leaf veins with yellow spines;

berry orange-yellow. (Also, corolla violet

or white; stein hirsute) S_. carolinense

3. Stem and leaf veins spineless; berries black or

green. (Also, corolla white).

4. Stem glabrous; berries black.

5. Leaves thin, translucent; berries

shiny. Expected (S_. americanum) . Appendix I.

5. Leaves rather thick, opaque; berries

dull _S . nigrum

4. Stem very spreading-hirsute; berries green ^. sarachoides

Solanum carolinense L. Horse-nettle

Java Farm. Infrequent in old fields, especially in the vicinity

of main buildings. Associate species: Poa pratensis , Agrimonia

parvif lora , Verbascum blattaria , Cirsium discolor , Asclepias syriaca , Gnaphalium obtusifolium . Higman 45, 133.

_S. nigrum L. Black Nightshade

Java Farm. One station: rubbish pile near ruined house,

main building area. Hectare 2580. Associate species: Datura stramoneum , Amaranthus spinosus , Eleusine indica . Higman 498.

S_. sarachoides Sendtner Java Farm. Infrequent on recently bulldozed area at main

buildings. Hectare 2580. Higman 1216.

Physalis

1. Plants annual, without rhizomes.

2. Plant glabrous, glabrate, or puberulent.

Expected (P_. ixocarpa)

2. Plant villous. (Also, leaves ovate, obliquely

rounded or cordate at base; berry yellow). J?, pubescens

181.

1. Plants perennial, with deep-seated rhizomes.

(Also, corolla yellow, often with dark center; berry red, yellow, or green).

3. Leaves, petioles, and pedicels puberulent;

calyx glabrous when mature P_. subglabrata

3. Leaves, petioles, pedicels, and calyx villous

or hirsute.

4. Leaves cordate or broadly rounded at base; pubescence very dense, often glandular.

Expected (P. heterophylla)

4. Leaves cuneate or gradually tapering to base;

pubescence not very dense, not glandular.

5. Leaves oblanceolate, oblong, or subspatulate;

fruiting calyx not depressed at base; berry

yellow or green. Expected (P. lanceolata)

5. Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate; fruiting

calyx deeply depressed at base; berry red.... P_. virginiana

JP. pubescens L. Ground-cherry

Java Farm. Collected by David Hammond.

Physalis subglabrata Mackenz. and Bush Ground-cherry

(P. longifolia Nutt.) Java Farm. One station: new entrance road, near culvert of Fox Creek drainage. Hectare 2573. Partial canopy of Juglans nigra

and Liquidambar styraciflua . Associate species: Geum canadense , Duchesnea indica , Agrimonia microcarpa . Panicum clandestinum . Higman 1034, 1181.

P_. virginiana Mill. Ground-cherry

Ivy Neck. One station: abandoned grassy field on Scaffold

Peninsula. Hectare 4772. Associate species: Campsis radicans , Oenothera fruticosa . Higman 1088.

SCROPHULARIACEAE

1. Plant a tree; leaves 1.5 to 4 dm. wide; cordate.

(Also, leaves opposite, tomentose; petioles and young stem hollow except at the nodes) Paulownia

182.

1. Plant herbaceous or only slightly woody; leaves

much narrower, not cordate.

2. Corolla nearly regular.

3. Leaves opposite (whorled in Veronicastrum)

, the upper sometimes alternate; stamens 2 or 4, the filaments not bearded.

4. Corolla yellow or roseate to red-purple,

campanulate to funnelform. (Also, plant

dries black) Gerardia

4. Corolla bluish to dark blue-purple,

rotate or salverform.

5. Corolla rotate, almost tubeless;

capsule obcordate or notched at apex;

flowers axillary or in terminal racemes. . .Veronica

5. Corolla salverform; capsule blunt or acute at apex; flowers in spikes.

Expected (Buchnera , Veronicastrum)

3. Leaves all alternate; stamens 5, with 3 or more filaments bearded. (Also, flowers

in spikes or racemes, yellow or white) Verbascum

2. Corolla 2-lipped.

6. Leaves, or at least the upper ones, alternate.

7. Leaves pinnately cleft or dissected.

Expected (Castilleja , Pedicularis )

7. Leaves entire or palmately lobed.

8. Flowers in racemes or spikes; leaves

linear to lanceolate, entire Linaria

8. Flowers axillary; leaves broadly ovate,

undulate or lobed. Expected (Kickxia , Cymbalaria ).

6. Leaves all opposite.

183.

9. Flowers in racemes, spikes, panicles,

or cymes. Expected ( Chelone , Penstemon)

9. Flowers solitary in axils of leaves or bracts.

10. Pedicels with 2 bracts just beneath

the calyx. (Also, stamens 2; flowers small, yellow or white) Gratiola

10. Pedicels naked at summit. Expected

(Mimulus , Micranthemum , Lindernia , Bacopa )

Paulownia

Paulownia tomentosa (Thunb.) Steud. Princess-tree

Java Farm. One station: young tree on rubbish pile near northwest

corner of main builidng area. Hectare 2489. Associate species:

Populus grandidentata .

Ivy Neck. One station: young tree on west shore of large

cut-off pond on Cheston Peninsula. Hectare 5800. Associate species:

Phytolacca americana . Higman 1054.

Gerardia

1. Corolla pink or purple; capsules rounded at summit,

often mucronate.

2. Terrestrial habitat. Expected. (G. purpurea , G_. obtusifolia)

2. Salt marsh habitat. (Also, stem .5 to 3 dm. high, glabrous; leaves linear) G_. maritima

1. Corolla yellow, may have reddish tinge, dries

black; capsules acute G_. virginica

Gerardia maritima Raf

Gerardia

Ivy Neck. Infrequent in sandy, halophytic area at Sand Point on Cheston Peninsula (hectare 4861) and in salt marsh on southwest shore

of Scaffold Peninsula (hectare 5761). Associate species: Acnida

cannabina , Solidago semperv irens , Panicum virgatum . Higman 972.

184.

G. virginica (L.) BSP. (Aureolaria virginica (L.) Pennel)

( Aureolaria flava (L.) Farw.

Downy False Foxglove

Java Farm. One station: ruined house at Fox Point. Hectare

3558. Canopy of Quercus prinus and Quercus alba . Associate species:

Gaylussacia baccata , Vaccinium vacillans .

Ivy Neck. Infrequent along southern shore of Scaffold Peninsula. Hectare 5762 to 5764. Canopy and associate species as at Java Farm. Also one station along abandoned road through central forest on Scaffold Peninsula. Hectare 5732. Canopy of Quercus alba , Fagus

grandifolia , Liriodendron tulipifera , Carya tomentosa , etc. Higman 350.

Veronica

1. Flowers sessile; sepals lanceolate, short-pilose,

differing in length by about 1 mm. ; corolla blueviolet; lower leaves round or oval, dentate, the upper ones lanceolate to linear V. arve.nsis

1. Flowers pediceled; sepals cordate-ovate, ciliate,

equal; corolla lilac to blue; all leaves reniform to suborbicular , with 2 or 4 big lateral teeth V. hederaefolia

Veronica arvensis L. Corn Speedwell

Java Farm. Infrequent, along road to springhouse. Hectare 3417. Associate species: Valerianella olitoria , Duchesnea indica , Viola

spp. , Melilotus alba . Higman 608. Veronica hederaefolia L. Ivy-leaved Speedwell

Java Farm. Infrequent along road to springhouse. Very calcareous

soil. Hectare 3417. Associate species: Valerianella olitoria , Veronica arvense , Duchesnea indica . Higman 564, 629. Also along bank of Muddy Creek, upstream from culvert of old entrance road. Hectare 2467. Aspect dominant species of ground layer

in early spring. Canopy of Fagus grandifolia , Platanus occidentalis , Quercus alba . Understory of Cornus florida , Lindera benzoin .

Verbascum

Stems and leaves tomentose; leaves entire, decurrent

down the stem; flowers in a dense, cylindrical

spike . _V. thapsus

185.

Stems and leaves glabrous, or the upper stem glandular-pubescent; leaves doubly serrate,

the lower petioled, the upper partly clasping;

flowers in a loose raceme V. blattaria

Verbascum thapsus L. Common Mullein,

Flannel-plant

Java Farm. Infrequent in a variety of old field and roadside

habitats, especially near main building area. Principal hectares

3409, 3500, 2590. Associate species: Asclepias syriaca , Cirsium

discolor , Solanum carolinense , Poa pratense (dense turf) , Verbascum

blattaria , Melilotus alba , Daucus carota , Gnaphalium obtusifolium .

Ivy Neck. Infrequent in side of steep bank along shore of Rhode River above Sand Point. Associate species: most of above plus Juncus tenuis , Atriplex patula , Plantago lanceolata , Arctium minus

Amorpha fruticosa , Rhus typhina , Solidago sempervirens . Higman 43. Verbascum blattaria L.

V. blattaria forma albiflora (Don) House Moth-Mullein

Java Farm. Infrequent in old fields south of main building area. Associated with V. thapsus above.

Ivy Neck. Infrequent in grassy abandoned field on Scaffold

Peninsula. Hectare 4762. Associate species: Trifolium pratense , Trifolium hybridum , Oenothera fruticosa . Only the white-flowered form occurs at Java Farm; both whiteand yellow- flowered forms occur at Ivy Neck, sometimes on the same

plant. Higman 47, 789, 811.

Linaria

Linaria canadensis (L.) Dumont Old-field Toadflax

Ivy Neck. Moderately abundant in cultivated fields and along tractor

trails. Associate species: Draba verna . Arabidopsis thaliana , Cerastium vulgatum . Stellaria media , etc. Higman 657.

Gratiola

Gratiola neglecta Torr. Hedge Hyssop

Infrequent along both forks of drainage to Cheston Creek estuary,

and beside artificial pond. Hectares 4752 and 4712 respectively.

Canopy of Liquidambar styracif lua , Platanus occidentalis , and

Diospyros virginiana at the first station; second station partly

shaded by nearby canopy. Associate species: Ranunculus sceleratus , Limnobium spongia , Galinsoga ciliata , Glyceria striata . Higman 725, 873.

186.

BIGNONIACEAE

Campsis radicans (L.) Seem. Trumpet-vine

Java Farm. Aggressive invader of old fields; seems to thrive

where Rhus radicans and Lonicera japonica are not too abundant.

Much less frequent than Rhus radicans in forest.

Ivy Neck. Abundant to moderately abundant in old fields on small peninsula between forks of Scaffold Creek estuary. Abundant

in ground layer of forest at source of Scaffold Creek drainage

(east fork). Invading abandoned grassy field on Scaffold Peninsula.

Higman 1.

