BEPAKTMENT OJ? THE INTERIOR

BULLETIN

UNITED STATES

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

No. 174

WASHINGTON

GOVERNMENT PKINTINO OFFICE

1900

UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

CHAKLES D. WALCOTT, DIRECTOR

SURVEY

OF THE

NORTHWESTERN BOUNDARY OF THE UNITED STATES

1857-1861

BY

MA.ROU8

WASHINGTON

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 

1900
A
CONTENTS

Letter of transmittal...................................................... 7

Introduction ...........................-..-..- -.----- -- - ---------- 9

Sources of information.................................................... 9

Establishment of the line................................................. 13

History of the survey..................................................... 13

^ Cost..................................................................... 18

Maps.................................................................... 19

Original manuscript maps............................................. 19

i Preliminary...................................................... 19

Final drawings................................................... 21

British maps......................................................... 25

Geographic coordinates ..................................................... 27

Magnetics................................................................ 40

Elevations............................................................... 42

y Indian names............................................................ 58

Scientific results.................................................. 1....... 61

Appendix A. Mode of determining points on the parallel................... 64

j Appendix B. Report by J. G. Parke, November 12, 1859.................... 6(J

Appendix C. Report by Archibald Campbell, February 3, 18C9.............. 72

Index..................!................................................ 77

I L L U ST RATION.

PLATE I. Index map ..................................................... 22

.X

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR, 

UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY,

Washington, D. 0. , June 9, 1900.

SIR: I have the honor to transmit herewith, for publication as a 

bulletin, an account of the establishment of and survey of the boundary line between the United States and Canada, along the forty-ninth 

parallel, from the summit of the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific.

Very respectfully,

i MARCUS BAKER, Cartography. 

Hon. CHARLES D. WALCOTT,

Director United States Geological Survey.

7

"i

-iN

SURVEY OF THE NORTHWESTERN BOUNDARY OF THE UNITED STATES. 1857-1861.

By MARCUS BAKER.

INTRODUCTION.

By the Northwestern Boundary, as here used, is meant that part of 

the boundary line between the United States and Canada which 

extends from the summit of the Rocky Mountains westward along1 

the forty-ninth parallel to the seacoast at Point Roberts and thence 

through the waters of Georgia, Haro, and Juan de Fuca straits to the 

Pacific. This line naturally divides itself into two parts, the land 

boundary and the water boundary. This paper treats only of the land 

boundary. As to the water boundary, the joint commission charged, 

with the survey disagreed, and its location was finally determined by 

arbitration in 1871, the arbiter, Emperor William I, of Germany, 

deciding in favor of the American claim. The prominence given this 

part of the line, growing out of the arbitration, has made its history 

well known. In regard to it there is an abundance of printed material. The history of the land boundary, however, is very imperfectly 

known. Little has been published respecting it, and its story is to be 

gathered largely from manuscript memoranda, notes, sketches, pictures, correspondence, and the memories of men still living.

From time to time information respecting this line is needed by the 

Executive Departments. In 1897 the Geological Survey was directed 

by Congress to survey and mark the boundary between Montana and 

Idaho. In performing this duty it became necessary to connect with 

the survey of the forty-ninth parallel. The search then made of the 

records in the State Department showed the desirability of preparing 

a concise history of the northwestern boundary, its establishment, 

survey, and marking, with a summary of results. To exhibit such a 

history and summary is the object of this bulletin.

SOURCES OF INFORMATION.

The sources of information from Avhich this account is prepared are 

three, viz:

(a) Government publications, consisting of the Statutes at Large, 

executive, documents, official reports, etc.
10 NOETHWESTEEN BOUNDAEY OF UNITED STATES. [BULL. 174.

(b) Manuscript records in the State Department, consisting of the 

original notebooks, observations, computations, plattings, sketches, 

maps, correspondence, etc.

(c) The memories of some of the surviving participants in the survey. 

These will be discussed in the order indicated above.

(a) In the Statutes at Large are contained all laws enacted by Congress touching the boundary, including also all the treaties. For the 

original treaty of June 15, 1846, see vol. 9, pages 869-870; for the 

act creating the commission to survey and mark the boundary, vol. 11, 

page, 42; for various appropriation acts, vol. 11, pages 42, 159, 312, 

403, and vol. 12, page 20.

On November 12, 1859, Lieut. (now Gen.) John G. Parke, chief 

astronomer and survej'or, made a short report of progress. This is a 

document of 7 pages and is printed as Senate Ex. Doc. No. 16, Thirtysixth Congress, first session. It is here reprinted as Appendix B.

Nothing further, in official documents, appears for nine years. The 

civil war turned attention to more urgent matters and this subject was 

dropped. In February, 1868, however, President Johnson sent to the 

Senate a long communication on the San Juan boundary question. 

This document (Senate Ex. Doc. No. 29, Fortieth Congress, second 

session) of 280 pages, though dealing chiefly with the water boundary, 

nevertheless throws considerable light on the history of the land 

boundary.

On January 13, 1869, the House of Representatives, by a resolution, 

requested information as to expenditures by the Northwestern Boundary Commission. In response, a message from President Johnson 

was laid before the House of Representatives on February 13, 1869. 

(House Ex. Doc. No. 86, Fortieth Congress, third session.) This 

document of 102 pages is almost wholly given to a detailed tabular 

exhibit of expenditures. There is, however, a letter of 4 pages from 

the commissioner, Hon. Archibald Campbell, summarizing the entire 

history of the survey. This is apparently the nearest approach to a 

report on this subject that has ever appeared in print.

Finally, in 1889, Capt. George M. Wheeler, U. S. A., published in 

his report upon geographical surveys west of the one hundredth 

meridian (vol. 1, pp. 614-619) a short account of the Survey of the 

Northwestern Boundary of the United States 1857-1861.

(b) The manuscript records of the survey are nearly all contained in 

two blue chests stored in the division of manuscripts in the library of 

the State Department. Some of the maps being too large to go into 

these chests are kept elsewhere in the library. The memoranda, notes, 

correspondence, maps, etc., in this collection are the chief source of 

information from which this account has been prepared. But unfortunately the most important document of all was not found there, and 

a diligent search has failed to bring it to light. This paper is the final 

report, written on foolscap paper and consisting of four parts, one by
BAKER.] SOUECES OF INFORMATION. 11

Archibald Campbell, the commissioner; one by Gen. J. G. Parke, 

chief astronomer and surveyor; one by G. Clinton Gardner, assistant 

astronomer and surveyor, and one by J. S. Harris, general assistant. 

For this description of the missing manuscript I am indebted to Mr. 

William J. Warren, Bureau of Engineers, War Department. When 

Captain Wheeler was preparing his account of this survey he made an 

unsuccessful saarch for this missing report. He says: 1

I have been unable to trace the manuscript of the final report, including that of 

the chief astronomer and the specialists, which it is believed was made. According 

to the Journal of the Senate of February 9, 1871, this report was called for by the 

Senate, but a search of the Senate records and also those of the State Department, 

made at my request by Mr. Dwight, librarian of the State Department, remained 

unavailing on June 15, 1887. Mr. William J. AVarren, secretary of the commissioner 

[and] now chief clerk [in the office] of the [Chief of] Engineer[s] [War] Department, recollects to have seen the manuscript of this report at the ofBce of the Northern Boundary [Survey], established in 1873, as does also Maj. J. F. Gregory, Corps 

of Engineers, a member of that commission, but it could not be found by Mr. Dwight 

in the records transmitted at the close of the latter survey to the State Department.

The search above mentioned I have now repeated and with like 

result. The manuscript has not been found.

The existence of the manuscript is attested by Mr. Warren, who gave 

me the description above written. The call for it made by the Senate 

in 1871 is set forth in the following extract from the Senate Journal 

of February 9, 1871, page 254:

Mr. Howard [Jacob M., of Michigan] submitted the following resolution, which 

was considered by unanimous consent, and agreed to:

"Resolved, That the President be respectfully requested, if not incompatible with 

the public interests, to transmit to the Senate copies 01 the final report, and the 

accompanying documents, of the commissioner on the part of the United States to 

carry into effect the first article of the treaty with Great Britain of June 15, 1846."

An examination of the records in the office of the Secretary of the 

Senate reveals no other entry concerning it, from which it is concluded 

that it was never sent. Similarly an examination of the records in the 

Index Bureau of the State Department shows the call, but no action is 

indorsed thereon, thus corroborating the belief that it was not sent.

When the Northern Boundary Commission was created, in 1872, 

Mr. Archibald Campbell was appointed United States commissioner 

of tlwut survey also. He found at the outset that it was desirable to 

have for reference the records of the Northwestern Boundary Survey, 

and accordingly wrote to the State Department asking -permission to 

withdraw those records for temporary use.

The following is a copy of his letter, which is now on file in the 

Index Bureau of the State Department:

U. S. NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION,

Washington, D. C., June 87, 1S72.

SIR: In preparing for the duties of the boundary commission it would be of the 

greatest assistance to have the use of the records, notebooks, and other papers of

1 G. M. Wheeler, U. S. Geog. Surv. W. One Hundredth Mer. 4°. Washington, 1889, vol. 1, p. 017.
12 NOBTHWESTEKN BOUNDAKY OF UNITED STATES. [BULL. 174.

the Northwest Boundary Commission, deposited by me in the Department at the 

close of the work in October, 1869.

I have therefore the honor to request that you allow me to withdraw these records 

and papers temporarily. Before leaving for the field they will be returned to the 

Department.

I have the honor to be, very respectfully, your obedient servant,

ARCHIBALD CAMPBELL, 

Commissioner, Norlliern Boundary Survey. 

Hon. CHAS. HALE,

Acting Secretary of Slate.

Upon that letter is indorsed: "Papers, etc., herein referred to sent 

to Mr. Campbell 27th June."

A search of the records of the Index Bureau of the State Department fails to reveal any other entry touching these papers. If they 

were returned no record was made of such return. It is certain that 

these papers were in the possession of the Northern Boundary Commission in 1872. Beyond that there is no trace. It would therefore 

be natural to look for them among the papers of the Northern Boundary Commission, which were sent to the State Department on June 

30, 1876. But a search among these papers made by me in March, 

1900, was unsuccessful. The missing manuscript was not found.

Prof. C. L. Doolittle, now at the Flower Observatory at Upper 

Darby, Pennsylvania, was connected with the Northern Boundary 

Survey. In response to an inquiry as to whether he had any information touching the report desired, he writes, among other things, under 

date of March 12, 1900:

My connection with the northern boundary began after active operations had been 

going on for a year. We then had our office at Detroit. After field operations were 

completed we removed to Washington. It is not a great exaggeration to say that I 

saw every scrap of paper to be found in the Detroit office. At all events, this report 

was not to be found there. I remember hearing such a report spoken of, but it was 

then said to be stored away with other Government archives at Washington.

(c) Archibald Campbell, the commissioner, died in the city of Washington July 27,1887. To his son, Charles Campbell, now an employee 

in the Department of State, I am indebted for information as to the survey. I have also conferred with Gen. J. G. Parke, Corps of Engineers, U. S. A. (retired), who was chief astronomer and surveyor of 

the Northwestern Boundary Survey Commission, and with Mr. William 

J. Warren, chief clerk in the office of the Chief of Engineers, U. S. A., 

who was secretary of the commission. To both of these gentlemen, 

and especially to the latter, I am indebted for information used in preparing this account. Mr. G. Clinton Gardner, the assistant astronomer and surveyor from 1857 to 1868, is now a civil engineer in Peru, 

South America, while Mr. Joseph S. Harris, general assistant Northwest Boundary Survey from 1857 to 1864, is now president of the 

Philadelphia and Reading Railroad. To both of these gentlemen I am 

indebted for letters relating to the boundary and its survey. I have
BAKER.] HISTORY OF THE SURVEY. 13

also talked on this subject with Mr. J. V. Wurdemann, now employed 

in.the Library of Congress, who participated in the survey and with 

Dr. Theodore Gill, who prepared a report on the fishes collected by the 

survey. To the courtesy of these gentlemen as also to that of Prof. 

C. L. Doolittle, to the Smithsonian Institution, to the Coast Survey, 

and to the General Land Office I am indebted for bits of information 

used in preparing this report.

ESTABLISHMENT OF THE LINE.

The present boundary line between British Columbia on the north 

and Washington, Idaho, and Montana on the south was established in 

1846. Prior to that date the boundary was in dispute between the 

United States and Great Britain and the Oregon question was a burning one. Great Britain claimed as far south as forty-two degrees 

north latitude, the northern limit of California to-day. The United 

States claimed as far north as 54° 40', the present southern boundary 

of Alaska. The slogan of the day was "Fifty-four forty or fight." 

But there was no fight and no fifty-four forty. A treaty was arranged 

by which the disputed tract was divided between the claimants. The 

boundary line adopted was the present line along the forty-ninth parellel from the summit of the Rocky Mountains to the middle of the 

channel between Vancouver Island and the continent and thence southward along the main channel and Juan de Fuca Strait to the Pacific.

The diplomatic agents who drew this treaty were, on the part of the 

United States, James Buchanan, then Secretary of State, and on the 

part of Great Britain, the then British minister, Richard Pakenham. 

The treaty was signed at Washington June 15, 1846, ratifications 

exchanged at London July 17, and proclaimed August 5, 1846. l

The first article of the treaty describes the "boundary in the following 

words:

From the point on the 49th parallel of north latitude, where the boundary laid 

down in existing treaties and conventions between the United States and Great 

Britain terminates, the line of boundary between the Territories of the United States 

and those of Her Britannic Majesty shall be continued westward along the said 

49th parallel of north latitude, to the middle of the channel which separates the 

continent from Vancouver's Island and thence southerly through the middle of the 

said channel, and of Fuca's [Juan de Fuca] Straits, to the Pacific Ocean.

HISTORY OF THE SURVEY.

On August 11, 1856, almost exactly ten years after the proclaiming 

of the treaty of limits, which for brevity may be called the BuchananPakenham treaty, Congress passed an act to carry its first article into 

effect. This act provided for the appointment of a commissioner and a 

chief astronomer and surveyor on the part of the United States to unite

i Stat. L.,vol. 9,pp. 809-870; vol. 11,p. 42.
14 NOETHWESTEEN BOUNDAEY OF UNITED STATES. [BULL. 174.

with similar officers to be appointed by Great Britain to survey the 

boundary and mark it with monuments. It also provided for the appointment of an assistant astronomer and surveyor, a secretary, and a 

clerk; it appropriated $11,000 for the annual salary of these five officers, 

and $60,000 for provisions, transportation, and contingencies; it restricted the work to the northern boundary of Washington, which 

then extended from the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific; and finally 

it authorized the President to direct the employment of such officers, 

assistants, and vessels of the Coast Survey as he might deem necessary 

or useful.

Under this law Mr. Archibald Campbell was appointed commissioner on February 14, 1857, and on the same day Lieut. (now Gen.) 

John G. Parke, Corps of Engineers, U. S. A., was appointed chief 

astronomer and surveyor, 1 each at a salary of $3,000 per annum. Two 

weeks later, viz, February 28, 1857, Mr. G. Clinton Gardner was 

appointed assistant astronomer and surveyor, and on April 5 entered 

upon his duties. On April 9 Mr. William J. Warren (now chief 

clerk Office of Chief of Engineers, U. S. A.) was appointed secretary, 

and on March 6 Mr. John J. Major was appointed clerk to the commissioner. Mr. Campbell remained commissioner to the end in 1869. 

On the outbreak of the civil war, in the spring of 1861, General 

Parke left the work and never returned to it. Messrs. Gardner and 

Warren served with the commission until December 31, 1868, and 

perhaps a little later. 2 Mr..Major resigned December 9, 1864.

Of the other principal employees, Mr. Joseph S. Harris, now president of the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad, is recorded as assistant 

surgeon and naturalist March 27, 1857, to March 31, 1864, when he 

left the survey to engage in private business. Francis Herbst and 

Henry Caster served as topographers, the former about two years 

from April 16, 1857, till March 31, 1859, the latter about seven years 

from April 16, 1857, till June 30,1864. Mr. J. Nevine King served 

as quartermaster and commissary from May 21, 1857, to January 15, 

1861; Mr. George Gibbs as geologist and interpreter from June 22, 

1857, till May 31, 1862, and Mr. R. V. Peabody as guide from August 

1,1857, to January 15,1861. Dr. C. B. R. Kennerly served as surgeon 

and naturalist from March 22, 1857, till his death in 1861.

On February 28, 1857, Mr. Campbell received his instructions from 

the Secretary of State, dated February 25, .whereupon, he says, "I 

proceeded at once to collect all such information within my reach 

which might contribute to a proper understanding of the meaning of 

the language of the treaty, and in the execution of the work intrusted 

to me. 3 Having arranged with Professor Bache, Superintendent of the 

Coast Survey, for the use of the surveying steamer Active and the brig

1 House Ex. Doc. No. 86, Fortieth Congress, Third session, p..100.

2 House Ex. Doc. No. 86, Fortieth Congress, Third session, p. 23. 

x. Doc., No. 29, Fortieth Congress, second session, p. 8.
BAKER.] HISTORY OF THE SURVEY. 15

Fauntleroy, with the officers and assistants attached, 1 Mr. Campbell 

sailed from New York April 20 and reached San Francisco via the 

Isthmus of Panama on May 15. On June 17 the party sailed oh the 

Active for Victoria, where they arrived five days later and learned 

that the first British commissioner, Capt. James Charles Provost, 

R. N., commanding H. B. M. S. Satellite, had arrived at Esquimalt ten 

days before. The second British commissioner was Capt. George 

Henry Richards, R. N., whose ordinary duties were those of chief 

astronomer and surveyor, he being empowered to act as commissioner 

only in the event of the deatti of Captain Prevost. Captain Richards, 

commanding the British steamer Plumper, left England at the close of 

March, 1857, for Victoria. By an accident to the Pl/umpe^s machinery 

he was delayed at Rio de Janeiro for some time and did not reach 

Victoria till November, 1857. The powers of these first and second 

British commissioners did not extend to the whole line, but only to the 

water boundary. " So much of the boundary between her Majesty's 

possessions in North America and the territories ,pf the United States 

as is comprised between the continent of America and Vancouver's 

Island." Such is the language of the instructions to Captain Prevost.

The British and American commissioners held their first meeting on 

Saturday, June 27, 1857, on board the Satellite in Esquimalt harbor. 

The respective commissions of themselves and assistants were exhibited, read, and found in due form. A second meeting was held three 

weeks later in Nanairno harbor on board the Satellite. Captain Richards not yet having arrived, it was decided that nothing further could 

be done with the water-boundary question.

Accordingly the American party proceeded to the vicinity of the 

forty-ninth parallel at Point Roberts on the mainland and began operations on the land boundary. It was not till the summer of the next 

year, 1858, that the British commissioner for surveying the land 

boundary, Col. J. S. Hawkins, Royal Engineers, arrived from England. The American parties worked, therefore, alone during the fall 

and winter of 1857 and spring of 1858. "Before the spring [of 1858] 

four astronomical points on the 49th parallel were determined, and 

the country thoroughly reconnoitered in the vicinity of the parallel, 

.for a considerable distance eastward." 2

After the arrival of Colonel Hawkins a joint meeting of the commission was held to arrange 'a plan of field operations for surveying 

and marking the line. The outcome of that meeting is set forth in 

the following agreement:2

After discussing plans for determining and marking the line as far eastward as the 

Cascade Mountains, it was concluded to be inexpedient at the present time, in coiiiJTroin Coast Survey Keport for 18f>7, p. 116, we learn that, "At request of State Department," 

steamer Active and party, in clmrge of Licut. Commander Richard M. Cuyler, U. S. N., were placed at 

disposal of Archibald Campbell, esq., commissioner of the Northwestern Boundary Survey.

" House Ex. Doc. No. 86, Fortieth Congress, Third session, p. 95.
16 NOETHWESTEEN BOUNDAEY OF. UNITED STATES. [BULL. 174.

sequence of the great expense, consumption of time, and the impracticable nature of 

the country, to mark the whole boundary by cutting a track through the dense 

forest.

It was therefore agreed to ascertain points on the line by the determination of astro- ht 

nomical points at convenient intervals on or near the boundary, and to mark such *f/ 

astronomical stations or points fixed on the parallel forming the boundary by cutting a-track of not less than 20 feet in Avidth on each side for the distance of half a 

mile or more, according to circumstances. Further, that the boundary "be determined and similarly marked where it crosses streams of any size, permanent trails, / 

or any striking natural feature of the country.

In the vicinity of settlements on or near the line it is deemed advisable to cut the i"" 

track for a greater distance and to mark it in a manner to be determined hereafter. *

This arrangement for the part west of the Cascades appears to have ,-, 

been subsequently applied to the whole line; and thus it resulted 

that of the entire boundary, 409.5 miles long, from the boundary 

station on the crest of the Rocky Mountains; westward to the obelisk * 

on the western side of Point Roberts, 190 miles were cleared and 

marked and 220 miles were not - traced out, cleared, surveyed, or 

marked. These figures are obtained by scaling off from the final * 

maps.

At tlie end of the season of 1858'the line had been reconnoitered eastward as far as the valley of the Skagit, near the one hundred and 

twenty-first meridian, a distance of about 90 miles, and the astronomical observations necessary for determining three points on the parallel 

in the valley of the Chiloweyuck completed. w

In the season of 1859 the work of surveying and marking the 

boundary was carried eastward from the valley of the Skagit to the c 

Columbia River, a distance of about 150 miles. General Parke, writing November 12, 1859, thus summarizes the work done during the 

season:

A completion of the determination and marking of the parallel from three points 

astronomically fixed at the close of the last season.

