DBPABTMBNT OE THE INTBEIOE

BULLETIN

IJNITED STATES

No. 85

WASHINGTON

aOVEBNMENT PBINTINGr OFFICE 

1892

U.S.GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. BULLETIN JNO.85 PL.I.

oslon 

CONNECTICUT VALLEY AREA

\\fWasfiSifftqn,

f I 5 ; u

A R EAS 

OCCU PIED BY THE

NEWARK SYSTEM

BARBOURSVILLE AREA ,

TAYLORSVlLLE AREA

n 

RICRMOND I/AREA
UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SUEVEY

J. W. POWELL, DIRECTOR

CORRELATION PAPERS

THE NEWARK SYSTEM

3!8!4 -s

ISRAEL COOK RUSSELL

WASHINGTON

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 

1892

CONTENTS.

Page.

Letter of transmittal........................................................ 11

Outline of this paper.... ..................................................... 13

CHAPTER I. Nomenclature ................................................. 15

Table of names and correlations......................................... 16

CHAPTER II. Area occupied by the Newark system........................... 19

Acadian area ........................................................... 19

Connecticut valley area ................................................. 20

Southbury area ......................................................... 20

New York-Virginia area ................................................. 20

Barboursville area...................................................... 21

Scottsville area ......................................................... 21

Danville area............................................................ 22

Dan river area.......................--......-.....-........'............ 22

Taylorsville area.....!...............................:.................. 22

Richmond area.......................................................... 22

Farmville area.......................................................... 23

Deep river area ......................................................... 23

Wadesboro area......................................................... 23

Summary areas of distribution......................................... 24

CHAPTER III. Presence or absence of Newark rocks on Prince Edward island. 25

Historical .......................-..-..-----.---....--.....-...-.-...... 25

Discussion of the evidence .............................................. 27

Plants.............................................................. 28

Animals .........-.................-.........-....-.-:-............. 30

Other indications of geological position ............................. 30

Conclusions................-.....-.-.----...---..--....---.....-........ 31

CHAPTER IV. Lithology and stratigraphy ................................... 32

Conglomerates and breccias............................................. 32

Sandstones, shales, and slates........................................... 35

Limestoues............................................................. 35

Coal.................................................................... 36

Quality of coal.................'..................................... 36

Natural coke........................................................ 37

Richmond area ..................................................... 38

Farmville area.. ..................................................... 40

Deep river area ..................................................... 41

Dan river area ...................................................... 42

Commercial development............................................ 42

Thickness of the Newark rocks .......................................... 43

CHAPTER V. Conditions of deposition ....................................... 45

Physical conditions..................................................... 45

Previous interpretations ............................................ 45

Conclusions....................-....-....--.-........----...-.--.... 46

5
6 CONTENTS.

Page.

CHAPTER V Continued.

Climatic conditions..................................................... 47

Glacial hypothesis .................................................. 47

Preservation of glacial records ...................................... 49

Weight of the evidence of giaciation ................................ 50

Indications of a mild climate........................................ 52

Conclusions......................................................... 53

Ee'sume'.................................................................. 53

CHAPTER VI. Life records .................................................. 54

Mammals ............................................................... 54

Batrachiaus and reptiles ................................................ 54

Fishes.................................................................. 56

Insects ................................................................. 58

Crustaceans ................................................ ...^........ 59

Mollusks ............................................................... 60

Footprints.............................................................. 61

Plants.................................................................. 62

CHAPTER VII. Associated igneous rocks ..................................... 66

Mineralogical composition .............................................. 66

Chemical composition................................................... 68

Characteristics of trap dikes ............................................ 69

Characteristics of trap sheets ........................................... 69

Geographical distribution............................................... 70

Trap dikes outside the Newark areas ................................. 70

Trap rocks of the Acadian area...................................... 72

Trap rocks of the Connecticut valley area ........................... 73

Trap rocks of the New York-Virginia area........................... 74

Trap rocks of the Newark areas south of the New York-Virginia area. 76

Sumnui ry respecting the distribution and age of the trap rocks.......... 76

CHAPTER VIII. Deformation ...... I........................................ 78

Introduction............................................................ 78

Structure of the Acadian area........................................... 80

Structure of the Connecticut valley area ................................ 80

Structure of the Southbury area ........................................ 81

Structure of the New York-Virginia area ................................ 83

Structure of the Barboursville, Scottsville, Danville, and Dan river areas. 85

Structure of the Farmville area ......................................... 88

Structure of the Richmond area ......................................... 89

Previous observations............................................... 89

Personal observations............................................... 90

Section along the James river ................................... 90

West border of the area......................................... 91

East border of the area ......................................... 92

Failures in mining due to geological structure ................... 93

Absence of oil and gas .......................................... 94

Structure of the Deep river area ........................................ 94

Structure of the Wadesboro area........... '. ............................ 95

Summary............................................................... 97

Origin of fault structure ................................................ 98

CHAPTER IX. Former extent ............................................... 101

The local-basin hypothesis stated......... '. .............................. 101

The broad-terrane hypothesis stated..................................... 103

Evidence favoring the local-basin hypothesis ............................ 104

Evidence favoring the broad-terrane hypothesis ......................... 104

Objections to the broad-terrane hypothesis .............................. 106

Conclusion ............................................................. 107
CONTENTS. 7

Page.

CHAPTER X. Correlation ................................................... 108

General principles ...................................................... 108

Physical phenomena as a basis of correlation ........................ 108

 Superposition................................................... 108

Contained fragments ........................................... 108

Relation to systems of folds, faults, and dikes ................... 108

Eelatiou to unconformities...................................... 108

Eolation to glaciation........................................... 109

' Lithological similarity.......................................... 109

Summary concerning physical phenomena ....................... 110

Chemical phenomena considered................................. 110

Life records as a basis of correlation ................................ 110

Imperfections of the geological record...:....................... Ill

Imperfections of our knowledge of the geological record......... Ill

Influence of distribution on the life records...................... 112

The life record continuous....................................... 113

The European standard ......................................... 113

Principles on which widely separated terranes may be correlate/: .......... 116

Manner in Avhich American terranes have been correlated................ 118

Correlation of the Newark system....................................... 120

Relation to terraues in the western part of the United States ........ 121

Relation to European terranes. ...................... ...^............ 122

Testimony of the vertebrates...................................... 123

Testimony of the crustaceans ..................................... 125

Testimony of the plants........................................... 125

Summary ................................................................. 129

Relation to terraues in Asia and Central America .......................... 131

Literature of the Newark system .......................................... 133

ILLUSTRATIONS.

, Page. 

Plate I. Map showing areas occupied by the Newark system .......... Frontispiece.

II. Map of the Acadian area.................................... ........ 18

III. Map of Connecticut valley and Soufchbury areas..................... 20

IV. Map of the New York-Virginia and other Newark ureas............. 21

V. Map of Richmond areas......................................... .... 22

VI. Newark areas in southeastern Virginia and North Carolina.......... 23

VII. Geological map of part of northern Ne wtfersey, etc., Nelson H. D:i rfcon. 24

VIII. Macrotaeniopteris magnifolia ....................................... 62

I.. Sections ........................................................... 90

X. Bogan's cut, N. C.; looking west ................................... 92

XI. Fault in Bogan's cut, N. C ..................................'....... 94

XII. Fault in Bogan's cut, N. C ......................................... 96

XIII. Fault in Bogan's cut, N. C ......................................... 98

Fig. 1. Fault on east side of Connecticut valley area, after W. M. Davis...... 81

2. Map and section of Southbury area, after W. M. Davis............... 82

3. Ideal east and west section of Connecticut valley area previous to

deformation ...................................................... 98

4. Ideal east and west section of Connecticut valley area after deformation. 99

9

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR,

U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY, 

DIVISION OF GEOLOGIC CORRELATION,

Washington, D. ., February 12, 1892.

SIR : I have the honor to transmit herewith a memoir by Mr. I. C. 

Eussell on the Newark system, prepared for publication as a bulletin.

The Division of Geologic Correlation was created for the purpose of 

summarizing existing knowledge with reference to the geologic formations of North America and especially of the United States, of discussing the correlation of formations found in different parts of the country 

with one another and with formations in other countries, and of discussing the principles of geologic correlation in the light of American 

phenomena. The formations of each geologic period were assigned 

to some student already well acquainted with them and it was arranged that he should expand his knowledge by study o"f the literature 

and by field examination of classic localities and embody the results in 

an essay. The general plan of the work has been set forth on page 16 

of the Ninth Annual Eeport of the Survey and on pages 108 to 113 of 

the Tenth Annual Eeport, as well as in the letter of transmittal of Bulletin No. 80. -

The present essay is the sixth of the series, having been preceded 

by essays on the Carboniferous and Devonian, the Cambrian, the Cretaceous, the Eocene, and the Neocene, prepared severally by Messrs. 

Williams, Walcott, White, Clark, and Dall and Harris, and constituting 

Bulletins Nos. 80, 81, 82, 83, and 84.

The subject originally proposed for Mr. Eussell covered the entire 

Jura-Trias of North America, and he was invited to discuss not only 

the correlation of American formations one with another and with European formations but also the question whether it was advisable in 

American geology to recognize the Jurassic and the Triassic separately 

as periods coordinate with the Devonian and the Carboniferous, or only 

to recognize the Jura-Trias as a single period. Circumstances subsequently led to important modifications of this arrangement. In the 

formulation of a plan for the preparation of the geologic atlas of the 

United States it was found necessary to adopt and define a scheme of 

geologic periods without awaiting the discussions contemplated in this 

series of essays, and, after due consideration, it was determined to rec11
12 * LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.

ognize the Jura-Trias as a single period. One of the principal questions 

proposed for Mr. Russell's consideration was thus decided in advance 

so far as the most important work of the Survey was concerned. The 

acceptance by the Survey of an opportunity for Alaskan exploration by 

Mr. Russell left to this division the option of diminishing the scope 

of the present essay or of postponing its completion, and the former 

alternative was preferred. It was consequently arranged that Mr. 

Russell restrict attention to the Newark system and the principles of 

correlation involved in the discussion of its relations.

The rocks of the Newark system occur in a number of separate areas. 

In this essay these are correlated one with another primarily on physical, secondarily on paleontologic evidence. Through paleontologic 

evidence the system is compared with formations west of the Mississippi 

river and with formations in Europe, and it is concluded that homotaxial relations are approximately determined. The feasibility of determining relations of close .synchronism is questioned. 

Very respectfully, your obedient servant,

Or. K. GILBERT,

Geologist in Charge.

Hon. J. W. POWELL,

Director U. 8. Geological Survey.
OUTLINE OF THIS PAPER.

The aim of this paper is to review the progress of our knowledge concerning a 

well defined system of rocks on the Atlantic border, named the Newark system; to 

summarize the present state of information concerning it, and to discuss the bearing that its study has on principles of correlation.

Chapter I contains a historical summary of the numerous names by which the system has been designated from time to time, and also a statement of the author's 

reasons' for adopting the term NeivarTc system now used.

Chapter II contains a brief account of the geographical distribution of the various 

areas occupied by the system, and is accompanied by a series of maps on Avhich the 

areas are shown, together with the relative age of the adjacent terranes.

Chapter III. The evidence as to the presence of Newark rocks on Prince Edward 

island is discussed and the conclusion reached that the system is not there represented.

Chapter IV. The lithological character of the sedimentary rocks of the system 

is described, and the evidence as to their thickness is presented. Coal is treated 

as a "rock," and some account given of its distribution and thickness.

Chapter V contains a discussion of the physical and climatic conditions under 

which the sedimentary rocks of the system were deposited. From an examination 

of the evidence bearing on the possible existence of glacial conditions in Newark 

times, the conclusion is reached that glaciers were not immediately concerned in the 

accumulation of any of the rocks of the system.

Chapter VI is a re'sume' of our knowledge of the life of the Newark period, as 

shown by the animal and plant remains that have been discovered.

Chapter VII deals with the igneous rocks which traverse the system in a great 

series of dikes and sheets. Following a description of the mineralogical and chemical composition of these rocks is a general account of the principal characteristics 

of dikes and sheets.

Chapter VIII is devoted to a description of the structure of the various Newark 

areas, and a discussion of its origin. The present inclination of the strata over 

broad areas is shown to be due principally to the tilting of faulted blocks. The 

effect of erosion on the upturned blocks is also considered. Original data are introduced concerning especially the structure of the more southern areas.

Chapter IX. The question of the original geographical extent of the system has 

been considered by several geologists, and diverse conclusions have been reached. 

In this chapter the opinions bearing on this question are summarized and classified 

under two heads: First, the "local-basin hypothesis," which includes those opinions based on the assumption that the stratified rocks of the system were deposited 

in several detached basins, the approximate boundaries of which are still traceable. 

Second, the " broad-terrane hypothesis," which embraces the conclusions of those 

who consider the detached areas of the system as remnants of possibly one broad 

terrane, which has been broken up by orographic movements and greatly eroded. 

The evidence is thought by the author to favor the second of these hypotheses.

Chapter X is devoted to a brief discussion of the general principles of correlation 

and of the relations of the Newark system to several other terranes.

Under general principles of correlation, the evidences from physical phenomena, 

such as superposition of strata, contained fragments, relation to folds and dikes, and

13
14 THE NEWARK SYSTEM.

to great unconformities, are considered. Under biological phenomena as a basia ior* 

correlation, the imperfections of the geological records and our incomplete knowL 

edge of the records, such as they are, receive brief attention; as does also the bear 

ing of evolution on the interpretation of the life history of the earth.

The difficulties in fae way of correlating the rocks of America with those of othex 

countries are indicated, and the conclusion is reached that the first aim in the study 

of the geology of a new country should be the definite determination of the sequence 

of rocks there represented, by physical phenomena, as a basis for the determiuatior 

of the relative age of the faunas and floras they may contain. Subsequently, the 

fossils may be compared with those of distant terranes for the purpose of wider generalizations. It is pointed out that the life records in any restricted regions can 

not be accepted as a standard whereby to determine the age of fossil-bearing beds 

in other and especially in entirely disconnected terranes.

The chapter closes with a brief discussion of the relations of the Newark system 

to certain formations in the western part' of the United States and in other countries.
THE NEWARK SYSTEM.

BY ISRAEL C. EUSSELL.

CHAPTEE I.

NOMENCLATURE.

The name u Newark system " has many synonyms. The body of 

rocks to which it is applied is naturally differentiated with peculiar 

clearness. It is separated from older rocks and from newer rocks by 

profound unconformities, and its boundaries are marked by strong 

lithological contrasts. For various reasons it is not easy to determine 

its precise position in the chronologic classification founded on the geologic systems of Europe. The synonymy has arisen not from doubt as 

to what should be included under one name, but from the fact that opinions as to correlation have been embodied in names, and these opinions 

have varied from time to time and from author to author. The name 

Newark is here preferred, because it is the oldest specific title not implying opinion as to geologic age. It was proposed by W. 0. Eedfield 

in 1850, in the following language:

I prefer the latter designation [Newark Group] as a convenient name for these rocks 

[the red sandstone extending from New Jersey to Virginia], and to those of the Connecticut valley, Avith which they are thoroughly identified by footprints and other 

fossils, and I would include also the contemporaneous sandstones of Virginia and 

North Carolina. 1

The term "group" used by Eedfield and the term "system" here 

used do not imply any difference of conception, and the selection of one 

or the other is a matter of comparatively small importance. I have 

chosen system because it conforms approximately to the rule adopted 

by the International Congress of Geologists.

Something of the history of the study of the Newark system may be 

gathered from the following table, in which the various names by which 

it has been designated are arranged chronologically.

'Am. Jour. Sci., 2rt ser.,. vol. xxn, 1856, p. 357; also in Aip. Assoc. Adv. Sci., Proc., vol. x, Albany 

meeting, 185G, p. 181.

15
16 THE NEWARK SYSTEM. « [BULL. 85. 

Names and correlations applied to the ivhole or to portions of the Newark system.

Date.

1817

1820

1820

1826

1832

1824

1833

1835

1836

1837

1839

1839

1842 

1841

1842

1842

1843

1843

1843

1844

1847 

1847

1847

1849

1849 

1850

1851

1851

1851

1853

1853

1854 

1855 

1855

1856

1856

1856

1856

1856

1856

1 QIV7

1 QP»7

1857

Name used.

.....do.....................

.....do.....................

coal formation.

tion of Orange and Chatham [N. C.].

Lias [?].....................

Secondary formation . ......

sandstone.

Measures.

Triassic or Jurassic. ........

Inferior Oolite?.............

Lower Carboniferous .......

New red sandstone or

Keuper.

Jurassic .................... 

Oolitic ......................

Near the Lias of Europe. . . .

Oolitic......................

Chatham series. ............

Author.

Nuttall.F...... ......

Finch, J.... ..........

Olmsted, D. ...... ....

Taylor, R. C..........

Redtield, J. H ........

Percival, J. G ........

Emmons, E...........

Mather, AV.W........

Bunbury, C. J. F. . . . . 

Lyell, C...... ........

......do...............

Gesner, H ............

TapVarvn O T1

Lyell, C ..............

Redfield, W. C .......

Marcou, J ............

Rogers, "W. B. ........ 

Taylor, H. C... ....... 

Jackson, C.T.........

......do...............

Redfleld, W.C........

Heer 0

......do...............

Place of publication.

n. s., p. 20 and map.

p. 86. 

Rep. Geol. N. C., p. 12.

Rep. Geol. Conn.

Geol. of N. Y., part rv, p. 429.

Quar. Jour.Geol. Soc.,Lond.,vol. in, p. 288.

280.

Industrial Resources of Nova Scotia, p. 

244.

n, p. 189. 

Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Proc., vol. v, p. 14. 

Statistics of coal, 2d ed., p. 289.

Outlines of the Geol. of the Globe. Map.

Do.

Geol. Rep. N. C., p. 273.

Geol. Map of TJ. S. in Johnson's Phys.

Atlas.

Arner. Geol., part vi, p. 19.
RUSSELL.] NOMENCLATURE. 17

Names and correlations applied to the ivhole or to portions of the Neivark system Cont'cl.

Date.

1857

1857 

1858

1858

1858

1859

1860

1861

1864

1864

1865 

1865

1866

1866

1868

1869

1871

1871

1875 

1876

1876

1S7Q

1Q7Q

1Q7C

1Q7Q

1Q7Q

1879

1Q7Q

1ft70

1882 

1883

1QQQ

1883

1884

1881

1885

188^

1886 

1886

Name used.

......do .....................

the system to the Ken per 

Trias and Jurassic.

stone and the Oolitic.

stone.

Trias

Permian ....................

age.

Trias .......................

Triassic ....................

Triaaso-Jurassic ............

Triassic

Jura Trias

Jurasso-Triassic. ...........

stone.

Triassic .................... 

Older Mesozoic .............

downward into Triassic. 

Triassio ....................

Tria- Jurassic ...............

Author.

Lyell.C.... ...........

Heer.O...............

Stevens.E.P.........

gan.

Credner, H ...........

Daddow, S. H., and

Bannon, B. 

Lyell,C. ..............

Lyell.C.. .............

Shaler.N.S. ..........

Kerr,"W.C...... ......

Lesquereux. L ........

Bogers.W.B..........

Geikie, A .............

Fontaine, W. M ....... 

......do...............

Davis.W.M..........

McGee.WJ. ....?....

Cope, E.D. ........... 

Lesley,."!.?- ..........

Chapin.J.H.. ........ 

Hitchcock, C.H.......

Place of publieation.

p. 16. 

In Geol. of 'N.Asa., by J. Marcou, p. 16.

p. 414.

Neues Jahrbuch, 1865, pp. 803.

Student's Elem. of Geol., p. 361.

p. 117. 

Eep. Geol. of North Carolina, p. 116.

p. 359. 

Ann. Eep. H. S. Geol. and "Geog. Surv., 

Hayden, for 1874, p. 283. .

Macfarlane's Railway Guide, p. 180. 

Am. Nat., vol. xm, p. 284.

Am. Jour. Sci., 3d ser., vol. xvn. p, 39.

Text Book of Geol., p. 770. 

Monograph No. VI., TJ. S. Geol. Surv. 

Do.

Mus. Comp. Zool., Bull., vol. vn, No. 9.

5th Ann. Eep. TJ. S. Geol. Surv., vol. n.

Va.], Map. 

Philo. Soc. Proc., vol. xXm, p. 403. 

Geol. Atlas of Pa., vol. x, p. vii.

Meriden Sci. Assoc., Proc.. vol. II, p. 23.

op. 486,

Bull,
18 THE NEWARK SYSTEM. [BULL 85. 

Names and correlations applied to the ivhole or to portions of the Neivark system Cont'd.

Date.

1887

1887

1888

1888 

1889

1890

1890 

1890

1891

Name used.

as sic.

Triassic ....................

Connecticut, or Connecticut 

River sandstone.

Author.

dewberry, J. S. .......

Hitchcock, C. H. ......

Place of publication.

vol. n, p. 23.

p. 699. 

Monograph vol. XIV, TJ. S. Geol. Surr.

pp. 238-291.

Am. Geol., vol. v, pp. 200-202.
U.S.GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. BULLETIN NO 85 PL..1I.

ACADIAN AREA

I SEDIMENTARY 

NEWARK SYSTE!V1<

TRAP ROCK
CHAPTEE II.

AREA OCCUPIED BY THE NEWARK SYSTEM.

Iii studying the Newark system it has been found convenient to give 

specific names to the several detached portions into which it is divided. 

The distribution of the principal areas, together with the names by 

which they are designated, are shown on the general map forming PI. 

i (frontispiece). Each area is also shown on a larger scale on a separate 

map. These form Pis. ii-vi, and in several instances indicate the 

positions of subordinate or secondary areas. Special names have previously been applied to some of these areas by Dana, 1 Fontaine,2 Heinrich,3 and others, and these will be retained so far as is practicable in 

the general scheme of classification now adopted.

The following descriptions of the various areas have been made brief, 

for the reason that the accompanying maps will enable the reader to 

determine their positions and boundaries more conveniently than could 

be done from detailed descriptions, The references given will serve to 

indicate where special information may be found.

ACADIAN AREA. 

Acadian Area, Dana.

Under this name are included all the outcrops of Newark rocks in 

New Brunswick and Nova Scotia (PI. n). In New Brunswick these 

rocks occur in small, detached areas at Bed head, Quaco head, Martin 

head and Salisbury cove, on the west side of the bay of Fundy, each of 

which occupies probably less than 1 square mile.

In'Nova Scotia it forms the east shore of the bay of Fundy from 

Blomidon to Brier island, a distance of about 120 miles. The width of 

this belt varies from 5 to 10 miles, excepting at the north, where it 

widens and forms a large part of the shores of the basin of Minas and 

Cobequid bay. A portion of Grand Manan island should perhaps also 

be included in this enumeration. The total extent of the Acadian area 

is approximately 1,050 square miles.

The distribution given above is shown in part by Dawson4 on the 

map accompanying his "Acadian Geology," and in part on the geological atlas sheets published by the Geological Survey of Canada.5

1 Manual of Geology, 2d ed., New York, 1875, pp. 404-406.

2 Notes on the Mesozoic of Virginia; in Am. Jour. Sci. 3d se*., vol. xvn, 1879, pp. 26-29, 31-37.

3 TheMesozoic of Virginia; in Am. Inst. Min. Eng., Trans.. vol. vi, 1879, pp. 228-238.

4 Province of New Brunswick, Atlas sheets No. 1, N. E., and No. 1, S. E.

6 The region occupied by tho Acadian area is shown in part, on the Geological Map of Canada and 

Adjacent Regions, by James Hall and W. E. Logan, 1866; also on tho map of the Dominion of Canada, 

geologically colored, from surveys made by the Canadian Geological Survey, 1842-1882.

19
20 THE NEWARK SYSTEM. [BULL. 85.

The reason for not including Prince Edward island in this area, as 

has been done by many Avriters, is stated a few pages later.

CONNECTICUT VALLEY AREA.

Connecticut River Area, Dana. 

Connecticut Valley Area, Dana. .

This area occupies the Connecticut valley from a few miles south 

of the Massachusetts-Vermont boundary southward to Long Island' 

sound, a distance of 110 miles. Near its eastern margin in Massachusetts there are two subordinate areas, one at Ainherst and the other 

east of Turner Falls. Total extent about 2,000 square miles.

For the determination of the distribution of the Newark rocks in 

Massachusetts and Connecticut, we are indebted principally to the 

state surveys under the direction of Hitchcock and Percival. The map 

given on the accompanying plate has been compiled from Percival's 

geological map of Connecticut, and from a manuscript map of the 

geology of a portion of Massachusetts, kindly loaned by B. K. Emerson. 1

SOUTHBTJRY AREA. 

Southbury Area, Dana.

This outlier of the Connecticut valley area is .situated 16 miles west 

of its western border, in the towns of Woodbury and Southbury, Connecticut. It is about 10 miles long, from, north to south, and from 3 to 

4 miles wide. Its outlines as shown on the accompanying plate (PI. 

in) are from Percival's geological map of Connecticut, with some details added by W. M. Davis.

NEW YORK-VIRGINIA AREA.

Palisade Area, Dana. 

New York Belt, Fontaine. 

Potomac Deposit, Heinrich.

This area extendiS with unbroken continuity from the Hudson river, 

near Stony Point, New York, southward, through New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland, and into Virginia as far as the Eapidan river, 

about 10 miles south of Culpeper (see PI. iv). The distance in a 

straight line between its northern and southern extremities is about 

300 miles. Its greatest width, where it is crossed by the Delaware, is 

32 miles. Its area is about 5,000 square miles.

In Pennsylvania its width is greatly decreased, and the entire area 

bends westward and then southward. Its eastern margin is irregular, 

owing to deep erosion which has laid bare the Paleozoic rocks beneath. 

In Maryland it becomes again nearly north and south in trend? and 

west of Frederick, Maryland, is less than 3 miles broad. At the

1 This map has since been published in Bull. Geol. Soc. Am., vol. IT, pi. xvn.
U.S.GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. BULLETIN NO.85 PL.m.

(SEDIMENTARY 

NEWARK SYSTEM!

TRAP ROCK"

r ON6- ISLAND SOUND

MAP OF CONNECTICUT VALLEY AND SOUTHBURY AREAS.
U.S.GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. BULLETIN NO. 85

NEW YORK-VIRGINIA

and other Newark areas

Scale.

LEGEND

POST-NEWARK 

{SEDIMENTARY

NEWARK \ 

C.CHARLES__ ( TRAP ROCK

'OLD PT. COMFORT

:.HENRV PRE-NEWARK
RUSSELL.] NEW YOEK VIRGINIA. 21

Potomac it increases suddenly iu width to 17 miles, and terminates 

abruptly south of Culpeper.

The outline of this area, as shown on P. iv has been compiled 

from the geological maps published by the state surveys of New York, 

New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Virginia. The boundaries in Maryland 

are from a manuscript map prepared by G. H. Williams, of the U. S. 

Geological Survey. The portion in Virginia has been corrected in part 

by N. H. Darton and Arthur Keith, of the U. S. Geological Survey, 

from recent observations.

The southern part of the New York-Virginia area, and all of the 

areas farther south in Virginia, described below, were mapped and 

studied by W. B. Rogers, during his survey of Virginia, and have since 

been described in detail by W. M. Fontaine and O. J. Heinrich, who 

availed themselves of previous observations in the same field. A map 

showing distribution of the various Newark areas in Virginia and the 

northern part of North Carolina, based largely on the work of Rogers, 

but containing some new data, was published by Heinrich in connection with his paper on the Mesozoic of Virginia.' The boundaries of the 

Newark rocks in Virginia are minutely described by Heinrich, and it 

is from his essay that most of the measurements of the Virginia areas 

given in this paper are obtained.

BAKBOURSVILLE AREA. 

Barboursville Deposit, Heinrich.

This area is really an outlier of the great New York-Virginia area, 

from the southern end of which it is separated by about 8 miles of 

crystalline rocks (PI. vn). It is situated in Orange county, Virginia, 

to the west of Orange, and is named from the village of Barboursville, on its west border. It is elliptical in shape and measures about 9 

miles from north to south and 2 miles from east to west. Its area 

is about 14 square miles.

SCOTTSVILLE JLREA.

Buckingham Belt, Fontaine. 

James River Deposit, Heinrich.

This area is situated immediately Avest of Scottsville, Virginia, and is 

probably composed of two or more detached belts, the boundaries of 

which are not definitely known (PI. iv). The total area of the Newark 

outcrops in this vicinity, as computed by Heinrich, is from 40 to 45 

square miles. They form a long, narrow belt, trending northeast and 

southwest, intermediate between the New York-Virginia area, already 

referred to, and the Danville area described below.

1 Am. last. Mill. Eng., Trails., vol, vr, 1873, pp. 227-274.
22 THE NEWARK SYSTEM. - [BULL. 85.

DANVILLE AREA.

Part of Pittsylvania Belt, Fontaiiie. 

Danville Deposit, Heinrich.

This area begins at the north near Falling river, in Campbell county, 

and extends southward across Staunton river to the north side of Dan 

river, just above Danville, Virginia (PI. vi). Its extreme length from 

north to south is 54 miles, its greatest width 8 miles, and its area between 260 and 270 square miles.

BAN RIVER AREA.

Part of Pittsylvania Belt, Fontaine.

Dan River Deposit, Heinrich.

Dan River Coal Field, of various authors.

The northern end of this area is in Virginia, near Cascade creek 

some 10 miles west of Danville. From there it extends southward to 

Germantown, North Carolina, a distance of about 40 miles. Its greatest width is 8 miles, and its area approximately 200 square miles. 

Lakeville, North Carolina, is situated near its northern end (see PI. 

VI).

TAYLORSVILLE AREA.

Taylorsville Deposit, Heinrich.

Taylorsville, Virginia, about 17 miles a little west of north of Richmond, is situated in the center of this area. Its width from east to 

west is about 8 miles, and its length from, northwest to southeast approximately 10 miles. Its area is about 60 square miles (see PL V).

RICHMOND AREA.

Richmond Area, Dana.

Richmond Deposit, Heinrich.

Richmond Coal Field, of various authors.

The east border of this area .is 11 miles west of Eichmond, Virginia 

(see PI. v). It is crossed from east to west by the James river, and 

thus divided into two unequal parts, the larger of which is to the south. 

Its extreme length from north to south, including a narrow spur which 

projects into the crystalline rocks at the north end, is 31£ miles. The 

main field, as determined by Heinrich, is 24 miles long from north to 

south, and 7$ to 10 miles broad. Its area is about 189 square miles.

Included under the name here used are several small detached basins 

along the eastern border of the main area. The most distant of these 

is the one in which the Deep Run mines are located, about 6 miles east 

of the northern end of the main area. The deposit at Deep run is designated as the Springfield deposit by Seinrici, 3fld J§ stated to have 

an area of about 1-6 square miles.
U. S.GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. BULLETIN KO.85 PL.V.

RICHMOND AREA

NEWARK SYSTEM 

PRE-NEWARK
U.S.GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. BULLETIN NO. 80 PL..VI.

NEWARK AREAS IN SOUTHWESTERN VIRGINIA AND NORTH CAROLINA.

POST-NEWARK} | NEWARK SYSTEM\ \ PRE-NEWARK\~ |
RUSSELL.] VIRGINIA NORTH CAROLINA. 23

FARMVILLE AREA.

Farmville Deposit, Heinrich. 

Prince Edward Belt Fontaine. 

Farmville Coal Belt of various authors.

Under this head are included two detached areas of Newark rocks, 

one on the south and the other principally on the north of the Appomattox river near Farmville, Virginia (see PI. iv). The larger area 

lies to the northwest of Farmville and is crossed near its southern end 

by the Appomattox river; it is about 16 miles long from north to south, 

and 2 miles wide, and has an area of about 22 square miles. The smaller 

area is south of the river and is less than 2 miles long from north to 

south, and about a mile broad. The entire surface occupied by Newark 

rocks near Farmville measures about 24 square miles.

DEEP RIVER AREA.

Deep River Coal Fields, Emmons. 

Part of "North Carolina Area," Dana.

This area is situated wholly in North Carolina, its northern terminus 

being near Oxford (See PI. vi). It extends southward in an irregular 

belt for about 100 miles, and has an average breadth of approximately 

8 miles, but its boundaries have never been accurately determined. Its 

area may be stated roughly at 800 square miles. Its outline, as shown 

on the accompanying map, is from Kerr's geological map of North Carolina, and as determined from a reconnaissance by the present writer 

is only approximately correct. Owing to the lack of topographic maps 

in this region, it has not been practicable up to the present time to 

determine its boundaries more accurately than was done by Kerr. I 

may state in passing, however, that its east border, near Raleigh, is 

distant about 8 miles from that city, instead of 16 miles as shown by 

Kerr.

The coal mines of Egypt, G-ulf, etc., are situated in this area, and next 

to those of the Richmond area, are the most important in the Newark 

system.

On both the east and west borders of the main area there are detached 

basins occupied by Newark rocks, some of which are indicated on Kerr's 

geological map.

A description of the extent of this area was given by $mmons,1 and 

portions of its outline were mapped by Wilkes.2

WADESBORO AREA. 

Part of "North Carolina Area," Dana.

The northern end of this area^Js near .P'ekin, North Carolina. From 

 that place it extends, southwar^,to Jlhe state line, a distance of about

1 Geological Report on the Midland Counties of North Carolina, 1850, pp. 227-254. 

2 Keport on the Deep Kiver Country, in North Carol iu.i; in lieport of the Secretary of the Navy to the 

Thirty-fifth Congress, second session, Senate Ex. Doc. No. 20, 1858.
24 THE NEWARK SYSTEM. [BULL. 85.

30 miles. Its width near Wadesboro, where it is crossed by the Carolina railroad, is about 10 miles (see PI. vi).

It has been stated by several writers that its southern end is in South 

Carolina, and it is so indicated on Kerr's map, but my own reconnaissance in that region indicates that it ends in North Carolina, close to 

the state boundary. Associated with it are several secondary areas, 

some of which were mapped by Kerr. The boundaries of the Wadesboro area, like those of the others in North Carolina, are only approximately known. Its area is in the vicinity of 275 square miles.

The Newark areas iii North Carolina were studied by Emmous and 

Kerr during their respective surveys of the state and were mapped by 

Kerr. 1

SUMMARY AREAS AND DISTRIBUTION.

The Newark system is confined to the Atlantic border, and occurs in 

narrow belts, the longer, larger axes of which trend in general northeast and southwest, their general course being parallel to the folds of 

the Appalachians.

The distance in a straight line from the most northerly to the most 

southerly exposure is about 600 miles. The bearing of a line joining 

their two extremities is about northeast. The entire area occupied by 

the system is, in round numbers, 10,000 square miles.

Some of the areas were indicated in an indefinite manner on the * 

geological maps of the United States by McClure and Marcou. They

also appear on the recent geological maps of the United States, compiled by Bradley, Hitchcock, and McGee.

'Report on the Geology of North Carolina, vol. i, 1875, map.
U.S.GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. BULLETIN NO. 85 PL.VH.

~ 74140'

GEOLOGICAL MAP

OF PART OF

NORTHERN NEW JERSEY

AND ADJACENT PORTIONS OF

NEW YORK AND PENNSYLVANIA

BY"

NELSOX H. DARTON

CENOZOIC

CRETACEOUS

__ Intrusive Traps Extrusive Traps Sediments Shales &Li me stones

K I !&££ I e
CHAPTEK III.

PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF NEWARK ROCKS ON PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND.

HISTORICAL:

In the account of Prince Edward island given by Dawson in "Acadian Geology" 1 nearly all of the surface rocks, consisting mainly of 

sandstones and shales, are referred to the "Trias or New Red Sandstone;" but the occurrence of older rocks, considered as belonging to 

the Permian or to the upper portion of the Carboniferous, was noted at 

Gallas (Gallows) point, on the south side of the island. On the geological maps accompanying the various editions of the " Acadian Geology" 

the whole of the island, excepting the sand dunes along the northern 

shore and the trap rock of Hog island, is colored as " Trias or New Bed 

Sandstone."

The island was reexamined by Dawson and Harrington 2 in 1871, and 

the classification previously established retained, but the area occupied 

by Carboniferous rocks was somewhat extended. On the map accompanying this report all of the island is colored as Triassic, excepting 

small areas at Gallas point and a narrow strip extending from West 

Point to Cape North, on the west shore. This distribution is retained 

by Dawson in the supplement to the "Acadian Geology" published in 

1878. In this paper a typical section, 500 feet thick, at Oswald bay, adiacent to the Carboniferous area of Gallas point, is presented, in which 

the lower portion, it is stated, "may be referred to the lower division 

of the 'Bunter,' and the remaining to the upper division of the formation, or 'Keuper.'" That this classification was provisional is implied 

by the author, who remarks: 3 "The dips are so low, and the beds so 

much affected by oblique stratification, that those of the Trias can not 

be said to be unconformable to the underlying Carboniferous rocks; 

and for this reason, as well as on account of the similarity in mineral 

character between the two groups, some uncertainty may rest on the 

position of the line of separation. That above stated depends on fossils, 

on a somewhat abrupt change of mineral character, and on a slight 

change in the direction of the dip." The fossils on which this classification was based are referred to on a later page. 

______________ _________________________

: ' Third edition, London, 1878, pp. 116-124.

2 Report on the Geological Structure and Mineral Resources of Prince Edward island. Montreal, 

1871. pp. 7, 8, 13-22, 45, 46, PI. III. .

* Supplement to the third edition of Acadian Geology. London, 1878, pp. 29, 30.

25
26 THE NEWAEK SYSTEM. [BULL.85.

 In 1881 some fossil plants were obtained by Bain l from localities on 

the south, side of the island, in rocks previously regarded as Triassic 

by Dawson. These plants were identified by B.ain and referred to the 

Permo-Carboniferous. These fossils led their discoverer to the inference. 

that the Permo-Carboniferous formation is more extensively distributed 

on the south side of the island than had previously been supposed.

A few years later the geology of Priuce Edward island was studied 

by Ellis.2 In his report the extension of the lower series of rocks was 

greatly enlarged, and the conclusion reached that the area occupied by 

Triassic rocks was very limited. The evidence presented by this author 

suggests that all of the sandstones and shales of the island belong to 

one system. Ells states that he visited the greater part of the coast 

between Cape North and Oswald bay, on the south and west; various 

portions of the north side of the island were also carefully examined. 

The great similarity of the rocks at these localities to the Perino-Carboniferous rocks of New Brunswick is pointed out. It is also stated 

that the rocks differ in a marked manner from the Newark beds of the 

Minas basin, Nova Scotia. In a note on. the margin of atlas sheet No. 

5, S. W., accompanying this report, the author states:

The examination made last fall showed that strata identical iu character and in 

their contained plants, which were abundan t at many points, extended around the 

entire south and west coast and a portion of the north of Eichmond bay. The drawing of any line separating the Trias from the Upper Permo-Carboniferous in this 

area is not deemed practicable. The nudiug of the fossil reptile "Bathygnathus" in 

the rocks near New London, as well as several plants in the vicinity of Richmond 

bay, which have been recorded by Dr. Dawsou as typical of a true Trias horizon, 

renders it possible that small areas of that age may occur, but their delineation will 

be very difficult. The great similarity of the strata of the eastern and northeastern 

portions of the island shows that the Triassic, if existing at all, occurs in isolated 

patches. It has been deemed best, therefore, to color the island uniformly PermoCarboniferous, as most in accordance with the age of the greater portion of its strata. 

The great similarity of much of the formation to that seen in the northern portion 

of Cumberland and Colchester counties, in Nova Scotia, and which is undoubtedly 

the Upper Carboniferous, is very apparent.

The discussion of the geology of Prince Edward island was renewed 

by Bain and Dawson3 in 1885. In the paper by these authors, Dawson 

refers to the conclusion cited above as follows: " Mr. Ells * * * not 

only extends the limits of the lower series, but regards the Trias as very 

limited and not clearly distinguishable from the Perrno-Carboniferous; 

but in this last respect I can not but think he exaggerates the difficulty 

occasioned oy the low dip of all the beds, and the strong mineral resemblance of the Trias to the underlying Permo-Carboniferous, from 

whose disintegration it has undoubtedly been derived." Dawson then 

presents the evidence furnished by fossils, and as I shall have occasion

1 Note on fossils from the Red Sandstone System of Prince Edward island. In Canadian Naturalist, 

n. S., vol. IX, 1881, pp. 463-464.

2 Report of Explorations and Surveys in the Interior of the Gaspe Peninsula, 1883. In Geol. and 

Nat. Hist. Surv. of Canada, Report of Progress, 1882-'83-'84. Montreal, 1885, pp. 11 E-13 E. (Accompanied by 9 atlas sheets.

3 Notes on the geology and fossil flora of Prince Edward island. In Canadian Record of Science, 

vpl. I, pp. 154-161.
KUSSELL.] PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND. 27

to refer to the meagerness of these records, I quote Ms statement nearly 

entire, as it appears in the " Notes on the fossil flora of Prince Edward 

island," referred to above. The same evidence is presented also more 

or less fully in the writings of Dawson previously cited, and especially 

in the report of 1871. In describing the fossil plants Dawson says:

The beds at Miminigash, Gallas point, St. Peter island, Governor island, Rice 

point, and other places on the south coast contain plants which elsewhere characterize the Upper Carboniferous and Lower Permian. At certain points in the interior of the island and in the bays of the north coast, which represent troughs between the Permo-Carboniferous anticlinals, there are found plants indicating a 

higher horizon. Here the characteristic Carboniferous species are absent, and their 

place is taken by others, either Permian or Triassic. For example, the abundant 

coniferous wood of the Carboniferous species, Dadoxylon materiarium, is replaced by 

an entirely different type more characteristic elsewhere of the Trias, Dadoxylon edvardiannm. Some of the fossils found in this by Mr. Bain are undoubtedly of Permiam aspect, as, for instance, the Walchias and Calamites gigas. Others, like the 

Dadoxylon above referred to and the curious Cycadoidea abequidensis, are undoubtedly 

more Triassic in aspect. 1

The description of these plants is continued as follows:

The few plants collected by Mr. Bain in the Upper Trias, or Trias proper, are 

especially interesting in consequence of the paucity of well preserved fossils in this 

formation. Ho finds in these beds a Calamites with very fine ribs of the type C. 

arenaceous, and which may be an internal cast of that Triassic species which, when 

perfect, is really an Equisetum rather than a Calamite, also certain Knorri-like 

branches different from Tylodendron, but probably branches of coniferous trees, 

and a species of Walchia apparently distinct from that of the lower beds. It has 

very stout and straight branches marked with interrupted furrows. Its branchlets are long, slender, and crowded, and at right angles to the branch. The leaves 

are closely appressed, triangular, and scale like. Detached branchlets have thus 

the aspect of the Mesozoic genus Pachypliyllum, but the habit of growth is that 

of Walchia. The species is near to W. imbricaia of the European Permian, but 

sufficiently distinct to deserve a name, and I have therefore called it W. inibricatula. 

[Figure given.]

It is to be observed that in the red sandstones of Prince Edward island all the 

more delicate plants and even twigs of coniferous trees have completely lost their 

organic matter and are represented by mere impressions, stains, or casts in clay or 

sand, so that it is very difficult to ascertain their minute characters.

The general result, in so far as the subdivision of beds is concerned, would seem 

to be that the lower series is distinctly Permo-Carboniferous, that its extent is considerably greater than was supposed in 1871, that there is a well characterized overlying Trias, and that the intermediate series, whether Permian or Lower Triassic, 

is of somewhat difficult local definition, but that its fossils, so far as they go, lean 

to the Permian side. [Pp. 160, 161.]

DISCUSSION OF THE EVIDENCE.

The evidence advanced in favor of the presence of both the PermoCarboniferous and Triassic systems on Prince Edward island is entirely 

paleontological. The absence of an unconformity-between the lower 

and upper rocks and the similarity in their lithological characters are 

admitted by all. The evidence of the Newark age of the upper portion of the rock series is based on a small number of fossil plants and

1 Op. cit., p. 158.
28 . THE NEWARK SYSTEM. [BULL. 85.

on a single reptilian fossil, which have been considered as indicating a 

parallelism Avith the Triassic Europe.

PLANTS.

The first of the fossil plants referred to by Dawson in the quotation 

given above is Dadoxylon edvardidnum, determined from a microscopic 

study of fossil wood. It is related generically to other fossil woods 

found in the Carboniferous, and even as low down as the Devonian, and 

is represented by the Araucarias at the present day.

There is no reason why fossil wood should not be used as a means of 

determining geological horizons, if sufficient observations were recorded 

to determine the range of various genera and species. At present, 

however, only a few species of Dadoxylon are known, and these range 

from the Devonian upward to beyond the Mesozoic. The fact .that the 

wood described by Dawson belongs to a hitherto unknown species of a 

genus of wide geological range does not indicate any definite horizon. 

As stated by Dawson, it has its nearest specific ally in the Trias of 

Europe, but also resembles a species from the Permian. If we knew 

the geological age of various species of- this ancient pine more 

thoroughly, its evidence might have some weight; but at present it is 

a fact of interest, which it is proper to record, but can not be considered as having taxonomic importance.

The Cycadoidea (Mantellia) abequidensis, described by Dawson in the 

report for 1870, as evidence of the Triassic age of the sandstones of 

Prince Edward island, is based on a fragment of the trunk of a supposed Cycadeian plant, in which the structure has disappeared. It 

was found near Gallas point, in the immediate neighborhood of rocks 

that are admitted by all to be Perrno-Carboniferous, and in rocks which 

Ells has since shown to belong to that system. Dawson. refers this 

fossil, with doubt, to the Cycadoidea, for the reason that the limits of 

that genus are stated to be " less restricted than the genera Mantellia 

or Carruthers."

Besides the fossils just mentioned, the rocks under consideration 

have yielded certain obscure stems, for which Dawson creates the provisional genus "Knorria." These are stated to resemble closely certain 

Permian stems, described as Schizodendron of Eichwald, from the 

Permian of Europe. Whether related most nearly to the conifers or 

the cycads is uncertain.

In addition, there are certain flattened branches, referred to Sternbergia, and closing the list are obscure impressions referred to the fucoids.

The obscure condition in which these fossils are found is referred to 

by Dawson in the quotation given above. It is evident that their 

value as a means of determining geological age is small, on account of 

their imperfect preservation. There is not a single species in the list 

that has been found in other localities, and even the generic relations 

of all but the Dadoxylon are uncertain. In the rocks determined by 

Dawson as Permo-Carboniferous he finds Knorria-like stems and a
BUBSELL.] PLANTS PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND. 29

species of Sternbergia which, from his description, can not be distinguished from those in the upper series. The genera WalcMa and Dadoxylon also occur in the lower series. The specific identity of 'these 

plants is stated by Dawson to be different from those above; but to one 

reading his report the relation of the flora in the so-called Triassic 

rocks to the flora in the supposed lower series seems certainly more 

intimate than to any other flora cited by .Dawson. Such relations as 

are pointed out seem more strongly Permian than Triassic.

To a geologist whose knowledge of paleobotany is but slight the 

evidence of geological age furnished by the plants in the upper portion 

of the sandstone of Prince Edward island seems to be very meager and 

unsatisfactory, but appears to tend toward Paleozoic rather than Mesozoic affinities.

While venturing to point out the small taxonomic value of the plants 

referred to above I do not wish to be understood as undervaluing the 

work of paleobotanists. By accumulating such evidence as has been 

recorded by Dawson and Bain we may ultimately have a reliable means 

of determining the identity of widely separated formations. 1

1 Since writing the above I have had occasion to consult F. H. Knowlton of the TJ. S. Geological 

Survey in reference to certain specimens of fossil wood from the Newark system, and found that he 

had also examined the evidence as to the age of the rocks of Prince Edward island; his letter on this 

subject is here inserted:

I have examined the slides of the six pieces of fossil wood obtained by you from the Triassic of 

North Carolina, and, with the possible exception of one piece, have been able to identify them to my 

entire satisfaction with Araucarioxylon arizonicum Knbwlton. This species was described (Proc. TJ. 

S. Nat. Mus., vol. xi, 1888, pp. 1-4, pi. I) from specimens collected in New Mexico and Arizona from 

the Shinarump group of Powell; I have also recently detected the same species, or at most only-a 

slightly divergent variety of it, from the vicinity of the copper mines near Abiquiu, New Mexico.

This species is entirely unlike Dadoxylon XJdvardianum described by Dawson from the so-called 

Triassic of Prince Edward island.

In regard to Prince Edward island, a portion of which has been referred to the Triassic by Dawson, 

largely upon paleobotanical evidence, I may say that I have been over the evidence with some care, 

and in the absence of the actual specimens for study and comparison, I think I am safe in saying 

that the data iipon which he bases his conclusions are by no means sufficient or satisfactory. The 

only two forms to which he gives specific names are new to science and, as species, can of course have 

no weight in determinining stratigraphic position, but as genera they may have.

The first species, Dadoxylon edvardianuin, is regarded by Dawson as being closely allied to two 

species from the Permian and one obscure species from the Keuper. Now, as at present understood 

the genus Dadoxylon does not come up into the Mesozoic, but is a Devonian or Carboniferous genus. 

Moreover, judging from the somewhat crude figures, it belongs decidedly to the more ancient forms 

showing the Araucaria-like structure characteristic of the Paleozoic, rather than the more highly 

differentiated forms which are now referred to Araucarioxylon.

Sternbergia is a Paleozoic genus and represents the pith of Cordaites, a genus which never goes 

above the Permian and had its maximum development in the Devonian and early Carboniferous.

Knorria is of no Aralue in the present instance in determining age, since Dawson says they '' very 

closely resemble the Permian stems to which Eichwald has given the name " Schizodendron," and further show internal structure similar to that of stems from undoubted Carboniferous strata (Gallas 

point) already referred to Dadoxylon.

Fucoids. These are also of no value in the present case as they are very obscure and are doubtfully 

regarded as being fucoidal.

Cycadoidea. This is the other form to which Dawson has given a specific name, and if it is really 

a cycad undoubtedly argues a Mesozoic age even later than the Triassic. But without the specimen 

in hand, and only judging irom the figure of it, it seems not improbable that it may be a cone of some 

conifer, particularly when we remember ttio other things with which it is associated, and further than 

this the specimen is doubtfully from what he calls Triassiac. It is the only thiug which is characteristically Mesozoic. ,

As for the value of the Dinosaurian remains (Bathygnathus borealis) I am of course unable to judge. 

Very truly, yours,

F. H. KNOWWON.
30 THE NEWARK SYSTEM. BULL. 85.]

Vertebrate fossils. In discussing the age of the sandstones of Prince 

Edward island the fossil reptile known as Baihygnatlms borealis is frequently referred to. This is the only fossil besides plant remains now 

known from these rocks. The fossil bone with teeth, on which the 

genus and species mentioned were founded, was obtained by Dawson 

near New London, on the north side of the island, and described and 

figured by Leidy r in 1854. The remains were referred to the New Eed 

Sandstone by Dawson and Leidy on geological determinations simply, 

and not on account of the zoological relations of the fossil. Even the 

family to which Batliygnatlius belonged was not established until long 

afterwards, if it is now definitely fixed. In a later discussion of the 

age of the rocks in which this fossil was found, it is advanced as evidence that they are Triassic. This reasoning is not such a complete 

circle as it appears, however, as our knowledge of fossil reptiles has 

been greatly increased since Bathygnathus was described, and it has 

been determined by Cope that its nearest relation is to the Dinosaurs, 

which had their greatest development in Mesozoic time.

The fossil referred to was described by Leidy "as the right dental 

bone" of the lower jaw, with seven teeth attached. Its position was 

reversed, however, by Owen,2 who claims that the bones are portions 

of the "skull, including the left maxillary, premaxillary, and nasal 

bone." It is considered by Owen as a Theirodont reptile, probably of 

Permian age.

Able paleontologists thus differ as to the zoological affinities of 

Bathygnathus, and as it is the sole representative of a genus, its value 

to the geologist as a means of identifying the horizons of the strata in 

which it occurs is not conspicuous. If a Dinosaur, as considered by 

several paleontologists, it would seem to indicate that the rocks in 

which it occurs are Mesozoic. If a Theirodont, as claimed by Owen, it 

would indicate a Permian age. To the geologist who must look to the 

paleontologist for the determination of the fossils he finds, the evidence 

of age furnished by Bathygnathus seems nearly equally divided between 

the Paleozoic and Mesozoic, but bending perhaps more strongly toward 

the latter.

OTHER INDICATIONS OF GEOLOGICAL POSITION.

Trap rock, undistinguishable from the similar rocks so abundant 

throughout the Newark system, occurs at a single locality on Prince 

Edward island. This has been considered by some as evidence of the 

Triassic age of the sedimentary beds with which it is associated. Elsewhere in this paper it is shown that the trap rocks of the Newark system belong to a vast series stretching for nearly 1,000 miles along the

Atlantic coast. This series appears in the sedimentary beds of the

1 On Bathygnathus borealis, an Extinct Saurian of the new red sandstone of Prince Edward island. 

In Philadelphia Acad. Nat. Sci. Jour., 2d ser., vol. n, 1850-1854, pp. 327-330, pi. xxxm.

2 Evidence of the Theirodonts in Permian deposits elsewhere than in South Africa. In Geol. Soo. 

of London, Quart. Jour., vol. xxxn, 1876, pp. 352-366,
RUSSELL.] PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND. 31

Newark system as dikes and sheets, and occurs also in dikes in the 

rocks surrounding the various Newark areas, and cutting formations 

of all ages from the Archean upward to the base of the Potomac, but 

does not occur in rocks younger than the Newark. The only evidence 

of age, therefore, that can be claimed for the trap on Prince Edward 

island is that the rocks which it penetrates are presumptively not 

younger than the Newark system; they may belong to the Carboniferous or to any older series.

Throughout the various areas of the Newark system from North 

Carolina to Nova Scotia there is a great unconformity between the 

rocks of that system and those on which it rests. On Prince Edward 

island an unconformity between the rocks referred to the PermoCarboniferous and those supposed to be of Newark age is wanting. 

While the absence of such an unconformity does not prove that there 

is but one sys-tem of rocks on Prince Edward island, it is strongly 

suggestive that such is the case. ^

In discussing the age of the rocks in question, nearly all comparisons 

have been made with the Triassic and other formations of Europe. 

What is .of special interest, however, is their relation to the Newark 

system. This, it is to be presumed, can be better attained by a direct 

comparison than by comparisons through a more distant formation. 

Evidence of the relation of rocks of Prince Edward island to those of 

the Newark system may be looked for (1) in the'fossils they contain; 

(2) in the lithological resemblances of the beds to those of the Newark 

system; and (3) their structural relations to other systems, the relations 

of which to the Newark are known: 

1. No fossils are known to be common to the rocks of Prince Edward island and to the Newark system.

2. Ideologically the rocks in question on Prince Edward island, as 

stated by Ells and others, differ widely from the rocks of the 

Newark system in the Acadian area, with which they are geographically 

nearest related; and besides, they bear a marked resemblance to the 

Permo-Carboniferous rocks on which they rest, and to those of New 

Brunswick.

3. Throughout all of the various Newark areas, as will be described 

later in this paper, there is a great unconformity between the rocks of 

the Newark system and the formations, some of which are Carboniferous, on which they rest.

CONCLUSIONS.

The absence of Newark fossils in the rocks of Prince Edward island; 

the close lithological similarity of the beds in the upper and lower portions of the sections there exposed, the lower rocks being PermoCarboniferous; and the lithological difference of the rocks from the 

sandstone and shales of the Newark system, seem to me sufficient 

ground for not considering any portion of the stratified rocks of Prince 

Edward island as belonging to the Newark system.
CHAPTER IV.

LITHOLOGY AND STRATIGRAPHY.

The main portion of the Newark system is composed of conglomerate, 

breccia, arkose, sandstone, shale, and slate.1 Of these sandstone and 

shale are by far the most abundant. There are besides a few thin 

limestone layers arid deposits of coal. The igneous rocks are described 

in a separate section.

CONGLOMERATES AND BRECCIAS.

Coarse deposits, composed of both rounded and angular stones, occur 

especially at the base of the system, and along the borders of some of 

the areas.

Conglomerates have been reported by Eminons 2 in some of the 

southern areas in the medial portion of the system, or, at least, far 

above its base, but in some instances, as shown by my own observations, 

these exposures are portions of the basal conglomerate, brought to 

light by faulting. The prevailing structure of the system was not 

recognized at the time Ernmons made his survey"of North Carolina, 

and the hypothesis that the presence of conglomerates at the surface 

in the central portions of the Newark areas might be due to faulting 

was not considered. No unconformities by erosion have been recorded 

at the horizons where the conglomerates referred to are supposed to

1 Descriptions of the character and distribution of the clastic rocks of the Newark system may be 

found in the following works:

Acadian area: J. D. Dawsou, Acadian Geology, 2d aiid 3d ed., pp. 86-124.

Connecticut valley area: J. G. Percival, Rep. Geol. Connecticut, 18-12, pp. 426-452. Edward Hitchcock, Final Rep. Geol. Massachusetts, 1841, vol. H, pp. 441-446.

New York-Virginia, area: W. W. Mather, Geol. of New York, 1843, pp. 285-289. H. D. Rogers, 

Description of the geology of New Jersey, Final Report, 1840, pp. 117-141. G. H. Cook, Geology of 

New Jersey, 1868, pp. 206-226. G. H. Cook, Geol. of New Jersey, Ann. Kep. for 1882, pp. 17-43. N. 

H. Darton, TJ. S. Geol. Survey, Bull. No. 67, 1890. H. D. Rogers, Geol. of Pennsylvania, 1868, vol. n, 

pp. 667-680.

New York-Virginia and other areas to the south: "W. B. Rogers, A reprint of annual reports and 

other papers on the geology of the Virginias, 1884, pp. 323-328, 475-480. O. J. Heiurich, Mesozoic 

formation of Virginia; in Am. lust. Min. Eng., Trans., vol. VI, 1878, pp. 227-274, W. M. Fontaine, 

Notes on the Mesozoic of Virginia; iu Am. Jour. Sci., 3d ser., vol. XVH, 1879, pp. 25-39, 151-157. Ebenezer Emmons, Geological report of the midland counties of North Carolina, 1856, pp. 227-268.

The building stones of the Newark system have been described by S. W. Hawes, Report on the 

building stones of the TJ. S.; in Tenth Census of the TJ. S., vol. x, 1884, pp. 25-27, pi. 13. N. S. Shaler, 

Report on the building stones of the TJ. S.; in Tenth Census of the TJ. S., vol. X, 1884, pp. 126,127,141- 

144,155-157,177,178,179,180,181,182, pis. 45,46. S. P. Merrill, Collection of building and ornamental 

stones in TJ. S. National Museum; in Smithsonian Inst. Ann. Rep.for 1885-'86, pp. 277-648.