OROBANCHACEAE

Epifagus virginiana (L.) Bart. Beech-drops

Java Farm. Moderately abundant under mature Fagus grandifolia

canopy, especially west of old Muddy Creek Road. Hectare 2480. Higman 249.

PHRYMACEAE

Phryma leptostachya L. Lopseed

Java Farm. Infrequent along old entrance road near gate to old Muddy Creek Road, hectare 2463. Canopy of Fagus grandifolia , Quercus alba , Liriodendron tulipif era . Quercus coccinea, Liquidambar

styracif lua , Carya tomentosa. etc. Associate species: Desmodium

paniculatum . Desmodium glutinosum . Elephantopus carolinianus , Agrimonia microcarpa . Viola papilionacea . Smilacina racemosa, etc. Higman 931.

PLANTAGINACEAE

Plantago

1. Spike cylindric.

2. Leaves obovate or spatulate.

3. Leaves scabrous; scape glabrous. (Also,

bracts of spike shorter than to equaling

calyx) P. ma.j or

3. Leaves villous; scape villous P. virginica

187.

2. Leaves linear, with margined semiclasping petioles.

(Also, bracts of spike linear, much longer than

the flowers; bracts, sepals, and scape villous).... P_. aristata

1. Spike ovoid-conic, tapering to apex. (Also, leaves

lanceolate to lance-oblong; bracts of spike broadly

ovate, scarious, with villous green midribs) P_. lanceolata

Plantago maj or L. Common Plantain

Java Farm. Infrequent around main buildings and along Fox

Point Road. Higman 19.

P_. virginica L. Hoary Plantain

Ivy Neck. Infrequent in abandoned field on Scaffold Peninsula, and

along adjacent tractor trails. Associate species: Hypericum perforatum , Trifolium arvense , Hordeum pusillum . Rumex acetosella , Juncus tenuis , Lepidium virginicum , Trifolium pratense . Higman 692.

P_. aristata Michx. Bracted Plantain

Java Farm. One station: broken pavement along Fox Point Road near sharp left turn onto peninsula. Hectare 3543. Associate species:

Eragrostis spectabilis , Festuca myuros .

Ivy Neck. Infrequent along tractor trail beside abandoned field

on Scaffold Peninsula. Associated with Plantago virginica above. Higman 806.

_P. lanceolata L. Ribgrass,

English Plantain

Java Farm. Infrequent around main building area. Hectare

2590. Associate species: Juncus tenuis , Cyperus strigosus , Achillea millefolium , Erigeron canadensis , Triodia f lava . Euphorbia

maculata . Higman 12, 1092.

RUBIACEAE

1. Plant a woody shrub; flowers in large spherical

heads Cephalanthus

1. Plant herbaceous; flowers not in heads.

2. Leaves whorled Galium

2. Leaves opposite.

188.

3. Stem prostrate-trailing; leaves evergreen;

flowers paired, their ovaries united; fruit

a berry. (Also, flowers white; leaves

round-ovate; berries red) Mitchella

3. Stem erect (somewhat procumbent and spreading

in Diodia)

; leaves deciduous; flowers cymose, solitary, or clustered, if paired, the ovaries not

united; fruit a capsule.

4. Corolla rotate. (Also, flowers sessile in

axillary clusters). Expected (Hedyotis )

4. Corolla funnelform or salverform.

5. Flowers axillary, 1 to 3 per axil,

sessile; leaves without stipules Diodia

5. Flowers in terminal cymes, or (not in species collected) solitary and

peduncled; leaves connected by rounded

stipules Houstonia

Cephalanthus

Cephalanthus occidentalis L. Buttonbush

Java Farm. One station at west end of Phalaris arundinacea

meadow, north of main building area. Hectare 2468. Associate

species: Juncus effusus , Erechtites hieracifolia , Polygonum sagittatum , Polygonum pensylvanicum .

Ivy Neck. One station on sand bar of cut-off pond on Rhode River

shore of Cheston Peninsula. Hectare 4880. Associate species: Sium

suave , Rumex verticillatus , Asparagus officinalis , Sambucus canadensis . Higman 175, 947.

Galium

1. Ovary and fruit smooth, muricate, or granular.

Expected (G_. yerum , G_. mollugo , G_. obtusum , G_. concinnum )

1. Ovary and fruit bristly.

2. Leaves 6 to 8 per whorl; stems weak, reclining.

189,

3. Stem harsh on the angles; leaves 8 per whorl, linear to narrowly oblanceolate G_. aparine

3. Stem smooth; leaves 6 per whorl, narrowly elliptic.

Expected (G. trif lorum)

2. Leaves 4 per whorl; stems ascending, not reclining.

4. Flowers on distinct pedicels terminating the

branches of the panicle. Expected (G. pilosum)

4. Flowers sessile along the loosely divergent

branches of the inflorescence. (Also, leaves

oval or elliptic) G. circaezans

Galium aparine L. Cleavers,

Bedstraw

Java Farm. Infrequent in bottom of Muddy Creek valley,

above tidal portion. Canopy primarily Fraxinus americana . Also one station at shoulder of old Muddy Creek Road, near entrance gate.

Associate species: Duchesnea indica , Poa sylvestris , Geranium

carol inianum . Higman 95, 639.

G. circaezans Michx. Wild Licorice

Java Farm. Infrequent along old entrance road, west of Muddy

Creek. Canopy of Fagus grandifolia , Carya tomentosa , Quercus alba , Liriodendron tulipifera , etc. Associate species: Houstonia purpurea , Arrhenatherum elatius. Higman 777.

Mitchella

Mitchella repens L. Partridge-berry

Java Farm. Infrequent to moderately abundant beneath canopy of mature Fagus grandifolia , especially along old entrance road near wellhouse. Hectares 2477, 2478, and 2487.

Ivy Neck. One station: west shore of Cheston Creek estuary. Hectare 5704. Canopy of mature Quercus prinus . Higman 93, 774.

Diodia

Diodia teres Walt. Buttonweed

Ivy Neck. One station: tractor trail to grassy abandoned field

on Scaffold Peninsula. Hectare 4740. Higman 1019.

190. Houstonia

Houstonia purpurea L. Java Farm and Ivy Neck. Infrequent in mature hardwood forest,

either under canopy of Fagus grandifolia , Quercus alba , Liriodendron

tulipifera , etc. or along estuary shorelines under Quercus alba and

Quercus prinus . Found along north boundary of Java Farm west of Muddy Creek, on north shore of Fox Point peninsula, along old entrance

road west of Muddy Creek, and along west shore of Cheston Creek

estuary. Higman 776, 840, 887, 974.

CAPRIFOLIACEAE

1. Corolla funnelform to campanulate, irregular;

style long; stigma capitate.

2. Plant a shrub or woody vine.

3. Corolla funnelform to tubular; ovary 2- or 3-locular; fruit a berry. (Also, plant

a woody vine in species collected; flowers

fragrant and showy) Lonicera

3. Corolla short-campanulate to salverform; ovary

4-locular; fruit a berrylike drupe, with only

2 nutlets maturing Symphoricarpos

2. Plant herbaceous. (Also, leaves over 1 dm. long; flowers axillary, sessile; corolla

tubular, yellowish to dull red; fruit a dry orange-yellow berry) Triosteum

1. Corolla rotate to open-campanulate, regular, deeply

5-lobed; style absent; stigmas 1 to 5.

4. Plant a woody shrub or small tree; leaves simple;

fruit a drupe with 1 stone Viburnum

4. Plant a semi-herbaceous shrub, the stems with

large white pith; leaves pinnately compound;

fruit a berry, with 3 or more seed-like

nutlets Sambucus

Lonicera

Lonicera japonica Thunb. Japanese Honeysuckle

Java Farm and Ivy Neck. Usually abundant throughout old fields,

along roadsides, and as a dense ground cover in both pine and hardwood

forest. Associate species: Rhus radicans , Campsis radicans , Vitis

vulpina . Conspicuously infrequent (as are its associates) along

estuary shores under canopy of Quercus prinus . Higman 121.

191.

L. japonica, var. chinensis

(P. W. Wats) Baker

Java Farm. Infrequent, in old fields near Fox Point Road and new entrance road. Associated with typical form above. Higman 202,

Symphoricarpos

Symphoricarpos occidentalis Hook. Snowberry, Wolfberry

Ivy Neck. Two stations: east and west coasts of Cheston Point forest. Canopy of Pinus taeda , Robinia pseudoacacia , Liriodendron tulipifera . Higman 1090.

Triosteum

1. Leaves perfoliate below, the upper tapering to base, glabrous or puberulent above; flowers

3 or 4 per axil T_. perfoliatum

1. Leaves all tapering to base, strigose above;

flowers 1 per axil T_. angustifolium

Triosteum perfoliatum L. Tinker 's-weed,

Horse-gentian, Feverwort

Java Farm. Infrequent to moderately abundant on east- to southfacing slopes overlooking Rhode River, north of Fox Creek drainage. Hectares

3517, 3518. Canopy of Liquidambar styraciflua . and usually Robinia

pseudoacacia and Ulmus americana . Associate species: Verbesina

occidentalis .

Also, infrequent in old fields near the above area. Hectares

3507, 3508, 3509. Dominant species: Rhus radicans , Lonicera

japonica . Solidago altissima . Rubus spp. Scattered Ulmus americana , Ulmus rubra . Higman 230, 762.

T_. angustifolium L. Horse-gentian, Feverwort

Ivy Neck. One station: beside abandoned road down Cheston

Peninsula. Hectare 5719. Very thin canopy of mature Pinus taeda , moderately dense understory of Liquidambar styraciflua and other hardwoods, very dense ground cover of Rhus radicans and Lonicera japonica . Higman 1077.

192. Viburnum

1. Leaves palmately 3-lobed, much dotted beneath;

petioles stipulate at the base V. acerifolium

1. Leaves unlobed, orbicular to ovate, not dotted

beneath; petioles not stipulate.

2. Leaves coarsely dentate, orbicular to oblongovate, usually pubescent V_. dentatum

2. Leaves serrulate, ovate, glabrous V_. prunifolium

Viburnum acerifolium L. Maple-leaved Viburnum, Arrow-wood

Java Farm. Infrequent; one station on south-facing slope overlooking

tidal portion of Muddy Creek, under canopy of Quercus alba , Quercus

velutina , Fagus grandifolia , Liriodendron tulipif era , and Carya tomentosa . Also one station on Hog Island, under canopy of Quercus

alba and Quercus prinus . Hectares 3429 and 4502. Higman 100, 457.