A complete set of observations for latitude at four stations, from which the par- " 

allel has been, determined and marked at the crossings of the following streams: The 

Skagit, Pasayten, Sirnilkameen, Okinakane (Lake Osoyoos), and Nehoialpitkwu; 

and before the astronomical parties leave the field the necessary observations will 

be completed for determining two other points of the parallel, the third crossing of __ 

the Nehoialpitkwu and the Columbia River.

A chronometer trip for difference of longitude between Camp Simiahmoo and 

Chiloweyuck depot.

Observations of the transit of the moon and moon-culminating stars at two of the 

latitude stations for absolute longitude.

A triangulation covering an area of about 50 square miles.

A survey of the nearest practical lines to the parallel, connecting the astronomical 

stations, making a total distance chained of about 370 miles.

Reconnoissances for developing the topography along and adjacent to the boundary 

line, and for locating routes of communication. These reconnoissances have extended 

over an area of about 6,000 square miles.

A full set of magnetic observations were made at one station, and throughout the 

work all the necessary observations for time, azimuth, micrometer value, and 

instrumental corrections were carefully made.
BARER.] HISTORY -OF THE SUEVEY. 17

In the season of 1860.the, surveying and marking of the entire land" 

boundary was nearly or quite completed. I have not found any. 

\ statement as to just when the field work ended; The Auditor's. 

r accounts indicate that a considerable number of laborers, axmen, 

Y packers, etc., were employed during 1861, of whom 22 were^discharged on March 31 and 14 on June 30. Others received their final 

pay at various dates in 1861, the latest being in September. General 

Parke, who came out with the last party, tells me that on reaching 

i the Columbia Plains he heard of the first battle of Bull Run. It seems 

to me likely, therefore, that the field work closed late in 1860 or early

* - in 1861. During this season, then, the surveying and marking of the 

line was carried on over a distance of 170 miles between the summit 

of the Rocky Mountains and the Columbia River.

As to the disbanding of the field parties and their return to Washs ington we gather some facts from the Auditor's accounts, so often 

cited here. It appears that all returned via the Isthmus" of "Panama,

* the fare being $258 from San Francisco to New York and $7.50 fromj 

New York to Washington. Commissioner Campbell, Secretary Warren, Geologist Gibbs,. and Artist Alden left the field November 25, ; 

1860, and reached Washington January 10, 1861,.the journey taking' 

forty-six days. Henry Custer, Charles T. Gardner-,-T. Hudson, and 

James Nooney left the field April 30,1861, and G. Clinton Gardner on

^ May 10, 1861. All these came direct to Washington. Finally, in the: 

last quarter of 1861 (exact date not given), General Parke, J. S. Harris,

^ J. V. Wurdemann,.and John J. Major returned to Washington. .With 

these returning parties came instruments, records, collections, bag-

' gage, etc. There is a charge for freight on " 41 packages instruments 

and baggage" and " 24 boxes natural-history specimens." 

' Arrived in Washington, the commission rented rooms and established an office over a store at the SE. corner of Pennsylvania avenue

*" and Twentieth street NW., and there proceeded with the plattings, 

computations, drawing of maps, and preparation of the final report. 

The scientific reports appear to have been completed in 1862 and the

^ drawing of the final maps, at least of the land boundary, late in 

1865 or early in 1866. The work upon the report, however, continued, and there began to be-some-good-natured raillery as to when 

it would be completed. Finally; "On January 13, 1869, the liouse of 

Representatives, by a resolution, requested information as to expenditures on account of the Northwestern Boundary Survey. The reply 

to that request has furnished the chief source of information for this 

history. 1 In October, 1869, the work was brought to a close and the 

results deposited in the State Department. But the report, unfortu-, 

nately, was not published, and the manuscript has for many years

1 House Ex, Doc. No. 86, Fortieth Congress, third session. ' BulL174 2 ' " -~- ;.--- -
18 NOKTHWESTEKN BOUNDARY OF UNITED STATES. [BULL. 174.

been lost to view. Its whereabouts are still unkriown. The reason it 

was not published, I am informed, is that Mr. Fish, Secretary of State 

at that time, deemed its publication too expensive. The war had 

brought a mountain of debt, and under these conditions he refused 

to sanction so costly a publication.

COST.

The total cost of surveying and marking the line, including all 

expenses, was about $600,000, or $1,463 per mile. The first appropriation for the work, made August 11,1856, was $71,000. This and the 

subsequent appropriations are as follows:

Appropriations for surveying and marking the boundary along the forty-ninth parallel, 

between the United States and the British Possessions, from the Rocky Mountains to the 

Pacific Ocean.

Date.

August 11, 1856 ..... O '

February 7,1857 .... 

June 5, 1858 ........

March 3, 1859. ......

May 26, I860........

Total.........

Fixed 

salaries.

$11, 000

11,000 

11, 000

11, 000

11, 000

55, 000

Other 

expenses.

$60, 000

60, 000 

60, 000

139,000

139, 000

458, 000

Total.

$71, 000

71, 000 

71, 000

150,000

150, 000

513, 000

Authority.

Stat. L., vol. 11, p. 42.

Stat. L., vol. 11, pp. 159-160. 

Stat. L., vol. 11, p. 312.

Stat. L., vol. 11, pp. 403-404.

Stat. L., vol. 12, pp. 20-21.

V

The amount actually expended somewhat exceeded this sum, aggregating nearly $600,000.

In response to the House resolution of January 13, 1869, above 

referred to, Mr. Seward, then Secretary of State, transmitted, on 

February 9, 1869, a detailed reply, consisting, in the main, of a statement by Mr. C. M. Walker, then Fifth Auditor of the Treasury 

Department, of "disbursements on account of Northwest Boundary 

Survey from February 14, 1857, to December 31, 1868."' The total 

expenditures in that period were for 

Salaries................................................ $385,508.78

Contingent expenses.................................... 209, 724.25

Total............................................ 595,233.03

Most of these were made in the five years 1857 to 1861, inclusive. 

After the latter year a small office was maintained in Washington at 

an annual rental of $250, which, with various minor items, entailed an 

annual expense of from $1,200 to $1,400. The work was finally 

closed up and the records deposited in the State Department in October, 1869. 8

1 House Ex. Doc. No. 86, Fortieth Congress, third session, 102 pp.

2 Letter from Archibald Campbell to Acting Secretary of State, Juiie 27,1872.
BAKES.] MAPS. . 19

For the preparation of scientific reports on magnetics, mammals, 

birds, fishes, plants, insects, fossils, etc., including the making of

? drawings, there was expended about $3,500 1 and for the drawing of 

the final maps about $9,400.

; For building the initial monument at Point Roberts was paid 

$7,590.38, one-half of which was paid by the United States and onehalf by Great Britain. 3 

The cost to the British Government of running and marking the

\ boundary line I have not found. A single item bearing on the matter 

is contained in Parliamentary Papers, 1863, volume 37, page 287 

(55-v), where there is "An estimate of the sum required to be voted 

in the year ending March 31, 1864, to complete the expenses of surveying the line of boundary between the British and United States 

territory in the western part of North America, 4,300 pounds."

. While the boundary survey was going forward there was another 

independent exploration by the British in progress in the region, under 

the direction of Capt. John Palliser. Early in 1857 the president of 

the Royal Geographical Society recommended to the British foreign 

office that a grant of £5,000 be voted to cover the expense of two 

years' exploration along the forty-ninth and fifty-third parallels and 

between the one hundredth and one hundred and fifteenth meridians. 3 

This sum was voted and later on £1,500 additional, to continue the 

work one year more, making three }^ears in all. Among the estimates 

for the year ending March 31, 1861, is an item of £6,300 for completing Palliser's explorations. The results of Palliser's work, his 

route of travel, etc., are set forth in the Journal of the Royal 

Geographical Society of London, 1859, volume 29, pages xcvii-c;.and 

1860, volume 30, pages 267-314.

MAPS.

ORIGINAL MANUSCRIPT MAPS.

Two large blue chests in the manuscript room at the State Department contain the original observations, computations, sketches, notes, 

etc., relating to the Northwestern Boundary Survey. They do not 

contain the final maps, these being kept among the treaty maps. They 

do, however, contain the following manuscript map material, which 

may be classified as preliminary and final:

Preliminary. First. Several rolls of rough sketches of reconnoissances, triangulation, trails, office plattings, field sketches, etc., on 

rough paper, drawing paper, tracing linen, and tracing paper. Some 

of this is original field material identified by title, date, and signature. 

Much of it, however, is of the nature of office studies, plattings, etc., 

which served a temporary purpose and is no longer of value.

1 House Ex. Doc. No. 86, Fortieth Congress, third session, p. 101.

2 Some, p. 97.

8 Parliamentary Papers, 1857, vol. 26, p. 29 (38-vii-scss. 2).
20 NORTHWESTEKN BOUNDAK1 OF UNITED STATES. [BULL. 174.

Second. There is a series of 19 sheets on tracing linen covering the 

entire line from the sea coast eastward to the Eocky Mountains. These 

sheets are numbered from west to east, 1 to 19. Each sheet except ± 

the first embraces 30' of longitude and from 15' to 25' of latitude. V 

Sheet 2, for example, includes from 123° to 122° 30'; sheet 3, longitude 

122° 30' to 122°, while sheet 19, the easternmost of the series, includes 

longitude 114° 30' to 114°. The relief is shown by broken horizontal 

curves. The scale is not stated, but the parallels and meridians enable ^ 

us to infer that it is 1: 64000, or about 1 mile to 1 inch. These sheets / 

bear no title, no legend, no date, and no names.

Third. There is a series of five manuscript maps (not numbered) on - 

a scale of 1:120000, showing the entire line from the sea coast to the 

Rocky Mountains. They appear to be unfinished drafts. Relief is 

shown by contours in green, trails in red, and there are a few names. 

They are drawn on backed drawing paper. None of them have / 

legends or titles, or names of draftsmen or any authority. They 

contain no dates. They appear to be compilations from original 4 

sketches, notes, and surveys. They are not numbered. Beginning 

at the west end of the line, the sheets cover the following areas: The 

first sheet covers from latitude 48° 40' to 49° 25', and from longitude 

123° 20' to 120° 50', being 30 inches high and 61 inches wide. The 

second sheet covers from latitude 48° 33' to 49° 35', and from longitude 121° 15' to 119° 12', being 38 inches high and 50 inches wide. 

The third sheet covers from latitude 48° 30' to 49° 18', and from longitude 119° 35' to 117° 40', being 29 inches high and 50 inches wide. 

The fourth sheet covers from latitude 47° 35' to 49° 10', and from, 

longitude 117° 50' to 114° 40', being 59 inches high and 55 inches wide. 

Owing to its inconvenient size this sheet has. been cut into two pieces.

along the parallel of 48° 21'. The meridians are erroneously num- - 

bered. The fifth sheet covers from latitude 48° 15' to 49° 35', and 

from longitude 116° 08' to 113° 13', being 50 inches high and 71 inches 

wide. This map also has been cut into two pieces along the meridian 

of 114° 55'. Like the preceding, the meridians are erroneously numbered. Owing to its size, this roll of maps .is not kept with the other 

material in the chests above mentioned.

Fourth. There is an unfinished manuscript map, in two sheets, on 

unmounted drawing paper, covering the entire line from the sea coast 

to the Rocky Mountains. It includes latitude 47° to 50° and longitude 113° 30' to 125°, is on the conic projection, and is projected on 

the one hundred and nineteenth as the central meridian. The eastern 

part includes longitude 113° 30' to 119°, the western 119° to 125°. 7 

The scale is not stated, but appears to be 1: 601000. There is no title, 

no date, no signature. It is an outline map, no relief being shown. " 

The camps are shown, but the boundary monuments are not.
BAKER.] MAPS. 21

Fifth. The foregoing four groups I have called preliminary maps.

There is, however, a fifth group, a set of seven tracings, which have

J^ an official character which places them in a different category. These

* seven tracings, on tracing linen, are on a scale of 1:120000, are nurnbered from west eastward, and each sheet includes 1° 20' of longitude 

and 30' of latitude, being 15' on each side of the forty-ninth parallel. 

Sheet 1, the westernmost, includes longitude 123° 10' to 121° 50'; 

sheet 2, 121° 50' to 120° 30', and so on; and sheet 7, the easternmost,

\ 115° 10' to 113° 50'. On these maps are shown trails, camps, caches, 

monuments, and names; the relief also is shown by red contour lines. 

Sheet 1 has the following legend:

Tracings numbering from 1 to 7, showing the topography, names, and scales 

adopted by the British and United States Boundary Commissions for their final maps.

By order of the commissioners.

E. W. HAIG,

\ Capl'n R'l Arl'y, Astr. British Commis'n.

G. CLINTON GARDNER, 

Ass'1, Astr. andSurv., U. 8. B. C. 

WASHINGTON CITY, May 30, 1868.

'Final drawings. The final original manuscript maps resulting from 

the survey are thirteen in number. To this should be added the title 

page, making fourteen drawings. They are beautifully drawn on 

"smooth antiquarian" drawing paper, backed with muslin, and bound 

with blue braid. The sheets are of uniform size, being 30 inches high 

and 42 inches wide. They are kept among the treaty maps in the library 

of the Department of State. They are drawn wholly in black and show 

trails, timber, camps, monuments, etc. Topography is shown by 

hachures. The scale of the ten detailed maps is 1:120000, or 1.89 miles 

to 1 inch: of the two general maps 1:720000, or 11.37 miles to 1 inch,

- and of the index map 1:1200000, or 18.94 miles to 1 inch. This series 

of drawings was obviously planned to form an atlas. Of this the contents would be:

1. Title. - -

2. Index map showing location of ten detailed sheets. l

3. General map, eastern section.

4. General map, western section.

5. Detailed sheets numbered 1 to 7 (from east to west), showing land boundary.

6. Detailed sheets numbered 8 to 10, showing water boundary.

. The title is as follows:

Maps of the Boundary between the United States and the British" Possessions as 

established by the treaty of Washington, June 15, 1846. Surveyed under the direction of the Joint Commission appointed to carry into effect the First Article of the 

Treaty.

. The index map is entitled:

Index Map showing the limits of the detailed sheets of the U. S. North Western 

Boundary Survey.

1 The plate which accompanies this bulletin is a copy, on a reduced scale, of this map.
22 NOKTHWESTERN BOUNDARY OF UNITED STATES. [BULL. 174.

The general map (western section) has outside the border the legend 

"U. S. North West Boundary Survey, Archibald Campbell, U. S. 

Commissioner; John G. Parke, U. S. Eng., Chief Astr. and Surveyor." The title is as follows:

Map of Western Section. From notes by John G. Parke, II. S. Engineers, Chief 

Astr. and Surveyor, G. Clinton Gardner, Ass't Astr. and Surveyor, and Jas. S. 

Harris, Henry Custer, Chas. T. Gardner, George Gibbs, Francis Hudson and E. V. 

Peabody, Ass'ts U. S. Boundary Survey.

Compiled and drawn by Lemuel D. Williams, Theodor Kolecki, and Edward 

Freyhold. By order of U. S. Commissioner. (Signed) G. Clinton Gardner, Ass't 

Astr. and Surveyor, U. S. Boundary Survey, Office Washington D. C. 1866. Scale 

1:720000 or 11.37 miles to one inch.

This map includes from longitude 118° to 125,° and the eastern section, bearing a similar title, includes from longitude 110° to 118°. 1

The detailed sheets showing the land boundary, numbered 1 to 7, 

are signed " Jno. G. Parke, Major of Engrs., Brevet Major General, 

U. S. A., Chief Astr. and Surv. Archibald Campbell, U. S. Commissioner, etc. etc. etc. and J. S. Hawkins, Colonel R'l Eng'rs., H. B. 

M. Commissioner." The date of signing is recorded as May 7, 1869.

The detailed sheets showing the water boundary, numbered 8 to 10, 

have no titles, but each has the following written upon it: "That 

part of the boundary line described in the treaty of June 15, 1846, 

between the continent and Vancouver Island not agreed upon by the 

Joint Commission." These are signed by John G. Parke and Archibald 

Campbell. They do not bear the signature of .any member of H, B. M. 

Commission. The date of signing is November 3, 1869.

Of these final maps, the seven detailed sheets showing the land 

boundary have been photolithographed and a small edition printed. 

Just when they were printed or how large the edition I have not 

learned. These photolithographs are on double the scale of the original (i. e., 1:60000). They were printed by the New York Lithographing, Engraving, and Printing Company, Julius Bien, superintendent. 

The sheets are numbered from east to west, and the seventh or westernmost bears the following title:

Photo-lithographic Copy of the detailed maps of the North West Boundary from 

Point Koberts to the Rocky Mountains between the United States and the British 

Possessions under the Treaty of June 15th, 1846, showing Monuments, Cuts, and 

other Marks. Archibald Campbell, U. S. Comr. N. W. Boundary Survey. Scale 

1:60000 (enlarged to twice the scale of original drawings). Photo-lith. by New York 

Litho'g Engrav'g and Print'g Co., Julius Bien, Sup't.

The sheets are printed wholly in black, are 28 inches high by 71 

inches wide and printed in two pieces. Relief is shown by hachures 

and timber by the usual convention. Boundary marks are shown by

1 In the library of the Coast and Geodetic Survey I have seen a photograph of this western sheet. 

It is a pale and faded copy, 18 by 24 inches, was made by Alexander Gardner, and is on a scale of 

1:1070000, or about 17 miles to 1 inch.
BULLETIN No. 174 PL. I

js-' I Ki 't- .-??1 ' K £

, i in W V ^-s~_J? ,_ u-h N £A r w1

TTN) rt^\ 

IL VU^

i

& ^ n

_ 

m IE

118° 116° 11.5°

IMITS OF THE DETAILED SHEETS OF THE

STERN BOUNDARY SURVEY

JULIUS BIEN a CO. LITH N>

Scale of Statute Miles

00 UN>U1LES
BAKER.] MAPS. 23

black circles unaccompanied by names or any designations. Of these 

maps I have seen copies in the Library of Congress, in the Geological 

Survey, in the General Land Office, in the Office of the Chief of Engineers, and in the State Department. Some of these are numbered 

and others not. Could there have been two editions?' These sheets 

cover less territory than the originals. They show the belt of topography, but omit the signatures and legends, if indeed there were any 

on the copy furnished the lithographer. The copy in the State Department has a clear, strong red line along portions of the boundary and 

under the title (sheet 7) has the following in the draftsman's hand:

NOTE. The red lines indicate the portions of the boundary actually surveyed and 

marked by vistas cut through the forest and monuments of stone.

In the General Land Office there is a photographic copy of the 

detailed sheets dated 1866, on which are lines similar to the red ones 

above mentioned. As to this photographic copy we have the following statement made by Mr. Campbell in a letter to the Secretary of 

State, dated February 3, 18691 1

In collating the results of the survey * * * complete maps on a large scale 

[were] made of the entire boundary and the adjacent country. A general map has 

also been made, showing the extent of the country traversed. And to facilitate the 

survey of the public lands, photographic duplicates of the detailed sheets showing 

each monument on the boundarv line, with its geographical position, were furnished 

to the General Land Office.

I have examined these photographs in the General Land Office. 

There are four of them, each 20 by 70 inches in size, and each composed of several separate photographs, which have been joined 

together, mounted on cloth, and bound with blue braid. A special 

title was prepared and photographed for each of these four maps. 

The title of the easternmost sheet is as follows:

Photographic Sketch of the detailed Maps of the Boundary between the United 

States and the British Possessions, showing the Monuments from Mooyie and Yah'k 

Divide to Rocky Mountain Divide. Mapped under the direction of the United States 

North West Boundary Commission. From Surveys by the Joint Commission to carry 

into effect the 1st Article of the Treaty between the United States and Great Britain 

and authorized on the part of the United States by Act of Congress of August llth 

1856.

Archibald Campbell, U. S. Commissioner.

John G. Parke, U. S. Eng., Chief Astr. and Surveyor.

G. Clinton Gardner, Ass't Astr. and Surveyor.

William J. Warren, Secretary.

John J. Major, Clerk.

Scale 1: 120000. 1866.

The titles of the others are identical with this, except as to the 

country covered. This easternmost sheet embraces longitude 113° 45' 

to 116°, from Mooyie and Yattk Divide to Rocky Mountain Divide;

1 House Ex. Doc. No. 86, Fortieth Congress, third session, p. 90.
24 NORTHWESTERN BOUND ART OF UNITED STATES. [BULL. 174.

the next, longitudes 116° to 118£°, from, Inchuintum River to Mooyie 

and Yah"1 k Divide; the next longitudes, 118^° to 121°, from Divide 

'of Cascade Mountains to Inchuintwn; and the last, longitudes 121° 

to l£3i°, from Point Roberts to Divide of Cascade Mountains.

The geographic positions of the various camps, stations, etc., are 

given on these maps, as are also the longitudes of the boundaiy monuments, accompanied ' by brief descriptions of the locations. These 

positions, classified in two groups and arranged in order of longitude, 

ure printed on pages 28-39 of this bulletin.

The preparation of the 13 final original drawings was apparently 

;begun in .1863. There is an autograph memorandum by Mr. G. Clinton Gardner, dated June 30, 1863, containing an estimate of the time 

required to make these drawings. He estimates that the drawing of 

.seven sheet of 1:120000 scale will take eighty-two weeks' work, and 

.that two sheets of the general map of 1:720000 scale thirty-five weeks' 

work. After discussing methods and costs he adds:

The scale spoken of by the English commissioner for the. general map was 

1: 600000,- but. that scale would require larger sheets than those used for the detailed 

maps. I have therefore proposed to use for the general maps ]/6 instead of 1/5 of 

that of the detailed maps in order that all the sheets shall be of uniform size.