2 Emmons, Ebenezer: Geol. Rep. of the midland counties of North Carolina, 1856, pp. 227-239; also, 

American Geology, part VI, Albany, N. T., 1857, pp. 9-11.

. 32 .
RUSSELL.] CONGLOMERATES AND BRECCIAS. 33

occur, and additional study is necessary before such marked physical 

changes in the history of the system as would be implied by the presence 

of a widespread stratum of coarse material far above its base, can be 

accepted as proved.

The important and characteristic conglomerate of the system occurs 

at its base, and is quite generally exposed along the borders of the 

various areas toward which the rocks dip.

In the Acadian area the lower rocks are coarse, and form characteristic conglomerates, as is shown by exposures on the borders of the 

basin of Miuas, and in isolated patches on the west side of the bay of 

Fundy.

In the Connecticut valley a coarse conglomerate, sometimes containing rounded bowlders 2 or 3 feet in diameter, occurs along the eastern 

margin of the area and about its northern end, biit is seldom seen on 

its west border.

Coarse deposits also form the basal portions of the Southbury area.

In the New York-Virginia area a coarse brecciated conglomerate 

occurs at intervals all along the western margin. The same is true of 

the detached areas farther south, which fall in line with the IS; ew YorkVirginia area. These are the Barboursville, Scottsville, Danville, and 

Dan river areas. On the east side of the New York-Virginia area 

coarse deposits are mostly wanting, but have been observed at a few 

localities in New Jersey and Pennsylvania. Beneath the Palisades along 

the west bank of the Hudson the basal conglomerate is represented 

by a coarse arkose, apparently derived from the waste of an area of 

feldspathic gneiss. Coarse brecciated conglomerates occur also in the 

more easterly areas in Virginia and North Carolina, but, contrary to 

what might perhaps be expected, are frequently exposed on their west 

borders and but seldom seen along their eastern margin. It is also 

frequently well exposed in small linear, outlying patches of Newark 

rocks, near the borders of the Bichmond, Farmville, Deep river, and 

Wadesboro areas. These detached or secondary areas adjacent to 

the larger ones owe their preservation to the downward faulting of 

the Newark beds, which has carried portions of the basal member of 

the series below the plane of present denudation. The conglomerates exposed in these situations are clearly portions of the basal conglomerate.

The general absence of coarse conglomerates along the eastern 

border of ^he southeastern areas just mentioned is due, in part, to the 

presence of marginal faults, which bring fine offshore deposits of the 

Newark system in direct contact with the encircling crystalline rocks. 

In other places the junction of the Newark system with th crystallines 

is obscured by quite recent sedimentary beds and by the products of 

subaerial decay, so that it is difficult to determine the nature of the 

rocks near the line of contact.

A study of the voluminous reports and essays of various geologists, 

Bull. 85 3
34 THE NEWARK SYSTEM. [BULL. 85.

a portion of wliicli are indicated in the foot note on page 32, aided by 

a personal reconnaissance, seems to warrant the conclusion that the basal 

portion of the system is generally a coarse brecciated conglomerate, having a thickness ranging from a few feet to perhaps 150 feet. Over considerable areas, especially along the west border of the Connecticut valley area and the east border of the New York-Virginia area, the lower 

beds are fine and must have been deposited at a distance from shore. 

The shore line against which the Newark rocks were deposited at various 

stages may frequently be distinguished by a marked thickening and an 

increase in the size of the fragments composing the basal conglomerate.

The marginal conglomerate is not a separate and independent formation capping the Newark system, as has been at times supposed, but is an 

extension and a local thickening of the basal conglomerate. Coarse 

deposits extended out from the ancient shore line in certain localities, 

as has been stated, and on their outer margins became interstratified 

with finer offshore sediments. The coarse shore deposits and the finer 

offshore deposits overlap and form a heterogeneous terrane.

In speaking of the former shore of the Newark estuary, it is not intended to convey the idea that the shore line at the last stage of deposition is still preserved. The whole region occupied by the Newark 

system has been upheaved since the last of its strata were laid down, 

and reduced to a base level by erosion. This process has possibly been 

repeated more than once. The result is that the marginal conglomerates now exposed belong in large part to the earlier stages in the deposition of the system. Neither do all of the shore deposits now exposed 

belong to a single horizon. As will be mentioned when the structure 

of the system is described, the plane of base-level erosion which determined the present surface of the Atlantic slope cuts deeper into the 

Newark rocks in North Carolina and Yirginia than it does in New Jersey and the Connecticut valley. The marginal conglomerates are com-0 

posed of both rounded and angular debris derived from adjacent portions of the encircling crystalline and Paleozoic terranes. In places it 

is highly calcareous, and is used for ornamental building stone and for 

the manufacture of lime. At other places it is largely composed of 

quartz pebbles and is sufficiently compact to be used for millstones. 

Again, it is made up of schists and slates, and can scarcely be distinguished, especially when somewhat decomposed, from the rocks of the 

adjacent gneissic areas from which its material was derived. The conglomerate, when calcareous and when largely composed of quartz pebbles, is usually light colored, commonly gray. It frequently carries the 

remains of tree trunks and branches, now changed to lignite, and obscure impressions of leaves. At other localities it is highly ferruginous, barren of fossils, and passes by insensible gradations into the ordinary brown sandstone, which is the most widely known rock of the 

system. In all cases, so far as can now be judged, the coarse deposits 

are of local origin and were derived from neighboring shores.
RUSSELL.] SANDSTONES, SHALES, AND SLATES. 35

Associated with the coarse shore deposits, especially in the Connecticut valley and in New Jersey, there are fine, dark carbonaceous slates 

which contain fossil fishes and the impressions of plants.

SANDSTONES, SHALES, AND SLATES.

The greater part of the clastic rocks of the Newark system are reddish brown sandstones and ferruginous shales. These grade into each 

other so as to form a great variety of lithologic variations, ranging from 

a compact and almost vitreous sandstone to friable shales and clays so 

soft that they crumble between one's fingers.

Inter stratified with these deeply colored rocks are occasional layers 

of gray sandstone and mottled shales. Although light colored strata 

are present in considerable thickness in certain localities, they are not 

sufficiently abuudant to justify a modification of the statement that the 

characteristic color of the system is brown or brownish red.

The more compact sandstone is quarried at a large number of localities throughout the system, and is extensively used for architectural 

purposes in nearly all of the cities of the Atlantic coast. The reports 

on building stone mentioned in the footnote on page 32, give detailed 

information in this connection.

When the sandstones are examined under the microscope they reveal 

the fact that they are composed of a great variety of mineral and rock 

fragments, but in the main are formed of grains of quartz, feldspar, and 

mica. In the rocks having the characteristic ferruginous color, the individual grains are coated with a ferriginous, clayey incrustation, which 

also cements the particles one with another and imparts its color to the 

rocks.

It seems probable that the origin of the coloring matter is to be found 

in the subaerial decay of the crystalline and Paleozoic rocks from which 

the debris forming the strata were derived. 1

Some of the strata of the Newark system are fine grained, black, 

highly bituminous slates. These occur to a limited extent in the Connecticut valley and New Jersey, but are present in great abundance 

in the Eichmond, Deep river, and Dan river areas. In the southernareas these rocks are associated with coal-seams, and in some instances 

pass into black-band iron ore of limited economic value.

LIMESTONES.2

The limestones are seldom more than a few feet thick and are mostly 

confined to a fe\r localities in the Connecticut valley and the northern

1 Russell, I. C.: Subaerial decay of rocks and the origin of the red color of certain formations. Bull. 

U. S. Geol. Surv., No. 52,1889, pp. 45-56.

2 Hitchcock, Edward :* Geol. Massachusetts, Final Rep., 1841, vol. n, p. 444. Percival.J. G. : Geol. 

Connecticut, 1842, pp. 442-444. Mather, W. W.: Geol. of New York, 1843, p. 288. Rogers, H. D.: Description of the Geol, of New Jersey, Final Report, 1840, p. 134. Cook, G. H".: Geol. of New Jersey, 

1868, pp. 214, 215.
36 THE NEWARK SYSTEM. [BULL. 85.

part of the New York-Virginia area. Very impure limestone, scarcely 

distinguishable from carbonaceous slates, does occur, however, in connection with some of the coal-bearing strata at the south. These strata 

are distinct from the marginal calcareous conglomerates, and frequently 

occur at a distance of several miles from the borders of the system, and 

are interstratified with shales and fine-grained sandstones.

They are usually compact, light colored, fine-grained rocks, and are 

without fossils or other evidence of being of organic origin. Neither do 

they have the characteristics of chemically formed deposits. In some 

instances they seem to have originated from the deposition of calcareous mud derived from the erosion of adjacent limestone areas.

COAL.

In the New York-Virginia and more northern areas no coal seams 

have been found, although the presence of carbonized free trunks, or 

other very limited quantities of carbonaceous material, have been reported from time to time as true coal seams. The usual high dip of the 

strata in the northern areas renders it evident that coal seams would 

be likely to reveal themselves did they exist. The presence of strata 

of highly carbonaceous shales in these areas is the only suggestion of 

the possible presence of coal that the geologist has to offer.

Workable beds of coal have been discovered in the Richmond, Farmville, and Deep river areas. The coal is bituminous except where 

alteration has occurred, owing to the heat of intruded igneous rocks.

QUALITY OF COAL.

In the Richmond field it is described by Heiurich1 as being highly 

laminated, bright black, highly resinous, and composed of thick laminae 

in thin layers alternating with dull black lamina} of less dimensions. 

On the fresh fracture, which is more or less conclioidal, it is jet black, 

luster resinous and splendent. It splits nnst readily parallel to the 

stratification, which is strongly marked by the alternate dark and 

bright layers.

This description would apply equally well to much of the coal of the 

Farmville and Deep river a'reas. As it is seen at the mines, the better grade is bright and compact, and indicates at once that it is a valuable fuel. This general impression is sustained by many tests that 

have been made, and by the favor with which the coal of the Richmond 

field, especially, has been received by those interested in gas and other 

industries in the city of Richmond.3

The average composition of eleven samples of coal from as many mines

1 The Mesozoic formation in Virginia: Am. Inst. Min. Eng. Twain., vol. VI, 1870, p. 243.

2 Johnson, W. R.: A report to the Navy Department of the United States on American Coal, Washington, 1844, p. 448. Other analyses may be found in 0. J. Hoinrich's essay on the Mesozoic of Virginia; Am. Inat. Mining. Eng., Trans., vol. vi, 1879, p. 269.
BUSSELL.] COAL. 37

in the Richmond coal field, is given in column 1 below, and the analysis of an average sample of coal from Farmyille, in the Deep river area, 

in column II. 1

Average composition of the coals of the Neivarlc system.

Ash .................................

I.

1.436

1.232

29. 432

58. 113

10. 903

II.

2.15

3

70

OQ QQ

*& *ifi

12.69

.100. 00

NATURAL COKE.

Besides the bituminous coal which is the characteristic fuel deposits 

of the areas here treated, there are beds of "carbonite," "natural coke," 

and "semianthracite," which are modifications of the normal, coal due 

to the heat of intruded igneous rocks.2 Of these the most interesting 

and important is the natural coke. This occurs both in the Richmond 

and Deep river coal fields, and is of considerable economic importance. 

It is iron black in color, porous, has a metallic luster, and resembles 

artificial coke. It has been mined especially at Carbon hill and Midlothian, on the east side of the Richmond area.

The average of five analyses by various chemists, gives the composition of this substance as follows:

Average composition of natural colce. 

Volatile matter ......................................... 12-50

Fixed carbon ........................................... 79-93

Sulphur ................................................ 0-26

Ash..................................................... 6-55

99-24

1 This and other analysis of the coal of the Deep river area may be found iii H. M. Chance's report 

on an exploration of the coal fields of North Carolina, Raleigh, 1885, pp. 33,34.

2 The history of our knowledge of this substance maybe traced in the following works: W. B. Rogers: 

On the porous anthracite, or natural coke of eastern Virginia. Iii Am. Jour. Sci., vol. XLIH, pp. 175- 

176. Also in Am. Ass. Geol. and Nat. Proc., 1840, p. 60. Report of the progress of the Geol. Surv. of 

Virginia for 1840, p. 124.

Johnson, W. R.: [Remarks on the Natural Coke of Virginia.] In Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia 

Proc., vol. i, 1842, pp. 223-224. Reprinted in The Coal Trade of British America, Washington and 

Philadelphia, 1850, pp. 155-156. "Natural Coke " from Tuckahoe, Virginia. In a report to the Navy 

Department of the United States, on American coals; Washington, 1844, <pp. 138-151.

Lyell, C.: On the structure and probable age of the coal field of the James river, near Richmond, 

Virginia. In Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. of London, vol. in, 1847.

Rogers, W. B.: [Observations on the natural coke of the Richmond coal field, Virginia.] In Boston 

Soc. Nat. Hist., Proe., vol. v, 1855, pp. 53-56.

Wurtz, Henry: Preliminary note upon the carboiiito or so-called "natural coke " of Virginia. In 

Am. Inst. Min. Eng., Trans., Vol. in, 1874-'75, pp. 456-458.

Heinrich, O. J.: The Mesozoic formation in Virginia. In Am. Inst. Miu. Eng. Proc., vol. VI. 1877-78, 

pp. 244-269.

Chance, H. M.: Report on the North Carolina coal field, Raleigh, 1885, p. 34.
38 THE NEWARK SYSTEM. [BULL. 85.

RICHMOND AREA.

The coal seams of the Richmond field are irregular in thickness, and 

have been greatly disturbed by faulting, as will be explained in the 

section of this paper devoted to structure. The seams are not continuous throughout the field, although they occur at approximately the same 

horizon. There is no assurance that the seams worked on one side of 

the basin are individually the same as those explored on the opposite 

side, or even in adjacent mines. Seemingly the coal occurs in lenticular beds, the outlines of which have not been determined. The edges 

of these beds overlap, so that while the series as a whole may be continuous over comparatively large areas, individual beds die out and are 

replaced by others. What is a thin seam in one mine may thicken and 

become the most important bed in an adjacent mine. This hypothesis, 

it is true, has not been fully demonstrated, but it explains many peculiarities in the field.

In the Norwood mine on the west side of the area the coal is worked 

by means of "inclines," in which the following section was exposed in 

1885:

Feet. 

Sandstone and shale, dipping W. 20 to 25.................................. 10 to 200

Coal, with medial partings of shale ........................................ 5 to 7

Shales.................................................................... 10 to 12

Coal, with medial parting of shale......................................... 6

In the neighboring Powhatan mine there are five coal seams, the most 

important having a thickness at least locally of 7 feet.

The Old Dominion mines, 'a mile or two south of the Norwood mines, 

were worked several years ago by means of a shaft, but are now 

abandoned. At this locality the strata were penetrated to the depth of 

125 feet and found to contain three coal seams. The upper one, where 

it outcropped at the surface, was about 4 feet 6 inches thick, but increased to 12 feet when followed down the dip. The second was from 

18 to 24 inches thick near the surface, and increased to 4 feet in the 

lower part of the mine. The third was struck 4 feet below the second, 

and contained 3 feet of coal of inferior quality.

The mines of Manakin (Dover), on the west side of the Richmond 

area, north of the James, were worked for more than 50 years, and a 

large quantity of coal obtained. They are now abandoned and the 

shafts are in ruins. The "Sinking shaft" at this locality penetrated 

over 900 feet of strata, but failed to reach a workable coal seam. F. W. 

Stone, the former superintendent of this mine, informed me that there 

were two coal seams in the Dover region. No detailed account of these 

deposits is available.

Coal has been mined all along the east border of the area and in adjacent local fault basins, and a large amount of data concerning the 

thickness and association of the local seams is available.
RUSSELL.] COAL. 39

The section at Carbon hill, north of the James, is as follows :J

Section at Carbon hill, Virginia.

Feet. 

Recent formation, soil .................................................... 20

Alternating shales and sandstones......................................... 450

Cinders, so-called fire clay ................................................ 195

Nodnla pyrites............................................................ 15

Shales and sandstones..................................................... 60

Coke seam

Shale and sandstone 

Coal seam ..........

Shale, third seam ... 

Coal................

Shale and shale and sandstone, containing 6-inch coal seam, second seam. 

Coal seam, slope seam 8 to 10 feet, first seam. ...........................

Sandstone and slate to supposed granite base ...........................

1,032-5

An extremely detailed record of the strata passed through in exploring for coal with a diamond drill at Midlothian, in the central portion of the east border of the field, has been published by Heinrich, in 

the paper just cited. These explorations passed through 1,518 feet of 

Newark rocks, and reached the underlying granite. Four coal seams 

were penetrated, the lowest of which is 570 feet above the granite. The 

record of the coal-bearing portion of this section is here copied, with 

some slight verbal changes :

Section at Midlothian, Virginia.

Stratum. Thickness.

Feet. 

34 

5 

6 

4 

8 

9 

1 

9 

9 

12 

10 

14 

4

In. 

9 

0 

2 

3 

0 

10 

0 

0 

0 

0 

3 

6 

0

Distance 

above 

granite.

Feet. In. 

566 4 

571 4 

577 6 

581 9 

589 0 

599 7 

600 7 

609 7 

618 7

655 4

659 4

At Clover Hill, in the southern part of the eastern border of the 

Bichmond area, the character of the coal-bearing strata has been

1 Heinrich, 0. J.: The Mesozoic formation of Virginia. Am. Inst. Min. Eng. Trans., vol. vi, 1879, 

pp. 260,261.
40 THE NEWARK SYSTEM. [BULL. 85.

recorded by Foiitaine.1 There are three main coal seams, and four 

others of less thickness, designated in the section as local. The strata 

intervening- between the lowest coal seam and the granitic floor on 

which the system rests has not been penetrated. The dip is here to 

the westward at an angle of about 25 degrees, and the coal beds outcrop at the surface.

Section at Clover Hill, Virginia.

Feet. Inches.

Coal seam, local (?) 18 inches to.................................... 4 0

Sandstone and shale................................................ 14 0

Coal seam, local.................................................... 0 12

Sandstone and shale............................................... 12 0

Coal seam,local.................................................... 0 14

Sandstone and shale ............................................... 25 0

Coal seam, local.................................................... 0 18

Sandstone and shale............................................... 40 0

Upper bed of main coal ............................................ 5 0

Shale, of varying thickness......................................... 5 0

Main coal, lower bed .............................................. 13-26 0

Sandstone and shale............................................... 40 0

Lower persistent coal bed........................................... 4 9

Sandstone and shale, about......................................... 250 0

Gneissic floor ......................................................

The section here given indicates the character of the coal seams about 

the border of the Eichmond field. In the detached secondary areas 

along its eastern border the rocks have been so greatly disturbed that 

it is difficult to obtain reliable record of the strata. It has been stated 

that the coal seams in these basins were from 40 to 60 feet thick. The 

high inclination of the beds, however, and such descriptions of the 

mines as can be found in books or obtained from men who worked in 

the mines, render it evident that the thickness of the seams has been 

exaggerated, as will be shown in discussing the structure of the area.

The presence of workable coal beds in the central portion of the Richmond area seems probable, although that region has not been explored. 

The nearly horizontal position of the rocks over the central area is a 

promise that the coal, when reached, will be found in a much less disturbed and broken condition than on the borders of the field. The 

depth at which coal will have to be looked for in the central area is in 

the neighborhood of 2,500 feet. At present this depth would probably 

render economic mining impracticable, owing to the low price of coal in 

neighboring markets.

PARMVILLE AREA.

Coal was formerly worked in this area in a systematic way for several years, but the seams are thin, ranging from G to 30 inches, and are

greatly disturbed. No definite records of the strata penetrated in tlie

various mining operations are to be had.

1 Older Mesozoic Flora of Virginia. U. S. Geol. Surv., Monograph vol. C, 3883, p. 6.
RUSSELL.] COAL. 41

DEEP RIVER AREA.

There are reasons for considering the Richmond and Farmville areas 

in Virginia as having been formerly directly connected with the Deep 

river and Dan river areas of North Carolina. The coal-bearing rocks 

in the Deep river area have a striking analogy to the medial portion 

of the section obtained in the Midlothian mines. While it is presumable that the formations are continuous, there is no reason for surmising that the coal seams of one area represent individually the coal 

seams of the other.

At Egypt, North Carolina, in the central portion of the Deep river 

area, the section penetrated by what is known as the u Egypt shaft" 

was carefully recorded by Wilkes.1 This shaft was 460 feet deep, and 

ended ia.black slate just below the lowest coal seam.

Section at Egypt, North Carolina.

Feet. Inches.

Sandstone (410 feet below surface)...:................................ 3 0

Black slate ........................................................... 9 0

Coal.............................................................. 4 0

Black band, upper bed............................................ 1 4

Coal............................................................... 1 1

Slate .............A.............................................. 0 6

Coal.............................................................. 0 7

Black bituminous slate................................................ 8 0

Gray sandstone and fire clay........................................... 16 0

Black band........................................................... 1 5

Coal.................................................................. 1 0

Black band........................................................... 3 0

Black slate........................................................... 1 0

At Farmville, North Carolina, 2 or 3 miles west of the Egypt shaft, 

the coal-bearing strata come to the surface but are disturbed by faults 

and by dikes of igneous rock. The section at this locality, after Chance,2 

is as follows:

Section at Farmville, North Carolina.

Feet. Inches.

Upper coal (coal 3 feet, sbale 2 feet, coal and slate 3 feet).............. 8 0

Slate and sandy fire clay.............................................. 17 0

Coal.................................................................. 0 4

Slate and Are clay.................................................... 6 0

Coal.................................................................. 1 0

Slate and fire clay.................................................... 4 0

Coal.................................................................. 1 2

Slate and fire clay.................................................... 4 0

Lower coal ........................................................... 2 0

1 [Report on the Deep river country in North Carolina.] 35th Congress, 2rt session. Senate Ex. - 

Doc. No. 26.

* Report on tho North Carolina coal fields, to the Department of Agriculture (of North Carolina), 

Ealeigh, 1885, p. 22.
42 THE NEWARK SYSTEM. [BDU,. 85.

DAN RIVER AREA.

The rocks in this area are similar in nearly every respect to those of 

the Deep river area, but the shaly slates in the central portion of the 

series are thicker and perhaps of greater extent. They contain many 

bands of black bituminous and carbonaceous layers, which have been 

frequently mistaken for coal.

This area has been critically examined by Chance, 1 who reports that 

the coal occurs merely as sporadic deposits of limited extent and too 

thin, irregular, and uncertain to be of commercial value.

COMMERCIAL DEVELOPMENT.

Mr. Heinrich 2 states that coal was discovered in the Eichmond area 

as early as 1700 and was then mined for local use. Systematic mining 

was begun about 1790. This was the first coal mined for shipment in 

the United States. The total production of the area from 1822 to 1878 

is estimated at 5,647,621 tons. Since 1878 mining has been carried on 

at Clover Hill and at the Norwood and Powhatan mines, the annual 

output being about 700,000 tons.

Coal is reported to have been mined in a small way in the Farrnville 

area 3 between 1855 and 1870, but no definite record of the operation is 

available. I have been informed that mining was resumed in 1890 with 

a promise of good results.

The coal seams of the Deep river and Dan river areas, like those 

near Bichmond, outcrop at the surface. Coal was dug from open pits, 

for local use, early in this century, but no systematic mining was carried on until about 1850, when improvements in the navigation of Deep 

river rendered its shipment practicable. The most active period in 

the history of this field was just preceding and during the civil war.

When I visited the area in 1885 no mining was being done, although 

a systematic examination of the value of the coal seams near the Gulf 

was being made. At Egypt all work had been suspended for fully 

twenty years, and the deep shaft was in ruins.

In the Dan river area a little coal was mined during the war, for use 

in Danville. 4

The re'ason for the unsatisfactory history of the Newark coal fields 

lies primarily in the great disturbances that the various areas have 

suffered on account of tilting, faulting, and igneous intrusions. The 

presence of " fire damp " in many of the mines and a tendency to spontaneous combustion have also added to the danger and expense of

1 Report on the North Carolina coal fields to tlio Department of Agriculture (of North Carolina), 

Raleigh, 1885, pp. 02-66.

2 The history of thia ooal field and a detailed record of the amount of coal produced in various years 

is given Ly Heinrich. Ani. Inst. Min. Eng., Trans., vol. VI, pp. 266-274.

3 The history and character of this field and of related coal-bearing areas, is given by S. H. Daddow

ami B. Banuan, in " Coal, Iron, and Oil, etc," Pottsvillo, Pa., 1866, pp. 393-406.

4 The history of these various fields has been summarized by H. M. Chance in report on the coal 

fields of North Carolina, made for the State .Board of Agriculture, Kaleigh, 1885, pp. 22-24.
RUSSELL.] THICKNESS OF THE NEWARK ROCKS. 43

working. In all the fields mining was begun at the surface. Water 

was thus admitted and the most valuable portions of the beds permanently injured. The lack of foresight in the early development of 

the mines has practically ruined large areas.

At present the cheapness with which coal can be furnished along 

the Atlantic border, from the extensive mines on the west slope of the 

Appalachians, practically closes competition in the mines of the Newark 

area, where mining is more expensive than in the great fields farther 

west, owing to the natural difficulties suggested above. Those best 

qualified to judge of the value of the Kichrnond field are of the opinion 

that it contains an important reserve supply of coal which will be utilized in the future.

The value of some of the highly carbonaceous slates associated with 

the coal, for gas manufacture, indicates that they too will ultimately 

be used.

The disturbed and broken condition of the rocks here considered 

precludes the hope that they will ever yield even limited supplies of 

oil or gas.

THICKNESS OF THE NEWARK ROCKS.

Many estimates have been made of the thickness of the Newark 

rocks, but owing to the faulted structure that characterizes the system 

no generally accepted results have been reached. It is possible to 

measure the thickness in the Danville, Dan river, and Wadesboro 

areas with a reasonable approximation to accuracy, but this has not 

been done. The only reliable evidence of the thickness of the system 

available is the records of various deep borings that have been made.

An artesian well at Northampton, Massachusetts, sunk in the lower 

sandstone of the system, reached a depth of over 3,000 feet without 

reaching the underlying crystalline rocks. 1 A well bored near New 

Haven, Connecticut, by the Winchester Arms Company, approximately 

2 miles from the west border of the Newark rocks, reaches a depth of 

2,400 feet without passing through the system.2

Many wells have been sunk in the Newark area of New Jersey in 

search of artesian water. The deepest of these is at Paterson and 

reached a depth of 2,100 feet, all but the upper 6 feet being in the 

sandstones, shales, etc.3

Explorations for coal with the diamond drill at Midlothian, Virginia, 

near the eastern margin of the Richmond area, reached the underlying 

granite at a depth of 1,518 feet.4

1 Emerson, B. K.: (Topography ami Geology of Hampshire county, Massachusetts.) In Gazetteer 

of Hampshire county for 1854-1887. Compiled and edited by W. B. Gray, Syracuse, N. T. (1888), p. 19.

2 Hubbard, 0. P.: New York Acad. Sci., Trans., vol. ix, 1889-1890, p. 3. It is stated by J. D. 

Dana that this well shows a depth of Newark rock of at least 3,100 feet. Am. Jour. Sci., 3d ser., vol. 

XLII, p. 442.

3 Cook, G. H.: Geol. Surv. of New Jersey. Ann. Rep. for 1885, Trenton, N. J., 1885, p. 115.

4 Heinrich, 0. J.: The Mesozoic Formation in Virginia. In Am. Inst. Miu. Eug., Trans., vol. vi, 

1879, pp. 256-260.
44 THE NEWAEK SYSTEM. [BtTLL.85.

At Durham, North Carolina, near the west margin of the Deep river 

area, a well was bored a few years ago to the depth of 1,600 feet, all 

in rocks of the Newark system.

The data in hand are not sufficient to determine the thickness of 

rock in the various Newark areas, but it is evident from the records 

of the Northampton well that an estimate of 4,000 feet could not be 

considered excessive. When it is remembered that great erosion has 

taken place, it is evident that the original thickness of the system 

must have far exceeded the amount just stated.
CHAPTEK Y.

CONDITIONS OF DEPOSITION.

Ill the present section, the manner in which the various beds of the 

Newark were deposited as well as the evidence they contain as to the 

character of the climate during the time of their accumulation, will be 

considered.

PHYSKjfcAL CONDITIONS.

PREVIOUS INTERPRETATIONS.

A hypothesis proposed by Bogers,1 which refers the deposition of the 

rocks of a large part of the Newark system south of New York to the 

action of a river rising in the Southern States and emptying into the 

ocean in the neighborhood of the present site of New York, has met 

with so little favor and is so inconsistent with later observations that 

it seems unnecessary to consider it at this time.

The rocks of the Acadian area are considered by Dawson2 as having 

been deposited in a bay resembling the present Bay of Fundy, which 

was swept by strong tides and currents that carried away the argillaceous matter and prevented the deposition of muddy sediments.

In reference to the conditions of deposition of the Newark system 

in general, Dana 3 observes that the absence of radiates, the paucity of 

mollusks, and the presence of few species that are properly marine, 

prove that the ocean had imperfect access, where any, to the regions in 

which the rocks were deposited. The beds are not seashore formations 

like the Cretaceous and Tertiary, which goes far to confirm the idea 

that they are partially estuary and partly of lacustrine origin.

A little later in the same volume Dana states: 4

The position of the [Newark] beds on the Atlantic border shows that this part of 

the continent stood nearly at its present level. The strange absence of marine deposits along the Atlantic border may be accounted for by supposing that the dry 

land stretched farther out to the eastward, and that seashore deposits were formed 

Avhich are submerged. A change of level of 500 feet would take a breadth of 80 

miles from the ocean and add it to the continent.

1 Description of the geology of the state of New Jersey. A final report. Philadelphia, 1840, pp. 115, 

166-171. The hypothesis proposed by Eogers is quoted by W. W. Mather in Geol. of New York, part 

1, 1843, pp. 289-293, who agrees with Rogers in the main, but ascribes ttie deposition of the rocks of 

the Newark system in an inclined position to the meeting of equatorial and polar oceanic currents. 

The hypothesis proposed by Eogers is dissented from by E. Mitchellin "Elements of Geology, with 

an outline of the geology of North Carolina," 1842, p. 133.

2 Acadian Geology, 2d and 3d editions, 1868, 1878, p. 111. 

3 Manual of Geology, 2d ed., 1875, p. 420. 

4 Ibid, pp. 422-423.

45
46 THE NEWARK SYSTEM. [BULL. 85.

In this connection LeCoiite 1 writes:

During the Jura-Trias [Newark] the shore line to the north Avas still beyond what 

it is now, for 110 Atlantic border deposit is visible; and along the Middle and Southern States it was certainly beyond the bounding line of Tertiary and Cretaceous, 

for all the Atlantic deposits of this age have been covered by subsequent strata; and 

yet, probably not much beyond, for some of these Jura-Trias patches seem to have 

been in tidal connection with the Atlantic Ocean. It is probable, therefore, that the 

shore line was a little beyond the present New England shore line, and a little 

beyond the old Tertiary shore line of the Middle and Southern Atlantic States.

A little back from this shore line, and at the foot of the Appalachian chain, there 

was a series of old erosion or plication hollows stretching parallel to the chain. 

The northern ones had been brought down to the sea level, and the tides regularly 

ebbed and ilowed there then as in the Bay of San Francisco or Puget Sound at the 

present time. In the Avaters of these bays lived swimming reptiles, Crocodilian and 

Lacertiau, and on their flat, muddy shores Avalked great bird-like reptiles, and possibly reptilian, birds. The more southern holloAvs seemed to have been been above 

the sea level, and Avere alternately coal marshU and fresh-Avater lakes, emptying by 

streams into the Atlantic; or, according to Russell, there may have been but one 

great sound stretching from Nova Scotia to North Carolina, in Avhich the tides floAved 

and ebbed, the southern end being SAvampy or marshy. Since that time the coast 

has risen 200 or 300 feet, and these patches are therefore eleA'ated so much aboA^e the 

sea level.

The physical conditions under which the rocks of the Newark system 

in New Jersey and the Connecticut valley were deposited, as described 

by Newberry,2 are here cited:

Many of the beds show ripple marks, sun cracks, and rain drop impressions, 

which prove that they Avere once beaches or mud flats, sometimes exposed to the air. 

They are also frequently impressed by the tracks of large and small animals. Everything indicates that these tracks were made by animals that frequented the shores 

of bays and estuaries Avhere the retreating tide left broad surfaces which Avere their 

feeding grounds. Inasmuch as many successive beds show ripple marks, sun cracks, 

and tracks, the conclusion seems inevitable that the areas where these strata were 

deposited were slowly sinking and that the land-wash spread by the tide constantly 

formed new sheets, upon Avhich fresh records were inscribed.

CONCLUSIONS.

The generally accepted conclusions of geologists in reference to the 

mode of deposition of the rocks under discussion seem to be, that the 

beds were water laid and must have accumulated in land-locked 

estuaries and swamps. The suggestion many times advanced that 

these rocks are lacustral in origin has never been sustained by direct 

evidence.

The facts on which these conclusions are based may be summarized 

as follows:

(1.) Absence of characteristic marine or fresh water fossils, thus suggesting brackish Avater and unstable, condition.

(2.) Fossil fishes closely allied to existing- ganoids of rivers and lakes,

WlliCll TOft, perhaps, migratory in their Habits and, like salmon at the 

present time, were destroyed in large numbers at the mouths of the 

small streams which they frequented during the breeding season.

1 Elements of Geology, 1882, pp. 469-470. * TJ. S. Geol. Survey, Monograph vol. 14, 1888, p. 5.
BU8SKLL.] CLIMATE CONDITIONS IN NEWARK TIME. 47

(3.) Rapid alternations of sediments which are frequently cross-bedded, and the presence of footprints, raindrop impressions, etc., indicating the prevalence of high tides.

(4.) The presence of laud plants in the more carbonaceous portions 

of the deposit, and of fossil wood in many localities in the sandstone, 

indicating the proximity of land.

These facts favor the conclusion already stated, that the rocks, especially of the northern portion of the Newark system, were deposited in 

broad, shallow, tide-swept estuaries, in which broad expanses of mud 

were left exposed at low water. The southern part of the area of deposition was low and swampy, and received accumulation of carbonaceous 

matter. A slow subsidence during the period of deposition is shown, 

particularly in the northern areas, by the occurrence of footprints and 

raindrop impressions at many horizons.

CLIMATIC CONDITIONS.

Several expressions of opinion have been published respecting the 

prevailing climatic conditions during the Newark period. I will state 

the conclusions that have been reached, and then review briefly the 

evidence on which they rest.

In describing certain coarse deposits on the east border of the Deep 

river area in North Carolina, Kerr 1 suggested that they indicated a 

sub-Newark glaciation.. But these deposits have been shown by Fontaine,2 to belong at the end rather than at the beginning of the Newark 

period. A similar remark was made by Shaler, Davis 3 and Hitchcock,4 in reference to the origin of the coarse conglomerates of the 

Newark system in the Connecticut valley.

It has been suggested by Dana? that the Connecticut valley had its 

violent floods during the Newark period, which may have been enlarged by the waters and ice of a seiniglacial era.

GLACIAL HYPOTHESIS.

The most extended discussion of the glacial origin of the coarse conglomerates of the Newark system that has been made, is by Fontaine.6 

In order to give an impartial hearing to the hypothesis of Mesozoic 

glaciation, his conclusion is cited in full:

I think that many of the features described in the preceding pages can best be explained by supposing that in Triassic and Jurassic times, the Appalachian mountain 

region was receiving supplies of snow too great to be removed by melting. Consequently the excess must have been discharged by glaciers. These must have advanced and receded more than once in the earlier periods, but did not penetrate to 

the sea. Toward the close of the Jurassic they advanced in such force that they

1 Rep. of the Geol. Survey of North Carolina, vol. I, 1875, p. 146. 

* Am. Jour. Sci., 3d ser., vol. xvn, 1879, p. 34.

3 Illustrations of the earth's surface, Glacier, Boston, 1881, pp. 95-96.

4 Geology of New Hampshire, Concord, 1878, vol. m, Part 3, p. 283. 

6 Am. Jour. Sci.,-3d ser., vol. xvn, 1879, p. 330. 

6 Ibid., pp. 236-237.
48 THE NEWARK SYSTEM. [BULL. 85?

reached the sea. In the intervening time, while the ice was gathering force, ice 

rafts, charged with stones and earth, floated down the streams which issued from 

the foot of the ice. To the frequent pushing forward, and the consequent abrasion 

of the matter accumulated at the foot of the ice, and in the upper course of the rivers, 

we must attribute much of the rounded and polished condition of the Potsdam stones 

now found so far to the east of their original position. This ice may have made its 

final advance over the whole of the portion of the Atlantic slope in which the features 

above described are found, or it may have issued from the Blue Eidge, mainly along 

the line of the Potomac and James, and then in its farther advance to the east have 

spread laterally, so near the border of the Azoic, as to have coalesced into one sheet. 

The facts observed rather favor the latter method of advance. From this supposition it would follow that the Mesozoic areas were fed by the cold waters issuing 

from the ice and snow on the mountains. This may account for the paucity of animal 

life, especially molluscan life, that they show. The only marine waters with which 

they could comniun icate contained forms that could not live in the cold inland waters.

It is probable that the courses of the present principal streams were marked out 

by this ice action, and hence comes their direct course and independence of the character of the rocks over which they flow. There is no difficulty in explaining the 

growth of the plants, now found fossil, at a time when the Appalachian mountain 

belt was covered with snow. All that was needed was a raising of the present winter 

temperature in the lowlands, for we shall show that for the formation of glaciers on 

the heights the climate need not have been colder than at present. Owing to the nonexistence of the Rocky mountains, the cold western and northwestern winds of the 

present time would not by reflection from that chain then reach the eastern slopes. 

At the same time the greater extension of the Gulf waters northward would cause 

southerly winds to sweep over these slopes. These winds passing o v er the cold waters 

of the lakes and great rivers would form abundant fogs. Thus a mild, equable, and 

moist climate would be produced in the lowlands, even if the earth had its present 

amount of cold, causing the growth of ferns, cycads, etc., and covering the hills with 

the immense growth of coniferous trees which we know must have existed. This 

condition of things would also be eminently favorable for the production of coal. 

This was only brought to a close in the final advance of the ice at the end of the 

Jurassic period, when all the abundant forms of plants of that period were extinguished to appear no more. No other cauge seems adequate to explain the total extinction of the Jurassic flora, and the complete change which we find in the succeeding Cretaceous flora.

But while the plants were growing in the lowlands and around the lakes, a very 

different condition of things prevailed in the high Appalachians. The stratigraphy 

of the formations composing this belt, and the amount of erosion which, as we know, 

took place, make it clear that in the early Mesozoic times much of this region must 

have stood above the snow line, and a still larger portion near it. If we recall the 

physical features of the North American continent which existed at that time, we 

shall see that even with our present climate then prevailing, the conditions would 

have been eminently favorable for the formation of glaciers. Along with a sufficient 

degree of cold we must have abundance of moisture to produce glaciers. This would 

be supplied by the western and southwestern winds.. The latter would sweep unchecked from the Pacific over vast bodies of warm waters in the interior, and meeting the' lofty mountain belt of the Appalachians, would give unlimited supplies of 

snow. The configuration of this elevated district with its broad slopes, and long 

valleys inclining in one direction, would be eminently favorable for the collection 

of snow and its discharge in the form of glaciers. Indeed this region must at that

time have formed a perpetual storm center. We are not without evidence, however,

that a period of cold greater than that now existing, prevailed toward the close of 

the Jurassic, and in this we find the explanation of the advance of the ice so far to 

the east at that time.
RUSSELL.] GLACIAL 'JTfKORIF, CONSIDERED. 49

The statement has recently been made by J. D. Dana1 that the 

Newark period "ended in a semigiacial era, as is admitted by all who 

have studied the beds." The evidence which is advanced to support 

this view " consists of thick deposits of stones and bowlders in which 

occur masses 2 to 4 feet in diameter, and therefore such as only ice 

could have handled and transported. They are situated along the west 

side of the area in Virginia, Maryland, and New Jersey (where the dip 

of the Jura-Trias [Newark] beds is westward),2 and on the eastern, in 

Connecticut and Massachusetts (where the dip is eastward). Fontaine 

has found in Virginia and Maryland that they are the later beds of the 

formation." Beds north of Amherst, Massachusetts, containing bowlders 3 to 4 feet in diameter are referred to, and Edward Hitchcock's conclusion, that they are the upper beds of the series, is cited. Coarse 

deposits near East Haven, Connecticut, are also mentioned.

The considerations which arc thought to maintain the hypothesis of 

glaciation during the Newark period may be briefly stated as follows:

(1) Presence of coarse conglomerates and breccias at nrany localities.

(2) Absence of fossil mollusks, radiates, etc.

(3) Unexplained phenomena in the drainage and relief of the Appalachians.

(4) Extinction of the fauna and great changes in the flora of the 

Atlantic border in the" interval between the Newark and Cretaceous 

period.

Before discussing the value of this evidence let us see what records 

might reasonably be looked for in case glaciers did assist in the deposition of the Newark sediments.

PRESERVATION OF GLACIAL RECORDS.

All records of glaciation when not buried beneath subsequent deposits 

would certainly be destroyed by atmospheric decay and erosion during 

such a vast lapse of time as has intervened between the Newark period 

and the present day. An exception to this statement may possibly 

exist in the effects which glaciation might impress upon the drainage 

and topography of a region. It is possible that some of the seemingly 

abnormal features in the drainage of the Appalachians maybe accounted 

for on the hypothesis that they are an inheritance from an ancient 

period of ice invasion.

Among the direct evidences of glaciation which might be preserved 

for indefinite ages are :

(1) Smooth and striated rock surfaces, characteristic of ice action. 

Such surfaces if buried beneath fine sediments might be preserved in 

their original condition j or casts of them might be made, in the same 

manner that impressions of foot-prints showing the most delicate markings, have been preserved.

(2) Bowlders, smooth and striated and faceted by glaciers, might

' Am. Jour. Sci., lid acr., vol. xr,, 1890, p. 430. 'Ibid., vol. XLI, 1801, note of errata.

Bull. 85 4
50 THE NEWARK SYSTEM. [BULL.85.

retain their peculiar markings for an indefinite period, especially when 

cemented with fine sediment or united by calcareous or other infiltrations.

(3) When a glacier enters a lake or estuary, morainal material is 

deposited in irregular, unassorted heaps about its foot. The distance 

seaward to which terminal moraines may be deposited, depends on the 

size of the glaciers and on the depth of the water bodies they enter. A 

shallow estuary or lake would offer but feeble resistance to the advance 

of a glacier, and might have moraines widely distributed over its bottom. 

On the other "hand, a deep water body with precipitous shores, would 

retard the progress of a glacier or check its advance altogether. The 

result would be the formation of moraines near the water margin.

(4) When glaciers enter water sufficiently deep the ice breaks off 

and forms bergs which may transport stone and bowlders to great distances, and finally drop them in the fine sediments that accumulate in 

deep water.

(5) The effects of a glacial period on animal and plant life has received 

much attention, but it is difficult' to indicate what permanent records 

of this nature might be expected. A long period of glaciation might 

revolutionize the fauna and flora of a region, while many alternations 

of warm and cold climates would produce even greater changes. Luxuriant forests, however, are known to grow close to existing glaciers, 

not only in tropical and subtropical regions, but in high latitudes, 

The Malaspina glacier, Alaska, is not only bordered by exceedingly 

dense forests, but the moraines resting upon its margin are covered 

over an area of many square miles with dense vegetation, and support 

forests of spruce trees, many of which are fully 3 feet in diameter. 

Plants indicating temperate and tropical conditions might easily be 

preserved in connection with glacial deposits, but such paradoxical 

records must, for the most part, occur in connection with the deposit 

of glaciers originating in lofty mountains, and not along the borders 

of continental glaciers like those that covered the northeastern part of 

North America during the Pleistocene.

The water into which large glaciers discharge either directly or after 

melting are cold and could not be inhabited by animals characteristic 

of tropical conditions. It is in the animal remains found in the fine 

deposits, intimately associated with glacial accumulations, that we 

should expect to find the best records of the climatic conditions under 

which the strata A^T e^e deposited.

WEIGHT OF THE EVIDENCE OF GLACIATION.

Having in mind what records might reasonably be expected to occur 

in the rocks of the Newark system if glaciers had assisted in their 

deposition, let us see what the facts are:

(1) No smooth and striated rock surfaces have been discovered 

beneath the system^
RCSSELL.] GLACIAL THEORIES Ct&SIDERED. 51

(2) No glaciated bowlders have been observed in the coarse conglomerate.

(3) The bowlders in the conglomerates are usually rounded and are 

such as streams, especially if assisted by river ice, could transport. 

Large angular erratics are conspicuous by their absence. 1

(4) The coarse material characteristic of portions of the system is 

confined principally to its bottom and sides. As the fine sediments 

closely associated with the coarse deposits are frequently ripple-marked 

and contain footprints and raindrop impressions, it is evident that the 

water bodies in which these beds were deposited were shallow. The 

water being shallow, there is no reason why glaciers should invariably 

stop at the shores and deposit their loads, instead of spreading widely 

over the basin. Besides, the coarse deposits do not have the heterogeneous character of moraines, but are frequently stratified and show 

current bedding, as if deposited by strong currents.

(5) Along the outer or seaward margins of the coarse layers they are 

interstratified with fine sediments which are not crumpled or contorted 

as would be expected had glaciers invaded the .basins in which they 

were laid down.

(6) No scattered bowlders or large rock fragments, indicating iceberg 

drift, have been found in the fine sandstones and shales which makeup 

the great bulk of the system.

(7) No fossils that are indicative of a cold climate have been found.

As stated in a previous paper,2 it is not probable that the great numbers of reptiles, some of them of gigantic size, which lived during the 

Newark period, could have existed in estuaries that were partially occupied by ice and in which icebergs were floating. Coldblooded animals at the present day are confined to warm regions, and there is no 

reason to suppose that this law was reversed during the Newark period. 

The swarms of reptiles that formerly inhabited the Connecticut valley 

and New Jersey regions must have required a large amount of plant or 

animal food. This would imply also that the shores of the Newark 

basin were more like those of Florida than those of Greenland at the 

present time.

To make more specific objections to the hypothesis of glaciation, it 

maybe remarked that paucity of rnolluscan life does not necessarily indicate a cold climate, as implied by Fontaine,3 since, as is well known, 

many species of shells are found in the mud at the foot of existing glaciers which terminate in the sea. The same and allied species of mollusks occur in the Pleistocene glacial clays of both Europe and America, 

thus showing that the existence of glaciers is not necessarily attended

1 Even angular rock masses 20 or 30 feet in diameter are not alone sufficient evidence of glacial action, 

since such masses occur in alluvial cones in the arid regions 2 or 3 miles from the outcrop from which 

they were derived.

2 0n the former extent of the Triassic formation of the Atlantic States. Am. Nat., vol. xiv, 1880, 

p. 710.

3 Am. Jour. Sci., 3d ser., vol. XVII, 1879, p. 52.
52 -SHE ^WEWAEK SYSTEM. [BULL. 85.

with the extermination of the lower grades of marine life. Besides, the 

glacial hypothesis for accounting for the general absence of molluscari 

life in the Newark system is not the only one in the field; other more 

or less satisfactory explanations of the same phenomena have been 

offered, which do not imply an arctic climate.

From what has been stated in the last few pages it seems obvious 

that the only basis that can possibly be claimed for the glacial hypothesis under discussion, is the presence of coarse conglomerate along portions of the borders of the Newark areas. That the character and di stribution of this conglomerate are such as would result from the action of 

waves and currents along a shore from which debris was being derived 

is seemingly sufficiently upheld by observations to exclude other hypotheses.

As shown elsewhere in this paper the coarse deposits are not confined 

to the present surface, but occur at the base of the system and interstratified with fine sediments along certain portions of the margins of 

the existing areas. Furthermore, the fine sediments associated with 

the coarse deposits are not crumpled or contorted, as would be expected 

had glaciers ridden over them. The rock masses forming the conglomerate are usually either rounded or subangular, and are such as high 

grade streams might sweep down into an estuary. Large angular 

masses like those occurring on many glaciers are notably absent.

In reference to the break in the succession of animal life and the great 

changes in the flora of the Atlantic coast between the deposition of the 

Newark beds and the next succediug formation, it is to be remembered 

that a great unconformity occurs at this horizon which makes a gap in 

the life records. How long this time was we have no means of judging, unless it is that during the interval the animals characteristic of 

the Newark become extinct and the flora greatly modified. As is well 

known, such breaks in stratigraphy are accompanied by equal marked 

modifications in the life records at many horizons in geological history. 

To assume that the changes in the flora and fauna between the close 

of the Newark and the beginning of the next period of which there is 

any record in the Atlantic coast region are due to a glacial epoch is 

doing violence to a general rule. Great breaks in stratigraphy are always accompanied by breaks in the life records.

INDICATIONS OF A WILD CLIMATE.

In an essay on the subaerial decay of rocks and the origin of the red 

color of certain deposits,1 1 have shown that there are reasons for considering the characteristic red color of the rocks of the Newark system as 

due to the subaerial decay of the debris of which they are composed 

previous to its deposition. It is also shown in the paper referred to 

that such decay occurs especially in warm humid regions. The suggestion was also made, as has been done in substance previously by 

Yon Kichthofen, that the decay indicated by the character of the ma1 Bull. IT. S. Gcol. Survey, No. 52.
RESUME OF CHAPTER. 53

terial forming the Newark rocks may have occurred in a great measure 

during the Carboniferous. This hypothesis is not necessarily inconsistent with the hypothesis.of glaciatiou, however, as the accumulated 

debris resulting from a long period of decay might have been removed 

and deposited during a subsequent period of glaciation.

The plants that have been found in the Newark system are represented at the present time mainly by Araucariau pines, ferns, equiseta, 

and cycads, thus suggesting a temperate or subtropical climate. 

Although this flora is not inconsistent with the contemporaneous existence of local glaciers, yet it may be taken as evidence that a decidedly 

glacial period like that of the Pleistocene did not occur during the time 

it nourished.

CONCLUSIONS.

The absence of glacial records seems to warrant the conclusion that 

glaciers did not enter the basins in which the Newark rocks were deposited. It does not follow, however, that the Appalachians were not occupied by local glaciers. The suggestion that those mountains were 

higher in the Newark period than now, and were covered with perennial snow, while the adjacent low lands enjoyed a mild climate, seems 

an attractive and very possible hypothesis, but definite evidence as to 

its verity has not been obtained. The proof that the climate of the 

Atlantic slope during the Newark period resembled that of Italy at 

the present day, with glaciers on the neighboring mountains, must be 

looked for in the drainage and sculpturing of the mountains, and the 

character and distribution of the debris washed from them. A period 

of long decay preceding the birth of the Appalachian glaciers would 

have prepared land to furnish abundant debris when the facilities for 

transportation were augmented.

RESUME.

In this chapter an attempt has been made to show that the Newark 

sedimentary rocks including conglomerate, sandstones, and shales were 

probably deposited in tide-swept estuaries, while the carbonaceous 

shales and associated coal seams originated in basins more thoroughly 

shut off from the sea. The carbonaceous deposits are confined to the 

southern areas, and indicate that subsidence was there less rapid than 

farther north.

The eastern borders of the Newark estuary can only be determined 

in part; portions of an eastern shore are i>reserved in the Connecticut 

valley, and course conglomerates on the east side of the Deep river 

area seem to show that there was land to the eastward in that region, 

as has been suggested by Kerr. Further than tin's, the facts in hand 

do not warrant definite conclusions.

The .climate of the period does not seem to have been marked by extremes. Certainly the evidence indicating glaciation is weak, while the 

suggestion of a mild climate has many considerations in its favor.
OHAPTEE VI.

LIFE RECORDS.

The fossils now known from the system under review comprise two 

genera of Marsupialoid mammals; a large number of batrachians and 

reptiles, represented in part by bones and teeth, but principally by footprints; several genera of fishes; a few imperfectly preserved molluscan 

shells; a small number of insects, known from Iarva3 and tracks; crustaceans of the genera Estheria and Cladonia, and what are supposed 

to be the trails of higher forms, and a rich flora containing conifers, 

cycads, equiseta, and ferns.

The most abundant fossils are footprints and trails impressed upon 

the strata while in the condition of mud and sand and retained with 

wonderful fidelity. Eecords are thus preserved of many animals, some 

of them of gigantic size, no other relics of which have been found.

MAMMALS.

The mammalian remains thus far discovered consist of the jaws of 

insectivors, obtained by Emmons' at Egypt, in the Deep river area, 

North Carolina, some fifty years ago. These were described by Emmons under the name Dronotherium sylvestre, but have recently been 

revised by Osborn 2 , and shown to belong to two genera, for one of 

which the name Microconodon is proposed. The mammalian remains 

now known are Dronotlierium sylvestre Emm., and Microconodon tenuirostris Osb.

- BATRACHIANS AND REPTILES.

The earliest discovery of fossil bones in the Newark system was at 

Phrenixville, Pennsylvania. The fossils there obtained were determined 

to be reptilian remains by Isaac Leg,,3 and described by him. under the 

name Clepsysaurus pennsylvanicus. Clepsysaurus has since been referred to the Dinosauria by E. D. Cope.

1 American Geology, part vr. Albany, 1857, pp. 93-f)G.

2 Observations upon the Upper Triassic mammals Dronotherium and Microconodon. In Philadelphia 

Acad. Nat. Sci., Proc., vol. xxxvm, 1S87, pp. 259-3G3. A new mammal from the American Trias. Ill 

Science, vol. VIII, 1886, p. 540. The Triassic mammals Dronotherium ami Hicrucouodon. In Am. Phil. 

Soc., Proc., vol. xxiv, 1887, pp. 109-111, ]>1. op. p. 111.

3 Meutioned in Philadelphia Acad. Nat,. Sci., Proc., vol. v, 1850-'ul, p. 205. Described in Philadelphia Acad. Nat. Sci., Jour., 2d ser., vol. n, 1850-'54, pp. 185-202, pi. 17-19. 

54
BETRACHTANS AND REPTILES. 55

The next important discoveries were numerous reptilian teeth and 

fragments of bones obtained in North Carolina. These were studied by 

Leidy and Emmons, and descriptions and figures of them published.1

The Newark rocks near Phcenixville and Upper Milford, Pennsylvania, also yielded a number of vertebrate fossils, consisting of teeth and 

fragments of bone, which were studied and classified by Leidy and Lea.2

Reptilian bones were also found in the Connecticut valley and described by E. Hitchcock, 3 but these were too imperfect to admit of 

accurate determination.

Recently, the vertebrate fossils from the Newark rocks of North 

Carolina and Pennsylvania have been systematically investigated"by 

E. D. Cope,4 who has revised their classification and added several new 

names to the list.

One of the most important finds in recent years of Reptilian remains in 

the Newark rocks was near Manchester, Connecticut. This consisted 

of the skeleton of an animal 6 or 8 feet long, embedded in the ordinary brown sandstone of the region, which is supposed to have been 

nearly perfect when discovered, but owing to ignorance of its value, 

only portions were preserved. These have been described by Marsh5 

under the name An cMsauruft major. This was probably one of the 

reptiles thai, left their footprints in such abundance on the sandstones 

of the Connecticut valley, and encourages the hope that these rocks,

1 Geological Survey of the Midland Counties of North Carolina. New York, 185G, pp. 293-322, pi. 5-8. 

American Geology, part VI. Albany, 1857, pp. 54-93, pis. 5a, Ca, 8, 10.

2 Lea, Isaac: [On the finding of fossil reptile bones in a calcareous conglomerate near Upper Milford, 

Lehigh county, Pa.] In Philadelphia Acad. Nat. Sci., Proc., vol. v, 1852, pp. 171-172. Description of a 

Fossil Saurian of the New Red Sandstone formation of Pennsylvania, with some account of that formation. In Philadelphia Acad. Nat. Sci., Jour., 2d sor., vol. n, 1850-'54, pp. 185-202, pis. 17-19. Remarks 

on the teeth of a Sauroid Reptile from near Phcenixville [Pa.]. In Philadelphia Acad. Nat. Scfc, Proc., 

vol. vui, 185C, pp. 77-78. Ahstract in Am. Jour. Set., 2d ser., vol. xxn, 1850, pp. 122-123. [Remarks on 

fossils from near Phcenixvillo, Pa.] In Philadelphia Acad. Nat. Sci., Proc., vol. ix, 1858, p. 149.Leidy, 

Jos.: [Remarks on fossils found near Phceuixvillo, Pa.] In Philadelphia Acad. Nat. Sci., Proc., vol. XI, 

1859, p. 110.

3 Ichnology of New England: Boston, 1858, pp. 18G-187. Supplement to the Ichnology of New England : Boston, 1805, pp. 39-40, pi. 9.

4 The writings in which these fossils have been treated are noted below:

[Remarks on extinct vertebrates from the Mesozoic Red Sandstone of Pennsylvania.] Philadelphia 

Acad. Nat. Sci., Proc., vol. xvm, I860, pp. 249-250, 290.

Synopsis of the Extinct Batrachia, Roptilia, and Aves of North Carolina. Am. Phil. Soc., Trans., 

vol. xiv, 1871, pp. 1-252, pis. 1-14.

Observations on the Reptilia of the Triassic formations of the Atlantic region of the United States. 

Am. Phil. Soc., Proc., vol. XT, 1871, pp. 444-440.

Observations on the distribution of certain extinct Vertebrata in North Carolina. Am. Phil. Soc., 

Proc., vol. XII, 1871-'72, pp. 210-216, pis. 1-4.

Synopsis of the Vertebrata whose remains have been preserved in the formations of North Carolina. 

Report of the Geol. Surv. of North Carolina, vol. i. By W. C. Kerr, Raleigh, 1875. Appendix B, pp. 

29-52, pi. 5-8.

Descriptions of extinct Vertebrata from the Permian and Triassic formations of the United States. 

Am. Phil. Soo., Proc., vol. xvn, 1878, pp. 182-190.

On some Saurians found in the Triassic of Pennsylvania by C. M. Wheatley. Am. Phil. Soc., Proc., 

vol. xvn, 1858, pp. 231-232.

[Vertehrate'fossils of the Triassic beds of Pennsylvania.] In Sketch of the Geology of York 

County, Pennsylvania. By -P. Prazer. In Am. Phil. Soc., Proc., vol. xxin, 1886, pp. 403-404.

A contribution to the history of the Vertebrata of the Trias of North America. In Am. Phi 1. Soc., 

Proc., vol. xxrv, 1887, pp. 228-229, pi. 1,2.

5 Notice of New American Diuoaauria. In Am. Jour. Sci., 3d ser., vol. xxxvii, 1889, pp. 331,332.
56 THE NEWARK SYSTEM. [BULL. 85.

usually so barren in organic remains, may yield other vertebrate remains 

in the future. Marsh has published a figure of the hind foot of this 

fossil, and states that it is nearly related to the animal whose remains 

were found at Springfield, Massachusetts, and described by Hitchcock 1 

under the name of Megadactylus polyzelus. Both fossils are referred to 

the same genus by Marsh.