V_. dentatum L. Southern Arrow-wood

Java Farm. Locally abundant, in broad valley tributary to tidal portion of Muddy Creek. Hectare 3530. Canopy of Quercus alba , Fagus grandifolia , and Liriodendron tulipifera . Associate species:

Viburnum prunifolium , Lindera benzoin . Also, infrequent in old fields near Fox Point Road. Hectare

3523. Dominant species: Rubus spp., Lonicera japonica , Rhus radicans . Associate species: Diospyros virginiana . Liquidambar styraciflua . Celtis occidentalis . Higman 371, 455, 514.

V. prunifolium L. Black-haw (L)

Sweet-haw

Java Farm and Ivy Neck. Infrequent to moderately abundant along

roadsides, in o]d fields, and under a variety of hardwood canopies,

including Juglans nigra and Quercus prinus . More frequent and widespread than either V. acerifolium or V. dentatum . Higman 220,

429, 464, 507, 638.

Sambucus

Sambucus canadensis L. Elderberry

Java Farm. Infrequent; stations at main building area, west end of marsh meadow north of main buildings, and in freshwater marsh of Fox Creek drainage. Hectares 2580, 2468, adn 3516, respectively. Station

at main buildings may be persistent from cultivation. Associate species

at both other stations: Juncus effusus . Polygonum pensylvanicum . Associate

only at marsh meadow: Phalaris arundinacea (dominant). Associates only

at Fox Creek: Salix nigra . Aster praealtus , Rosa palustris .

193.

VALERIANACEAE

1. Leaves pinnate or deeply parted; plants perennial.

Expected (Valeriana )

1. Leaves entire or dentate near the base; plants

annual Valerianella

Valerianella

1. Bracts (subtending the cymes) ciliate, or at least

the outer ones.

2. Petals blue; fruit glabrous, its fertile locule

turgid and ridged on the back , V. olitoria

2. Petals white; fruit minutely hirsute, its fertile

locule flat on the back V_. radiata

1. Bracts not ciliate. Expected (V. patellaria)

Valerianella olitoria (L.) Poll. Corn-salad,

Lamb's-lettuce

Java Farm. Infrequent to moderately abundant along road to springhouse and in yard of old house there. Hectare 3417. Associate

species: Veronica arvensis , Duchesnea indica , Trifolium repens . Higman 607.

V. radiata (L.) Dufr. Corn-salad

Lamb's-lettuce

Java Farm. Same location as V. olitoria above; same associate

species. Higman 1126.

CAMPANULACEAE

1. Corolla regular; anthers not united into a tube; stigmas 2 or more. (Also, capsule opening by pores

on the sides)

2. Corolla rotate; capsule slender-cylindric Specularia

2. Corolla campanulate; capsule obconic or turbinate

to subglobose. Expected ( Campanula )

1. Corolla irregular; anthers united into a tube; stigma 1, often fringed Lobelia

194.

Specularia

Specularia perfoliata (L.) A. DC. Venus' Looking-glass

Java Farm. Infrequent along right-of-way to new entrance gate,

around main buildings, and at east (drier) margin of Phalaris

arundinacea meadow. Variety of associate species. Higman 723, 782.

Lobelia

1. Flowers 18-45 mm. long, including the hypanthium;

corolla tube with longitudinal openings near the

base.

2 . Flowers bright red L_. cardinalis

2. Flowers blue or purple. Expected (L. puberula )

1. Flowers 7-18 mm. long, including the hypanthium;

corolla tube without openings.

3. Leaves linear to narrowly lanceolate. Expected

(L. nuttalli ).

3. Leaves oblong-lanceolate or ovate.

4. Stem long-hirsute; bracts of raceme leafy

below, gradually reduced upward. (Also,

flowers bluish-white) L_. inf lata

4. Stem densely short-pubescent near base; bracts

of raceme all reduced from cauline leaves.

Expected (L. spicata)

Lobelia cardinalis L. Cardinal-flower

Java Farm. One station: On Muddy Creek at transition between

forested stream valley and upstream limit of salt marsh. Hectare

3413. Associate species: Quercus falcata , Panicum virgatum , Typha

latif olia , Rosa palustris , Mikania scandens, Pluchea camphorata . Higman 83.

L_. inf lata L. Indian-tobacco

Ivy Neck. One station: along abandoned road through central

Scaffold Peninsula. Approx. hectare 5722. Canopy of Quercus alba , Quercus velutina , Liriodendron tulipifera , Carya tomentosa . Associate

species: Vernonia glauca , Amphicarpa bracteata . Higman 966.

195.

COMPOSITAE

Key to Tribes

1. Disc-flowers absent (immature ray-flowers at center

of head may appear discoid); sap milky.. Cichorieae (p. 196)

1. Disc-flowers present, ray-flowers present or absent;

sap clear.

2. Disc-corollas deeply cleft, resembling rays

(true ray-flowers absent). (Also, anthers

caudate at base; plants often prickly) Cynareae (p. 201)

2. Disc-corollas with small terminal lobes or truncate.

3. Receptacle with chaffy bracts. (Also, pappus

of awns or chaff, or absent).

4. Outer and sometimes inner phyllaries herbaceous; style-branches usually with pointed,

hirsute appendages; leaves usually opposite.. Heliantheae (p. 202)

4. All phyllaries scarious-margined; stylebranches truncate, pubescent only at the tip, not appendaged; leaves alternate Anthemideae (p. 207)

3. Receptacle naked (occasionally with slender

fimbrillae in Astereae (Solidago ) and in Helenieae) . (Also, pappus usually of capillary

bristles)

5. Style-branches long and appendaged.

6. Pappus of awns, scales, or absent. (Also,

style-branches usually with pointed,

hirsute appendages) Helenieae (p. 209,

Expected)

6. Pappus of capillary bristles.

7. Ray-flowers absent; disc-flowers

white or lavender; style-branches

cylindrical or clavate, glabrous or nearly so.

196.

8. Style-branches hispidulous, with

pointed tips; anthers sagittate;

heads in cymes or glomerules;

leaves without resin dots, alternate... Vernonieae (p. 209)

8. Style-branches glabrous, with

round or obtuse tips; anthers

round-based; heads in corymbs

(racemes in Liatris) ; leaves with

resin dots, opposite or whorled

(alternate in Liatris ) Eupatorieae (p. 210)

7. Ray-flowers present; disc flowers

yellow; style-branches narrowly

lanceolate, hirsute on the outside Astereae (p. 213)

5. Style-branches short, not appendaged.

9. Phyllaries entirely herbaceous. (Also,

phyllaries in only one series; stylebranches truncate, pubescent only at tip; pappus bristles capillary, very soft,

copious; leaves alternate (except in Arnica) Senecioneae (p. 224)

9. Phyllaries partly or entirely scarious.

10. Anthers sagittate, appendaged at base; pappus of capillary bristles; ray- flowers absent in genera collected.

(Also, plant usually wooly, except

in Pluchea) Inuleae (p. 225)

10. Anthers not sagittate, unappendaged;

pappus a low crown or absent ; ray

flowers present in genera collected Anthemideae (p» 207)

Cichorieae

1. Pappus chaffy or of both chaff and bristles.

2. Flowers yellow; pappus of both chaff and

bristles. Expected ( Krjgia)

2. Flowers blue or white; pappus of small

chaffy scales Cichorium

197.

1. Pappus of many bristles.

3. Pappus plumose. Expected ( Hypochoerls)

3. Pappus capillary or scabrous.

4. Achenes with short, hard points above.

5. Stems leafy; heads small, few-flowered.. Chondrilla

5. Stems scapose; heads broad, many-flowered.... Taraxacum

4. Achenes usually smooth (fluted and somewhat rough

all over in Pyrrhopappus )

6. Achenes flat or flattish; leaves, or most of them, sharply cleft to pinnatifid.

7. Achenes tapering to acute or blunt

summit, beakless; flowers 80 or more per head; leaves spiny Sonchus

7. Achenes tapering to a stout, broadened summit

or to a filiform beak; flowers 6 to 30 per head; leaves not spiny except in one expected species Lactuca

6. Achenes columnar or nearly so; leaves entire to remotely dentate or serrate, not pinnatifid.

8. Achenes with long, slender beak.

(Also, involucre double, the outer phyllaries short; pappus often rust- colored but ivory-white in specimens

collected) Pyrrhopappus

8. Achenes beakless (but may taper to apex)

9. Phyllaries in a single series.

Expected ( Crepis )

9. Phyllaries in 2 or more series.

10. Flowers white or pink; inflorescence

a branching raceme or panicle

of drooping heads; involucre

cylindric. Expected (Prenanthes)

198.

10. Flowers yellow; inflorescence

a corymb or panicle of erect

or ascending heads; involucre

campanulate or broader Hieracium

Cichorium

Cichorium intybus L. , including

forma alba Neum. Chicory

Java Farm. One station at junction of old entrance road and road to springhouse. Hectare 3408.

Ivy Neck. Infrequent at borders of cornfields on Cheston

Peninsula. Also along tractor trail to artificial pond. Hectare

4721. Higman 952.

Chondrilla

Chondrilla juncea L. Skeleton-weed

Ivy Neck. Two stations: along trail from parking area and trail to artificial pond, above drainage to Cheston Creek. Hectare

4721. Associate species: Cichorium intybus . Mentha spicata , Ambrosia

trif ida , Agrostis alba . Higman 1024, 1218.

Taraxacum

1. Mature achenes tuberculate only above the middle.

2. Leaves dissected to midrib; achenes reddish.

Expected (T. erythrospermum)

2. Leaves not dissected to midrib; achenes

brownish T_. officinale

1. Mature achenes tuberculate to base T_. latilobum Taraxacum officinale Weber Dandelion

Java Farm and Ivy Neck. Infrequent along roadsides, usually in unshaded locations. Higman 487, 579.

T. latilobum DC. (combined with T. officinale

in Britton and Brown) Dandelion

Java Farm. One station: entrance gate on old Muddy Creek Road. Hectare 2463. Associate species: Taraxacum officinale , Galium aparine , Trifolium pratense . Geranium carolinianum , Commelina communis . Higman

1131.

199.

Sonchus

Sonchus asper (L.) Hill Sow-thistle

Java Farm. One station: base of tile silo at main building area. Hectare 2590. Higman 827. Lactuca

1. Achenes tapering to a stout, broadened summit;

flowers blue.

2. Pappus tawny or olive. Expected (L. biennis )

.

2

.

Pappus white L_. f loridana

1. Achenes tapering to a filiform beak; flowers

yellow.

3. Heads 5- to 8-f lowered; achenes 5- to 7-ribbed

on each face, oblanceolate to narrowly obovate.

Expected (_L. scariola , _L. saligna)

.