As to the drawing of these sheets and their cost, there are three 

memorandums in the handwriting of Mr. Gardner. The first, undated, 

is as follows:

Seven detail sheets from Point Roberts to Rocky Mountains, at 

; ' |600. ................................................... $4,200

The Vater-boundary sheet ... ........_..............-....... 1, 800

The two general sheets, one from Columbia River west ........ 1, 500

And the other from Columbia east to Fort Ben ton. ............ 1, 000

! . 8,500 

The second memorandum, dated October 31, 1864, is as follows:

The seven detail sheets have cost $4,085, [and] when completed [will cost] $115 [more].............................. $4, 200

The general sheets have cost $1,867, [and] when completed [will 

.cost] $813 [more]......................................... 2,500

The water-boundary sheet has cost $750, [and] when completed

[will cost] $925 [more].................................... 1, 675

Total...........:..................--.................. 8,375

The third memorandum, dated January 1, 1865, is as follows:

Water-boundary sheet....................................... $2, 000

Detail sheets, 7 at $600....................................... 4, 200

General maps, No; 1, $1,800; - No. 2, $1,400...................... 3, 200

Total cost of the drawing of maps............................ 9,400

Thus it appears that the drawing of these maps was completed late 

in 1864 or early in 1865. The photographic copy of them in the General Land Office is dated 1860.
BAKER.] BEITISH MAPS. 25

The drawing was done by Edward Freyhold, of No. 44 Sharp street, 

Baltimore, by L. D. Williams, and by Theodor Kolecki.. Freyhold 

did the "hill work" i. e., the hachures and the others the outline, 

lettering, etc. Prior to February, 1864, Freyhold had drawn the hill 

work on detail sheets 3 and 7.

Among the papers is an unexecuted contract (apparently the original 

draft) between the United States Northwestern Boundary Commission 

and Edward Freyhold, whereby Freyhold agrees to draw the hill 

work on sheets 1,2,4, 5, and 6 "similar and not inferior to certain 

other work executed by him on sheets 3 and 7" for $1.75 per square 

inch, and to complete the work "before the 31st day of August, 1864."

Sheet 4 was finished March 5, 1864, and contained 214£ square 

inches of hill work; sheet 6 was finished April 26,1864, and contained 

249i square inches of hill work; sheet 5 was finished June 6, 1864, 

and contained 137-^ square inches of hill work; sheet 2 was finished 

August 13, 1864, and contained 225 g-V square inches of hill work. 

There is no record as to No. 1, but it is probable that it was finished 

on March 5, so that the hill work was all completed by August 13 

and the drawing of the final maps completed about the beginning of 

the year 1865.

BRITISH MAPS.

On June 23, 1871, Sir Edward Thornton, then British minister in 

Washington, sent to the Department of State an atlas comprising 

maps, views, and tables of geographic positions of the northwest 

boundary. This atlas is entitled:

Maps of the land boundary between the British possessions in North America andthe United States as established by the treaty of Washington, 15th June, 1846, and 

surveyed and marked under the direction of the Joint Commission appointed to 

carry into effect the 1st article of the treaty. Scale 1:120000, or 1.8939 statute miles 

to one inch. Photo-zincographed at the ordnance survey office, Southampton, 

under the superintendence of Cap't. Parsons, E,. E., F. K. A. S.; Col. Sir Henry 

James, K. E., F. R. S., etc., director, 1869.

Then follows:

(a) An index map composed of two double-page sheets on a scale of 

1:600000.

(b) Seven detailed sheets, scale 1:120000, numbered 1 to 7 from west 

to east. All are dated May 7, 1869, and signed by J. S. Hawldns, 

H. B. M. Comm'r, Archibald Campbell, U. S. Comm'r, Samuel Anderson, Lt. R. Eng'rs Secretary for Captain Haig, R. A., Chief Astronomer. Sheets 1 and 7 were-drawn by J. Carroll, 2 by H. Walthouse, 

and 3, 4, 5 and 6 by F. B. Grose.

(c) A title page for another series of six sheets on the mile scale is 

as follows:

Maps of the land boundary between the British possessions in North America and 

the United States as established by the treaty of Washington 15th June, 1846, and
26 NORTHWESTERN BOUNDARY OF UNITED STATES. [BULL. 174.

surveyed and marked under the direction of the Joint Commission appointed to 

carry into effect the 1st article of the treaty. Scale of 1:63360 or one statute mile to 

one inch. Photo-zincographed at the ordnance survey office under the superintendence of Captain R. M. Parsons, R. E., F. R. A. S.; Col. Sir H. James, R. E., F. R. S., 

etc., director, 1869.

The six sheets following this are numbered 1 to 6, from west to east, 

and are signed "J. S. Hawkins, colonel, Royal Engineers, H. B. M. 

commissioner, 7th May, 1869." The geographic coordinates of 

camps and stations are given; topography is shown by hachures, 

trails are shown in brown, and water in blue. Iron monuments are 

shown by a square symbol ( ) and stone monuments by a round 

one ( ). The vistas and cleared part of the line appear to be 

indicated by two lines, one down on each side of the parallel, 

thus, ~"- .

(d) Between the title of the mile scale sheets and the sheets themselves are two double pages, the tirst containing ten photographic 

views of monuments and vistas, as follows:

Initial monument, stone obelisk, Point Roberts, four views, one of each face.

Boundary monument, Mooyie River.

Boundary monument and cutting, Kootenay East.

Boundary monument and cutting, Yak'h River.

Boundary monument and cutting, 'Kish-e-nehn.

Boundary monument, watershed Rocky Mountains, looking north.

Boundary monument, watershed Rocky Mountains, looking south.

The second double page contains two tables of geographic coordinates, with descriptions of stations. These tables are printed in this 

bulletin, pages 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, and 39.

According to these tables there are 161 monuments, marking parts 

of a boundary line 410 miles long. These are:

Stone obelisk .................................................. 1

Iron pillars .................................................... 42

Pyramids of stones............................................. 3

Bench marks .................................................. 2

Mound of earth................................................ 1

Piles of stones.................................................. 112

Total....................................:............... 161

(e) Lastly we have this double title page:

Maps to illustrate the boundary line established by the convention of London, 

20th October, 1818, and the treaty of Washington, 15th June, 1846, between the 

British Possessions in North America and the United States, compiled from the 

following 

*******

authorities:

Scale of .0528 inches to 1 statute mile, or 1:1200000. Photozincographed, etc. 

1869.

This is followed by three double-page photographic maps showing 

the country between the forty-fifth and fifty-first parallels of north 

latitude and from the Pacific Ocean eastward to Minnesota.
BAKER.] GEOGRAPHIC COORDINATES. . 27

GEOGRAPHIC COORDINATES.

The geographic positions of various camps and stations in the vicinity of the parallel were determined astronomically. Latitudes were 

determined with the zenith telescope; azimuth and time with the transit. Longitudes were determined by chronometer, by moon-culminating stars, and at one station, Camp Mooyie, by the solar eclipse of July 

7, 1860.

It would seem that 28 fundamental or base stations were established 

near the boundary. For these stations measurements were made to 

the parallel. Thereupon other stations, with monuments, were established on the parallel. 1 Of these stations on the parallel there are 161. 

The description of these fundamental or base stations and of the 161 

stations on the parallel,'their location, longitude, etc., are given in 

Tables 1 to IV herewith. Tables I and III are made up from data on 

the photographic copies of the final map which were deposited in the 

General Land Office in 1866. Tables II and IV are copied from the 

British atlas in the State Department, which was presented by the British minister, Sir Edward Thornton, in 1871. The results from the two 

sources are almost identical, but as the^y are not absolutely so, and as 

the originals are not conveniently accessible, it was deemed best to 

print, side by side, the results from these two sources.

i For method employed sec Appendix A, pp. C4-G5.
28 NOETHWESTEEN BOUNDAKY OF UNITED STATES. [BULL. 174,

TABLE I. Geographical coordinates of camps, station^, etc.

FROM AMERICAN SOURCES.

No.

1

9

3

5

8

9

30

11

12

13

14

15

1C

17

18

19

20

22

23

24

25

2G

27

98

29

30

31

32

33 

34

35

30

37

38

Station.

Intersection of Whatcom and Lake trails....

Latitude.

0 / //

49 00 52.2

49 00 02.6

48 57 01.1

48 55 31.4

48 59 42.8

48 59 44.4

48 59 55.4 '

49 01 25.6

49 00 01.3

48 54 21. 4

48 59 54.9

49 00 12.8

49 00 03.5

49 00 00

48 59 49.1

49 00 13.96

48 59 58.5

48 59 02.9

48 59 56.4

48 59 12.0

48 59 52.9

49 07 518

48 59 42.2

49 09 38. 8

48 59 49.8

49 00 01.8

49 07 42.7

49 00 03.5

49 00 21,9

49 00 30

49 00 34.3

49 02 04.9

48 06 05.4 

49 09 28.2

49 01 25.8

49

49 00 43.1

Longitude.

O / H

114 03 34

21 09

24 26.6

43 33.7

45 02

115 11 19.2

38 51

116 12 40.6

14 59.2

22 02.1

31 16.2

117 10 48.4

21 52.9

37 19.4

37 41.8

118 16 15.6

28 12.3

44 28.5

119 24 12

34 53.2

120 00 18.8

00 59.9

32 12.8

33 38. 9

39 14.8

121 02 45.2

OS 29.2

16 41.4

23 41.8

30 41.8

3C 15.4

47 34.4

54 56.8 

57 59

122 11 52.8

37 01.6

45 30
BAKEH.] GEOGRAPHIC COORDINATES. 29

TABLE IL Geographical coordinates of camps, siali.ons, dc. 

-FROM BRITISH SOURCES.

No.

1

3

 1

5

C

7

9

10

11

-10

14

1 FA

10

' 17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

 20

27

28

29

30

01

00

33

34

35

36

Q7

38

Station. Latitude.

O / II '

49 00 52.0

49 00 02.8

48 59 42.8

48 59 44.0

48 59 55.4

49 01 20. 0

48 59 55.1

49 00 12.8

49 00 03.5

49 00 00.0

48 59 50.4

49 00 10.8

48 59 58.5

48 59 04.3

.48 59 12.1

48 59 53.9

48 59 42. G

48 59 49.8

49 00 02.3

49 00 03.7

49 00 22.2

49 00 30.0

49 02 04.9

49 01 25.8

49 00 00.0

49 00 00.0

Longitude.

o / // 

114 03 34.0

114 45 02.0

11.5 11 19.2

115 38 57.0

11C 31 16.2

117 10 48.4

117 37 19.4

m O7 A-i O

118 10 15.0

118 28 12.3

118 44 28.5

119 24 12.0

119 34-53.2

120 C') 18.8

120 32 12.8

120 39 14.8

121 02 45.2

'121 10 41.4

121 30-41.8

122 11 52.8

122 43 59.9

123 03 53.0
30 NORTHWESTERN BOUNDARY OF UJSITED STATES. [BULL. 174.

TABLE III. Locations and longitudes of the boundary monuments. 

FROM AMERICAN SOURCES.

No.

1

2. 

3 

4

5

G

7 

8

9 

10 

11

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20

2L 

2'2 

23 

24 

25 

20

27 

28 

29

30 

31

32 

33 

34 

35 

36 

37 

38 

?9 

40

Location of monument.

Left bank of Kishenelm Creek .......

Near trail entering Boundary Pass ...

Second terrace, left bank of Flathead 

First bench, right bank of Flathead R

Side of hill............................

Ridge of hill ..........................

Flat, west of river .....................

Side of mountain, west side of valley .

Brow of first hill, right bank of river..

Bench, west side of river ..............

Right bank of river, meridian of Pend 

Bench, west side of river ..............

Sharp ridge, west side of river. . .......

.....do.................................

.....do.................................

On hill west side of stream. ...........

Longitude.

0 "II

114 03 28. 4

20 63. 9 

21 17.3 

27 09. 4

28 02.5

45 1C. 1 

45 42 

115 03 28. 7

10 11. 6 

11 11.2 

16 01. 4

38 02. 8 

38 29. 1 

39 10. 5 

39 24. 5 

39 46. 5 

aUG 11 24 

11 25.6 . 

all 54 

12 22.3

31 05.9 

35 44. 9

1170855.9 

09 56. 5 

21 52.9

22 03 

22 54. 8 

36 59. 4

37 36.2

38 49. 1 

41 17. 7 

45 49. 5 

53 08. 1 

59 00.9 

118 01 52.2 

03 17. 1 

05 15.8 

09 26

a Approximate.
BOUNDAKY MONUMENTS. 31

TAJJLE IV. Locations, longitudes, and descriptions of Ike boundary monuments. 

FROM BRITISH SOURCES.

No.

1

2 

3 

4

5

6

7

8

9 

10 

11

12 

13 

14 

16 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

20

27 

28 

29

30 

31

32 

33 

34 

35 

36 

37 

38 

39 

40

Location of monument.

On the divide of the Rocky Mountains.

On left bank of Kishenehn Creek.. 

Near trail entering Boundary Pass.

On first bench, right bank Flatheud 

River. 

On second terrace, left bank Flathead River.

At foot of mountains, left bank 

small creek. 

On second plateau, left bank river. 

On right bank Kootenay River ....

On east brink ravine beyond which 

the mountains rise.

.....do..............................

.....do..............................

On high bluff, left bank. . .......... 

On leftbankof creek close to water.

On side of mountain, west side of 

valley.

On trail leading from the north to 

Cholernta.

On brow of first hill, right bank 

river.

On side of mountain, west bide of 

valley.

On bench, west side, South Fork 

Salmon River.

Latitude mark, Pend d'Oreille Station.

Near east bank of Columbia River.

On brink of hill, west bank Columbia River.

On hilltop, west of Camp Columbia. 

On side of hill between streams. . . . 

.....do.............................. 

.....do..............................

.....do..............................

.....do..............................

Longitude.

O / II

 114 03 28. 41

20 53. 9 

21 17.3 

27 09.4

28 02. 5

45 16. 1 

45 42. 0 

1150328.7

10 11. G 

11 11.2 

16 01.4

38 02. 8 

38 29. 1 

39 10. 5 

39 24. 5 

39 46. 5 

a 116 11 24 

11 25.0

12 22. 3 

14 59. 2 

31 05. 9 

35 44. 9 

117 08 55. 9 

09 56. 5 

21 52. 9

22 03 

22 54.8 

36 59. 4

37 05. 2

37 36. 2

38 49. 1 

41 17.7 

45 49. 5 

53 08.1 

59 00. 9 

118 01 52.2 

03 17.1 

05 15.8 

09 26. 0

Description.

Pile of stones.

.....do........

.....do........ 

.....do........

.....do........

.....do........

.....do........

.....do........

.....do........ 

.....do......... 

.....do........

.....do........ 

.....do........ 

.....do........ 

.....do........ 

.....do........ 

.....do........ 

.....do........ 

.....do........

.....do........ 

.....do........ 

.....do........

.....do........ 

.....do........

t 

Pile of stones.

.....do........ 

.....do........

.....do........ 

.... .do. .......

.....do........

.....do........ 

.....do........ 

.....do........ 

.....do........ 

.....do........ 

....do........

.....do........ 

....do........

....do........

From what station 

determined.

Camp Akamina 

and Station.

Camp Kishcnelin. 

.....do............ 

.....do............

.....do............

Wigwam Station . 

.....do............

Camp Kootenay 

East.

.....do............ 

.....do............ 

.....do............

Yahk'h Station . . . 

.....do............ 

.....do............ 

.....do............ 

.....do............ 

CampMooyie..... 

.....do............ 

.....do............

.....do............ 

.....do............

Camp Kootenay 

West.

.....do............

Kootenay Mt. Station.

.....do............

Pend d'Oreille 

Station.

.....do............

.....do............

Fort Shepherd 

Station.

Camp Stat-a-poostin.

.....do............

.....do............ 

.....do............ 

.....do............ 

.....do............ 

.....do............ 

.....do............ 

.....do............ 

.....do............ 

.....do............

No. in 

British 

Atlns.

161

160 

159 

158

357

156 

155 

154

153 

152 

151

150 

149 

148 

147 

146 

145 

144 

143 

142

141 

140 

139 

138 

137 

136

135 

134 

133

132 

131

130 

129 

128 

127 

120 

125 

124 

123 

122

a Approximate.
32 NORTHWESTERN BOUNDARY OF UNITED STATES. [Bui,L.i74.

TABLE III. Locations and longitudes of the boundary monument* Continued. 

FROM AMERICAN SOURCES Continued.

No.

41

42

43

44

45

40

47

48

49

50

51

52

53

54

57

58

59

60

01

03

64

67

08

09

70

71

72

73

74

 75

70

.77

Location of monument.

.....do..........................................................................

.....do..................:....................................................-..

First plateau west of river. . .................................................

.....do..........................................................................

. . . . .do ....:..........-..............-...--..-...-...-.......---.................

.....do................--.-...........-....:....-.-.........-....................

East of Col ville trail ............................................................

.....do..........................................................................

.....do..........................................................................

.....do..........................................................................

.....do..........................................................................

.....do..........................................................................

Longitude.

0 / //

118 09 58. 4

11 56. 1

13 19. 1

14 21.0

10 30.

18 45.4

21 30.8

22 18. 0

24 07. 2

25 38.2

26 32. 6

27 40.8

28 40. 8

29 48. 7

31 28. 4

33 43

30 43.4

38 24,9

39 51. 5 .

40 57. 2

41 49. G

42 38. 4

43 24. 5

44 13.8

48 27. 3

51 14 9

52 26. 6

53 06. 6

KC f\K

55 58. 2

50 58. 9

59 33. 6

119 01 23

02 54.9
BAKER.] BOTJNDABY MONUMENTS. 33

TABLE IV. Locations, longitudes, and descriptions of the boundary monuments Cont'd. 

FROM BRITISH SOURCES Continued.

No.

41

42 

43 

44

45 

46

47

48

49 

50

51

52 

53

54

55

56 

57

58

59 

60

61

62

63

64

65

66 

67

68

69 

70

71

72

73

74 

75

76

77

Location of monument.

On side of mountain east of Nehoialpitkwu River.

On a gravel ridge west of river. .... 

In valley near trail to Colville. ....

On point ridge right side of 

valley.

On north slope of mountains south 

of river.

.....do..............................

.....do..............................

In valley of Nehoialpitkwu south 

of river.

.....do..............................

.....do..............................

In valley near and east of Colville 

trail.

.....do..............................

On first bench west of small creek. .

On summit between two creeks. . . .

On devide between Rock Creek 

and Nehoialpitkwu.

On sharp ridge between heads of 

tributary of Rock Creek.

On southern slope of mountain. . . . 

.....do..............................

In open country east of Rock

Creek. 

.....do..............................

.....do..............................

East of and near Colville trail. . . . .

At foot of mountain, right bank of 

Nehoialpitkwu River.

On point of ridge in bend of Nehoialpitkwu River.

On point of ridge In bend of Nehoialpitkwu.

On point of ridge south and east of 

creek.

On ridge between two creeks ......

.....do..............................

.....do..............................

On summit east of wagon road to 

Rock Creek.

Rock Creek. 

On high plateau south of Rock 

Creek.

.....do..............................

Longitude.

0 / //

118 09 58. 2

11 56.1 

1319.1 

1421.0

16 36. 7 

18 45.4

2136.3

22 18. 6

24 17. 2 

25 38.2

26 32. 6

27 40. 8 

28 40.8

29 48 7

31 28. 4

33 43.0 

36 43. 4

38 24.9

39 51. 5 

4057.2

41 49. 6

42 38. 4

43 24.5

44 13.8

45 12. 6

45 48. 9 

46 45. 6

48 27. 3

51 14. 9 

62 26. 6

6306.6

5505.0

55 58.2

56 68.9 

59 33. 6

119 01 23. 0 

2 64.9

Description.

Pile of stones.

.....do........ 

.....do........ 

.....do........

.....do........ 

.....do........

.....do........

.....do........

.....do........ 

.....do........

.....do........

.....do........ 

.....do........

.....do........

.....do........

.....do........ 

.....do........

.....do........

.....do........ 

.....do........

.....do........

.....do........

.....do........

.....do........

Mound of 

earth.

Pile of stones. 

.....do........

.....do........

.....do........ 

.....do........

.....do........

.....do........

.....do........

.....do........ 

.....do........

.....do........ 

.....do........

From what station 

determined.

Camp Stat-a-poostin.

.....do............ 

.....do............ 

.....do............

In-chu-in-tum 

Station and 

Camp Stat-apoos-tin.

.....do............

.....do............

.....do............

.....do............ 

.....do............

.....do............

.....do............

pit-kwu and In- chu-in-tum Station.

.....do............

.....do............

.....do............ 

......do............

.....do .......... ...

.....do............ 

.....do............

.....do............

.....do............

.....do............

.....do............

Camp Osoyoos and Camp Ne-hoi-alpit-kwu.

.....do............ 

.....do............

.....do............

.....do............ 

.....do............

.....do............

.....do............

.....do............

.....do............ 

.....do............

.....do............ 

.....do............

No. in 

British 

Atlas.