In studying the records that have been made from time to time of 

the vertebrate fossils of the Newark rocks, one is impressed by the 

large number of the genera and species that have been established on 

very fragmentary remains. It seems, at least to one who is not a paleontologist, that many changes in their classification must be expected 

when more complete material is in hand. The detached teeth and fragments of bone that have been found, however, are important in showing that the Newark period had an abundant and varied batrachian 

and reptilian fauna. This fact is also manifest from the numerous footprints discovered.

No bones or other remains of birds have been obtained. This, 

although negative evidence, supports in a measure the conclusion 

reached by various students of the subject, to the effect that the abundant footprints discovered in the Connecticut valley, New Jersey, and 

Pennsylvania were made by reptiles.

The batrachians and reptiles from the Newark system, now known 

from fragments of their skeletons are as follows:

Name. Localities.

Eupelor durur Cope..........

Pariostegus myope Cope......

Dictyocephalus elegans Leidy.

Anchisaurus major Marsh. 

Belodon pirscus Leidy..... 

S. caroliniensis Emm......

J9. leaii Emni .....................

B. lepttirus Cope..................

Paleosaurus frazerianus Cope ....

Suchoprion cyphodon Cope........

S. aulacodus Cope ................

Olepsysaurus pennsylvanicus Lea . 

O. beatleiamis Cope...............

Palaeoctonus appalachianus Cope. 

Thecodontosaunts gibbidens Cope.

Pliomixville, Pa. 

North Carolina. 

Do.

Manchester, Conn. 

Emylsville and Phcenixville, Pa. 

Egypt, N. C., Emylsville, and Phcenixville, Pa.

Do.

Egypt, N. C., and Phoenixville, Pa. 

Emylsville, Pa.

Do.

Do.

Phoenixville, Pa. 

Emylsville, Pa.

Do.

Do.

FISHES.

A monograph by Newberry, on the fossil fishes of the Newark system, has recently been published, which contains all the information

1 Supplement to the Ichnology of New England. Boston, 1805, pp. 39-40, pi. 9.
RUSSELL. ] FOSSIL FISHES. 57

obtainable on the subject and renders it unnecessary at this time to 

refer to the wo»ks of previous writers in this connection. In the work 

referred to twenty-eight species of fossil fishes are described and referred to seven genera. The works of previous authors, including 

those of Emmons, W. C. Redfield, J. H. Iledfield, and others, have been 

revised and a large amount of new material added. This important 

.monograph places our knowledge of the fossil fishes of the Newark 

system on an equality with, if not in advance of, that of any other rock 

i series in this country.

The fossils described and illustrated by Newberry were obtained from 

Boonton, New Jersey. Durham, Connecticut, and 'Turner Falls, Massachusetts. They occur for the most part in fine grained black shales, 

and are to be looked for anywhere in the Newark system, where rocks 

of this description occur. The localities now known from which fossil 

fishes have been obtained in greater or less abundance in the system 

under review are as follows: Clover Hill and Maniken, Virginia; 

Phoenixville, and Yerkes, Pennsylvania; Boonton, Ponrpton Furnace, 

Weehawken, Shady Side, Field's copper mine (near Dunellen; this locality is in Washington valley, 2 miles northwest of Dunellen, and is 

probably referred to as "Plainfield" by Newberry), and Washington 

Crossing (8 miles above Trenton), New Jersey; Durham, Westneld, 

Middlefield, Glastonbury, Middletown, Berlin, and Southbury, Connecticut; Aniherst, Chicopee Falls, Hadley Falls, Middletown, Sunderland, Turner Falls, Deerfield, and West Springfield, Massachusetts.

All of the fossil fishes thus far discovered at these localities are 

Ganoids, and, with one exception, have small rhomboidal scales and 

belong to the order Lepidosteidae. The exception is Diplurus, described 

by Newb.erry, which is referred to the order Crossopterygidse.

The genera and species now known from, these rocks are as follows:

Fossil fishes of the Newark system.

Name. Locality.

Acentrophorus chicopens-is Newb. 

Gatopterns redfleldi Egt..........

G. anguilliformis W. C. R. .......

C. gracilis'W.C.'R. ..............

C. minor Newb ..................

G. ornatus Newb ................

C.parvulus'W.C.'R .............

Diclyopyge macrura Egt........

Dipturus longicaudatus Newb ... 

Ischypterus agassizii W. C. R.....

/. alatus Newb ..................

I. braunii Newb .................

I. elegans Newb .................

I. fultus Ag .....................

/. gigas ITewb ...................

Llatus J>H.R ..................

Massachusetts.

New Jersey (?), Connecticut, Massachusetts (?).

New Jersey, Connecticut, Massachusetts (?).

New Jersey, Connecticut.

Connecticut.

Do.

New Jersey, Connecticut, Massachusetts. 

Virginia.

New Jersey, Connecticut. 

New Jersey, Connecticut, Massachusetts. 

New Jersey.

Do.

Do.

New Jersey, Connecticut, Massachusetts. 

New Jersey. 

New Jersey, Connecticut.
58 THE NEWARK SYSTEM. [BULL. 85. 

Fossil fishes of the Newark system Continued.

Name. Locality.

I. lentieularis Newb . 

I. lineatus Newb .... 

I. macropterus W. C. 

I. marshii W. C. R ... 

I. micropterus Newb 

J. minutus NeVb .... 

I. modestus Newb ... 

I. ovatus W. C. R .... 

J. 2?ar»ws "W". C. E .... 

1. robustus Newb ....

J. fenuiceps Ag ...........

Ptyclolepis marshii Newb.

New Jersey.

Do.

Connecticut. 

Massachusetts. 

New Jersey, Connecticut, Massachusetts.

Do.

New Jersey.

New Jersey, Connecticut, Massachusetts. 

New Jersey, Connecticut (?), Massachusetts. 

New Jersey.

New Jersey, Connecticut, Massachusetts. 

Connecticut.

INSECTS.

The presence of insect life in the Newark period is recorded by the 

larva of a certain insect in considerable numbers in the rocks of the 

Connecticut valley, and by numerous trails and minute footprints on 

the glossy surfaces of certain strata in the same region. The larva referred to has been found at Turner Falls, Massachusetts, and was figured by Hitchcock1 under the name Mormolucoides articulatus. It has 

been more recently described and figured by Scudder,2 who concludes 

that it is probably the larva of a Sialidan neuropteron, and remarks 

that it has special interest from the fact that it is the oldest insect larva 

known.

In "The Ichnology of New England" the footprints of insects are included under one head with those supposed to have been made by crustaceans and myriapocls, but in the " Supplement to the Ichnology of 

New England" they stand by themselves and include twenty-four species referred to eight genera. Some of these are illustrated by photographs by Hitchcock, and others are shown in a similar manner by 

Deane 3 in his beautifully illustrated work on the footprints of the Connecticut valley.

The classification proposed by Hitchcock for these delicate impressions is based wholly on the footprints themselves, and would no doubt 

be greatly modified if additional data were obtained. The markings 

are of great value, however, and record faithfully that there was an 

abundance of invertebrate life on the shores where the gigantic reptiles of the Newark period made their home.

1 "The Ichnology of New England," pp. 7-8, pi. 7. v

2 Tho oldest known insect larva, Morinolucoides arliculatus, from the Connecticut river rocks. In 

Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Mem., vol. in, 1880, pp. 431-438, pi. 45. Republisued in the Fossil insects of 

North America. New York, 1890. 4'", vol. I, pp. 323-330, pi. 19.

'Ichnographs from the sandstone of the Connecticut river. Boston, 1861. Pis. 40-41.
RUSSELL.] CRUSTACEANS. 59

CRUSTACEANS.

In the fine black shales and slates, and sometimes in the reddish 

brown shales accompanying the coal seams of the Deep river, Dan 

river, and Eichinond areas, are great numbers of small crustaceans, 

belonging to the genera Estheriae and Candoriia (cypridse). The same 

fossils occur in abundance in the black shale at Phcenixville, Pennsylvania, and in the similar rocks beneath the Palisades in New Jersey. 

They have recently been found also by Nason 1 at many other localities 

in New Jersey, and are thought by him to belong to certain definite horizons, and therefore to be of value in deciphering the structure of the 

system. The occurrence of these fossils throughout a wide range in 

the fine grained strata at the south, has led the present writer to doubt 

their value in determining special horizons, and indicates that they 

may be expected almost anywhere in the system where fine grained 

rocks occur.

These fossils attracted the attention of the pioneer geologists of the 

Eastern states, and were described in part by Eogers, Lyell, Lea, Emmons, and others; but the most systematic and exhaustive study of them 

that has been made is by Jones.2 In the important monograph by this 

author the descriptions and discussions of previous writers are reviewed, and the fossils themselves described and illustrated. The several genera and species proposed by previous writers are shown to belong to a single species of Estherise and two species of Cadonia (?). 

The classification of these fossils as it now stands is as follows: Ustheria ovata Lea (including the Posidonomya minuta, of Eogers and Lyell; 

Posidonia Lea; P. parva Lea; P. ovalis Emm.; P. multicostata Emm.; 

P. triangularis Einrn.); Candona (*?) rogersi, Jones (including,, the 

Cypris, of Eogers, Leidy and Wheatley, and Bairidia and Cypris, of 

Einmons); Candona (*?) emmonsii Jones (including the granulated 

species of Cypris, mentioned by Eogers and Wheatley). Full references to the writings of previous authors on these fossils will be found 

in the monograph just cited.

Besides the cases of minute crustaceans referred to above, fragments 

of a shell of Limulus and of other crustaceans have been reported by 

Wheatley3 from the black shales near Phoenixville, Pennsylvania, but 

these remains seem to have been too imperfect to admit of more than 

a provisional classification.

Among the numerous tracks discovered on the sandstone of the 

Connecticut valley, there are a number which seem to have been made 

by crustaceans, some of them of large size, as was determined by 

Hitchcock. Several illustrations of these footprints are given by

'Gool. Snrv. of New Jersey, Aim. Hop. for 1888, pp. 28-30.

2 A Monograph of the Fossil Esthorite. Paloontojjra-phioal Society, London, 1802. 4to. Pp. 81-89, 

124-120, pi. 2.

"Remarks on the Mosozoic red sandstone of the Atlantic slope, and notice of the discovery of a 

hone-hod therein at Phoonixville, Pa., in Am. Jour. Sci., 2d ser., vol. xxxn, p. 43.
60 THE NEWARK SYSTEM. [BULL. 85.

Hitchcock in his work on Ichuology. From the meager records left by 

these animals, it is manifest that AVC must wait for further evidence 

before their place in the zoological series can be assigned.

MOLLUSKS.

Molluscan remains are exceedingly rare in the rocks of the Newark 

system. The earliest record of the supposed occurrence of a shell is 

by E. Hitchcock, jr. The fossil referred to was found in the coarse 

sandstone of Mount Tom, Hampshire county, Massachusetts, and was 

thought by its discoverer to be allied to the Rudistce of Lamarck, but 

the fossil was so imperfect that even its family relations could not be 

assigned with confidence. From the description and the rude figure 

published by Hitchcock, 1 it seems doubtful if the object referred to can 

even be classed among mollusks. Even if it is a shell, as supposed, its 

imperfect condition and the fact that no other specimens have been 

found, deprive it of nearly all taxonomic value. It Avas used by Hitchcock,2 hoAvever, as evidence of the post-Triassic age of the rocks in 

which it Avas found.

Two species of Astarte, from near Washington, Middlesex county, 

NeAV Jersey, were described as being from the rocks now under discussion, by T. A. Conrad,3 but the rocks in Avhich they Avere found have 

been shown by Whitfield4 to belong to the Haritan clays, Avhich are 

classed by McG-ee 5 in the Potoinac formation. Conrad has also described 

a fossil shell, Solemya triasinaf from near Perkionien creek, Avhich 

empties into the Schyulkill near Valley Forge, Pennsylvania, and still 

another, the Myacites pennsylvanicusf from Phodnixville, Pennsylvania.

Lewis 8 announced in 1884, the discovery of five distinct species of 

larnellibranchs at Phcenixville, Pennsylvania. Two of these are Unios 

somewhat resembling U. calceolus and U. lanceolatus, of Lea; the others 

were marine forms. In order to complete the record certain doubtful 

references of fossil shells to the Newark rocks may be mentioned. Isaac 

Lea 9 found small gasteropod shells in calcareous conglomerate, but those 

Avere probably in fragments of Silurian limestone contained in the conglomerate. Another discovery referred Avlth doubt to this system, Avas

1 A new fossil shell in the Connecticut river sandstone, in Ain. Jour. Sci., vol. xxn, 1850, pp. 239-240. 

"Ichnology of New England, pp. 6-7, pi. 5.

3 Descriptions of and references to Miocene shells of the Atlantic slope, and descriptions of two 

supposed Cretaceous species, in Am. Jour. Conch., vol. IV, 1868, p. 279.

4 Brachiopoda and Lamellibranchiata of the Raritan clays and greensand marls of New Jersey; U. 

S. Geol. Surv., Monograph vol. ix, 1886, pp. 22-27.

6 Three formations of the Middle Atlantic slope, in Am. Jour. Sci., 3d ser., vol. XXV, 1888, pp. 136-137. 

6 Descriptions of new fossil Mollusca, principally Cretaceous, in Am. J our. Conch., vol. V, 1870, p. 102. 

NOTE. From the arrangement of this article it would appear that three other fossils, one of them

from Haddentield, N. J., were also referred to the Newark system, but it does not seeiu as if this could 

Lave been Conrad's intentions. I. 0. 11.

'Description of new species of Myacites, in Philadelphia Acad. Nat. Sci., Proc., vol. ix, 1857, p. 166, 

vol. xn, plate.

8 Science, vol. in, p..295.

"Phil. Acad. Nat. Sci., Jour. n. s., vol.n, 1853, p. 194.
RUSSELL.] ICHNOLOGY. 61

made by W. M. Gabb,1 at Warm Springs, Virginia; we now know that 

the beds at that locality are much older than the Newark.

The nearly complete absence of inolluscan fossils and the total absence 

of sponges, corals, and other life records characteristic of oceanic conditions, as well as the discovery of Unios by Lewis is evidence that the 

waters in which the Newark beds were deposited were not in open communication with the ocean.

FOOTPRINTS.

Footprints in sandstone and stale have been found at a large number 

of localities in the Connecticut valley, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania. 

In the areas south of Pennsylvania no records of this character have yet 

been discovered. The numerous localities in the Connecticut valley in 

which footprints have been obtained are indicated in part on the map 

accompanying Hitchcock's work on Ichnology. In New Jersey these 

fossils have been found at New Yernon, Whitehall, Pompton Furnace, 

and Boonton, Morris county; underneath the Palisades at Weehawken, 

in Washington valley near Plainfield, near Princeton; anil at Milford 

and Tumble station on the Delaware. ^The localities that have yielded 

the most abundantly are Whitehall and Milford.

In Pennsylvania fossil footprints were found many years ago and 

described by Lea.2 More recently they have been found by Wanner 3 

in considerable numbers, at Goldsboro, York county. Many of the footprints from New Jersey and Pennsylvania have been examined by 0. 

H. Hitchcock, and found to belong to the species which occur in the 

Connecticut valley.

The history of the discovery of footprints in the Connecticut valley 

is well known and does not require more than brief mention at this time. 

The chief works on the subject are indicated below,4 and in these references will be found to earlier publications.

In Hitchcock's great work on the Ichuology of New England, and in 

the supplement that followed, the footprints of more than one hundred 

distinct species of animals, some of them of gigantic size, were described 

and named. In this investigation the footprints alone were available 

for study, and on them a detailed classification was based. In this 

classification the footprints are referred to animals ranging from inarsupialoid mammals, through birds, batrachians, lizards, turtles, crustaceans, myriapods and insects to annelids. There are besides certain 

peculiar markings which are supposed to have been made by fishes. 

In addition to the records of animal life, the surfaces bearing the footprints are frequently pitted with raindrop impressions, beautifully coriJ. Acad. Nat. Sci., Jour., vol. IV, I860, p. 307.

2 Philadelphia Acad. Nat. Sci., Proc., vol. vrn, 1856, p. 8.

3 Annual Report of the 2el Geol. Surv. of Pennsylvania, for 1887, Harrisburg, 1889, pp. 31-35.

4 Hitchcock, E. : Ichnology of Now England, Boston, 1858,4to. pp. i-xn, 1-220, pis. 1-60. Supplement 

to the Ichnology of New England, Boston, 1805, pp. r-x, 1-96, pis. 1-20. Deane, J. Iclmographs from 

the sandstone of the Connecticut river. Boston 1801, 4to, pp. 1-61, pis. 1-40.
62 THE NEWARK SYSTEM. [BULL. 85.

rugated with ripple marks, and covered with a network of intersecting 

shrinkage cracks.

The majority of the tracks discovered by Hitchcock have three toes, 

and were supposed by him to have been made by birds. This conclusion has subsequently been greatly modified owing to the fact that four 

and five toed tracks have been discovered in such relation to the threetoed ones, as to show that the animals that made them were four footed. 

The true ornithic character of any of the tracks can not be considered 

as proved, and the opinion now prevails among those best qualified to 

judge in such matters, that the greater part of the tracks were made 

by reptiles and amphibians.

PLANTS.

Fossil plants have been found in several of Newark areas, from the 

Connecticut valley southward, but they occur in greatest abundance in 

connection with the coal seains of the Kichinond and Deep river areas. 

In the Connecticut valley they have been found sparingly at Turner Falls 

and Sunderland, Massachusetts, and at Durham, Middletown and Portland, Connecticut. In New Jersey they occur in small numbers at Newark, Milford, Boonton, and a few other less important localities. In 

Pennsylvania a few have been found at Phcenixville, Guynedd, and 

Goldsboro. In the Eichmond area they occur in great abundance at 

Clover Hill, and have been found at Midlothian and Manikin, Deep 

run, etc., where fine, dark slates occur. They have been found al in 

the Farmville area, but no considerable collections have been made 

there. In the Deep river area they are abundant in the fine slates associated with the coal deposits near Egypt, and were found also by 

Emmons in considerable numbers near Locksville, in a dark slate intimately associated with coarse conglomerate.

In the northern areas the plant remains are largely in sandstone, and 

consist usually of the more durable portions of plants which could withstand long transportation. At several places in the Connecticut valley 

and New Jersey they consist of stems deprived of their leaves and bark 

and scattered through the sandstone. In such cases it is evident that 

they have been subjected to long transportation, and swept into the 

areas of deposition from neighboring highlands. In the south, however, 

the conditions in the majority of instances were different, the plants 

were preserved where they grew, and even the most delicate fronds 

were faithfully preserved. In some of the sandstone areas the silicified 

trunks of trees are preserved in considerable numbers. One of the 

most important localities is at German town, at the southern end of the 

Dan river area. Similar silicified trunks have also been found atManassas, Virginia, and in Massachusetts.

Obscure vegetable remains from the Connecticut valley were described 

principally by Hitchcock, but were too imperfect to be of much value. 

The plants of the Richmond coal field attracted the attention of Rogers
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVFY BULLETIN NO. 85 PL. VIII

MACROT/ENIOPTERIS MAGNIFOLIA.
RUSSELL.] * PLANTS. 63

and of Lyell, while those of North Carolina were described and illustrated by Emmons.

A few plants from the Richmond coal field found their way to Europe 

and were described in the classic works of Schimper and Brongniart. 

Eecent studies of these fossils, however, have carried our knowledge of 

them far beyond the early attempts, and in the monographs of Foutaine 1 and Newberry2 is contained our present knowledge of this flora.

In Fontaine's monograph descriptions and figures are given of fortytwo species of fossil plants from the Eichrnond coal field, and it is supplemented by descriptions of about the same number from North Carolina by Emmons. ^he contributions to this, flora from, the localities 

mentioned in New Jersey and the Connecticut valley are few in number 

and consist principally of the leaves of cycads. The plants thus far 

found include conifers, cycads, equiseta, and ferns, besides a few species 

the relations of which have not been definitely determined. The most 

characteristic and at the same time the most abundant is a magnificent 

broad-leafed fern, referred to the genus Macrotceniopterus. The appearance of this beautiful plant as it grew beside the still waters of 

the ancient swamps of Virginia, is shown in Plate vul. This restoration has the approval of Fontaine, and may help to render more real 

the usual fragmentary records from winch our knowledge of this ancient 

flora is derived. The luxuriant subtropical vegetation of the Rowlands 

of Virginia during the Newark period has its nearest analogue to-day 

in the silent fern forests of New Zealand. In Virginia the ground 

must have been thickly covered with lowly ferns, above Avhich rose 

the graceful bending equiseta and those ferns which had broad, palmlike fronds. On the drier ground grew the stiff-leafed cycads with 

their immense cones. The uplands must have been clothed with a dark 

forest of pine resembling the beautiful Auracaia now growing in certain 

of the South Sea islands. This beautiful flora, which to us seems so 

strange, probably covered all the region adjacent to the basin in which 

the Newark rocks were being deposited. In the swamps of the South 

where the conditions were most favorable for its preservation abundant 

records were preserved, but in the North only occasional fronds and 

water-worn trunks were deposited in the accumulating sands.

The plants now known from the Newark system are indicated in the 

following list. In making this catalogue the works of Fontaine and 

Newberry have been followed, but Fontaine's monograph has recently 

been reviewed by Stur, 3 and many of the plants described in it identified with those of the Lettenkohlen of Germany. Should these identifications prove correct many of the names given in the list will have to 

be changed.

1 IT. S. Gcol. Surv., Monograph vol. G, 1883. 

2 TJ. S. Geol. Surv., Monograph vol. 14,1888.

3 Dio Lunzer-(Lettenkohlen-) Flora in den " older Mesozoic beds of the Coal Fields of Eastern Virginia." In Verhandlungen der K. K. geologischeu lleichsanstalt, No. 10, 1888, pp. 203-217.
64 THE NEWARK SYSTEM.

Plants from the Newark System.

[BULL. 85.

Name.

CONIFER-32.

Araucarites carolinensis.

B. miinsteriana ..........

Pachyphyllum brovifolinm.

Palissya ..........

Palissya ..........

KA.MIEM AND CVCADE^S.

Ctenophyllum braunianum, var. a. 

C. braunianufh, var.B...

C. Unbare ................

Cycadinocarpus ohapini. 

Dioonites lougifolius ....

Otozamites brevifolius -.

0. latior. ................

 Podozamites enimonsi . . .

Pterophyllum, afflno. . . .

P. inaeqnale ..... ........ 

P. pectinatum ...........

Sphenozamites rogersianus. 

Zamiostrobus virginiensis. 

Z. emmonsi .............

Locality.

North Carolina. 

Connecticut valley, 

North Carolina, Virginia. 

Connecticut valley, 

North Carolina. 

Connecticut valley, 

New Jersey. 

Connecticut valley, 

New Jersey, Virginia. 

North Carolina. 

Connecticut valley, 

New Jersey. 

New Jersey. 

North Carolina. 

Do. . 

Do.

North Carolina, Virginia. 

North Carolina. 

Do. 

Virginia. 

Do. 

North Carolina. 

Do. 

Do. 

Virginia. 

North Carolina. 

Do. 

Virginia. 

Connecticut valley. 

North Carolina, New 

Jersey. 

Connecticut valley. 

North Carolina. 

Connecticut valley. 

North Carolina, Virginia. 

Virginia.

North Carolina, Virginia. 

Virginia. 

North Carolina. 

Do. 

North Carolina, Virginia. 

Virginia.

North Carolina.

Name.

EQDISETE^E.

Calamites arenaceus ..... 

Equisotura ariind.in.iforme.

E. rogersi ..... ..........

Schizonoura planicostata.

F1UCES.

Acrostichides clensifolius.

A. microphyllus .........

A. rhombifolius, v a r. 

rarinervis. 

Actinopteris quadrifoliata. 

Asterocarpus pen ti carpas. 

A. platyrachis ...........

A. virginiensis ..........

A. virginiensis, var. obtusiloba. 

Asplcnites rb'sserti ...... 

Cladophlebis auriculata. .

C. psoudo-whitbiensis . .

C. platyphylla, var. expansa. 

Dicranopteris, sp ?...... 

Lacopteris oramonsi ....

Lonchopteris ublongus - 

L. virginiensis .... ..... 

Macrotfcniopteris erassinervia.

Locality.

Virginia. 

Do. ,

Connecticut valley. 

North Carolina, New 

Jersey, Virginia. 

Connecticut valley, 

New Jersey, Virginia. 

Virginia. 

Do.

Virginia.

North Carolina. 

North Carolina, Virginia. 

Virginia. 

North Carolina, Virginia. 

Virginia.

North Carolina. 

Virginia. '

North Carolina, Virginia. 

Virginia. 

Do.

North Carolina, 

North Carolina, Virginia. 

Virginia. 

North Carolina. 

Virginia. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Connecticut valley, 

New Jersey, Vir 

ginia. 

Virginia.

Do. 

North Carolina. 

Do. 

 Do. 

Do. 

Virginia. 

Do.
EUSSELL.] PLANTS OF THE NEWARK SYSTEM.

Plants from the Newark System Continued.

65

Name. '

KILICES continued. 

M. inagnifolia. ...........

Merteuskles bullatus ....

Pecopteris rariuervis ....

vosa.

Locality.

North Carolina, Virginia. 

North Carolina, Virginia,

North Carolina, Virginia.

ginia.

Name.

FILICES continued. 

P. reticulata .............

Sagenopteris rhoilblia . . .

RELATIONS.

Dendrophycus triassicus

Locality.

North Carolina, ATirgiuia. 

North Carolina, Virginia.

Connecticut valley.

Virginia.

Besides the plants catalogued above, a lew minor discoveries may be 

noted: Isaac Lea 1 has recorded the discovery of a single plant resembling Noegyerathia cuneifolia Brog., near Phosnixville, Pennsylvania. 

A fucoid named Palwophycus limaciformis Lew., was found by LeAvis,2 

at Milford, New Jersey. A stem with markings similar to those of Lepidodendron was found at Belleville, New Jersey.3

'Phil. Acad. Nat. Sci., Proc., vol. vm, 1856, i>. 78. 

"Phil. Acad. Nat. Sci., Proc., vol. xxxn, 1880, p. 293. 

s Geol. of N. J., Ann. Rep. for 1879. pp. 20-27.

Bull. 85 5
CHAPTEK VII.

ASSOCIATED IGNEOUS ROCKS.

Intimately associated with the sedimentary strata of the Newark 

system in nearly all its various areas, are dikes and sheets of igneous 

rock. The outcrops of these rocks are everywhere remarkably uniform 

in general appearance, and have but little variety in their niineralogical and chemical composition. They are classed as basalt and dolerite by petrographers, but have all been known as "trap rocks," a term 

sufficiently accurate, for general use and which will be retained in this 

paper.

In the various Newark areas trap rock appears in two ways, either 

as dikes breaking across the sedimentary strata, or as sheets more or 

less uniformly interbedded with them. The sheets are either extrusive, 

and were spread out as overflows of lava before the accumulation of 

, the sedimentary strata was completed, and subsequently buried beneath 

the shales and sandstones of later date; or intrusive, and forced in 

between the strata after their consolidation.

The trap rocks are not confined to the Newark areas, but, in the form 

of dikes, occur throughout nearly the entire Atlantic coast plain and in 

the adjacent Appalachians. The evidence showing that the trap dikes 

in the crystalline and Paleozoic rocks surrounding the Newark areas 

are a part of the same great system of dikes and sheets occurring within 

those areas, will be stated in describing their geographical distribution. 

The age of the trap rocks and their importance in a general study of 

the Atlantic coast region, will be considered in the summary at the end 

of this chaptefc.

MINEBALOGICAL COMPOSITION.

As one sees the traps in the field, they are dense, heavy rocks, having a dull, nearly black color when somewhat weathered, but frequently 

appear bluish or greenish on fresh surfaces. They appear under two 

general aspects, compact and vesicular. The former occurs in dikes 

and sheets, and is frequently columnar, while the latter occurs almost 

entirely in sheets. The vesicular trap has frequently been changed to 

am amygdaloid by the filling of its cavities with a secondary mineral.

Determinations of specific gravity and mineralogical analyses of trap 

rock from various localities, from Nova Scotia to the Carolinas, have
RUSSELL.] ASSOCIATED TRAP ROCKS. 67

shown that they are remarkably similar throughout their entire extent. 1 

Their essential elements in an unweathered condition, as shown by E. S. 

Dana, are pyroxene, labradorite, and magnetite, with occasionally some 

chrysolite and apatite; chlorite is often present as a result of local change.

It has been shown by Hawes that the feldspar element is not a single 

feldspar, but labradorite and another mineral havin gtheratio of andesine.

The iron, in places at least, is uncombined, as has been shown by Van 

Dyck, and elsewhere appears as magnetite and titanic iron. Among 

the minerals resulting from secondary alteration are a great variety of 

zeolites, calcites, etc.

As determined by Iddings,2 the trap rocks are generally holocrystalline, and formed of lath-shaped basic feldspar, irregular grains and 

crystals of angite, grains of iron oxide, together with considerable green 

serpentine or chlorite, which is disseminated through the mass and is 

evidently the alteration product of a fourth primary constituent. Specimens collected at Orange, New Jersey, Avhere the trap occurs in large, 

well defined columns, when examined in thin sections, however, were 

found not to be holocrystalline, but to contain a variable amount of 

glass base. The large serpentine blotches contain olivine in their 

centers, the primary mineral from which the serpentine is formed. 

This rock is in every way identical with many medium grained basalts 

which have been poured out at the surface in recent times, and should 

be called basalt. The coarser grained varieties are dolerite, as determined by E. S. Dana. The presence of hornblende as an essential constituent in the trap near Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, has been reported 

by Frazer.3

It has been shown by several petrographers that when the rock is 

somewhat altered, either during its extrusion, through the action of 

heated solutions, or by weathering after exposure at the surface, that 

hydration has taken place and various secondary minerals formed. 

When the trap rocks are more thoroughly decomposed, they form a 

tenaceous residual clay, usually yellowish or mottled in polor, and 

showing no resemblance to the rock from which it was derived. In 

the unglaciated portions of the Newark belt the trap rocks are frequently completely decomposed to a depth of from twenty to fifty feet. 

Owing to their greater solubility than the adjacent sandstone and shales,

1 Dana, J. D. [Density and composition of Newark Dolerites]: Aui. Jour. Sci., 3d ser., vol. VI, 1873, 

pp. 106-107. Dana, E. S.: Trap rocks of tho Connecticut valley. Am. Ass. Adv. Sci., Proc., vol. xxill, 

1874, pp. 45^i7. Van Dyck [Native iron in the trap rocks of New Jersey]: Geol. Surv. of New Jersey, Ann. Kept, for 1874, p. 57. ITrazer, P.: On the traps of tho Mesozoic sandstone in York and 

Adams counties, Pennsylvania. Am. Phil. Soc., Proc., vol. xiv, 1875, pp. 402-414, 431; Pis. 1-4. Also, 

Second Geol. Surv.of Pennsylvania, vol. C, 1876, pp. 124-129; pis. 2, 3. Frazer.P.: A Study of the Igneous Rocks. Am. lust. Mining Eng., Trnus., vol. V, 1877, p. 146. On the physical and chemical characteristics of the trap occurring at Williams Point (Lancaster County, Pennsylvania). Am. Phil. Soc., 

Proc., vol. xviti, 1880, pp. 96-103, and plate. Hawes, G. W.: On the mineralogical composition of the 

normal Mesozoic diabase upon the Atlantic border. TJ. S. Natl. Mus., Proc., vol. iv, 1881, pp. 129-134. 

Marsters, V. F.: Triassic traps of Nova Scotia. In American Geologist, vol. v, 1890, pp. 144-145.

2 The Columnar structure in the Igneous Rocks of Orange Mountain, N. J. ; Am. Jour. Sci., 3d ser., 

vol. xxxi, pp. 321-331, PI. 9. 

"Am, Phil. Soc., Proc., vol. xiv, 18.75. p. 43.
68 THE NEWARK SYSTEM. [BULL. 85.

they frequently give origin to depressions in the topography of the 

region -they traverse. 1 In the glaciated region the outcropping edges of 

trap sheets usually stand in bold relief. The difference in their appearance in glaciated and uuglaciated regions is due to the fact that while 

more resistant than the associated strata to mechanical erosion, they 

are usually much more susceptible to chemical changes. "

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION.

Numerous analyses of the trap rocks have been made; principally 

from Connecticut valley, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania. It is not 

necessary to assemble these analyses here, as they may be found from 

the following references; but, in order to show the general composition 

of the rock, the average composition of eight samples of unaltered 

dolerite from New Jersey and the Connecticut valley, analyzed by 

G. W. Hawes, is inserted.

Average composition of unaltered doJerite.*

Per cent. 

Silica (SiOs) ............................................ 52-50

Alumina (A12 0;|) ........................................ 14-15

Ferrous oxide (FeO). .................................... 9'24

Ferric oxide (FejOs). ........-............-...'........... 1-96

Maiiganous oxide (MiiO) ................................ G"45

Liiue (CaO)............................................. 10-03

Magnesia (MgOJ......................................... 7-48

Chromic oxide (Ci^Os)...................................

Soda (NaaO)..,......................................... 2-30

Potash (K2O)........................................... 0-69

Phosphoric acid (P2Oft).................................. 0'14

Titanic acid (TiO2 )........................V ............

Water (by ignition, (H2 0) .............................. 0-92

Total......................................... 99-86

'Bull. TJ. S. Geol. Surv., No. 52, pp. 15-18.

2 Analyses «f Newark trap rocks may bo found as follows:

Cook, G. H.: [Name of analyst not given]. Analyses of trap from many localities in New Jersey; 

Geol. of N. J., 1868, pp. 215-218.

Tysoii, S. T.: Analysis of "West llock, Coun. Am. Jour. Sci., 3d ser., vol. vi, 1873, p. 107.

Alien, 0. D.: Partial analysis of trap from near lake Saltoustall, Conn. Am. Jour. Sci., 3d ser., vol. 

VI, 1873, p. 107.

Mixter, W. G.: Analysis of traps from the Palisades, N. J. Am. Jour. Sci., 3d ser., vol. vi, 1873, p. 10C.

Hawes, G. AV.: Analyses of trap from AVest .Rock, Wiutergreeu lake, lake Saltoustall, South Durham mountain, Conn.; Mt. Holyoke, Mass., and Jersey City, N. J. Am. Jour. Sci., 3d ser., vol. ix. 

1875, pp. 185-192, 454-457.

Frazer, P.: Discussion of the analyses of trap rock from West Rock, Conn., and from near York, Pa. 

Second Geol. Surv: of Pa., vol.c, pp. 118-124.

Geuth, jr., F. A.: Analyses of trap rocks from Pennsylvania, lu Second Geol. Surv. of Pa., vol. C 0. 

1881, pp. 94-99, 134. Analyses of trap from Gulf Mills, Pa. Am. Phil. Soc., Proc., vol. XXII, 1885, p. 

454. Analysis of trap from Cornwall iron mines, Pa. Ann. Hep. 2d. Geol. Surv. Pa., for 1885, pp. 

498-499. Analyses of trap from Williams Point, Lancaster county. Pa. Am. Phil. Soc., Proc., vol. 

xvnr, 1880, p. 96.

Gcilttl, T?. A. 1. Analysis of trap from near York, Pa. Second Geol. Surv. of Pa., vol. C, 1876, pp. 

12--124. Analyses of minerals ami rocks from Bucks, Montgomery, and Philadelphia counties, Pa. 

Second Geol. Surv. of Pa., vol. C 6, 1881, pp. 94-99, 134.

Chatard, T. M.: Analyses of decomposed trap from North Carolina. Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv., No. 52, 

1889, p. 18.
RUSBEU,.] TRAP DIKES AND SHEETS. 69 

CHARACTERISTICS OF TRAP DIKES.

The general trend of the dikes throughout the Newark system and 

in the surrounding areas is northeast and southwest. Those in the 

crystalline rocks, as a rule, are narrower than those penetrating sedimentary strata. Where dikes occur in the Newark system a hardening 

and alteration in color of the adjacent sedimentary beds is noticeable. 

This change seems to be due directly to a baking of the strata; but in 

some sandstones, especially at the south, it appears to have resulted 

from the deposition of mineral matter by heated solution. Observations on the change in color and texture in the strata adjacent to trap 

dikes and sheets have been summarized by W. M. Davis, 1 who has 

shown that such alterations are confined to the immediate vicinity of 

the intrusion. The alterations in color consist frequently in the darkening of the rocks. A reddening is not common, and the fallacy of 

supposing that the general reddish color of the Newark rocks is due to 

an alteration in the iron they contain, by the heat of the intruded rocks, 

is clearly proved.

The observations of the present writer have shown that one of the 

most common changes in the color of the sandstones and shales adjacent 

to the trap dikes in Virginia and the Carolinas is an alteration to a 

deep purple color, Avhich fades out into the normal brownish red tint of 

the Newark rocks at a distance, usually, of two or three feet. Many 

times the presence of a dike which is deeply decomposed and does not 

appear at the surface is indicated by two parallel bands of dark purple 

shale which define its boundaries.. The hardened walls adjacent to the 

dikes resist weathering more effectually than the dikes themselves, and 

frequently stand in relief when the dike itself is depressed several feet 

below the general surface.

In some cases the dikes have a columnar structure at right angles to 

their walls, indicating the manner in which they .were cooled and crystallized. In many instances the borders of the dikes show a fine, 

cryptocrystalline structure, while the central portion, owing to their 

cooling more slowly, is coarsely crystalline.

In the deeply decomposed dikes at the south a concentric structure 

is frequently developed by the decomposition. Bounded bowlders, 

resulting from disintegration, frequently occur scattered through yellowish clay in dikes that are partially decomposed; but when the alteration is more complete, the characteristics of the original rock entirely 

disappears and yellowish clay alone remains.

CHARACTERISTICS OF TRAP SHEETS.

The trap sheets interstratified with the sedimentary beds of the Newark system are of two classes, as has been shown especially by W. M.

1 On the relation ol'tbe Triassic traps and sandstones of the eastern United States. In Mus. Comp. 

Zool., Harv. Coll. Bull., vol. vn, 1883, pp. 300-302.
70 . THE NEWARK SYSTEM. [BULL. 85.

Davis: First, contemporaneous sheets, or those formed by the surface 

eruption of igneous rocks and subsequently buried beneath sedimentary 

beds; second, intruded sheets or those forced in between the sedimentary strata subsequent to their consolidation.

The contemporaneous sheets are conformable with the stratified beds 

both above and below, while the intruded sheets, although conformable 

over large areas, in many instances break across the strata, forming 

dikes which connect the sheets at various horizons. The contemporaneous sheets have altered the sedimentary beds on which they rest, and 

are scoriaceous at their upper surfaces. The strata resting upon them 

are unaltered, and may contain fragments of the underlying trap or extruded scoria, volcanic tuff, and the finer products of eruption known 

as volcanic ash.

The intruded sheets have metamorphosed strata both above and below, and, cooling under pressure, are more compact throughout than 

the'extruded sheets. They cooled most rapidly at their surface, and 

hence are compact and cryptocrystalliue above and below, while their 

central portions are usually coarsely crystalline.

These characteristics have been discussed by Davis, in connection 

with the study of the trap sheets of the Connecticut valley, and have 

been applied by Darton ] in the investigation of the trap sheets of New 

Jersey.

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION.

TRAP PIKES OUTSIDE THE NEWARK AREAS.

The great extent of the series of dikes intersecting the Newark areas 

and their extension into the surrounding areas of crystalline and paleozoic rocks have already been referred to; but it is only within the 

Newark areas themselves that the distribution of the traps has been 

approximately determined. Numerous dikes have been described and 

mapped in Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Maine, Vermont, New Hampshire, and eastern Massachusetts, some of which, it 

seems probable from the descriptions given, belong to the series which 

traverse the Newark system, but much study is required before this 

connection can be determined with certainty.

It has been stated by Hobbs 2 that certain diorite dikes near Boston 

have generally been considered as post-Newark in age, on account of 

their lithological resemblance to the diabases of the Connecticut valley.

On the geological map of Connecticut published by J. G. Percival in 

1842, several narrow trap dikes, somewhat disconnected, are indicated 

as traversing the crystalline region outside the Newark area.

The work of the Second Geological Survey of Pennsylvania has shown 

the presence of several such dikes in crystalline and Paleozoic regions

1 On tlierelations of the traps of the Newark system in the New Jersey region. U. S, Geol. Survey, 

Bull. No. 67.

"On the petrographical characters of the dike of diabase iu the Boston basin. In Mus. Comp. Zool., 

HarV. Coll. Bull., vol. xvi, 1888, p. 1.
BOSSBTJ..] TRAP DIKES. 71

of the eastern part of that State. One of the dikes starting just west 

of the border of the Newark area, near Holly Springs, Cumberland 

county, Pennsylvania, runs north with some breaks and irregularities, 

across Perry county and into Dauphin county, a distance of about 35 

miles. Other dikes traversing Paleozoic and crystalline rocks occur in 

Lancaster county, a little south of the Newark area.

The most remarkable dike in this region, however, begins at the north, 

in Bucks county, and runs in a general southwesterly direction across 

Pennsylvania and into Maryland for a distance of 90 miles. This dike 

has been described and mapped by Lewis. 1 Its northern end is in the 

Newark system, but throughout the greater part of its course it traverses Silurian and crystalline strata.

Southwest of the southern end of the dike described by Lewis, and 

possibly a continuation of it, is another dike, more or less broken, the 

course of which has been traced by S. H. Williams for about 30 miles. 

This dike, as I have been informed by Williams, is later than any of the 

associated igneous rocks in the region, and was intruded after the crystalline rocks had their present attitude. Lithologically it is uudistinguishable from the characteristic trap rocks of the Newark system. 

Williams has also traced the course of another dike beginning in the 

Newark area of Maryland, near the Pennsylvania boundary, and running southward to the Potoniac. This dike leaves the Newark rocks 

about 10 miles north of Frederick, and for the remainder of its course 

traverses the crystalline area.

In Virginia, west of the southern end of the New York-Virginia area, 

there are trap dikes of the same character as those mentioned above, 

which trend a little west of north and cut across the folds of the Appalachians. Again, in the western part of Virginia, on the west side of 

the great Appalachian valley, several small trap dikes have recently 

been observed byDarton; specimens from these, examined by Diller, 

are found in all cases to be closely similar to, and in one instance identical with, those of the Newark system.

Farther north in Virginia and the Oarolinas trap dikes outside of the 

Newark areas are of common occurrence but have not been mapped, and 

little is definitely known concerning their distribution. In South Carolina the same great system continues southward far beyond the last 

remnants of the sedimentary beds'of the Newark, but still retaining all 

the geological and lithological characters that distinguish it in the north. 

The dikes of South Carolina were recognized by Tuomey 2 in his admirable report of 1848, and their relation to the series of similar dikes farther north fully understood. The author cited states that he traced 

the dikes referred to through Georgia, and as far as the Coosa river in 

Alabama, and also that the direction of the dikes in South Carolina is 

exceedingly uniform, varying between 15 and 35 degrees east of north,

1 A great trap dike across southeastern Pennsylvania. In Am. Phil. Soc. Proe., vol. xxn, 1885, pp. 438- 

45C and map. 

"Report Geology of South Carolina, Columbia, S. C., 1848, 4to., pp. 65-68.
72 THE NEWARK SYSTEM. [BULL. 85.

and that they are but slightly inclined from the vertical. My opportunities for observation in South Carolina, although limited, are sufficient 

to indicate that Tuomey's conclusions seem in every Avay correct. The 

reports of the State geologists of Georgia and Alabama contain brief 

accounts of trap dikes which are supposed to belong to the series under 

review. Such observations as have been made in this region show that 

the dikes are abundant, and probably much more numerous than in the 

northern part of the Atlantic coast plain. Their southern limit is unknown for the reason that, in common with the crystalline rocks they 

traverse, they disappear beneath the Cretaceous and Tertiary strata, 

wrapping around the southern end of the Appalachian mountains.

This hasty sketch of the extent of the trap dikes outside of the Newark system will serve to show their importance in the geology of the 

Atlantic slope and suggest future lines of investigation. The length 

of the series of dikes as now known is about 1,000 miles, audits width, 

although its eastern border -is concealed by more recent geological deposits, and by the ocean, is not less than 200 miles.

TRAP ROCKS OF TIIK ACADIAN AREA.

The trap rocks belonging to the Newark system, in Nova Scotia form 

a bold mountain ridge extending along the eastern sho.d of the bay of 

Tandy from Blomidon southward to Brier island, and also many bold 

headlands and picturesque islands in and about the basin of Minas and 

the waters connecting with it. These rocks have been studied by J. 

W. Dawson, especially, and it is to his well known work on Acadian 

geology that we owe the greater part of our information concerning 

them. The trappean mass bordering the bay of Fundy on the east is 

vesicular below and compact and basaltic above. It is considered by 

Dawson and Marsters 1 to have been poured out as a subaqueous lava 

flow. In a general way, at least, it is- conformable with the sandstones 

and shales on which it rests, and dips westward beneath the waters of 

the bay of Fundy at an angle of about 15 degrees. Its relation to 

higher stratified beds is not known, as no upper contacts have been 

seen. The vesicular character of the lower part of the sheet and its 

marked contrast with the compact basalt forming the upper portion 

suggests the possibility that they are in reality two separate sheets, 

the lower one being a contemporaneous overflow, and the upper and 

intruded sheet of lateifcdate.

Many of the isolated trap masses in the Minas basin and elsewhere 

rest on sedimentary Newark beds, and are probably remnants of an 

extensive lava sheet. The structure in this region is imperfectly understood, and the rjossible presence of faults not fully investigated.

On the west side of the bay of Fuudy, at the island of Grand Manau, 

trap rock again appears, which has been referred with more or less 

doubt to the Newark system.2

1 Triassic traps of Nova Scotia, Am. Geol., 1890, pp. 140-145. 

* Geol. Surv. of Canada, atlas sheet, No. 1, S. W., note 7.
RUSSELL.] TRAP ROCKS CONNECTICUT VALLEY. 73

TRAP HOCKS OF THE CONNECTICUT VALLKY.

The trap rocks of this area have received greater attention than those 

of any other similar area, but diversity of opinion still exists as to the 

method of their occurrence. The history of the geological study of 

this area has been summarized by Davis' and need not be repeated 

here.

On the accompanying map (PL in) the outlines of the trap outcrops are shown as accurately as the scale of the illustration will allow. 

Those in Connecticut are from Percival's map, with some revisions by 

Davis, and those in Massachusetts are from a manuscript map kindly 

furnished by B. K. Emerson. All of the outcrops indicated are edges 

of trap sheets more or less conformable with the associated stratified 

rocks. Trap dikes are seldom seen and are too small to appear on the 

maps.

Davis's studies have shown that by far the larger part of the trap 

sheets were formed by overflows of volcanic rock during the deposition 

of the Newark strata. The trap sheet in the extreme northern part of 

the Newark area, near Turner's Falls, Massachusetts, is of this nature, 

and so also is the great trap sheet following Mount Holyoke and Mount 

Tom and extending southward as far as Meriden, Connecticut. The 

conclusion that this trap sheet was extruded at the surface and subsequently buried was advanced by Hitchcock during his survey of Massachusetts, and has since been sustained by Davis and Emerson.

Numerous trap ridges in the eastern part of the Newark area in Connecticut have also been shown by Davis to be extruded sheets, while 

the intruded sheets are confined to the western border of the area south 

of Massachusetts. This series begins at the south, at East Rock; a 

conspicuous bluff North of New Haven appears also in West Rock and 

forms the long broken ridge running northward. The same series of 

intruded sheets appears to outcrop again in the Barndoor hills of 

Granby, on the northern border of the state.

All of the trap sheets of Connecticut were considered as of intrusive 

origin by Percival, and his conclusion seems to have been accepted by 

all subsequent writers until Davis's study showed that there were 

strong reasons for believing that some of the sheets were extrusive and 

not intrusive. This opinion, although sustained by a large mass of the 

evidence, is not accepted by all students of the subject, and more detailed work evidently remains to be done before a final and generally 

accepted conclusion will have been reached. The trap sheet at Tariffville, Connecticut, has been shown by Rice 2 to be of extrusive origin.

1 On the relation of the Triassic traps and sandstones of tho eastern United States. In Mns. Conip. 

Zool., Harv. Col., Bull. vol. vit, 1883, pp. 279-281.

The structure of the Triassic formation of the Connecticut valley, in Seventh Ann. Rep. U. S. Geol. 

Saw., 1885-8G, pp. 455-490, PI. 52.

The lost volcanoes of Connecticut. Pop. Sci. Mo., vol. XL, 1891, pp. 221-235.

2 On tho trap and sandstone in the gorge of tho Farmington river, at Tariffville, Conn. In Am. 

Jour. Soi., 3d ser., vol. xxxn, 188C, pp. 430-433.
74 THE NEWARK SYSTEM. [BULL. 85.

In a review of Davis's conclusions, Dana 1 refers to the uniformity in 

the character of the Connecticut valley as indicating a common mode of 

formation. The vesicular texture of the upper surfaces of some of the 

trap sheets is referred to an escape of vapor, but is not considered 

as necessarily showing that the lavas were extruded at the surface.

In a recent paper on some of the trap ridges of southeastern Connecticut, by Hovey,2 the conclusion is reached that all of the trap 

rocks in that portion of the state considered by Davis as extrusive 

are intrusive.

TRAP ROCKS OF TITE NEW YORK-A'IRGINIA AREA.

In the central and northern part of this area, as in the Connecticut 

valley, trap rocks are abundant, and appear principally as sheets, conformable more or less thoroughly with the bedding of the associated 

stratified rocks. In the southern part of the area, in Maryland and 

Virginia, trap sheets are much less abundant than farther north, but 

dikes increase in number. This change accompanies a decrease toward the south in the thickness of the system as it now remains, and 

favors the conclusion, that when the Newark rocks are deeply eroded, 

trap sheets disappear and trap dikes take their place.

In New Jersey the outcropping edges of the trap sheets form bold 

ridges, trending in a general way, north and south and facing eastward. 

Their westerly slopes conform to the dip of the associated shales and 

sandstones, and are inclined westward at angles of about 15 degrees.

The studies of Davis, and later of Darton, 3 have shown that the 

trap sheets of New Jersey are of two classes, intrusive and extrusive. 

The intrusive sheets comprise the Palisade, and what is probably its 

southern extension, known as Ten Mile run, Rocky hill, Pennington 

mountain, etc., a few miles north of Trenton, and other associated ridges 

in the same region. 4 The sheets forming the Watchung mountains are 

extrusive and are high up in the stratified beds unles's a fault along the 

base of the most easterly of these ridges, believed to exist by Dartou, 

can be proved. If such a fault does exist, and the basal conglomerate

1 Am. Jour. Sci., 3d ser., vol. xxv. pp. 474-475. Th« origin of the trap rocks near New Haven, 

Conn., has been critically discussed by J. D. Dana, since this paper was written on some of the features 

of nonvolcanic igneous ejections, or illustrated in the four " rocks" of the New Haven region, West 

Eock, Pine Rock, Mill Rock, and East Rock in Am. Jour. Sci., 3d ser., vol. xui, 1891, pp. 79-110, pi. 

2-7, and "on Percival's map of the Jura-Trias trap belts of central Connecticut, with observations on 

the upturning, or mountain-making disturbance of the formation," in Am. Jour. Sci., 3d ser., vol. 

xui, 1891, pp. 439-447, PI. 1C. Proofs that the Holyoke and Deerfield trap sheets which are contemporaneous flows has been given Ben. K. Emerson in Am. Jonr. Sci., 3d ser., vol. XLIH, 1892, pp. 140-148.

2 Am. Jour. Sci., 3d ser., vol. xxxvin pp. 301-283, and map.

STJ. S. Geol. Sur. Bull. C7.

4As stated by Darton, Am. Jour. Sci., 3d ser., vol. xxxvnr, 1889, p. 130, the intrusive sheets of New 

Jersey comprise those forming the Palisades, Sour Land mountain, Cushetunk mountain, Round mountain, and the series including Lawrence brook and Ten Mile Run mountain, Rocky hill, Pennington 

mountain, Bald Pate, and Jericho hill, and the outcrops at Point Pleasant, Snake hill, Arlington, 

Martin's Dock, Nesliauic, Bell mountain, Granton, and Brookville.

The extrusive sheets include all the outcrops constituting First, Second, and Third Watchung 

mountain and the ridges to the westward and the outlying outcrop near New German town.
RtrssEtr,] NEW YORK-VIRGINIA TRAP ROCKS. 75

appears at the surface east of Paterson, it is probable that the extrusion 

of these rocks took place early in the history of the system.

The intruded sheets, although mostly near the eastern border of the 

area and near the base of the sedimentary series, are not all so situated. 

The trap of Cushetuiik mountain is at the extreme western border and, 

in part, in contact with the bordering Paleozoic rocks. The generalization suggested by Davis, to the effect that the intruded sheets of the 

Newark system are all low down in the series, while the extruded 

sheets occur at higher levels, apparently can not now be applied in New 

Jersey; but when the structure of the New York-Virginia area is more 

thoroughly known, the hypothesis referred to may find support there 

as Avell as in the Connecticut valley.

Of the intruded sheets the most interesting is the one forming the 

Palisades. It is about 400 feet thick in Jersey City, and, as shown by 

Barton, rises northward by breaking across the bedding of the stratified rocks until, at the Hook mountains, in New York, its l*ase is nearly 

a thousand feet higher than in Jersey City, and its thickness 850 feet. 

When followed westward to the extreme western end of the Hook 

mountain, it appears that the intruded rock reached the surface and 

overflowed.

Detailed observation regarding the nature and distribution of the 

trap rocks of New Jersey is given in the reports of the Geological Survey of New Jersey by Barton, in his article on the great lava flows and 

intruded trap sheets of the Newark system, and in Bulletin G7 of the 

U. S. Geological Survey, already referred to, and by Davis, in his paper 

on the relation of the Triassic traps and sandstones of the eastern 

United States.

The conclusion reached by Davis and Darton as to the extrusive 

origin of the traps of the Watchung mountains has not been accepted 

by the geologists of the New Jersey Survey, who urge that all of the 

trap sheets of New Jersey are intrusive.1

In that portion of the New York-Virginia area which crosses Pennsylvania, trap rocks are abundant and appear both as sheets and dikes, 

but little information is at hand to determine the nature of the sheets, 

though they are spoken of by the geologists of the Pennsylvania Survey as extrusive. The dikes are known to be numerous, and, as already 

stated, branch far out into the surrounding crystalline and Paleozoic 

rocks. In Maryland trap sheets are absent, but dikes occur which have 

been traced for many miles, principally in crystalline rocks. South of 

the Potomac several dikes have been observed, and intruded trap sheets 

are also present, as has recently been observed by Arthur Keith, but 

sufficient observation in this region has not been made to enable one to 

determine the distribution of their outcrop.

'N. J. Geol. Surv., Ann. Hep. for 1888, pp. 10-44; ibid., 1889, pp. 00-72. Frank L. Naaon, On the ' 

Intrusive Origin of the Watcuung traps of New Jersey, in Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., vol. 1, pp. 502-503.
76 THE NEWARK SYSTEM. [nmj, S5.

TRAP ROCKS OF THE NEWARK AURAS SOUTH OF THE NEW YORK-VIRGINIA AREA.

Throughout the numerous areas of Virginia and North Carolina, south 

of the New .York-Virginia area, trap dikes are abundant, but no trap 

sheets have been observed. Some of the trap rocks in the Richmond 

area appear to be interstratified with the coal-bearing beds, but sufficient observation has not been made to prove whether these are truly 

interbedded sheets or simply dikes breaking obliquely across the strata. 

Dikes in the southern areas are most abundant in the easterly, but are 

not entirely wanting in the westerly belt of Newark areas. The dikes 

observed are in general parallel with the strike of the rocks, and are 

approximately vertical. In width they vary from a few inches to 50 or 

75 feet, and have produced alterations in the texture and color of the 

adjacent rocks for a few feet along the lines of contact. In many instances the dikes may be followed for several miles across the country, 

their courses being marked usually by black, weather-beaten bowlders, 

but in no instance have they been mapped, and their number and distribution are unknown. They are indistinguishable in general appearance and in lithological and chemical characteristics from the trap rocks 

forming the great sheets of New Jersey and the Connecticut valley, or 

from the dikes traversing the adjacent crystalline areas.

SUMMARY RESPECTING THE DISTRIBUTION AND AGE OF THE TRAP

HOCKS.

That the trap rocks traversing the Newark system in dikes and sheets 

belong to the great series of dikes intersecting the Atlantic coast plain 

from Nova Scotia to central Georgia seems sufficiently well established. The trap series at the south, in common with the sedimentary 

rocks they traverse, pass beneath Cretaceous and Tertiary beds, and 

therefore their full extent in that direction is unknown. The eastern 

border of the belt they occupy is also concealed in part beneath the 

ocean and, in part, by Cretaceous and more recent deposits. On the 

west the series reaches out in long dikes across the folds of the Appalachian.

In the crystalline and Paleozoic areas deep erosion has occurred, and 

only dikes now remain. The overflows of lava which probably once 

existed have been entirely eroded away. In some portions of the Newark areas, however, where the trap rocks, in common with the sedimentary beds, have been depressed below the base-level of erosion, trap 

sheets of great thickness still remain, and in other portions, Avhere erosion has spared but little of the Newark series, trap sheets are absent, 

but trap dikes are common.

There is a direct association of trap dikes with the faults of the Newark system, as is illustrated by the contacts in the great fault crossing1 

Bucks county, Pennsylvania, and in the Wadesboro area, where the 

strata adjacent to the narrow dikes show diverse dips. From this coin-
RUSSELL.] AGE OF THE TRAP ROCKS. 77

cidence and the fact that both dikes and faults are a result of fracturing 

of the earth's crust and are hence due to the action of similar forces, it 

seems safe to conclude that both the dikes and faults are closely related 

and were probably, in part at least, contemporaneous. There are good 

reasons for believing that faulting was common at the time the Newark 

beds Avere being deposited, as is indicated by the great thickness of the 

conglomerates along the bordeis of. the areas toward which the strata 

dip, but the Avridely extended faulting which imparts the characteristic 

structure of the Newark system took place after the beds were deposited-and before or during the period of erosion which preceded the deposition of the next succeeding series of stratified beds. It was in this 

interval, also, that the intruded trap sheets and dikes AArere injected 

into the stratified series. This is shown by the fact that the next succeeding Potomac formation rests-on the upturned and eroded edges of 

the Newark strata and on the truncated edges of the trap dikes which 

traverse them. The trap dikes in the crystalline and Paleozoic areas 

surrounding the Newark system do not assist in determining the age 

of the intruded rocks, for the reason that these terranes are all older 

than the Newark.
CHAPTER VIII.