3. Heads 12- to 20-f lowered; achenes 1- to 3- ribbed on each face* oblong, elliptic, or

oval. (Also, beak jointed) _L. canadensis

Lactuca floridana (L.) Gaertn. , var. villosa (Jacq.) Cronq. Lettuce

Java Farm. One station: along old entrance road between gate at old Muddy Creek Road and culvert of Muddy Creek. Canopy of Fagus

grandifolia , Quercus alba . Liriodendron tulipifera . Carya tomentosa . etc. Associate species: Eupatorium purpureum , Agrimonia microcarpa , Desmodium paniculatum , I), glutinosum , IK glabellum . Elephantopus

carolinianus . Higman 30.

L_. canadensis L. Lettuce

Java Farm. One station in old field. Hectare 3504. Associate

species: Solidago rugosa . jS. altissima . Aster lateriflorus . Higman 331. Pyrrhopappus

Pyrrhopappus carolinianus (Walt.) DC. False Dandelion

Ivy Neck. One station: tractor trail to abandoned field on Scaffold Peninsula. Hectare 4740. Associate species: Anagallis

arvensis . Galinsoga ciliata . Rumex crispus . Higman 957.

200.

Hleracium

1. Involucre barely Imbricated; phyllaries equal. (Also, stem scapose or cauline leaves few; rhizome present)

.

Expected (H. pratense , H. florentinum)

.

1. Involucre clearly imbricated; phyllaries unequal.

2. Branches of inflorescence with basal bracts;

inflorescence a panicle or corymb.

3. Leaves chiefly basal at anthesis, broader than

the scattered or absent cauline ones; bracts

minute. (Also, tips of rays fringe-cut) H. venosum

3. Leaves extending regularly up the stem; bracts

leafy.

4. Stem glabrous except at villous base; branches

of inflorescence glabrous. Expected

(H. paniculatum)

.

4. Stem and branches of inflorescence densely

pubescent. (Also, panicle may be shortcylindric; peduncles densely glandular) H. scabrum

2. Branches of inflorescence without bracts; infloresa cylindric panicle. Expected (H. gronovii )

.

Hieracium venosum L. Rattlesnake-weed,

Poor Robin's Plantain

Java Farm and Ivy Neck. Infrequent, chiefly along estuary shores

under canopy of Quercus prinus , Quercus alba . Carya tomentosa, etc. Associate species: Gerardia virginica . Gaylussacia baccata . Vaccinium

vacillans , Epigaea repens . Also found along bank of tidal portion of Muddy Creek, under canopy of Fagus grandifolia and Quercus spp. Hectare 3551. Shrub layer at this point resembles that under Quercus prinus . Higman 655, 842.

_H. scabrum Michx. Hawkweed

Java Farm. Two stations: one on south-facing slope over abandoned

pasture. Hectare 2458. Scattered Liquidambar styracif lua , Liriodendron

tulipifera . and Pyrus malus . Spreading ground cover of Lonicera laponica . also Rubus spp. and Rhus radicans . Second station at old entrance gate. Hectare 2463. Edge of canopy of Fagus grandifolia . Quercus spp. , Carya

tomentosa . Liriodendron tulipifera . etc. Associate species there:

Geranium carolinianum . Galium aparine . Commelina communis . Higman 191, 353.

201.

Cynareae

1. Involucre not spiny; flowers blue, the marginal

ones resembling rays Centaurea

1. Involucre spiny; flowers pink or red-violet, all

alike.

2. Leaves not spiny, the lower ones cordate;

phyllaries spiny, with hooked tips.... Arctium

2. Leaves spiny, narrow at base; phyllaries spiny, with

straight tips Cirsium

Centaurea

Centaurea cyanus L. Cornflower,

Bachelor's Button

Ivy Neck. One station: tractor trail to abandoned field on Scaffold Peninsula. Hectare 4740. Associate species: Anagallis

arvensis , Galinsoga ciliata , Pyrrhopappus carolinianus , Taraxacum

officinale , Rumex crispus . Higman 808.

Arctium

Arctium minus (Hill.) Bernh. Common Burdock

(A. minus Schk.

)

Java Farm. One station: rubbish pile at main building area. Hectare 2580. Associate species: Eleusine indica , Datura stramonium , S planum nigrum , Amaranthus spinosus , Phytolacca americana . Higman 6.

Cirsium

1. Flowers perfect.

2. Upper half of stem and branches with long,

prickly wings decurrent from the leaves C_. vulgare

2. Upper half of stem and branches not long-winged.

3. Leaves green beneath. Expected (C. muticum)

.

3. Leaves with dense white felt beneath.

202.

4. Heads subtended by spiny leafy bracts;

peduncles short, leafy.

5. Principal cauline leaves deeply pinnatifid

into linear-lanceolate lobes C_. discolor

5. Principal cauline leaves entire or shallowly

lobed. Expected (C. altissimum)

.

4. Heads not subtended by leafy bracts;

peduncles long, with scattered and reduced

bracts. Expected (C. virginianum)

.

1. Flowers dioecious. (Also, leaves green both sides).... C. arvense

Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Tenore Bull Thistle

Ivy Neck. One station: edge of cornfield on Cheston Peninsula,

near head of Cheston Creek estuary. Hectare 4755. Associate species: Datura stramonium , Abutilon theophrasti . Higman 1220.

_C. discolor (Muhl.) Spreng. Thistle

Java Farm. Moderately abundant along old entrance road south

of main building area, and in grassy parts of old fields. Hectares 2590,

3500, 3504. Associate species: Poa pratensis (dense turf) , Asclepias

syriaca , Apocynum cannabinum , Erigeron canadensis , Aster dumosus

.

Higman 44, 337.

_C. arvense (L.) Scop. Canadian Thistle

Java Farm. One station: beside old entrance road just south of main building area. Hectare 3500. Associate species: Cirsium discolor , Asclepias syriaca , Verbascum thapsus , V. blattaris . Higman 888.

Heliantheae

1. Ray flowers absent.

2. Shrub; salt marsh habitat; heads monoecious, the pistillate flowers 1 to 5, marginal, without

corolla; the staminate flowers numerous,

central, with lobed corolla Iva

2. Herbs; terrestrial habitat; heads dioecious, the

pistillate ones clustered below spikes of staminate ones; pistillate heads 1- or 2-flowered; staminate heads

5- to 20-f lowered.

203.

3. Sandy beach habitat; phyllaries of staminate

involucre not united; fruiting head a very prickly bur, 2-seeded; leaves simple. Xanthium

3. Roadside and field habitat; phyllaries of staminate involucre united; fruiting head not

burlike, 1-seeded; leaves lobed or dissected.

(Also , staminate heads inverted) Ambrosia

1. Ray flowers present.

A. Disc flowers sterile; ray flowers fertile.

Expected (Polymnia , Silphium . Parthenium)

.

4. Disc flowers fertile; ray flowers fertile or sterile.

5. Leaves decurrent down the stem.

6. Ray flowers sterile; phyllaries bent

downward, few; leaves p innately

veined; flowers pale yellow Actinomeris

6. Ray flowers pistillate; phyllaries imbricated,

many; leaves 3-nerved; flowers golden-yellow.

Verbesina

5. Leaves not decurrent.

7. Achenes turbinate, 5-angled. (Also, leaves

opposite; rays white; disc yellow) Galinsoga

7. Achenes flat, 4-angled or, if 5-angled,

subterete and slender.

8. Receptacle conical to columnar; leaves

alternate. (Also, rays orange; disc brown)

Rudbeckia

8. Receptacle flat or slightly convex; leaves opposite in all genera collected

or expected.

9. Flowers white.; chaff of receptacle

bristly; pappus a minute bristly

crown Eclipta

9. Flowers yellow; chaff of receptacle

broader, flattish; pappus of teeth,

deciduous scales, or wanting.

204.

10. Pappus of retrorsely or antrorsely

barbed awns or teeth (barbs not always apparent on immature

flowers). (Also, achenes ciliate

along the margins) Bidens

10. Pappus of unbarbed teeth, of scales,

or wanting. Expected (Heliopsis , Coreopsis )

.

Iva

Iva frutescens L. Marsh-elder,

Highwater-shrub

Java Farm and Ivy Neck. Moderately abundant in salt marshes,

especially the more inland parts. Associate species: Distichlis

spicata , Solidago sempervirens . Aster subulatus , Spartina patens . Hibiscus palustris . Higman 53, 114.

Xanthium

Xanthium pensylvanicum Wallr. Cocklebur

(not included in Britton and Brown)

Ivy Neck. One station: sandbar of cut-off pond on Rhode River

shore of Cheston Peninsula. Hectare 5800. Associate species: Spartina

alternif lora , Asparagus officinalis , Strophostyles helvola . Higman

1030.

Ambrosia

1. Leaves entire or palmately cleft, opposite; staminate

involucres unilaterally 3-ribbed; fruits 3 to 12 mm. long A. trif Ida

1. Leaves pinnately lobed to bi- or tri-pinnatif id,

both opposite and alternate; staminate involucres

obscurely radiate-veined; fruit smaller than

above A . artemisiifolia

Ambrosia trif ida L. Giant Ragweed

Buffalo Weed

Java Farm and Ivy Neck. Infrequent to moderately abundant along

unshaded or partly shaded roads, tractor trails, and field margins.

Wide variety of associate species. Higman 252, 311, 1025.

205.

A. artemisiifolia L. Common Ragweed,

Hog Weed

Java Farm and Ivy Neck. Infrequent to moderately abundant along

unshaded or partly shaded roads and field margins. Wide variety of associate species. Higman 1167.

Actinomeris

Actinomeris alternifolia (L.) DC. (Verbesina alteraifolia (L.) Britt.) Wing-stem

Java Farm. One station: source of stream which runs under new

entrance road at junction with road to pier. Hectare 2599. Canopy of Quercus velutina and Juglans nigra . Associate species: Impatiens

capensis . Higman 228.

Verbesina

Verbesina occidentalis (L.) Walt. Crown-beard

Java Farm. Moderately abundant in moist, partly shaded areas, especially forest glades and forest margins of fields. Most abundant

in hectares 2479, 2561, 3429, and 3508. Often in virtually pure stands. Higman 147.

Galinsoga

Galinsoga ciliata (Raf.) Blake

Ivy Neck. Infrequent along tractor trails and roadsides. Hectare 4740. Also along trail to artificial pond on Murray farm. Associate species: Perilla frutescens . Taraxacum officinale . Daucus

carota . See also Appendix II. Higman 836, 1060.

Rudbeckia

Rudbeckia serotina Nutt. Black-eyed Susan

Ivy Neck. Infrequent to moderately abundant in abandoned field

on Scaffold Peninsula. Hectares 4762, 4772. Wide variety of associate

species. Also one station beside cultivated field on Cheston Peninsula.

Higman 816, 1242.

206.