121

120 

119 

118

117 

116

115

113 

112

111

110 

109

ing

107

106 

105

104 

103

1(V>

101

T AA

99

98

97

96 

95

94

93 

92

91

90

89

88

87

86

84

Bull. 174
34 NOETHWESTEEN BOUNDAEY OF UNITED STATES. [BULL. 174.

TABLE III. Locations and longitudes of the boundary monuments Continued. 

FROM AMERICAN SOURCES Continued.

No.

78

79

80

81

82

DO

84

oe

Qfl

87

88

89

90

91

92

93

94

QK

96

97

98

OQ

100

101

102

1 rtQ

-\(\A

105

106

107

109

110

111

l-IO

Location of monument.

.....do..........................................................................

.....do..........................................................................

Foot of mountains west side of Similkameen Valley ..........................

Hillside west of Chuchuwanten River .........................................

Bench of hill east side of Skagit Valley. ......................................

Longitude.

0 ' //

119 04 36

06 15

0802.8

09 32. 8

10 18. 4

11 56.5

14 27. 2

17 10. 4

. 1858.1

21 26. 4

22 37. 6

24 08. 9

26 04. 5

28 48

29 52. 6

33 24

36 14. 6

37 45. 9

39 56. 6

40 32. 7

4220.9

58 38.7

5957.9

120 00 46. 1

32 00.9

32 29. 3

38 51. 9

39 47. 2

121 02 26. 6

04 22.2

16 41.4

16 56.3

18 67.3

23 11

23 48.5

3008.4

on 91 o
BAKER.] BOUNDARY MONUMENTS. 35

'TABLE IV. Locations, longitudes, and descriptions of the boundary monuments Cont'd. 

FROM BRITISH SOURCES Continued.

No.

78

79 

80

81

82 

83

84

86

86

87

88

89 

90

91

92 

93 

94

95

96 

97

98

99

100

101

102 

103

104

105

106 

107

108

109 

110 

111

112 

113

114

Location of monument.

On high plateau south of Rock 

Creek.

On rocky ridge east of small lake . .

On summit east of fork of Rock 

Creek.

west bank.

On first bench west of fork of Rock 

Creek.

.....dO.............................;

Osoyoos.

East of trail up east bank of Lake 

Osoyoos.

West of trail up west bank of Lake 

Osoyoos.

Near divide between Osoyoos and 

Similkameen and near junction 

of trail.

On plateau north of Similkameen.. 

On southern slope of a rocky knoll.

Similkameen.

meen.

On summit of isolated mountain 

of Similkameen.

At foot mountains west side Similkameen Valley.

On sharp ridge west side of stream.

On bench, east side of Pasayten 

Valley.

On slope west sideof PasaytenValley

On side of hill cast of Skagit Valley.

On side of mountain west side of 

Skagit Valley.

At foot of mountain south of camp.

West of and near trail to Skagit . . . 

East of and near trail to Skagit .... 

On east side of Klahaihu Valley . . .

On west side of Klahaihu Valley . . .

On east side of Ensaw-kwatch 

River.

On west side of Ensaw-kwatch 

River.

Longitude.

0 / II

119 4 36. 0

6 15.0 

802.8

9 32.8

10 18.4 

11 56.6

14 27.2

17 10.4

18 58.1

21 26.4

22 37. 6

24 08.0 

26 04. 5

2848.0

29 52. 6 

33 24. 0 

36 14. 6

37 45.9

39 56. 6 

40 32. 7

42 20.9

58 38.7

59 57.9

120 00 46. 1

32 00.9 

32 29. 3

38 51. 9

39 47.2

121 02 26.6 

04 22.2

16 41. 4

16 56.2 

18 67.3 

23 11.0

23 48 5 

30 08.4

30 21. 2

Description.

Pile of stones.

.....do........ 

.....do........

.....do........

.....do........ 

.....do........

.....do........

.....do........

.....do........

.....do........

.....do........

.....do........ 

.....do........

.....do........

.....do........ 

.....do........ 

.....do........

.....do........

.....do........ 

.....do........

.....do........

.....do........

.....do........

.....do........

.....do........ 

.....do........

.....do........

.....do........

.....do........ 

.....do........

.....do........

.....do........ 

.....do........ 

.....do........

.....do........ 

.....do........

Bench mark 

t

From what station 

determined.

Camp Osoyoos and Camp Ne-hoi-alpit-kwu.

.....do............ 

.....do............

.....do............

.... .do. ........ ... 

.....do............

.....do............

.....do............

.....do............

.....do............

.....do............

.....do............

Camp Similkameen and Camp 

Osoyoos.

.....do............

.....do............ 

.....do............ 

.....do............

.....do............

.....do............ 

.....do............

.....do............

tion.

tion. 

.....do............

Camp Pa-say-ten. 

.....do............

.....do............

Camp Skagit ..... 

.....do............

Camp Chuch-chehum.

.....do............ 

.....do............

Camp Chiloweyuck.

.....do............

En-saw -kw a t c h 

Station.

.....do............

No. in 

British

Atlas.

85

83 

82

81

80 

79

78

77

76

75

74

73 

72

71

70 

69 

68

67

66 

65

64

63

62

61

60 

59

58

67

56 

65

54

63 

52 

51

50 

49

48
36 NORTHWESTERN BOUNDARY OF UNITED STATES. [BULL. 174.

TABLE III. Locations and longitudes of the boundary monuments Continued. 

PROM AMERICAN SOURCES Continued.

No.

115

116

117

118

119

120

121

122

123

124

125

126

127

128

129

130

131

132

1S4

135

136

139

140

141

142

143

144

145

146

147

148

149

1 W\

151

152

Location of monument.

Side of mountain south of creek ...............................................

.....do. .........................................................................

Side of mountain west of falls of creek ........................................

Whatcom trail (last iron pillar) a. .............................................

Small bench east base of hill ..................................................

Summit of hill east of Sumass Prairie. .........................................

Plat east of stream. ............................................................

Rising ground................................ .. ...........

Meridian of Camp Sumass. .....................................................

Flat north of trail...... .......................... .......... .

West of swamp and north of trail. . ............................................

Trail east side of Cullam Creek ................................................

Flat south of trail. .............................................................

.....do..........................................................................

Ridge west of Sehkomehkl Creek ..............................................

Flat south of trail ..............................................................

Longitude.

0 ' //

121 35 28. 4 '

42 56. 3

43 31. 6

43 58.1

122 04 45.2

05. 26. 6

06 31. 9

07 21. 7

07 50. 4

08 38. 4

10 02. 7

n fin ft

11 52.8

12 46.3

12 55. 2

14 01

15 04. 1

16 29. 1

18 00.6

19 08. 9

19 55. 1

90 90 4

21 47.6

22 -20. 7

23 05. 9

24 22. 7

25 04. 1

O7 1Q O

28 32. 9

29 37. 2

30 07. 9

31 05. 1

32 13.7

33 27.7

34 46. 7

36 08. 5

37 01. 6

37 26. 9

a A pencil note here says: "All iron pillars from western end, to Wfafttcom trail 43 in all 36 +.

given here( "
BAKER.] BOUNDARY MONUMENTS. 37

. Locations, longitudes, and descriptions of the boundary monuments Cont'd. 

FROM BRITISH SOURCES Continued.

No.'

115

110 

117

118

119 

120

121

122

123 

124

125

126 

127

129

130

131

132

133

135

136

1<W J-Of

138

139 

140

141

142

143

144

145

146 

147

148 

149

150

151 

152

Location of monument.

On east side of Sen-eh-say, or 

Selacee, River.

On side of mountain south of creek. 

.....do.............................

On side of mountain west of falls 

of creek.

On De Lacy's trail, Whatcom to 

Fort Hope, Crossing line.

On bench at base of hill ...........

On top of mountain east side of 

Sumass Prairie.

On bench -above rocky precipice 

east of trail.

On face of hill 5 chains from base 

and near trail.

On bench west of stream ...........

On flat east of stream ..............

On mound east of latitude mark. . . 

Latitude mark Sumass .............

On east side of Sumass River ......

On Whatcom trail west side Sumass 

River.

On trail crossing boundary line. . . .

On top of hill west of swamp and 

on trail crossing line.

On flat north of trail and west of 

swamp.

On hill 20 chains east of trail crossing line.

On east side small lake. ............

On trail crossing boundary line. . . .

On west side of swamp and north 

of trail.

On flat north of trail ...............

On trail crossing boundary line. . . .

On trail crossing boundary line 

east side of creek.

On flat south of trail ................

.. ..do..............................

On slightly elevated ground west 

of creek.

On belt of timber between swamps.

On edge of slope west of stream 

and south of trail.

On trail crossing line west side of 

Seh-ko-mehl Creek,

On ridge west of Seh-ko-mehl 

Creek.

On flat north of trail ...............

On ridge south of trail and stream . 

On flat south of trail. . .............

On flat near stream south of trail. . .

Latitude mark, British station ..... 

On first bench south of trail ........

Longitude.

o / n

121 35 28.4

42 56.3 

43 31. 6

43.58.1

122 4 46.2 

526.6

6 31.9

721.7

7 50.4 

8 38.4

10 02. 7

11 00.8 

11 52. 8

12 46. 3

12 65.2

14 01.0

15 04. 1

16 29. 1

18 00. 6 

19 08. 9

1955.1

20 29.4 

21 47.6

22 20. 7

23 05.9 

24 22. 7

25 04.1

27 19. 3

28 32.9

29 37. 2

3007.9

31 05.1 

32 13. 7

33 27.7 

34 46. 7

36 08.5

37 01.6 

37 26. 9

Description.

Pile of stones.

Pyramid of 

stones:

.....do........

.....do........

Iron pillar.... 

.....do........

.....do........

.....do........

.....do....-.-- 

.....do........

.....do........

.....do........ 

.....do.....--.

.....do........

.....do........

.....do........

.....do........

.....do........

.....do........ 

.....do........

.....do........

.....do........ 

.....do........

.....do........

.....do........ 

.....do........

.....do.....--.

.....do........

.....do........

.....do........

.....do........

.....do........ 

.....do........

.....do........ 

.....do........

.....do........

.....do........ 

.....do........

From what station 

determined.

Sen-eh-say Station

Camp Tummeahai.

.....do............

.....do............

Sumass Station 

and Camp.

.....do............

.....do............

.....do............

.....do............ 

.....do............

.....do............

.....do............ 

British Station ...

.....do............

.....do............

.....do............

.....do............

.....do............

...'..do............ 

.....do............

.....do............

.....do............ 

.....do............

.....do............

.....do............ 

.....do............

.....do............

.....do............

.....do............

.....do............

.....do............

.....do............ 

.....do............

.....do............ 

.....do............

.....do............

.....do............ 

.....do............

No. in 

British 

Atlas.

47

46 

46

44

43

42

41

40

39

38

37

36 

35

34

33

32

31

30

29 

28

27

26 

25

24

23 

22

21

20

19

18

17

16 

15

14 

13

12

11 

10
38 NOETHWESTEEN BOUNDAEY OF UNITED STATES. [BULL. 174.

TABLE III. Locations and longitudes of the boundary monuments Continued. 

FROM AMERICAN SOURCES Continued.

No.

153

154

155

156

157

158

159

160

161

Location of monument. >

.....do..........................................................................

Longitude.

o / // 

122 38 45.5

40 04.1

41 22.7

42 20.5

43 69.9

123 00 42. 9

02 12. 7

03 02.9

03 63
BAKER.] BOUNDAKY MONUMENTS. 39

*' TABLE IV. Locations, longitudes, and descriptions of the boundary monuments Cont'd. 

FROM BRITISH SOURCES Continued.

No.

153

154

155

156 

157

158

159

ICO

161

Location of monument.

.....do..............................

On small ridge between swamps . . .

Bay.

On flat east of Obelisk, Point Roberts.

Longitude.

O 1 II

122 38 45. 6

40 04. 1

41 22.7

42 20. 5 

43 59.9

123 00 42.9

02 12. 7

03 02. 9

03 53.0

Description.

.....do........

.....do........

.....do........ 

.....do........

.....do........

.....do........

.....do........

Obelisk.......

From what station 

determined.

.....do............

.....do............

.....do............ 

.....do............

observatory. 

.....do............

.....do............

.....do............

No. in 

British 

Atlas.

9

8

7

G 

5

4

3

2

1
40 NORTH WESTERN BOUNDARY OF UNITED STATES. [BULL. 174. \

MAGNETICS.

Both the British and the American surveyors were equipped with 

an outfit of instruments for determining the magnetic declination, 

dip, and force. The British instruments were standardized at Greenwich, and the resulting elements at 23 stations, as obtained by Captain 

Haig, were discussed by General Sabine and published in the Philosophical Transactions. An abstract of these results is printed on 

page 42 of this bulletin.

As to the results by the American parties, much, unfortunately, 

must be left to inference, their results being, supposedly, in the "lost 

report." Mr. Campbell, writing in 1869, l says: "A magnetic survey 

extending over a range of 3° 20' in latitude and 4° in longitude, with 

the necessary observations of the magnetic elements of the astronomical stations, was also made." The work appears to have been done 

by Mr. J. S. Harris, whose results were secured by the United States 

Coast Survey. From these it appears that the observations covered a 

considerably larger extent of territory than that above, indicated by 

Mr. Campbell. The character of the instrumental outfit and its fate 

in the field can be inferred, in part, from the two following passages from General Parke's report of progress, written November 12. 

1859: "A full set of magnetic observations were made at one station'"' 

(in 1858). 2 Also, U I am happy to report that we have got thus far 

through the season's work without any damage to our astronomical 

instruments. I regret, however, that we have been less fortunate 

with the magnetic instruments. The mule carrying these missed his 

footing and rolled down a precipitous bank. The magnetic theodolite will have to be replaced, and the other instruments will require

 11 <t repairing." 4

The Coast and Geodetic Survey has furnished from its manuscript 

registers the following table of results for declination, dip, and 

intensity.

1 House Ex. Doc. No. 86, Fortieth Congress, third session, p. 95.

2 Senate Ex. Doc. No. 16, Thirty-sixth Congress, first session, p. 6.

3 Same, pp. 6-7
BAKER.] MAGNETICS. 41

Declination, dip, and force for the mean epoch 1860.

[Results from observations by Joseph S. Harris, United States Northwestern Boundary Commission, 

1858 to 1861. From manuscript furnished by the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey.]

Station.

Do.........................

Camp No. 14, Joseph Prairie.

Do.......................

Do.......................

Peon Prairie. ................

Tukannon lliver ............

Do.......................

Do.......................

Do.......................

Do.......................

Latitude.

0 /

49 00 

48 59 

49 07 

49 31 

49 00 

48 42 

48 10 

47 44 

47 49 

48 34 

46 32 

47 09 

46 63 

46 09 

46 03 

49 00 

46 02 

49 00 

49 00 

49 03 

49 00 

49 05 

49 01 

48 59 

49 01 

48 59 

49 01 

48 59

Longitude.

o / 

114 21 

115 10 

115 16 

115 35 

116 33 

116 19 

116 45 

117 14 

117 49 

117 52 

118 00 

118 06 

118 10 

118 18 

118 25 

118 44 

119 00 

119 24 

119 35 

120 55 

121 03 

121 07 

121 23 

121 42 

121 45 

121 57 

122 46 

122 58

East declination.

0 '

22 68 

22 68

23 34 

22 37 

22 16 

21 49 

21 53 

22 07 

22 31 

20 55 

20 65 

21 01 

20 13 

20 00 

22 07 

19 46

23 34 

24 19

22 23 

22 09 

22 47 

22 55 

22 39 

22 55 

22 39

Dip.

o /

73 37 

73 49

72 05 

71 62 

72 31 

70 22 

71 19 

71 01 

70 47

72 33

72 40

72 25

72 01 

71 46

Horizontal forceBr. 

units.

3.757

4.099 

4. 132 

3.976 

4.380 

4.229 

4. 301 

4.289

3.933

4.025

4.094 

4.111

C.G.S. 

units.

0. 1732

0.1890 

0. 1905 

0. 1833 

0. 2020 

0. 1950 

0. 1983 

0. 1978

0. 1818

0.1856

0.1888 

0. 1896

Total 

force.

C.G.S. 

units.

0. 6217

O.C14C 

0. 6123 

0. 6100 

0.6009 

0.6085 

0.6097 

0.6007

0. 6084

0. 6141

0. 6115 

0. 6056
42 NORTHWESTERN BOUNDARY OF UNITED STATES. [BULL. 174.

Declination, dip, and force for the mean epoch 1860.

[Abstract of results obtained by Capt. R. W. Haig, R. A., with standard instruments, between 

August, 1858, and August, 1861, in connection with the survey of the northwest boundary. From 

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, 1864, vol. 154, pp. 161-166.]

Station.

Tobacco Plains (Kootenay) .

South Crossing (Kootenay) . .

Colville B. B. C. Barracks ....

Do.......................

Latitude

0 /

49 01 

49 00 

48 57 

48 40 

48 22 

48 41 

48 22 

48 09 

48 00 

48 40 

49 00 

49 00 

49 00 

49 07 

49 10 

45 40 

45 35 

49 02 

49 02 

49 01 

47 07 

45 38 

48 26

Longitude.

o / 

114 04 

114 45 

115 08 

115 17 

115 21 

116 19 

116 28 

116 44 

117 45 

118 05 

118 28 

119 24 

120 00 

120 00 

120 00 

120 49 

120 49 

121 23 

122 00 

122 12 

122 25 

122 28 

123 27

East declination.

o / 

22 66 

22 50

22 36 

22 28 

22 27 

22 19 

22 10 

21 57 

22 11 

22 15 

22 07 

22 12 

22 04 

22 06

20 27

21 44 

21 42 

20 51 

20 13 

21 20

Dip.

o / 

73 38 

73 30 

73 24 

73 09 

72 55 

72 59 

72 43 

72 30 

72 12 

72 39 

72 50

72 34

72 42 

69 49 

69 45 

72 21 

72 14 

72 11 

70 39 

69 28 

71 30

Total force.

Br. units.

13. 522 

.496 

.481 

.460 

.443 

.423 

.401 

.238 

.334 

.357 

.361

.306

.315 

.091 

.087 

.257 

.234 

.226 

.111 

.026 

.148

C. G. S. 

units.

0.6235 

0.6223 

0. 6216 

0.6206 

0.6198 

0. 6189 

0. 6179 

0.6104 

0.6148 

0.6159 

0. 6161

0.6135

0.6139 

0.6036 

0. 6034 

0. 6113 

0.6102 

0.6098 

0.6045 

0.6006 

0.6062

ELEVATIONS.

Elevations were determined along and near the boundary by both 

the American and British parties throughout the progress of the survey. Most of them were measured barometrically; a few were determined by triangulation.

Among the State Department papers is a short summary or table of 

heights determined by the British, and a longer and incomplete list 

of elevations determined by the United States parties.

The British list, contained on two leaves of blue foolscap paper, is entitled: "Abstract of the principal heights determined by barometrical 

measurements on the line of the North American boundary in the 

years 1859, 60-61."

The table contains eight columns. The first gives the year; the 

second, name of station; third, latitude; fourth, longitude; fifth, 

barometer (always marked A or M, meaning probably aneroid or 

mercurial); sixth, number; seventh, elevation above sea level; eighth, 

how determined. The paper is not dated or signed. Columns 2, 3, 

4, and 7 of that table are here printed on pages 43 and 44.
BAKER.] ELEVATIONS. 43

The American list is entitled: " Data concerning the determination 

of altitudes by the U. S. N. W. Boundary Commission in the years 

1857, 58, 59, and 60."

This data is contained in two cahiers, of six double sheets each, 

designated Vol. I and Vol. II. The first one has been revised throughout; the second one is apparently revised in part only and is incomplete. The data is in nine columns. The first gives the date "when 

occupied;" the second, the name of station; third, barometer (designated by number, 790, 1224, 1219, 1226); fourth, number; fifth, latitude; sixth, longitude; seventh, observer; eighth, altitude; ninth, 

remarks. We here print columns 2 and 9 (consolidated), 5,6, and 8.

Elevations along the forty-ninth parallel from the Pacific Ocean to the Rocky Mountains, 

determined barometrically, in the yean 1857-1860, by the British Northwestern Boundary 

Commission.

No.

1

2

3

4 

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14 

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

20

27

28

29

30

Station.

River about 2 miles below lower end of Chief

End of boundary line, watershed in latitude 49°..

Ford of Flathead River. ...........................

Camp [near head of Tobacco River, homeward] . . . 

Camp near head of Tobacco River [outward] ......

Yakh River Station ................................

Third crossing, Kootanie River on Tobacco plains

Latitude.

0 I II

49 0 00 

49 0 52

49 1 26

49 3 38

49 5 39

49 0 00

48 57 01

48 50 18

48 59 43

48 57 23

^48 53 06

J48 49 04

49 00 00

48 64 08

48 54 17

48 33 65

48 58 13

'49 27 00

48 37 30

48 22 01

48 41 15

48 09 16

48 00 03

48 48 35

Longitude.

0 / //

114 3 25 

3 34

3 54

7 30

11 42

21 06

24 24

28 40

45 02

45 02

45 43

53 52

116 11 40

11 38

8 30

4 00

115 25 00

115 46 00

no AQ

10 00

26 30

116 34 24

50 20

52 00

117 00 45

Elevation.

Feet. 

5,028

6,970

8,454

7,524 

6,548

5,859

5,191

4,753

4,136

4,073

4,267

4,694

5,332

t 4,350 

I 4,358 

i 2,998

I 3,103

2,262

2, 142

4,466

5,791

8,531

7,664

2,920

t 2,927

I 2,998 

12,228 

2,296

2,300 

2, 136

1,712

1,996

2,192

2,143
44 NORTHWESTERN BOUNDARY OF UNITED STATES. [BULL. 174. 