DEFORMATION. 

INTRODUCTION.

Throughout the Newark system the structure is monoclinal over broad 

areas. In general the strata are inclined at angles varying from ten to 

twenty degrees, but higher dips are of frequent occurrence. There is 

an absence of folds such as characterize the adjacent Appalachian system, and the strata have not been crumpled, except locally along fault 

lines. Displacements trending in general in a north and south direction have been shown to exist in very many instances, and are the controlling structural elements of the system. There are also a few great 

faults which trend at right angles to the prevailing strike of the rocks.

The prevailing monoclinal structure was one of the first features to 

be observed when the study of the system began, and many explanations of its origin have been suggested. It has been explained by H. 

D. Rogers1 as being the position in which the strata were originally 

deposited. A similar suggestion was made by J. D. Whituey, after 

studying the structure of portions of the Connecticut valley area. The 

explanation advanced by H. D. Rogers was accepted by W. B. Rogers,2 

W. W. Mather,3 and others, in the early days of American geology. 

More recent investigations have shown that none of the various Newark 

areas have a uniform structure throughout, and besides, the varied 

composition of the rocks and their great thickness, as shown by direct 

vertical measurements, so completely exclude all hypotheses of oblique 

deposition that their discussion is unnecessary.

Neither is it desirable, in the present state of geologic knowledge, to 

discuss the various suggestions that have been made with reference to 

the existing Newark areas being basal remains of great anticlinal 

ridges, or that they owe their monoclinal structure to the tilting of 

segments of the earth's crust many miles in width, without the formation of secondary faults.

These and other provisional hypotheses have been reviewed by Davis,4

1 Description" of the geology of New Jersey. Philadelphia, 1840, pp. 166-171.

2 Report of Progress, Geological Survey of Virginia, for 1839. 

3 Geology of New York, Albany, 1841, pp. 289-293.

4 Ou the relations of the Triassic traps .and sandstones of the Eastern United States; in Mus, Comp, 

geology. Harvard College, Bull., vol. Vlt, 1883, pp. 302-304. 

78
RUSSELL.] DEFORMATION. 79

and their failure to explain the facts observed fully demonstrated. As 

the study of the Newark system has advanced and become more detailed, a large number of observations have been recorded, which show 

that the various fragments of the system now remaining owe their 

preservation to the fact that they are below the horizon of present baselevel erosion, and occupy that position in large part by reason of depression, or the elevation of contiguous area through faulting.

Each area is characterized by the presence of faults of all degrees of 

displacement up to many hundreds of feet, which have repeated the 

outcrops of individual strata. In many instances the fault blocks have 

been tilted in the same direction, so as to be easily mistaken for a continuous monoclinal dip. Closer study in certain instances, however, has 

shown that each of these supposed monoclinal areas is broken into many 

independent blocks.

The study of the structure of the system consists in determining what 

deformations have resulted from the faulting and tilting of horizontally 

stratified beds resting unconforinably on much older rocks, which are 

generally metamorphosed and highly inclined-. This being the direction in which recent investigation leads, let us see what evidence should 

be required to demonstrate that it is in reality the structure of the system under review.

It has been clearly shown by Davis, in discussing the structure of 

the Connecticut area, that the larger faults found in that region must 

affect the underlying crystalline rocks. My own studies have shown 

that the same conclusion maybe extended to other areas of the system. 

Should the plane of erosion be depressed sufficiently, it is evident that 

at horizons near the base of the Newark system, the upheaved edges of 

fault blocks composed of crystalline rocks should appear at the surface 

as narrow belts intersecting the sedimentary beds. Owing to the 

greater resistance usually offered by the crystalline rocks to erosion, 

such protrusions would appear as ridges, standing in relief and dividing the superimposed beds. Bordering such ridges and resting on the 

crystalline rocks, one should find outcrops of the basal conglomerate 

of the Newark system, succeeded by sandstones and shales. On margins of the Newark areas where the line of junction with the surrounding crystalline rocks crosses the strike of the sedimentary beds, there 

should be long, narrow, finger-like extensions of crystalline rock, entering and dividing the sedimentary beds.

Another result of the deep erosion of faulted sedimentary beds restiDg on crystalline rocks wo aid be the occurrence of narrow strips of 

sedimentary beds occupying the depressed borders of fault blocks and 

separated from larger areas by a ridge of the lower "formation.

In the study of the various Newark areas peculiarities in outline and 

in topographic form which should be expected to result from the faulting and erosion of horizontally stratified beds resting on more resistant 

crystalline rocks as stated above have been found abundantly developed.
80 THE NEWARK SYSTEM. [BULL. 85.

Jii the present chapter the available evidence in reference to the 

structure of the various Newark areas will be briefly summarized and 

the conclusion to which it points indicated. After ascertaining what 

the structure of the system is, the attempts that have been made to 

explain its origin will be considered,

STRUCTURE OF THE ACADIAN AREA.

For our knowledge of the structure of the Newark rocks of Nova 

Scotia we are indebted almost entirely to the writings of DaAvson. 1 

The general dip of the rocks along the eastern border of the bay of 

Fuudy is northwest at an angle of about 15 degrees. On the New 

Brunswick shore there are several isolated areas belonging to the same 

system Avliich dip northeastward at angles varying from 25 to 35 degrees. These inclinations have led to the conclusion that the Acadian 

area has a synclinal structure. That such is the case, however, can not be 

accepted as a final conclusion, for the reason that a faulting and tilting 

of the strata would account equally well for the observed dips. In the 

eastern part of the Acadian area, about the Minas Basin and Cobequid 

bay, the strata are much disturbed and dip toward all points of the 

compass, arid at all angles from near horizontality up to 50 degrees or 

more. Some faults have been recognized in this region, but a characteristic fault structure, although indicated, has not been demonstrated. 

The structure is, however, certainly distinct from the great synclinal 

suggested by the opposite dips on the east and west shores of the bay 

of Fuudy, and so far as recorded observations indicate falls in line 

with the prevailing fault structure characteristic of the more southern 

areas of the same system.

The presence of two ridges of trap at Digbjr neck, in the southern 

portion of the Newark area bordering the bay of Fuudy on the east, 

can apparently be explained by a fault, as can also the presence of parallel submerged ridges in the adjacent portion of the bay of Fimdy. 

Further field study is necessary, however, before the structure of this 

area can be considered as definitely determined j but the recorded evidence, supplemented by observations made during a brief reconnaissance by the present writer, certainly favors the hypothesis that the attitude of the Newark system in Nova Scotia has resulted from the tilting 

of faulted blocks.

STRUCTURE OF THE CONNECTICUT VALLEY AREA.

This area has been more thoroughly studied than any other in the 

ser.ies7 and its general structure is known, although much detail work 

undoubtedly remains to be done. Our knowledge of its Structure and 

of the nature of the trap sheets that traverse it has been greatly ad1 Acadian Geology, I'd od., Loiuloii, 1878; pp. 86-127 aud map. Supplement, pp. 28-30.
RUSSELL.] CONNECTICUT VALLEY STRUCTURE. 81

vauced during the last few years by the investigations of Davis. 1 In 

the southern portion of the area concerning which the most recent reports have been made the strata are broken by numerous faults, trending in general north and south with the strike of the rocks. The fault 

blocks, with some exceptions, are tilted eastward at varying angles up 

to 15 degrees. Other faults trend obliquely to the strike of the rocks 

in such a way at to throw the outcrops of hard beds out of line. There 

is good evidence for believing that in many portions of the eastern 

border of the area there are marginal faults which cause the eastwarddipping strata to abut against the adjacent crystalline rocks. The 

marginal faults belong to the same system as the strike faults in the 

central portion of the area, but deserve separate mention on account of 

their great importance in indicating the former extent of the stratified 

beds now claiming our attention.

The structure along the east margin of the Connecticut valley area, 

as illustrated by Davis, is shown in Fig. 1, in which a portion of the 

marginal fault mentioned above is indicated. The throw of this fault 

must be several thousand feet.

FIG. 1. Fault on east side of Connecticut valley area, after "W. M. Davis.

The determination of the structure of the Connecticut valley area 

has been rendered possible by the discovery of Davis that some of the 

trap sheets traversing it were extruded at the surface during the deposition of the Newark sediments and were buried by later deposits. In 

the deformation and erosion of the area they play the role of hard, sedimentary beds, and enable one to determine the structure in a manner 

more satisfactory than seems possible in other portions of the same 

system where sandstones and shales alone occur. Since these pages 

were written the structure of the Connecticut valley area has been still 

further discussed by Dana. 2

STRUCTURE OF THE SOUTHBURY AREA.

This area may be considered as an outlier of the Connecticut valley 

area from which it is separated by about 16 miles of crystalline rocks.

"On tho relations of the Triassic traps and sandstones of the Eastern United States; iu Mus. 

Corup. Zoology, Har\-. Coll. Bull., vol. vn, 1883, pp. 249-309, PI. 9-11. Also "Triassic formation of tbo 

Connecticut Valley," 0. S. Geol. Survey, Seventh Ann. Rep., 1885-'86, Washington, 1888, pp. 455-490, PI. 

52, and the lost volcanoes of Connecticut, Pop. Sci. Mo.,vol. XL, .1891, pp. 221-235.

2 "On Pnrcival's map of the Jura-Trias trap belts of Central Connecticut, with observations 011 the 

upturning or mountain-making disturbance of the formation," in Am. Jour. Sci., 3d ser., vol. XLII, 1891, 

pp. 439-4-17, PI. 10.

Bull. 85 6
82 THE NEWAKK SYSTEM. [BULL. 85.

It is so far removed from the Connecticut' valley area that its former 

connection is not usually admitted; but the fact that similar areas in 

detached fault basins are common in connection with the main areas in 

Virginia and North Carolina suggests that the Southbury area also 

occupies a local fault basin, and that its preservation is due to the depression by faulting of a small portion of the original Newark terraue 

below the present horizon of base-level erosion.

FIG. 2. Map and section of Southbury.area, after AV. M. Davis.

This area lias been studied by Davis, 1 and its structure illustrated 

by the accompanying map and section (Fig. 2). The rocks comprise 

several hundred feet of sandstone and conglomerates at the base; 

next, a thin, ainygdaloidal trap; then 200 feet or more of shale and 

calcareous beds; then a heavy sheet of trap. Other superior members 

exist, but are mostly concealed by drift. The attitude of these beds is 

so well shown in the accompanying figure that further description may 

be dispensed with.

TJ. S. Gool. Survey, Seventh Ann. Kept, for 1885-'8G. AVasliington, 1888, p. 468.
RUSSELL.] STRUCTURE NEW YORK-VIRGINIA. 83 

STRUCTURE OF THE NEW YORK-VIRGINIA AREA.

Although a large amount of time has been devoted to the study of 

this area, its structure has not been satisfactorily determined.

In NCAV York and New Jersey the general dip of the strata is toward 

the northwest, but many exceptions have been recorded. As shown 

by Barton and Nason, the observations of dip indicate that the strata 

are broken into blocks which have a monoclinal structure. Only a few 

faults have been distinctly traced, however, aiid these are usually 

small. A great fault, having a throw of perhaps 2,000 feet, is supposed by Darton 1 to exist on the east side of the Watchung mountains, 

in the neighborhood of Paterson, which brings to the surface the characteristic basal conglomerate of the system.

There are several reasons for believing that the western border of 

the area, from near Morristown, NeAv Jersey, northward to the Hudson, is determined by a displacement. Along this junction the NeAvark 

rocks dip uniformly Avestward to within a short distance of the line of 

contact, but the actual junction has not been seen, OAving to the thickness of the superficial drift. The conditions are here apparently the 

same as along portions of the eastern margin of the Connecticut valley area, and at the junction of some of the Newark areas in Virginia 

and North Carolina with bordering crystalline rocks Avhere marginal 

faults are knoAvn to exist.

The line of bluffs of crystalline rock overlooking the Newark area 

from Morristown to the Hudson continues eastAvard and forms a bold 

line of hills, Avhen seen from, the south, through Westchester county, 

New York, and into Connecticut. The presence of a fault along the 

base of these hills, I have been informed by Darton, is indicated by an 

abrupt change in the character of the rocks. This region has been 

studied by Smock,2 Avho describes ah abrupt change in the lithology, 

but does not explain its origin.

Perhaps I go too far in making the above suggestion, but there are 

several indications which lead to it as a working hypothesis Avhich future students of the region would do well to bear in mind. The line of 

bluffs referred to northward of Morristown marks the shore line during 

certain stages of the deposition of the Newark rocks, which was possibly determined by a line of faulting that was in process, and increased 

its displacement from time to time during the deposition of the Newark 

beds.

The most important fault observed in the New York-Virginia area 

occurs in Bucks county, Pennsylvania, and in adjacent-portions of New 

Jersey. The course of this fault is known for about 40 miles and probably has a greater length. Its general direction is north and south, 

but it is strongly curved, being concave toward the northwest. From

'Bull. TJ. S. Geological Survey, No. 67, p. ]8.

2 A Geological Reconnaissance in the Crystalline Rock Region of Dntehess, Putuatu, and AVestchester 

counties, Now York. 39th Ann. Kept, of the Trustees of the New York State Museum of Natural 

History, Albany, 188G, pp. 1C5-185.
84 THE NEWARK SYSTEM. [BULL. 85.

near Lainbertville, where it crosses the Delaware, for aoout 6 miles 

northwestward, it has brought to the surface a narrow outcrop of Silurian rocks on which rest the basal conglomerate of the Newark system. 

On the east side of the Delaware, in New Jersey, an outcrop of trap 

occurs in the midst of the fault rock which marks the course of the displacement, suggesting that the fracture was sufficiently deep to reach 

molten material. In general, on the north side of the fault the strata 

are inclined toward the northwest, while on the south they dip northeast. The rocks immediately adjacent to the displacement have been 

greatly fractured and slickensided, and in places where the exposures 

are obscure this fault rock enables one to trace the line of fracture with 

tolerable certainty. The strip of Silurian rocks brought up by this 

fault is represented on the large maps accompanying the reports of the 

First Geological Survey of Pennsylvania; but the structure of the 

region does not seem to have attracted special attention during the 

progress of the survey. Its position is shown on the accompanying map, 

forming PI. IV. The facts here stated are principally from an account 

published by Lewis. 1 Secondary faults, at right angles to the prevailing strike of the Newark rocks of Pennsylvania are reported by Lewis, 

but these are of small importance in a Study of the general structure.

In a section across the eastern rocks of southeastern Pennsylvania, 

from near Dillsburg, S. 47° 31' E., to Beelers Cross Eoad, by Frazer,2 

a uniform southwesterly dip is given, ranging from 16 to over 40 degrees, 

excepting near the west end of the section, where a broad, gentle syncline is introduced. The dips and rock structure recorded in describing this section might apparently be equally well explained by the introduction of faults. Unless the exposures are as complete as represented 

by Frazer, it does not seem safe to assume such a great thickness as 

his section indicates, or to introduce a synclinal structure, which is exceptional for these rocks. A portion of the western border at Cornwall 

iron mine, near Dillsburg, has been shown by J. P. Lesley and E. V. 

d'lnvilliers3 to be determined by a great displacement, which brings the 

westward dipping strata of the Newark system in abrupt contact with 

Paleozoic strata.

The most recent studies of the Newark system in Pennsylvania have, 

in general, not indicated the presence of a faulted nionocliual structure. 

The absence of easily recognizable strata, as in many other parts of the 

system, unfortunately renders it difficult to determine the structure of 

the region. Many observations of dip and other phenomena have been 

recorded by the Second Geological Survey, but no digest or systematic 

study of these observations has been made. Until this is done by one

'A great trap dike across southeastern Pennsylvania. In Am. Phil. Soc. Proc., vol. xxn, 1885, pp. 

438-456. Map op. p. 40.

2 Second Geol. Snrv. of Pennsylvania, Report of Progress in the counties of York, Adams, Cumberland, and Franklin. Vol. C 2, 1875. Harrisburg, 1887, pp. 265-270. PI. op. p., 264. 

. 3 Second G eol. Surv. of Pennsylvania. Ann. Ecp. for 1885, pp. 496,498,506.
'RDSSEU..] SOUTHERN NEWARK AREAS. 85

familiar with the region it is impracticable to draw any general conclusion from the many observations recorded.

The eastern border of the Newark system in Pennsylvania, Maryland, 

and Virginia is irregular, owing apparently to inequalities in the floor 

on which the stratified beds were deposited, or possibly to subsequent 

disturbances. These inequalities have been exposed at the surface by 

erosion, and indicate that aj,ong this border the Newark beds have but 

little thickness. In some places they have been cut through by stream 

erosion so as to expose the crystalline rocks beneath.

The structure of the southern portion of the New York-Virginia area 

has not been determined. The inclination of the beds south of the 

Potomac is in general northwestward, and to a casual observer the 

strata appear to have a continuous monoclinal dip from side to side. 

The rocks, however, are mainly shales and shaly sandstones, and the 

presence of faults would be difficult to determine.

At Brooklyn, a few miles west of Centerville, Virginia,, there is a 

series of parallel ridges trending nearly north and south, which present 

sharp escarpments to the eastward. These ridges owe their prominence 

to the outcropping edge of a trap sheet which has been broken by 

faults. The trap sheets in each fault block have a dip of about 25° to 

the northwest, corresponding with the inclination of the associated 

shales and sandstones. The presence of trap sheets in this region, it 

is to be hoped, will assist in the future study of its structure in the same 

manner that similar sheets in the Connecticut valley have led to the 

determination of the deformations that there occurred.

STRUCTURE OF THE BARBOURSVILLE, STOCIvVILLE, DANVILLE, AND

DAN RIVER AREAS.

These areas fall in line with the southern extension of the New YorkVirginia area, and have the same general structure. The strata of 

 which they are composed dip westward, and in many places abut against 

the bordering crystalline rocks. The presence of marginal faults has not 

been determined by direct observation, but the persistent westward dip 

of the Newark strata, close to the line of junction, can not be explained 

unless such faults "are postulated. In the Dan river area especially, 

the high dip of the Newark system, amounting in many instances to 

fully 50 degrees Avithin a few rods of the line of junction with the crystalline rocks, is a very strong indication of marginal faulting. The 

western border of each of the areas here considered is composed of 

coarse conglomerate, derived from the crystalline rocks toward which 

the strata are inclined. In general the conditions are the same as along 

the northwestern border of the New York-Virginia area and the eastern 

border of the Connecticut valley area.

In the Barboursville area the structure is obscure and greatly disturbed. The presence of coarse conglomerates along both its western 

and eastern margins indicates that the strata have not great thickness.
86 THE NEWARK SYSTEM. [BULL. 85.

The clips observed at several places are uniformly westward, at angles 

of about 20 degrees. No faults or folds have been discovered, but may 

exist, as the exposures are not good. The area is bordered on all sides 

by old hills7 and forms a topographic basin which owes its origin to the 

greater ease with which the stratified rocks yield to erosion.

In the Scottsville area the dip is westward throughout, at angles 

varying from 15 to 20°. No structural features excepting the dip of 

the strata have been observed.

The Danville and Dan river areas are remarkable for the high inclination of the strata composing them. In many places, throughout 

continuous sections over a mile in length, the beds have a persistent 

westward dip at angles varying from 35 to over 50°. The White Oak 

mountains forming the most conspicuous portion of the Danville area 

are composed of sandstones and shales, and stand in relief and form 

an exception to the statement made on a preceding page to the effect 

that the Newark areas at the south are usually lower than the crystalline areas bordering them. The trend of the range is a little east of 

north, but does not coincide with the strike of the strata composing it, 

which is nearly northeast and southwest.

The Danville area terminates abruptly at the south, and appears to 

have been separated from the Dan river area by a profound displacement trending northwest and southeast, or at right angles to the prevailing strike of the rocks/ The abrupt manner in which the strata at 

the northeast extremity of the Danville area abut against the crystalline 

rocks, when followed northwestward along the strike, is well shown 

near the little hamlet of Cascade. The junction of the two formations 

is a straight line at right angles to the strike of the Newark beds. 

Along the line of junction the Newark strata dip northwest at angles 

varying from 30 to 35°.

This locality has not been thoroughly studied, but from' the reconnaissance made it seems as if the Newark strata had been depressed 

into the crystalline rocks along the junction of two faults which meet 

each other at nearly right angles. In a newly constructed mill race, 

situated between Cascade and the neighboring railroad station, the 

following detailed section was measured: The section is 1,370 feet long 

as measured at the surface, and runs at right angles to the strike of 

the rocks. The dip throughout is northwest 30 to 33°- The rocks 

were well exposed, and show no indications of faults or folds, excepting 

that the hard sandstone strata are very similar in composition, and are 

repeated with surprising regularity in certain portions. Only a few 

rods northeast of this section, i. e., in the direction of strike, the stratified beds end abruptly, and are replaced by crystalline rocks. The 

measurements given below show vertical thickness; the first or highest 

member in the series is at the west, where the dam from which the race 

starts is situated.
HOsssi.L.1 SECTION NEAR CASCADE, NORTH CAROLINA. 87

Vertical section, near Cascade, North Carolina.

	Feet. 

Compact black slate, becoming sandy in weathered outcrops................. 33'0

Compact gray sandstone .................................................... 2'5

Black shale, poorly exposed ................................'...--....-...---. 122'0

Hard, gray sandstone........................................................ 2 - 0

Thin-bedded sandy shale, passing into sandstone below ...................... 19'0

Compact gray sandstone .................................................... 2'5

Sandy shale ..................^..........^.................................. 3'0

Compact gray sandstone .................................................... 2'Q

Shale, light-colored, even-bedded......!..................................... 19'0

Hard sandstone, with partings of shale...................................... 3'5

Shale, yellowish, sandy ..............................*,...................... 19'0

Sandstone, hard, bluish, resembling gneiss................................... 3-5

Shale, yellowish ............................................................ 12'0

Sandstone, compact, somewhat broken ...................................... 2'5

Shale........................................................................ 8-0

Sandstone, compact ......................................................... 3'0

Shale....................................................................... 12-0

Sandstone .................................................................. 2-0

Shale....................................................................... 6-0

Sandstone .................................................................. 2-0

Shale, broken, exposures obscure............................................ 8'0

Sandstone, hard, bluish, resombl ing gneiss .................................. 6 § 0

Shale....................................................................... 19-0

Sandstone, hard, bluish, resembling gneiss .................................. 6-0

Sandstone, compact .............................. '........................... 5'0

Sandstone, shaly............................................................ 5'0

Shale, black ................................................................ 1-0

Sandstone, shaly............................................................ 2 % 0

Sandstone, shaly, irregular, disturbed ....................................... 3'5

Shale, black ................................................................ 1-0

Sandstone, compact, 'even-bedded ........................................... 2-0

Sandstone and shale, in thin layers.......... r ......... ...................... 4-0

Slate, black................................................................. 2-0

Sandstone, compact........................................ ................. 3-0

Shale or slate, black ........................................................ 5-0

Sandstone, in thin layers with shaly partings, even-bedded................... 15'0

Shale, yellowish, micaceous, black at bottom ................................. 3 - 5

Sandstone, compact, bluish .................................................. 5'5

Slate, black, shaly .......................................................... 3'5

Sandstone, with, shaly partings, passing below into slate..................... 13'0

Shale, black ................................................................ 4-0

Sandstone, compact, bluish.................................................. 2-0

Shale, black, yellowish on weathering....................................... 7'0

Sandstone and shale, in thin layers.......................................... 9-5

Sandstone, shaly............................................................. 5'0

Sandstone, compact, bluish.................................................. lO'O

Shale, yellowish ............................................................ 2OO

Unexposed.................................................................. 100-0

Shale, sandy ................................................................ 22-0

Sandstone, compact, bluish.................................................. 2'5

Total vertical thickness, about........................................ 473'5
88 THE NEWARK SYSTEM. [BULL. 85.

Another section exhibiting the characteristics of the strata of the 

Dan river area occurs at Leekville, and resembles closely that given 

above excepting that on the west it passes into a heavy granitic conglomerate, which in limited exposures can not be distinguished from 

the undisturbed granitic terrane bordering the Newark area on the 

west.

The system throughout the Dan river area is characterized by the 

presence of heavy beds of black slate and of dark colored shales, resembling closely the medial portions of the Richmond and Deep i-iver

areas. 

All through the Dan river area the rocks are inclined westward,

and no faults of any considerable extent have been observed, although 

small ones in much disturbed sandstones and shales may be seen in 

cuts along the Cape Fear and Yadkin Valley railroad. A marginal 

fault, on the west side of the area near Leeksville, is suggested by the 

high westAvard inclination of the conglomerates close to their junction with the granitic rocks on the west. The Dan river area, as shown 

on PI. I, is the most southern of the western belt of Newark areas, the 

northern terminus of which is on the Hudson. Throughout this entire 

series the general dip is westward, except in Pennsylvania, where the 

terrane curves to the west and the prevailing dip is northward. 

Throughout the entire belt, however, the dip is toward the ancient 

shore from which the debris forming the Newark beds was derived.

In Virginia and North Carolina there is another belt of Newark areas, 

to the eastward of the one here described, in which the prevailing dips 

are to the southeast. Between these two belts is the small Farmville 

area, in which the strata are greatly disturbed and dip sometimes to 

the westward and sometimes to the eastward.

STRUCTURE OF THE FARMVILLE AREA.

Iii crossing this area from east to west, one finds that the strata have 

diverse inclinations and change abruptly from northeast to northwest 

dips. During my reconnaissance of the area, in 1885, the presence of at 

least four north and south faults in the central portion of the area was 

determined. The area as a whole, however, is, topographically, a basin 

surrounded by Jiills of crystalline rocks, and exposures are too indefinite to admit of a ready determination of its structure. On its eastern 

border, about 2 miles north of Farmville, the presence of a heavy marginal fault is clearly shown in recent mining explorations. At this locality the Newark system is composed of fine, light colored sandstones 

and shales, with several much disturbed coal seams, and abuts against 

granite. The stratified rocks near the line of contact are much disturbed, broken, and slickensided. They are not shore deposits, no 

coarse conglomerates being present, but offshore and swamp accumulations. That their abrupt termination against the granite has resulted 

from displacement and is not due to original deposition is beyond 

question.
KUSSET.L.] THE RICHMOND AREA. 89

In the small detached area about 6 miles south of Farmville the 

rocks are principally shales, with some sandstone layers and occasional coal seams. Coarse conglomerates do not appear at the surface. 

The prevailing dip is northwest, 20 degrees. No folds exist, and the 

presence or absence of faults has not been determined.

STRUCTURE OF THE RICHMOND AREA.

PREVIOUS OBSERVATIONS.

In Lyell's well known essay on the Richmond coal field,1 and in 

other writings by the same author, the rocks of this area are considered 

to have been deposited in a local basin of about the same extent as the 

present coal field, and to have a synclinal structure. These conclusions 

have been repeated by nearly all subsequent writers on the subject 

with the exception of W. M. Fontaiue, whose work will be noticed later, 

and P. H. Newell, 2 who has shown that the coal seams were not accumulated in the restricted basin, and do not thin out at the outcrops, as 

previously considered, but are faulted and crushed.

The occurrence of a double line of coal outcrops along1 the eastern margin of this area was recognized by Rogers,3 during his survey of Virginia, and considered to be a result of faulting. He believed, however, 

that the Newark strata in the Richmond area and elsewhere were deposited in an inclined position, as had been explained by H. D. Rogers, 

and did not determine its structure or advance any definite ideas concerning the deformations that had taken place.

The presence of faults on the eastern border of the area is indicated 

in a section published by Taylor 4 in 1835, unaccompanied by any discussion.

This area has been studied by Fontaine,5 in connection with other 

areas of the same system. His conclusions respecting its structure are 

stated as follows:

My examination of some of the fiuger-like remnants of theMesozoic, now found at 

the northern end of this field, thrust out in the Azoic, put me in possession of what 

I think is the explanation of the peculiarities of the structure of this field, and of 

the interior belts. The history of these areas, briefly stated, seems to be as follows:

The strata were laid down in depressions, which, originally shallow, were subsequently deepened by a more or less rapid subsidence. The subsidence was due, as 

previously stated, to the operation of a lateral thrust. It continued until faults and 

overturned anticlinals were produced. In the interior belts (the New York-Virginia, 

Barboursville, Scottsville, Danville, and Dau river areas) these operated to produce 

a constant northwest dip. This resulted from the fact that the western sides of the 

severed earth prisms dropped, producing, sometimes, by a roll of the prisms, an 

upthroAv of the eastern side. This appears to occur in some of the faults of the 

Richmond coal field also. When the strain did not result in producing rupture and

1 Geol. Soc. London, Quart. Jour., vol. ur, 1847, pp. 261-280, Pis. 8, 9.

2 The Richmond Coal Field, Virginia. Geol. Mag., London, Dec. 3, vol. vr, 1889, pp. Ki8-140.

8 Reports on the Geology of Virginia for 1835, p. 55, and for 1840

« Pennsylvania Geol. Soc., Traus., vol. i, pp. 275-294, Pis. 16,17.

6 Notes ou the Mesozoic of Virginia. Am. Jour. Sci., 3d series, vol. xvii, 1879^ pp. 36-37.
90 THE NEWARK SYSTEM. [BULL. 85.

faulting, it caused the development of an anticlinal, affecting but a narrow belt, 

which Avas overturned to the eastward, thus producing also a continuous northwest 

dip. Where the strata have suffered enormously from erosion, and where almost 

precisely similar beds are formed by the similar conditions of deposition found 

repeated at different horizons, as is often the case in the interior belts, it is almost 

impossible to detect reduplications by faulting and folding. When the period of 

faulting was reached eruptions of trap took place. It will thus be seen that the 

continuous dips would by no means give a true indication of the thickness of the 

series.

Ill the Richmond coal field the faults and narrow overturned folds are not of suflicient 

magnitude to produce, as in the interior belts, continuous dips, but suffice only to 

render very variable and uncertain the dip and position of the strata toward the 

center of the field. The general result seems to have been to flatten the dip here 

and to steepen it on the western side. Some of the twists in the strata produced by 

the overturned anticlinals are of extremely limited extent. I have seen them only a 

few feet wide.

The direction in which the lateral thrust operated in this field was from oast to 

west, and it seems not yet to be exhausted, for this region is often affected by minor 

earthquakes, and at intervals of ten or fifteen years by very powerful ones; the last 

occurring a few years ago. The shocks pass from east to west. It is probable that 

the gradual depression of the coast is connected with this westward thrust.

A detailed account of the strata penetrated during mining operations near Midlothian lias been given by Heinrich1 and the structure 

indicated in the plates which accompany his paper.

PERSONAL OBSERVATIONS.

The observations of the present writer made in 18S5^seem to warrant 

the conclusion that the Eichmond area has been greatly disturbed by 

fracturing, especially along its eastern and western margins, and that 

as a whole it owes its preservation to faulting which carried the strata 

below the horizon of subsequent base-level erosion, or else elevated the 

contiguous areas. The faulting that has taken place along the margins 

of the area indicates that the strata were formerly more extended than 

now. Erosion has been great, and it is evident that what now remains 

of the Newark strata is but the remnant of their original extent.

Section along the James river. The only natural section of any considerable extent in this area is along the left bank of the James from a 

point on the east nearly opposite the site of Bellona arsenal, westward 

to Dover, a distance of between 7 and 8 miles. At each end of this section the rocks are much disturbed and broken along north nud south 

displacements. The general dip at each end is toward the center ol 

the area, at angles varying from 15 to 70 degrees. In the central portion 

of the section, for a distance of about 4 miles, the strata form a broad, 

gentle synclinal, the central part of which is nearly horizontal, the dips 

on the eastern and western borders varying from 5 to 8 degrees. Near 

the west end of Ibhe section, at Boscobel, there is a mass of crystalline 

rocks included between highly inclined Newark strata. This is formed

1 Mesozoic formation in Virginia. In Ana. Inst. Mill. Eng., Trails., vol. yi, 1879, pp. 221-224, Pls.1-2.
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN NO. 85 PL. IX

BOGAN CUT ENLARGED BELOW

W

TrapDykea. Sa.ndst.one. Shale.- Crystalline Rocks.

SECTION OF NEWARK ROCKS ALONG CAROLINA R.R THROUGH WADESBOROUGH N..C.

Begins 2360FW.afLUesville E- -

Shale Sandstone. "Trap. Conglomerate.

_6p_____130____30

Vertical Scale 3 times the Horizontal

SECTION ON NORTH SIDE OF BOGAN CUT.

SECTIONS.
RUSSELL.] THE RICHMOND AREA. 91

by the tongue-like prolongation of crystalline rock which enters the 

Newark area from tlic north and extends across the James river as 

shown on the map forming PI. V. The presence of this wedge of crystalline rock, disturbing the continuity of the sedimentary strata, is due 

to a fault which has brought up the floor on which the Newark rocks 

were deposited, together Avith the basal conglomerate which rests upon 

it. On the east side of the wedge near the Dover mines the Newark 

rocks are disturbed and faulted, and have a general southwest inclination at angles varying from 15 to 20 degrees. On the west side the 

stratified rocks are also much disturbed and faulted, and in general dip 

eastward.

West border of the area. The Dover mines, on the north side of the 

James, and the Powhatan, Norwood, and Old Dominion mines, on the 

south side of the river, are ranged in line along the west border of the 

area, and may be considered as constituting a single district. In this 

district, as has been demonstrated by mining operations, the inclinations of the rocks change abruptly from northwest at some localities to southeast at others near at hand, the inclinations varying from 15 to 20 degrees. This diversity is explained by the fact 

that the district has been broken by approximately north and south 

faults, and that the included beds have been variously tilted. The 

structure is especially well illustrated in the Norwood mine, in which 

the coal in certain of the fault basins has been worked out and the 

forms of the troughs demonstrated. These mines are located on the 

low bluft bordering the flood plain of the James, and the coal comes to 

the surface, although the lines of outcrop are concealed by superficial 

clays and gravels. The coal is worked by means of "^slopes" following 

the dip of the seams. In the workings which were open in 1885 the 

dip is westward at an angle of from 20 to 25 degrees. The main slope 

had been excavated, following the inclination of the strata, for about 

300 feet, and exposed sections of two coal seams, both of which are 

irregular in thickness, owing to disturbances along small faults. Three 

principal faults were exposed at the time of my visit, all. remarkably 

uniform in strike and hade, and in the direction in which the fault 

blocks had been tilted. The displacement amounted to 5 or 0 feet in 

each instance, and the fault planes are inclined eastward at angles of 

from 60 to 70 degrees with a horizontal plane. Each of the fault blocks 

is tilted at an angle of 20 to 30 degrees toward the northwest. At the 

bottom, of the slope another fault of greater magnitude was encountered, the hade of which is westward at an angle of 20 to 30 degrees. 

Along each line of faulting the coal had been pinched out to a mere 

" stringer " of comminuted and slickensided fragments. The fracturing and crushing were so complete near the lines of disturbance that the 

fragments of coal and associated shale are intimately mingled, much to 

the detriment of the former. In many cases the slickensided fragments, 

measuring an inch or two in diameter, can be removed with the hand.
92 THE NEWAEK SYSTEM. [nnx.85.

Owing to the drag of the strata on the thrown side of the faults, the 

dip of the beds seems to be in opposite directions from the lines of displacement, and decreases in inclination a few feet distant. This occurrence has led the miners of this district to apply the term "roll" to 

these disturbances. In some instances it was apparent that motion 

had taken place throughout a belt of comminuted and slickensided 

fragments or "fault rock," several feet broad, thus rendering it impossible to indicate a precise line of fracture.

These displacements are accompanied by a thinning of the coal adjacent to the planes of fracture and a thickening in the central portion 

of the fault blocks. This phenomenon has been observed in many 

other mines in the Richmond area and is probably the explanation of 

the great thickness reported in some of the coal seams along the eastern margin of the area and in detached basins adjacent thereto.

East border of the area. In the neighborhood of Midlothian there is 

a double line of coal outcrops separated by a strip of crystalline rocks 

having a breadth of approximately 2,000 feet. The western line of 

outcrop marks approximately the boundary of the main coal neld, while 

the eastern line is formed by coal seams in detached -basins. Mining 

in this region has demonstrated that there are at least two separate 

basins in the outlying strip of coal-bearing rocks. These are the Black 

Heath and Green Hole areas, widely known during early mining operations in Virginia. Other small areas are indicated on some ma,ps as 

falling in line with these, but whether they form separate basins or not 

is uncertain. So far as the dominating structure of the region is concerned, all of these small local areas may be considered as one.

In the eastern border of the main area at Midlothian the strata, 

although disturbed by many small faults, are inclined westward a,t an 

angle of between 15 and 20 degrees. In the outlying local basins the 

strata are reported to be inclined from each side toward the center, so 

that each stratum forms two parallel lines of outcrop. It is also reported that the coal seams are thin along their outcrops and thicker in 

the central part of the basins. The structure of these basins was not 

accurately recorded during the time that coal was being removed and 

it is now impracticable satisfactorily to renew their study. From such 

observations as I was able to make, aided by the writings of Lyell and 

the verbal reports of miners who helped to win the coal, I judge that 

the strata dip to the westward, but that the softer layers, including the 

coal, were dragged along the plane of faulting and thus simulate a 

sharply folded synclinal. The fault which cut off the basins follows 

their western border and hades eastward.

The small detached area in which the Deep river mines are situated, 

north of the James and about 3 miles east of the east border of the main 

area, is another illustration of the occurrence of a narrow strip of Newark rocks occupying a detached fault basin. The main fault to which 

this little area owes its depression, and consequent preservation, follows
U. 6. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

BOGAN'S CUT, NORTH CAROLINA: LOOKING WES
KUPSBLL.] . THE RICHMOND AREA. 93

its west border. The bluff of crystalline rocks overlooking it on the 

west is in reality the heaved side of the fault, the strike of which is 

about northeast and southwest and the hade eastward. In this area, 

as in the Green Hole and Black Heath basins, some of the soft strata 

appear to have parallel lines of outcrop. The line of supposed outcrop 

along the west side of the basin, however, is due to the drag of the coal 

and associated shales along the fault plane. As in similar basins south 

of the James, the coal is thin at the outcrops and thickens in the center of the fault blocks. As in the areas mentioned above, the structure simulates an abruptly folded synclinal, with strata thickening in 

the center. The coal in this area is much broken and slickensided, and 

secondary faults were encountered during mining operations. Thereof 

of shale above the coal is in many places a mass of comminuted and 

slickensided fragments, which in some instances during mining operations flowed out from openings like so much gravel. Here, as elsewhere in the secondary areas and in the bordering outcrops of the 

Richmond coal field, the difficulties and uncertainties of mining were 

greatly enhanced by the faulting and crushing that the strata had suffered.

At Clover hill, in the southern part of the eastern border of the 

Richmond coal field, coal has been mined for a long series of years. In 

1885, this was the only point at which active mining operations were 

being carried on. The " incline " which was being worked followed the 

slope of the coal seams for about 250 yards. The dip of the strata is 

northwest 20 to 35 degrees, and the strike S. 10° 30' W., agreeing very 

nearly with similar measurements at Midlothian. At the date mentioned, mining operations were limited on the west by a fault, striking 

about north and south, the throw of Avhich was undetermined but exceeds 50 feet. In the mines there are several minor faults, parallel to 

the one on the west, some of which have a displacement of 40 to 50 

feet. The structure, although seemingly more regular than the Midlothian or Norwood, is essentially of the same character; that is, the 

rocks are faulted, but the strata in each fault block return with remarkable persistency to about the same dip.

A marginal fault along portions of the east border of the Richmond 

coal field, which, brings the broken edges of the Newark strata indirect 

contact with the surrounding crystalline rock, has been determined. A 

cross fracture is indicated by a break and offset in the line of coal outcrops just east of Midlothian. The tongue of crystalline rock penetrating the main Richmond area at the extreme northern end, as shown on 

PI. v, seems also to be due to a fault which has brought up the 

crystalline floor on which the Newark rocks rest. The actual presence 

of such a fault, however, has not been demonstrated by observation.

Failures in mining due to geological structure. It is safe to say that a 

large part of the failures which have attended the working of the coal 

in the Richmond coal field are due to the faulting and crushing that
94 THE NEWARK SYSTEM. [BULL. 85.

the rocks have suffered. Mining has been attempted only along the 

immediate borders of the main area and in the small secondary basins, 

that is, in localities Avhere the greatest amount of disturbance has 

occurred. The central and undisturbed portion has never been explored. A few drill holes midway between Midlothian and the Old 

Dominion mine would demonstrate whether the coal in the central portion of the field is sufficiently thick and of such a quality that it would 

repay mining at the considerable depth at which it occurs. While the 

central portion of the field is practically without faults, it is possible 

that it is traversed by sheets and dikes of trap, the effect of which on 

the coal, whether to decrease or increase its value, cannot be predicted. 

Absence of oil and gas. Although mining in the Bichniond coal field 

has been retarded by the escape of natural gas and by spontaneous combustion, the fact that it has been penetrated by mines and drill holes 

without developing any reservoirs of oil or gas of economic importance 

must be considered as sufficient evidence that such deposits do not exist. The broken condition of the strata and the-attitude in which they 

occur are in themselves sufficient indication that reservoirs of oil and 

gas need not be looked for.

STRUCTURE OF THE DEEP RIVER AREA.

The most usual dip of the strata in this area is southeast at an average 

angle of perhaps 15 degrees. Faults are exposed in several of the excavations along the railroads crossing the area, and changes of dip occjir 

adjacent to many of the trap dikes which break through the stratified 

beds, indicating that they were intruded along displacements.

On the east side of the area, near Carey, and again on the west 

border, a mile or two north of Egypt, there are notches in its outline 

which probably indicate the presence of faults. The junction of the 

Newark rocks and the adjacent crystalline rocks of the eastern border, 

where it is crossed by the Piedmont Air Line Kailroad, 1£ miles west 

of Carey, is well exposed. The Newark strata at the junction consist 

of a coarse, brecciated conglomerate, dipping westward and resting on 

the crystalline terraue from which they were derived. These coarse 

beds belong to the basal conglomerate of the series, and agree in all 

essential features with the same stratum where exposed along portions of 

the west margin of the same area and in adjacent secondary areas. The 

most remarkable evidence of faulting in this region is furnished by a 

narrow strip of Newark strata adjacent to the west border of the main 

area, immediately west of Lockville. The trend of the axis of this outlier is parallel with the margin of the main area, and distant less than 

a mile from it. In the central part of the strip the strata dip a little 

east of north at an angle of 20 degrees. On the west side of the area, 

and resting on crystalline rocks, is the coarse basal conglomerate of 

the Newark.
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

PAUL i IN BOGAN'S CUT, NORTH CAROLIN
BUSBELL.] DEEP RIVER AND WADESBORO AREAS. 95

On Kerr's 1 geologiciil niap of North. Carolina, three small detached 

areas of the Newark system are represented as occurring about 20 miles 

east of the eastern border of the main area and 10 miles south of 

Kaleigh, but no observations on the character or. structure of these 

outliers are known.

Without entering into a detailed account of observations matle by 

the writer in the Deep river area, it may be stated that the evidence 

throughout is decidedly in favor of the prevailing fault structure. 

There is an absence of auticlinals and synclinals, and also an absence 

of a continuous monoclinal dip throughout the area, as has been stated.

STRUCTURE OF THE W-ADESBORO AREA.

In this, as iii the Deep river area, the prevailing dip is southeast, 

but there are many exceptions in which the inclination is reversed 

along lines of displacements or adjacent to trap dikes. There are also 

outlying or secondary areas that still further illustrate the fault structure of the region.

The best section obtained in this area, and perhaps the most instructive that can be found anywhere in the Newark system, is exposed 

along the Carolina Central railroad from Lylesville westward through 

Wadesboro, to the western margin of the area. The width of the Newark rocks along this line, including two tongues of crystalline rock 

penetrating the sedimentary series from the north, is about 16 miles. 

The section referred to above, as measured during my reconnaissance 

in 1885, is shown on PI. ix. On the same plate is a more detailed 

section of a portion of the general section, in which the characteristic 

structure of the Newark system is well illustrated. West of Lylesville for about 1 mile the rocks are granitic and deeply decomposed. 

Bordering the granite on the west are the Newark beds. The Newark 

strata adjacent to the eastern border of the area are composed of the 

debris of granitic rocks, plainly derived from the crystaline area on the 

east. At the immediate eastern end of the Newark section there are 

certain structureless, mottled clays, which were apparently deposited 

above the Newark strata and may possibly belong to the Potoniac formation; but the. relations of these deposits have not been satisfactorily 

determined. The dip of the Newark beds for about a mile westward 

from the eastern margin, as shown on the accompanying sections, is 

westward at angles varying from 10 to 20 degrees. The dip then 

changes abruptly near a trap dike, and the strata are inclined southeastward at an angle varying from 15 to 25 degrees. This general inclination prevails all the way across the remainder of the section until 

the crystalline rocks interrupting the continuity of the Newark beds 

just east of Browns creek are reached.

In this section over fifty trap dikes were observed, ranging from a 

few inches to over 50 feet in width, and at least fourteen displacements

1 Iu Rep, Gool. Surv. of North Carolina. Raleigh, 1875.
96 THE NEWARK SYSTEM. [BULL. 85.

of considerable but usually undetermined throw were noted. As the 

rocks were seen for less than half the distance included in the section, 

there being no exposures where the railroad is constructed by jailing, it 

is probable that less than half the dikes and faults that exist have 

been seen. The most typical as well as the best exposed portion of this 

section is in Bogans cut, about 3£ miles west of Wadesboro, which is 

indicated at the bottom of PI. ix. In this cut there are :i mr well 

exposed faults, besides abrupt changes in the inclination of tue strata 

adjacent to the trap dikes. The displacements in each instai ie have 

a throw of less than 50 feet, and with one exception are norms faults, 

hading westward. The exception is a reversed fault, as shown in the 

section, a photograph of which is reproduced in PI. xu. Com 'limited 

rock occurs along the immediate plane of the fault, and a triangular 

block of sandstone is included in it. The structure in Bogans cut is 

rendered unusually plain by the contrast of reddish brown sha es and 

gray sandstones brought into a,brupt contact by the displacemei-t. The 

fault planes in each instance are smooth and slickensided; the striations 

on the smooth slopes record vertical movements.

A mile and a half west of Bogans cut the basal conglomerate of the 

Newark system comes to the surface with an easterly dip of about 25 

degrees, and rests on crystalline strata. West of this junction the crystalline rocks are well exposed for nearly a mile to the easteri /order 

of the valley of Browns creek. There is then an unexposed are.. about 

a mile broad occupied by flood plain deposits, but it is probably underlain 

by Newark strata. On the west border of the flood plain the Newark 

system again appears, dipping eastward at a high angle, and continues 

to be again exposed occasionally for 2£ miles along the railroad. In th is 

portion of the section the rocks are shales and sandstones, traversed by 

many trap dikes and broken by several faults. The basal member of 

the seiies again appears, as shown on PI. ix, with an easterly dip of 

about 40 degrees, and resting upon metamorphosed rocks. West of 

this junction the metamorphosed rocks form the surface for about 300 

feet, when the basal conglomerate again appears, this time dippingwestward at an angle of about 20 degrees. A fault between theNewark 

strata and the metamorphosed rocks is here plainly indicated by a band 

of comminuted fragments. The conglomerate on both sides of the upthrust slates is composed of the same rock in rounded and angular 

masses, and was evidently of local origin. West of the last exposure 

of the basal conglomerate, the characteristic shales and sandstones of 

the Newark system continue to be exposed Avestward along the railroad 

for several hundred feet. The crystalline rocks then begin and continue indefinitely.

In the section just described the basal conglomerate is exposed four 

times by faulting. There are also, as we have seen, many faults not of 

sufficient vertical extent to bring up the basal member of the system. 

The disturbances that the rocks have undergone are still further illustrated by the great number of trap dikes penetrating them.
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

FAULT IN BOGAN'S CUT : NORTH CAROLIN
SUMMARY OF STRUCTURE. 97

The Wadesboro area as a whole is depressed below the level of 

fthe surrounding plateau of crystalline rocks, thus indicating that the 

locks composing it are more easily eroded than the surrounding ter- 

:ranes. When the crystalline rocks penetrate the Newark area, they 

form bold hills and by their relief enable one to judge of the structure 

of the rocks beneath. South of Bogans cut, near Whites store, there is 

a high north and south ridge composed of crystalline rocks traversing 

the Newark system, which is probably the upheaved side of a fault 

and may be an extension southward of the ridge which appears on the 

west side of Browns creek farther north.

The structure of the Wadesboro region is still further illustrated by 

two small outlying areas belonging to the same system. These are situated to the eastward and are indicated on Kerr's geological map of 

North Carolina. These Avere examined by the writer in 1885 and are 

supposed to occupy fault basins, as in the case of the numerous outlying areas previously noted. The first of these visited is about 3 miles 

east of the eastern border of the main area in the valley of Mountain 

creek. It is between 2 and 3 miles long from north to south and perhaps 

a quarter of a mile broad. The dip of the strata is in general southeastward at an angle of 10 degrees. South of this, and about 4 miles 

west of EockingTiam, is another similar area, separated from the main 

area by about 8 miles of crystalline rock. In this intervening belt 

there are trap dikes identical with the numerous dikes of the Newark 

system, and in the Eockingham area there are other dikes of the same 

character. The area near Eockingham is nearly 2 miles broad, with 

possibly a ridge of metamorphosed rocks in the center, and coarse conglomerate is exposed along its western border. The strata above the 

conglomerate are normal sandstones and shales dipping eastward 15 

degrees. c

My notes show many other details of structure which are in harmony 

with the general conclusions presented above, and strengthen the 

hypothesis that the Wadesboro area, like others in the system to which 

it belongs, is characterized by diverse monoclinal structure due to the 

tilting of faulted blocks.

SUMMARY.

The brief account given in this chapter of our present knowledge of 

the structure of the Newark system, shows that it is monoclinal throughout. The structure is due to a fracturing- of the rocks along lines having l 

in general a northeasterly and southwesterly trend, and a tilting and 

perhaps overthrusting of the included blocks. In many instances the 

fault blocks are inclined in a uniform direction, and when the similarity 

in strata renders it difficult to detect repetitions, the system appears 

to be a continuous mass of vast thickness. Some of the faults observed 

are of sufficient magnitude to bring to the surface the crystalline or 

Paleozoic rocks on which the system, rests. Others expose the basal 

Bull, 85 7
98 THE NEWARK SYSTEM. [BULL. 85.

conglomerate, but the greater number are small, and owing to the similarity of the strata affected by them are difficult and many times 

impossible to trace.

While faults are numerous, pronounced folds are absent. Broad, 

gentle undulations do occur, however, especially in the broader areas, 

and in the Connecticut valley and New Jersey, explain in part, the 

curvature of the outcrops of some of the trap sheets.

An examination of the entire system shows that faulting is as important an element in the structure of the Atlantic coast plain as it is in 

the Great basin. These two regions have this important difference, 

however: In the Great basin the fault scarps stand in relief and form 

mountain ranges, while along the Atlantic coast the relief has been 

subdued by erosion, and for the most part a featureless plain takes the 

place of the mountain uplifts that would otherwise appear.

It is to be supposed that the faults traversing the Newark rocks are 

but a portion of a great system which affects a large part, and perhaps 

the entire region of metamorphic rocks, in the midst of which remnants 

of the Newark system have been preserved.

ORIGIN OF FAULT STRUCTURE.

The only hypothesis that has been advanced in explanation of the 

characteristic fault structure of the Newark system was proposed by 

Davis, 1 in discussing the deformation of the rocks of that system of the

FIG. 3. Ideal east and west sections of Connecticut valley area previous to deformation.

Connecticut valley. Starting with horizontal Newark strata deposited 

on the truncated edges of highly inclined crystalline beds, Davis shows 

that a force of compression, acting at right angles to the bedding of 

the crystalline rocks, would increase their inclination and cause the beds0 

of which they are composed to slip one on another. The eroded surface 

forming the floor on which the Newark beds rest would thus become 

faulted along lines of strike. The faults would be carried upward 

through the superjacent stratified beds, and produce a series of inonoclinal fault blocks, the prevailing dip of which would be in one direction. 

This explanation will be readily understood by reference to the accompanying diagram (Fig. 3), copied from Davis's paper already referred to, 

in which the Newark strata of the Connecticut valley are shown in the 

attitude they held up to the initiation of their present structure. Two 

dikes have been introduced, one on the left to show the supposed source

'TJ. S. Geol. Surv., 7tli Aun.Rpt., 1885-'86, Washington, 1888, pp. 486-490.
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

FAULT IN BOGAN'S CUTr NORTH CAROLINA.
RUSSELL,.] FAULT STRUCTURE. 99

of the intruded trap sheets, and one on the right to explain.the successive 

overflows of trap that appeared at times during the depression of the 

Connecticut valley area and the accumulation of the Newark strata. 

Deposition is supposed to have continued as long as depression was in 

progress, but was stopped when the fundamental schists began to be 

affected by lateral compression. The compression caused the strata in 

the schist to slip one on another, thus increasing their dips, and in 

some instances carrying them, over beyond the vertical.

The result of the compression and slipping of the schistose layers, 

as postulated above, on the stratified beds resting on them is shown in 

Fig. 4. The slabs in the underlying schists are separated by faults, 

and their beveled edges are canted over at an angle equal to their 

change of dip. The overlying beds, unable to support themselves on 

this uneven floor, have been broken into fault blocks and tilted in a 

uniform direction.

Fifi. 4. Meal oast and west section of Couno'cticut Valley area after deformation.

The occurrence of reverse faults has also been considered by Davis, 

and their origin explained by a curvature of the underlying schistose 

strata in place of the more regular bedding previously indicated, as 

shown in the following diagram:*

This attractive hypothesis finds some support outside of the Connecticut valley area, in the^ fact that the strike of the numerous faults 

in the Newark rocks south of Connecticut, is in a general way parallel 

with the trend of the strata in the associated crystalline rocks. The 

actual tracing of faults, however, from the Newark area into the adjacent crystalline, has not been done. The most favorable locality for 

continuing the study is unquestionably the Wadesboro area, where 

the structure of the crystalline floor beneath the Newark system can 

be determined with some degree of accuracy, and the conditions for 

tracing faults from stratified to crystalline rocks are better than in any 

other area.

As shown in a preceding section of this paper, a general study of the 

structure of the Newark system should include the consideration of the 

origin of the trap dikes and sheets which traverse it. Like the faults,

1 For a more recent discussion of the structure of the Conuectictit valley area see an article by J. D. 

Dana, On Percival's map of the Jura-Trias trap belt of central Connecticut, with observations on 

the upturning or mountain-making disturbance of the formation. Am. Jour. Sci., 3d ser., vol. XLU, 

pp. 439-447, PI. XVI.
100 THE NEWARK SYSTEM. [BULL. 85.

these are due to a disturbance and breaking of the strata. While it is 

highly probable that the faulting and injection of igneous rocks are 

portions of the same process, yet this has not been proved. It may be 

presumed, if the subsidence of the region of accumulation in Newark 

times was due to displacements, as is suggesSted by marginal faults 

along the borders of certain of the areas, that the contemporaneous 

overflows of igneous rock came to the surface through fissures thus 

formed. Subsequent faulting may have been accompanied by the injection of dikes and intrusive sheets. If such an association of faults 

and trap rock can be shown it follows, on the hypothesis of the origin 

of the faulted structure proposed by Davis, that the trap dikes in the 

crystalline area should follow lines of bedding. Observation in this 

connection is very incomplete; but so far as is known the dikes referred 

to do not follow the lines of bedding, but cross them in an irregular 

manner.
CHAPTER IX. 

FORMER EXTENT.

Considerable diversity of opinion has arisen concerning the original 

extent of the rocks of the Newark system. The conclusions of geologists in this connection fall in two groups: First, those implying that 

the present detached areas of the system are local deposits which were 

originally but little, if any, greater than at present; second, those 

implying that the detached portions of the system as they now exist 

are remants of terranes much larger than any of the areas now remaining, a very large and perhaps the greater part of tile original 

deposits having been removed by erosion. For convenience the common element of the first group of explanations will be called the localbasin hypothesis, and that of the second group the Iroad-terrane hypo* 

thesis.

THE LOCAL-BASIN HYPOTHESIS STATED.

This hypothesis has been advanced more or less definitely by a number of writers.

In describing the rocks of the Newark system about the Bay of 

Fundy, Dawson 1 states that when they were deposited, the form and 

contour of the country already made some approach to what it still 

retains, and that the sedimentary strata were deposited in a bay coinciding with the present Bay of Fundy, but a little wider and larger.

The Connecticut valley area and the much larger New York-Virginia 

area are also considered by a number of geologists as representing 

about the original boundaries of the estuaries or lakes which became 

filled with sediment during the Newark period.

This view is expressed by Newberry 2 in an essay on the geological 

history of New York, island and harbor, in the following language:

The trough between the New York axis and the Blue Eidge was occupied by water, 

and in this trough the Triassic [Newark] shales and sandstones were deposited. A 

similar trough east of New York, where noAvis the valley of the Connecticut, was also 

a lagoou or estuary iu which similar sediments accumulated.

These conclusions are again stated in a recent monograph of the fossil 

fishes and fossil plants of the rocks under consideration.3

1 Acadian Geology, 3d. ed., 1878, pp. 86, 87.

2 Pop. Sci. Monthly vol, XIII, 1878, p. 044. " 

* U. S. Geological Survey, Mou., vol. xiv, 1888, p. 6.

101
102 THE NEWARK SYSTEM. [BULL. 85.

Somewhat similar conclusions have been reached by Davis,1 and may 

be found in his recent contribution to the study of the structure of the 

Connecticut valley region.

The most definite statement of the local-basin hypothesis that has 

been published is Emerson's graphic description of the condition of the 

Connecticut valley at the time it received its filling of sandstone: 3

If one will picture the broad valley [of the Connecticut] from Pelham across to 

Westhampton [Massachusetts] as a half mile deeper than the present river, and imagine the rocky surface of the upland as half a mile higher than now, with the canallike channel filled by the fiord waters to a height above the level of Mount Holyoke, 

while the bordering streams swept sand and gravel into the basin and strong currents spread the material over its bottom, he will have a rude outline of Triassic 

[Newark] times in the valley.

The picture suggested by this clear description is of a plateau region 

cut by a profound canyon a mile in depth, where now the Connecticut 

flows.

Percival 3 remarks that the two Newark areas of Connecticut are of a 

local, isolated character, each forming a complete system in itself, and 

apparently independent of any more extensive formation.

Dana 4 has expressed the opinion that the Connecticut valley was an 

estuary during the Newark period, and had its violent floods, which 

may have been for a part of the time enlarged by the water and ice of 

a semiglacial era. J. Le Conte 5 also considers the Connecticut valley 

to have been a restricted basin during the Newark period.