Eclipta

Eclipta alba (L.) Hassk. Java Farm. One station: growing in rotted stump beside tidal

portion of Muddy Creek, near upstream limit of salt marsh vegetation. Hectare 3413. Accessable only by boat at high tide. Associate species:

Pluchea camphorata , Scirpus validus , Smilax rotundifolia , Typha

latifolia . Higman 258.

Bidens

1. Primary leaves bi- or tri-pinnate; achenes linear, very unequal, the inner 2 to 3 times as long as the outer

and inner involucre B^. bipinnata

1. Primary leaves once-pinnate or simple; achenes

broadened from base to summit, the inner not over

1/3 longer than the inner involucre.

2. Primary leaves simple or with 3 to 5 coarse

lobes, without distinct leaflets.

3. Achenes with a convex cartilaginous summit.

Expected (B. laevis, B. cernua)

.

3. Achenes truncate or concave at summit, not cartilaginous.

4. Mature central achenes strongly 4-angled.

(Also, leaves undivided or with divergent

basal lobes; phyllaries ascending or loosely spreading) Ji. connata

4. Mature central achenes flattish, with slender

or obscure midribs. Expected (B. comosa)

.

2. Primary leaves deeply pinnate-divided or with

distinct leaflets.

5. Rays wanting or shorter than outer involucre;

leaflets uncleft. Expected (B. f rondosa)

.

5. Rays showy, conspicuously longer than outer

involucre; leaflets pinnately incised or coarsely serrate.

207,

6. Outer involucre of 8 to 12 smooth or finely ciliate spreading, acute or blunt phyllaries 4 to 7 mm. long.

Expected (B. aristosa )

.

6. Outer involucre of 12 to 25 puckered or coarsely serrate ciliate spreading or ref lexed-curling acuminate phyllaries

7 to 20 mm. long .B. polylepis

Bidens bipinnata L. Spanish Needles

Java Farm. Infrequent to moderately abundant along roadsides and in

cracked pavement at main building area. Associate species: Juncus

tenuis . Aster dumosus , Perilla frutescens , Lamium amplexicaule,

Melilotus alba . Higman 77, 357.

_B. connata Muhl. . var. petiolata (Nutt.) Farw. Beggar-ticks,

(B. tripartita L.) Stick-tight Java Farm. One station: sand bar in bed of Muddy Creek, upstream

from culvert of old entrance road. Hectare 2467. Canopy of Fagus

grandifolia , Platanus occidentalis , Quercus alba ; understory of Lindera

benzoin . Associate species: Impatiens capensis . Higman 168.

_B. polylepis Blake Beggar-ticks,

Stick-tight

Java Farm. One station: forest margin of old field east of road to springhouse. Hectare 3428. Adjacent canopy of Fagus

grandifolia and Quercus velutina . Associate species: Verbesina

occidentalis . Higman 148.

Anthemideae

1. Receptacle chaffy, at least toward summit or center.

2. Heads numerous in close corymbs; achenes

oblong, flattened; receptacle flattish

(prolonged in fruit) Achillea

2. Heads solitary at tips of branches and branchlets; achenes terete, angled, or ribbed;

receptacle conical ". Anthemis

208.

1. Receptacle naked. (Also, disc flowers yellow).

3. Heads in spikes, racemes, or panicles. (Also, rays and pappus absent). Expected ( Artemisia)

.

3. Heads solitary or in corymbs.

4. Receptacle conical, at least in fruit. (Also, rays and pappus absent) . Expected (Matricaria )

.

4. Receptacle flattish or low-convex.

5. Ray flowers present; pappus none; achenes

5- to 10-nerved. (Also, rays white

(in species collected) or yellow) Chrysanthemum

5. Ray flowers absent; pappus a low crown; achenes

3- to 5-angled. Expected (Tanacetum)

.

Achillea

Achillea milleforium L. Common Yarrow

Java Farm. Infrequent to moderately abundant at main building

area, in grassy fields south of main buildings (hectares 2499, 3409),

and in triangular area at entrance gate on old Muddy Creek Road

(hectare 2463). Associate species: Poa pratensis (turf),

Erigeron canadensis , Plantago lanceolata , Duchesnea indica , Cyperus

strigosus . Higman 10, 517.

Anthemis

Anthemis arvensis L. , var. agrestis (Wallr.) DC. (variety not in Britton and Brown) Corn-chamomile

Ivy Neck. One station: beside tractor trail on Scaffold

Peninsula, between cornfield and grassy abandoned field. Hectare

4771. Associate species: Hordeum pus ilium , Plantago virginica . Linaria canadensis . Specularia perfoliata . Higman 694.

Chrysanthemum

Chrysanthemum leucanthemum L. Ox-eye Daisy

Java Farm. Infrequent in old fields. Dominant species: Rhus

radicans , Rubus spp. , Solidago spp., Lonicera japonica . Associate

species: Oxalis stricta , Rumex acetosella . Lespedeza cuneata , Barbarea vulgaris . Higman 652, 758.

209.

Helenieae

No species collected from this tribe; Helenium spp. expected.

Vernoneae

1. Heads not in glomerules, several-flowered; phyllaries

uniform, imbricated; corolla regularly 5-cleft; pappus double; leaves not rosulate Vernonia

1. Heads in glomerules, 2-5 flowered; phyllaries alternately

flat and folded; corolla slightly irregular; pappus single;

basal leaves rosulate . Elephantopus

Vernonia

1. Phyllaries long-acuminate or with a filiform appendage.

2. Pappus purplish; phyllaries ovate below appendage,

with broad scarious margin V. noveboracensis

2. Pappus creamy; phyllaries lanceolate below appendage,

with slightly scarious margin JV. glauca

1. Phyllaries obtuse or acute. Expected

(V. altissima)

.

Vernonia noveboracensis (L.) Michx. Ironweed

Java Farm. Infrequent: one station at north margin of freshwater part

of Fox Creek marsh (hectare 3515) ; one station in old field south of old entrance road and east of road to springhouse (hectare 3418)

;

one station near Muddy Creek, at upstream limit of salt marsh vegetation

(hectare 3413). Higman 84, 129, 484.

V. glauca (L.) Willd. Ironweed

Ivy Neck. Infrequent: along abandoned road through central

Scaffold Peninsula. Hectare 5732. Canopy of Quercus alba , Liriodendron

tulipif era . Quercus velutina . Carya tomentoga . Associate species:

Amphicarpa bracteata . Lobelia inflata . Gerardia virginica . Higman 965.

210.

Elephantopus

Elephantopus carolinianus Willd. Elephant ' s-foot

Java Farm. Infrequent to moderately abundant in moist, shaded

areas, especially near streams; grows under a variety of dense, mixed

hardwood canopies. Associate species vary, include: Panicum

clandestinum . Aster vimineus . Perilla frutescens , Muhlenberg ia schreberi , Asplenium platyneuron . Polystichum acrostichoides . Aster

acuminatus , Glyceria striata , Geum canadense , Onoclea sensibilis . Higman 37, 183, 236, 306, 471, 1003.

Eupatoreae

1. Leaves alternate; heads in racemes or spikes

(Also , flowers rose-purple) Liatris

1. Leaves opposite; heads in corymbs.

2. Twining vine; phyllaries 4; flowers 4 Mikania

2. Erect, not twining; phyllaries more than 4; flowers 3-40 Eupatorium

Liatris

Liatris graminifolia (Walt.) Willd. Button-snakeroot

,

Blazing-star

Java Farm. One station: Fox Point. Hectare 3558. Canopy of Quercus prinus , Quercus alba . Associate species: Gerardia virginica , Epigaea repens , Gaylussacia baccata . Higman 430.

Mikania

Mikania scandens (L.) Willd. Climbing Hempweed

Java Farm. Infrequent to moderately abundant in moist habitats,

fresh or slightly saline. Moderately abundant near landward borders

of salt marshes; associate species there: Iva frutescens , Pluchea

camphorata , Polygonum hydropiperoides , Panicum clandestinum , Hibiscus

palustris , Kosteletzkya virginica . Also moderately abundant in marsh at west corner of Farm, hectare

2470. Associate species there: Scutellaris lateriflora . Infrequent in old fields, hectares 2580, 3418. Associate species there: Eupatorium

serotinum , Solidago altissima , Aster novi-belgi . Higman 81, 146,

196, 408.

211.

Eupatorium

1. Receptacle conical; base of stem with prostrate

superficial stolons; flowers blue-violet E. coelestinum

1. Receptacle flat; base of stem without superficial

stolons; flowers white to purple.

2. Involucre cylindric, the outer phyllaries

closely imbricated, purple to creamy white.

(Also, leaves usually whorled in 3's to 5's,

lanceolate to ovate)

.

3. Inflorescence round-topped; lower leaf surfaces and upper stem with glutinous dots

(sometimes absent in _E. purpureum)

.

4. Leaves palmately 3-veined; involucre and flowers purple. Expected (E. dubium)

.

4. Leaves pinnately veined; involucre and flowers white to pale lavender. (Also, stem with dark purple nodes; fresh plant

strongly vanilla-scented) E. purpureum

3. Inflorescence flat-topped; lower leaf

surfaces and upper stem not glutinousdotted. (Also, stem deep purple or purplespotted; florets 8-20). Expected

(_E. maculatum)

.

2. Involucre lax, the outer phyllaries not closely

imbricated, green. (Also, leaves alternate or opposite, whorled only in E. hyssopifolium , and then linear to narrowly lanceolate)

.

5. Leaves sessile or nearly so.

6. Heads with 10 to 40 flowers.

7. Leaves perfoliate, lanceolate, acuminate.. E. perfoliatum

7. Leaves with truncate or round bases, ovate, acute to blunt. Expected (E. aromaticum)

.

6. Heads with 5 to 7 flowers.

8. Leaves broadly subtruncate, round or cordate at base. Expected (E.- album) .

8. Leaves tapering to base.

212.

9. Phyllaries with conspicuously scarious

tips, the inner ones equalling the flowers. Expected (E. album)

.

9. Phyllaries without conspicuously

scarious tips, shorter than the flowers.

(Also, leaves linear and entire to lanceolate and serrate, all but the lowest with dense axillary fascicles,

leaves often in 3's). .......

.

E. hyssopifolium

5. Leaves definitely petioled. (Also, heads

with 8 to 40 flowers).

10. Outer phyllaries oblong, densely pubescent,

not mucronate-tipped; phyllaries in 2 or 3 lengths E. serotinum

10. Outer phyllaries acute or blunt, glabrous,

mucronate-tipped; phyllaries equal in length

_E. rugosum Eupatorium coelestinum L. Mistf lower, Blue Boneset

Java Farm. One station: abandoned road along north border

between Muddy Creek and entrance gate at Muddy Creek Road. Hectare 2465. Canopy of Fagus grandifolia , Quercus alba , C\ velutina , Liriodendron

tulipif era . Associate species: Agrimonia rostellata , Houstonia purpurea .