Elevations along the forty-ninth parallel, etc. Continued.

No.

31

32

33

34

35 

36

37

38

39

40

41

42

43

44

45

46

47

48

49

50

51

52

53

64

55

56

57

58

59

60

61

62

63

64

65

66

Station.

N. A. B. C. Barracks, at Colville, Columbia River. . . .

Third boundary crossing of Colville River. ........

Statapoostin Station ................................

In-ehu-in-tum Station. .............................

Upper Ashtnolon Ford .............................

Camp about 600 feet below summit on east side of 

routward ..............................

Hozomeenireturning...... ......................

Chiloweyuck Lake .................................

Latitude.

0 / //

48 42 50

48 46 10

47 53 20

48 0 14

48 39 58 

49 01 05

48 58 26

49 00 13

49 00 23

49 00 01

48 59 30

49 00 00

48 59 50

49 00 00

49 00 00

49 02 00

49 12 05

48 58 40

48 59 54

49 08 00

49 07 20

49 08 40

49 09 55

48 59 50

49 03 30

J49 02 05

49 02 40

49 08 00

00 20

01 30

Longitude.

0 1 II

117 17 00

29 00

40 30

116 46 24

118 05 10 

117 36 58

118 13 28

17 09

25 00

30 13

119 02 10

8 40

19 05

13 00

119 26 40

119 43 00

53 10

120 01 30

02 44

03 15

19 20

26 00

Qfi tfi

41 20

44 40

59 80

121 00 45

11 05

17 40

25 10

Elevation.

Feet. 

2,018

1,641

1,423

1,890

( 1,268 

I 1,336 

1,405

1,534

1,515

1,871

1, 991

2,351

3,784

2,880

3,964

1,597

3, 031

4,119

1,652

a 140

757 

928

949 

1,180

1,130

1,244

b 7, 500

5,558

2,431

3,556

C, 331

3,060

4,300

f 3,774

I 3,459 

( 5,538

I 5,527

6,277

< 1,640

I 1,634 

4,719

2,052

a Assumed. 6 Approximate.
BAKER.] ELEVATIONS. 45

Elevations along the forty-ninth parallel from the Pacific Ocean to the Rocky Mountains, 

determined barometrically in the years 1857-1860 by the United States Northwestern 

Boundary Commission.

No.

1

2

3

4

5

G

7

8

9

.10

11

V2

13

14

15

1C

17 

18

. 19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

Station.

Sumass Creek, mouth of; by the creek and lake 

about 15 miles below Camp Sumass, about 57 

miles from the sea; ordinary tides rise here about 

1 foot ............................................

Chiloweyuck River, near Hudson Bay Company

Hach-tcha village, about 77 miles above mouth of

Skow-aal-hu village, about 90 miles above mouth

Indian village ou Chiloweyuck River, 5 miles

Foot of first high ridge after leaving Chiloweyuck

Chiloweyuck River, north bank, 14 miles above 

Chiloweyuck Depot, in flat below mouth of Tuinmeahai Creek, at foot of first mountain over

Chiloweyuck River; Frenchmans Camp, 21 miles

Chiloweyuck River; mouth of Utzetza (second 

large tributary from the north) , 20 miles above

Chiloweyuck River; Samana village, 24 miles 

above Chiloweyuck Depot and 2 miles above

Chiloweyuck River; 33 miles above Chiloweyuck 

Depot and 3 miles below Chiloweyuck Lake. . . . .

Chiloweyuck River, 10 miles above Chiloweyuck

Trail, Chiloweyuck Depot to Chiloweyuck Lake;

Trail, Chiloweyuck Depot to Chiloweyuck Lake,

Tummeahai Creek, mouth of (25 feet above water) ,

Chiloweyuck Depot (15 feet above mean water),

Camp Tummeahai, 3 miles above mouth of TurnForks of Tummeahai, 7 miles above mouth of

Put-lush-go-hap Lake, on Main Fork Tummeahai

Foot of rapids in Tummeahai Creek, below lake,

Divide between Tummeahai Creek (Main Fork) 

and Sen-eh-say and Nooksahk, 12 miles above 

mouth of Tummeahai Creek, 11 miles from 

mouth of Sen-eh-say Creek, and 6 miles from

Tummeahai Creek (head of South Fork) , 11 miles

Divide between Nooksahk and Tummeahal (South 

Fork), lit miles above mouth of Tummeahai 

Creek and 14 miles above Cowap, tributary of

Latitude.

o / 

49 00.7

01.4

08.7

48 58.5

49 19.1

49 07.8

06.9

05.0

05.1

00. 6

05.8

06.0 

06.0

05.7

05.5

04.4

09.5

02.1

00.2

48 58.5

59.2

57.4

67.8

W.4 /

Longitude

o / 

122 45.5

11.9

04.3

01.0

121 43.4

121 55.0

56.2

51. 9

42.3

36.8

39.3

30.7 

57.3

54 4

54.2

58.0

47.6

41.0

41.3

39.4

44.9

44.8

Elevation.

Feet. 

11

14

7

4,991

30

20

15

29

70

320

77

179

419

723

1, 071

913

1,550 

157

1,027

1,208

400

39

1, 146

2, 056

8,639

2,915

6,117

3, 745

5,893
46 NOETHWESTEBN BOUNDARY OF UNITED STATES. [BULL. 174 

Elevations along the forty-ninth parallel, etc. Continued.

No.

30

31

32

33

34

35

36

37

38

39

40

41

42

43

44

45 

46

47

48 

49

60 

51

52

53

54

55

56

57

58

59

60

61

62 

63

64

Station.

La-yome-sin Creek, crossing about £ mile above

Summit, east head of La-yome^sin.an.d,Nooksahk, 8

"Summit of mountain in divide between La-yomesin and Tummeahai, near junction of this ridge 

with the Chiloweyuck-Nooksahk divide .........

Chiloweyuck-Nooksahk divide, highest point in

Sen-eh-say Creek, mouth of, 22 miles above ChiloSen-eh-say Creek, 5 miles from mouth, at mouth

Sen-eh-say Creek, 8 miles from mouth, at forks .... 

Sen-eh-say Creek, 11 miles from mouth, at head of

"WToat "KY^rV

En-saaw-kwatch Creek, mouth of, 29 miles above

En-saaw-kwatch Creek, 4 miles above its mouth. . . 

En-saaw-kwatch Creek, heads of, 10 miles above

Divide between two western tributaries of Klabneh Creek, 4£ miles from mouth of tributaries. . .

High point on same divide; En-saaw-kwatch and

First western tributary of Klab-neh Creek, 4 miles 

above its mouth ..................................

First western tributary of Klab-neh Creek, mouth 

of, 2 miles above mouth of Klab-neh and 42£ 

miles above Chiloweyuck Depot .................

Camp Chiloweyuck on Klab-neh Creek, 1 mile

Lake Depot on Chiloweyuck Lake (6 feet above

Pekosie Lake, 4 miles above mouth of Pekosie

Praolr

Nooksahk Biver, 46 miles above mouth, and 4

Nooksahk River, 60 miles above mouth, at mouth

Nooksahk River, 53 miles above mouth, near mouth

Nooksahk River, 56 miles above mouth, near 

mouth of Tchahko, South Branch ................

Nooksahk River, 62 miles above mouth, right bank. 

Nooksahk River, 66 miles" above mouth, right

Latitude.

o / 

49 04.3

02.8

00.0

00.4

48 59.2

57.8

59.2

49 01.9

48 57.3

49 01.9

11.0

48 59.7

59.7

49 04.0

02.0

48 59.8 

57.7 -

49 05.5

02.2 

48 58.5

57.4

58.2

59.6

49 00.4

01.8

02.2

48 58.9

55.6

53.7

53.3

53.2

53.9 

54.1

57.8

Longitude

0 /

121 54. 0

52 9

49.4

49.6

53.0

57.0

122 00.1

121 45.1

43.5

50.5

40.0

38.8

38.8

40.8

38.0

36.7 

39.4

34.7

32.7 

29.4

28.3 

28.4

27.3

23.5

23 7

23.0

26.6

122 02.8

02.5

121 57. 0

56.1

52.0

44.7 

40.3

38.0

Elevation.

Feet.

VI1)

1,026

5,212

4,930

5,200

5,289

4,991

6,633

5,893

5,884

6,840

a 7, 195

7,687

823

1,621

2,394 

3,302

1,296

2,900 

5,073

5,617 

6,856

4,317

2,076

2,002

1,997

7,244

790

635

701

6936

1,299

1,307 

2,044

5,451

a'' Summit perhaps 300 feet higher." H. Custer, 1863.

(> Observations taken on the trail and "should not perhaps be taken as the height of the river.'
BAKER.] ELEVATIONS. 47

Elevations along the forty-ninth parallel, etc. Continued.

No.

65

66

67

68

69

70

71

72

73

74

75 

76

77 

78 

79

80

81

82

83

84

85

86

87

88

89

90

91

92

93

94

95

96

97

Station.

Limit of growth of timber, Put-lush-go-hap Moun-

..... do.......................... ....................

Kockolum Creek, half mile above mouth (mouth

Kockolum Creek, 3 miles above mouth, outlet of

Kockolum Creek, 4£ miles above mouth, between

Kockolum Creek, 5J miles above mouth, divide 

from Klehkwunnum; near head of Indian Lake 

and 4 miles from mouth of this tributary of

Water of second lake, 16 miles from mouth of

Klehkwunnum Creek, 19 miles from mouth, marsh

Divide between Skagit and Fraser rivers, head of

Junction of Man-sel-pan-ik and Kle-sil-kwu creeks. 

Junction of Man-sel-pan-ik and Kle-sil-kwu creeks,

High mountain, northeast side of Klehkwunnum. 

Skagit Ford, 110 miles from mouth of Skagit River.

Man-sel-pan-ik Creek, 4 miles from junction with 

Kle-sil-kwu Creek

Man-sel-pan-ik Creek, 7 miles from junction with

Man-sel-pan-ik Creek, 7£ miles from junction with

Man-sel-pan-ik Creek, 8 miles from junction with 

Kle-sil-kwu Creek, where Whatcom trail strikes 

it.................................................

Man-sel-pan-ik and Skagit divide, second summit

Summit on trail, Chuch-che-hum to Skagit, 9 

miles from mouth of Man-sel-pan-ik; 7 miles from

Blue Lake, 6 miles from mouth of Chuch-che-hum

Divide, Chiloweyuck-Skagit-Fraser ................

Camp Chuch-che-hum, 5£ miles from mouth of

Klab-neh Creek, 5 miles from mouth, first tribuKlab-neh Creek, 7 miles from mouth, near second

Klab-neh Creek, 9-i miles from mouth, near third

Latitude,

o / 

49 00.0

48 57.6

4<J 05.7

07.2

08.8

09.5

09.6

12.3

10.0

09.3

07.8 

08.0

10.6 

07.7

04.6

02.4

01.6

01.2

01.9

00.6

00.5

00.4

00.9

00.4

02.3

00.1

00.2

48 58.0

57.2

55.8

64.8

54.0

54.0

Longitude.

O '

121 39. 0

37.5

26.2

25.6

24.8

24. 3

24. 4

21.4

18.0

16.8

13.6 

13.0

14.5 

08.5

14.6

14.3

14.4

14.4

13.4

15.3

15.3

15.1

16.3

15.6

16.3

16.7

20.2

22.6

23.1

23.3

25.2

25.6

26.9

Elevation.

Feet. 

6,593

6,117

1,973

2,652

2,843

3, 259

3, 132

1,917

1,927

1,948

1,820 

1,860

6,480 

1,752

3,027

3,491

3,650

4, 080

5,718

4,505

4,445

4,143

5,664

3,726

6,837

3,420

2,592

2,078

2,090

2

fvto

2,414

2

KQQ

4,410

a This is supposed to be the lowest of all the divides between these two streams, 20 miles from 

mouth of Klehkwunnum Creek and 7 miles from mouth of Kle-sil-kwu Creek.

b This stream is supposed to fall gently till near its entrance into Fraser River, 2 miles below Fort 

Hope, where it becomes rapid,
48 NORTHWESTERN BOUNDARY OF UNITED STATES. [BULL. 174.

Elevations along the forty-ninth parallel, etc. Continued.

No.

98

99

100

101

102

103

104

105

106

107

108

109

110

111

112

113

114 

115

116

117

118

119

120

121

122

123

124

125

126

127

128

129

130

131

Station.

Summit of Goat Mountain; divide between Klabneh and Zakeno (tributary of the Skagit), 30 

miles above mouth of Zakeno, 50 miles above 

mouth of Skagit, and 1C miles from mouth of 

Klab-neh... .............. .......................

On divide Klaheh Creek, a branch of Red MounRed Mountain Creek, 4i miles above mouth, near

Divide Klab-neh and Glacier creeks, 8£ miles 

above mouth of Red Mountain Creek, 15 miles

Glacier Creek (Sko-mel-pua-nook), head or first

Glacier Creek, mouth of, junction with Skagit, 84

Camp Skagit, 96 miles above mouth of Skagit

Skagit Cache, in Skagit Valley, 2 miles east of river. 

Camp on tributary of Skagit, £ mile above mouth;

Camp on tributary of Skagit (Ne-p6-pe-eh-kum), 

1 mile above mouth; its mouth 99 miles above

Camp on Skagit (15 feet above water), 100 miles

Camp on Skagit (25 feet above water), 101 miles 

above Skagit's mouth ............................

Camp on slough of Skagit, 104 miles above Skagit's

Camp on Skagit (20 feet above water), 108 miles

Skagit River, 120 miles above its mouth, above

Camp near Skagit-Similkameen divide, 126 miles

Near head of large tributary to the Skagit, 9 miles 

from its entrance into the Skagit, at which 

point the elevation is about 1,980 feet, the point

Summit of pass between Skagit and Similkameen,

Lake, head of Similkameen, 125 miles from mouth

Camp, first forks, a 122 miles from mouth of SimOn divide, crossing a great bend of the SimilkaFort Hope trail, 1 mile east of junction with WhatLatitude.

0 /

48 51.7

52.0

52. C

50.9

52.0

52.0

52.9

53.3

54.4

54.4

55.0

57.2

53.5

48.6

44.2

49 00.0

02.2 

01.5

02.6

02.9

03.6

06.7

11.0

14.1

18.3

17.8

16.3

17.9

18.3

21.6

23.2

25.3

25.0

Longitude.

o / 

121 24.0

24.2

23.1

21.4

17.6

15.4

13.4

11.2

08.0

04.7

02.4

03.4

01.2

 01.6

02.0

02.8

01.2 

02.0

03.1

04.0

04.3

05.0

07.2

02.6

03.0

120 56.8

58.1

52.1

59.0

57.5

53.7

52.0

52.5

51.9

Elevation.

Feet. 

5,862

5,106

2,932

3,754

5,107

2,891

2,550

2,292

2,075

1,940

1,625

1,531

1,468

1,405

1,298

1,573

1,748 

1,586

1,611

1,624

1,637

1,675

1,727

1,812

1,947

6,871

5,254

2,969

5,668

5,307

4,163

5,074

5,947

5,490

» Whatcom trail leaves river.
BAKER.] ELEVATIONS.

' Elevations along the forty-ninth parallel, etc. Continued.

49

No.

132

133

134

135

136

137

138

139

140

142

143

144 

145

14G

147

148

149

150

151

152 

153

154

155

156

157

158

159

160

1CO

Station.

Fort Hope trail, upper crossing of Similkameeu,

Fort Hope trail, 6 miles west of Similkameen 

crossing and 6 miles from mouth of creek up

Summit of ridge, left bank of Similkameen, near

Fort Hope trail, summit between two crossings of

Encampement des Femmes, junction of trails to 

Forts Hope and Kamloops, 104 miles above

Summit of ridge north of Encampemeut des

Camp on creek 1 mile east of last summit, 1& 

miles above mouth of creek, which is 90 miles

Camp on Similkameen 82 miles above its mouth 

and one-half mile below mouth of Pa-say-ten

Summit of ridge on south side of Similkameen ....

Base of same ridge, crossing of Yakl-keh-whellich-ler (?), 11 miles above its mouth, which is

Yan-set-ah-skwa Creek, 5 miles above its mouth, 

which is 81 miles above mouth of Similkameen.

Camp on Similkameen G4 miles above its mouth

Camp on Similkameen 52 miles above its mouth

Similkameen Eiver, 49 miles above its mouth and

Camp on Similkameen 36 miles above its mouth,

Camp on northeast tributary of Similkameen 2 

miles above mouth, the mouth 38 miles above

.Camp in flat near river, one-half mile above 

1 mouth of large creek coming from west, its 

' mouth 31 'miles above mouth 01 Similkameen ....

Camp on side of mountains, one-half mile north of 

creek coming from southwest, its mouth 26

Summit of ridge bordering Similkameen River on

Camp Similkameen, 12 miles above mouth of

Camp on Similkameen 1£ miles above mouth of

Camp on Okinakane 11 miles below forks, 61 miles 

above mouth of Okinakane; 567 miles above

Lake Osoyoos, foot of (4 feet above water), 76

Lake Osoyoos, camp on east side, 82 miles above

Lake Osoyoos, north end of (inlet), 86 miles above

.....do..............................................

Latitude.

O '

49 25.8

23.8

21.2

23.7

25.3

29.4

30.4

31.5

34.5

27.2

27.3

27.0

21.6 

21.5

31.2 

21.3

14.5

13.1

09.5

11.7

05.2 

01.8

03.0

48 59.2

55.5

46.0

57.0

49 02.4

04.5

13.1

05.9

Longitude.

O '

120 51.1

54.5

121 00.8

120 55.3

52.4

47.5

47.1

45.2

42.8

35.5

34.4

23.9

24.5 

23.9

24.9 

05.2

119 59.9

56.8

43.8

42.5

43.0 

41.1

43.0

34. 9

25.0

22.6

24.2

25.0

29.2

32.3

28.9

Elevation.

Feet. 

5,722

4,028

4,436

4,750

5,965

4,906

4,559

2, 506

4,921

4,085

4,035

2,069

4,041 

2,580

2,379 

1,919

1,477

1,455

1,406

2,248

1,356 

1,652

5,068

1,104

904

955

957

953

931

1,633

1,430

Bull.
50 NORTHWESTEKN BOUNDAKY OF UNITED STATES. [BULL. 174.

Elevations along the forty-ninth parallel, etc. Continued.

No.

163 

164

165

166

167

168

169

170

171

172

173

174

175 

176

177

178

179

180

181

182

183

184

185

186

187

188

189 

190 

191

192

193

194

195

196

197 

198

Station.

Summit of ridge, 3 miles east of Okin-a-kane River.

Lake Haipwil (2£ miles long by three-fourths mile 

wide) .............................................

Summit of mountain, north of lake. ...............

Camp on Haipwil Creek 3 miles above forks and

Camp on Haipwil Creek one-half mile above forks

On Haipwil where it enters coule6, 20 miles above 

its mouth. . .......................................

Divide between Haipwil and Okinakane, near two

Summit of hill, Okinakane Valley .................

Camp on Haipwil (West Fork) 8 miles above forks

Summit of trail between a tributary of Che-wach 

(branch of Haipwil) and [Lake?] Methow, 20 

miles from mouth of Haipwil ana 5 miles from 

mouth of Che-wach ..............................

On Che-wach at forks, 67 miles above mouth of 

Methow and 559 miles above mouth of Columbia.

Near mouth of tributary of west fork of Haipwil, 

9 miles from forks of Haipwil. ...................

Large lake southwest of mouth of Similkameen,

Smaller lake southwest of mouth of Similkameen,

Saddle Divide, waters Skagit and Pasayten, 10 

miles from mouth of Ne-po-pe-eh-kum Creek, 

which is 100 miles above mouth of Skagit and 24

Summit Cache. .....................................

Summit to north of trail a. ........................

Summit near end of ridge ..........................

First water below ridge on trail, 15 miles above 

mouth of N'-shitl-shutl, which is at Pasayten 

Cache ............................................

Camp on N'-shitl-shutl 10£ miles above its mouth,

Pasayten Cache, at mouth of N'-shitl-shutl, 24 miles 

above mouth of Pasayten, which is 82 miles

Camp Pasayten, 36 miles from mouth of Pasayten. 

First knoll on mountain east of Pasayten Cache. . .

Top of rocky slide near which trail passes on same 

mountain ........................................

Elevation east of hill ..............................

Camp. ..............................................

Camp east and above tributary of Nais-nu-loh. ....

Latitude.

0 /

49 07.3 

11.4

48 51.0

55.6

47.0

48.9

40.8

48.5

45.1

47.5

46.2

45.9

47.8 

47.9

50.9

53.0

49 02.3

01.9

02.0

no 3

02.5

03.0

03.2

03.5

09.6

48 59.7 

49 08.7

07.5

08.7

08.6

07.5

07.5

07.8

08.2 

08.3

Longitude.

0 ' /

119 27.8 

39.0

37.0

36.8

37.9

38.0

39.1

35.4

23.6

48.7

52.0

52.6

57.5 

49.7

29.0

27.5

120 57.4

57.1

56.5

55.3

53 7

54.6

50.0

48.6

42.9

32.2 

32.0

29.5

31.3

30.8

28.3

25.5

23.5

22.2 

21.6

Elevation.

Fed. 