The small Newark areas in Virginia and North Carolina, which contain coal, have been regarded as owing their origin to the filling of 

local basins which were swamps during portions of the Newark period.6

Similar opinions have been expressed more or less definitely by other 

writers, but without making further quotations I will attempt a general statement of the local-basin hypothesis:

During the Newark period the Atlantic border of the continent was 

about in its present position, and the land had about its present relief. 

Then, as now, there was a Piedmont plain, and in this plain there were 

long, narrow basins, formed in the region of the Connecticut by erosion, 

apparently, but in the other cases probably by orographic movement, 

which held lakes, or being connected with the ocean, formed estuaries, 

fiords, etc. Into these basins the debris from the adjacent land surface, 

composed of crystalline rocks, was carried and deposited. Since the 

filling of the basins the strata accumulated in them have been tilted, 

but beyond this there has been no pronounced orographic movement 

and no very considerable amount of erosion.

1 TJ. S. Geological Survey, Seventh Ann. Kept., 1888, pp. 401-462.

2 In Gazetteer of'Hampshire county, Massachusetts. [From] 1C54-1887. Compiled by W. B. Gray, 

Syracuse, New York. [1888] p. 18.

3 Kept. Geol. of Connecticut, 1842, p. 430.

4 Am. Jour. Sci., 3d ser., 1879, vol. xvn, p. 330. 

6 Elements of Geology, 2<1 ed., 1882, p. 453.

c Kiclnnond Coal Fields, Virginia, by W. Clifford, Manchester [England] Geol. Soc. Trana., vol. XIX. 

1888, p. 333.
BOSSKLL.] THE BROAD-TERRANE HYPOTHESIS. 10B 

THE BROAJD-TERRANE HYPOTHESIS STATED.

The former connection of various Newark areas south of New York 

was implied in the explanation of the origin of the prevailing dips 

exhibited by these rocks in New Jersey and Pennsylvania, advanced 

by Rogers,1 in 1840. This author states that the rocks referred to 

seem to have originated in a long, narrow trough, which had its source 

as far south at least as the eastern base of the Blue Eidge in Virginia 

and North Carolina, and probably opened into the ocean somewhere 

near the present position of the Earitan and New York bays.

The former extension of the focks of the Newark system beyond the 

boundaries of the areas now remaining, although suggested by Maclure 2 

as early as 1817, seems to have been first clearly indicated by Kerr, 3 

who sought to explain the opposite dips of the rocks of the Deep river 

and Dan river coal fields of North Carolina on the hypothesis that the 

two areas were formerly united and owe their separation to the upheaval 

and erosion of the belt of country between them, the portions remaining being iu a general .way of the nature of bordering or basal remnants of a great anticlinal.

The union of the various areas south of New York, in which sediments were deposited during the Newark period, into one great estuary 

having its capes at Trenton, New Jersey, and Manhattan Island, New 

York, has been suggested by Lesley.4

The hypothesis proposed by Kerr in reference to the former union of 

the Deep river and Dan river coal fields, was received with favor by 

Bradley,5 who extended it to the Connecticut valley and the New YorkVirginia areas. Some arguments tending to show that the rocks of 

the Newark system in New Jersey and in the Connecticut valley were 

originally connected were advanced by the present writer several years 

ago, and need not be restated.6 The -various areas of the Newark system in Virginia, according to Heinrich,7 were formerly connected, and 

their continuity was broken by a slow and unequal movement of the 

floor of crystalline rocks on which they were laid down, accompanied 

by the erosion of the elevations thus formed.

Briefly stated the broad-terrane hypotheses claims that the various 

areas of the Newark system now remaining are remnants of much 

broader terraues, and that many and perhaps all of them were originally united. More than this, the hypothesis implies that marked 

orographic movements, accompanied by upheaval, faulting, and diking, 

have affected the beds since they were deposited, and that they have 

suffered very greatly from erosion.

1 Description of the Geol. of New Jersey, final report, Philadelphia, 1840,12mo., p. 115.

2 Observations on the Geology of the United States, Philadelphia, 1817, p. 41.

3 Hep. of the Geol. Surv. of North Carolina, vol. i; Raleigh, 1875, p. 141.

«Cited in Coal Regions of America, by J. Macfarlane, 3d ed., New York, 1877, p. 512.

6 Am. Jour. Sci., 3rd ser., vol. xn, 1870, p, 289.

6 New York Acad. Sci.,Ann., vol. I, 1878, p. 220-244; also in Aiuer. Nat., vol. xiv, 1880, pp. 703-712.

7 Am. Inst. Mining Eng., Trans., vol. vi, 1879, pp. 227-274.
104 THE NEWAEK SYSTEM. [BULL. 85.

With this brief statement of the case let us endeavor to determine 

on what facts the two hypotheses rest.

EVIDENCE FAVORING THE LOCAL-BASIN HYPOTHESIS.

No definite statement of observations tending to show that the .various areas of the Newark system did not extend much beyond their 

present boundaries has been made and perhaps should not be expected.. 

That the various areas are now isolated, and are formed of debris 

derived from crystalline rocks of the same character as those now bordering them, seems to be all the direct evidence there is that they were: 

originally deposited in independent basins.

In reference to the Connecticut valley area, W. M. Davis states that. 

"its original area was greater than at present, as there has beeni 

demonstrable loss by marginal erosion, but it is generally thought that 

the loss has not been very great." In continuing the discussion he;

says: 1

We are not, however, confined to this conclusion by a very strong line of argument. The rapid change from finer standstones and shales which generally appear 

in the central part of the formation to the coarse sandstones and conglomerates that 

characterize the margin is usually cited as implying a narrow limitation of the area 

of the deposits, but it is not yet demonstrated that the finer central strata are the 

equivalents of the coarser marginal layers. The latter may mark localities on the 

advancing shore during submergence that were favorable to the formation of coarse 

deposits, while the former may correspond to a later date of more general submergence; moreover, in some cases the finer shales approach close to the present margin 

of the formation. No isolated outliers of the formation have yet been discovered, 

unless the little Sonthbury-Woodbury area in western Connecticut be so regarded, 

but the region around the area that is still covered by the Triassic [Newark] rocks 

has been elevated to an altitude and during a time sufficient to have suffered much 

loss by post-Triassic erosion. The general freedom of the same surrounding region 

from the igneous rocks so closely associated with the Triassic formation in its various areas along the Atlantic slope may also suggest its escape from Triassic submergence; but in our present state of knowledge concerning the cause of this peculiar association it can hardly be employed in this argument. It therefore does not 

seem impossible that the original Triassic area may have been much larger than the 

present, but the burden of proof lies clearly in those Who would contend for what 

now appears to be so far beyond the necessities of the case.

EVIDENCE FAVORING THE BROAD-TERRANE HYPOTHESIS.

The data on which this hypothesis rests have been presented in the 

preceding pages, and although it is not necessary to reassemble it, we 

may designate the classes into which it naturally falls. First. The 

stratigraphic incompleteness of all of the Newark areas now remaining. Second. The presence of marginal faults which have determined 

the limits of some of the areas in certain directions. Third. Evidence 

of great erosion since the Newark rocks were deposited.

It is well known that when water basins become filled by sediment

1 Seventh Aim. Kep. TJ. S. Geol. Survey, 1888, pp. 461-462.
BUSSELL.] THE BROAD-TERRANE HYPOTHESIS. 105

washed in from the shores, the material deposited has an orderly 

arrangement, the coarser portions being dropped near shore, while the 

finer portions are carried farther ont. The slow subsidence of a basin 

which is being filled in this way would result in the formation of a basal 

conglomerate with layers of fine sediments superimposed upon it. A 

horizontal section of such a deposit taken at any horizon above the 

basal conglomerate first laid down .would show a central area of fine 

material surrounded by a fringe of coarse detritus.

In no instance in the various Newark areas now remaining does such 

an arrangement appear. Along portions of the margins of some of the 

areas referred to coarse deposits are found, but in other parts of their 

borders the rocks are fine grained and of the nature of oil-shore deposits. 

The necessary conclusion seems to be that the terranes now remaining 

do not represent the original extent of the deposits at any stage.

The presence of faults along the margins of several of the Newark 

areas show that their present limits have, in part at least, been determined by displacement and subsequent erosion. The marginal ftiults 

referred to frequently bring fine grained Newark rocks in direct contact with bordering areas of crystalline rock, thus proving conclusively 

that the original extent of the sedimentary beds was beyond the limits 

indicated by this present outcrop.

Evidence of great erosion since the Newark period is furnished by 

the topographic relief of the outcropping edges of intruded trap sheets, 

which were originally forced in among the sedimentary beds and cooled 

far below the surface. Since their intrusion, the system has been tilted 

and reduced nearly to a base leyel by suba3rial erosion. To bring 

about the conditions now prevailing very large portions of the original 

deposits must have been removed.

The occurrence of soft strata of shale and sandstone dipping in one 

uniform direction over large areas, which are now nearly at base level, 

demonstrates that much erosion has taken place. The amount of this 

erosion can not be quantitatively determined, but I think that every 

geologist who has studied the matter will agree with me that many 

hundreds and possibly thousands of feet of strata have been removed 

from the areas in question. This again implies that the areas now occupied by the system are remnants of the original deposits.

The Potomac formation rests unconformably on the Newark, the unconformity being due to the erosion of the loAver rocks previous to the 

deposition of younger beds upon them. 1 There is also evidence that the 

Newark rocks were again exposed to erosion previous to the deposition 

of the Cretaceous. Another elevation of the Atlantic sea border, followed by a reduction to base level, followed the deposition of the Cretaceous rocks, and removed them from large areas now* occupied by the

1 Three formations of the Middle Atlantic Slope, by W. J. McGee. Am. Jour. Science, 3d series, vol. 

xxxv, 1888, p. 135.
106 THE NEWARK SYSTEM.

Newark system, ag has been quite clearly demonstrated by Davis.1 

During these various stages of erosion when the country, occupied in 

part by the Newark system, was being reduced again and again by sea 

level after upheavals, all of the Newark rocks above the horizon of baselevel erosion Avere cut away. The port ons now remaining appear to 

owe their preservation, as previously stated, to their having been 

depressed along lines of displacement below the horizon at which subserial agencies could act.

The considerations mentioned, and some others which are more difficult to state briefly as the relations of drainage on the Atlantic slope 

to the Newark areas, and the absence of overflow of volcanic rock on 

crystalline and Paleozoic terranes surrounding the islands occupied 

by the Newark system all tend in one direction, and furnish cumulative evidence tending to show that the Newark rocks were formerly 

much more extensive than at present, and that many of them must 

have been united.

OBJECTIONS TO THE BROAD-TERRANE HYPOTHESIS.

Although the broad-terrane hypothesis has met with but a limited 

number of adherents, only a few specific objections have been made to it.

NeAvberry2 .observes that it seems scarcely probable that some thousands of feet of Triassic [Newark] rocks, including thick beds of hard 

and resistant trap, should have been so completely carried away from 

the interval of 100 miles now separating the Connecticut valley and the 

New York-Virginia areas that not a trace of them should anywhere be 

left. It should be borne in mind, however, in this connection, that an 

outlier the Southbury area does exist in the interval mentioned. 

This area is shown on PI. in. It is situated 16 miles west of the west 

border of the Connecticut valley area, and probably owes its preservation to its having been depressed below the plane of base-level erosion 

to which the country has been reduced and to the numerous sheets of 

trap which traverse it. Whether other trap sheets existed in the 

interval mentioned is not known, and but scanty suggestions that such 

was the case can be derived from such studiesof this area as have been 

made.

It is implied in the objection cited above, that trap rock is much 

more difficult of erosion than the sandstones and shales with which it 

is associated in the Newark system. Under such climatic conditions 

as now prevail in Virginia and North Carolina this is not the case. 

The trap dikes are there deeply decayed, and frequently so soft, even 

at a depth of 50 feet from the surface, that they can be molded in one's 

fingers like potter's clay. Instead of forming prominent ridges their 

presence is not indicated in the relief of the country.

Not only are dikes under certain conditions easy of erosion, but it is

1 Tbo Geographical Development of Northern New Jersey, in Boston Soc. Nat, Hist. Proc., vol. xxiv, 

1889, pp. 265-427.

2 The Geol. Hist, of New York Island and Harbor. Pop. Sci. Monthly, vol. xm, 1878, p. 646. Also 

U. S. Geol. Survey, Monograph vol. xtv, 1888, p. 6.
RUSSELL.] FOEMER NEWARK TERRANE CONCLUSION. 107

an accepted principal in geology that the amount of erosion in any 

region depends on time and opportunity rather than on lithological 

conditions. Were the rocks of the Newark system, including thick 

sheets of trap, elevated sufficiently to secure rapid transportation, their 

erosion would be certain. The laws of subaerial decay and erosion apply 

to hard as well as to soft rocks; the length of time required for the 

removal of hard beds is great, but is not infinite.

The Cretaceous rocks of Long Island, it has been observed by Newberry, 1 rest directly on the crystalline schists, with no trace of the 

Newark system between. It is claimed that " this would indicate that 

the Trias [Newark] of the New Jersey basin never reached over that 

portion of the divide."

On a previous page of this paper I have cited evidence which shows 

that the rocks of the Newark system were upheaved and eroded to a 

base level before the deposition of the Potomac formation or the Cretaceous. Beneath portions of the Cretaceous of New Jersey, near its 

western border, as has been shown by Cook,2 only a few feet of Newark sandstones and shales intervene between the Cretaceous and the 

crystalline rocks. This remnant is of fine material, not a coarse shore 

deposit. The absence of the Newark system in a similar position on 

Long Island seems clearly to indicate that the pre-Cretaceous erosion 

was there a little more complete than at the locality referred to in New 

Jersey.

The conclusion that there was a line of elevation through New York, 

Trenton, etc., after the Newark period and before the deposition of succeeding formations, certainly seems to be warranted from our present 

knowledge of the region. That this line of elevation has undergone 

post-Cretaceous movement is indicated by the present attitude of the 

Cretaceous beds.

CONCLUSION.

My conclusion from a study, not only of the writings of all who have 

published on this subject, but from personal observation, is that each of 

the Newark areas was originally much larger than now, and that there 

is a strong probability that all of the areas between Massachusetts and 

South Carolina were originally united. It is quite possible, also, that 

this great area was connected with the Acadian region, but observations to support this hypothesis are wanting.

1 U. S. Geol. Survey, Monograph vol. xiv, 1888, p. C.

2 U. S. Geol. Survey, Monograph vol. IX, 1885, p. x. See also record of wells at Perth Amboy, N-. J. 

Geol. Survey of New Jersey, Ann. Kep. for 1885, p. 111.
CHAPTER IX.

CORRELATION. 

GENERAL PRINCIPLES.

The phenomena by means of which the relative age of terranes may be 

more or less definitely determined are of two principal classes, physical 

and biological.

PHYSICAL I'HKNOMKNA AS A BASIS OF CORRKLATION.

The physical evidence on which strata may be correlated is of varied 

character, but in general may be classed in the divisions given below:

Superposition. The simplest case in which the relative age of strata 

may be determined is when they are coinformably superposed one upon 

another. The highest in the series is then the youngest. The relative 

position of beds as is well known may be modified or even reversed by 

folding, faulting and overthrust, and in the correlation of strata by 

vertical sequence these modifying conditions have to be eliminated. 

Overflows of volcanic rocks and ejections of volcanic ash may play the 

role of sedimentary beds and form a time record by means of which 

the relative age of terranes not themselves in contact may be determined.

Contained fragments. One series of rocks may contain recognizable 

fragments of another series. Manifestly the strata containing such 

fragments are newer than the strata from which they were derived. 

This is a common means of determining the relative age of conglomerates and is applicable also in some instances to volcanic rocks.

Relation to systems of folds, faults and dikes. The relative age of rock 

series not in direct contact may sometimes be shown by their mutual relation to widely spread geological structure. For example, in the Appalachians a characteristic structure has been impressed upon the strata 

from the Coal-measures down ward ; consequently any rocks in this region 

not affected by the corrugations characteristic of the Appalachian structure, may be assumed to be of later date than the Coal-measures. In a 

similar way the relation of strata to a well determined series of faults 

or to a persistent system of dikes may be of service in indicating their 

relative age.

Relation to unconformities. A series of rocks resting unconformably 

on a8 lower series in one region and conformably on a lower series in 

another region, the relative age of the two lower series may be inferred. 

108
BUS8BLL.] CORRELATION BY STRUCTURE.

In such an instance the lower bed conformable with the upper would 

be expected to be later than the unconformable lower series, for the 

reason that great unconformities result from slow changes and are wide 

reaching in their effects. They leave a record which provisionally, at 

least, may be used as a time record. The conditions here postulated, 

while serving as a suggestion to the field geologist, would requireadditional evidence before being accepted as a definite means of correlation.

Relation to glaciation. Widespread glaciation, by leaving characteristic records, enables the geologist to separate the beds deposited before 

its occurrence from those of subsequent date.

Litholoyical similarity. The identity in age of various strata is sometimes suggested by their lithological similarity, but this is an uncertain 

indication, and except in regions of limited extent is apt to lead to 

erroneous conclusions. The lithologicalcharacter of clastic rocks may 

depend on the physical conditions under which the debris composing 

them was formed. For example, the conditions which influence the 

disintegration of rocks are wide-reaching, and the characteristics of 

the rocks resulting from the assorting and deposition of such debris 

may be sufficiently constant over wide areas to be of assistance in 

determining relative age. To illustrate, the rocks forming the surface 

may suffer decomposition over a region of broad extent, and the resulting debris acquire certain characteristics, as a uniform red color, for 

example, due to the incrustation of ferruginous clay on the grains composing it. The removal and deposition of this incrusted material might 

produce rocks of similar appearance over broad areas and even in separate basins.

Kocks subjected to heat, pressure, crust movement, etc., have frequently acquired a schistose structure, due to rearrangement of the 

mineral matter composing them that is, they are metamorphosed. 

Such alterations have been used as a basis for deciding on the age of 

strata, nearly all metamorphosed rocks having formerly been considered 

as Archean; but it is now known that strata of any age may have 

undergone the changes referred to above. Conditions may be postulated, however, under which metarnorphism might be of service in 

determining the relative age of terranes. For example, a metamorphosed terrane may be considered as the record of a Avide-reaching 

physical and chemical change, thus making a definite time record. 

Terranes found by contact or by contained fragments to be younger 

than the metamorphosed terra ne may be assumed to be younger than 

other terranes with whicli they sue not in contact, but which can be 

proved to be of the same age as or older than the metamorphosed terrane. True, the metamorphism of even the same stratum might not be 

confined to a single period, but to the field geologist such an association as suggested above would furnish a working hypothesis to be 

proved or disproved by additional evidence.
110 THE NEWARK SYSTEM. [BULL. 85.

Summary concerning physical phenomena. Besides direct contact of 

terraiies and the evidence furnished by included fragments, which are 

the most definite means of correlation, the relative age of the elements 

in a geological series may be determined more or less accurately by their 

relation to physical events which were wide-reaching in their effects; 

among these the most common are folding, faulting, diking, volcanic 

eruptions, metamorphism, and glaciation. The degree of confidence to 

be placed qn correlations depending on relations to these 'phenomena 

must be determined by the nature of the evidence in each case. Close 

correlation of strata, except by contact and unbroken stratigraphical 

succession, is not possible by means of the relations here indicated, but 

when these various methods are taken in connection with other records, 

they become important.

Chemical phenomena considered. The classification of volcanic rocks, 

spring deposits, precipitates from inclosed lakes, etc., according to 

their chemical composition, is fruitful of results, but is foreign to the 

present discussion. The chemical changes involved in disintegration, 

decomposition, lithification, etc., may be included under lithological characters. In the lithological comparison of clastic rocks their mineralogical and chemical characteristics are considered, but the classification of 

strata with reference to relative age, on purely chemical grounds, has 

not been found practicable.

A sequence in chemical changes might accompany the cooling of a 

molten globe and result in the formation of a stratified crust having a 

definite chemical arrangement, but that such was the case with the 

earth has not been determined.

In the correlation of ordinary sedimentary beds chemical may be included with physical phenomena, and need not be separately discussed 

at this time.

LIFE KECORDS AS A BASIS OB1 CORRELATION.

The study of fossils has shown that life began on the earth in low, 

simple forms, aud progressed with unbroken continuity throughout all 

subsequent geological ages, with the production of higher and higher 

forms and greater and greater specialization as it advanced. During 

this development many forms became extinct and were succeeded by 

other forms. The length of time during which individual species were 

persistent was sometimes short and at other times embraced geological 

ages; sometimes they even extended throughout nearly the entire life 

history of the earth. Biology thus furnishes a record extending from 

the dawn of life to the present day, by means of which the relative 

dates of various physical changes may be more or less definitely determined. It has been assumed that this record affords a ready and infallible means of determining the age of all rocks in which organic 

remains occur. This seemingly simple and direct method of correlation, 

however, has many limitations which it will be well to glance at before 

attempting to apply it.
RUSSELL.] CORRELATION BY FOSSILS. Ill

Imperfections of the geological record. Throughout the time that life 

has existed on the earth there has been land and water, and the land, 

wherever it appeared, has been subjected to disintegration and erosion. 

The debris thus formed has been carried into the sea and into lakes and 

contributed to the formation of sedimentary deposits. In these deposits the remains of plants and animals have been buried and preserved. 

Large portions of the strata with these records impressed upon them 

have been raised above the ocean and subjected to denudation, and the 

material removed from them contributed to the formation of later 

deposits, in which other life records were preserved. In many cases 

these later deposits were, in their turn, upheaved and another cycle of 

erosion and deposition initiated. In this way large portions of the 

material composing stratified rocks has been worked over and over, and 

large portions of the life records obliterated. Again, large portions of 

the sedimentary rocks have been metamorphosed and all their fossils 

destroyed. In other instances the strata have been subjected to pressure and to the passage of solutions through them, and their organic 

records crushed and obliterated or removed in solution. The lack of 

dense tissues in many animals and plants renders it evident that the 

preservation of any records of their existence, even under the most 

favorable conditions, must be an extremely rare event; for this reason, 

if for no other, our knowledge of past floras and faunas must always be 

incomplete.

The life records, as we now find them, are also imperfect, owing to 

"the fact that many animals and plants, especially those inhabiting the 

land, did not live in situations where their remains were likely to be 

preserved. The deep sea, also, has its fauna, which, owing to the slowness with which sedimentation takes place in the depth of the ocean, 

and to the persistence of oceanic basins, is even of rarer occurrence in 

a fossil condition than the fauna of the land. The animals whose 

remains are most frequently found in the rocks are those that inhabit 

the littoral zone, where sedimentation has always been the most active 

and where slow subsidence is frequently in progress.

In these several ways, and in others that might be mentioned, the 

records of the succession of plant and animal life found in the rocks 

are incomplete and fragmentary. It is not necessary at this time to do 

more than glance at this subject, as it has been ably treated by many 

writers, especially by Darwin, and the term " incompleteness of the 

geological record " has acquired a well understood meaning.

Imperfections of our kno'ivledgc of the geological record. Besides the 

incompleteness of the geological record itself, there is the incompleteness of oar knowledge of that record, such as it is, which must be considered in attempting to generalize upon the life history of the earth 

as now known. No better proof that our knowledge of the geological 

life record is incomplete can be asked than the volumes on paleobiology filled with descriptions of new forms of life which appear from
112 THE NEWARK SYSTEM.

year to year in increasing instead of diminishing Lumbers. Explorations in all parts of the earth are constantly bringing to light not only 

new species but new genera and new families, while our knowledge of 

the distribution of forms already known is constantly being modified 

and extended.

The fact that the greater part of the earth's surface is occupied by 

the sea shows that large portions of the life record lie so completely 

beyond the limits of search that man can never hope to see them. When 

it is remembered, also, that large portions of the land surface of the 

earth are geologically unexplored, and that new fossils are being found 

from year to year in .those portions most thoroughly examined, the imperfections of our knowledge of the imperfect geological record becomes 

apparent.

Influence of distribution on the life records. The usefulness of the life 

history of the earth as a means of correlating geological terranes is still 

further complicated by a principle inherent in life itself; that is, development has been in progress but has not taken place uniformly over the 

whole earth, but with local modifications depending upon local environment.

Whether life began at one or many centers there is no definite proof, 

but assuming as the simplest postulate that it spread from one center and 

during the lapse of ages expanded over the whole earth, advancing at 

the same time to higher and higher stages of development, the specific 

fornLS iu various regions would, according to the principles of natural 

selection, be influenced and modified by the local conditions under 

which they live. Under similar conditions in various regions more or 

less similar forms would appear. The modified forms thus arising 

would, in their turn, originate new centers of distribution and lead to 

the establishment of distinct colonies, from which in their turn, again, 

new forms would be propagated.

The laws of development now accepted by biologists render it evident that life has not been uniform, the world over, at any one period; 

hence if sedimentation had been Continuous over the whole earth, the 

organic remains entombed at any one time would have been diverse 

in various regions. We know from the distribution of organic forms at 

the present day that variations in temperature, changes in the character of the sea bottom, the abundance or scarcety of food, and many 

other conditions determine the character of the organic remains now 

being imbedded in sediments. Even in different portions of the same 

strata within limited areas the organic forms are diverse. These considerations and others that might be enumerated seemingly indicate 

that the life record has too many modifying conditions to render it 

available as a basis for geological correlation.

On the other hand, it may be urged that development in many instances has been exceedingly slow and that genera and even species of 

plants and animals, especially in the earlier stages of the earth's his,-
BUBSEU..] CORKELATION BY FOSSILS. 113

tory, became widely spread, and hence afford a means of determining 

what strata were deposited at more or less definite periods in the life 

history. Taken in its general meaning, this proposition can not be advantageously disputed. It has been shown, however, that the appearance and disappearance of the same species or the same genera in 

widely separated regions could not have been the same. Species, and 

even genera and families, might become extinct in the region where 

they first appeared long before their migrations had carried them to 

distant regions. Hence the discovery of identical fossils in the rocks 

of two widely separated regions is riot considered as proof of their 

identity in age, except within certain broad limits. This subject was 

long ago discussed by Huxley, who showed that rocks containing the 

same species of fossils at widely separated localities, while not necessarily of the same age, hold homologous positions in relation to the 

development of life, and proposed the word "hoinotaxis" in place of 

the term " contemporaneity " frequently used.

The life record continuous. The value of paleoutological evidence as a 

means of geological correlation may be considered in another way. As 

previously stated, the life current has been unbroken from the time of its 

first appearance to the present day. Development from a humble' 

beginning has led to the gradual productions of higher and higher 

forms and an equally gradual extinction of species, genera, etc. It is 

thus evident that if a complete and unbroken record of the life history 

of the earth had been preserved, it would be continuous, without 

-sharply defined natural divisions, from end to end. It may be asked, 

how is it possible in such a record to draw the lines connecting groups, 

systems^ series, etc., as at present understood 1? Where would the 

limit between Paleozoic and Mesozoic, or between Mesozoic and Cenozoic, occur?

As a matter of fact, the physical breaks in the life record have been 

the principal means of establishing divisions in the scale. The greater 

the imperfections of record, the more important have been the divisions. 

In various land areas this system has been found not only practicable 

but highly advantageous. Next to vertical sequence of terranes, it is 

without question the most valuable means of correlation available. It 

has been assumed, however, that the breaks in the life records in one 

region agree in time with similar breaks in distant regions. Here lies 

the principal objection that can be raised to the manner in which the 

method has been applied.

This brings us to the consideration of the standard of geological correlation first used.

The European standard. The fact that the life record of terranes in 

widely separated regions, although perhaps containing the same species 

of plants and animals, can not be considered as contemporaneous, 

except in a very broad sense, has already been referred to. We have 

also seen that even in regions of limited extent the lithological charBull. 85 8
114 THE NEWARK SYSTEM. [BULL. 85.

acters frequently of the same stratum undergo.important changes and 

are accompanied by changes in the fossils found in it. When we add 

to these the further considerations that the rock series in no two 

regions can reasonably be expected to have the same sequence or to 

have been, subjected to the same conditions of sedimentation, or affected 

by the same physical breaks, it is apparent that neither the succession 

of organic forms nor the succession of strata found in one region can be 

expected to occur in the same sequence in other regions. Hence the 

fallacy of assuming that the succession of life, the succession in sedimentation, or the physical breaks in any one region can be adopted as 

a rigid standard for comparison in other regions becomes apparent.

That geology was first studied, in Europe is an accident so far as correlation is concerned, by which the succession of fossils and of strata 

there found have been assumed by many as a standard for all other 

regions. The error of this assumption has been pointed out by many 

writers, but the practice of attempting a detailed correlation of the 

rocks of distant regions with those of Europe, on the evidence furnished 

by fossils, sometimes of very indefinite character, is continued. The 

history of the numerous and persistent attempts that have been made 

to correlate the strata of America with those of Europe, even down to 

the smaller divisions of the scale, on the evidence indicated above, is a 

chapter of confusion, controversy, and failure. No better example of 

the diverse conclusions arrived at when such correlations are attempted 

can be asked than the history of the discussions that have occurred 

over the correlations of the Newark system, some account of which is 

given in the succeeding pages of this paper.

An essay on the flora of the Richmond area has come to hand, which 

illustrates the method followed by many paleontologists in attempting 

to correlate widely separated terranes. The paper referred to is a review of Fontaine's Monograph on the Older Mesozoic Flora of Virginia, 

by Stur,1 director of the geological survey of Austria-Hungary, but 

contains also the results of an examination of a box of fossil plants from 

the Richmond area sent to him for comparative study. As determined 

by Stur, many of the fossil plants from the Richmond coal mines are 

specifically identical with those occurring in the Lettenkohlen group of 

Germany. The confidence placed in this evidence as a basis for detailed correlation between terranes of America and Europe is expressed 

in the following translation of an extract from the paper referred to:

From the foregoing it becomes evident that even on the first comparison, made 

vfith no great care, between a box of American specimens and our specimens in hand, 

Clover Hill on the ono hand and the Lunz sandstone on the other, have a great number of plant species in common, and should, therefore, be regarded as contemporaneous, particularly as most of the species that have thus far been regarded as peculiarly Virginian, are precisely the ones found at Luuz. The species enumerated,

 Die I/nnzer (Lettenkohlen) Flora inden "older Mesozoic beds of the Coal Field of eastern Virginia." 

In Verhandlungen der k. k. geologischen Reichsanstalt, Nr. 10, 1888, pp. 203-217. The passages quoted, 

were translated by Kobert Stein, of the U. S. Geological Survey.
RUSSELL.] CORRELATION BY FOSSILS. 115

however, show also that Clover Hill comprises, besides the Lunz sandstone, also a 

part of the flora of the bituminous slate of Raibl (p. 211).

Thus we have recognized in the coal field of Richmond representatives of the Wcng 

slate, the Aon slate, the Reingraben slate, the bituminous slate of Raibl, and the 

Lunz sandstone, that is, the equivalent of the Lettenkohle group of Germany.

What lies under it should represent the German Muschelkalk, possibly also the 

the Bunter Sandstone, while the roof of the Richmond Coal-nieusures should represent the German Keuper.

This remarkable result, furnishing a starting point for continued studies of the 

deposits that have been- compared and identified and declared contemporaneous, 

could be obtained only through the assistance of our Washington geologists * * * 

(p. 212).

The result obtained is of a nature to set forth the utility of the procedure employed 

in this case.

I must not allow this occasion to pass without drawing further conclusions from 

the results obtained; that the flora of the Lunz strata, that is, of the Lettenkohle, 

appears in perfect identity at Richmond, Virginia, at a-vast distance from the northern margin of the Alps.

This shows * * * that as late as the time of the Lettenkohle, the species of 

the flora then prevailing possessed an enormously vast distribution on an area of 

whoso dimensions we may form an idea by drawing an air line drawn between Vienna, 

Germany (Lettenkohle), and Richmond, Virginia (p. 212).

Near the end of the essay, another passage, bearing on the correlation of American terranes, reads as follows:

* * * I am convinced that shipments of plants from, the American Culm and 

Carboniferous, which may possibly be sent to mo, will enable me to demonstrate the 

various divisions and series of strata in that country, just as I was enabled, by the 

shipment of Lunz plants from Richmond, to define the age of the Older Mesozoic 

flora on the James river in Virginia (p. 216).

Concerning the actual identity of many of the plants of the Newark 

system with those of the Lettenkohlen I am not able to offer an opinion 5 

but such an exceptional occurrence, it seems to me, should be fully verified before being used as the basis fo'r detailed correlation. If a large 

number of the plants of the Newark and of the Lettenkohlen are identical, 

is it necessary to conclude that they were contemporaneous ? As already 

stated, it has been pointed out by Huxley and others that, even if the 

fossils in widely separated regions are of the same species, it docs not 

follow that they lived at the same time. Their identity indicates a 

similar position in the geological scale, and nothing more. To go beyond 

this, and conclude that because of the occurrence of plants in the Eichmond area identical with those of the Lunz sandstone the strata above 

the plant-bearing beds in the former region should be referred to the 

Keuper, and those below to the Muschelkalk, is to grant certain assumptions the verity of which is more than questionable. One of these assumptions is that sedimentation progressed in the same order in the 

Yirginia region that it did in Central Europe. This implies that elevation and depression of the earth's crust producing changes in sedimentation occurred synchronously in the areas referred to. Such a coincidence 

is far from probable, and, even if it did occur, is not a logical basis for 

correlation. Such considerations, and the fact that the Newark after
116 THE NEWARK SYSTEM. [BOLL. 85.

prolonged study has not been subdivided, so as to correspond with any 

portion of the European standards, point to the absence of a logical 

basis in the method of correlation indicated in the above quotations, 

and render it evident that we must be skeptical as to the accuracy of 

the very definite conclusions there reached.

That the strata of each separate land area should be studied and 

correlated so far as possible among themselves before attempting anything more than the most general correlation with the strata of other 

land areas is, in my opinion, well illustrated by the example just cited.

That even the groups found on this continent can not be definitely 

correlated with those of Europe, has been pointed out especially by 

White 1 in an essay on " The North American Mesozoic." It is there 

shown that the Chico-Tejon series of the Pacific coast, containing a 

well characterized Cretaceous fauna and an equally well characterized 

Tertiary fauna, has intermediate beds in which there is no stratigraphic break. The same principle is again illustrated in New Mexico, 

where an unbroken succession exists between Paleozoic and Mesozoic 

groups. Other instances of similar transitions between groups shown 

by their fossils to be closely similar to certain great divisions of European rocks, are known in India and New Zealand. These instances 

illustrate the fallacy of assuming-that the life record or the strati graphic 

sequence, in any two regions is the same. They show, too, the impossibility of applying an inflexible standard of classification determined from a study of the rocks and fossils of one region to the 

rocks and fossils of another region. This matter could be still further 

discussed arid illustrated, did it seem advisable, but enough has probably already been said to indicate the weakness of the system criticised. The question, What is the most practicable method of correlating the terranes of widely separated regions, is still a matter for discussion.

PRINCIPLES ON WHICH WIDELY SEPARATED TERRANES MAY BE

CORRELATED.

Of the physical and biological phenomena cited in the last few pages, 

by means of which terranes may be correlated, it is evident that the 

only infallible method capable of general application is based on the 

contact of strata. Sedimentation has gone on ever since life existed 

on the earth, but no universal sheet of sediment has been spread out. 

On the contrary, continuous sheets of sediments of like kind are frequently restricted to comparatively small areas. This is well illustrated by the manner in which sediments are now being deposited along 

the Atlantic border of America. These have recently been mapped by 

Alexander Agassiz from data obtained from soundings, and classed in 

thirteen divisions, ranging from the sands and clays of the littoral zone

>Am. Asaoc. Adv. Sci., Proc., vol. xxxvm, 1889, pp. 205-226.
RUSSELL.] PRINCIPLES OF CORRELATION. 117

to the ooze, and the red clay of the deep ocean, and in each deposit 

characteristic life forms are being entombed.

Moreover, in no region has sedimentation gone on without many 

changes and many breaks from the dawn of life to the present time, 

as is abundantly proved by the generally fragmentary condition of the 

geological series.

These considerations show in a general way, and without taking 

account of orogenic disturbances, that the sedimentary strata of which 

the earth's crust is largely composed may be considered as a series of 

irregular lenticular sheets, some of which are piled in an orderly 

sequence; others touch only on their edges; others are completely separated and connected by intermediate layers by which their relative 

age may be determined; others still have no physical connection, and 

their relative age must be determined by other means. The correlation 

of these various strata the world over is one of the problems that 

geologists have before them. What is the most practicable way of 

accomplishing the task ?

In order to arrive at a general scheme of geological correlation for 

the whole earth it seems evident that each separate land area should 

be studied by itself and the sedimentary strata composing it arranged, 

so far as possible, in the order of their age as determined by physical" 

relations.

When correlation by contact and relation to physical phenomena 

shall have been determined for the terranes over a large part of .the 

separate land areas of the earth, and their corresponding life records 

determined, the correlation of these various fragmentary histories, with 

the object of determining the life history of the earth, may be practicable. Evidently the correlation of the strata forming separate land 

areas can not be made by contact, and it is doubtful if the relation of 

the strata to widely reaching physical phenomena will ever be valuable 

for this purpose. The only resource, therefore, is the comparison of 

life records. The great advances that have been made in paleontology 

are such as to indicate that when the life records of all the continents 

shall have been studied independently, and the strata in each correlated by contact, so far as possible, there will result a sufficient body 

of facts to enable paleontologists and geologists to formulate a somewhat complete history of the progress of life on the earth, showing the 

special modifications in various regions. Such -a standard, when well 

advanced toward completion, could be used for the determination of 

the homotaxial relation of the terranes in various regions, and would 

serve as an important factor in determining what general scheme ot 

classification is most advantageous for showing the approximate correlation of the more important rock series. But not until the relation of 

the systems composing the various continental land areas shall have 

been determined, so far as practicable, by contact and the character of 

their faunas and floras ascertained, can we hope to have a biological
118 THE NEWARK SYSTEM. [BULL. 85.

time scale by means of which the position of the rock systems forming various continents can be adjusted. Even when this ideal stage is 

reached it will probably be found that the correlation, even of systems 

in widely separated regions, will still be general and not specific.

In studying the geology of any region, the primary aim should be to 

establish the succession of rocks there found by means of their relation 

to each other and to wide-reaching physical phenomena. At the same 

time the varied physical events recorded in the rocks should be interpreted and their organic remains carefully studied. The fossils from 

various natural subdivisions should be preserved separately and submitted to the zoologist and botanist for the determination of their place 

in the zoological and botanical series. In all cases the relative age of 

the various faunas and floras should be determined by the relation of 

the strata containing them, and not the relation of the strata except in 

a general way and after many fossils have been collected from the 

contained organjc records.

MANNER IN WHICH AMERICAN TERRANES HAVE BEEN CORRELATED.

From the beginning of geological investigation on this continent to 

;the present time, one of the primary and immediate ends that many 

geologists have had in view was the close correlation of the terranes 

found here with those occurring in Europe. This correlation has frequently been attempted on the basis of a large number of fossils either 

specifically or generically identical with those found in Europe. In 

other cases but few fossils have been obtained, but great weight has 

been given to these in deciding on the age of the beds in which they 

occur. In still other instances mere lithological resemblances have 

been used as a basis for correlation. Again, in many instances, opinions 

have been expressed as to the position of our terranes in the European 

scale, and European names adopted in geological treatises and on 

geological maps, without any statement whatever of the facts on which 

the correlations were made, or of the principles of correlation which led 

to a decision. The result is that European names have been fastened 

especially on the larger divisions of the geological column, without 

adequate proof that the groups, systems, series, etc., thus designated 

correspond, except in the most general way, with those bearing similar 

names across the Atlantic. As the larger divisions in the geological 

column are supposed to be determined by great unconformities, or by 

almost complete breaks in the organic records, it is by no means probable that these lines of demarcation coincide in age with the dividing 

lines in the European standard. Who can say, for instance, that the 

upper and lower limits of the American Silurian or of the American 

Devonian corresponds to the upper and lower limits of the divisions 

bearing these names in Europe. The life histories of these groups 

undoubtedly coincide in a general way with the life histories of the
RUSSELL.] PRINCIPLES OF CORRELATION. 119

similar groups iu Europe, and in this sense their position is determined. But when the principles of correlation are carried to the smaller 

divisions in the column, as many geologists and paleobiologists have 

attempted to do? failure has resulted.

The firm manner in which the European names have been fastened 

to the American rock series compels their use at present, but always 

with a mental reservation that they do not strictly coincide with the 

terranes for which they have been named. As an example, the red 

beds of the far West and the strata immediately above and below them 

may be cited. These terranes have been classified as Permian, Triassic and Jurassic, and will have to be spoken of under these titles, 

although we know that their natural divisions are not the same, and that 

they can not be correlated except in the most general way, with European systems. It would have been just as logical to have named the 

strata referred to after terranes bearing soineAvhat similar fossils in 

Asia, Africa, or New Zealand as it was to give them the names by 

which they are now known. It is in fact only after the biological succession in these and other land areas shall have been worked out and 

compared that anything like a geological history of the earth can be 

written.

The correlation of the terranes of one with those of another land 

area is a matter for special consideration, not iu the initiative, but in 

an advanced stage in the study of its geological history.

The adoption of the name "Newark system," proposed by Eedfield 

for the great deposits of sandstone, shale, etc., along the Atlantic 

border, which form a sharply defined system, limited above and below 

by great unconformities, is an attempt to break away from the practice of correlating our strata with those of Europe on indefinite evidence and by illogical methods, and is a move toward the establishment of a definite American standard based on a natural system.

In thus venturing to indicate what I consider errors in the method 

commonly employed in correlation, I do not wish to be understood as 

attempting to detract in the least from the great importance of the 

study of the fossil plants and animals. On the contrary, I have the 

highest admiration for the grand results that have been reached in this 

direction, and wish to see the work continued. The value of fossils as 

a practicable means for correlating strata, after their relative age has 

been determined by superposition, is well established and thoroughly 

appreciated by every working geologist. It is, perhaps, possible that 

the life history of the earth is now sufficiently well known to be used 

at least tentatively in establishing the homotaxial position of terranes 

in widely separated areas. By applying and correcting the standard 

from time to time, more precision in the divisions of the scale will result.
120 THE NEWARK SYSTEM. [BULL. 85. 

CORRELATION OP THE NEWARK SYSTEM.

In the Acadian area the rocks of the Newark system rest uuconforinably upon the Carboniferous as lias been determined by Dawson. l In 

the Connecticut valley the system is underlain unconformably by metamorphosed and crystalline rocks, believed to be in part of lower Silurian 

age. In the northern part of the New York-Virginia area the rocks beneath the Newark are also crystallized and their age as yet undetermined. 

In the southern portion of the western border of the system in New 

Jersey, however, the Newark rocks rest unconformably upon Silurian 

limestone, as has been determined by the Geological Survey of New Jersey, and a similar relation exists in Pennsylvania. In Maryland the 

rocks beneath the Newark system are in part Silurian and in part metamorphosed and of indeterminate age. Through all of the Newark areas 

south of the Potomac, the system rests unconformably upon more or 

less metamorphosed rocks, the age of which is as yet undecided.

As pointed out by Rogers, the Newark system in Pennsylvania is unaffected by the crumpling and folding impressed upon a large portion 

of the Appalachian region, and hence is of later date than what is known 

as the " Appalachian structure." As this structure was produced after 

the deposition of the Coal-measures, the relation of the Newark system 

to this crust movement is proof that the system is younger than the 

Carboniferous. This conclusion, as we have seen, is sustained by the 

unconformity between the Newark system and Carboniferous rocks beneath in Nova Scotia.

The nature of the unconformity at the base of the Newark system 

throughout is not only proof that the system is of younger date than 

the rocks on which it rests, but is evidence that a long period of erosion intervened between the deformation of the underlying beds and 

the'depositions of the superior system.

The next series of rocks deposited in the Atlantic coast region after 

the Newark is the Potomac. As described by McGee, 2 this formation 

in Pennsylvania and New Jersey rests in part on the eroded edges of 

tilted Newark strata and on truncated trap dikes which traverse it. 

The unconformity between the Newark system and the Cretaceous rocks 

resting upon it along its eastern border in New Jersey was determined 

also by the Geological Survey of New Jersey. In Virginia the Taylorsville and Richmond areas are overlain unconformably by the Lafayette.

On the eastern edge of the Deep river and Wadesboro areas in 

North Carolina, there are sands of Tertiary or more recent date, which 

rest upon the eroded surfaces of the rocks of the Newark system. The 

presence of the Potomac formation in this region, resting unconformably upon the Newark, is also -suspected, but has not been definitely 

determined.

1 Acadian Geology, 3d ed., London, 1878, pp. 86-113. i 

3 Three formations in the middle of the Atlantic slope. Ill Am. Jour. Sci., 3d ser., vol. xxxv, 1888, pp. 

134-130.
WESTERN EQUIVALENTS OF THE NEWARK. 121

The evidence furnished l*y the formations resting nnconformably 

upon the Newark system is such as to prove that the rocks of that 

system were upheaved, faulted, diked, and subjected to decay and deep 

erosion before the oldest of the overlying formations was deposited.

A long interval of laud conditions, during which crust movements on 

a grand scale as well as decay and erosion took place, intervenes both 

between the Newark system and the rocks on which it rests, and between 

that system and the rocks which rest upon it.

So far as stratigraphy can be used in determining the age of the system, it proves that it is younger than the Carboniferous rocks of the 

Atlantic coast region, from which it is separated by a period of erosion, 

and older than the Potomac formation, from which it is also separated 

by a period of erosion.

There are no other terranes in the eastern part of the United States. 

falling in the interval which is shown by stratigraphy to be occupied 

in part by the Newark system, and there is, therefore, no necessity at 

this time for discussing the homotaxial relation of that system to neighboring terranes.

RELATION TO TERRANES IN THE WESTERN PART OF THE UNITED STATES.

There are several rock series in the Eocky Mountain region which 

have been shown by their strati graphic relations to be intermediate 

between the Carboniferous and the Cretaceous. These have been 

referred to the Permian, Triassic, and Jurassic of Europe, on account 

of their strati graphical position and the nature of the fossils which they 

contain. The accuracy of this correlation or the character of the evidence on which it rests, it is not necessary to discuss at this time. There 

is no physical connection between the Newark system and the terranes 

just referred to, by means of which their relative age can be determined. 

Only a few fossils have been found common to the two systems, and 

hence there is no adequate basis for close correlation.

A few plants collected by Newberry 1 at Abiquin, New Mexico, \vere 

determined by him to be specifically identical with fossil plants found 

in the Newark system in Virginia and North Carolina. From this 

evidence it is believed by Newberry that the plant-bearing beds in the 

two areas referred to are of about the same age, and correspond with 

the upper Triassic of Europe. The similarity in age between the Newark 

system and the terrane at Abiquiu, New Mexico, is indicated also by 

specific identity of the silicified A\7ood found in the two regions, as has 

recently been determined by Knowlton.2

A few fossil bones obtained by Cope, from the so-called Triassic rocks

of New Mexico, have been determined by him to be closely allied to the

^__________________»______________________

1 U. S. Geol. Snrv., Monograph vol. xiv, pp. 14-15. See also by the same author, Report of the Exploring expedition from Santa, Fe, N. Mex., to the,junction of the Grand and Green rivers of the great 

Colorado of the West, in 1859, under the command of J. N. Macomb. Washington, 1876, pp. 141-148, 

pis. 4-8.

2 Ante, p. 29.
122 THE NEWARK SYSTEM. [BULL. 85.

reptilian remains of the Newark system, and in each case are referred 

to the upper Trias of Europe.

The rich reptilian and mammalian fossils discovered by Marsh at 

Como (Aurora), Wyoming, near Canyon City, Colorado, and at other 

points in the Kooky Mountain region, from so-called Jurassic rocks, are 

considered by their discoverer to be of younger date than the Newark 

system.

Other vertebrate fossils collected in the so-called Permian of the far 

West are considered by Cope to be of older date than the Newark.

So far as indicated by organic remains, therefore, the Newark system 

may be considered as occupying a place in the geological column similar to that occupied by the Triassic rocks or Bed beds of the Eocky 

mountain region. That this correlation is extremely indefinite is shown 

by the fact that in the Eocky mountain region the rocks referred to the 

Permian, Triassic, and Jurassic belong to a natural system, in which 

there are no great unconformities and no persistent features by means 

of which they may be divided at various localities. Had they been 

studied in connection with the geology of the region in which they 

occur, independent of any preconceived notions of European correlation, 

th'ere is no question that the lines of division would have been drawn 

differently than at present. The scarcity of fossils in that portion of 

the western system which coincides most nearly with the Newark system is such that a definite correlation with other similar faunas and 

floras at a distance must be accepted as provisional even by the most 

sanguine of those who believe in a detailed correlation of strata by 

means of fossil remains. The uncertainties arising from this cause are 

still further increased by the fact that the attempts which have been 

made to correlate the Newark system with the Triassic of the Eocky 

mountains, depend in large part upon the relation of the fossils of each 

of these systems to the Triassic fossils of Europe. It seems wise to 

conclude, therefore, that only a very general relation between the Newark system and the so-called Triassic rocks of the Eocky mountain region 

has been established, and to wait for further evidence before deciding 

that a close correlation is practicable.1

RELATION TO EUROPEAN TERRANES.

No other system in America has been the subject of so much discussion respecting its position in the European standard of classification 

as the one now under review.

I have made abstracts of such determinations and opinions of the age 

of this system as are based on paleontological evidence, not including

1 Si uce this paper was written L. F. Ward, from a comparison of the fossil plants of the Newark and 

of the Trias of the Eocky mountain region, has reached the following conclusion: "As regards the 

 western deposits, notwithstanding the poverty of their present known flora, there seems to bo some 

indication that they were not laid down at the same exact epoch as those of the Atlantic coast; hut, 

assuming such an asynchronism, the question as to whether they are earlier or later can not he profitahly considered with the present insufficient data." Bull. Geol. Soc. Am., vol. XXIH, 1891, p. 28.
BUBBBLL.] CORRELATION BY VERTEBRATE REMAINS. 123

those in which mere opinions have been expressed without statiiig the 

basis on which they are founded. The number of these abstracts is 

over eighty.

Eejecting certain early correlations which referred the Newark system to Silurian, Carboniferous, and Devonian groups, which need not 

be discussed at this stage of geological study, the remainder of the 

determinations referred to, and especially the more recent ones, correlate the rocks in question, either wholly or in part, with the Triassic or 

the Jurassic systems of Europe. Without attempting to give the chronological history of the discussions and controversies that have arisen on 

this subject, and which are still being pressed in certain quarters, I 

shall try to indicate, so far as practicable, the nature of the evidence 

that has been obtained and the conclusions which have been derived 

from it.1 The reader will then, at least to some extent, be in a position 

to judge for himself as to what is the safest position to maintain in reference to the age of the system we are studying.

Fossils of the Newark system, as has already been stated, consist of 

obscure inolluscan remains, larvae of insects, cases of minute crustaceans, fragmentary portions of the skeletons of mammals, batrachians, 

and reptiles, fossil fishes, footprints, and plant remains., Owing to 

the great rarity and to the obscurity of molluscan and insect fossils, the 

only organic record at present available as a means of correlation are 

vertebrates, crustaceans, and plants.

TESTIMONY OF THE VERTEBRATES.

Mammals. The remains of small mammals were discovered by Eminons in the Newark rocks of North Carolina and referred- by him. to 

the Permian, on» account, principally, of the reptilian fossils associated 

with them.2 These remains were studied also by Leidy, who stated 

that they find very close, representatives in the Purbeck beds of the 

Oolitic of England.3 The fossil mammalian jaws described byEmnions 

have recently been reexamined by Osboru, who concludes that they are 

widely aberrant forms, and not closely related to any fossils hitherto 

discovered.4 The investigations by O. C. Marsh in the Jurassic system of the Rocky mountain region have brought to light a large number of small mammalian fossils having a resemblance to the remains 

found in the Newark system, but these, as stated by their discoverer, 

are generally distinct.5

1 Some account of the various determinations of the ago of the Newark that have been made is 

given by 

Lea, Isaac: Description of a fossil saurian of tho New Eed Sandstone formation of Pennsylvania, 

with some account of the formation. In Philadelphia Acad. Nat. Sci. Jour., 2dser., vol. ir, 1850-1854, 

pp. 185-189.

Newberry, J. S.: Fossil fishes and fossil plants of the Triassic rocks of New Jersey and the Connecticut valley. U. S. Geol. Surv., Mon. vol. xiv, Washington, 1888, pp. 8-15.

Marcon, J.: Tho Triassic flora of Kichmond, Virginia, Am. Geol.. vol v, 1890, pp. 160-174.

2 American Geology, part 6, Albany, 1857, pp. 95-96.

3 Philadelphia Acad. Nat. Sci., Proc., vol. IX, p. 150.

 > Philadelphia Acad. Nat. Sci., Proc., vol. xxxix, 1887, p. 291.

6 Am. Jour. Sci. 3d ser., vol. xxxin, p. 344.
124 THE NEWARK SYSTEM. [HULL. 85.

The small number of mammalian remains thus far obtained from the 

Newark system, and the limited knowledge possessed at the present 

time of the early forms of mammalian life, renders it evident that they 

can not be used, except in a most general way, in determining the age 

of the strata in which they occur.

Batrachians and reptiles. Fragmentary portions of the skeletons of 

large animals were discovered by E. Emmons in his early explorations 

of the Newark rocks of North Carolina, and determined by him and by. 

Leidy to be most nearly related to the Permian vertebrates of the Old 

World. These same fossils were studied also by Isaac Lea in connection with similar remains from Pennsylvania, and considered to agree 

most nearly with similar remains found in the Triassic rocks of Europe. 1

The fossils studied by Emmons, Leidy, and Lea have since been reexamined and their classification revised by Cope, who finds that certain of the genera found in the Newark rocks occur also in the Triassic 

rocks of New Mexico. After describing the vertebrate fossils of the 

New Mexico deposits, this author states that there is a close parallelism between them and the similar fossils from the upper Keuper of 

Wurtemberg. To quote the author's words: 2 "In both regions the 

genera Belodon and Tanystrophaeus are abundant and the Artosaurus 

of the former [Wurtemberg] is represented by the Tylothoras of the 

latter [New Mexico]. The association of such very diverse forms is 

good evidence of general identity of fauna, and is a sufficient basis for 

asserting taxonomic identity of the forms of the two regions."

Again, after studying the vertebrate fossils of the Newark rocks of 

Pennsylvania, Cope observes:3 "Geologists have been inclined to identify these beds with the Upper Trias and the Lower Jurassic. The 

identification of the Belodon and Mastodonsaurus points most strongly 

to the age being that of othe Keuper or upper divisions of the Trias."

The testimony of the fossil footprints so a,buudant in certain portions 

of the Newark system is less definite than that derived from the bones 

and teeth found in the same rocks and probably belonging in part to 

the same species. No fossil footprints found in other countries have a 

sufficiently close relation to those of the Newark system to be iudentified with them, and, therefore, no close correlation can be based upon 

these interesting records of a vanished host. Paleontologists would 

probably agree if no other fossils than footprints were known from the 

Newark system, that the only admissable conclusion as to their age 

would be that they are probably somewhat younger than the Carboniferous.

The evidence from vertebrate remains evidently indicates that the 

position of the Newark beds in the geologic series coincides in a general 

way with that of the Upper Trias of Europe and with the horizon of 

the so-called Triassic beds of the Eocky mountain region.

1 Philadelphia Acad. Nat. Sci., Proc-, vol. x, p. 92.

2 Am. Phil. Soc. Proc., vol. xxiv, 1887, p. 227.

3 Philadelphia Acad. Nat. Sci., Proc., vol. xvm, 1866, p. 250.
RUSSELL.] FISHES OF THE NEWARK. 125

Fishes. The fossil fishes of the Newark system have been studied, 

especially by J. H. Bedfield and W. 0. Bedfield, Agassiz, Edgerton, 

and Newberry. The conclusion reached by the Bedfields,J father and 

son, was that the rocks could not be older than the Trias, but must be 

placed as low as the Lias and Oolite. Agassiz, on examining the fossil 

fishes of the Richmond area, suggested from their analogy with European forms, that they were of the age of the Lias.2 Later, in discussing a paper on the Coal-bearing rocks of Virginia and North Carolina, 

by Johnson, he observes that the fossil fishes of the Bichmond area and 

from "the so-called New Bed Sandstone, indicate an age intermediate 

between the European New Bed and the Oolite." 3 Still later he states 

that the fossils referred to do not agree either with the fossil fishes of 

the Trias of Southern Germany or with those of the Lias of England, 

but seem, intermediate between the two, and is inclined to refer the 

Newark system to a group intermediate between the Trias and the Lias 

for which there is no equivalent in Europe.4

By far the most important contribution to our knowledge of the fossil 

fishes of the Newark system have been made by Newberry. His opinion with reference to the age of the system, basec^rincipally on fossil 

plants, is that it represents only the uppermost portion of the Triassic, 

and is the equivalent of the Bhetic beds of Germany. In reference to 

the bearing of the fossil fishes on the question of age, he says: " " The 

fishes so abundant in our Trias [Newark] Ischypterus and Catopterus 

have never been found in the Old World, and therefore throw no light 

on the question. But their affinities are more with the Mesozoic fishes 

(Jurassic and Cretaceous) than with Palwoniscus, etc., of the Permian. 

Much rarer fishes have recently been obtained by the speaker from the 

Connecticut Trias Diplcurus and Ptycholopis which, though new, 

represent groups confined to the Jura of the Old World."

The question of the geological equivalents of the Newark system is 

discussed at length in Newberry's recent monograph on the fossil fishes 

and fossil plants of the Newark system, but the value of fossil fishes 

as a basis of correlation is not specifically considered. The final conclusion in reference to correlation expressed in the volume mentioned 

is the same as previously stated, and places the Newark system on a 

parallel with the Bhetic of the Old World. 6

TESTIMONY OF THE CRUSTACEANS.

The minute fossil crustaceans of the Newark system, were studied to 

some extent by Emmons, Bogers, and others, and certain conclusions

^ ' Am. Assoc. Adv. Sci., Proc., vol. ix, 1856, p. 185.

2 Geol. Soc., London, Quart. Jour., vol. in, 1847, p. 275

3 Am. Assoc. Adv. Sci., Proc., vol. iv., 1850, p. 276.

4 Am. Acad. Proc., vol. in, 1852-1857, p. 69.

6 New York Acad. Sci. Trails., vol. v, 1885-'86, p. 18.

6 TJ. S. Geol. Surv., Mon. vol. XIV, Washington, 1888, pp. 8-15.
126 THE NEWARK SYSTEM. [BULL 86.

in reference to geological age based, on them. The results reached by 

these authors were subsequently reviewed by T. Eupert Jones, with 

the aid of abundant specimens.* In summing up the evidence furnished 

by the crustaceans, this author says: " Whether or not these deposits 

have a Keuperian character, as Prof. O. Heer's late determinations of 

the Coal plants from Richmond, Virginia, seem to indicate, there is no 

doubt of their being the products of lagoons in the Lower Mesozoic 

period, and contemporary either with the marine formation intermediate 

to the Trias and Lias, namely, the Rhetic, or with the Upper Trias itself, 

and exactly equivalent to the Lettenkohle (carbonaceous shales at 

the base of the Keuper.)" 2

The evidence furnished by the crustaceans, minute as they are, must 

evidently be considered as important and as sustaining the more recent 

conclusions reached from a study of the reptilian remains.