Ivy Neck. One station: west fork of Cheston Creek drainage, adjacent

abandoned field on Scaffold Peninsula. Hectare 4752. Canopy of Platanus occidentalis , Diospyros virginiana , Liquidambar styraciflua . Associate species: Duchesnea indica . Higman 1057, 1086. Eupatorium purpureum L. Sweet Joe Pye-weed

Java Farm. One station: along old entrance road between Muddy

Creek and gate at Muddy Creek Road. Canopy of mature Fagus grandifolia . Quercus alba . Liriodendron tulipifera , etc. Associate species: Lactuca

floridana . Agrimonia microcarpa . Desmodium glutinosum , Elephantopus

carolinianus . Higman 31.

E. perfoliatum L. Thoroughwort

,

Boneset

Java Farm. One station: bottom of Muddy Creek valley, approx. hectare 2486. Canopy of Fraxinus americana , Platanus occidentalis ; understory of Lindera benzoin .

Ivy Neck. One station: moist area along abandoned road on Cheston

Peninsula. Approx. hectare 4799. Canopy of Juglans nigra , Pinus Jtaeda,

P_. virginiana , Liquidambar styraciflua . Higman 68.

213.

_E. hyssopifolium L. , var. laciniatum Gray Thoroughwort

Java Farm. One station in old field north of Fox Point Road; hectare 3501. Also, one station at south margin of old field between

Fox Point Road and Hog Island salt marsh; hectare 3585. Dominant

species at both stations: Rhus radicans , Lonicera japonica , Solidago

altissima . Rubus spp. Higman 136, 423.

_E. serotinum Michx. Thoroughwort

Java Farm. Infrequent to moderately abundant in old fields; dominant

species: Rhus radicans , Lonicera japonica . Solidago altissima . Rubus spp. Also one station on Muddy Creek at upstream limit of salt

marsh vegetation, and one beside new entrance road at the culvert of Fox Creek drainage. Higman 79, 127, 315, 338, 1017, 1067.

_E. rugosum Houtt. , forma

villicaule Fern. White Snakeroot

Java Farm. One station: old fields south of main buildings, near old entrance road. Hectares 3408, 3409. Poa pratensis turf being

invaded by dense Rhus radicans , Lonicera japonica . and Campsis radicans.

Higman 488.

Astereae

1. Shrubs; ray flowers absent; disc flowers dioecious.... Baccharis

1. Herbs; ray flowers present (very small in a few

species); disc flowers perfect.

2. Ray flowers yellow (white in Splidago bicolor,

the rays then small, ascending; heads small,

in a dense panicle)

.

3. Pappus of disc flowers either of chaffy

awns or of double bristles (long inner

bristles, short outer ones). Expected

(Chrysopsis , Grindelia )

.

3. Pappus of disc flowers a single series of slender bristles Solidago

2. Ray flowers white, pink, purple, or blue.

214,

4. Pappus none or very short. (Also, rays pistillate, lilac; aspect resembling Aster )

.

Expected (Boltonia)

.

4. Pappus of many long slender bristles.

5. Involucre slenderly cylindric or ovoid;

disc flowers pale yellow to white; achenes very silky. (Also, phyllaries appressed,

cartilaginous, whitish, with short,

spreading green tips; leaves ciliate) Sericocarpus

5. Involucre saucer-shaped or hemispherical

to campanulate; disc flowers yellow or sometimes

purplish; achenes glabrous or pubescent, not

silky.

6. Phyllaries definitely imbricated, the outer series as long as the inner Aster

6. Phyllaries not imbricated or very

slightly so, in one series or with a very short outer one. Erigeron

Baccharis

Baccharis halimifolia L. Sea-myrtle

Java Farm and Ivy Neck. Abundant to moderately abundant in salt marshes, especially the wetter areas near tidal channels. Associate

species: Spartina alternif lora , S_. cynosuroides . Often parasitized by Cuscuta gronovii . Other habitats: Java Farm. One station in old field, near tributary of Fox Creek drainage. Hectare 3503. Dense Rubus spp.

,

Lonicera japonica , and Rhus radicans .

Ivy Neck. One station on sandy beach of Rhode River, on Murray

property. Hectare 4704. Associate species: Amorpha fruticosa . Higman 215, 253, 362.

Solidago

1. Inflorescence a flat-topped corymb, the heads

not racemosely arranged on the branches.

2. Leaves not glandular-punctate, the basal petioled

and usually much larger than the upper; heads

pedicelled; ray-flowers 6 to 10, fewer than the disc-flowers; receptacle naked. Expected (S. rigida)

215.

2. Leaves glandular-punctate, all sessile and similar in size; heads sessile in small glomerules;

ray-flowers 6 to 20, more than the disc-flowers;

receptacle f imbrillate S.. graminifolia

1. Inflorescence of axillary clusters or a terminal

panicle.

3. Inflorescence of axillary clusters. (Also, basal

leaves small and soon deciduous, not forming

rosettes; achenes hairy).

4. Stem terete, glaucous when fresh; primary

leaves lanceolate to narrowly oblong, sessile... _S. caesia

4. Stem angled, not glaucous; leaves ovate,

contracted to a winged petiole. Expected

(S_. flexicaulis )

.

3. Inflorescence a terminal panicle.

5. Branches of panicle not recurved, panicle

not nodding at summit; heads spirally arranged

on the branches, not strongly 1-sided.

6. Cauline leaves gradually decreasing in size upward; basal rosettes wanting.

Expected (jS. puberula , _S . speciosa)

.

6. Cauline leaves sharply decreasing in size upward; basal rosettes present, of large leaves.

7. Tips of phyllaries strongly recurving.

Expected (_S. squarrosa)

.

7. Tips of phyllaries appressed-ascending

or slightly spreading.

8. Leaves pilose or bristly on one

or both surfaces.

9. Rays silvery white; outer phyllaries

with green tips and contrasting

whitish bases and margins j>. bicolor

9. Rays yellow; outer phyllaries with

less contrast S. hispida

216,

8. Leaves glabrous or minutely puberulent.

Expected (S. puberula , _S. erecta) .

5. Branches of panicle recurved, panicle nodding at summit; heads borne on the upper side of the branches

.

10 . Salt marsh habitat S^ sempervirens

10. Terrestrial habitat.

11. Cauline leaves rapidly decreasing in

size upward; basal rosettes usually

present; cauline leaves 5 to 40.

12. Leaves sharply serrate; petioles winged, ciliate;

plant otherwise glabrous

or scabrous S_. juncea

12. Leaves crenate to subentire;

petioles wingless; stems and

leaves with dense grayith

puberulence S^. nemoralis

11. Cauline leaves very gradually

decreasing in size upward; basal

rosettes absent; cauline leaves

20 to over 100.

13. Leaves pinnately nerved,

without 2 conspicuously

prolonged lateral nerves.

14. Stem glabrous or nearly

so, or puberulent only

in lines. Expected (S. odora , _S. elliottii).

14. Stem villous or scabrouspubescent throughout.

(Also, conspicuous leafy

bracts present on branches

of panicle) S_. rugosa

13. Leaves with 2 conspicuously

prolonged lateral nerves,

plus the midrib.

217,

15. Summit of stem below panicle

glabrous or sparsely pilose.

Expected (S_. glgantea)

.

15. Summit of stem below panicle densely

pilose, most of stem closely puberulent.

16. Leaves sharply serrate; involucres

2 to 2.8 mm. high; phyllaries

slenderly tapering. Expected

(S_. canadensis )

.

16. Leaves remotely serrate or subentire; involucres 3 to

5 mm. high; phyllaries linear,

blunt-tipped S^. altissima

Solidago graminifolia (L.) Salisb. Flat-topped Goldenrod

Java Farm. Moderately abundant in old fields. Dominant species:

Rhus radicans , Camps is radicans , Lonicera j aponica , Solidago

altissima , Rubus spp. Scattered young mixed hardwoods.

Also, one station in freshwater part of Fox Creek marsh. Hectare

3516. Associate species: Aster puniceus , Leersia oryzoides . Higman 125,

245, 384.

S_. caesia L. Blue-stem Goldenrod

Java Farm. Infrequent along old Muddy Creek Road and around entrance gate there. Hectare 2463. Canopy of mature Fagus grandifolia , Liriodendron tulipif era . Higman 385, 406.

jS. bicolor L. White Goldenrod

Ivy Neck. One station: west shore of Cheston Creek estuary. Hectare 5725. Canopy of Quercus prinus , jQ_. alba , Carya tomentosa , Acer rubrum , Fagus grandifolia . Higman 1068.

_S. hispida Muhl. Goldenrod

Java Farm. One station: Fox Point. Hectare 3558. Canopy of Quercus prinus , _Q. alba . Associate species: Liatris graminifolia , Epigaea repens , Gaylussacia baccata . Higman 1133.

_S. sempervirens L. Seaside Goldenrod

Java Farm. Infrequent in salt marshes. Associate species:

Spartina patens , Distichlis spicata , Baccaris halimifolia . Higman 213.

218.

^. juncea Ait. Early Goldenrod

Java Farm. One station: stand of young Pinus virginiana in old

field. Hectare 3523. Associate species: Trichostema setaceum . Higman 381.

c

, _S. nemoralls Ait. Goldenrod

Java Farm. One station: old field north of Fox Point Road. Hectare 3523. Partial canopy of Pinus virginiana , Liquidambar styraciflua . Dense Lonicera japonica and Rhus radicans . Associate species: Solidago

juncea , Lespedeza cuneata , Rosa palustris , R. micrantha . Higman 373.

_S. rugosa Ait. Goldenrod

Java Farm. Infrequent to moderately abundant in old fields.

Dominant species: Rhus radicans , Lonicera japonica , Rubus spp. , Solidago

altissima . Associate species: Lespedeza cuneata , Aster dumosus , A. vimineus , Eupatorium serotinum . Scattered trees: Liquidambar

styraciflua , Cornus florida , Sassafras albidum . Higman 330, 349, 437.

_S. altissima L. Goldenrod

Java Farm. Abundant to moderately abundant in old fields.

Often co-dominant with Rhus radicans . Lonicera japonica , and Rubus spp. Associate species: same as for Solidago rugosa and _S. graminifolia

above. Higman 142, 200, 350.

Sericocarpus

Sericocarpus asteroides (L.) B. S. P. White-topped Aster

Java Farm. One station: Fox Point. Hectare 3558. Canopy of Quercus alba . Quercus prinus . Associate species: Baptisia tinctoria , Gaylussacia baccata, Vaccinium vacillans , Kalmia latifolia , Hieracium

venosum , Deschampsia f lexuosa , Liatris graminifolia . Higman 436, 1178.