3,027 

4,251

1,120

4,565

1,376

1, 366

1,643

1,701

2,487

4,599

6,854

6,220

3,296 

4,627

1,819

1,766

5,900

5,281

5,594

5,570

5,819

6,221

6,233

' 3,860

3,431

3,194

3,676 

4,880

6,456

4,777

5,157

4,701

6,433

6,456

6,494 

6,170

a To the north of this trail, in latitude 49° 03.7', longitude 120° 53.5', is another divide, between Ne-pope-eh-kum and N'-shitl-shutl, which is about 4,500 feet high. It is 11 miles from mouth of N'-shitlshutl. .
BAKEE.I ELEVATIONS.

Elevations along the forty-ninth parallel, etc. Continued.

51

No.

199 

200

201

202

203

204

205

206

?n?

208

209

210

211

212

213

214

215

216 

217

218

219 

220 

221

222 

223

224

225

226

227

f>OQ

229

230

231

Station.

Camp on Nais-nu-loh, 18 miles above its mouth. . . . 

Camp Nais-nu-loh Cache, 81 miles above mouth of

Saddle between two principal summits, 26 miles

Camp on Nais-nu-loh, 7 miles above its mouth, at

Camp on Nais-nu-loh, 6J miles above its mouth, at

On Nais-nu-loh, £ mile above its mouth, where

Camp on southeastern tributary of Lake Osoyoos,

Summit of trail, Lake Osoyoos to Ne-hoi-al-pit-kwu 

River.............................................

Highest terrace east of summit. ....................

Fourth terrace east of summit, just before descendFirst crossing of Rock Creek, 6 miles above its

Fourth terrace, just after ascending from valley of 

Rock Creek. ......................................

Upper terrace above town [? Twai-yeep] on Rock 

Creek, just before descending to Ne-hoi-al-pitkwu River. .......................................

Upper camp on Ne-hoi-al-pit-kwu, 80 miles above 

its mouth, at mouth of Rock Creek. . .............

Camp Ne-hoi-al-pit-kwu, 66 miles above its mouth 

(20 feet above water) .............................

On Ne-hoi-al-pit-kwu River, 44 miles above its

Camp Statapoostin, 36 miles above its mouth .......

En-chahm Lake, outlet of, H miles from Ne-hoi-alpit-kwu River, at a point 32 miles from its mouth.

Camp on Ne-hoi-al-pit-kwu, 29 miles from its

Camp on Ne-hoi-al-pit-kwu, 16 miles from its

Camp on Ne-hoi-al-pit-kwu, 9 miles from its mouth . 

Camp on Ne-hoi-al-pit-kwu, 1 mile from its mouth. 

Camp on Ne-hoi-al-pit-kwu, at mouth, 746 miles

Columbia River crossing, 1 mile below Kettle Falls 

(20 or 25 feet high ) , 782 a miles above its mouth. .

Columbia River camp (25 feet above river), 766

Camp Columbia (53 feet above water now nearly 

at lowest stage) , 783 miles above its mouth. ......

Camp on summit on trail westward from Camp

Camp on tributary of Y6me-tsin, 4 miles from 

Y6me-tsin's mouth, which is 775 miles from

Camp ...............................................

Summit on trail, divide between Yome-tsin and

Camp on tributary of Ne-hoi-al-pit-kwu, 5 miles 

above its mouth, which is 28 miles above mouth

Latitude.

O 1

49 08.8 

07.2

07.5

ft7 ft

09.1

l<? 1

48 59.5

49 00 6

OL1

02.6

02.7

f\f) Q

no o

03.2

48 59.1

49 00 4

00.2

02.1 

48 59.4

50.5

46.3 

40.9

40.0

36.8 

51.6

} 59.8

58.6

58.1

58 9

58.0

67.7

57.2

Longitude.

0 /

120 15.1

n

o

00.5

00.2

119 57.4

16.4

U O

09.3

05.4

AC o

04 9

118 59.0

58.7

44.5

23.4

16.3

12.7 

12.5

10.4

06.8 

06.5

07.5 

117 53 9

37.7

45.4

48.1

49.5

58.7'

118 02.9

07.0

Elevation.

Feet. 

3,568

3,678

0,005

2,525

2,171

1,515

3,092

4,008

3,476

o jryj4-i

2, 762

3,101

9 onfl

2, 153

1,826

1,663

1,636

1,531 

1,468

1 466

1,226 

1,271

1,252

1,202 

1 341

f 1,317

I 1,614

3,410

2

-icc

4,650

2,684

4

*700

3,363

a Apparently an error for 742.'
5;2

NOKTHWESTEBN BOUNDAK? OF UNITED STATES. [BULL. 174.

Elevations along the forty-ninth parallel, etc. Continued.

No.

232

233

234

235

236

237 

238

239

240

241

242

243

244

245

246

047

248

249

250

251

252

253

254

255

256

257

258

259

260

261

262

Station.

Crossing Creek, 3 miles east of camp first plateau, 

2 miles above mouth of creek, which is 59 miles 

Crossing Creek, 5 miles east of camp second plateau, 6 miles above mouth of Kwahaloose Creek, 

which is 57 miles above mouth of Okinakane

Divide between Kwahaloose Creek and large eastern tributary [Lower Bonaparte of Arrowsmith's

Camp on first large branch of Lower Bonaparte 

River, 3 miles above mouth of branch and 12

Divide between 2 branches of Lower Bonaparte 

River and a southern tributary of the Ne-hoi-alpit-kwu River; 11 miles above mouth of first 

branch, which is 12 miles above mouth of second 

branch, which is 33 miles above mouth of Lower 

Bonaparte River and 22 miles from month of 

southern tributary of Ne-hoi-al-pit-kwu River, 

which is 63 miles above mouth of that river .....

Camp on second branch of Lower Bonaparte

Camp on second branch of Lower Bonaparte

Summit of ridge north of No. 238=average height

Crossing of Lower Bonaparte, 38 miles above its

Divide between Okinakane and Columbia, 45 

miles from mouth of Lower Bonaparte and 19 

miles from the Columbia, at a point 739 miles

High point north of trail on divide between

Summit of ridge=average height of ridges in

Mountain south, on same ridge, and north of FranOn branch of Mill Creek, at crossing of trail; 5 

miles south of Francois', An-i-aht-wa or Git-chin

Crossing of first stream south of Hughes ranch on

On wagon road between Colville and Spokane at

Latitude.

o / 

48 57.8

43.7

42.1

40.6

39.6

41.3 

40.7

38.7

41.0

38.7

37.9

39.2

48 37.0

Longitude.

o / 

118 02.0

119 19.2

15.2

13.7

08.2

118 58.3 

54.7

47.8

56.6

39.9

32.3

33.1

118 06.9

Elevation.

Feet. 

4,707

1,383

2,158

3,350

2,563

4,312 

3,531

2,459

5,220

2,746

5,662

7,035

1,207

1,622

3,017

1,535

3,718

1,957

1,963

1,653

2,153

3,330

5,697

1,629

4,880

4,096

1,717

3,186

1,765

1,734

2,119

1,970

a Second cahier begins here.
BAKER.] ELEVATIONS.

Elevations along the forty-ninth parallel, etc. Continued.

53

No.

264

265

266

ORB

269

270

271

272

97$

274

97 R

276

277

278

279

osn

281

oco

OQQ

284

OQR

286

OG7

OQQ

289

OQft

291

OQ9

OQQ

294

OQ^

296

297

298

299

Q.ftft

$0.1

302

303

304

305

Station.

Chemakane bridge, junction of trail and wagon

Summit of trail between Mill Creek and Little

Mouth of Chemakane approximate. ..............

Summit of trail, short cut between Chemakane

Trail at northernmost bend 'of Spokane River, 13

On plateau above Spokane .River, 7 miles below 

mouth of Little Spokane. ........................

On edge of Spokane River, 7 miles below mouth of

Summit of Hill, northeast of mouth of Little

Hill in bend of Little Spokane, about 5 miles from

Trail on Spokane, 3J miles below lake [Cceur d'

Average height of rolling country north and northTop of plateau on road 4 miles south of Pekowla

Sinyakwateen depot, right bank of Clark Fork

Vermilion Creek, mouth of fall of Clark Fork from 

[Pend Oreille] lake to falls about 0.44 foot per 

mile; falls about 5 feet ...........................

Crossing of trail near forks of creek north of CheLatitude.

0 /

 Longitude.

O 1

Elevation.

Feet. 

4,033

1,922

9 7<W

1 ftQ7

1 366

2 809

3,500

1,854

1,553

1,635

3,140

1,760

1

- Q'TQ

o Q«y\

2,266

1 901

2,375

2

AQ

2 OQQ

9 1W\

2 1 ^1

2 499

2 205

2 862

Q, 17ft

2,767

2 121

2,681

3 >V77

2,200

0 ft9R

2

090

2 540

2,539

2

OOO

2,200

2 084

2,074

5,706

2,455

a From the northernmost bend to mouth of Spokane the average fall is about 9 feet per mile.
54

\

NOBTHWESTERN BOUNDARY OF UNITED STATES. [BULL. 174.

Elevations along the forty-ninth parallel, etc. Continued.

No.

306

307

308

309

310

311

312

313

314

315

316

317

318

319

321

322

qoq

324

325

326

327

328

329

330

331

332

333

334

335

-336

CO'7

338

<WQ

340

341

342

343

344

345

346

347

348

349

350

351

352

Station.

Crossing of tributary of Little Spokane. Little 

Spokane has an average fall of about 15 feet

Long bridge on trail from Sinyakwateen to CheTrftil in forks of creek

Trail from Chelemta to Acklew 14 miles crossTrail from Chelemta to Aeklew 17 miles grassy

Trail from Acklew to Mooyie 1 mile divide on 

trail ...............................................

Latitude.

0 1

Longitude.

0 /

Elevation.

Feet. 

1,880

1,947

2,093

? 2, 441

2,358

2,237

2,335

1,942

2,024

1,937

1,926

1,894

2,769

2,901

3,736

4,199

5,218

3,438

3,041

3,535

3,640

5,770

5,443

2,740

2,606

a 2, 443

a2, 435

2,469

2,086

2,069

2,095

2,101

2,138

2,090

2,064

1,796

1,802

2,248

2,304

1,823

5,573

2,695

2,694

2,657

2,548

3,260

2,985

a The contradiction here by which the upper lake level is less than the lower one is noted in the 

original MS., but not corrected.
BAKER.] ELEVATIONS.

Elevations along the forty-ninth parallel, etc. Continued.

55

No.

353

354

355

356

357

358

359

360

861

362

363

364

3C5

866

367

368

369

370

Q71

372

373

374

376

376

377

378

379

380

381

089

383

384

385

oon

387

388

389

390

391

392

Station.

Trail from Acklew to Mooyie 34 miles head of

Trail from Acklew to Mooyie 13 miles creek

Trail from Acklew to Mooyie terrace south of

Trail from Acklew to Mooyie lower crossing of 

Ar-ka-klu-ne .....................................

Camp Mooyie. ......................................

Mooyie Cache............. .........................

Second crossing of Mooyie, from cache (14 feet

First stream 2J miles beyond seventh crossing of

Second stream 94 miles beyond seventh crossing

Third stream 104 miles beyond seventh crossing

Headwaters of Mooyie, 134 miles from seventh 

crossioGT

South and near divide between Mooyie and Kootenav

Crossing of stream [Akis-ka-klail] south of Joseph's

Crossing of second creek going down the KootePrairie on Kootenay 25 miles above Camp KootePrairie on Kootenay 10 miles above Camp KooteKootenay River 6 miles above Camp Kootenay

Latitude.

O '

Longitude

o /

Elevation.

Feet. 

2,882

2,638

2,798

2,811

2,678

2,756

2,682

2,689

2,742

6,639

6,698

4,466

2,142

2,718

2,850

2,934

2,940

3,029

3,291

3,067

3,766

3,514

3, 136

3,296

3,3&3

3,544

3,642

2,959

3,041

2,451

2,682

2,679

2,619

2,741

2,420

C2.400

2,364

2,361

2,401

2,348

a Also written Acaclunah.

6 The fall of Kootenay River for about 30 miles south from latitude 49° 35' N. is 2 feet per mile, 

c At bend of Kootenay River above mouth of Elk River computed height is 2,381 feet. The fall of 

the Kootenay for about 20 miles from above mouth of Elk River south is 44 feet per mile.
56 NOKTHWESTE&K OF UNITED STATES.

Elevations along the forty-ninth parallel, etc. Continued.

No.

393

394

395

396

397

398

399

400

401

402

403

404

405

406

407

408

409

410

411

412

413

414

415

416

417

418

419

420

421

422

423

424

425

426

 427

428

429

430

431

: 432

433

434

 435

. 436

437

Station.-

Kootenay River 2£ miles below camp (3 feet above

First creek south of Kootenay Cache ..............

Trail on Tobacco Plains, highest point south of

Entrance of Akonoho Pass. ........................

11 miles from entrance and 3 miles from summit of

2^ miles west of summit. ................ t ..........

Divide between Wigwam and Akonoho. . ..........

Wigwam Station ...................................

Four miles east of summit of pass (65 feet above

Prairie, 12 miles east of summit. ...................

Large creek down which trail follows (water of

Crossing of Flathead ...............................

H miles beyond crossing, in Prairie. ...............

Camp Kishenehn, 4 miles to mouth of Kishenehn 

fall 53 feet per mile. ..............................

Three miles above Camp Kishenehn (3 feet above 

water) fall 63 feet per mile .....................

Prairie, 8 miles above Kishenehn fall 58 feet per 

mile ..............................................

Angle of valley, 12 miles above fall 36 feet per 

mile ..............................................

Open place in burnt timber. .......................

Summit of pass, 9 miles from angle, 21 miles from 

Camp Kishenehn and 25 from mouth of creek . . .

Near outlet of lake east of summit. ................

1^ miles east of summit, on creek..................

Camp Akamina. . ..................................

On divide north of summit monument ............

Bluff SE. of Camp Akamina. .......................

Summit monument. ...............................

Mountain in divide 1| miles N. of pass. . ...........

Mountain in divide 1 mile NE. of last .............

Latitude.

o /

Longitude.

0 /

Elevation.

Feet. 

2,318

2,313

2,300

2,316

2,368

2,566

2,355

2,755

2,691

3,015

4,195

4,460

5,138

5, 218

6,953

6,278

5,332

4,694

5,065

4,731

4,522

4,164

4,112

4, 267

7,373

3,827

3,763

4,134

4,252

4,541

4,705

4,808

5,133

5,191

5,846

5,407

5,378

6,447

7,986

6,:648

a 7, 490

8,087

8,207

8,313

8,333

a Another value given in the table, and without comment, is 6,548. Can this bean error for 7,5487
BAKER.J ELEVATIONS. 57

Elevations along the forty-ninth parallel, etc. Continued.

No.

488

439

440

441

443

444

445

446

447

448

449

AFjn

451

462

463

464

455

456

467

468

459

460

461

462

463

464

465

466

467

468

469

470

471

472

473

474

475

476

477

478

Station.

In valley of creek west of camp and north of

Kootenay River, 50 miles below parallel at crossKootenay Kiver, 13 miles below crossing (8 feet

Kootenay River, 25 miles below crossing; below

Kootenay River, 39 miles below crossing; mouth of 

theYahk.........................................

Kootenay River, 44 miles below crossing; terrace

Camp on terrace on trail 3 miles east of Mooyie

Kootenay River, 55 miles below crossing; mouth

Kootenay River, 61 miles below crossing; Chelemta

Summit of mountain range between waters of

Camp on waters of Kootenay, near divide with 

Yahk.............................................

.....do..............................................

Camp on Yah k .....................................

.....do..............................................

Camp below falls. ......................:...........

Latitude.

o /

Longitude.

o /

Elevation.

Feel. 

6,955

7,861

a 8, 487

a 7, 409

a 7, 937

a 8, 170

a 9, 137

5,541

5,119

8,674

7,260

2,303

2,256

2,204

2,184

2,148

2,057

1,967

1,934

2,298

2,161

2,260

1,792

1 , 796

 7,852

3,256

2,942

4,862

5,498

5,520

4,954

4,794

3,483

3,194

2,983

2,959

2,935

2,769

2,697

2,414

1,926

a Measured with theodolite.
58 NORTHWESTERN BOUNDARY OF UNITED STATES. [BULL, 174.

INDIAN NAMES.

In the prosecution of the survey considerable attention was given to 

the language of the native tribes along the line. George Gibbs, who 

accompanied the party, is referred to in various capacities as geologist, 

ethnologist, guide, interpreter, and naturalist. The first Chinook 

dictionary is said to have been prepared by him, and this was to form 

a part of the final report of the survey. Later Mr. Gibbs was engaged 

by the Smithsonian Institution in elaborating linguistic material from 

the tribes of the Northwest. This work was unfinished at the time of 

his death in April, 1873. Some of it has been published since. To 

secure uniformity in the spelling of the names of various camps and 

stations Mr. Gibbs prepared lists which were submitted to General 

Parke and made official. There are three such lists among the papers. 

The first two are signed; the third is not signed. The first list is as

follows:

Adopted spelling of the names of camps, etc.

[Official: John G. Parke, chief astronomer and surveyor.]

Chiloweyuck.

Chuch-che-hum.

En-saaw-kwatch.

Fraser.

La-yome-sin.

Nooksahk.

Okinakane.

Pehosie.

Semiahmoo.

Sen-eh-say.

Similkameen.

Skagit.

Sumass.

Swehl-tcha.

Tummeahai.

The three lists have been combined, arranged, studied in company 

with the published maps of the boundary and later official maps. The 

results are here given with notes derived from such comparison and 

study. For easy reference on the maps the approximate longitudes 

are given.

A-kin-fs-sahtl; Flathead River ...............................

A-kin-kwo-ndh-ki; 2 branch of Flathead Eiver heading wtth 

Tobacco River ..: .........................................

Ak-kd,ph-kleh; falls of the Kootenay River, Flathead County, 

Montana. .......... .". .....................................

Ak-o-no-ho; creek tributary to Tobacco -River 3 ................

Approximate 

longitude.

 0 /

114 10

114 30

114 30

115 45

. 115 05

115 15

1 Kam-i-na=watershed.

2 Perhaps this is Yokinikah Creek of the Land Office map of Montana.

3 Tobacco Kiver=Grave Creek of Land Office map of Montana.

4 Not named on boundary map; apparently Fisher Creek of Land Office map of Montana, and 

Masula River of official map of British Columbia, 1895.
BAKER.] 59

Approximate 

longitude.

Ak-tlak-a; creek above Kish-e-nehn, tributary to Flathead 

River. Not named on boundary map ...................... 114 25

A-kwote-katl-nam; Chief Mountain or "Waterton Lake, upper 

part across boundary ....................................... 114

An-i-aht-wha; Kamass Prairie .............................

Che-che'et-hu; Skagit cache.................................. 121 05

Chelemta (also written Cholemta); cache or depot. Not shown 

on map or identified. (See Swoots-k6se and Yah-kwoo-kdhkeh) ..................................................... 116 20

Che-lous-kan; Little Pend Oreille............................ 116 40

Che'm-a-kane; bridge over Walkers Prairie Creek.............. 116 46.4

Chiloweyuck; camp, lake, river, town, etc. Now written Chilliwhack .................................................... 121 30

Chow-a-wee-la; Fool's Prairie. Not identified. ...............

Chuk-k6se; the Mooyie Lakes. Not shown on map. In British Columbia,latitude49° 18'.............................. 115 50

Chuch-che-hum; camp and creek tributary to Chiloweyuck 

Lake...................................................... 121 15

Chu-chu-wan-ten; creek tributary to N'shitl-shootl River, 

which is tributary to Pa-say-ten............................ 120 40

En-chdhm; l lakes near Statapoostin.......................... 118 13

En-kwool-eh-la; mouth of Clark forkof the Columbia. Name 

not on boundary map ..................................... 117 37

En-saaw-kwatch;'2 station and creek tributary to the Chiloweyuck ..................................................... 121 30

Haip-wil; 3 lake near camp Similkameen...................... 119 37

H6-zo-meen; mountain near camp Skagit..................... 121

In-chu-in-tum; 4 station and river tributary to the Ne-hoi-alpft-kwu .................................................. 118 25

Ka-cha-atl; Indian village Aklew (or Acklew) cache .......... 116 22

Kai-seet-lin; crossing of Spokane. Not identified.

Kais-in; branch of Kat-ldh-woke Creek. Not on map and not 

identified.

Kal-is-pelm; Pend Oreille Lake in northern Idaho ............ 116 30

Kam-i-na=a watershed.

Kat-lah-woke; creek running to Flathead [river] through 

[Boundary] pass; not named on boundary map and not 

identified. It is near Kfsh-e-nehn Creek................... 114 20

Ka-yak-ka; 5 creek, from south, tributary to Kootenay below 

falls; large lake on it...................................... 115 50

Kin-nook-kleht-nan-na; 6 creek running east from divide [of 

Rocky Mountains] to [Chief Mountain or Waterton] lake.... 113 50

1 Christina Lake of oilicial map of British Columbia, 1895.

2 Written En-saw-kwatch on boundary map and on above map called Nesquatch. 

8 Harpwil of British Columbia map of 1896 and Blue Lake of Land Office map of Washington. 

4 North fork of Kettle River of British Columbia map of 1895. Also Inishwointon in the manuscript 

notes.

6 Lake Creek of Land Office map of Montana. 

°Kotauie River of official map of British Columbia, 1895.
60 NORTHWESTERN BOUNDARY OF UNITED STATES. [BULL. 174.

Approximate 

longitude.