TESTIMONY OF THE PLANTS.

The resemblance of some fossil plants of the Richmond area to those 

of the Keuper of Central Europe led Marcou 3 to assign them to the 

same horizon as early as 1849.

The plants, like the reptilian remains, were studied at an early date 

by Emmons, who concluded, from this and other evidence that the 

upper part of the Newark system in North Carolina represented the 

Keuper. This conclusion was based largely, however, on the opinion 

of Heer, who, from a study of a small collection of fossil plants, concluded that " Certain forms found in North Carolina are characteristic 

of the Keuper and Marnes Irishes of Germany, France, and Switzerland; and certain other forms are closely related to the species found 

in Europe in the Keuper and Lower Lias, but are all different specifically j but there are none which are really Oolitic either in Virginia or 

North Carolina." 4

Rogers, in 1858, after reviewing all the available evidence as to the 

geological position of the Newark system, reached the following conclusion: 5

These strata are placed in parallelism with the Lower Mesozoic formation of Europe the Upper Triassic and the Lower Jurassic rocks not merely through the few 

European species which they possess, but quite as obviously by the general aspect 

or fades of nearly all the organic remains which they have hitherto disclosed. 

Every year is adding to this list, and, as tl\ey multiply, the impression produced 

leans more and more toward the conviction that they were created in a period which 

unites the Triassic and Jurassic ages.

Rogers, in an essay on the age of the Newark system, after a comprehensive review of all the evidence furnished by fossil plants at that 

time available, concludes that these fossil remains as a group bear a

1 A Monograph on the Fossil Estheria. Paleontological Soc., London, 1862.

2 Ibid, p. 126.

3 The Triassic flora of Eichmond, Virginia., Am. Geol., Vol.v, 1890, pp. 163.

4 Am. Aasoc. Adv. Sci.,Proc. vol. xi, 1858, p. 79.

8 Geol. of Pennsylvania, 4to, Philadelphia, 1858, vol. It, p. 697.
PLANTS OF THE NEWARK. 127

remarkable resemblance to those of the Oolitic rocks of Europe. Some 

of the species are stated to be specifically identical with European 

forms, while others are very closely allied to certain species found in 

the Oolitic of the Old World (p. 299). In conclusion, Eogers states 

that he has no hesitation in referring the coal of eastern Virginia to 

a place in the Oolitic system on the same general parallel, and with the 

carbonaceous beds of Whitby and Brora, that is, in the lower part of 

the Oolite group l (p. 300).

A few vegetable remains found in the Newark rocks of the Connecticut valley were figured and described by Hitchcock, and considered 

by him to indicate a parallelism with the Jurassic of Europe. These 

remains were so imperfect, however, and so little was then known concerning the fossil floras of the systems with which they were considered 

to be most nearly related, that but little weight can be attached to this 

examination.2

Fossil plants collected in the Eichmond field by Lyell were studied 

by Bunbury whose final couclusions in reference to their age, as stated 

by Lyell,3 placed them on a parallel with the Keuper.

By far the most important contributions made to our Knowledge of 

the fossil flora of the Newark system, is contained in a monograph by 

Fontaine.4 As stated by tihis author there are 42 species of plants from 

the Eichmond area sufficiently Avell preserved to be of some value in 

determining the age of the beds. Of these 21 appear to have no near 

relation in the European floras, but their general character points 

strongly to a Ehetic or Jurassic age. Three identical and 5 allied species, or 19 per cent, find their representatives in the Jurassic formation. 

The Jurassic element is much stronger than the Triassic, even without 

counting the plants of Jurassic generic type found in the species peculiar to Virginia (p. 95). There are 4 species identical with Ehetic 

forms, and 8 allied to them, or 28 per cent. The Ehetic can, then, claim 

the largest percentage of identical and allied species. Among them 

are some of the most abundant and characteristic forms of the Virginian flora. The great abundance and wide diffusion of the Macrotaeneoptereis magnifolia, and CtenopJiyllutn braunianum give these plants 

great weight.

Fontaine's conclusion from the facts briefly indicated above is that 

we must consider this flora as not older than the Ehetic, the only 

question being whether its strong Jurassic evidence ought to cause us 

to regard it as at least Lower Jurassic in age (p. 96).

In the same monograph there is contained a review *f the fossil 

plants of the Newark rocks of North Carolina, described by Ermnons, 

in which 49 species are identified. Of these, 9 are stated to be pecu1 On the age of the coal rock of eastern Virginia. In Assoc. Am. Geologists and Naturalists, Trans^ 

1840-1842, pp. 299-300.

2 Ichnology of New England, Boston, 1858, pp. 5, 6, 7. 

3 ElementS of Geology, Gth eel., 1886, p. 452. 

 *JJ, S. Geol. Surv., Mon. vol. vi, Washington, 1883, pp. 92-96,121-128.
128 THE NEWARK SYSTEM. [BULL. 85.

liar to North Carolina, and have no very near allies in other countries. Fifteen species are found in the Newark rocks of Virginia. 

Assuming, as stated by the author, that the Eajuiaahal group, India, 

is of Liassic age, there are 2 species identical with, and 6 nearly 

allied to Jurassic plants. Seven species are identical and 8 closely 

allied to Ehetic plants. Twenty-three per cent are peculiar to North 

Carolina, while 41 per cent are found in the Newark rocks of Virginia; 

20 per cent are allied to or identical with Jurassic forms. Thirty per 

cent are identical with or allied to Ehetic species. After studying the 

fossil plants of both Virginia and North Carolina, Fontaine's final conclusion is that these floras are probably of the age of the Ehetic. In 

his own words: "We are, then, I think, entitled to consider that the 

older Mesozoic flora of North Carolina and Virginia is most probably 

Ehetic in age and certainly not older."

" Some authors hold that the Ehetic beds form the uppermost of the 

Triassic strata. Others think that they are transition beds having 

affinity with the Lower Lias. The latter view will, I think, be justified 

by a study of the flora, and I have, in this memoir, assumed its correctness" (p. 128).

Newberry, in his monograph on the fossil fishes and fossil plants of 

the Newark system already referred to, concurs with Fontaine in referring the flora of the system to the Ehetic (p. 13). He also says that 

several species of plants common in the Newark system are found at 

Abiquiu, New Mexico, and at Sonora, Mexico. The author states that 

this " indicated a parallelism between the plant-bearing beds of the 

Atlantic Trias [Newark] and those of New Mexico and Sonora, and go 

far to prove that all of our Triassic rocks which have yet yielded plants 

belong to the uppermost division of the system" (pp. 14-15).

Stur, l in a review of Fontaine's monograph on the flora of the older 

Mesozoic of Virginia, has identified a large number of the plants from 

the Eichmond area with those of the Lunz sandstone of Germany, and 

concludes that the plant-bearing beds of the Newark are the equivalent of the Lettenkohle group of Germany. The great confidence that 

this author gives to his determinations is indicated in the quotations 

given in this paper on pp. 114-115.

B. Zeiller 2 has also reviewed Fontaine's monograph, and identified 

certain of the plants there described with those of the gres bigarre' of 

Europe. This identification of species and also the absence in the 

Newark system of certain types that had an immense distribution during the Ehetian epoch, and as stated by Zeiller, have been found in 

nearly all the Ehetian deposits of Europe lead to a final conclusion in 

reference to correlation, which is stated as follows:

1 Die Lunzer (Lettenkohlen) Flora in den "older Mesozoic beds of the coal-field of eastern Virgiuia." 

In Separatabdruck der Vorhandlungen der k. k. geoiogischen Eeichsanstalt No. 10,1888, pp. 203-217.

2 Sur Iapr6sence, dans le gres bigarr6 des Vosges, de 1'Acrostichides rhombifolius, Fontaine. In 

WocietS geologiciue de France, Bull., 3e serie, t. xvi, p. 693-698, s6anco 18 Juin, 1888.
BUSSELL.] SUMMARY OF CORRELATION. 129

«*

Thus, without pretending, at so great a distance, to make a formal correlation, I 

think that one may, with great plausibility, arrange the coal-bearing strata of Virginia and North Carolina, with the Upper Trias, as was done by 0. Heer, and to place 

them parallel with those of Bale (Neue Welt), Stuttgart and Lunz; that is to say, 

at a level little different, on the whole, from that assigned to them by Mr. Fontaine, but yet a little higher (p. 698).

The evidence furnished by the fossil plants, while not interpreted in 

the same way by various paleobotanists, points on the whole to a somewhat higher division in the time scale of Europe than the vertebrate 

and invertebrate fossils.

Before closing the review it will be well to consider what may be 

classed as negative evidence. This is furnished by the remarks of 

Dana, made more than thirty years ago, in connection with a review 

of Emmons geological repor-t of the Midland counties of North Carolina. He says: l

In the determination of the exact age of this sandstone, the only rock in this country east of the Mississippi occurring between the Carboniferous and the Cretaceous, 

we can not be too cautious in the use of evidence. One or two considerations are, 

therefore, here suggested. In the first place the fauna and flora of America of this 

modern epoch is represented in Europe, and quite strikingly, as has been shown by 

the fauna and flora of the later Tertiary of Europe. The life of corresponding ages 

in the two continents has thus been older in America than in Europe. This is one 

point to be well weighed. Again, in determining the age of a rock from its fossils, 

we should rather look to those which indicate the more recent period than those 

which bear the other way. This criterion Avould bring us right with regard to our own 

epoch, while by avoiding it we might be able to prove that we in America are of the 

Tertiary age of the world. Now, a's Mr. Redfield has shown, the fossil fishes the 

most characteristic species of any formatiou are but half heterocercal and come 

nearer to the Jurassic type than the Triassic. There is hence reason for the opinion, 

notwithstanding the important evidence brought forward by Dr. Emmons, that the 

Lias period may be represented by the formation; and we may be nearest the truth 

if we regard the whole'formation as corresponding to the Lias and the latter half to 

the Trias. The examinations by Mr. Heer accord with this conclusion. The European subdivisions of the Trias we should not look for on this continent, even if we 

had the whole of othe formation, any more than the European subdivisions of the 

Devonian in the American Devonian. American geology is deeply interested in the 

decision of this question, and owes much to Prof. Emmons for all that he has done 

toward its elucidation.

SUMMARY.

The conclusions reached, as indicated above, by those best qualified 

to determine the nearest equivalents of the Newark system in the geological series of Europe, present some diversity.

The Batrachians and reptiles as shown by the most recent and most 

extended studies, that have been made, have their nearest known representatives in the Keuper of Germany.

The fossil fishes are not nearly related to those of any formation in 

Europe, but represent groups confined, °so far as is now known, to the 

Jurassic.

1 Am. Jour. Sci., 2d ser., vol. xxix, 1857, pp. 429-430.

Bull. 85 9
130 THE NEWARK SYSTEM. [BULL. 85.

The crustaceans have their nearest representatives in the upper Trias 

or in the Rhetic.

The plants have been assigned to various horizons, but the most recent and probably the most reliable determinations, place them in the 

upper part of the Triassic or in the Ehetic; Heer, Stur, and Zeiller 

claiming them as belonging to the Keuper, while Fontaine and Newberry consider that they more nearly represent the flora of the Khetic.1

This brief re'suine' of what must be considered the most trustworthy 

correlations now possible, shows that there is a closer accord in the 

various determinations than, perhaps, might have been supposed. The 

geologist who has to depend on the paleontologist for the correlation of 

strata in widely separated regions, is thus furnished with all the data 

available on which to base his conclusions. It is probable that the 

evidence, as it now stands, when considered by various persons, will be 

interpreted in two ways.

Those who are inclined to believe that a close correlation is possible 

between the divisions of the geological column in America and Europe, 

will probably demand further evidence and will continue the controversy as to the equivalency of particular horizons in the two countries.

Those who take the ground that the large natural division of the 

rock series in America and in Europe admit of correlation only in a 

broad, general way, will conclude that the correspondence reached from 

the comparisons already made are sufficient to show that the fossilbearing strata of the Newark system may be placed in general parallelism with the upper part of the Triassic and the lower part of the Jurassic of Europe. As a system, however, it can not be considered as the 

equivalent of any definite portion of the European scale.

When the geological succession in. the other portions of the earth 

shall have been determined, and the existing blanks in our knowledge 

of the succession of organic forms filled, at least in part, it may be possible to form a more" comprehensive scheme of classification than any 

now known, in which the relative position of the strata in various 

widely separated localities may be some time definitely determined. 

Until such a standard of comparison approaches completion, we must 

conclude that the Newark system is a well defined unit in American 

geology, having a great unconformity both above and below, and that 

it belongs in the lower portion of the Mesozoic group of the American 

geological column. The Mesozoic itself, however, does not agree either 

as to its upper or lower limits with the Mesozoic of Europe, but repre1 The most recent review of the relation of the fossil plants of the Newark to the Triassic flora of 

Europe -which has come to hand is by L. P. Ward (Bull. Gool. Soc. Am., vol. in, 1891, pp. 23-31). The 

conclusion reached is that our present knowledge fixes the horizon of the Newark "with almost 

absolute certainty at the summit of the Triassic system, and narrows the discussion down chiefly to 

the mere verbal question whether it shall be called Elietic or Kcupcr. * * * The beds that seem to 

be most nearly identical, so far as the plants are concerned, are those of Lunz, in Austria, and of 

Neue Welt, near Basle, in Switzerland. These have been placed by the best European geologists in 

the Upper Keuper. Our American Trias [Newark] eau scarcely he lower than, this, and it probably can 

not be higher than the Ehetic beds of Bavaria."
RUSSELL.] CHINA AND HONDURAS. 131

sents, as nearly as can be determined from our present knowledge of 

its organic remains, about the same relative position in the life history 

of the earth.

RELATION TO TERRANES OF ASIA AND CENTRAL AMERICA.

Direct comparisons have been made by Newberry between the fossil 

plants of the Newark system and similar fossils from China and from 

Honduras.

A comparison with fossil plants from China collected by Piunpelly in 

the Kwei basin on the Yaugtse river, province of Hupeh, shoved that 

one species is common to the two regions. Another species found in 

the Kwei basin agreed closely with a European Jurassic species. 

Another has a remarkable likeness to a fern which occurs both in the 

Liassic and Oolitic floras of Europe. The Kwei fossils were also compared with fossil plants from Abiquiu, New Mexico, and Sonora, Mexico, 

regarded by Newberry as Triassic. The conclusion reached from this 

study was that the plant-bearing beds of the Kwei basin were of Mesozoic age, but whether they should be considered as Triassic or Jurassic 

remained undecided. Only a very general conclusion as to the relation 

of the Newark system to the plant-bearing beds of the Kwei basin, is 

shown by fossils now known, but it is evident that interesting results 

might be expected from a continuation of the comparisons of the fossil 

floras of the two regions. 1

A collection of fossil plants from San Juancito, Honduras, has 

recently been described by Newberry and shoAvn to be related to the 

Bhetic of Europe. This collection contains at least one species that 

is very close to a plant described by Emmons from the Newark rocks 

of North Carolina.. Others are closely related to the plants of Abiquiu, 

New Mexico, and Sonora, Mexico. After describing the Honduras fossils, Newberry refers to their relation to other floras in the following 

language:

" This discovery of a Triassic flora in Honduras is a matter of special 

interest, as nothing of the kind had before been met with in that section of the globe5 but it is only another illustration of the uniformity 

of the vegetation of the world during the Triassic age. This uniformity 

was, however, only a development of the systematic progress of plant 

life. The reign of Acrogeus' ended with the Permian. The Ehetic 

epoch was, therefore, about the middle of the reign of Gymnospernis. 

No Angiosperms .were yet in existence, for they began in the Cretaceous. * * *

" Where the Gymnospermous flora originated, or how it was developed 

from the Acrogens, if it was so developed, and through the exercise of 

what elements of superiority it superseded them, we are yet in ignorance. It is, however, a matter that may well excite our wonder that,

1 Appendix No. 1 to geological researches in China, Mongolia, and Japan [etc.] by Raphael Pumpelly. 

Smithsoniau Contributions to 3£uo\vledge, vol. vii, Washington, 1807, pp. 119-123.
132 THE NEWARK SYSTEM. [BULL. 85.

migrating such immense distances from their place of origin, through 

every phase of soil and climate through all the zones of the Eastern 

Hemisphere, and now, as we learn from this group of Honduras plants, 

through the New World they march, holding so firmly to their original 

group of characters, generic and specific, that wherever we open their 

tombs we recognize them instantly as old friends. In their long inarches 

some perish by the way, and here and there, their numbers were 

recruited by new forms, imported or developed; but the leading members of the troop in virtue of some occult protection against outside 

influences, preserved almost. without alteration all the complicated 

characters of their vegetative aud reproductive systems.

" We shall look now with eagerness to South America for the full 

identification there of this Mesozoic flora, which we have found in full 

development in Virginia, New Mexico, Sonora and now in Honduras. 

It had before been recognized in Australia where it seems to emerge 

from, the Paleozoic flora and perhaps began New Zealand, India, Tonquin, China, Turkestan and various parts of Europe." l

!Ehetio plants from Honduras. In Am. Jour. Sci., 3d sur., vol. xxxvi, J888, pp. 342-351.
INDEX TO THE LITERATURE OF THE NEWARK SYSTEM.

o

SOURCES OF INFORMATION.

Iii compiling this index the principal sources of information have 

been the national and state geological reports included in Frederick 

Prime's catalogue of official reports/ and all similar reports, published 

since the appearance of the second supplement of that catalogue, on 

the subjects referred to in this list. Included with these reports, and 

mentioned in part in Prime's catalogue, are the publications of the 

Smithsonian Institution, the U. S. National Museum, the U. S. Coast 

and Geodetic Survey, the U. S. Department of Agriculture, and handbooks of information published by various states. In addition all 

books and papers published unofficially, containing information relating to the Newark system, have been examined.

Besides these, the following serial publications have been examined:

CATALOGUE OF SERIAL PUBLICATIONS EXAMINED.

Name.

American Academy of Arts and 

Sciences, Memoirs.

Sciences, Proceedings.

vancement of Science, Proceedings.

and Naturalists, Proceedings.

and Naturalists, Transactions.

American Geologist ................. 

American Institute of Mining Engineers, Transactions.

American Journal of Concliology. . . . 

American (Monthly) Journal of Geology and Mineralogy (Featherstonliaugh).

American Mineralogical Journal 

(Bruce). 

American Museum of Natural History, Bulletin.

Published at 

Albany,!!. Y. ........

Cambridge and Boston, Mass.

bridge, Mass.

Minneapolis, Minn. . . . 

Eastou, Philadelphia, 

Pa., and New York, 

N.Y. 

1 Philadelphia, Pa ...... 

Philadelphia,. Pa ......

New York, N.Y...... 

New. York, N. Y ......

Abbreviation.

Am. Acad., Mem. . ....

Proc.

Nat.,Proc.

Nat., Trans.

Am. Geol .............

Am. Inst. Mining 

Eug.,-Trans.

Am. Jour. Conch...... 

Am. Jour. Geol. and 

Mill.

Am. Min. Jour. 

(Bruce). 

Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.. 

Bull.

Examined.

Vols. 1-12.

Vols. 1-10.

IstseriesiVols. 

1-5 ; 2d series : 

Vols. 1-15.

 1-5 ; 2d series : 

Vols. 1-15.

TTnla 1 37

1842.) 

Vols. 1-9.

Vols. 1-7.

Vols. 1-6. 

Vols. 1-17.

Vols. 1-7. 

Vol.l,Nos.l-10.

1-50; 2d series: Vols. 1- 

50 ; 3d series : 

Vols. 1-40. 

Vol. 1.

Yol. 1, 2.

'Am. Inst. Min. Eng.. Trans., vol. vir, pp. 455-525. First supplement, vol. vm, pp. 466-478. Second 

supplement, vol. ix, pp. 621-632.

133
134 THE NEWARK SYSTEM.

Catalogue of serial publications examined Continued.

[BULL. 85.

Name.

American Philosophical Society,Proceedings. 

American Philosophical Society, 

Transactions.

British Association for the Advancement of Science, Report. 

Boston Journal of Natural History. .

Boston Society of Natural History, 

Anniversary Memoirs. 

Boston Society of Natural History. 

Bulletin. 

Boston Society of Natural History, 

Memoirs. 

Boston Society of Natural History. 

Occasional Papers. 

Boston Society of Natural History, 

Proceedings. 

Brookville Society of Natural History, Bulletins. 

Buffalo Society of Natural History, 

Bulletins. 

California Academy of Sciences, 

Bulletins. 

California Academy of Sciences, 

Memoirs. 

California Academy of Sciences, 

Proceedings.

Canadian Institute, Proceedings. .... 

Canadiau Journal of Industry, 

Science and Art.

Canada, Eoyal Society, Transactions 

and Proceedings. 

Central Ohio Scientific Association, 

Proceedings. 

Chicago Academy of Sciences, Bulletin. 

Chicago Academy of Sciences, Proceedings. 

Chicago Academy of Sciences, Transactions. 

Cincinnati Society of Natural History, Journal. 

Cleveland Academy of Sciences, 

Proceedings. 

Colorado Scientific Society, ProceedingsColorado State School of Mines, 

Reports. 

Columbia College (see School of 

Mines). 

Connecticut Academy of Sciences, 

Memoirs. 

Connecticut Academy of Sciences, 

Transactions. 

Cornell University.ScientificBullet in 

Cornwall Royal Geological Society, 

Transactions. 

Dakota School of Mines, Report. ..... 

Davenport Academy of Natural 

Sciences, Proceedings. 

Denison University Scientific Laboratory, Bulletin. 

Des Moines Academy of Sciences, 

Bulletin. 

Dublin Geological Society, Journal . . 

Dublin Quarterly Journal of Science. 

Edinburgh Geological Society, Transactions.

Published at 

Salem, Mass., and 

Philadelphia, Pa. 

Philadelphia, Pa ......

Cleveland, Ohio. ..- ....

Boston' Mass

London, England .....

Butfalo.N.Y. ......... 

San Francisco, Cal .... 

San Francisco, Cal .... 

San Francisco, Cal ....

Toronto, Canada ......

Montreal, Canada ..... 

Montreal, Canada. ....

Chicago, 111 ...........

Cincinnati, Ohio ......

New Haven, Conn .... 

New Haven, Conn .... 

Ith'ici N Y

Cornwall. England. . . .

Rapid City, Dak. ..... 

Davenport, Iowa. .....

Granville, 111 ......... 

Des Moines, Iowa .....

Dublin, Ireland ....... 

Edinburgh, Scotland. .

Abbreviation.

Am. Philo. Soc., Proc. 

Arn.Philo.Soc., Trans .

Ann. Sci. (Cleveland) -

British Assoc. Adv. 

Sci., Rep. 

Boston Jour. Nat. 

Hist. 

Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 

Ann. Mem. 

Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 

Bull. 

Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 

Mem. 

Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 

Occasional Papers. 

Boston Soc. Nat. Hist.. 

Proc. 

Brookville Soc. Nat. 

Hist., Bull. 

Buffalo Soc. Nat. Hist.. 

Bull. 

California Acad. Sci.. 

Bull. 

California Acad. Sci., 

Mem . 

California Acad. Sci., 

Proc.

Canadian Inst., Proc.. 

Canadian Jour. Ind., 

Sci. and Art.

Canadian Rec. Sci 

Canada, Roy. Soc., 

Trans. and Proc. 

Central Ohio Sci. 

Assoc., Proc. 

Chicago Acad. Sci., 

Bull 

Chicago Acad. Sci., 

Proc. 

Chicago Acad. Sci., 

Trans. 

Cincinnati Soc. Nat. 

Hist., Jour. 

Cleveland Acad. Sci., 

Proc. 

Colorado Sci. Soc., 

Proc. 

Colorado State School 

of Mines, Rep.

Connecticut AcadSci.,Mem. 

Connecticut Acad. 

Sci., Trans. 

Cornell Univ., Bull ...

Cornwall Roy. Geol. 

Soc., Trans. 

Dakota Sch. Min., Rep. 

Davenport Acad. Nat. 

Sci., Proc. 

Denison Univ., Bull . .

Des Moines Acad. Sci. 

Bull. 

Dublin Gool. Soc., Jour. 

Dublin Quart. Jour.Sci. 

Edinburgh Geol. Soc., 

Trans.

Examined.

Vols. 1-24. 

Yols. 1-26.

1 st series : Yols 

1-6 ; 2d series : 

Vols. 1-16. 

Vols. 1,2. 

1850-1871. 

Vols. 1-5. 

Vols. 1-59.

Vols. 1-7. 

1880. 

Vols. 1-4. 

ATols. 1-4. 

Yols. 1-3. 

Arols. 1-24. 

Nos. 1,2. 

Vols. l-f>.

Vols. 1, 2, Nos. 

5-8. 

Vol. 1, narts 1, 

2. 

Vol.-.. 1-7; second series: 

Vols. 1, 2. 

Vols. 1-5. 

Vols. 1-3; new 

series : Vols . 

1-15. 

Vols. 1-8; new 

series: Vols. 

1-10. 

Vols. 1-4. 

Vols, 1-4.

Vol. 1, parts 1. 

2. 

Vol. 1, No. 0.

Vol. 1. 

Vol.I.

Vols. 1-10 ; Vol. 

12, Nos. 1-3. 

1845-1859.

Vols. 1, 2. 

1885-1887.

Vol. 1, part 1. 

Vols. 1-7.

Vols. 1,2. 

Vols. 7-9.

1888. 

Vols. 1-4.

Vols. 1-3. 

Vol.1. No. 1.

Vols. 1-10. 

Vols. 1-0. 

Vols. 1-4.
RUSSELL.] LITERATURE.

Catalogue of serial publications examined Continued.

135

Name.

Edinburgh (The) New I'hiloaopio.il 

Journal. 

Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society, 

Journal. 

Elliott Society of Natural History , 

Journal. 

Elliott Society of Natural History, 

Proceedings. 

Essex Institute, Bulletin ............ 

Essex Institute, Proceedings........ 

Essex Natural History Society. Journal. 

France, Geological Society, Memoirs.

Geological Association (tsee London 

Geological Association).

Geological Society of America, Bulletin. 

Geological' Society (of London) (see 

London Geological Society).

Geologist, The .......................

Great Britain (see Koyal Institution 

of Great Britain). 

Hamilton Association, Journal and 

Proceedings. 

Hartford Natural History Society, 

Transactions. 

Harvard College, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Bulletin. 

Harvard College, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Memoirs. 

Illinois Natural History Society. 

Transactions. 

International Congress of Geologists, 

American Committee, Report. 

International Congress of Geologists, 

American Committee, Reports.

Iowa Academy of Sciences, Proceedings. 

Ireland, Royal Academy, Proceed ings .

Ireland, Royal Geological Society, 

Journal. 

Johns Hopkins University, Circular.

Kansas Academy of Science, Transactions. 

Kirtland Society of Natural Science, 

Papers. 

Liverpool Geological Society, Proceedings. 

London Geological Society, Proceedings. 

London Geological Society, Quarterly 

Journal. 

London Geological Society, Transactions.

London Geologists' Association, Proceedings.

Published at 

'Edinburgh, Scotland. . 

Raleigh, N. C .........

Charleston, S. C.......

Salem, Mass .......... 

Salem, Mass ..........

Paris, Franco' .........

Philadelphia, Pa...... 

London, England .....

New York, N. T., and 

Washington, D. C.

London, England ..... 

London, England .....

Hamilton, Ontario ....

Cambridge, Mass ..... 

Cambridge, Mass ..... 

Springfield. 111........ 

i

Philadelphia, Pa ...... 

Dos Moincs, Iowa ....

Topeka, Kans ........

Liverpool, England . . . 

London, England ..... 

London, England ..... 

London, England .....

London. England. ....

Abbreviation.

Edinburgh Now Phil. 

Jour. 

.Elisha Mitchell Sci. 

Jour. 

Elliott Soc.Nat.Hist., 

Jour. 

Elliott Soc.Nat.Hist., 

Proc. 

Essex Inst., Bull. . .... 

Essex lust., Pi-oe 

Essex Nat. Hist. Soc., 

Jour. 

France, Geol. Soc., Bull

France Geol. Boe.,Mem

Franklin Inst., Jour .. 

Geol. Mag ............

Geologist .............

Hamilton Assoc., Jour, 

and Proc. 

Hartford Nat. Hist. 

Soc., Trails. Harvard Coll. Mus. 

Comp. Zool., Bull. 

Harvard Coll. Mus. 

Comp. Zool., Mem. 

..Illinois Nat. His. Soc., 

U'rans. 

Internat. Cong.,Geol. 

Am. Com., Rep. 

Internat. Cong.,Gcol. 

Am. Com., Rep.

Iowa Acad. Sci., Proc.

Ireland Roy. Acad., 

Proc. 

Ireland Roy. Geol. Soc. 

Ireland lioy. Geol. 

Soc., Jour. 

Johns Hopkins Univ., 

Circ. 

Kansas Acad. Sci .....

Kirtland Soc. Nat. 

Sci., Papers. 

Liverpool Geol. Soc., 

Proc. 

London Geol. Soc., 

Proc. 

London Geol. Soc., 

Qiiar. Jour. 

London Gool. Soc., 

Trans.

LondouGcol's. Assoc., 

Proc.

Examined.

New series, 1- 

4, G, 8-1(1. 

188:!-]889.

Vol.]. 

Vol. 1.

Vols. 1-18. 

Vols. l-(i. 

Vols. l-(i.

Istseries: Vols. 

.1-14; 2(1 series: Vols. 1- 

26; 3d series: 

1-15. 

l8tseries:Vols. 

1-5 ; 2rt series : 

Vols. 1-10; 3d 

series : Vols. 

1-4. 

3d series: Vols. 

77-92.

Istseries: Vols. 

1-10; 2d series: Vols. 1- 

12; decade 3d: 

Vols. 1-6. 

Vols. 1, 2.

Vols. 1, 2 (1842- 

1843). 

Vols. 1-7 (1858- 

1863).

Vols. 1, 2. 

No. 1 (1836). 

Vols. 1-18. 

Vols. 1-1 5. 

Vol. 1.

Report for 

the London 

meeting.

.1887-1889.

Second series : 

Vols. 1-3. 

Vols. 1-14.

Vols. 1-7. 

Vols. 1-7, 9-11. 

1874. 

Vols. 1-5. 

Vols. 1-4. 

Vols. 1-44.

Istseries: Vols. 

1-5; 2(1 series: 

Vols. 1-7. 

Istseries: Vol. 

1; 2d series: 

Vols. 1-9.
136 THE NEWARK SYSTEM.

Catalogue of serial publications examincd-*-Contin\ie<\..

[BULL. 85.

Name.

Lon'don Royal Society, Philosophical 

Transactions. 

London, Edinburgh and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of 

Science. 

Maclurean Lyceum, Contribution. - - - Manchester, Geological Society, 

Transactions. 

Manitoba Historical and Scientific 

Society, Transactions.

Transactions.

Literature, Transactions. 

Massachusetts Institute of Technology: Technology Quarterly(*ee 

Technology Quarterly).

Transactions. 

Minnesota Academy of Science, Bulletin. 

National Academy of Science, Annual.

National Academy of Science, Mempirs. 

National Geographic Magazine. . .... 

National Institution, Bulletin of the 

Proceedings. 

Neues Jahrbuch fur Mineralogie. 

Geologie und Paleontologie.

New Brunswick Natural History 

Society, Bulletin. 

New Orleans Academy of Sciences, 

Papers.

Proceedings.

Documents. 

New York Academy of Sciences, 

Annals.

Transactions.

tory, Annats. 

New York Lyceum of Natural History, Proceedings.

Nova Scotian Institute of Natural 

Science, Transactions.

Sciences, Transactions and Archives of Science. 

Otlawa Field-Naturalists' Club, 

Transactions. 

Ottawa Naturalist smA Transactions 

of the Ottawa Field-Naturalists' 

Club.

Transactions.

Sciences, Journal.

Sciences, Proceedings. 

Philosophical Society of Washington, u. C. (see Washington Philosophical Society).

Journal.

Proceedings.

Bulletin.

Journal. 

Royal Irish Academy (see Ireland, 

Eoyal Academy).

Published at 

London, England ..... 

London, England .....

Philadelphia, Pa ...... 

Manchester, England .

Winnipeg, Canada ....

Minneapolis, Minn . . .

Washington, D. C., 

a n d Cambridge, 

Mass. 

Washington, D. C....

Washington, D. C.... 

Washington, D. C ....

Stuttgart, Germany..

Fredencton, N. B. . . . . 

New Orleans, La. .....

New York.N.Y...... 

New York, N. Y ......

New York, N. Y ...... 

Halifax, Nova Scotiii .

Ottawa, Canada. ...... 

Ottawa, Canada. ......

Puttsville, Pa. .......

Abbreviation.

London Hoy. Soc., 

Phil. Trans. 

London Philo. Mag. . . .

Maclurean Lye... Cont. 

Manchester Geol. 

Soc., Trans. 

ManitobaHist.andSci. 

Soc., Trail s.

Trans.

Lit., Trails.

Trans. 

Minnesota Acad. Sci., 

Bull. 

National Acad. Sci., 

Ann.

National Acad. Sci., 

Mem. 

Nat. Geog. Mag. ...... 

National Inst., Proc . .

Neues Jahrbuoh ......

New Brunswick Nat. 

Hist. Soc., Bull. 

New Orleans Acad. 

Sci., Papers.

Sci., Proc.

Soc., Doc. 

New York Acad. Sci., 

Ann.

Trans.

Hist., Ann. 

New York Lye. Nat. 

Hist., Proc.

Nova Scotian Inst., 

Trans.

Nat. Sci., Trails.

Ottawa Fteld-Nat. 

Club, Trans. 

Ottawa Nat. and 

Field-Nat. Club, 

Trans.

Soc., Trans.

Nat. Sci., Jour.

Nat. Sci. .Proc.

Hist., Jour. 

Portland Son. Nat.

Hist., Proc.

Bull.

Jour.

Examined,

From 1837 to 

1884. 

5th series : Vols. 

1-21.

Vol.1. 

Vols. 1-25.

Vola. 1-29. 

1888, pp. 1-97.

Vol 1.

Vols. 1-4.

Vols. 1, 2. 

Vols. 3-4.

Vol.l.

Vol. 1, No. 1-4. 

184C-1844.

Vols. 3830-1887. 

Beilage Bd. 

1-4. 

ATols. 1-6.

Vol. 3, No. 2. 

Vol. .1, No. 1.

Vols. 1-5. 

Vols. 1-10 (No.

1-3). 

Vols. 1 11.

Vol. 1(1870-71) 

2d series Vol. 

1 to p. 15(i. 

Vols. 1-7.

Vol. 1, No. 1-C.

Vol.l, No. 1-4. 

Vol.2,No.5-7. 

Vol. 1.

Vol. 1.

Vols. 1-33 ; Erg a n x u u g s - 

lijinde 1-J.2.

1-8; 2d series, 

Vols. 1-8. 

Vols. 1-39, to

1890. 

Vol. 1,'No. 1.

Vol. 1.

1855.

Vols.l 2.
KUSSELL.] LITERATURE.

Catalogue of serial publications examined Continued.

137

Name.

Royal Society, London (see London,

Royal Society).

Saint Louis Academy of Sciences,

Transactions.

School of Mines, Quarterly ...........

Science ..............................

Sraithsonian Institution, Annual Report. 

Smithsonian Institution, Contribution to Knowledge.

Smithsonian Institution. Miscellaneous Collections.

Societ6 gfiologique de France (see

France, Geological Society).

Technology Quarterly. .............. 

Texas State Geological and Scientific

AssociationpBulletin.

Trenton Natural History Society,

Journal.

United States Geological Survey,

Annual Reports.

United States Geological Survey,

Bulletin.

United States Geological Survey,

Mineral Resources.

United States Geological Survey,

Monographs.

United States National Museum,

Bulletin.

United .States National Museum,

Proceedings.

Vassar Brothers' Institute, Transactions.

Virginias, The. ......................

Washburu College Laboratory of

Natural History, Bulletin.

"Washington Biological Society, Proceedings.

Washington Philosophical Society.

Bulletin.

Wisconsin Academy of Science,

Arts, and Letters, Bulletin.

Wisconsin Academy of Science,

Arts, and Letters, Transactions.

Wyoming Historical and Geological 

Society, Proceedings and Collections.

Zeitschrift tier deutsehen geologischen Gesellschaft.

Published at 

Saint Louis, Mo .......

Now York, N. Y......

Cambridge. Mass.,

andNew York, N.Y.

New York 

' N Y

Washington, B.C..---

Washington, B.C.....

Washington, D. C .....

Boston, Mass ......... 

Houston, Tex .........

Trenton, N. J .........

Washington, D. C- . - - .

AVashington,B. C.....

Washington, D. C.....

Washington, B.C..---

Washington, B.C.....

Washington, B. C. . . . .

Pouglikeepsie, N. Y. . .

Staunton, Va .........

Topeka, Kans. ........

f

Washington, B.C.....

Washington, B.C..--.

Madison, Wis .........

Madison, Wis. ........

Wilkesbarre, Pa. .....

Berlin ................

Abbreviation.

Saint Louis Acad.

Sci., Trans.

School of Mines,

Quart.

Science ...............

Science (ed. by John

Michols).

Smith. Inst.. Ann. Rep.

Smith. Inst., Cont.

Kuowl.

Smith. Inst., Misc. Coll.

Tech. Quart.......... 

Texas State Geol. and

Sci. Assoc.. Bull.

Trenton Nat. Hist.

Soc., Jour.

U. S.Geol. Surv., Ann.

Rep.

U. S. Geol. Surv., Bull.

U.S. Geol. Surv., Mini

Resourc.

U.S. Geol.Sarv., Mono.

U.S. Nat. Mus., Bull..

U. S.Nat. Mus.,Proc..

Vassar Brothers'

Inst., Trans.

The Virginias........

Washburu Coll., Bull.

Washington B i o 1 .

Soc., Proc,

Washington Phil.

Soc., Bull.

Wisconsin Acad. Sci.,

Bull.

Wisconsin Acad. Sci.,

Trans.

Wyoming Hist, and 

Geol. Soc., Proc. and

Coll.

Beutsch., Zeitschr.

geolo. Gesell.

Examined.

Vols. 1-4; Vol.

5, pp. 1-336.

Vols. 1-11.

Vols. 1-14.

Vols. 1, 2.

1853-1887.

Vols. 1-25.

Vols. 1-1 2.

Vols. 1-3. 

Vol. 1, No. 1-6.

Vol. I.

lst-7th.

No. 1-50.

1883-1887.

Vols. 1-14.

Vol.1.

Vols. 1-10.

Vols. 1-4.

Vols. 1-6.

Vol. 1.

Vols. 1-3.

Vols. 1-10.

No. 1-5.

Vols. 1-5.

Vols. 1-3.

AVhole set.

PLAN OF THE INDEX.

This index consists of principal and secondary entries arranged in a 

single alphabetic series.

Principal entries. These consist of the names of books and papers 

arranged under authors. The author's name is printed in BLACK PACED 

(capitals) type, with a date to the right in the same type. The date 

designates the year of publication, or, instead of this, in the case of 

many serials, the date at which the paper appeared, or was read. When 

two or more papers bear the same date, the second one is designated as 

a, the third as &, and so on. When a paper has been published in more
138 THE NEWARK SYSTEM. [BULL.85.

than one edition, the edition given first in the description of the book 

is the one referred to.

The abstract following the description of a paper indicates briefly its 

contents so far as it relates to the Newark system. References are 

given to so-called Newark rocks on Prince Edward island, for the reason that the index was compiled before it was concluded that the Newark system is not there represented.

Secondary entries. The chief words of the secondary or subject entries are printed in black faced (small letters) type and in these the reader 

is referred by author's name and date to the principal entries in BLACK 

FACKI) (capitals) type.

These secondary entries include:

(1) Places where observations on the Newark system have been 

made. In these entries the method of locating observations in use by 

each author has been followed. For example, a locality may be referred 

to in reference to its proximity to a town, a mountain, a river, etc., by 

different writers. This necessarily leads to lack of uniformity in the 

index, but when practicable, cross-references from one method of entry 

to others have been made.

(2) Under the names of states, the principal papers relating to the 

rocks of the Newark system within their borders.

(3) The works of authors cited in publications not their own. These 

are referred to under the name of the author cited, but the information 

contained in the reference or quotation is treated as a portion of the 

paper in which it appears.

(4) Under the head of Plants (fossil), Invertebrates (fossil), and 

Vertebrates (fossil), references to papers containing descriptions of 

species or genera.

(5) In structural and general geology, references to the following 

subjects whenever the information recorded seemed sufficiently definite:

Age (discussion or deter- Dip. Oil.

minatiou of). Dike. Raindrop impressions.

Analyses. 0 Fault. Salt.

Anticline. Footprints. Sandstone.

Arkose. Gypsum. Shale.

Coal. Limestone. Shrinkage cracks.

Coke, natural. Map, geological. Strike.

Conformity. Metamorphism. Synclinals.

Conglomerate. Metamorpliisin, contact. Trap.

Copper. Minerals (priucipal papers only).

In making references to the subjects mentioned above, as great consistency has been observed as the diversity of the papers indexed would 

allow.

Besides the subjects enumerated some irregular entries have been 

inserted, but not systematically noted for the whole body of literature 

examined. An effort has been made to complete the list up to 1891,
HTMSBLL.] LITERATURE. 139

but a few papers published in 1890 were received too late to be fully 

indexed. A further delay in publication has enabled me to'introduce' 

references to a few published in 1891, but for these only a limited 

number of secondary entries have been inserted.

When not otherwise indicated the papers referred to are octavo.

In preparing this index I have been greatly assisted by Mr. Nelson 

H. Barton, who has permitted unrestricted use of the manuscript of an 

unpublished "Author's Catalogue of North. American Geology," and 

has assisted me in many other ways. I am also indebted to Prof. W. 

O. Crosby, for a short bibliographic list which has been used in verification.
LITERATURE.

Abbeyllle, S. C. Description of trap dikes near 

(Tuomey,'44, pp. 11-12).

Trap dikes near (Hammond, 1884, p. 466). 

ABBOT, [S. L.I Cited on fossil footprints. (E.

Hitchcock, 1843a, p. 260).

Abbotstown, Pa. Character of strata near (H. 

D. Rogers, '58, vol. 2, p. 079).

Conglomerate near (H. D. Rogers, '58, vol. 2, p. 

680).

Dip near (Frazer, '76, p. 101). 

Acadia. Section of the rocks of (Dawson, '78'

PL op., p. 20).

ACKERLY, S. Cited on the character of the rocks 

forming the Palisades, N. J. (Cooper, '22, p.' 

240). 

ADAMS, C. B. 1846.

Second annual report on the geology of the 

state of Vermont. Burlington Vt., pp. 

1-267.

Contains a brief account of the Newark system in general, pp. 101-102. Discusses 

the amount of erosion indicated by the 

trap dikes of the Connecticut valley and 

of Vermont. States that some of the material forming the Newark rocks of the 

Connecticut valley came from the North, 

pp. 159-162. 

ADAMS, C. B. 1846a.

Notice of a small Ornithichnite.

Am. Jour. Sci., 2d ser., vol. 2, pp. 215, 216.

Describes and gives two outline figures of a

small footprint from "Westlield, Conn. 

ADAMS, C. B. 1800.

Elements of geology.

See Gray and Adams, 1860.

ADAMS [C. B.]. Cited on the mode of formation 

of the Newark rocks of the Connecticut 

valley (Lea, '53,-pp. 191-192).

Adams County, Pa. Brief report on (Lesley, '85. 

p. xxi, pi. 1).

Contact metamorphimn in (IT. D. Rogers, '58, 

vol. 2, p. 691).

Detailed account of copper ore in (Frazer, '80, 

pp. 299-304).

Dip in trap rock in (H. D. Rogers, '58, vol. 2. 

p. 691).

Geological map of (Lesley and Frazer, 76).

Red shale in (H. D. Rogers, '58, vol. 2, p. 677).

Report on the geology of (Frazer, 76).

Report on the geology of (Frazer, '77). 

140

AilaniN county, Pa. Continued.

Section of the Newark in (Frazer, '77a).

Strike of trap dikes in (H. D. Rogers, '58, vol. 

2, p. 691).

Trap dikes of (H. D. Rogers, '58, vol. 2, p. 691).

Trap rocks of (Frazer, '75a). 

Advocate harbor, N. S. Rocks at (Gesner, '30, p.

233). 

AGASSIZ, LOUIS. 1833-1843.

Recherches sur les poissons fossiles.

Neuchatel, 5 vol. folio.

Describes and figures fossil fishes from the 

Newark system, vol. 2, pp. 43, 159, pi. 8, 

14c. 

AGASSIZ, [LOUISJ. 1850.

[On the age of the Newark rocks of the Connecticut valley. ]

In Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Proc., vol.3, pp. 

336-337.

Remarks on a paper by C. T. Jackson. 

AGASSIZ, [LOUISJ. 1851.

[Remark on the geological position of the 

Newark system as indicated by fossil 

plants.]

In Am. Ass. Adv. Sci., Proc., vol. 5, p. 46.

A brief remark in discussion of a paper by

W. C. Redfield. 

AGASSIZ, LOUIS. 1858a.

[Geological position of the Newark system as 

indicated by fossil fishes.]

In Am. Ass. Adv. Sci., Proc., vol. 4, p. 276.

Discussion of a paper by "W. R. Johnson. 

AGASSIZ, LOUIS.' 1858.

[Remarks on the age of the Deep river coal 

field. N. C.]

In Am. Acad., Proc., vol. 3,1852-1857, p. 69.

Remarks following a discussion concerning 

the age of the Deep river coal field, N. C., 

by C. T. Jackson and W. B. Rogers. 

States that the fossil fishes of the Newark 

system indicate a geological position be- 

 tweeu the Trias and Lias of Europe. 

AGASSIZ, LOUIS. 1855.

[Remarks on the footprints of the Connecticut 

valley.]

In Am. Acad.,-Proc., vol. 3,1852-1857, p. 193.

States reasons for doubting whether all the 

so-called footprints of birds in the Connecticut river sandstone were in reality 

produced by birds.
EOSSELL.] LITERATURE. 141

AGASSIZ, [LOUIS]. 1858.

[Remarks on certain crustacean footprints 

from the sandstone of the Connecticut 

valley.]

In Ichnology of New England, by Edward 

Hitchcock, p. 166.

A brief extract from a letter in reference to

the footprints of crustaceans. 

AGASSIZ, LOtflS. 1869.

On "Marcou's geological map of North America."

In Am. Jour. Sci., 2d ser., vol. 27, pp. 134-137.

Republished in "Reply to the criticisms of 

JamesD. Dana," by Jules Marcou, Zurich, 

1859, pp. 26-30. 

AGASSIZ, [LOUIS]. 18GO.

[On the age of red sandstone inNewBrunswick 

and on the south shore of Lake Superior.]

In Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Proc., vol. 7, p. 398.

Discussion of a paper by C. T. Jackson.

Cited as to the age of the coal fields of Nortli 

Carolina (Emmons, '56, pp. 272, 275).

Cited on the age of the Newark system 

(Hitchcock and Hitchcock, '67, p. 416. 

Lea, '53, p. 188. Lea, '58). Marcou, '53, 

p. 41. Murchison, '43.

Cited on the ago of the Richmond coal field, 

Va. (Taylor, '48, p. 47. Lyell, '47, p. 275. 

Marcou, '49, p. 274). Marcou, '58, p. 16.

Cited on the classification of fossil fishes from 

the Connecticut valley (J. H. Redfield, 

'56).

Cited on the deposition of copper in amygdaloids, etc. (Chapman, '56, pp. 43-45).

Cited on the early discovery of fossil fishes in 

the Newark system (Newberry, '88, p. 19).

Cited on fossil fishes (C. H. S. Davfe, '87, p. 

21. Egerton, '49, pp. 4, 8. E. Hitchcock, 

'41, p. 459. Newberry, '88. J. H. Redfield, '36).

Cited on fossil fishes (W. C. Redfield, '41, 

p. 25).

Cited on fossil footprints (Deane, '47. Silliman and Dana, '47).

Cited on Marcou's geological map of North 

America (Marcou, '59, pp. 26-30).

Cited on Newark flora (Marcou, '90).

Cited on number of phalanges in the toes of 

birds (Sillimau, Silliman, jr., and Dana, 

'47.

Reference to fossil fishes described by (Newberry, '88, p. 24).

Age of the Newark system. Discussion of (J. D.. 

Dana, '57. Dawson, '58. Dewey, '57. E. 

Hitchcock, '416, p. 244. E. Hitchcock, '56, 

p. 99. Horner, '46. Lea, '53. Lesquereux, 

'76, p. 283. Lyell, '66. Marcou, '49. Marcou, '55, pp. 864-868. Marcou, '88, pp. SI43. Mather, '43, pp. 293,294. Newberry, 

'88, pp. 8-15. H. D. Rogers, '40, pp. 114-117. 

H. D. Rogers, '56, p. 32. W. B. Rogers, '54. 

White, '89).

In Connecticut valley (C. H. Hitchcock, '55, 

p. 392. E. Hitchcock, '41, pp. 438-441. , 

E. Hitchcock, '53. E. Hitchcock, '55, p. 

227. E. Hitchcock, '55a, pp. 407-409. E.

Age of the Newark system Continued.

Hitchcock, '58, pp. 3, 5-10, 20-25, 79. 

Hitchcock and Hitchcock, '67, pp. 415, 

416. Jackson,'50, pp.335, 336,338. Lyell, 

'42, p. 796. Lyell, '45, vol. 1, pp. 13, 255; 

vol. 2, p. 214. Maclure, '09. Nuttall, '21, 

p. 37. W. C. Redfield, '51. H.D. Rogers, 

'436. Silliman, jr.,'44. AVells,'50).

In New Brunswick (Crodiier, '65. Bailey, '65, 

pp. 5, 6, 13, 123. Bailey, '72, pp. 218, 219. 

;, Matthew,'65, p. 124).

In New Jersey. (Ackerly, '20, pp. 35, 36,01-62. 

Cook, '64, pp.6-7. Cook, '68, pp. 173-194. 

Cook, '89, pp. 11-12. Maclure, '09. Marcou, 

'58, pp. 11-16, 65. AV. C. Redfield, '43a. 

W. C. Redfield, '51.' H. D. Rogers, '436).

In North C.'irolinat Discussion of (Chance, 

'85j pp. 16,17. Einmons, '56, pp. 271-283. 

Enimons, '57, p. 53. Emmoiis, '576, pp. 

 79,80. Fontaiue, '83, pp. 121-128. Macfarlaue, : 77, pp. 517,522, 523. Marcou, '58, 

pp. 15,16. No wherry. '60).

In North Carolina. Reference to (Emmous, 

'52, pp. 115-118,140-143. Eiiimous, '56, pp. 

227,228. Emnions, '58. Jackson, '53. Jacksou, !56o. pp. 31, 32. Kerr, '75, p. X, 110, 

111. Macfarlano,'77, p. 528. Marcou,'88, 

p. 30. Stephens, '61).

In Nova Scotia (Dawsou, '47, pp. 57, 58. Dawson, '78, p. 109. Jackson, '50, p. 338).

In Pennsylvania (Cope, '66, pp. 249-250. 

Erazer,'85, p. 403. C. E. Hall, '81, p. 20. 

T. S. Hunt, '76, p. 320. Lesley, '83, pp. 178, 

179. Lewis,'85, pp. 439,440. IT. D. Rogers, 

'58, vol. 2, pp. 692-697. AVhoatlcy, '61).

In Prince Edward island (Dawson, '47, pp. 

57,58. Dawsou, '54a. Dawson, '74, pp. 

209, 210. Dawson, '75. Ells, '84, pp. HE., 

12E..1GE., 18E. Note on atlas sheotNo. 5, 

S. W. McKay, '66. Owen, '76, pp. 359, 

361).

In Virginia (Clifford, '87, p. 5. Creduer, '66. 

Emnions, '56, pp. 338-342. E. Hitchcock, 

. :58, p. 6. Hull, '87, p. 86, Lyell, '47, pp. 

261, 274, 275, 278-280. Lyell, '49, pp. 280, 

281. Lyell, '57. Lyell, '71, p. 363. Macfarlane, '77. Marcou, '55, pp. 872, 873. 

Marcou, '58, pp. 11-16, 65. Nuttall, '21, p. 

37. W. B. Rogers, '39, pp. 70, 71. W. B. 

Rogers,'43. "W". B. Rogers,'436, p. 532. "W. 

B. Rogers, '55c. AV. B. Rogers, '79, p. 180. 

Shaler, '71, pp. 115-117. Stephens, '61. 

Taylor, '35, pp. 293, 294. Taylor, '48, pp. 

45-47, 50)'.

In Virginia, indicated by crustaceans (Jones, 

'62, p. 85).

Indicated by fossil fishes (Agassiz, '51a. 

Agassix, '53. Lyell, '47, p. 275. Newoerry, 

'78. Newberry, '85. J. H. Redfield, 

'56, p. 184. A\r. C. Redfield, '50. AV. C. 

Redfield, '56o). *

Indicated by fossil plants (Agassiz, '51. Bnnbury, '47, p. 287. Eontaiue, '79, p. 37. Fontaine, '83, pp. 92-96. Hecr, '57. Nowbury,'85. AV". B. Rogers,'54, p. 55). Stur, 

'88. Zeiller, '88.
142 THE NEWARK SYSTEM. [BULL. 85.

Age of tlic Newark system Continued.

Indicated l>y fossil reptiles (Ernmons, '57, pp. 

91-93. Marsh, '89, p. 331).

Indicated by lignite specimens (Rogers, '55).

Indicated by stratigraphy (Foster, '51).

References to (Conrad, '39. Cook, '82, pp. 11- 

12. LeConte, '82, p. 439. Marcou, '53, pp. 

40-42).

Remarks on (Agassiz,'50. Conrad,'41. Cook, 

'89o, p. 170. Cope, '88. J. D. Dana, '56, 

p. 322. Emuions, '57, pp. 1-2, 10-18. 

Frazer, '77a. C. H. Hitchcock, '71, p. 20. 

Jackson, '53a. Jones, '62, pp. 91, 126, 

139. MitcheU, '42, p. 133. W. C. Redfield, '56a, p. 357. H. D. Rogers, '44, pp. 

247-251. W. B. Rogers, '80a).

Table showing diversity of opinions concerning (Russell, '89a).

Table showing diversity of opinions concerning (Frazer, '82, p. 127). 

Age of trap dike and associated fault in Bucks

county, Pa. (Lewis, "85, p. 455). 

Age of trap dikes in Alabama (E. A. Smith, '83,

p. 556). 

AKEBLY, SAMUEL. 1820.

An essay on the geology of the Hudson river 

and the adjacent regions, illustrated by a 

geological section of the country from the 

neighborhood of Sandy Hook, in New 

Jersey, north ward through the Highlands, 

in New York, toward the Catskill mountains, [etc.].

New York, 12mo, pp. f-tid, pi. 1.

A brief sketch of the general features of the 

Palisades, pp. 27,28. General lithological 

characteristics of the Palisade trap, pp. 

32,33. Sandstone and clay slate beneath 

the Palisades, pp. 34-37. Earth and soil 

with bones of land-animals and charcoal 

under the red sandstone at Nyack, and 

consideration of age based on this [supposed] observation, pp. 59-62. Trap formation or greenstone rock overlying the 

red sandstone, pp. 62, 64. 

Akron, Pa. Boundary of the Newark near (Frazer

'80, p. 44).

Alabama. Indications of Newark rocks in ("\Vinchell, '56, p. 93).

Mention of. trap dikes in (Bradley, '76. E. 

A. Smith, '78, pp. 139,142. E. A. Smith, 

'83, p. 556.

Albemarle county, Va. Boundary of the Newark 

in (W.B.Rogers, '39, p. 74).

Brief account of sandstone in (W. B. Rogers,

'36, pp. 81, 82). 

Aldlc, Va. Detailed description of geology near

(AV. B. Rogers, '40, p. 66). 

ALEXANDER, JOHN H. 1834.

Report on a projected geological and topographical survey of the state of Marylaud.

See Ducatel and Alexander, 1834. 

ALEXANDER, 3. H. Cited on Newark limestone

in Maryland (Shaler, '84, p. 177, pi. 46). 

Alexsockcn Creek, N. J. Analysis of trap from 

(Cook, '68, p. 216).

Alexsockcn Creek, N. J. Continued. 

Trap north of the (Cook, '68, p. 192). 

Trap rock of (Cook, '82, p. 62). 

ALGER, F. A. 1851. 

Value of sandstones as building material. 

In Ann. Sci. Discov., 1851, pp. 287-289. 

Discusses the relative value of sandstone from 

several Newark areas for building purposes.

ALGER, FRANCIS. 1827. 

Notes on the mineralogy of Nova Scotia. 

In Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 12, pp. 227-232. 

Contains brief references to sandstone, trap, 

etc., and some account of iron and copper ores.

ALGER, FRANCIS. 1828-1829. 

A description of the mineralogy and geology

of a part of Nova Scotia. 

See Jackson and Alger, 1833. 

ALGER, FRANCIS. 1833. 

Remarks on the mineralogy and geology of

Nova Scotia.

See Jackson and Alger, 1833. 

ALLEN, 0. D. Analysis of trap from Saltonsall 

Lake, Conn. (J. D. Dana, '73, vol. 6, p. 107). 

Allerrille, N. J. Boundary of Newark near

(Cook,'68, p. 175). 

Dip in conglomerate and breccia at (Cook,

'82, p. 28).

Dip near (Cook, '68, p. 197). 

Alpine, N. J. Altered shale near (Cook, *'83, p.

24).

Dip in indurated shale at (Cook, '82, p. 24). 

Indurated shale at (Cook, '82, p. 46). 

Indurated shale near (Dartou, '90, p. 51). 

Mention of building stone near (Cook, '81,

p. 43).

Sandstone quarries at (Cook, '79, p. 21). 

Altland mine, Pa. Dolorite from (C. E. Hall, '78, 

p. 49).

Ambrose Brook, N. J. Dip at (Cook, '68, p. 196). 

Amherst County, Va. Brief account of sandstone 

in (AV. B. Rogers, '36, pp. 81,82).

Amherst, Mass. Brief account of trap near (E.

Hitchcock, '23, vol. 6, p. 49). 

Notice of conglomerate near (Nash, '27, p.

246).

Reference to trap at (Stodder, '57). 