Aster

1. Salt marsh habitat.

2. Phyllaries ovate-acuminate, with broadly scarious

margins; rays conspicuous, pale purple; stolons

present A. tenuifolius

2. Phyllaries linear, with very narrowly scarious

margins; rays inconspicuous, purple; stolons

absent A. subulatus
-
219'

Terrestrial or freshwater marsh habitat.

3. Phyllaries without herbaceous tips, strongly

scarious. (Also, leaves oblong-lanceolate to oblong-oblanceolate, serrate above the middle,

long-acuminate) A. acuminatus

3. Phyllaries with herbaceous tips, their margins

always partly herbaceous.

4. At least the basal leaves cordate and petioled.

Expected (A. cordifolius , A. sagittifolius )

.

4. None of the leaves both cordate and petioled.

5. Bases of cauline leaves auriculate-clasping.

6. Involucre g landular -hairy . Expected

(A. patens , A. novae- angliae)

.

6. Involucre not glandular.

7. Leaves either tapering to an abruptly

widened base or glaucous and leathery.

Expected (A. prenanthoides . A. laevis )

.

7. Leaves tapering to a narrowly auriculate

base, neither glaucous nor leathery.

(Also, plant up to 2.5 m. tall; stem

and branches of inflorescence hirsute

or villous; phyllaries linear-attenuate,

with scarious margins

)

A. puniceus

5. Bases of cauline leaves attenuate or rounded, not auriculate-clasping.

8. Leaves whitened or silvery -si Iky on both

sides. Expected (A. concolor )

.

8. Leaves green.

9. Phyllaries very hard and stiff except

at their herbaceous tips. (Also,

phyllaries and upper leaves subulatetipped; upper leaves with axillary

fascicles ; stem pilose) A. pilosus

9. Phyllaries pliable throughout.

220.

10. Phyllaries narrowly herbaceous,

with strongly recurving tips; rays blue-violet A. novi-belgii

10. Phyllaries scarious-margined, the midribs herbaceous; rays white

(except in A. praealtus )

.

11. Branches of stem widely spreading

(arched-ascending in A_. lateriflorus ) ; phyllaries appressed-ascending,

with herbaceous tips conspicuously

broader than midribs. (Also,

leaves glabrous, minutely strigose

above and/or pubescent on lower

midrib)

.

12. Lobes of disc-corollas

about .5 mm. long, about

1/3 total length of throat;

ligules 10 to 30.

13. Pedicels very leafy,

3 to 5 times as long

as heads; whole plant

extremely leafy; heads

scattered on branches, not

in 1-sided racemes; seems

to prefer open field

habitat A. dumosus

13. Pedicels nearly leafless,

1/2 to 2 times as long as heads; plant moderately

leafy; heads numerous, definitely in 1-sided

racemes; seems to prefer

moist, partly shaded

habitat A. vimineus

12. Lobes of disc-corollas

1 to 1.5 mm. long, about

2/3 total length of throat;

ligules 7 to 14 A. lateriflorus

221.

11. Branches of stem more ascending than

spreading; phyllaries loosely ascending,

with herbaceous tips only slightly

broader than midribs. (Also, leaves with sterile axillary fascicles).

14. Ligules blue-violet; network of leaf veins distinct, with

isodiametric areolae. (Also, leaves always entire) . . . A. praealtus

14. Ligules white; network of leaf veins obscure, with long areolae.

(Also, leaves either entire or serrate) A. simplex

Aster tenuifolius L. Aster

Java Farm. One station: Fox Creek salt marsh. Hectare 3527. Associate species: Baccharis halimifolia , Spartina cynosuroides . Higman 96.

A. subulatus Michx. Aster

Java Farm. Infrequent in salt marshes and along tidal part of Muddy Creek. Associate species: Solidago sempervirens , Distichlis

spicata , Cyperus strigosus , Spartina patens . Higman 210, 267, 447.

A. acuminatus Michx.

?

Aster

Java Farm. One station: south margin of old field west of road

to springhouse. Hectare 3416. Dense Lonicera japonica , Rhus radicans , and young Liquidambar styracif lua . Also in rubbish on roof of barn. Higman 393, 356.

A. puniceus L. Aster

Java Farm. One station: side of steep bank of Fox Creek drainage.

Approx. hectare 2593. Moist, shaded site. Associate species: Panicum

clandestinum , Onoclea sensibilis , Leersia virginica . Higman 321.

A. pilosus Willd. Aster

Java Farm. Infrequent in old fields; collected in hectares 3523

and 3585. Dense Rhus radicans , Lonicera japonica , and Rubus spp. Partial canopy of Diospyros virginiana , Liquidambar styracif lua , Quercus palustris , Prunus avium , and Viburnum prunifolium. Also one station in rubbish on roof of barn, main building area. Accessable from tile silo. Hectare 2590. Higman 355, 426, 513.

222,

A. novi-belgii L. Aster

Java Farm. One station: main building area. Hectare 2580. Associate species: Daucus carota , Achillea millefolium , Epilobium

coloratura . Higman 197.

A. dumosus L. Aster

Infrequent to moderately abundant in old fields. Collected

in hectare 3506, near south border of large field mostly covered

by Rhus radicans . Associate species: Cirsium discolor , Eupatorium

serotinum , Aster vinimeus , Poa pratensis . Higman 339.

A. dumosus L. , var. subulaefolium T. and G. Aster

Java Farm. One station: roadside at main building area. Hectare 2580. Associate species: Aster novi-belgii , Achillea millefolium , Daucus carota . Higman 198.

A. vimineus Lam. Aster

Java Farm. Infrequent to moderately abundant along bottom of Muddy Creek valley, upstream from tidal portion: also in marshy

west end of Phalaris arundinacea meadow north of main buildings

(hectare 2468) and along Fox Creek drainage. All stations moist and shaded. Canopy and associate species vary. Also one station in old field, approx. hectare 2572. This station dry, unshaded.

Rhus radicans , Lonicera japonica , and Solidago altissima dense. Higman 194, 208, 329, 1042.

A. vimineus Lam.

,

var. subdumosus Wieg. Aster

Java Farm. One station: along Fox Creek drainage. Hectare 2583, near new entrance road. Canopy of young Juglans nigra , Liquidambar

styracif lua . Associate species: Elephantopus carolinianus , Panicum

clandestinum, Muhlenbergia schreberi , Ambrosia trifida, Perilla

frutescens , Sanicula canadensis . Higman 307.

A. lateriflorus (L.) Britt. Aster

Java Farm. One station: along Fox Creek drainage, upstream from

culvert, near north boundary of Farm. Hectare 2473. Canopy of Ulmus americana, Juglans nigra , Liquidambar styracif lua . Associate

species: Dryopteris noveboracensis , Muhlenbergia schreberi . Higman 316.

223.

A. praealtus Poir. Aster

Java Farm. One station: freshwater part of Fox Creek drainage

marsh. Hectare 3526. Associate species: Impatiens capensis , Sambucus canadensis , Salix nigra , Scirpus rubricosus . Higman 492.

A. simplex Willd. Aster

Java Farm. One station: south-facing slope above tidal portion

of Muddy Creek. Source of small tributary; hectare 3426. Canopy

of Liquidambar styraciflua . Fagus grandifolia . Liriodendron tulipif era . Juglans nigra . Associate species: Carex lurida . Saururus cernuus . Higman 398.

Erigeron

1. Involucre campanulate; rays minute and in several

rows, or wanting.

2. Stem glabrous except sometimes at base; leaves

bristly-ciliate only at base; phyllaries with

a dark purple apical spot. Expected (_E. pusillus )

.

2. Stem spreading-hirsute throughout; leaves

bristly-ciliate to tip, hispid; phyllaries

without dark apical spot E. canadensis

1. Involucre saucer-shaped to hemispheric; rays spreading, conspicuous.

3. Cauline leaves sessile, with rounded or sub- clasping bases; disc-corollas 2.5 to 4.5 mm. long; pappus simple.

4. Long, superficial stolons present; heads

1 to 7; rays about 50; disc corollas 3.5

to 4.5 mm. long. Expected (E_. pulchellus )

.

4. Long, superficial stolons absent; heads more numerous; rays 100 or more; disc-corollas

2.5 to 3.5 mm. long. (Also, stem longpilose below) _E. philadelphicus

3. Cauline leaves tapering to base; disc corollas

1.5 to 2.5 mm. long; pappus of disc-flowers

double, with a minute outer series.

224.

5. Leaves coarsely cleft or serrate, ovate to lanceolate, bristly-ciliate; rays longer than

width of disc _E. annuus

5. Leaves entire, linear-lanceolate to broadly

oblanceolate, minutely strigose to glabrous;

rays equal to or shorter than width of disc E. strigosus

Erigeron canadensis L. Horseweed, Fleabane,

Hogweed, Butterweed

Java Farm. Infrequent in old fields south of main building

area. Hectares 2499, 3409. Associate species: Poa pratensis

(dense turf) , Achillea millefolium , Plantago lanceolata , Cirsium

discolor , Hypericum perforatum , Asclepias syriaca , Verbascum thapsus . Higman 11.

E. philadelphicus L. Fleabane

Ivy Neck. One station: abandoned grassy field on Scaffold

Peninsula. Hectares 4761, 4772. Associate species: Trifolium

pratense , _T. hybricum , Oenothera fruticosa . Higman 726.

E. annuus (L.) Pers. White-top,

Daisy Fleabane

Java Farm and Ivy Neck. Infrequent to moderately abundant in

old fields. Also scattered along old entrance road between Muddy

Creek culvert and main building area. Variety of associate species,

including: Bromus japonicus , Agrimonia parviflora , Solidago altissima , Solanum carolinense . Often among dense Rhus radicans and Lonicera

japonica . Higman 48, 750, 889, 892.

JE. strigosus Muhl. White-top,

Daisy Fleabane

Java Farm. Infrequent in old fields south of main building

area and south of Fox Point Road. Associate species vary, include:

Solidago graminifolia , Cyperus strigosus , Lespedeza cuneata , Verbascum

thapsus . Higman 49, 122.

Senecioneae

1. Heads monoecious or subdioecious, the hermaphrodite

(bisexual) flowers sterile, the pistillate ones

fruiting. Expected (Tussilago )

.

1. Heads with all or nearly all flowers fertile.

225.

2. Cauline leaves opposite; pappus finely barbed.

(Also , flowers yellow) . Expected (Arnica )

.

2. Cauline leaves alternate; pappus capillary,

soft.

3. Ray-flowers absent; corollas white.

4. Outer and inner flowers hermaphrodite;

corollas 5-cleft. Expected ( Cacalia )

.