Kfnt-la; lake and mountains, Flathead County, Montana....... 114 15

Kish-e-nehn; camp, creek, and mountain..................... 114 20

Kish-ne-ne'h-na; mountains.................................. 114 15

Kit-lat-laa-npok; creek heading east of Mount Wilson and 

emptying into lower [Chief Mountain or Waterton] lake..... 113 50

Kle-sfl-kwu; 1 creek tributary to upper Skagit, heading with 

Klehkwunum............................................. 121 15

La-yome-sin; 2 creek, tributary to the Chiloweyuck............ 121 54

Man-sel-pan-ik;3 creek, tributary to Kle-sil-kwu Creek, heading with Chuch-che-hum .................................. 121 15

Moo-yie;4 camp, monument, river, and trail................... 116 15

Nafs-nu-loh; station and river, south fork of Similkameen...... 120

Ne-hoi-al-pft-kwu;5 camp and river........................... 118 30

Ne-p6-pe-£h-kum; creek, tributary to the upper Skagit......... 121

Nook-sahk; river, Whatcom County, Washington. Now written Nooksak .............................................. 122 15

N'-shitl-shootl;6 creek, tributary to Pa-say-ten River........... 120 40

Okin-d-kane, now written Okanogan; county and river tributary to the Columbia...................................... 119 30

0-so-yoos; camp, lake, and station............................ 119 25

Pa-sdy-ten ;7 river tributary to Similkameen................... 120 30

Pehosie, or Pekosie; lake and creek tributary to the Nooksak.. 122 05

Pep-tali-shin; creek at [Colville?] depot...................... 118

Sah-lflt-kwu; the forks [of ? ]. Not identified. Name not 

on boundary map.

Se-haf-uks; the creek [at Archer's camp of October 10]. Not

identified.

Se-haf-ya-kan; Archer's camp of October 10. Not identified. 

Semiahmoo; bay and camp near western end of parallel ....... 122 45

Sen-eh-say;8 station and creek, tributary to the Chiloweyuck .. 121 40 

Shdh-wa-tum; mountain on upper Skagit..................... 121

Shwo-y61-pi; Kettle Falls of the Columbia.................... 118 10

Si-mfl-ka-meen; camp and river tributary to the Okanogan .... 119 30

Sin-paf 1-hu ;9 creek running south to the Columbia ............ ? 118 10

Skagit; cache, camp, county, and river, Washington........... 122

i Klesilkwa of official map of British Columbia, 1895.

« Written Layomesin on boundary map. Sweltzer River of official map of British Columbia, 1895.

»Maselpanic, of official map of British Columbia, 1895.

*The river is now known as Methow.

6 Kettle River, of official map of British Columbia, 1895.

«Roche River, of official map of British Columbia, 1895.

f Pasayton, of official map of British Columbia, 1895.

sSlesse, of official map of British Columbia, 1895.

»Not shown on boundary map. Land Office map of Washington has Sinpailhu, or Milk Creek 

(long. 118° 10'), just below Kettle Falls; also San Foil River and guide meridian. This latter is Sans 

Foil of official map of British Columbia, 1896.
BAKER.] SCIENTIFIC EESULTS. 61

Approximate 

longitude.

Skits-ooh-nan-na; small creek tributary to the Kootenay; not 

shown on boundary map................................... 115 05

Skwai-kwi-e"ht; mountain at head of Chu-chu-wan-ten Creek. 120 40 

Stat-a-po6s-tin; camp on the Ne-hoi-al-pf t-kwu................ 118 15

Stle-kehm; Mill Creek [? near old Fort Colville, longitude 117°

40'].

Sumass, now usually written Sumas; camp, lake, town, etc..... 122 10 

Swehl-tcha; J lake in British Columbia........................ 122

Swoots-k6se; the Chelemta cache [not on boundary map]. See 

Yah-kwo-kah-keh.

Tcho-pahk; 2 mountain west of Camp Similkameen............ 119 45

Te-kum-wh6hl-tin; Archer's camp of October 9; not identified.,

Turnmeahai; 3 camp and creek tributary to the Chiloweyuck.. 121 45 

Twaf-yeep; upper forks of Ne-hoi-al-pf t-kwu *................. 119

Waf-haist; mountain on Upper Skagit; not named on boundary 

map ....................................................... 121

Yah-kwoo-kilh-keh; the Chelemta cache. See Swoots-k6se. Not 

identified.

Yahk; 5 station and fiver, Flathead County, Montana.......... 115 45

Yak-fn-a-kahk; 6 creek and pass.............................. 114 30

Yakl-t6-le-min; mouth of Pa-say-ten River; not named on 

boundary map............................................. 120 35

Yaks-koo-nak-he; 7 first creek from north below bend of Koot 

nay....................................................... 115 30

Yak-took-i-na; 8 third creek from north tributary to Kootenay, 

below bend ............................................... 115 45

Y6me-tsin; 9 White Sheep Creek, tributary to the Columbia.... 117 50

1 Cultus of official map of British Columbia, 1895. A creek near by is called Sweltzer.

2 Tcho Park Mountains of Land Office map of Washington.

3 Tamihy of official map of British Columbia, 1895.

4 Apparently junction of Rock Creek and Ne-hoi-al-pit-kwu. 

B Yahk'h on boundary map.

8 Yak-in-i-kak on boundary map and Yokinikah of Land Office map of Montana. 

i Ramy Creek of Land Office map of Montana. 

8 Quartz Creek of Land Office map of Montana.

« Sheep Creek of official map of British Columbia, 1895, and Yometsin or Sheep Creek of Land Office 

map of Washington.

SCIENTIFIC RESULTS.

In the conduct of the survey attention was given to the geology, 

natural history, etc., of the region traversed. Mr. George Gibbs 

was attached to the survey as geologist and interpreter, C. B. R. 

Kennerly as surgeon and naturalist, and James M. Alden as artist. 

Collections were made and forwarded to Washington. These collections were placed in the hands of specialists, who prepared reports 

thereon. The nature and extent of these collections can be inferred 

from the report of the Auditor of the Treasury, already referred to.
62 NOKTHWESTEEN BOUNDARY OP UNITED STATES. [BULL. 174.

It appears from that report that about $3,500 was expended on the 

preparation of reports on scientific subjects. The persons who prepared those reports, the subjects reported on, and the sums paid are 

set forth in the following table. 1

Amounts paid during 1861-63 for work done in the preparation of the scientific part of

the final report.

J. S. Harris, report on magnetics, with computations, etc................ $743.50

F. B. Meek, report on fossil mollusks, with drawings.................... 375.00

Theodore Gill, report on fishes......................................... 300.00

William Stimpson, report on crustacese and marine invertebrates......... 300.00

George Suckley, report on salmonidse, ornithology, and mammals........ 300.00

P. B. Carpenter, report on recent mollusks.............................. 250.00

J. S. Newberry, report on fossil plants.................................. 150.00

Elliot Coues, report on birds, etc....................................... 100.00

John Torrey, report on botany......................................... 100.00

P. E. Uhler, report on insects.......................................... 25.00

J. H. Richard, drawings for natural history reports....................... 463.00

John Cassin,eight natural history drawings on stone .................... 160.00

W.B.McMurtrie,drawings for geological reports ........................ 100. 00

T. Y. Gardner, drawings of fossil plants ........................'......... 65.00

Thomas Egleston, jr., analysis of mineral specimens and preparing catalogue. 50.00

Mary B. Codwise, copying natural history papers........................ 12.90

Total........................................................... 3,494.40

That the reports on these various topics were prepared for insertion 

in the final report of the commission is abundantly proved. Mr. 

George Suckley, M. D., assistant surgeon, United States Army, read 

before the New York Lyceum of Natural History, in June, 1861, a 

paper entitled "Notices of certain new species of North American 

salmonidse, chiefly in the collection of the Northwest Boundary Commission, in charge of Archibald Campbell, esq., commissioner of the 

United States, collected by Dr. C. B. E. Kennerly, naturalist to the 

commission." 2 In this paper he says: "Owing to the unfortunate 

death of Dr. Kennerly on his return from a three-years' exploration, 

the preparation of a report on certain of the material collected by 

him was assigned to me. In the course of this undertaking I have 

prepared a copious synopsis of the species of American salmon and 

trout, to appear in the final report of the commissioner. It has been 

thought best to issue in advance brief descriptions of the species hitherto unnamed." And later he alludes to papers " to be referred to in 

the more extended report."

Some of the fossils collected were described by Mr. F. B Meek, 8 

who says, "The fossils described in this paper are the new species 

contained in the collections of the Northwestern Boundary Survey.

1 House Ex. Doc. No. 86, Fortieth Congress, third session, p. 101.

2 Annals Lyceum Nat. Hist. New York, vol. 7, pp. 306-313,1862. 

8 Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., vol. 13, pp. 314-318,1861,
y BAKEK.] SCIENTIFIC EESULTS. 63

'^ Full illustrations and more extended descriptions of these and other

species formerly described by the writer, from Vancouver Island, will

appear in the report of that survey, which will also contain a report

by Mr. George Gibbs, geologist of the expedition, on the general

i geology of the country along the boundary line."

\ This full report by Mr. Meek'is, so far as I know, still unpublished, 

j Dr. J. S. Newberry's report on the fossil plants seems, however, to

} have been published in full. At all events, he read, before the Boston

1 Society of Natural History, on October 1, 1862, a paper entitled 1

j "Descriptions of the fossil plants collected by Mr. George Gibbs, 

geologist to the United States Northwest Boundary Commission, under 

Mr. Archibald Campbell, U. S. Commissioner." This paper, published 

^ in February, 1863, "by permission of Archibald Campbell, esq., U. S. 

commissioner, Northwest Boundary Commission," makes no reference 

to any other or fuller report. The artist, Mr. James M. Alden, produced a fine series of colored sketches of scenery along the boundary 

line. These sketches, obviously intended to illustrate the final report,

_' are in the State Department. There are 65 of these, all but two 

(large ones) included in three portfolios. These sketches and the constantly recurring allusions to the final report, and the conclusive proof 

that such report was prepared, sharpen the desire and emphasize 

the need of recovering it. 

Whether the geologic report of Mr. Gibbs, alluded to by Mr.

, Meek, was ever published does not appear. It may be that the rather 

extensive paper entitled "Physical geography of the northwestern 

boundary of the United States, by George Gibbs, with twelve illus-

> trations," read before the American Geographical Society November 

11, 1869, and published in its journal (vol. 4, pp. 298-392, and vol. 5, 

pp. 134r-157), is the report referred to.

i Boston Jour. Nat. Hist., vol. 7,pp. 506-524,1863.
APPENDIX A

MODE OF DETERMINING POINTS ON THE PARALLEL.

The following is the agreement as to method of determining points 

on the parallel by measures from the tangent. This agreement and 

the accompanying table are copied from the original in the State 

Department.

TO DETERMINE POINTS OJT THE FORTY-NINTH PARALLEL BY MEANS OF THE TANGENT.

Wherever points of the parallel between the astronomical stations are to be determined it is hereby agreed to adopt the method of offsets from the tangent to the 

parallel.

For computing the length of these offsets the following formula is adopted, being 

that used in computing the difference of latitude of points in secondary triangles or. 

those whose sides do not exceed 12 miles in length:

-rfL=£B cos Z + k2C sin2 Z + 7i2D 

where

dL=difference of latitude of the two points; 

&=length of side connecting them;

tan L 

2

2

2NRarcl'/

fe2 sin L cos L arc V '.

(l-e2 sin2 L)? 

h=kB cos Z;

r a(1~'2) ;

'

N=

(l-e2 sin2 L)*'

a=equatorial radius of the earth=6 974 127.31 yards; 

e=eccentricity=0.081 696 830;

Z=azimuth of tangent counting from south around by west; whence 

west=90°, east=270°.

This formula becomes in the present case

 dL=*»C;

or, taking offset in yards=5, distance in yards on the tangent=D 

logS=2 log D +2.915491.

JNO. G. PARKE, 

Lieutenant, Corps Topographical Engineers U. S., Chief Astronomer and Surveyor.

E. W. HAIG, 

Captain,' B. A., Astronomer British Commission.

CAMP SiMIABMQO, Forty-ninth Parallel, April 28, 1859. 

64
BAKElt.'J OFFSETS FROM TANGENT TO PARALLEL. 65

Miles.

0.25

.50

 .75

 i.oo

.25

.50

.75

2.00

.25

.50

.75

3.00

.25

.50

.75

4.00

.25

.50

.75

5.00

Offsets.

Yards.

0

. 0

0

0

0

0

0

1.

1

1

]

2

2

3

3

4

4

5

5

6

Feet.

0

0

0

0

1

1

2

0

0

1

2

0

2

0

1

0

1

0

2

1

Indies.

0.57

2.29

5.16

9.18

2.34

8.65 

4.11

0.72

10.47

9.37

9.42

10.61

0.96

4.45

9.08

2.87

9.80

5.88

3.11

1.48

Miles.

' 5.25

.50

.75

6.00

.25

.50

.75

7.00

.25

.50

.75

8.00

.25

.50

.75

9.00

.25

.50

.75

10. 00

Offsets.

Yards.

7

7

8

9

9

10

.11

.12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

23

24

25

Feet. Inches.

0 ' 1.00

2 1. 68

1 3. 49

0 | 6. 45

2

2

1

1.

.1

1

0

0

.1

1

1

1

2

0

0

 1

10.57.

3.82

10.23

5.78

2.49

0.33

11. 33

11.47

0.77

3.20

6.79

11. 52

5.40

0.43

8.60

5.93

Bull. 174-
APPENDIX B.

REPORT OF J. G. PARKE, NOVEMBER 12, 1859.'

UNITED STATES BOUNDARY SURVEY, COLVILLE DEPOT,

Washington Territory; November 1%, 1859.

SIR: I have the honor respectfully to submit the following report 

of the progress made during the past season in the survey of the fortyninth parallel by the several parties of the United States commission:

The organization of the parties throughout the greater part of the 

season has been as follows: Two astronomical parties, one surveying 

party, one reconnoissance party.

Mr. G. Clinton Gardner, assistant astronomer and surveyor, in 

charge of an astronomical party; Professor Nooney, assistant.

Mr. Joseph S. Harris, in charge of second astronomical party; Mr, 

Hudson, assistant.

Mr. Charles T. Gardner, in charge of the surveying party.

Mr. H. Custer, in charge of the reconnoissance party.

Mr. J. Nevin King, in charge of Chiloweyuck depot, on Fraser rive] 

md forwarding supplies to the parties in the field.

Dr. C. B. R. Kennerly, in charge of depot, Chiloweyuck lake, ii. 

addition to his duties as surgeon and naturalist.

Mr. George Gibbs, in addition to the geological reconnoissance, had 

charge of a party engaged in opening a trail through from the Skagit 

valley to the Similkameen.

Mr. li. V. Peabody, in charge of the subsistence and transportation 

for the parties to the eastward of the lake depot.

Mr. Major assisted in the computations at the astronomical stations.

The reconnoissance at the close of the last season extended as far 

east as the valley of the Skagit, and the astronomical observations necessary for marking the three points of the parallel in the valley of the 

Chiloweyuck were completed. On taking the field the present season, the first object was to complete the measurements and marking 

the parallel at these three stations, Tummeahai, Chiloweyuck lake, 

and Chuch-che-hum. Then make reconnoissance for the location of 

astronomical stations and the opening of trails in advance of the 

parties occupying these stations.

The first party, under the charge of Mr. G. C. Gardner, left Camp 

Simiahmoo for the Chiloweyuck depot on the eighteenth day of April.

i Reprinted from Senate Ex. Doc. No. 16, 36th Gong., 1st sess., pp. '1-1.
MAKER.] BEPOHT BY PAEKE, 1859. 67

The zenith telescope and transit instrument were put up and observations made for latitude and time. Reconnoitering and surveying 

parties took the field, with instructions to connect Sumass station with 

the depot and continue on over the trail, connecting the several 

astronomical stations, and to obtain the topography of the country 

along and adjacent to the boundary line. The pack mules were sent 

from their wintering station to the depot, and arrangements were 

made for the delivery of subsistence, stores, and forage, at that place.

A chronometer trip was made between Camp Simiahmoo and Chiloweyuck depot by a party under charge of Mr. Harris. Eleven chronometers were transported back and forth, and the entire trip being 

performed in whale-boats, it is confidently expected that a very nice 

determination of the difference of longitude will be obtained. The 

observations for time at the depot were made by Mr. Gardner, and 

those at Camp Simiahmoo by myself.

On the 19th of May, Mr. Harris left Camp Simiahmoo with the 

outfit for an astronomical and surveying party; On arriving at the 

depot, he started for the Tummeahai station, Mr. Custer having previously found a practicable route for a pack trail to that point on the 

left bank of the Chiloweyuck, it being impracticable at that time to 

cross the stream opposite the mouth of the Tummeahai. Mr. Custer 

commenced opening the trail; and, on Mr. Harris taking charge of 

the party, Mr. Custer continued his reconnoissance over to the Nooksahk, and up the tributaries of the Chiloweyuck.

The trail from the depot to Chiloweyuck lake was reopened and 

made practicable for pack mules, requiring bridging, corduroying, and 

heavy grading. The high water of the streams, and the great quantity of fallen timber, made the work very heavy, and required a strong 

force.

On the third of June I arrived at Chiloweyuck depot, and on the 

fourth, Mr. G, C. Gardner started for the lake depot. Arriving there, 

he put the boats in order, built a storehouse for the supplies, and commenced marking the parallel by cutting a vista through the timber 

across the valley, at the southern end of .the lake. On the completion 

of this, he proceeded to Chuchchehurn station, and made a cut there on 

the parallel, embracing the two crossings of the trail. The parallel at 

these stations was marked by pyramidal piles of stones from six to eight 

feet high, covering posts accurately marking points on the line. Mr. 

Harris marked the parallel in the same manner at the Tummeahai station, having cut a vista through the timber, embracing the two forks 

of the stream. On the completion of the work at Tummeahai, Mr. 

Harris proceeded to the lake depot, and commenced opening the trail 

through to .the station on the Skagit river. Here again the work was 

very heavy, it requiring a force of from ten to eighteen men nearly one 

month to open about thirty-five miles of trail, of which nearly one-
68 NORTHWESTERN BOUNDARY OF UNITED STATES. [BULL. 174.

half had been traveled during the previous year. On reaching the valley of the Skagit Mr. Harris located his observatory, and commenced 

observations for determining the point where the parallel crosses the 

river.

While at Chiloweyuck depot, I found that our supply of pack mules 

was insufficient to enable the parties to progress with the work without great loss of time. Mules, apparejos, and pack-saddles were purchased, and additional packers employed, so that the supplies and 

outfits of the several parties were carried forward as rapidly as the 

work progressed and the trail was opened.

On Mr. Gardner's completing the work at Chuchchehurn station, 

we proceeded to make a reconnoissance of the country to the east of 

Skagit station, with a view of locating astronomical stations and determining a route for a trail through to the Similkameen and Okinakane 

valleys, a region of country that had been heretofore unexplored and 

known only to a few Indian hunters. We found a mass of rugged 

and heavily timbered mountains, extending north and south, and having a breadth of about seventy-five miles. Through by far the greater 

portion of this distance, no trails were found; but, by dint of constant 

work of four axemen, we were enabled to force our way through the 

Similkameen. A good and practicable route was however found, 

crossing two summits having an elevation of about six thousand feet. 

A road party was immediately placed upon this route, under charge of 

of Mr. Gibbs. He was supplied with axes, picks, and shovels; and, 

after five weeks' labor with a strong force, a trail was opened, so that 

our instruments and supplies could be packed through without 

difficulty.

On returning from this reconnoissance Mr. Gardner started with 

his party to occupy a station on the Similkameen. And Mr. Harris, 

having completed his determination and marking of the parallel at the 

Skagit station, proceeded to occupy one nearly midwaj^ between the 

Skagit and Similkameen, on the Pasayten, a tributary of the latter. 

In the meantime, the survey connecting the astronomical stations was 

continued by the trail, the nearest practicable line to the parallel, as 

well as the reconnoissance of the country on both sides of the parallel. 

On the completion of the observations, computations, and marking the 

parallel at Pasayten, Mr. Harris's party moved on to the Similkameen, 

and remained there in camp, while Mr. Harris accompanied me on a 

reconnoissance, to select another station on the Nehoialpitkwu, about 

thirty-five miles to the eastward. After reaching the Similkameen, we 

had no difficulty in traveling, the country being open and grassy, and 

occupied by horseback Indians; numerous well-worn trails were found 

running in every direction. One of these we found particularly, advantageous, leading eastward from the Similkameen to Fort Colville, on 

the Columbia river, a distance of about one hundred miles. After
' BAKER.] REPOET BY PAEKE, 1859. 69

crossing the divide to the east of Lake Osogoos [sic], the trail strikes 

» the Nehoialpitkwu, and follows down the valley of this stream crossing the parallel three times.

y From the astronomical station on the Similkameen, two points of the 

parallel, at an interval of about fifteen miles, were determined and 

marked by triangulation: one at the crossing of the Similkameen and 

the other at Lake Osoyoos, in the valley of the Okinakane. The inter- 

^ veiling country is generally destitute of timber, and made up of a collection of knobs and high hills with intervening plains and valleys,

^ affording good ground for the location of well conditioned triangles.

' The first station on the Nehoialpitkwu was occupied by Mr. Harris, 

and the parallel was determined by a measurement from the observatory, on the meridian, and marked by a cut, nearly a mile in length, 

^ across the valley, and by three monuments two of earth and one of 

stone. At this station the stream passes from north to the south of 

the parallel.