Amherst College, Mass. Descriptive catalogue of 

footprints in Hitchcock cabinet (C. H. 

Hitchcock, '65).

Amherst Museum. Recent additions to (C. H.

Hitchcock, '88, pp. 120,121). 

Amity ville, Pa. Detailed account of dip of shale

and sandstone near (d'lnvilliers, '83, p.

214).

Amsterdam, N. J. Boundary of Newark at (Cook,

'68, p. 175).

Sandstone near (Cook, '68, pp. 75,97,98). 

Thickness of Newark near (Cook, '68,175). 

Amygdaloid, absence of, in the dikes traversing 

the Primary rocks of Connecticut (Percival,'42, p. 312). 

At Black Rock, N. S. (Gesiier, '36, p. 198-203)
RUSSELL.] LITERATURE. 143

Amygdaloid Continued.

Blomidon, N. S. Beneath compact trap (Dawson, '47, p. 55. Dawson, '78, pp. 90, 91, 93. 

Gesncr,'36, pp. 210-229).

Capo D'Or. N. S. (Gesner, '30, pp. 234-237).

Digby neck, N. S. Beneath trap (Gesuer, 

'36, p. 175.)

French cross, N. S. (Gesner, '36, p. 197).

Gerrish's mountain, N. S. (Dawsou,'47, p. 52).

Granville, N. S. (Gesuer, '36, p. 187).

Hall's harbor, N. S. (Gesner, '36, p. 225).

Partridge island, N. S. Beneath trap (Gesner,'36, p. 244).

Patersou, N. J. Brief account of (J. H. Hunt, 

'90).

Saint Croix, N. S. (Gesner, '36, p. 190).

Sandy Cove, N.-S. (Gesuer, '36, pp. 177, 182). 

(Jackson and Alger,'33, p. 232, Swaii Creek, 

N. S. (Gesner '36, pp, 251-252.

In Connecticut valley (W. H. Davis, '88. W. 

M. Davis, '89, pp. 62,63. Davis and AVhittle, '89. E. Hitchcock, vol. 0, pp. 61-52. 

E. Hitchcock, '47a, p. 200. Hovey, '89, pp. 

368, 369. Percival, '42, pp. 315, 322-410).

In Massachusetts. Brief account of (E. 

Hitchcock, '35, pp. 404,405).

In North mountain, N. S. (Gesiier, '36, pp. 

221,224).

In Nova Scotia (Dawson, '78, p. 87. Honeyman, '88).

On Grand Manan island, N. B. Description 

of (Bailey, '72, p. 45).

On Long island, If. S. Beneath trap (Jack- 

, son and Alger, '33, p. 223). 

Amygdaloid with indurated bitumen near Fanuington, Conn. (Percival, '42, pp. 375-376).

Used as an iron ore at East Haven, Conn.

(Percival, '42, p. 325). 

Amygdaloid. (See also Trap). 

Analysis of coal from Boggan's cut, N. C. (Kerr, 

'75, pp. 294-295),

From Dan river coal field, N. C. (Chance '85; 

pp. 47, 64-66. Kerr, '75, p. 295).

From Deep river coal field, N. C. (Battle, '86. 

Chance, '84. Chance, '85, pp. 36, 39, 42, 

45,46, 49". Clarke, '87, p. 146. Emmous, 

'56, pp. 246-254. Emmous, '57«, p. 8. 

Jackson, 56a, pp. 31-32. W. K. Johnson, 

^ '50, pp. 9-17. "\V. K. Johnson, '51a. Kerr, 

T 75, pp. 293-294. McGehee, '83, p. 76. 

Wilkes, '58, pp. 10-12).

From North Carolina (Macfarlane, '77, p. 

525. Williams, '85, p. 59).

From Kichmond coal field, Va. (Chance, '85, 

p. 19. Clemaon, '35. Clifford, '87, p. 10. 

Do La Beche, '48. Lyeil, '47, pp. 270,273. 

Macfarlane, '77, p. 515. Silliman and 

Hubbard, '42. Williams, :83, p. 82. Wooldridge, '42, pp. 10-11).

From West Springfield, Mass. (E. Hitchcock, .41, p. 141).

From York county, Pa. (McCreath,'79, pp. 102-

103).

Analysis of coke, natural, from Richmond coal 

field, Va. (Clark, '87. p. 146. Clifford, '87, 

j>p. 10-14. De La Beche, '48, p. Ixvi. W.

Analysis of coke, natural Continued.

E. Johnson, '42. W. It. Johnson,'50, pp.

155-156, 175^176. Lyell, '47, pp. 270-273.

Macfarlane, '77, p. 508. Raymond, '83.

W. B. Rogers, '40, p. 124. Wurtz, '75). 

Analysis of conglomerate from Bucks county,

Pa. (C. E. Hall, '81, p. 24). 

From near Morrisville, Pa. (C. E. Hall, '81,

pp. 24, 111). 

From New Germantowu, N. J. (Cook, '68, p.

393). 

Analysis of copper ore from Bonnaughton, near

Gettysburg, Pa. (Frazer, '77. Frazer,

'80, pp. 300-301). 

From Bridgewater mine, N. J. (Cook, '81, p,

40). 

From Grand Manan island, N. B. (Chapman,

'72).

From Summorvillo, N. J. (Boweu.) 

Analysis of ooprolitcs from Connecticut valley

(S. L. Dana and E. Hitchcock, '45. E.

Hitchcock, '41, p. 461. E. Hitchcock,'44a,

p. 310). 

Analysis of flagstone from Milford, N. J. (Cook,

'68, p. 516. Shaler, '84, p. 144).

Analysis of gmelinite from Nova Scotia (Howe,

'76). 

Analysis of gyrolite from Nova Scotia (Howe.

'61). 

Analysis of iron, native, from New Jersey (Cook,

'83, p. 163): 

Analysis of iron ore from Altlaud mine, Pa. (Invilliers, '86, p. 1507). 

From Belle's mine, Pa. (d'lnvilliers, '86, p.

1506). 

From Deep river coal field, N. C. (Emmous,

57a, p. 10. Wilkes, '58, pp. 12-17). 

From Dillsburg and Wellsvillc, Pa. (Frazer,

'77, pp. 233-237). 

From Egypt, N. C. (Eiumous, '57, pp. 32, 33.

Kerr,'75, p. 229). 

From Farmersville, N. C. (Euuuous, '56, p.

264). 

From Fritz island mine, Pa. (d'lnvilliers, '83,

pp. 338-339). 

From Gabel mine, Pa. (d'lnvilliers, '83, pp.

331-333).

From Gull', N. O. (Kerr, '75, pp. 220, 227,228). 

From Hay wood, N. C. (Kerr, '75, p. 225). 

From Landis (Fuller) mine, Pa. (d'luviliiers,

'86, p. 1514). 

From Logan miue, Pa. (d'luviliiers, '86, pp.

1511, 1512). 

From Lougnecker mine, Pa. (d'lnvilliers, '86,

p. 1510). 

From McCluro mine, Pa. (d'luviliiers, '86, p.

1513). 

From McCormick mine, Pa. (d'lnvilliers, '86,

p. 1512). 

From North Carolina (Kerr, '75, p. 232. Willis, '80, p. 306). 

From Underwood mine, Pa. (d'lnvilliers, '86,

p. 1507). 

From Warwick mine, Pa. (d'lnvilliers, '83, pp.

324-325).
144 THE NEWARK SYSTEM. [BULL. 85.

Analysis of iron ore Con tin n oil

From "Wheat-field mine, Pa. (d'lnvilliers, '83, 

pp. 348,349). ,

Analysis of limestone from Dillsburg, Pa. (Frazer, '77, p. 308).

From Feltvillo, If. J. (Cook, '68, p. 214). 

From North Carolina. (Eiuiuons, '58). 

From Prince Edward island (Dawson and Harrington, '71, p. 41). 

From York county, Pa. (McCreath, '81, pp.

77-80). 

Analysis of sandstone from Connecticut (Shaler,

'84, p. 327).

From Hancock, Md. (Clarke, '89). 

From Haverstraw, N. T. (Darton, '83). 

From Morrisville, Pa. (Genth, '81, p. 111.) 

From Newark, N. J. (Dauton,'83. Schweitzer

'70).

From New Durham, N. J. (Darton,'83). 

From New Jersey (Cook, : 08, pp. 515-516. S. P.

Merrill, '84, p. 26. Schweitzer,'71. Wurtz,

'71. Wurtz, '72).

From the Palisades, N. J. (Newberry, '70). 

From Washington valley, N. J. (Cook, '68, p.

509).

Analysis of shales from Egypt, N. C. (Eniinons,

'56, p. 287. Einmons, '57, p. 31). 

From New Brunswick, N. J. (Cook, '68, pp.

384-385). 

From New Jersey (Cook, '68, pp. 384-385. Dar

ton, '83a).

From Springfield, Mass. (Jackson, '50«). 

Analysis of trap by G. W. Hawes (E. S. Dana, '75),

decomposed, from near Sanford, N. 0.

(Clarke, '87, p. 138). 

Analysis of trap from Cornwall iron mines, Pa.

(Lesley and d'lnvilliers, '85, p. 497). 

From Farmiugton hills, Conn. (Hawes, '75a). 

From Gettysburg, Pa. (Frazer,'77, pp. 309-312). 

From Gulf mills, Pa. (Genth, '81, pp. 133-134.

C.E.Hall, "81, pp. 20.133-134). 

From Jersey City, N. J. (Hawes, '82, pp. 131-

132): 

From Montgomery and Bucks counties, Pa.

. (C.E. Hall, '81, p. 20). 

From New Durham, N.J. (Darton, '83). 

From New Jersey (Cook, '68, pp. 215-218). 

From New Jersey and Connecticut (J. D. Dana,

'73. vol.6, p. 106).

From Palisades, N. J. (Newberry, '70). 

From Pennsylvania (Frazer, '82, pp. 147-150.

Genth, '81, pp. 94-09. Lewis, '85, p. 454). 

From Saltonsall lake, Conn. (J. D. Dana, '73,

vol.6, p.]07).

From Virginia (Campbell and Brown, '90). 

From West Rock, Conn. (E. S. Dana, '77.

Hawes,'82, p. 132). 

From West Rock, Conn., and from near York,

Pa. (Frazer, '75a, pp. 404-409). 

From Williamsons point, Pa. (Frazer, '78). 

From York, Pa. (Frazer, '76, pp. 122-124).

Analysis "of trappean soil from Chester county,

S. C. (Hammond, '84, p. 497). 

From New Jersey. (Cook, '78, pp. 37,38).

Analysis of water from an artesian well at Durham, N. C. (Venable, '87). 

From an .artesian well at Jersey City, N. J.

(Ward, '79, p. 132). 

From an artesian well at Newark, N. J. (Cook,

'80, p. 163. Cook, "82, pp. 142,143). 

From an artesian well at Orange, N. J. (Cook,

'85. pp. 118-122). 

From Ornuge and Newark, N. J. (Cook, '84,

pp. 132-137). 

From an artesian well at, Patersou, N. J.

(Cook, '82, pp. 144, 145, 146. Cook, '85, pp.

116-117). 

From an artesian well at Plainfield. N. J.

(Cook '82, p. 147). 

Andersen's coal mine, Ya. Analysis of coal from

(Clemsou, '35. Clifford, '87. p. 10. Macfarlane, '77, p. 515. Williams, '83, p. 82). 

Brief account of (Macfarlane, 77, p. 507). 

Notes on (Taylor, '35, p. 284). 

Thickness of coal in (W. B. Rogers, '36. p. 53.

Taylor, '35, p. 282).

ANDREWS, E. B. 1876. 

Notice of new and interesting coal plants from

Ohio. 

In Am. Ass. Adv. Sci., Proc., vol. 24, part 2,

pp. 106-109. 

A reference to the fossil plants of the Newark

system.

ANDREWS, G. W. Analysis of coal from Richmond coal field, Va. (Cliflbrd, '87, p. 10).

Annandale, N. J. Gneiss bordering the Newark 

system near (Nason, '89, p. 16).

Annapolis, X. S. Newark outcrops near (Chapman, '78, p. 111-112).

Annapolis basin, N. S. Description of (Dawson,

'78, p. 95).

Excavation of (Russell, '78, p. 221). 

View of entrance to (Jackson and Alger, '33,

pi. 1). 

Annapolis gut, N. S. (See Digby gut.)

Description of (Jackson and Alger, '33, p. 238). 

Description of rocks at (Dawson, '78, p. 95). 

Annapolis town, N. S. Rocks near (Gesner, '36, 

p. 73).

ANONYMOUS. 1838.

[On the occurrence of fossil fishes at Middlefield and Westfield, Conn.]

In Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 34, pp. 198-200.

Describes the localities mentioned at which

fossil fishes have been obtained. 

ANONYMOUS. 1838a.

Newly discovered ichnolites.

In Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 33, pp. 201-202.

Brief mention that fossil footprints have been 

discovered at Middletown, Conn.

ANONYMOUS. 1839.

Solid impressions and casts of drops of rain. 

 In Am. Jour. Sci., 2d ser., vol. 37, p. 371.

Certain peculiar effects of raindrops on ashea 

and mud described, which are considered 

as similar to certain peciiliar markings 

found in the sandstone of the Connecticut 

valley.
BTJBSELL.] LITEEATURE. 145

ANONYMOUS. 1864.

Catalogue of fossils from the Connecticut

valley and New Jersey, in the New York

State Cabinet at Albany, N. Y. 

In Seventh Annual Report of the New York

State Cabinet of Natural History, pp.

60-63. 

Comprises brief description of nine slabs of

sandstone from South Hadley falls and

Turner's falls, Mass. Also brief descriptions of slabs with fossil fishes from Sundorland.Mass., .and Boonton, N. J. 

ANONYMOUS. 1869. 

North Carolina Land Company. A statistical and descriptive account of the several

counties of the state of North Carolina.

Kaleigh, pp. 1-138, and a map. 

Contains- brief account of the value of the coal

and iron in the Newark rocks of North

Carolina, pp. 103,104, 108. 

Anson county N. C. Bones of a saurian from

(Emuions, '56, pp. 335-337, pi. 5.) 

Isolated area of the Newark in (Eminons, '56,

p. 242). 

Anticlinal. At Gallas point, P. E. I. (Dawson

and Harrington, '71, pp. 17,18). 

In Adams county, Pa. Detailed record of

(Frazer, '77, p. 267).

Berks county, Pa. (d'lnvilliers, 83, p. 201). 

Connecticut valley. Brief discussion of

(Hovey, '89, p. 380). 

Pennsylvania and the Connecticut valley, etc.

(Frazer, '82, p. 171). 

Near Emigsville, Pa. (Frazer, '76, p. 88, pi.

op. p. 92). 

Near Ironstone station, Pa. (d'lnvilliers,' 83,

p. 49). 

On Prince Edward island (Rain and Dawson,

'85, p. 156). 

Antigonish county, N. S. Brief references to

Newark rocks of (Honeyman, '67, pp. 108,

1.18). 

Appalachians, sections. (H. D. Kogers, '56, pi. 8).

After Eogers. (Lycll, '66, p. 497). 

Appleton cabinet. Amherst college. Donations

for (E. Hitchcock, '58, p. 2, pi. 4). 

Description of footprints in (E. Hitchcock. '58,

pp. 53-190). 

APPLETON, SAMUEL. Donation to Amherst

college (E. Hitchcock, '58, pp. 1, 2). 

Appomattox river, Va. Coal found near the

(Pierce, '28, p. 58).

ARCHIAC,A. d'. 1858. 

[Remarks on the Permian and Triassic in

North America.] 

In France, Geol. Soc. Bull., 2d ser., vol. 15,

pp. 532-533. 

Contains a brief resume of the observations

of E. Eminons in Virginia and North 

 . Carolina.

ARCHIAC, A. d'. 1860. 

Histoiro de Progres de la geologic de 1&34 ;\

1859.

Paris, 1847-1860, vols. 1-8. 

The eighth volume -treats of the Triassic; in

it chapter 12 is devoted to a review of the

Bull. 85 -10

AROHIAC, A. d'-Continued.

Triassic formation of North America, pp. 

633-658. A general resume of the Triassic 

formation wherever found is given on pp. 

663-672. 

Area of Newark in New Brunswick and Nova

Scotia (Dawson, '78, p. 111). 

In New Jersey (Cook, '68, p. 176. Cook, '79, p

14).

In North Carolina (Kerr, '75, pp. 141, 146). 

On Grand Manan, N. B. (Bailey, '72, p. 219). 

Arendtsville, Pa. Boundary of tlie Newark near

(Frazer, '82, p. 123). 

Isolated area of Newark in Huronian schist

near (Frazer, '77c, p. 651). 

Arkose of Palisades, N. 3. (Cook, '82, p. 33. Darton, '90). 

Arlington, N. J. Description of a copper mine

near (Russell, '80). 

Detailed description of trap rock near (Darton, '90, pp. 56-59). 

Dip in sandstone near (Russell, '78, p. 223.

Cook, '82. p. 24).

Fault at (Cook, '82, p. 16. Cook, '83, p. 25). 

Origin of trap rock near (Darton, '89, p. 138). 

Quality of stone near (Cook, '81, p. 43). 

Reference to fault near (Cook, '89, p. 14). 

Sandstone exposed near (Russell, '78, p.223). 

Artesian wells at Durham, N. C. Depth and analysis of water from (Veuable, '87). 

At Northampton, Mass. (Emerson,'87, p. 19). 

At South Hadley, Mass., an account of (E.

Hitchcock, '41, p. 525).

In Now Jersey (Cook, 79, pp. 30,31. Cook, 

79, pp. 126-129sl31,132,133,139,150. Cook, 

'80, pp. 162-166, 172). 

Ashbed in Connecticut (Chapin, '91). 

ASHBURNER, CHARLES A. 1886. 

Coal.

InU. S. Geol. Surv., Mineral Resources, calendar year 1885, pp. 10-73. 

Gives production of coal in Richmond coal

field for 1885, p. 69.

ASHBURNER, CHARLES A. 1887. 

Coal. 

In U. S. Geol. Surv., Mineral Resources, c.ilendar year 1886, pp. 224-377. 

Contains a brief account of the Richmond

coal field, Va., pp. 352-353.

ASHBURNER, CHARLES A. 1888. 

Coal.

In U. S. Geol. Surv., Mineral Resources, calendar year 1887. 

Gives production of Richmond coal field for

1887, p. 361. 

Ashland, Va. Description of Newark area near

(Heinrich, '78, pp. 229-230). 

Aspimvall shaft, Va. Fossil plants-from (Foiitaine, '83, p. 3). 

Athol, Mass. A locality for fossil footprints (E.

Hitchcock, '48, p. 132).

Atkins, J. Cited on the prospects of the Richmond coalfield (Ashburner, '87, p. 353). 

Atland iron inine, Pa. Description of (d'lnvilliers,'86, pp. 1506-1507). 

Section of (Frazer, '77, pi. op. p. 232).
146 THE NEWARK SYSTEM. [BULL. 85.

Atlantic ocean. Section from, to the Mississippi

(Lyell, '45, vol. 1, p. 92). 

Pacific (J. Hall, '52. accompanying). 

Attleboro, Pa. Section near (Frazer, '77o, p. 495). 

Avon, Conn. Building stone in (Percival, '42, p.

439).

Copper minus of (Percival, '42, p. 318). 

Avondalc, N. J. Character of tho rocks in quarries near (Nason, '89, p. 22). 

Sandstone quarry near (Cook, '79, p. 22). 

Bachelors Hall, Va. Boundary of Newark near 

(Heiurich, '78, p. 238. W. B. Rogers, '39, 

pp. 74-75, 76).

BAILEY, L. W. 1805. 

Observations on the geology of southern New

Brunswick.

Ill Observations 011 the geology of southeast' 

ern Now Brunswick, made principally 

during tho summer of 1864 by Prof. L. "W. 

Bailey, Messrs. George IT. Matthew and 

C. P. Hartt, prepared and arranged with 

a geological map by L. "W. Bailey, Fredericton, pp. 1-122, 130, map. 

Contains an account of certain torranes erroneously referred to tho Newark system 

by Gesiier, pp. 5, 6; also a list of localities 

where Newark rocks do occur, p. 5, and 

a tabular view of the rocks of New Brunswick, p. 13.

BAILEY, L. W. 1872. 

On the physidferaphy aiid geology of the island of Grand Mauau. 

In Canadian Nat., n. s., vol. 6, pp. 43-54, and

map.

A somewhat detailed description of the geology of Grand Manau and tlte small islands 

near it. The occurrence of sandstone beneath trap at Dark harbor is described. 

BAILEY, L. W. 1879. 

Report on the pro-Silurian (Iluroniau) and 

Cambrian or Primordial rocks of southern 

New Brunswick. 

In Geological Survey of Canada, report of

progress for 1777-'78, pp. 1DD 34D1). 

Contains a table showing tho stratigraphic 

position of the Newark rocks of southern 

New Brunswick, p. 2DD.

BAILEY, L. W. 1885.

On geological contacts and ancient erosion in 

southern and central Now Brunswick.

In Canada, Hoy. Soc., Proc. and Trans., vol. 

2, sec. 4, 1884, pp. 91-97.

Contains a brief statement to the effect that 

thtt coni act of tho Carboniferous and Trias 

in southeastern New Brunswick has boi'ii 

observed. Conformity or nonconformity 

not mentioned, p. 97.

BAILKY, L. W. Cited on microscopical examination of fossil wood from Southbury, Conn. 

(E. Hitchcock, '436, p. 294-295). 

Cited 011 overflow trap sheets on Grand

Manaii island (AY. M. Davis, '83, p. 297).

BAILEY, L. W. Cited on trap dikes on Grand 

Munaii island, N. B. (W. M. Davis, '83, 

p. 291).

BAILEY, L. W. Continued.

Notice of work done by, in New Brunswick 

(Miller, '79-'81, vol. 2, p. 156).

BAILEY, L. IV., and OEO. F. MATTHEW. 1872.

Preliminary report on the geology of southern New Brunswick. In Geological Survey of Canada, report of progress for 

1870-1871, pp. 13-240.

Contains a description of tho Newark rocks 

at Hod head, Quaco head, Salisbury 

cove, and Grand Manan island, pp. 216- 

221, 225, 220.

BAILEY, L. W., and S. F. MATHEW. Cited on 

the relation of trap and sandstone on 

Grand Manan (W. M. Davis, '83, p. 285).

BAILEY, L. W., G. F. MATTHEW, and II. W. 

ELLS. ' 1880. 

Report on tho geology of southern New 

Brunswick, embracing the counties of 

Charlotte, Sunbury, Queens, Kings, St. 

John, and Albert. In Geological Survey 

of Canada. Report of progress for 1878- 

1879, pp. i-ivD, 1-26D, and maps. 

Contains descriptions of the small Newark 

areas at Red head, Quaco head, Martins 

head, and Salisbury cove on the west 

shore of the bay of Fundy, and also of the 

trap and sandstone on Grand Manan 

island, pp. iD, 21-23D, and maps.

Bailey's hill, Midlothian, Va. Detailed section 

at (Heiurich, '73, p. 349).

BAIN, F. 1887.

On a Permian moraine in Prince Edward 

island.

In Canadian Rec. Sci., vol. 2, pp. 341-343.

In describing what is considered a moraine 

of Permian ago, mention is made of an unconformity at what is supposed to be tho 

top of the Carboniferous.

BAIN, F. Cited on the geology of Prince Edward island (Bain and Dawson, '85, pp. 

156-158). 

BAIN, FRANCIS, and SIB WILLIAM DAWSON.

1885.

Note's of the geology and fossil flora of Prince 

Edward island.

In Canadian Rec. Sci., vol. 1, pp. 154-161.

Describes tho geology of Prince Edward 

island, and discusses tho relation of the 

fossil plants found in the upper portion of 

the strata composing the island. The extent of the Permo-carboniferous strata is 

stated to bo considerably larger than was 

formerly supposed.

Bainbridgc, Pa. Boundary of the Newark system near (Frazer, '80, p, 13,34. Frazer, 

'82, p. 123. Lea, : 58, p. 92. H. D. Rogers, 

'58, vol. 2, p. 608). 

Calcareous conglomerate near (H. D. Rogers,

'58, vol. 2, p. 677).

Conglomerate near (H. D. Rogers, '39, p. 19).

Detailed account of conglomerate and sandstone near (Frazer, '80, p. 104),
RUSSELL.] LITERATURE. 147

Baker's basin, N. J. Boundaries of the Newark 

system near (Cook, '89, p. 11. Cook, '68, 

p. 176). 

Bald Pate mountain, N. J. Description of (Cook,

'68, pp. 60-01,190-191). 

Detailed description of (Darton, '90, pp59-61).

Dip in flhalc near (Cook, '82, p. 26). 

Origin of trap of (Darton, '89, p. 138). 

Baldwins bridge, Va. Boundary of Newark near

(Heinrich, '78, p. 235).

BAXNAN, BENJAMIN. I860. 

Coal, iron, and oil. 

See Daddow and Bannan, 1866. 

Baptisttovni, N. J. Character of the formation

near (H. D. Rogers, '40, p. 131). 

Dip in shale near (Cook, '82, p. 27). 

Barber's mills, N..J. Contact of trap and sandstone at (Darton, '90, p. 30). 

Barboiirsville, Va. Boundaries and area of

(Heinrich, '78, pp. 236-237). 

Boundaries of Newark near (Heinrich, '78,

pp. 236-237. 'W. B. Rogers, '40. p. 62). 

Barker's mills, N. J. Dip near (Cook, '68, p. j^98). 

Barley Sheaf, N. J. Dip in shale near (Cook, '82,

p. 28).

Barncote, N. S. llock at (Dawson, '78, p. 88). 

Barn-door hills, Conn. Description of (Percival,

'42, p. 407). 

Evidence of deformation furnished by ("W.

M. Davis, '86, p. 344).

Origin of the structure of (W. M. Davis, '88). 

Topographic form of trap ridge near (Percival,

'42,p.306). 

Barncs gap, Conn. Description of trap ridges

near (Percival, '42, pp. 372-375,376). 

BARRATT, J. 1837. 

Bird tracks at Middlotown, Conn., in the new

red sandstone.

In Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 31, p. 165. 

An extract from a letter to B. Silliman (by J. 

Barratt?) relating to the discovery of fossil footprints at Middletown,. Conn. 

BARRATT, JOSEPH. 1845. 

On fossil footmarks in the red sandstone of

I ho Connecticut valley.

In A m. Assoc. Geol. and Nat., Proc.. 6th meeting, p. 23.

Records an observation on fossil footprints, 

made in 1836.

BARRATT, JOSEPH. 1846a.

On the evidence of congelation in the new red

sandstones [of the Connecticut valley]. 

In Am. Assoc. Geol. and Na.t., Proc., 6th meeting, p. 26.

Describes certain markings seen on the sandstones at Portland, Conn., supposed to 

have been produced by ice crystals. 

Barren hill. Pa. Brief account of trap dike near

(H. B. Kogers, '58, vol, 1, p. 214). 

Barr's coal mine, Va. Analysis of coal from

(Macfarlano, '77. p. 515).

Barretl's quarry, Kasthanipton, Mass. Fossil 

footprints at (E. Hitchcock, '58, p. 50 ct 

seq.

Battle & Brother. Stone quarry of, near Martinvillo, New Jersey (Cook, '81, p. 54).

Barto, Pa. Conglomerate near (d'lnvillicrs, '83, 

p. 205).

Baryta in New Jersey. (Cook, '68, pp. 709. 224).

Near New Brunswick (Beck, '39). 

Basalt from Nova Scotia. General account of 

petrography of (Houeynian, '85, pp. 

122-124.) 

In New Jersey. Litbological description of

(Cook, '68, p. 207.) 

Basin of Minas, N. S. Description of (Jackson

and Alger, '33, pp. 259,277. 

Excavation of (Uiissell, '78, p. 221). 

Rocks near (Gesnor, '36, pp. 73,74). 

See also Minas Basin.

StratiOed rocks on the north shore ^ (Jackson and Alger, '33, pp. 279-284). 

A7 iew of islands in (Jackson and Alger, '33,

pi. 4). 

Basking Ridge, N. J. Abandoned quarries near

(Cook,'81, p. 55).

Coal reported at (Cook, '68, p. 696). 

Description of (Cook, '82, p. 57). 

Dip in shale near (Cook, '79, p. 30. Cook, '82,

p. 30).

Dip near (Cook, '68, pp. 198,199). 

Diverse dips near (Nason, '89, p. 19). 

Reference to geological features of (H. D.

Rogers,'40, p. 133).

Sandstone quarry near (Cook, '79, p. 23). 

Basking ridge trap, N. J. Description of (Cook,

'68, pp. 187,188). 

Bass creek, N. S. Dip of sandstone at (Dawson,

'78, p. 91). 

Bass river, N. S. Coast section near (Dawson,

'47, p. 56).

BATTLE, H. B. 1880. 

Analyses comparing the bituminous coals of

North Carolina and Tennessee. 

In Elisba, TVlitchell Sci. Soc., Jour., 1885-'86,

pp. 51-53. 

Presents analyses of coal from the* Deep

river and Dan river coal fields, N. C. 

Baxters harbor, N. S. Minerals of (AVillimott,

'84, p. 27L). 

Bay of Pundy. Dip of the Newark on the shores

of (Russell, '78, p. 221).

Present condition of, as illustrating the mode

of formation of the Newark sandstones

and shales (Russell, '78, pp. 226,227,254).

Section on east side of, after C. T. Jackson

and F. Alger (W. M. Davis. '83, p. 280, pi.

9).

Bayonne, N. J. Dip in sandstone nt (Cook, '82,

p. 24).

Faults in trap ridge near (Darton, '90, p. 42). 

Mention of building stone near (Cook, '81, p.

43).

Sandstone between trap ridges at (Cook. '82, 

p. 45).

Bear river, N. S. Note on iron ores near (Alger,

'27, p. 231). 

Beatty's quarry, N. J. Dip of sandstone at) Cook,

'79, p. 30).
148 THE NEWARK SYSTEM. [BULL. 85-

Beatty's, R., Stone quarry at Little Falls, N. .1.

(Cook,'81: p. 49). 

BEAUMONT, ^LIE DE. 1834.

Sur quelques points de la question des crateres de soulevements [etc., etc.]. 

In France, Geol. Soc. Bull, 1st ser., vol. 4, pp.

225-291.

Contains a brief account of tbe trap coulee on 

the east side of the bay of Fundy. Compiled from the writings of Jackson and 

Alger, pp. 247,248. 

BEAUMONT, ELIE DE.

Cited on the age of the Newark system (Lea,

'53, pp. 185,188.

Cited on the age of the sandstone of the Connecticut valley (Jackson, '50, p. 336). 

Beaver pond, Conn. Concerning trap ridges in

(Percival, '42, p. 377). 

Description of trap ridges near (Percival, '42,

p. 371).

Shale, occurring near (Percival, '42, p. 433). 

Beavertown, N. J. Trap hill near (Cook, '68, p.

186). 

Bechtelsville, P». Trap dikes near (d'lnvilliers,

'83, p. 200).

BECK, LEWIS C. 1839. 

Notices of the native copper, ores of copper, 

and other minerals found in the vicinity 

of New Brunswick, N. J. 

In Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 36, pp. 107-114. 

Republished in Geol. of New Jersey, 1868, pp.

218-225.

The occurrence of copper ores, barytes and 

mountain leather near New Brunswick is 

described, and also the discovery of bitumen near Somerville, N. J., pp. 108, 111, 

113,114.

BECK, LEWIS C. 1843. 

Notices of some trappean minerals found in

New Jersey and New Tork. 

In Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 44, p. 54-CO. 

Devoted entirely to the description of minerals, found principally at Bergen hill. 

Beckell's mills, Pa. Brief account of trap dike

near (H. D. Rogers, '58, vol. 1, p. 214). 

Beckley, Conn. Description of the geology near 

(W. M. Davis, '83, pp. 264-265).

Berieque bay, P. E. I. Limestone near (Dawson 

and Harrington, '71, p. 34).

BEECHER, C. E. Cited on a fossil shell from the 

Newark rocks of New Jersey (Nason, 

'89, p. 29).

Beech Island, Va. Boundaries of the Newark 

near (W. B. Rogers, '40, p. 63).

Beekman's quarry, near Pluckamln, N. J. Character of rocks in (Nason, '89, p. 23).

Beelers crossroads, Pa. Conglomerate at (Frazer, '85, p. 403).

Dip and strike near (Frazer, '77, p. 271). 

Dip of shale at (Frazer, '76, p. 92).

Belden artesiin well, Northampton, Mass. Depth 

of (Emerson, '87, p. 19).

Bell coal mine, Va. Notes on (Taylor, '35, pp. 

284,285),

Belle mountain, N. J. Description of (Cook, '68,

p. 191. Cook,'82, p. 61. Darton,'90, p. 68.

H. D. Rogers, '40, pp. 151,152). 

Origin of trap rock of (Darton, '89, p. 138). 

Belleville, N. J. Altered shale near (Cook, '83,

P-24).

Character of the rocks in quarries near (Nason,'89, p. 22). 

Copper mines near (Cook, '68, p. 676). 

Copper ore at (Cook, '71, pp. 55,56). 

Description of copper mines near (H. D.

Rogers, '40, p. 160. Rogers,'36,pp.l67-168). 

Description of quarries at (Cook, '81, pp.44-47). 

Description of sandstone near (Cook, '68,

p. 209).

Dip at (Cook, '68, p. 196). 

Fault near (Cook, '83, p. 25). 

Fossil bone from (Cook, '85, p. 95). 

Fossil plants at (Akcrly,'20, p. 36. Cook,

'79, p. 26).

Fossil tooth found at (Pierce, '20, p. 194). 

Mention of fossil bones found at (Finch, '26,

p. 212). 

Mention of fossil feru from (Mitchill, '26,

p. 6). 

Mention of fossils found at (Mitchill, '28,

p. 9). 

Plant [remains in sandstone near (Nason, '89,

p 23-28).

Quarries of (Shaler, '84, p. 141). 

Quarries at (Cook, '79, pp. 19, 20. Cook, '81,

pp.44-47). 

Reference to the early working of copper at

(D.S.Martin,'88,p. 8). 

Referred to as a locality for copper ore (H.

D.Rogers,'36,p. 166). 

Sandstone quarries at (S. P. Merrill, '89, p.

453). 

Supposed Lepidodendron from (Lesquereux,

'79, pp. 26,27).

Work in quarries of (Cook, '81, p. 47). * 

Vertebrate fossils reported to have been found

near (Nason, '89, p. 28). 

View of quarry at (Cook, '82, pi. 3). 

Bell's Iron mine, near Dillsburg, Pa. Brief account of (Frazer, '76d).

Description of (d'lnvilliers, '86, pp. 1505,1506). 

Report on (Frazer, '77, pp. 218-219). 

Itclmont, N. J. Brief reference to trap hills near

(H.D.Rogers,'36, p. 159). 

Itcllniont ridge, N. J. Description of trap and

sandstone near (H. D. Rogers, '36, p. 156). 

liclloiiii arsenal, Ya. Natural coke near (Cliftord, '87, p. 24). 

Bcnurdsville, N. J. Diverse dips near (Nason,

'89, p. 18). 

Benardsville, Pa. Catalogue of specimens of

conglomerate, etc., from near (Frazer, '77,

pp. 332-381). 

Bender's ore mine, Pa. Report on (Frazer, '77,

pp. 220-228). 

Bendersville, Pa. An isolated area of Newark in

Huroniau schist near (Frazer, '77c). 

Conglomerate from (C. E. Hall, '78, pp. 50,51). 

Benfleld, Pa. Trap dikes and dip of strata near

(d'lnvilliers, '83, p. 206},
RUSSELL.] LITERATURE. 149

BENTON, EDWARD B. 1886.

Notes on the samples of iron ore collected in

Virginia. 

In report on the mining industries of the

United.States [etc., etc.]. 

By Baphael Pumpelly. In Tenth Census of

the United States, 4to vol. 15, pp. 261-288,

and a map. 

Contains a geological map of the western

part of Virginia, showing Triassic area

on the James and Stauutou rivers, pi. op.,

p. 261. 

Bergen city, N. J. Trap at (Credner, '65, pp. 392-

394). 

Bergen county, N. J. Folds in (Cook, '82, p. 16).

Oolite at Franklin in (Eaton, '30). 

Bergen hill, N. J. Analysis of trap from (Cook,

'68, p. 215).

Analysis of trap rock from (Hawes, '75). 

Bored well at (Cook, '85, p. 122). 

Bored well on (Cook, '82, p. 140). 

Building stone of (Cook, '81, pp. 43.44). 

Calcite from (vom Eath, '77). 

Contact of trap of, with sandstone, slates, etc.,

beneath (Eussell, '80, pp. 37-41). 

Description of (Cook, '82, pp. 44,45; Eussell,

'80, p. 36).

Description of hayesine from (Barton, '82a). 

Description of indurated shales near (Darton, '83a).

Description of minerals found at (Beck, 43). 

Fault in trap ridge at (Darton, '90, p. 42). 

Inclination of west face of, at New Durham

(Darton, '83).

Joints in trap at (Cook, '68, pp. 204, 205). 

Minerals of the Weehawken tunnel (Chamberlin, '83. Darton, '82). 

Native iron in the trap of (Cook, '74, p. 57). 

On the difference between the trap of, and the

associated sandstone (Newberry, '83). 

Paving stones from (Cook, '79, p. 20). 

Paving stone quarries at (Cook, 'G8, pp. 522,

523).

Section of (Cook, '68, pp. 230, 231, 232). 

Thickness of trap sheet near (Darton, '90,

p. 44).

Trap in tunnel at (Creduer, '65 pp. 392-394). 

Trap quarries at (Shaler, '84, p. 145). 

Trap rock of (Ward, '79, p. 150). 

Value of trap rock quarried at (Cook, '81.p.01). 

Bergen neck, N. J. Description of (Cook, '68, pp.

176-178).

Trap exposed at (Russell, '80, p. 36). 

Bergen point, AT . J. Boundary of trap outcrop at

(Cook.'68, p. 177).

Brief reference to (Mather, '43, pp. 281). 

Brief reference to trap hills near (H. D. Eogers,

'36, p. 159. Eussell, '78, p. 241). 

Outcrops of trap rock on (Darton, '90, p. 38). 

Trap exposed at (Eussell, '80, p. 36). 

Bergen tunnel, N. J. Boundary of trap outcrop

at (Cook, '68, p. 177). 

Berghart's ore pit, Pa. Eeport on (Frazer, '77,

p. 223). 

Berks county, Pa. Eeport on the geology of (d'lnvilliers, '83).

Berlin, Conn. Brief reference to geology of (Per-

"cival, '22).

Coal found in (E. Hitchcock, '41, p. 139). 

Concering coal in (E. Hitchcock, '35, p. 231). 

Concerning trap ridges in (Percival, '42, p.

377). 

Contact metnmorphisin in (Peroival, '42, p.

320).

Limestone near (Percival, '42, p. 443). 

Map of trap ridges and faults near (W. M.

 Davis, '89c, p. 424). 

Overflow trap sheets near (W. M. Davis, '88,

p. 464). 

Ecference to a locality for fossil fish (J. H.

Eedfield, '36). 

Reference to the occurrence of zinc at (E.

Hitchcock, '35, p. 232).

Eeport of the finding of coal at (E. Hitchcock, '23, vol. 6, p. 63). 

Trap ridges near (Percival, '42, p. 365). 

View of trap ridges near (W. M. Davis, '89c,

p. 425). 

Berlin, Pa. Character of strata near (H. D.

Eogers, '58, vol. 2, p. 679). 

Trap from near (C. E. Hall, '78, p. 44). 

Bernardston, Mass. Concerning the origin of the

conglomerate in (E. Hitchcock, '35, p. 244).' 

Conglomerate in (E. Hitchcock, '35, p. 214.

E. Hitchcock, '41, p. 442). 

Dip of sandstone in (E.Hitchcock, '35, p. 223). 

Discovery of limestone in (E. Hitchcock, '35,

pp. 38-39). ' 

Junction of Newark system with slate in

(E. Hitchcock, '35, p. 214).

Bcrnardville, N. J. Black shale with coal near

(Nason, '89, p. 28). 

Boundary of Newark in (Cook, '68, p. 175).

Near (Cook, '89, p. LL). 

Boundary of Second mountain trap near

(Cook, '68, pp. 183,185). 

Dip in shale near (Cook, '82, p. 29). 

Diverse dips near (Nason, '89, p. 18). 

. Isolated trap hill near (Nason, '89, p. 37).

Trap ridge near (Cook. '82, p. 57). 

BeninrdsvUle station, N. J. Trap sheets near 

(Darton, '90, p. 29).

BEST, P. Quarries of, near Stockton, N. J (Cook, 

'81, p. 59).

Bibliography of geological maps of the United

States (H. Hitchcock, '86). 

Of the writings of James Dean (Bodwich, '61.

Dean, '61, p. 13,14). 

Of works on the geology of the Newark (W.

M. Davis, '83, pp. 250-258). 

With annotations (Miller, '79-'81, vol. 2). 

Big dam, Pa. Boundary of the Newark near (d'ln 

villiers, '83, p. 198). 

Dip of conglomerate near (d'Invilliers,'83. pp.

127,191, 221).

Big pond, X. J. (See Franklin Lake.) 

Big snake hill, X. 3. Dip at (Cook, '68, p. 196).

See Snake hill (Cook, '68, pp. 178,179). 

Bird in Hand, Pa. Analysis of trap from (Genth, 

'81, pp. 133-134).
150 THE NEWARK SYSTEM. [BULL.?

Birds, fossil bones of. From North Carolina

(Emmons, '57, pp. 148,149). 

From Portland, Conn. (~W. B. Eogors, '60a). 

Birdsboro, Pa. Trap dikes near (d'lnvilliers, '83,

pp. 200,201). 

Bishop's brook, Tf. S. Copper near (Williinott,

'84,p.20L). 

Bitumen. In amygdaloid trap in Connecticut

(Percival, '42, p. 320). 

In bituminous shale, Connecticut (d'Percival,

'42, pp. 451,452). 

In Connecticut, brief statement concerning

(Percival,'42, p. 428). 

In Connecticut and New Jersey (J. D. Dana,

'78). 

Indurated, found near Faruiingtou, Conn.

(Percival, '42, pp. 375-376). 

In indurated shale near Bluff Head, Conn.

(Percival,'42, p. 345). 

In shale at Hart's Mills, Conn., mention of

(Percival,'42, p. 443).

In trap from Connecticut (E. S. Dana, '75). 

Near Somerville, N. J., brief account of (Beck,

'39).

Black Bear tavern, Pa. Boundary of the Newark near (H. D. Eogers, '58, vol. 2, p. 668). 

Blncklieatli, Va. Analysis of coal from (Do La

Beche.'48,p.lxv). 

Bltickheath coal mine, Va. Analysis of coal from

(Williams,'82, p. 82). 

A visit to (Lyell, '49, p. 284). 

Brief account of (Lyell, '47, pp. 263,264. Macfarlane, '77, p. 507). 

Condition of (Clifford, '87, p. 2). 

Explosions in (Taylor, '48, p. 49). 

Depth of (W. B. Rogers, 436, p. 535). 

Description of fossil fishes from (Newberry,

'88, p. 62).

Fossil crustaceans from (Jones, '62, p. 8t5). 

Fossil plants from (Fontaine, '83, p. 4). 

Mention of (Daddow and Batman, '66,p. 401). 

Notes on (Taylor,'35, pp. 284,285,292). 

Note on faults in (Taylor, '35, p. 292). 

Eeference to (Clifford, '87, p. 24, pi. 4). 

Section at (Clifford, '87, pi. 4). 

Section at, showing coal on granite (Lyell,

'47, p. 266). 

Situated in an isolated basin (Heinrich, '78,

p. 232). 

Thickness of coal in (Lyell, '66, p. 452. Taylor,

'35, p. 282). 

Blackmail's mine, S. C. Description of trap dikes

in (Tuomey, '44, p. 12). 

Black mountain. Mass. Description of scenerv

near (E. Hitchcock, '23, vol 7, p 12).

Black pond, Conn. Trap ridges near (Percival, 

'42, pp. 351,367).

Black rock, Conn. Description of trap ridges 

near (Percival, '42, p. 329).

Black rock, N. S. Description of (Gesuer, '30,

pp. 198-203). 

Minerals of (Gesner, '36, p. 199-203. Willimott,

'84, p. 26L). 

Submerged ridges near (Dawsoii, '78, p. 96.

Perley, '52, p. 159).

Blacks eddy, N. J. Description of trap, contact 

metaniorphism, etc., near (H. D. Eogers, 

'40, p. 156). 

Blackwells mills, N. J. Dip at (Cook, '68, p. 197).

Dip in sandstone at (Cook, '68, p. 204).

Dip in shale at (Cook, '82, p. 25).

Origin of trap rock near (Darton, 89, p. 139).

Section of trap dike at (Cook, '68, p. 204).

Small dikes near (Dartoii, '90, p. 69).

Small outcrop of trap near (Nason, '89).

Trap dike near (Cook, '68, p. 204. Cook, '87). 

BLADTVILLE, H. D. DE. Cited on fossil fishes 

from the Newark system (Newberry, '88, 

p. 24). 

BLAKE, W. P. 1874.

Geological map of the United States.

See Hitchcock and Blake, 1874. 

Blawenburg, N. J. Dip in shale at (Cook, '82,

p. 25).

BLATDEN, JOHX. Cited on section at Midlothian, Va. (Clifford, 87, p. 12). 

BLISS, GEORGE. 1850.

Discovery of fossil remains in tho valley of 

the Connecticut.

See Wells and Bliss, 1850.

Blomidon, N. S. Altitude of (Gesner, '36, pp. 

214, 222).

Amygdaloid beneath basaltic trap at (Dawson, '78, pp. 90,91.)

Brief description of (Russell, '78, p. 221).

Brief reference to (Gesner, '49).

Character and height of (Marsters, '90).

Coast section near (Dawson, '47, p. 56).

Contact metaiuorphism at (Ells, '85, p. 7E).

Description of (Dawsou, '78, pp. 90-94. Gesner, '36, pp. 210-229).

Description of Newark outcrops at (Dawson, 

 '47, pp. 55).

Dip of sandstone at (Dawson, '78, pp. 90, 91. 

Gesner,'36, p. 222).

General account of (Hofleyinan, '79, pp. 27,28).

General account of petrography of trap from 

(Hoiieymau, '85, pp. 122-124).

Height of (Dawson, 78, p. 90).

Iron ore at (Gesner, '36, p. 217).

Mode of formation of amygdaloid and trap at 

(Dawsou, '78, p. 93).

Eocks of (Gesner, '36, pp. 72,73, 74, 80,170).

Section of cliff at (Lyell, '45, vol. 2, p. 172).

Supposed Carboniferous age of (Dawson, '78, 

p. 109).

Trap above sandstone at (Dawson, '78, p. 90).

Trap rocks at (Gesner, '43).

\riew ot, in 1846 (Dawsou, '78, pi. op. p. 90).

(See also Cape Blomidon; North mountains). 

Bloomfleld, N. J. Quarries at (Cook, '79, p. 19). 

Bloomsburg, N. J. Section from, to Dean's Pond, 

N. J. (Cook, '68, p. 199 and map in portfolio). 

Blue hills, Conn. Description of (Percival, '42,

p. 372).

Bluff head; Conn. Description of trap ridges near 

(Percival, '42, pp. 337-339, 344,352).

Limestone near (Percival, '42, p. 444).

Topographic form of trap ridge near (Percival, 42, p. 303).
RUSSELL.] LITERATURE. 151

Blunt'* coal mine, Ya. Notes OH (Taylor, '35, p.

284). 

BODW1CH, HEN BY I. 1861.

Biographical notice [of James Deane]. 

In Ichnograplis from tlio sandstone of Connecticut river, by James Deane, pp. 5-14. 

Contains an incomplete list of papers by

James Deane. relating to fossil footprints

from the Connecticut valley. 

Boggan's cut, N. C. Analysis of coal from ("Korr,

'75, pp. 294,295). 

BOLTON, H. C. Cited on hydrocarbons in the trap

of Connecticut at (Russell, 78b). 

Bone, fossil, from Belleville, N. J. (Cook, '85, p.

95). 

At Belleville, N. J. Mention of (Finch, '26,

p. 212). 

Bones, fossil, from East Windsor, Conn. (John

Hall, '21. Percival, '42, p. 449. Silliman,

'20. N. Smith,'20). 

An account of the finding of (E. Hitchcock,

'20, vol. 6, p. 43). 

Description of (Wyman, '55). 

Bones, fossil, from the Connecticut valley (Harlan,'34, pp. 80-81,83,87. E. Hitchcock, '41,

pp. 503-504, pi. 49. E. Hitchcock, '58, p.

186. Marsh, '89. Silliman,'37). 

Bones, fossil. (See, also, Vertebrates, Fossil). 

Bonhamtown, N. J. Boundary of Newark near

(Cook, '68, pp. 175,176). 

Bonnaughtown, Pa. Dip of strata near (Frazer,

'80, p. 300). 

Exploration for copper ore near (Frazer, '77,

pp. 263-264). 

On^the occurrence of copper ore at (Frazer,

'776. Frazer, '80, p. 300). 

Bonnell, N. J. Limestone at (Cook, '82, p. 43). 

Boone's mill, Pa. Dip of strata, and exposure of

trap near (d'lnvilliers, '83, p. 216). 

Boonton, N. J. Boundary of Newark at (Cook,

'68, p. 175. Cook,'89, p. 11). 

Brief record of the finding of a fossil footprint near (llussell, '79). 

Character and origin of the Newark conglomerate at (Russell, '78, p. 253). 

Coal in thin seams at (Cook, '78, p. 110). 

Color of the strata near (Newberry, '88, p. 8). 

Conglomerate composed of gneissic pebbles

near (Nason, '89, p. 21). 

Conglomerate near (Cook, '68, pp. 210,211.

Russell, '78, pp. 232, 233). 

Contact of Newark rocks and gneiss near

(H.D.Rogers,'40). 

Dip in shale at (Cook, '82, p. 30.) 

Dip of sandstone near (Cook, '68, p. 196. Cook,

'79, p. 30). 

fossil footprints from near (Cook, '68, p. 174.

Cook, '79, p. 28. C. H. Hitchcock, '88, p.

122)!

Footprints found near (Nason, '89, p. 28). 

Mention of (Russell, '78, p. 223). 

Fossil estheria and fish scales found near

(Nason,'89, p. 30). 

Fossil fishes from (Cook, '68, p. 174. Cook, '79,

p. 27. Newberry, '88, p. 20).

Booaton, N. J. Continued.

Fossil (ishes from. Descriptions of (Nowberry, '78. Nowborry, '88. W. C. Redfield,

'41). 

Fossil fishes from, iji New York State Cabinet

(Anonymous, '54).

Fossil fishes from. List of (Do Kay, '42). 

Fossil fish from. Mention of (W. C. Redfield,'43). . 

Fossil footprints from near (Cook, '68, p. 174.

Cook, '79, p. 28. C. H. Hitchcock, '88, p.

122). 

Mention of the occurrence of ripple-marks,

suncracks, raindrop impressions, and footprints at (Russell, '78, p. 225). 

Plant remains in sandstone near (Nason, '89,

p. 28). 

Section from, to Jersey City, N. J. (Cook, '85,

pi. op. p. 109). 

Section from, to Passaic, N. J. (Cook, '68, p.

199, and map in portfolio). 

Bound Brook, N. J. Copper mine near (Cook, '68,

p. 677-678). 

JDip in shale near (Cook, '79, p. 30. Cook, '82,

p. 25).

Dip near (Cook, '68, p. 196). 

Elevation of First mountain at (Cook, '82, p.

49).

Fossil estherias found near (Nason, '89, p. 30). 

Fossil fishes near (Cook, '79, p. 27). 

Gap in First mountain near (Cook, '82, p. 50). 

Mention of the occurrence of ripple-marks,

suncracks, raindrop impressions, and footprints at (Russell, '78, p. 225. 

Strata exposed near (H. D. Rogers, '40, p. 128). 

Synclinal axis near (H. D. Rogers, MO, pp. 128,

129). 

Trap hills near, brief reference to (H. D.

Rogers,'36, p. 159).

Trap near, columnar (Cook, '68, p. 203). 

Trap near, vesicular (Darton, '90, p. 28). 

Trap ridge near, character of (Russell, '80,

p. 41). 

Trap ridge near, course of (Cook, '82, p. 49

Nason, '89, p. 34). 

Bound Brook gap, N. J. Boundary of First

mountain trap at (Cook, '68, p. 180, 182). 

Bout island, N. S. Coast section near (Dawsou,

'47. p. 56).

BOUVfi, [T. T.] 1854.

[Remark on raindrop impressions, footprints, 

etc., on certain specimens of sandstone 

belonging to the Boston Society of Natural 

History.]

In Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Proc., vol. 5, p. 29-31. 

BOUVE, T. T. 1859.

[Who first discovered thp footprints in the 

sandstone of the Connecticut valley.]

In Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Proc., vol. 7, p. 49-

53. 

BOUVE, T. T. 1861.

[Note on the plates illustrating ichnographs 

from the sandstone of Connecticut river.]

In ichnographs from the sandstone of Connecticut river, by James Deane, p. 17.
152 THE NEWARK SYSTEM. [BULL. 85.

BOUVE, T. T. Continued.

Thirty-seven of the plates in the work referred to were 'drawn on stone by James 

Deane. Nineotherplates are photographs. 

BOUVE, T. T. Remarks on insect larvae from the

Connecticut valley (Scudder, 'G7). 

BOWEN, GEORGE T. 1824. 

[Analysis of a siliceous hydrate of copper

from Summerville, New Jersey.] 

In Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 8, pp. 118-120. 

Analysis given. 

Boyce's mill, N. C. Breadth of Newark rocks

near (Olmstead, '24, p. 12). 

BOYD, S. W. Mention of observations by (W. B.

Rogers, '54, p. 19). 

Boyertown, Pa. Boundary of the Newark near

(H. D. Rogers, '41, pp. 16, 39). 

Conglomerate near (d'lnvilliers, '83, p. 202). 

Contact of the Newark and Potsdam near

(d'luvilliers, '83, p. 198). 

Iron mines at (d'lnvilliers, '83, pp. 317-333,

maps in atlas, H. D. Rogers, '39, p. 22). 

Sandstone and trap at (d'luvilliers, '83, p. 203). 

Trap dike near, description of (Frazer, '80, p.

29). 

Trap dikes near (d'lnvilliers, '83, pp. 48, 200,

207,208,304).

BRADLEY, F. H. Cited on the cause of the tilting of the Newark (W. M. Davis, '83, p. 

 303).

BRADLEY, FRANK H. 1875. 

Geological chart of the United States east of

the Rocky mountains and of Canada. 

New Haven, Conn. A folded pocket map, 

scale about 100 miles to 1 inch. Geological 

formations indicated by dots and lines in 

blfusk.

Indicates the distribution of the Newark system.

BRADLEY, FRANK H. 1876. 

On a geological chart of the United States east

of the Rocky mountains and of Canada. 

In Am. Jour. Sci., 3d ser., vol. 12, pp. 86-291. 

Mention is made of trap dikes in metamorphic 

region of North Carolina, South Carolina, 

Georgia, and Alabama. The opposite dips 

of the two Newark areas in North Carolina are accounted 1'or as being the border 

remnants of a great anticlinal. The same 

hypothesis is suggested to account for the 

opposite dips in the New Jersey and Connecticut valley areas.

Braggtowu, Pa. Catalogue of specimens of sandatone, etc., from near (Fraser, '77, pp. 332- 

381).

Sandstone from (C. E. Hall, '78, pp. 33,36). 

Branford, Conn. Brief account of trap near (E.

Hitchcock, ;23, vol. 6, p. 44). 

Branford harbor, Conn. Description of trap 

dikes in Primary rocks near (Percival. '42, 

pp. 419-420). 

Brassflelds, N. C. Rocks exposed at (Emmons,

'56, p. 243).

Breccia, along thePotomac (Cornelius, '18, p. 216). 

Dip of, near Center valley, Pa. (C. E.- Hall, 

'83, pp. 232, 233).

Breccia Continued.

From Connecticut, microscopical structure of

(Davis and Whittle, '89, pi. 4). 

From Point of Rocks, Md., illustration of

(Shaler, '84, pi. 45).

In Connecticut (Davis and Whittle, '89). 

Near Feltville, N. J., origin of, considered

(Darton, '89, p. 135). 

Or Trap-tuff at cape D'Or, N. S. (Jackson and

Alger, '33, p. 263). 

Volcanic, of the Connecticut valley, described

(E. Hitchcock, '47a, p. 200.) 

Brentvllle, Va. Boundary of Newark near (Heinrich, '78, p. 236. W. B. Rogers, '40, p. 62). 

BREWER, WILLIAM H. [1890.] 

Warren's New Physical Geography. 

Philadelphia, 4to, pp. 1-144. 

Contains a geological map of the United

States, p. 137. 

Brewer and Edgworth gold and copper mine, S. C.

An account of (Leiber, '56, p. 51). 

Brickerville, Pa. Trap boulders near (Frazer, '80,

p. 40). 

Brick clay on Prince Edward island (Dawsou and

Harrington, '71, pp. 33,34). 

Bridge point, Pa. Dip of Newark rocks near

(Lewis, '85, p. 452). 

Trap dikes near (Lewis, '85, p. 453). 

Bridgeport, Conn. Description of trap dikes in 

Primary rocks near (Percival, '42, pp. 416- 

417). 

Bridgeport, Pa. Boundary of the Newark near

(C. E. Hall, '81, pp. 22, 83-84). 

Isolated Newark area near (C. E. Hall, '81, p.

22).

Trap dike near (Lewis, '85, p. 440). 

Bridgetown, N. S. Note on mineral near (Alger,

'27, p. 231). 

Bridgetown, Pa. Boundary of the Newark near

(C. E. Hall, '81, p. 53).

BridgeTilIe, Pa. Trap dike at (Frazer, '80, p. 34). 

Bridgewater copper mine, A. J. (Cook, '81, p. 39.

Cook, '83, p. 164). 

Description ot (Cook, '68, pp. 677-678. D.

Rogers, '40, pp. 147-148). 

Dip iu indurated shale at (Cook, '82, p. 29). 

On the occurrence of native silver in (Darton,

'85).

Reopening of (Cook, '81, p. 39). 

Brier island, N. S. Copper at (How, '69, pp. 66). 

Description of (Dawsou, '78, pp. 97-98. Gesner, '36, pp. 172-173. Jackson and Alger. 

'33, pp. 219-220). 

Rocks of (Gesuer, '36, p. 170). 

Sandstone beneath trap at (Dawson, '78, p. 98). 

Submerged ledges near (Dawson, '78, pp. 96-

97,Perley, '52, p. 159). 

Trap rocks at (Gesner, '43). 

BRIGHAM, WILLIAM H. 18G9. 