4. Outer flowers pistillate only; corollas

with 2- to 4-toothed limb Erechtites

3. Ray-flowers usually present (as in species

collected) ; corollas yellow or yellow with

red tips Senecio

Erechtites

Erechtites hieracifolia (L.) Raf. Fireweed

Java Farm. Infrequent: two stations in old fields south of main

buildings (hectare 2499) and on north side of Fox Creek drainage (hectare

3505). Also observed in Phalaris arundinacea meadow, north of main buildings

(hectare 2468). Associate species vary with site. Higman 50, 537.

Senecio

Senecio obovatus Muhl. Groundsel, Squaw-weed

Java Farm. One station: source of small tributary valley of Rhode River, on Fox Creek estuary south of pier. Hectare 3508. Canopy of Robinia pseudoacacia . Liquidambar styraciflua , and Ulmus

americana . Dense ground layer of Lonicera japonica . Associate species:

Verbesina occidentalis . Higman 1151.

Inuleae

1. Salt marsh to freshwater aquatic habitat; flowers

pink to purple; phyllaries slightly scarious.

(Also, phyllaries ciliate; plant camphor-scented) Pluchea

1. Terrestrial habitat; flowers white or yellowish;

phyllaries moderately to very scarious.

226.

2. Plants dioecious, with all heads either pistillate

or staminate; basal rosettes present, the cauline

leaves much smaller; leaves and stem densely whitewooly Antennaria

2. Plants not dioecious, the heads with outer pistillate very slender flowers and inner perfect

flowers; basal rosettes absent; leaves and stem moderately pilose Gnaphalium

Pluchea

Pluchea camphorata (L.) DC. Stinkweed

Java Farm and Ivy Neck. Infrequent in salt marshes near shoreward

margin, and along upstream shores of estuaries. Associate species:

Typha latifolia , _T. angustifolia , Hibiscus palustris , Mikania scandens , Panicum clandestinum . Higman 82, 113, 217.

Antennaria

Antennaria plantaginifolia (L.) Hook. Everlasting,

Ladies ' -tobacco

Java Farm. Infrequent on eroded banks at Fox Point (hectare 3558) and along old Muddy Creek Road near old entrance gate (hectares 2472,

2482). Canopy of Quercus prinus and ^. alba at Fox Point; associate

species there: Epigaea repens . Canopy at Muddy Creek Road of Fagus

grandifolia , Liriodendron tulipifera , Quercus alba . Higman 568.

Gnaphalium

1. Inflorescence a corymb; phyllaries very white;

bristles of pappus free to base G_. obtusifolium

1. Inflorescence a spike; phyllaries pale brown; bristles

of pappus united at base G_. purpureum

Gnaphalium obtusifolium L. Catfoot, Cudweed

Java Farm. Infrequent in old fields. Principal station in grassy area south of main building area. Hectares 2499, 3409. Associate species there: Verbascum thapsus , So Ianurn carolinense , Agrimonia

parvif lora . Cirsium discolor , Asclepias syriaca , Erigeron annuus , Erigeron

strigosus , Verbascum blattaria , Apocynum cannabinum , Erechtites

hieracifolia . Higman 51, 229.

227.

G_. purpureum L. Purple Cudweed

Java Farm. One station: south-facing slope between grassy meadow

and north boundary of Farm. Hectares 2458, 2459. Partial canopy of Pyrus malus . Liriodendron tulipifera . and Liquidambar styraciflua . Collected in small grassy area, one of several among dense Rubus spp.

,

Lonicera japonica . and Rhus radicans . Associate species: Trifolium

procumbens . Higman 1120.

228. APPENDIX I.

Additional Species Collected at the Chesapeake Bay Center for Field

Biology During the Preparation of this Checklist

POLYPODIACEAE

Dryopteris hexagonoptera (Michx.) Christens. Broad Beech-fern

( Thelypteris hexagonoptera (Michx.) Weatherby)

Java Farm. One station: mature forest south of old entrance road, on western side of north fork of Muddy Creek, near a small tributary. Hectare 2475. Canopy of Fagus grandifolia , Quercus spp. , Liriodendron

tulipifera , Carya tomentosa , etc. Higman 1208.

GRAMINEAE

Eragrostis pectinacea (Michx.) Nees Java Farm. One station: parking area at headquarters, in cracked

pavement. Higman 911. Panicum villosissimum Nash

Ivy Neck. One station: border of cornfield on Cheston Peninsula,

adjacent young stand of mixed hardwoods. Higman 925.

LILIACEAE

Uvularia perfoliata L. Merry-bells

Java Farm. One station: mature forest south of old entrance road,

on western side of north fork of Muddy Creek. Hectare 2493, about 50 ft, southeast of grid marker. Canopy of Fagus grandifolia , Quercus spp.

,

Liriodendron tulipifera , Carya tomentosa , etc. Higman 1247.

DIOSCOREACEAE

Dioscorea quaternata (Walt.) J. F. Gmel. Yam

Java Farm. Infrequent in mature forest south of old entrance road,

on western side of north fork of Muddy Creek. Canopy of Fagus grandifolia , Quercus spp., Liriodendron tulipifera , Carya tomentosa , etc. Higman 1210.

229.

ORCHIDACEAE

Tipularla discolor (Pursh) Nutt. Cranefly Orchid

Ivy Neck. One station in mixed hardwood forest on central Scaffold

Peninsula. Canopy of Liquidambar styraciflua , Quercus spp. , Liriodendron tulipifera , Carya tomentosa , etc. Higman 1253.

ULMACEAE

Ulmus procera Salisb. English Elm

Java Farm. One station: abandoned field on shore of Fox Creek

estuary, near pier. Approx. hectare 3610. Associate species:

scattered Ulmus rubra , Ulmus americana , Acer negundo, Liquidambar

styraciflua . Dense ground cover of Rhus radicans and Lonicera japonica .

POLYGONACEAE

Polygonum cristatum Engelm. & Gray Cornbind

Java Farm. One station: beside old entrance road at culvert of small stream, on east side of north fork of Muddy Creek. Hectare 2497. Canopy of Platanus occidentalis . Associate species: Galium aparine , Commelina communis , Duchesnea indica . Higman 1207.

BERBERIDACEAE

Berberis thunbergii DC. Japanese Barberry

Java Farm. One station: bank of north fork of Muddy Creek, north

of old entrance road. Canopy of Platanus occidentalis . Higman 1250.

CRUCIFERAE

Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medic. Shepherd's Purse

Java Farm. One station: recently cleared area at headquarters, near concrete silo. Higman 1256.

230.

LABIATAE

Agastache nepetoides (L.) Kuntze Giant Hyssop

Java Farm. One station: north-facing slope overlooking small stream which drains into Fox Creek estuary. Hectare 3518. Canopy of Robinia pseudoacacia , Liquidambar styracif lua , and Ulmus americana . Higman 1040. Lycopus europaeus L. Bugleweed

Ivy Neck. One station: margin of small cut-off pond on Cheston

Peninsula, below Sand Point. Hectare 4870. Associate species: Rumex verticillatus , Echinochloa walteri . Higman 1232.

SOLANACEAE

S planum americanum Mill. Nightshade

(not in Britton & Brown)

Ivy Neck. One station: crest of sandbar of small cut-off pond on Cheston Peninsula, below Sand Point. Hectare 4870. Associate slecies:

Spartina alterniflora , Tripsacum dactyloides . Higman 1222.

231.

APPENDIX II.

Additional Annotations for Species in this Checklist

OSMUNDACEAE

Osmunda regalis L. Java Farm. One station in Muddy Creek valley near upstream

limit of salt marsh. Hectare 2493. Canopy of Fagus grandifolia .

PINACEAE

Pinus virginiana Mill.

Java Farm. Infrequent at northwest border of Hog Island salt marsh. Hectare 3571. Associate species: Quercus falcata , JJ. phellos ,

GRAMINEAE

Echinochloa walteri (Pursh) Nash

Ivy Neck. Moderately abundant in marshy inland part of Sand

Point, and on inland shores of cut-off ponds on Cheston Peninsula

below Sand Point. Hectares 4860, 4870, 5800. Associate species:

Panicum virgatum , Scirpus spp.

COMMELINACEAE

Commelina communis L. Java Farm. One station along old entrance road, near culvert

of small tributary to Muddy Creek. Hectare 2497. Canopy of Platanus

occidentalis .

DIOSCOREACEAE

Dioscorea villosa L. Java Farm. Infrequent in mature forest south of old entrance

road. Approx. hectare 2485. Canopy of Fagus grandifolia , Liriodendron

tulipifera , Quercus spp. , Carya tomentosa .

232.

CARYOPHYLLACEAE

Silene antirrhina L.

Java Farm. Principal station near southern border of main

building area, near brick wall (now mostly destroyed) . Very

infrequent in old fields.

ROSACEAE Amelanchier arborea (Michx. f.) Fern.

Java Farm. Infrequent on Fox Point. Hectare 3558. Canopy

of Quercus prinus .

ONAGRACEAE

Ludwigia palustris (L.) Ell.

Ivy Neck. Muddy shore of small cut-off pond on Cheston

Peninsula south of Sand Point. Hectare 4870. Associate species:

Galinsoga ciliata , Rumex verticillatus .

RUBIACEAE Mitchella repens L.

Ivy Neck. Infrequent in forest of central Scaffold Peninsula.

Canopy of Quercus alba , Liriodendron tulipif era , etc.

CAMPANULACEAE

Specularia perfoliata (L.) A. DC.

Ivy Neck. Infrequent at borders of cultivated fields.

COMPOSITAE

Pyrrhopappus carolinianus (Walt.) DC.

Ivy Neck. Infrequent in pasture between forks of Cheston Creek

drainage.

233.

Galinsoga ciliata (Raf.) Blake

Ivy Neck. Infrequent on margin of marshy area in interior of Sand Point, and at borders of cut-off ponds on Cheston Peninsula

below Sand Point. Hectares 4860, 4870, 5800. Eupatorium perfoliatum L.

Ivy Neck. One station along Cheston Creek drainage. Hectare

4743. Canopy of Diospyros virginiana . Robinia pseudoacacia . Verbesina occidentalis L.

Ivy Neck. Infrequent on inland shore of small cut-off pond

on Cheston Peninsula below Sand Point. Hectare 4870.

234.

APPENDIX III.

Common Names of Plants at the Chesapeake Bay Center , Local to

that Vicinity

(additional local names are being sought)

Abutilon theophrasti Hemp

Cyperus strigosus Nut Grass Solanum carolinense Poor Man' s Potato Robinia pseudoacacia Yellow Locust

,

Shipmast Locust

Celtis occidentalis Sugarberry

Quercus falcata Red Oak


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An ecologically annotated checklist of t