The second station on the Nehoialpitkwu, about thirty miles distant 

by the trail, is now occupied by Mr. Gardner's party, and Mr. Harris's 

party is in position on the right bank of the Columbia river, near the

te mouth of Clarke's Fork. It is believed that these points of the parallel will soon be determined and marked, when these parties, together 

with the surveying and reconnoitering parties, are instructed to repair 

to this point and go into winter quarters. The weather, however, is 

at present very severe, the ground being covered with three or four 

inches of snow, and the thermometer giving readings for the last three

^ mornings as low as four, two, and ten degrees below zero.

To recapitulate, the following is the amount of work accomplished

*" by parties of the United States commission during the present season: 

A completion of the determination and marking the parallel from 

three points astronomically fixed at the close of the last season.

A complete set of observations for latitude at four stations, from 

which the parallel has been determined and marked at the crossings of 

the foil owing streams: the Skagit, Pasayten, Similkameen, Okinakane, 

(Lake Osoyoos,) and Nehoialpitkwu. And before the astronomical 

parties leave the field, the necessary observations will be completed for 

determining two other points of the parallel, the third crossing of the 

Nehoialpitkwu, and the Columbia river.

A chronometer trip for difference of longitude between Camp 

Simiahmoo and Chilowayuck depot.

 ' Observations of the transit of the moon and moon-culminating stars 

at two of the latitude stations for absolute longitude.

A triangulation covering an area of about fifty square miles.

A survey of the nearest practicable lines to the parallel, connecting 

the astronomical stations, making a total distance chained of about 

three hundred and seventy miles.
70 NORTHWESTERN BOUNDARY OF UNITED STATES. [BOLL. 174.

Reconnoissances for developing the topography along- and adjacent 

to the boundary line, and for locating routes of communication. *-. 

These reconnoissances have extended over an area of about six thousand 

square miles. v

A full set of magnetic observations were made at one station. And 

throughout the work, all the necessary observations for time, azimuth, 

micrometer value, and instrumental corrections were carefully made.

.The two astronomical parties and the reconnoissance party were /,. 

furnished with sets of meteorological instruments. Full and detailed ' 

registers have been kept at the different stations, and, as far as possible, simultaneous readings of the barometer have been taken, while ^ 

the parties were moving from station to station; which, with the corresponding observations at camp Simiahmoo and the fixed stations, 

will enable us to give very exact profiles of the country traversed. 

The geological reconnoissance has been extended over the field of 

operations, and valuable collections made of botanical and natural 

history specimens.

The forty-ninth parallel, as far as determined during the present 

season, traverses a mountainous country, and, excepting a few localities, the entire region is eminently unfit for occupation or settlement. 

The mountains are rugged and precipitous, and attain great elevations; 

the ridges and peaks of the Cascade mountains being covered with 

perpetual snow. Glaciers were discovered; and during the months of 

June and July snow to the depth of two feet was encountered on our 

very route of travel. A heavy growth of pines and fir abounds 

throughout the entire line from the Gulf of Georgia, with the excep- * 

tion of short intervals in the valleys of the Similkameen, Okinakane, 

and Nehoialpitkwu. ^

Under the forty-ninth parallel the Cascade mountains have a 

breadth of about two degrees in longitude, and as the general trend 

of these mountains is at right angles to the line of our work, we were 

necessarily forced into crossing the ridges with our routes of communication, involving much labor in cutting, grading, and bridging to 

make these routes practicable for even pack-mule transportation. " 

The water courses are numerous and rapid, rendering the fords frequent and dangerous. A slight rise in these streams makes them 

impassable. Notwithstanding the difficulties of the country and the 

precarious mode of transporting the instruments, I am happy to report 

that we have got thus far through the season's work without any 

damage to our astronomical instruments. I regret, however, that we 

have been less fortunate with the magnetic instruments. The mule 

carrying these missed his footing and rolled down a precipitous bank. 

The magnetic theodolite will have to be replaced, and the other instruments will require repairing. I also have to report the breakage of \. 

our barometer. We were, however, able soon to replace this instrument from the lake depot. * 
T BAKER.] REPORT BY PARKE, 1859. 71

On reaching the valleys of the Similkameen and Okinakane we were

.> met by our additional escort, under the command of Captain Archer,

United States army. I take great pleasure in acknowledging my

> obligations for the timely and valuable assistance rendered us by him4 self and officers of his command.

,j Preparations are now making at this place to winter the several

 ' parties on their return from the field. A great abundance of material 

~A for building quarters is found directly at hand. A supply of proj visions has been procured.

The winters of this region are reported to be very severe on animals, the snow falling to a great depth. We have laid in a good 

stock of hay, and, by erecting temporary shelter, we have little fears 

of losing any of our mules.

> Our work during the next season will extend from the Columbia 

river to the Rocky mountains. From careful inquiry, the entire distance is represented as mountainous and timbered, excepting perhaps 

' a short stretch in the valley of the Kootenay, near the base of the 

1 Rocky mountains. In this valley the Hudson's Bay Company have a 

I trading post near to the parallel. This post is supplied from Fort 

Colville. and the company's trail to that point will no doubt be of 

great service to us in sending parties to the line, particularly to those 

stations close to the Rockjr mountains.

^ In reference to the mode or order of proceeding with the astronomical stations during the next season, I would respectfully suggest that 

we be allowed to proceed directly to the extreme eastern stations, so

->. that on the melting of the snows, we will be able to complete those, 

and retire in good season, leaving these nearer this depot for the last. 

By following this plan we will have less difficulty in falling back on 

this place, in the event of any great detention or delay from ruggedness of country and swollen streams, or even should the winter set in 

before the completion of the work. It is confidently expected, however, that we will be able to complete all of the astronomical stations 

during the next season. Mr. Gibbs is at present making a reconnoissance of the trail in the direction of the Kootenay. This will enable 

us to commence in the early spring with a working party on this 

route. It is believed that we will have to build bridges and make flatboats for feriying Clarke's Fork (Pend d'Oreille) and one of its tributaries, besides much cutting and corduroying.

Before closing this report I take great pleasure in again commending to you the great zeal and devotion to duty evinced by the assistant 

astronomer and surveyor, and the several assistants engaged upon the 

work; and I am happy to say that the amount of work accomplished 

during the season has quite equalled the highest estimates.

1 I have the honor to be, very respectfully, your obedient servant,

JOHN G. PARKE, 

Lieut. Corps Top. JEng's, Chief Astrorf rand Surv'r.
\

APPENDIX 0.

REPORT OF ARCHIBALD CAMPBEUL, FEBRUARY 3, 1869. 1

UNITED STATES NORTHWESTERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION.

Washington, D. (7., February 3, 1869.

SIR: I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of 

the 16th ultimo, asking for information concerning the matters mentioned in a resolution of the House of Representative-! of the 13th of 

January:

That the Secretary of State be directed to communicate to the House the total 

amount expended for the northwestern boundary commission, and to give in detail 

the items of expenditure, the number and names of persons employed in such commission, how long employed, and at what salaries, and the nature and extent of thf 

sendees performed.

In reply to your letter I have the honor to transmit herewith the 

following papers: .

Financial statement, January 1, 1869, marked A.

List of persons composing the commission, with rates of salaries. 

&e., marked B.

List of assistants employed in running and marking the boundary 

line, with statement of pay, &c., marked C.

List of assistants employed in working up the results of the survey, 

with statement of pay, &c., marked D.

Statement of labor employed in running and marking the boundary 

line, marked E.

Statement of services of Indians, marked F.

In regard to "the nature and extent of the. services performed," 

nothing short of the full reports of the chief astronomer and surveyor, 

and other officers of the commission, and the detailed maps of the survey of the boundary line, can give an adequate idea of the subject. It is 

not supposed, however, that the House of Representatives desires so 

comprehensive a reply to their inquiry. I shall therefore endeavor 

as briefly as possible to furnish the information called for.

On the llth August, 1856, Congress passed a law, authorizing the 

appointment of a commission on the part of the United States, to unite 

with a similar commission to be appointed by Great Britain, for the 

purpose of carrying into effect the first article of the treaty of June 15,

1 Reprinted from House Ex. Doc. 86, 40th Congress, 3d session.

72 .

J.
BAKER.] REPORT BY CAMPBELL, 1869. 73

1846, that is, to determine and mark the boundary line between the 

United States and British possessions, agreed upon in the treaty, viz:

From the point on the 49th parallel of north latitude, where the boundary laid 

down in existing treaties and conventions between the United States and Great Britain terminates, * * * westward along the said 49th parallel of north latitude, 

to the middle of the channel which separates the continent from Vancouver's island, 

and thence southerly, through the middle of the said channel and of Fuca's straits, 

to the Pacific ocean.

Toward the close of the year the British Government appointed 

Captain Prevost, royal navy, commanding steamer Satellite, first 

commissioner to determine that part of the line which runs through 

"the channel which separates the continent from Vancouver's island," 

and announced that he had started on his way to the vicinity of the 

boundary line, and that Captain Richards, royal navy, second commissioner, would shortly follow.

Although the powers of the British commission were limited to tne 

determination of the water-boundary alone, while the act of Congress 

authorized, on the part of the United States, the determination of the 

boundary from the crest of the Rocky mountains to the Pacific ocean, 

the President decided to carry out the law by the appointment of 

. officers authorized thereby, and to notify the British government of 

the difference between the powers of the two commissions. In February, 1857,1 was appointed commissioner, Lieutenant John G. Parke, 

United States army, chief astronomer and surveyor, and G. Clinton 

Gardner, assistant astronomer and surveyor, on the part of the United 

States.

Under instructions from the State Department, the United States 

commission was duly organized and directed to repair to Fuca's straits, 

via San Francisco, to meet the British commission. At the close of 

June, I met Captain Prevost, the British commissioner, at Esquimalt 

harbor, at the southern end of Vancouver's island, and was informed 

by him that until the arrival of Captain Richards, second commissioner, 

with the surve}ring party, he was not prepared to enter upon the 

determination of the water boundary. The United States commissioner therefore proceeded to the western terminus of the 49th parallel, 

on the main land, and established a depot and located an observatory, for the commencement of the survey along the 49th parallel, 

eastward, to the crest of the Rocky mountains. The British government not yet having provided a commissioner for that part of the 

boundary line, we were obliged to commence the work without its 

co-operation. Reconnoissances and explorations in the vicinity of the 

boundary line were at once commenced, and continued as long as the 

season permitted field operations. Before the spring, four astronomical points on the 49th parallel were determined, and the country 

thoroughly reconnoitered in the vicinity of the parallel, for a considerable distance eastward.
74 NORTHWESTERN BOUNDARY OF UNITED STATES. [BULL. 174.

Towards the close of October, Captain Prevost visited the 49th 

parallel and informed me that Captain Richards had not yet arrived, 

but that, as he had satisfied himself of the general accuracy of the 

United States Coast Survey chart of the channels and islands between 

the continent and Vancouver's island, he should act independently of 

him. He therefore proposed that we should at once proceed to the 

determination of the Avater boundary. Several meetings of the joint 

commission accordingly took place, at which the question of the 

boundary channel was verbally discussed. The British commissioner 

claimed Rosario straits (the channel nearest the continent,) while I 

claimed the Canal de Haro, (the channel nearest Vancouver's island) 

as the boundary channel, intended by the treaty. Between these two 

channels lies the Haro archipelago, a group of islands, of which San 

Juan forms a part.

The verbal discussion was followed by a correspondence on the subject, in which the merits of the question were fully set forth. Captain 

Prevost concluded the correspondence by a proposition to compromise 

the difference, by running the boundary through an intermediate 

channel which would secure the island of San Juan to Great Britain. 

This proposition I declined.

For more full .information in regard to the question of the water 

boundary I would respectfully refer to Senate Ex. Doc. No. 29, 2d 

session, 40th Congress. This document contains the correspondence 

above referred to, with a geographical memoir of the islands in dispute, 

and a map and cross-sections of the channels.

In conformity with the fifth section of the act organizing the commission, the President (through the Secretary of the Treasury) directed 

the Superintendent of the Coast Survey to place the steamer Active 

and brig Fauntleroy at the disposal of the commissioner when 

required. Both vessels were accordingly employed for the survey and 

soundings of the various channels and islands between the continent 

and Vancouver's island, a portion of the expenses of the Active being 

paid by the commission during the time that vessel was employed on 

this duty.

After the arrival of the British surveying steamer Plumper, Captain 

Richards co-operated with the United States Coast Survey vessels, and 

a thorough and complete survey of all the channels and islands between 

the continent and Vancouver's island south of the 49th parallel was made.

The map above referred to is the result of this joint survey, which 

occupied several seasons.

In the summer of 1858 Col. J. S. Hawkins, royal engineers, 

appointed by the British government commissioner to determine the 

boundary line along the 49th parallel, arrived from England with a 

suitable party organized for field operations. At the time of his
{ BAKER.] KEPOKT BY CAMPBELL, 1869. 75

J

arrival the excitement arising from the discovery of gold on Frazer 

> river was at its height. This event caused for a time great increase 

in the price of labor and supplies, and created considerable embarrassment, delay, and additional expense in the field operations of the 

season.

/ A meeting of the joint commission was held for the purpose of 

f agreeing upon a plan of field operations for the survey of the land 

boundary. The following is a copy of the arrangement made:

} After discussing plans for determining and marking the line as far eastward as the

Cascade mountains, it was concluded to be inexpedient at the present time, in conse-

( quence of the great expense, consumption of time, and the impracticable nature of

the country, to mark the whole boundary by cutting a track through the dense

 forest.

It was therefore agreed to ascertain points on the line by the determination of

> astronomical points at convenient intervals on or near the boundary, and to mark

such astronomical stations, or points fixed on the parallel forming the boundary, by

cutting a track of not less than 20 feet in width on each side for the distance of half

a mile or more, according to circumstances. Further, that the boundary be deter-

\ mined and similarly marked where it crosses streams of any size, permanent trails,

( or any striking natural feature of the country.

! In the vicinity of settlements on or near the line, it is deemed advisable to cut the 

> track for a greater distance, and to mark it in a manner to be determined hereafter.

The work of running and marking the land boundary was carried 

on through a country previously almost unknown. The 49th parallel 

extends over rugged and precipitous mountains that attain great 

elevation, and in the Cascade range, on and near the boundary, perpetual snow covers many of the peaks, whose northern gorges are 

i filled up with immense glaciers. The*timber on the western slope of 

the Cascade mountains is dense, being a heavy growth of pine and fir, 

that in many places stands over a fallen forest not yet decayed. This 

is the character of the country as far east as the valley of the Similkarneen river, one of the tributaries of the Columbia. Here the 

timber becomes more open and surveying operations less difficult.

After passing the Okinokane river, which is the lowest line of the 

great valley between the Cascade and the Rocky mountains, the country 

again becomes rough and the timber more dense, but less so than the 

western slope of the Cascade mountains.

It being impossible to follow the 49th parallel continuously, the 

line of survey was carried over the nearest practicable route for a 

pack trail, connecting each astronomical station, making a total length 

of line of survey of about 800 miles. Astronomical stations were 

established by parties of the joint commission at almost every accessible point from which the boundary line is ascertained, and marked 

by a vista across all valleys and trails, where rough stone monuments 

were erected over posts buried in the ground to indicate the exact 

line.
76 NOKTHWESTEBN BOUNDAKY OF UNITED STATES. [BULL. 174.

The reconnaissance work extends over an area of about 30,000 

square miles. Within this space the barometrical heights of over 800 

points have been obtained.

A magnetic survey, extending over a range of 3° 20' in latitude and 

4° in longitude, with the necessary observations of the magnetic elements of the astronomical stations, was also made.

The entire length of the land boundary line is over 9° in longitude, 

or about 410 miles, and the length of the route traveled in surveying 

it is double that distance. Trails had to be opened for three-fourths 

of the distance traveled, involving great labor in cutting, grading, 

and bridging to make the route practicable for pack-mule transportation. The water-courses were numerous and rapid, rendering the 

fords frequent and dangerous; and a slight rise of many of the streams 

would have made them impassable but for the timely precaution of 

building bridges at small streams and ferry boats at the river crossings. Many of the trails opened are now traveled routes to the 

mines then and since discovered, which are rapidly developing that 

section of the country, where almost every valley of any extent affords 

facilities for agricultural pursuits.

In collating the results of the survey reports upon the geology, 

"botany, and natural history of the country reconnoitered were prepared, and complete maps, on a large scale, made of the entire boundary 

and the adjacent country. A general map has also been made, showing the extent of the country traversed. And to facilitate the survey 

of the public lands, photographic duplicates of the detailed sheets, 

showing each monument on the boundary line, with its geographical 

position, were furnished to the General Land Office. Photographic 

duplicates of the detailed sheets of the water boundary have also been 

made and furnished the Department of State in illustration of the 

question of the boundary channel.

I have the honor to be, very respectfully, your obedient servant,

ARCHIBALD CAMPBELL, 

Commissioner Northwest Boundary Survey.

Hon. WILLIAM H. SEWARD,

{Secretary of State.
INDEX.

Page.

Alden, J. M., artist.......................... 61

left field................................ 17

sketches made by ...................... G3

Astronomer, American ..................... 14

assistant................................ 13

British.................................. 15

Boundary, northwest, defined .............. 9,13

Buchanan, J., agent for United States....... 13

Campbell, A., appointed commissioner of

Northern Boundary Commission..... 11

appointed commissioner of Northwest

Boundary Commission ............... 13

died......'.........:..................-. 12

left field................................ 17

letter by, made use of................... 10,11

 textof letter............................ 72

paper in final report.................... 11

Clerk of commission appointed ............ 14

Const Survey cooperates.................... 14

Commission, British, powers of............. 15

Commission, Northern Boundary, created.. 11

first meeting of joint................... 15

second meeting of joint................ 15

office of..........\...................... 17

plans for work of....................... 15

Commissioner, American................... 14

British.................................. 15

Northern Boundary Commission....... 11

Coordinates, tables of....................... 28,29

Cost of Survey to United States ............ 18

Custer,H.,left field......................... 17

topographer............................ 14

Doolittle, C. L., acknowledgments to ....... 13

statement regarding report of commission .................................. 12

Elevations, tables of........................ 42-57

Expenses, American ....................... 18

British ................................. 19

Fossils, work on............................ 61,63

Gardner, G. C., acknowledgments to........ 12

appointed assistant astronomer ........ 13

left field................................ 17

paper in final report.................... 11

Geographic coordinates.................... 27

Geologist, service of........................ 14

Gibbs, G., geologist and interpreter......... 14

left field............r................... 17

Gill,T., acknowledgments to............... 13

Guide, services of........................... 14

Hawkins, J. S., commissioner for Great Britain, arrived .......................... 15

Harris, J. S.,acknowledgments to ........... 12

Page. 

Harris, J. S., appointed assistant surgeon

and naturalist........................ 14

left field................................ 17

paper in final report ................... 1.1

Herbst, T., topographer...................... 1.4

Indian names .............................. 58-01

Interpreter, services of..................... 14

Kennerly, C. B. R., surgeon and naturalist.. 14 

King, J. N., quartermaster .................. 14

. Line established............................ 13

Location and longitudes of monuments,

tables ................................ 30-39

Magnetics, tables of........................ 40-42

Major, J. J., clerk of 'commission............ 14

left field................................ 17

Maps, English .............................. 25,26

American, detailed description of...... 19-25

copies in Library of Congress .......... 23

. copies in-General Land Office.......... 23

Meek, P. B., work on fossils................. 62

Message of President Johnson referred to.. 10 

Monument at Point Roberts, cost of........ 19

Monuments, American and British, tables

of location and longitudes of......... 30-39

Names, Indian.............................. 58-61

Naturalist, service of....................... 14

Newberry, J.S., report on fossils referred to. 63 

Northwest boundary, definition of......... 9,13

Office of commission in Washington....... 17

Pakenham.R.,agent for Great Britain..... 13

Palliser, J., survey by........................ 19

Parke, J. G., acknowledgments to........... 12

appointed chief astronomer............ 13

left field................................ 17

paper by, in final report................ 11

report of progress....................... 10

text of report........................... 66

summary of work of, 1859.............. 16

Peabody, R. V., guide....................... 14

Plumper, British vessel..................... 15

Point Roberts, cost of monument at........ 19

Prevost, J. C., British commissioner......... 15

Quartermaster, service of................... 14

Report of Boundary Commission, a description of................................ 10,11

called for by Senate.................... 11

information regarding ....

not found..................

not published .............

notices of..................

reason for nonpublication.

....... 12

....... 10

....... 17

....... i 11

....... 18

Richards, G. H., British astronomer......... 15

77
78 INDEX.

 Page. 

Satellite, British vessel..................... 15

Scientific reports........................... 61

Secretary of commission.................... 14

Sucklcy, G., paper of, referred to'............ 62 

Surgeon and naturalist appointed.......... 14

Survey of northwest boundary, cost of, to

United States......................... 18

history of............................... 13,17

Topographers .............................. 14

Treaty between United States and Great

Britain, first article of................ 13

Vessels, American.......................... 14

Page. 

Vessels, British ............................. 15

Warren, W. J., acknowledgments to ........ 12

appointed secretary of commission..... 14

left field................................ 17

Water boundary, arbitration before William

I of Germany......................... 9

Wheeler, G. M., extract from report......... 11

report made use of ............. 1....... 10

William I of Germany, arbiter of water

boundary............................. 9

Wurdemann, information from ............ 13

left field................................ 17

o