"Historical notes on the earthquakes of New

England, 1C38-1669.

In Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. Mem., vol. 2, p. 1-28. 

Reviewed by J. D. Dana in Am. Jour. Sci., 3d

ser., vol. 1, pp. 304-305.

Refers incidentally to the origin of the trap 

ridge of the Connecticut valley, pp. 24-25.
RUSSELL.] LITERATURE. 153

Bristol, Conn. Description of copper mine at 

(Silliman and Whitney, '55).

Description of the finding of tree trunks at 

(Silliman, jr., '47).

Dip at (Silliman and "Whitney, '55, p. 204). 

Bristol township, Pa. Report on the geology of

(C.E.Hall, '81, pp. 55-56). 

BRITTON, N. I. 1881.

On the geology of Richmond county, N [ew.'J 

Y[ork].

In New York Acad. Sci., Ann., vol. 2, 1882, 

pp. 161-182, pis. 15,16.

Abstract in School of Mines (Columbia Coll.), 

Quart., vol. 2, 1880-1881, pp. 165-173, pis. 

1,2.

Describes the sandstones, shales, and trap 

rock (diabase) of Staten Island, pp. 168- 

170. 

BRITTON, N. L. 1885.

[Remarks on fossil localities in the Newark 

rocks of New Jersey and Pennsylvania.]

In New York Acad. Sci., Trans., vol. 5, 1885- 

1886, p. 17.

Mentions the discovery of fossil fish and specimens of Estheria at Weehawken, N. J. 

Refers also to specimens of fossil plants 

from Doylostown, Pa., and to casts of a 

bivalve shell from Phcenixville, Pa. 

BRITTON, N. L. 1885a.

[Remarks on the probable occurrence of Paleozoic limestone beneath the Newark 

system in New Jersey.]

In New York Acad. Sci., Trans., vol. 5,1885- 

1886, p. 19.

States that a line of limestone outcrops occurs 

along the northward border of the Newark system in New Jersey. 

BRITTON, N. L. 188C.

Additional notes of the geology of Staten 

Inland, [New York].

In New York Acad. Sci., Trans., 1886-1887, pp. 

12-18.

States that no additional exposures of Newark 

rocks have been found since the publication of a previous paper on the geology of 

Staten Island, p. 16.'

Britton, N. J. Cited on trap dikes in the Archean of New Jersey (Nasou, '89o, p. 69). 

Broad swamp, Conn. Sandstone ridge near (Percival, '42, p. 432).

BRONONURT, ADOLPHE. 1828.

Histoh'c des vegetaux fossiles, on rechercbes 

botaniqiio ct geologique sur les vegetaux 

renferm6s dans les diverses couches du 

globe.

Paris, 4to, vol. 1, pp. i-xii, pis. 1-16C; vol. 2, 

pp. 1-172, pis. 1-29.

Describes Catamites suckowii and Filicites 

vittarioides, from the Richmond coal field, 

Va.

BRONGNIART, A., and B. SILLIMAN. 1822.

Occurrence of native copper and of fossil 

fishes in the Connecticut valley.

In Annalen der Physik [Gilbert], vol. 70, pp. 

349-360.

BRONGNIART, A., and B. SILLIMAN-Cout'd. 

Relates to the discovery of native copper and 

of fossil fishes near Middletown, Conn., 

and discusses the correlation of the Newark system with terranes in Europe, as 

indicated by fossils. Followed by remarks 

by L. W. Gilbert.

BRONGNIART, A. Cited on fossil fish from Connecticut (J. H. Redfield, '36). 

Cited on fossil fishes from the Newark system

(Newberry, '88, p. 24).

Cited on fossil plants of the Richmond coal 

field (Taylor, '35, pp. 290, 293; Taylor, '48, 

pp. 44, 45. 

Brown's coal mine, Va. Notes on (Taylor, :35,

pp. 284-285). 

Brookdal lode, Pa. Trap dikes in (H. D. Rogers,

'58, vol. 2, pp. 702, 703). 

Brookrille, N. J. Bearing of joints at (Cook, '68,

p. 201). 

Brief account of stone quarries near (Cook, '81,

p. 59).

Dip at (Cook, '68, p. 198).. 

Dip of sandstone at (Cook, '79, p. 29. Cook, 

^ '82, p. 26).

Origin of trap rock near (Darton, '89, p. 138). 

Sandstone quarries (Cook, '79, p. 24). 

Trap outcrops near (Darton, '90, p. 69). 

BROWN, W. G. 1890. 

Com position of certain Mesozoic igneous rocks

of Virginia.

See Campbell and Brown, 1890. 

Brownsburg, Pa. Analysis of trap from (Genth,

'81, p. 96).

Bruiuierville P. 0., Pa. Boundary of the Newark near (Frazer, '80, pp. 14, 39). 

Brunswick, N. J. Referred to as a locality for

copper ore (H. D. Rogers, '36, p. 166). 

BRUSH, J. G. Analysis of trap from East Rock, 

Conn., by (J. D. Dana, '73, vol. 6, p. 100). 

Bryan Martin channel, B. A. Reference to Jurassic reptiles from (Hull, '87, p. 95). 

Buchanau's run, Pa. Boundary of the Newark

at (H. H. Rogers, '58, vol. 2, p. 668). 

Buckhead, S. C. Description of trap dikes near 

(Tnomey, '44, p. 2).

Buck hill, Va. Mention of a trap dike at (Clifford,

'88, p. 252).

Trap dikes near (Clifford, '87, p. 14). 

Buckingham county, Va. Boundaries of the Newark in (W. B. Rogers, '39, pp. 74, 76-77). 

Description of the geology of (W. B. Rogers,

'39, pp. 77-81).

Buckland station, Conn. Sandstone quarries near 

(SUaler, '84, p. 127).

Bucks county, Pa. Brief account of part of the 

Newark in (C. E.Hall, '81, pp. 49-50).

Brief report on (Lesley, '85, pp. xxviii, xxix, 

pi. 9).

Description of a part of the Newark in (C. E. 

Hall, '81).

Geological map of a portion of (C. E. Hall, '81).

Report ou the geology of (C. E. Hall, '81).

Section in (C. E. Hall, '81, p. 48).
154 THE NEWARK SYSTEM. [BtTIX. 85,

Building stone at Yardley ville, Pa. (H. D. Rogers,

'58, vol.2, p. C73). 

Decay of (Egleston, '86). 

From East Haven, Coun., mineralogioal composition and durability of (Hubbard, '85). 

In Connecticut (Percival, '42, pp. 436-440). 

In Connecticut. Brief discussion concerning

(Sliepard, '37).

In Connecticut valley (Lyell, '54, p. 13). 

In Connecticut valley. Brief account of

(Hitchcock, '41, pp. 180, 181). 

In Dan river area, North Carolina (Olmstead,

'27).

In Maryland (Tyson, 'GO, appendix, pp. 5-6). 

In Massachusetts. Brief account of (E.

Hitchcock, '32, pp. 35-36). 

In Massachusetts. Brief account of (E.

Hitchcock, '35, pp. 46-47). 

In New Jersey (Cook, '68, pp. 504-512, 515-

517). 

In New Jersey. Association of, with trap

(H. D. Kogers. '36, p. 164). 

In New Jersey.. Detailed account of (Cook,

'81, pp. 41-64).

In New York (J. Hall. '86, p. 198). 

In North Carolina. Brief account of (Emmons, '57a, p. 12).

Localities of. and where used (Smock, '90). 

Near York Haven, Pa. (H. D. Rogers, 58,

vol. 2, p. 677). 

On Prince Edward island (Daw-son and Harrington, 71, p. 33). 

Quarries in Lebanon Valley. Pa. (d'lnvilliers,

'86, pp. 1562-1567). 

Value of, from several Newark areas (Alger,

 51).

Bulls ferry, N. J. Description of sandstone at

(Cook, '68, p. 208). 

Dip at (Cook, '68, p. 195). 

Dip in sandstone at (Cook, '82, p. 24). 

Exposures near (Russell, '80, p. 35). 

Sandstone beneath trap at (Cook, '68, p. 177).

Bulls island, N. J. Arenaceous strata near (H. 

D. Kogers, '40, p. 123).

Description of sandstone outcrops near (H. D. 

Rodgers, '36, p 153).

Bull run mountain, Va. Boundary of the Newark 

near (Heinrich, '78, p. 235. W. B. Rogers, 

'40, p. 03). 

Brief account of (W. B. Rogers, '37, p. 7).

BUNBURY, CHARLES J. F. 1847.

Description of fossil plants from the coal field

near Richmond, Va. 

In London Geol. Soc., Quart. Jour., vol. 3, p.

281-888, pl,x,xi.

Gives descriptions and figures of a number of 

fossil plants collected in the Richmond 

coal field by Charles Lyell, and indicates 

their bearing on the question of the age of 

the deposit.

Cited on the age of the coal fields of North

Carolina (Emraons, '56, p. 272. Lyell, '57. 

Marcon, '49, pp. 273-274). 

Cited on the fossil plants of the Richmond 

area (De La Beche, '48. Fontaine, '83, pp.

BUX.BURY, CHARLES J. P. Continued.

15, 25,44. Lyell, '47, pp. 278-280. Taylor, 

'48. p. 47.

Cited on the age of the Newark system (Newberry, '88, p. 9. Slur, '88, p. 205). 

Cited on the fossil plants of the Newark system (Newberry, '88). 

Notice of work done by, in the Jura-Trias of

Virginia (Miller, '79-'81, vol. 2, p. 151). 

Bunbury island, P. E. I. Dip on (Dawsou and

Harrington, '71, p. 20).

Section at (Dawsou and Harringtou, '71. p. 20).

BURBANK, L. S. 1873.

Observations on the surface geology of North

Carolina, with special reference to some

phenomena of the drift of northern United

States.

In Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Proc., vol. 8,1873-

1874, pp. 150-155. 

Describes the effects of disintegration in the

trap dikes of North Carolina. 

Bursonton, Pa. Boundary of the Newark near

(H. D. Rogers, '41, p. 16). 

Busliington, Pa. Description of a fault near

(Lewis, '85, pp. 450-451). 

Bushkill Creek, N. J. Dip iu shale at (Cook, '82,

p. 27).

BUTLER, A. P. 1888.

South Carolina, resources and populations,

institutions and industries. Published by

the State Board of Agriculture.

Charleston, S. C., pp. i-viii, 1-726, pi. 3, and

map.

A brief notice is given of clay slates supposed 

to be of Triassic age, in Chesterfield 

county, and also of the trap rocks in 

Chester, York, and other counties, pp. 

133-134.

Byram, N. J. Section of trap sheet near (Darton,

'90, p. 68). 

Byram station, N. J. Evidence of faulting near

(Mason, '89, p. 33). 

BVBD, W. First discovery of coal in the United

States by (Ashburner, '87, p. 353). 

CABOT. 1854. 

[Remarks on fossil footprints.] 

In Boston Soc. Nat. Hist,, Proc., vol. 5, p. 31. 

Brief remarks concerning the question 

whether the footprints in the Newark 

system were made by birds or reptiles.

Cabotville, Mass. A locality for fossil footprints

(E. Hitchcock, '48, p. 132).

Description of fossil footprints from (E. Hitchcock, '41. E. Hitchcock, '48).

Fossil fucoid from (E. Hitchcock, '41, pp. 

450-451). ;

Localities of fossil footprints near (E. Hitchcock, '41, p. 466).

Mention of ornithichnites from (Lyell. '42).

Special characters of footprints from (E. 

Hitchcock, '41, p. 409).

Caernarvon township, Pa. Report on the geology

of (Frazor, '80, pp. 50-51). 

Ca Ira, Va. Boundaries of the Newark near (W.

B. Kogers, '39, pp. 74, 76-77).
HCSSELL.] LITERATUKE. 155

Caldwcll's landing, N. ¥. Dip and strike n^t 

(Mather, '48, p. 617).

Calhoun'N mills, S. 0. Trap dikes near (Haninioucl, '84, p. 466).

CAMPBELL, H. 1)., and W. G. BROWN. 1890. 

Composition of certain Mesozoic igneous

rocks of Virginia.

In Geol. Soo. Am., Bull., vol. 2, pp. 339-348. 

Contents:

Generally uniform composition of Mesozoic 

trap. Traps of exceptional composition. 

Varieties. Localities of occurrence. Description of the hypersthene-diabase. 

Constituents of the hypersthoue-diabases. 

Character of the hypersthene. Associated minerals. Description of the olivinehypersthene-diabase. Discussion.

Campbell county, Va. Boundaries of the Newark 

in (W. B. Rogers, '39, pp. 74-76).

Campbcll's cove, V. E. I. Geological structure 

near (Bain and Dawson, '85, p. 156).

Cuiupbellloii, P. E. I. Section from, to Cape 

Tryon (Dawson and Harriugton, '71).

CanipbelUown, Pn. Boundary of the Newark 

near (Frazer, '82, p. 123. H. D. Rogers, 

'58, vol. 2, p. 669).

Brief account of having seen basalt in (T. P. 

Smithj'99).

Camp hill, Pa. Boundary of the Newark near 

(C. E. Hall, '81, p. 65).

Canada. Geological map of (Hall and Logan, '66. 

Logan, '05, map No. 1).

CANNIFF, .1. C. Record of well bored by (Nason, 

'896).

Cape Bear, P. E. I. Dip near (Dawson and Harriugton, '71, p. 15).

Cape Blomldon, N. S. Breccia at (Jackson and 

Alger, '33, p. 256).

Contact metamorphism at (Jackson and Alger, '33, p. 257).

Contact of trap with sandstone beneath (Ells, 

'85, p. 7E).

Copper at (How, '69, p. 66. Willimott, '84, p. 

20L).

Description of (Jackson and Alger, '33, pp. 

255-257).

Dip of sandstone at (Jackson and Alger, '33, 

p. 256).

Gypsuinnear (Willimott, '84, p. 24L).

Sandstone beneath trap at (Jackson and Alger, '33, p. 256).

Section from, to Hortou (Dawson, '78, pp. 

90-94).

See also Bloinidou.

Cape Chignccto, >'. S. Boundary of Newark system near (Ells, '85, p. 7E).

Contact metamorphism at (Jackson and Alger, 

'33, p. 284).

Description of (Gesner, '36, pp. 230-233. Jackson and Alger, '33, p. 265).

Rooks of (Gesiier, '36, p. 231).

Cape D'Or, N. S. Amygdaloid above compact

trap at (Dawson, '78, p. 107). 

Amygdaloid at (Gosner, '36, pp. 234, 238).

Cape D'Or, N. S. Continued.

Amygdaloid between trap and sandstone at 

(Jackson and Alger, '33, p. 263).

Breccia at (Jackson and Alger, '33, p. 263)i

Copper at (Dawson, '78, p. 107. Gesnor, '36, 

p. 234. How,'69, p. 65).

Description of (Dawson, '78, pp. 106-108. Gesner, '36, pp. 233-239. Jackson and Alger, 

'33, pp. 263-265).

Dip of sandstone at (Gesner, '36, p. 233).

Sandstone beneath trap at (Jackson and Alger,

'33, p. 284). 

Cape Dory, N. S. Native copper reported to have

been found at (Alger, '27, p. 232). 

CHANCE, H. M. 1884.

The Deep river coal field of North Carolina.

In Am. lust. Mining Eng., Trans., vol. 13, pp. 

517-520.

Describes briefly the occurrence and composition of coal near Farmville, N. C. 

CHANCE, H. M. 1885.

Report on an examination of the coal fields of 

North Carolina, made for the state board 

of agriculture. Raleigh. Pp. 1-66, and 3 

maps.

Contents:

Chapter I: Introduction. Exploration described. Prospecting methods.

Chapter II: The Mesozoic as a Carboniferous 

formation: In America and India. East 

of the Mississippi. In North Carolina 

and Virginia. True age of these deposits. 

Occurrence of coal. In Virginia and 

North Carolina compared. History of 

commercial development. Other useful 

minerals, etc.: Black-band, carbonate of 

iron, limestone, millstones, grindstones, 

fireclay.

Chapter III: Explorations in the Deep river 

coalfield: Farmville. Egypt shaft. Taylor place. Examinations at Gulf. Between and Evans' place. Slope at Evans' 

place. Between the Evans and Gardner 

places. Semi-anthracite at Wilcox place. 

Semi-anthracite at Gardner place. Mnrchison plantation. Fooshee plantation.

Chapter IV: Commercial value of the Deep 

river coal field. Distance to markets. 

Distance of other coal fields. Cost of 

mining. Quality of the coal. Workable 

area. Available tonnage. Obstacles to 

successful mining. Method of development. General conclusions.

Chapter V: The Dan river district. 

CHANCE, H. M. Cited on the coal fields of North

Carolina (Russell, '85). 

Cape Egmout, P. E. I. Dip at (Dawsou and Harrington, '71, p. 20). 

Cape Klldare, P. E. I. Section at (Dawson and

Harringtou, '71, pp. 20, 21). * 

Cape Sharp, N. S. Carboniferous rocks beneath 

trap at (Dawsou, '78, p. 100).

Contortion of shale at (Emnious, '36, p. 336).

Description of (Dawson, '78, p. 106. Gesiior, 

'36, pp. 240-242. Jackson and Alger, '33, 

pp. 265-268).
156 THE NEWARK SYSTEM. [BULL. 85.

Cape Sharp, N. S. Continued.

Minerals of (Williniott, '84, p. 27L). 

Trap rock near (Dawson, '47, p. 54). 

Cape Split, N. S. Amygdaloid at (Jackson and

Alger, '33, p. 252).

Description of (Dawson, '78, pp. 94,95. (Jesner, '36, pp. 206-210. Jackson and Alger, 

'33, pp. 251-255). 

Height of (Dawsou, '78, p. 94). 

Iron ore at (Jackson and Alger, '33, p. 252). 

Minerals at (Willimott, '84, p. 28 L). 

Picture of (Gesner, '36, p. 206). 

Sketch of (Enimons, '3C, p. 337). 

Stratified trap at (Emmous, '36, p. 336). 

Trap at (Gesiier, '36, pp. 211-213). 

View of (Jackson and Alger, '33, pi. 2). 

Cape Tormentin, N. B. Dip at (Dawson, '78, p.

124).

Supposed Newark age of (Dawson, '78, p. 124). 

Cape Tra?erse, P. E. I. Rocks exposed at (Dawson and Harrington, '71, p. J6). 

Cape Tryon, P. E. I. Dip at (Dawson and Harrington, '71, p. 19). 

Discovery of Bathygnathus borealis near

(Chapman, '78, pp. 120,121). 

Reptilian remains from near (Chapman, '76,

p. 92). 

Section from, to Cainbellton (Dawson and

Harrington, '71). 

Synclinal at (Dawson and Harrington. '71, p.

17).

Cape Turner, P. E. I. Triassic rocks, so called,

near (Bain and Dawsou, '85, pp. 155-156).

Carbon hill, Va. Analysis of coal from (Clifford,

'87, p. 10). 

Boundary of Newark area near (Heinrich, '78,

p. 230). 

Fossil plants from (Foutaine, '83, pp. 3-4.

Fontaine, '83). 

Natural coke near (Clifford, '87, pp. 11, 12).

Daddow and Bannah, '66, p. 400). 

Section at (Hoiurich, '78, pp. 260,261). 

Section of coal seams at (Coryell, '75, p. 229). 

Thickness of coal at (Foutaine, '83, p. 8). 

Carbon hill coal mine, Va. Brief account of

(Daddow and Banuan, '66, p. 402). 

Carbonitc. See Coke, natural. 

Carbon ton, JT. C. Brief account of coal at (Emmoiis, '57a. p. 7). 

Brief account of rocks near (Emmous, '576, p.

77).

Cardigan bay, P. E. I. Newark rocks exposed

near (Dawsou and Harriugton, '71, p. 15).

Carlisle, Pa. Description of stony ridge near

(Gibson, '20). 

Mention of trap dikes near (Macfarlane, '79,

p. 107). 

CARR, .T. S. Cited on analysis of artesian water

from Durham, N. C. (Venable, '87). 

Carters hill, Va. Boundary of Newark near 

(Heinrich, '78, p. 235).

Carters or Otland mills, Ya. Boundary of the

Newark near (W. B. Rogers, '40, p. 63). 

Carthage, N. C. Boundary of Newark area near 

(Emmons, '52, p. 119).

Cwthage, N. C. Continued.

Thickness ef the Newark at (Emmons, '56, p.

231). 

Canrersrllle, Pa. Trap dikes near (Lewis, '85, p.

453).

Cascade, Va. Boundaries and extent of Newark 

area near (Heiurich, '78, p. 239. W. B. 

Rogers, '39, pp. 74, 75). 

Description of geology near ("W. B. Rogers,

'39, p. 77). 

Section near, described ("W. B. Rogers, '39,

pp. 77,78). 

Cashtown, Pa. Average of dips near (Frazer, '77,

p. 303). 

Conglomerate near (H. D. Rogers, '58, vol. 2,

p. 684).

Iron ore near (H. D. Rogers, '58, vol. 2, p. 691). 

Section from, to Gettysburg (Frazer, '77, pp.

295-299, pi. op. p. 298). 

Catch hills, Conn. Mention of the discovery of

fossil hones at (Percival, '42, p. 449). 

Cat hole, Conn. Account of (J. D. Dana, '70). 

Description of trap ridges near (Percival, '42,

pp. 370-374,376). 

Detailed study of the geological structure near

(W.M. Davis, '89). 

Cat hole peak, Conn. Trap ridges near (Davis

and Whittle, '89, p. 109). 

Castle point, N. J. Exposures near (Russell, '30,

p. 35).

Trap exposed at (Russell, '80, p. 37). 

Catlett, Va. Quarries of trap rock near (Shaler,

'84, p. 179). 

Catletts station, Pa. Mention of trap quarries

at (S. P. Merrill, '89, p. 436). 

Cedar run, Va. Boundary of Newark near (Heinrich, '78, p. 235). 

Cemetery hill, Pa. Specimens of trap from (C.

E. Hall, '78, p. 27). 

Center Bridge, N. J. Analysis of sandstones

from (Cook, '08, p. 515). 

Brief account of sandstone and trap near (H.

D. Rogers,'40, p. 127). 

Center Bridge, Pa. Character of strata near (H.

D. Rogers, '58, vol. 2, p. 673). 

Sandstone quarries at (Shaler, '84, p. 157). 

Center Ridge, N. J. Building stone near (Cook,

'08, pp. 511-512). 

Coarse sandstone near (H. D. Rogers, '36, p.

155). - 

Description of sandstone near (Cook, '68, p.

209).

Thickness of strata at (Cook, '68, p. 201). 

Center hill, Pa. Evidence of faulting near (Nason, '89, p. 33).

Trap dikes near (Lewis, '85, p. 454). 

Center valley, Pa. Dip and character of rocks

near (C. E. Hall, '83, p. 232, 233). 

Centerville, N. J. Boundary of trap outcrop at

(Cook,'68, p. 177).

Centerville, Va. Boundary of Newark near (Heinrich, '78, p. 236. W. B. Rogers, '40, p. 62). 

rentenrillfi, Pa. Description of trap dike near

(Frazer, '80, p. 30).

dial font, Pa. Description of a fault near (Lewis, 

'85, pp. 450,451,453.
HUSSBLL.J LITERATURE. 157

Chalk Level, Vu. Boundary of Newark near 

(Heinrich, '78, p. 238. W. B. Rogers, '39, 

p. 75).

Description of the geology near (W. B. 

Rogers, '39, p. 79).

Section from, to Riceville (W. B. Rogers, '39,

p. 79). 

Chalmer's coal mine, N. C. Analysis of slate from

(Macfarlane, '77, p. 525). 

CHAMBEBLIN, B. B. 1883.

The minerals of "Weehawkon tunnel (Bergen 

. Hill, New Jersey).

In New York Acad. Sci., Trans., vol. 2,1882- 

1883, pp. 88-90.

Describes the minerals found in excavating a

tunnel through Bergen hill, New Jersey.

CHAMBEBLIN, B. B. 1887.

Minerals of Staten island [New York],

In New York Acad. Sci., Trans., vol. 5, 1885- 

1886, pp. 228-230.

States that trap dikes occur on the west side 

of Staten Island, and enumerates the minerals found in them.

Chamber's Brook, X. J. Boundary of First mountain trap near (Cook, '08, pp.180, 181). 

Chapel Hill, If. C. Age of rock exposed near (Emmons, '5C, p. 277).

Black slate near (Emmons, '56, p. 243).

Boundary of Newark area near (Emmons, '52, 

p. 119. Johnson, '51, p. 4. Mitchell, '42, pp. 

36-130).

Breadth of the Newark area east of (Emmons, 

'56, p. 241. Olmstead,'24, p. 12. Wilkea, 

'58, p. 2).

Brief account of Newark rocks near (Olmstead, 

'20. McLenahan, '52, p. 169).

Strike of the Newark system near (Macfarlane,'77, p. 518).

Thickness of the Newark near (Emmons, '56, 

p. 232).

Trap dikes near (Willis, '86, p. 307).

CHAPIN, A. B. 1835.

Junction of trap and sandstone; "Wallingford, Conn.

In Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 27, pp. 104-112.

Several small dikes are described, and some 

account given of alteration in the adjacent beds. 

CHAPIN, J. H. 18S7.

The Hanging hills [Connecticut].

In Meriden Sci. Assoc., Proc. and Trans., vol. 

2, 1885-1886, pp. 23-28.

Contains a description of the scenery about

Meriden, Conn., and a brief statement of

opposing views regarding tho origin of

the trap hills of the Connecticut valley.

CfHAPIN], J. H. 1887a.

An interesting find [of fossil plants at Durham, Connecticut].

In Meriden Sci. Assoc., Proc. and Trans..vol. 

2, 1885-1886, p. 29.

Records the finding of fossil plants at Durham, Conn., by H. H. Kendrick. 

CHAPIN, J. H.

The trap ridges of Meriden again,

CHAPIN, J. H.-Continued.

In Meriden Sci. Assoc., Proc. and Trans., vol. 

3, 1887-1888, pp. 35, bG.

Cites W. M. Davia on the structure of the

Newark system in the Connecticut valley.

Describes a bed of'ash and bombs near

Meriden, Conn.

CHAPIN, J. H. 1891.

Some geological features of Meriden [Connecticut], o

In Meriden Sci. Assoc.. Trans., vol. 4, 1889, 

1890, pp. 58-61.

Brief account of tho trap hills near Meriden, 

Conn., in which their height and nomenclature are considered. 

CfHAPIN], J. II. 1891a.

Cycadinocarpus chapinii.

In Meriden Sci. Assoc., Trans., vol. 4, 1889- 

1890,-p.62.

Figures and describes briefly tho fruit of a

cycad found at Durhtun, Conn. 

CHAPIN, J. 11. Fossil plants collected by, at

Durham, Conn. (Newberry, '88, p. 92). 

CHAPMAN, E. J. 1856.

[Review of J. "W. Dawson's Acadian Geology].

In Canadian Jour., n. s., vol. 1, pp. 39-48.

Hypotheses concerning the deposition of copper in amygdaloids, etc., discussed, pp. 

42-45. 

CHAPMAN, E. J. 1872.

On tho occurrence of copper ore in tho island 

of Grand Mamm, bay of Fundy.

In Canadian Jour., 11. s., vol. 13, pp. 234-239, pi. 

op. p. 183. 0

Describes the position and topography of the 

island, its geological features, and the 

occurrence of copper ore. The section 

shows tho supposed relation of Newark 

and older rocks. 

CHAPMAN, E. J. 1876.

An outline of the geology of Canada, based 

on a subdivision of the provinces into 

natural areas.

Toronto, 12°, pp. i-xxxii, 33-104, pi, 1-5, and 

6 maps.

Contains a brief general account of the Newark rocks of Nova Scotia. A broad area 

of Newark rocks is stated to occur on 

Prince Edward island. Pp. 91-92. 

CHAPMAN, E. ,1. 1878.

On tho leading geological areas of Canada.

In Canadian Jour., n. s., vol. xv, pp. 13-22, 

92-121.

Contains a brief summary of information concerning tho Newark rocks of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. Tho main area of 

Prince Edward island is referred to the 

Trias. Pp. 22,106,110-112,120-121. 

CHAPMAN, E. J. Cited on copper at Grand Mauan island, N. B. (Bailey, '72, p. 47). 

Charlestons, Pa. Newark rocks at (Frazor, '83,

p. 226.) 

Charlestowii mines, Pa. Boundary of Newark

near (Lesley, '83, p. 196).

Charlotte and lleid's bridge, Va. Section between (W. B. Rogers, '39, pp. 79-80).
158 THE NEWARK SYSTEM. [BULL. 85.

Charlotte town, P. K. I. Dip at (Dawson and

Harriugton, 71, p. 16). 

CHATARD. Analysis of iron ore by (Kerr, 75,

p. 232). 

Chatham, Conn. Brief account of building stone

found at (E. Hitcbcock, '35, pp. 40, 215). 

Coal reported at (E. Hitchcock, '23, vol. 6, p.

63). 

Description of fossil footprints from (E.

Hitchcock, '41, pp. 478-501). 

Early discovery of fossil footprints at (E.

Hitchcock, '30, p. 309).

Localities of fossil footprints in (E. Hitchcock, '41, p. 467). 

Mention of sandstone quarries near (Percival,

'42, p. 449). 

Notice of building stone at (E. Hitchcock, '32,

p. 35). 

Sandstone quarries near (E. Hitchcock, '41, p.

442). 

Chatham, A'. C. Account of the Newark near

(Mitcbell, '42, pp. 130-134). 

Analysis of coal from (Battle, '86). 

Anthracite near trap (Genth and Kerr, '81). 

Belodon piscus from (Cope, 75, pp. 34, 35). 

Chatham, A. J. Boring for coal at (Cook, '68, p.

696).

Character of the country east of (H. D. Rogers, '40, p. 134).

Dip near (H. D. Rogers, '40, p. 133). 

Tory Hill near, described (Cook, '68, pp. 186-

187). 

Metamorphosed shale near (H. D.Rogers, '40,.

pp. 132-133).

Trap ridge near (Cook, '82, p. 56). 

Chatham, Pa. Trap dike near (Lewis, '85, p. 447). 

Chatham scries, IV. C. Age of, as indicated by

reptilian remains (Emmons, '57, pp. 92-93). 

Age of, as shown by fossil fishes (Emmons,

'57, p. 54). 

Brief account of (Einmous, '57, pp. 10-11,19-

20. Emmons, '58).

Conglomerate at base of (Emmons, '57, p. 11). 

Reexamiuation of certain mammalian jaws

from (Osborn, '86).

Reference to the age of (Marcon, '88, p. 30). 

Reptiles of (Emmons, '57, pp. 54-93). 

Thickness of (Emmons, '57, p. 30). 

Chaiincy Peak, Conn. Description of trap ridges

near (Davis and Whittle, '89, p. 115). 

Detailed study of the geological structure

near (W. M. Davia, '89). 

Small map of portion of (Davis and Whittle,

'89, pi. 2). 

Trap ridges near (Davis and Whittle, '89, pp.

107-108).

Chelsea, >. V. Description of trap rock at (Britton, '81, p. 169).

Cherry hill, Conn. Strike and dip of sandstone near (Hovey, '89, pp. 372-373,379). 

Cherryville, Pf. J. Trap outcrop near (Cook, '82,

p. 63).

Cheshire, Conn. Character of the trap ridges

near (W. M. Davis, '89b, p. 25). 

Copper mines of (Percival, '42, p. 318).

Cheshire, Conn. Continued.

Decomposed rocks in (Percival, '42, pp. 436,

437). 

Description of trap ridges in (Percival, '42,

p. 403).

Trap dikes in (Percival, '42, p. 320). 

Cheshire station, Conn. An account of trap 

ridges near (Davis and Whittle, '89, pp. 

105-100).

Chester, Pa. Catalogue of specimens of trap,

etc., from near (Frazer, 77, pp. 332-381).

Chester, S. C. Description of trap dikes near

(Tuomey, '44, p. 12). 

Chester county, Pa. Brief report on (Lesley, '85,

pp. xxxvi-xxxvii). 

Description of Warwick iron mine (H. D.

Rogers, '58, vol. 2, p. 708). 

Geology of (Lesley, '83). 

Map of mining district of (H. D. Rogers, '58,

vol. 2, op. p. 674). 

Mention of lead and copper ores of (Lyell, '54,

p. 13).

Newark rocks of (Frazer, '83). 

Chester county, S. C. Trap dikes in (Hnnnuond,

'84, pp. 466-497).

Chester county, Va. Discussion of the age of the 

coal-bearing rocks of (Marcou, '58, pp. 14- 

15). 

Chester court-house, S. C. Analysis of trappeaii

soil from (Hammond, '84, p. 497). 

Chesterfield, Va. Account of coal mines in 

(Grammar, '18. Taylor, '35, pp. 281-286). 

Account of coke in, with analysis (AV. B.

Rogers, '40, p. 124). 

Analysis of coal from (W. R. Johnson, '51, p.

12).

Test of coal from (Emmons, '50, p. 249). 

Chesterfield coal mine, Va. Brief account of 

(Macfarlane, 77, p. 507).

Chesterfield county, 8. C. Account of the geology of (Lieber, '56, pp.19, 20,103,106, pi. 6). 

Brief account of contact metamorphism in

(Tuomey, '48, p. 68). 

Chesterfield county, Va. Au account of a visit

to the coal mines of (Lyell, '49, pp. 279-

288). 

Character and efficiency of coal from (W. R.

Johnson, '50, pp. 133, 134, and table op. p.

134). 

Description and analysis of natural coke from

near (Raymond, '83). 

Description of rocks in (W. B. Rogers, '43,

p. 298). 

Description of the Newark in (AV. B. Rogers,.

'40, pp. 71-72). 

Detailed account of coal in (W. B. Rogers,

'36, pp. 52-61).

Fossils collected in (Marcou, '49, pp. 273-279). 

List.of fossil fishes from (De Kay, '42). 

Output of coal for 1886 (Asliburner, '87, p.

554). 

Production of coal from, iu 1880 (Prime, '86,

pp. 670-673). 

Trial of the coal of, for beating purposes (W.

R. Johnson, '44, pp. 349-362, 378-389-448).
RUSSELL.] LITERATURE. 159

Chesterfield court-house, Va. Boundary of tho

Newark near (W. B. Rogers, '40, p. 71). 

Chesterfield depot, Va. Boundary of Newark

near (Heiurich, '78, pp. 229-230). 

Chesterfield mining company colliery, Va. Analysis of coal from (Clifford, '87, p. 10). 

Chestnut hill, Pa. Boundary of trap near (H. D.

Rogers, '58, vol.2, p.090). 

Chicopee, Mass. Brief account of shale at (E.

Hitchcock, '35, p. 217).

Description of a section across the Connecticut valley at (E.Hitchcock, '55). 

Fossil footprints at (E. Hitchcock, '58, p. 50 et

seq. 

Fossil fucoid from (E. Hitchcock, '41, pp. 450-

451). 

Fossil plant from (E. Hitchcock, '41, pp. 453-

454). ° ^

Chicopee factories, Mass. Special characters of

footprints from (E. Hitchcock, '41, p. 469).

Chicopee factory village, Mass. Description of

fossil footprints from (E. Hitchcock, '41,

pp. 478-501).

Chicopee Falls, Mass. A locality for fossil footprints (E. Hitchcock, '48, p. 132). 

Descriptions and figures of fossil fishes from

(Newberry, '88).

Description of fossil. footprints from (E. 

Hitchcock, '48. E. Hitchcock, '58, p. 56 et 

seq.). 

Fossil footprints at (E. Hitchcock, '58, p. 50

et seq.).

Localities of fossil footprints near (E. Hitchcock, '41, p.46C).

Remarks on a fossil tooth found at (E. Hitchcock, '41, p. 460). 

Chignecto cape, N. S. Description of (Jackson

and Alger, '33, p. 262).

Chimney rock, N. J. Boundary of First mountain trap near (Cook, '68, p. 181). 

Copper mine near (Cook, '68, pp. 677-678). 

Copper ores near (Cook, '83, pp. 164-165). 

Thickness of trap sheet at (Darton, '90, p. 23). 

Churehtown,Pn. Boundary of tho Newark at (H.

D. Rogers, '58, vol. 2, p. 668). 

Description of trap dike near (Frazer, '80, p.

28-29). 

Churchyille, Pa. Dips of slate near (d'lnvilliers,

'83,. p. 205). 

Limestone outlying hi the Newark system

near (Inyilliers, '83, p. 205). 

Chutes core, N. S. Description of (Gesner, '36, 

p. 189-190. Jackson and Alger, '33, pp. 

238-242).

Minerals near (Willimott, '84, p.20L, 24L). 

CLARKE, F. W. 1887. 

[Analyses of trap rock, coke and coal from

the Newark system.] 

In TT. S. Geol. Surv., Bull. No. 42. 

Analyses of trap rocks from North Carolina, 

p. 138. Natural coke from tho Richmond 

coal field, Va., p. 146. Coals from the Newark system in North Carolina, p. 146. 

CLARKE, FRANK WIGGLESWORTII. 1889. 

 [Analyses of Newark sandstone i'rom near 

Hancock, Md.]

CLARKE, FRANK WIGGLESWORTH Continued. 

In TJ. S. Geol. Surv., Bull. No. 55, p. 80. 

Two analyses given. 

Clark and Brother's quarry near Greenburg,

N.J. (Cook,'81, pp.56, 57).

Clarkes head, N. S. Rocks of (Gesner, '36, p. 251). 

Trap overflow on Carboniferous rocks near

(Dawson, '78, p. 105). 

Clarksville, if. J. Boundary of Newark at (Cook,

'68, p. 176). 

Chvrton,Pa. Conglomerate near (d'lnvilliers, '83,

p. 202).

Dip near (InviUiers, '83, p. 205). 

Clay township, Pa. Report on the geology of

(Frazcr, '80, pp. 41-42).

CLEAVELAND, PARKER. 1822. 

An elementary treatise on mineralogy and

. geology [etc.].

Boston, 2d ed., vol. 1, pp. i-xii, 1-818, pis. 1-6. 

Contains a brief account of the trap rocks of 

tho Newark system, compiled from the 

writings of Pierce, Silliinan, Hitchcock, 

and Webster, pp. 746, 747; and of tho sandstone of tho same system compiled from 

the writings of Maclure and Olmstead, p. 

579. The geological map of the eastern 

part of tho United States, forming the 

frontispiece, is mainly from Maclure's 

map of 1817. Localities where native 

copper occurs are mentioned on p. 555. 

Cited on the extent of the Dan river area, N. C.

(Olmstead, '27, p. 128). 

Clegg's coal mine, N. C. Anthracite near trap in

(Genth and Kerr, '81, p. 82). 

Clements, N. S. Iron ores at (Alger, '27, pp. 229,

330).

CLEMSON, T. G. 1835. 

Analysis of some of the coal from the Richmond mines. 

In Pennsylvania Geol. Soc., Trana., vol. 1, p.

295-297. 

Presents analyses of coal from three of the

mines in the Richmond coal fivld, Va. 

CLEMSON, THOMAS G. 1835a. 

Notice of a geological examination of the 

country between Fredericksburg and 

Winchester in Virginia, including the 

. gold region. 

In Pennsylvania Geol. Soo., Traus., vol. 1,

pp. 298-313, pi. 17.

Contains brief descriptions of volcanic rocks 

which may prove to be a portion of the 

Newark system of traps.

CLEMSON, THOMAS G. Analysis of coal from 

the Richmond coal field, Va. (Clifford, '87, 

p. 10).

CLIFFORD, WILLIAM. 1887. 

Richmond coal field, Virginia. 

In Manchester Geol. Soc., Proc., vol. 19, 1887-

1888, pp. 326-353, 355-358, pis. 1-5. 

Reviewed by F. H. Newell in Geol. Mag., dec.

3, vol. 6, 1889, pp. 138-140. 

Discusses briefly tho mode of formation and 

the age of the Richmond coal field. Presents a historical sketch of coal-mining, 

jind indicates what is to be expected froni
160 THE NEWARK SYSTEM. [BULL. 85.

CLIFFORD, WILLIAM Continued.

the mines in the future. Analyses of coal 

and of natural coke are given on p. 10. 

A map of the entire field is given on pi. 1, 

and plats and sections of the mines- at 

Clover hill, Midlothian, Black heath, and 

Deep run on pis. 2-5. 

CLIFFORD, WILLIAM. 1888.

Additional notes on Richmond coal field, Virginia, in reply to criticisms.

In Manchester Geol. Soc., Trans., vol. 20, 

1888-1889, pp. 247-256.

A reply to a review by F. H. Newell. Maintains that the conclusion that the strata 

in the Richmond area thin on t to ward the 

horder; that the rocks were deposited in 

an irregular basin; identification of coal 

names on opposite sides of the basin; refers to trap dike near Midlothian; cites 

Lyell, Taylor, and Daddow. 

CLIFFORD, WILLIAM. Review of a paper on the

Richmond coalfield by (Newell, '89). 

Clinton, N. J. Arenaceous strata near (H. D. 

Kogers, '40, p. 123).

Boundary of Newark near (Cook, '68, p. 17). 

H. D. Rogers, '40, pp. 16,17).

Conglomerate near (Cook, '82, p. 21).

Description of sandstone outcrops near (H. D. 

Rogers, '36, p. 153).

Description of variegated conglomerate near 

(H. D. Rogers, '36, p. 148).

Detailed description of calcareous conglomerate near (H. D. Rogers, '40, pp. 139-140).

Dip in shale near (Cook, '82, p. 28).

Limestone at (Cook, '79, p. 33. Cook, '82, pp. 

22, 28, 42, 43).

Manganese near (Cook, '65, pp. 7-8. Cook, '68, 

p. 711).

Trap outcrop near (Darton, '90, p. 70).

Unconformity at- base of the NeAvark near

(Darton, '90, p. 15).

Clinton valley, N. J. Dip along the Delaware 

adjacent to limestone area near (Nason, 

'89, p. 18). 

Closter, y. J. Altered shale near (Cook, '83, p. 24).

Columnar trap at (Akerlyt '20, p. 33).

Indurated shale near (Darton. '90, p. 51).

Sandstone on west slope of Palisades at (Cook, 

'68, p. 208).

Trap outcrop near (H. D. Rogers, '36, p. 159). 

Closter landing, N. J. Dip in sandstone near 

(Cook, '79, p. 30. Cook, '82, p. 24).

Dip near (Cook, '68, p. 195).

Sandstone beneath trap at (Cook, '68, p. 177).

Sandstone, shale, and conglomerate near 

(Cook, '68, p. 208).

Section of Palisades near (Cook,''68, p. 200). 

Clover hill, N. J. Dip at (Cook, '08, p. 197).

Dip in red shale at (Cook, '82, p. 26). 

Clover Hill, Ya. Account of coal-mining at (Daddow and Bannan, '66, p. 398).

Analysis of coal from (Clifford, '87, p. 10. Do 

la Beche, '48, p. Ixv. "W. E. Johnson, 

'51, p. 12. Williams,'83, p. 82).

Brief account of coal mines at (Daddow and 

Bannan, '66, p. 401. Lyell, '47, p. 264).

Clover Hill, Va. Continued.

Character and efficiency of coal from (W. R.

Johnson, '50, pp. 133-134, and table op. p.

134).

Goal field of (Credner, '66). 

Condition of coal mines at (Clifford, '87, p.

16). 

Descriptions and figures of fossil fishes from

(Newberry, '88).

Mention of a trap dike at (Clifford, '88). 

Natural coke and trap dike at (De La Beche,

'48, p. Ixvi). 

Natural coke from ("W. R. Jolinsou, '50, pp.

175-176. Lyell, '47, p. 271). 

Plants, fossil, from (Fontaine, '83, p. 4. Newberry, '88. Stnr, '88).

Production of coal mines (Taylor, '48, pp. SI52).

Recent mining at (Hotchkiss, '83a). 

Section at (Clifford, '87, pi. 2. Fontaine, '83,

p. 9. Lyell,'47, p. 271). 

Test of coal from (Emmons, '56, p. 249). 

Thickness of coal at (Lyell, '47, p. 271). 

Trap in coal mine at (Lyell, '47, p. 271). 

Trial of the coal from, for heating purposes

(W. R. Johnson, '44, pp. 363-377, 448). 

Coal. Brief sketch of (H. D. Rogers, '58, vol. 2,

p. 763).

Briefly reviewed (Chance, '85, pp. 17-18). 

Coal from Worth Carolina. Analysis of (Battle,

'86. Chance, '84. Chance, '85. pp. 36, 47,49,

Clarke, '87, p". 146. Genth, '71. Jackson.

'56a, pp. 31, 32. W. R. Johnson, '51a.

McG-ehee, '83, p. 76). 

Brief account of (Emmons, '52, pp. 120-121,

124-126. Emmons, '56, pp. 235, 259-265.

Emmons, '57, p. 33. Emmons, '57a, pp. 6-

11. Kerr, '66, pp. 45, 46. Kerr, '75, pp.

141,142,143,144,145, 293-295. Kerr, '79, p.

13. N.C.LandCo.,'69, pp. 103-104. Lyell,

'54, p. 12. Macfarlaue, '77, pp. 519-520.

McGehee, '83, pp. 75-77. McLenahan, '52,

pp. 169-170. Mitchell, '42, pp. 131-132.

Olmstead, '24, pp. 17-23. Olmstead, 27, pp.

126-127. AVilkes, '58. Williams, '85, p.

59).

Character of (Hale, '83, pp. 226,227). 

Described raineralogically (Genth and Kerr,

'81, pp. 82,83). 

Discovery of (Olmstead, '20. Olmstead, '24,

p. 19).

Gas obtained from (Ernmoiis, '57, p. 31). 

Produced in 1880 (Hotchkiss, '82). 

Quality and quantity of (Emmons, '52, pp.

130-135). 

Quality of (Chance, '85, pp. 54-56. Emmons,

'56, pp. 246-254. Emmons, '57a, pp. 7-8). 

Sections of seams (Chance, '85, pp. 28-35). 

Statistical account of (Anonymous, '69, pp.

103,104.

Thickness of (Emmons, '56, p. 244). 

Value of, for gas-making (Jackson, '56a, pp.

31-32). 

Coal in Connecticut valley (Silliman, '27).

Brief statement concerning (Percival, '42, p. 

428. Shepard, '37).
RUSSELL.] LITERATURE. 161

Coal in Coimurticut valley Continued.

Discussion of the probability of finding

(E. Hitchcock, '35, pp. 53-54). 

Mention of (E. Hitchcock, '23, vol. C, p. 63.

Percival, '42, pp. 442,452). 

Coal In Maryland. A search for (Ducatel, '37, pp.

36-37).

Coal in Massachusetts. Analysis of (E. Hitchcock, '41, p. 141) v

Brief account of (E. Hitchcock, '41, p. 448). 

Discussion concerning (E. Hitchcock, 'i)5, pp.

229-232. E. Hitchcock, '41, pp. 138-142). 

Coal In New Jersey. At Bellville (Cook, '81, p.

46).

Localities of, brief mention (Cook, '68, p. 174). 

Mention of (Cook, ; 68, p. 696). 

Near Bernardsville (Nason, '89, p. 28). 

NearBoonton and Newark (Cook, '78, p. 110). 

Near Morristown) Nason, '89, p. 28). 

Near Trenton (Nason, '89, p. 27). 

NearPassaic (Pierce, '20, p. 194). 

Coal In Pennsylvania. Analysis of (McCreath,

'79, pp. 102-103).

At Morrisville (C. E. Hall, '81, p. 24). 

Brief reference to (Frazer, '80, p. 44). 

Notice of (Frazer, '85, p. 403). 

Reported (Lesley, '91). 

Coal in Virginia. Account of (Heinrich, '78, pp.

243,244. Lyoll, '54, p. 12). 

Account of the'mining of (Grammar, '18.

Taylor, '35, p. 281-286). 

Ago of (Marcou, '55, pp. 872,873). 

Amount produced (Daddow and Bannau, '66,

pp. 401,402. Hotchkiss, '82. Taylor, '48,

pp. 51,52. Wooldridge,'42). 

In 1880 (Prime, '86, pp. 670-073). 

In 1883 and 1884 (Williams, '85, pp. 97, 98). 

In 1885 (Ashburner, '86, p. 69). 

In 1887 (Ashburuer, '88, p. 361). 

Analysis of (Chance, '85, p. 19. Clifford, '87,

pp. 9,10. De La Beche, '48, p. LXV.

Heinrich, '78. W. R. Johnson, '50, p. 176.

Macfarlane, '77, p. 515. Silliman and

Hubbard, '42. Williams, '83, p. 82). 

Brief account of (Ashburner, '87, pp. 553-554.

Coryell, '75. Daddow and Baunau, '66,

pp. 393-406. W. B. Rogers, '39, p. 81). 

Character and importance of (Macfarlane,

'77).

Description of (Clifford, '87, pp. 9-10). 

Economic value of (Hotchkiss, '80). 

Experiments on the heating qualities of (W.

R. Johnson, '44).

Gas obtained from (Emuions, '57, p. 31). 

In local basins (Lyell, '47, p. 266). 

Mention of (Clemson, '35. Credner, '66). 

Mode of occurrence (Heinrich, '78, pp. 266-

274. Lyell, '49, p. 284). 

Near Leaksville (W. B. Rogers, '39, p. 78). 

Organic structure of (Lyell, '47, p. 268). 

Position of (Lyell, '47, p. 262). 

Price of (Taylor, '48, pp. 50-51). 

Quality of (Taylor, '35, pp. 283-286). 

Specimens of, for the New Orleans Exposition

(Hotchkiss, '84). 

Structure (Newell, '89).

Bull. 85 11

Coal iu Virginia Continued.

Thickness of (Foutaine, '83, pp. 7,8,9. Grammar, 18, pp. 126-127. Lyell, '47, pp. 263-264, 

265,267,271. Newell,'89. W.B.Rogers, 

'36, pp. 53-60. W. B. Rogers. '436, p. 532. 

W. B. Rogers. '43, p. 298. Wooldridge, 

-42).

Thinning of (Clifford, '88).

Trials of, for heating purposes (W. R. Johnson, '44, pp. 308-451).

Map showing production of, in 1880 (Prime,

'86, pi. 41).

Coalbrookdale, Va. Analysis of coal from (Clifford, '87, p. 10). 

Coafleld station, Va. Boundary of Newark area

near (Heinrich, '78, p. 230).

Cobequid bay, N. S. Description of Newark 

rocks near (Dawson, '47, pp. 51, 52).

Description of north side of (Dawson, '78, pp. 

99).

Discussion of the geology near (Dawson, '78, 

p. 110).

Geology near (Dawson, '78, pp. 88-90).

Newark outcrops near (Chapman, '78, p. 112).

Section from, to Cpbequid mountains (Dawson, '78, pi. op. p. 125). 

Cocalico, Pa. Dip at (Frazer, '80, p. 43). 

Coke, Natural. Analysis of North Carolina specimens (Battle, '86).

Brief account of (Tuomoy, '48, pp. 103-104. 

Wilkes,'58, p. 7).

Account of (Clifford, '87, p. 2. Daddow and 

Bannan, '66, pp. 899-400. Heinrich, '78, 

pp. 243, 244. Lyell, '47, pp. 270-271. Macfarlane, '77, p. 508. Raymond, '83. W. 

B. Rogers, '40, p. 124).

Analysis of (Clarke, '87, p. 146. Clifford, '87, 

pp. 10, 14. De La Beche, '48, p. Ixvi. 

W. R. Johnson, '42. W. R. Johnson, '50, 

p. 176. Lyell, '47, pp. 270-273. Raymond, 

'83. W. B. Rogers, '40, 129).

Description of (W. R. Johnson, '42. Lyell, 

'47, p. 271).

Discussion of the character and composition 

of (W. R. Johnson, '50, pp. 155,156).

Discussion of the origin of (Hotchkiss, '83. 

Stevens, '73. Wurtz, '75).

Experiments on the heating qualities of (W. 

R. Johnson, '44, pp. 138-151).

Lyell cited on (De La Becbe, '48).

Richmond area, Virginia. Abstract of a paper 

concerning ("W. B. Rogers, '246).

Recent mining of (Hotchkiss, '83a). .

Relation of, to igneous rocks (W. B. Rogers, 

'54a. AV. B. Rogers, 546).

Remarks on (Clifford, '87, pp. 11-14,24. Coryell, '75. Heiurich, '75. Heinrich, '78, 

p. 263. T. S. Hunt, '75. W. B. Rogers, 

 '54a. H. D. Rogers, '58, vol. 2, p. 764).

Thickness of (\V. B. Rogers, '54, p. 55a). 

Cold Point, Pa. Boundaries of the Newark in 

(C. E. Hall, '81, pp. 72,73,75).

Cole iron mine, N. C. Brief account of, with 

sketch (Willis, '86, p. 306).
162 THE NEWARK SYSTEM. [BULL. 85.

Colebrook, Pa. Description of trap dikes near

(H. D. Rogers, '58, vol. 2, p. 687). 

Dip near (d'lnvilliers, '83, pp. 209-210). 

Colesville, Va. Boundary of Newark area near 

(Heinrich, '78, p. 231. W. B. Rogers, 

'40, p. 71).

Collins station, Pa. Detailed description of 

Newark rocks near (Frazer, '80, pp. 103, 

104). 

Mention of trap quarries at (S. P. Merrill,

'89, p. 436). 

Columbia college. Description of fossil fishes in

the museum of (Newberry, '88). 

Columbia, S. C. Description of trap dikes near

(Tuomey, '44, p. 11). 

Competition, Va. Boundary of Newark near

(Heinrich, '78, p. 238).

COMSTOCK, THEO. B. 1878. 

An outline of general geology. 

Ithaca, N. Y., 12mo., pp. 1-82. 

Contains outlines for lectures. Triassie and

Jurassic periods, pp. 65-66. 

Conewago, Pa. Mud rock frt.m (C. E. Hall, '78,

p. 24. Frazer, '76, p. 160). 

Conewago falls, Pa. Altered shale near (H. D.

Rogers, '58, vol. 2, p. 677). 

Conewago hills, Pa. Brief account of trap rock

of (T. P. Smith, '99). 

Contact metamorphism at (H. D. Rogers, '58,

 vol. 2, p. 687).

Description of (Gibson, '20). 

Description of trap dikes near (H. D. Rogers,

'58, vol. 2, p. 687).

Trap of the (H. D. Rogers, '39, p. 22). 

Conglomerate at the base of the Newark system

(Emmons, '57, pp. 19-21). 

Discussion of the glacial origin of (J. D. Dana,

'90).

Conglomerate in Connecticut. Description of 

(Percival, '42, pp. 316, 324. Percival, '42, 

p. 427. W. M. Davis, '89. W. M. Davis, 

'89. Hovey, '89, pp. 372-375). 

Conglomerate in Connecticut valley. Account of 

(E. Hitchcock, '35, pp. 214, 215, 416. E. 

Hitchcock, '23, vol. 6, p. 62). 

Composition of (E. Hitchcock, '58, p. 22). 

Description of (E. Hitchcock, '35, pp. 243-251.

E. Hitchcock, *47a, pp. 199-207). 

Distribution of (E. Hitchcock, '58, p. 11. 

Jones, '62, p. 91. Percival, '42, pp. 447, 

449. Russell, '78, p. 231. Shaler and Davis, '81, pp. 95-96).

Conglomerate in Maryland. Brief account of

(Ducatel, '37, pp. 36-37. Ducatel, '40.

Tyson, '60, appendix, p. 3. H. D. Rogers,

'36, pp. 146-147. Fontaine, '79, p. 32).

Conglomerate in Massachusetts (E. Hitchcock,

'55, p. 226. C. H. Hitchcock, '77a, p. 446).

Description of (E. Hitchcock, '41, pp. 441,442,

526, 527, 648. Emmons, '57, pp. 5,6,7. E.

Hitchcock, '41, p. 527. Nash, '27, p. 246).

Conglomerate in New Brunswick (Gesner, '40, p.

18. Matthew, '65, pp. 123,124,125). 

Origin of, and character (Whittle, '91). 

Conglomerate in New Jersey. Age of (Nason, '89, 

P- 41).

Conglomerate in New Jersey Continued.

AtBoonton, reference to (Russell, '78, p. 232).

At Paterson (Cook, '79, p. 18).

At Pattcnburg (Cook, '82, p. 17).

At Pompton, reference to (Russell, '78, p. 232).

Beneath First mountain (Cook, '68, p. 337).

Beneath the Palisades (Cook, '68, p. 208.

Darton, '90, p. 50). 

. Brief account of (Emmons, '57, p. 8. Cook,

'65, p. 7. Nason, '89, pp. 16,17). 

Cemented with trap sand (Nason, '89, p. 21). 

Change of, to sandstone (Cook, '82, p. 33). 

Character and distribution of (Nason, '89, pp.

20-21, 39-41. Russell, '78, pp. 231-241.

Cook, '68, pp. 391,392,393. Russell, '80a). 

Containing trap pebbles, origin of (Nason,

'89a).

Description of (Cook, '82, pp. 21-22). 

Details of (Cook, '68, pp. 209-212). 

Detailed description of (H. D. Rogers, '36, pp.

146-150. H. D. Rogers, '40, pp. 135-141). 

Dip of (Cook, '79, pp. 29, 30). 

Lithological description of (Cook, '68, p. 206). 

Localities of (Cook, 82, p. 21). 

Mode of formation of (Russell, '78. pp. 232-237). 

Mention of (Cook, '68, p. 210. Cook, '79, p.39.

Cook, '82, pp. 18,19. Cook, '82, pp. 39-42.

Nason, '90).

N«ar Passaic falls (Cook, '79, p. 18). 

Near Paterson (Cook, '82, p. 51). 

Near Pompton, description of (Kitchell, '56,

pp. 144,145). 

Near Trenton, brief account of (H. D. Rogere,

'40, pp. 119,120).

Onwestborderof Newark (Cook, '79, pp.18-19). 

Origin of (Russell, '78, p. 253). 

Origin of (Cook, '68, pp. 337-338). 

Summary of conclusions in reference to origin

of (Cook,''89, p. 15). 

Two varieties of (Cook, '82, p. 21). 

Conglomerate in New York. Brief account of

(Mather,'39, pp. 123-125,126-127. Mather,

'43, pp. 286,287,288,289). 

W. W. Mather cited on (Lea, '53, p. 190). 

Conglomerate in North Carolina. Brief account

of (Emmons, '56, pp. 229-230. Emmons,

'57, pp. 97-98. Emmons, '57, pp. 77. Kerr,

'75, pp. 141, 303. Kerr, '75a). 

Dan river coal field, brief account of (Emmons, '52, p. 147. Emmons, '56, p. 256). 

Deep river coal field (Emmons, '52, p. 121.

Emmons, '56, pp. 237-238. Macfarlane,

'77, pp. 518-519). 

Brief account of (Wilkes, '58, pp. 4-5. W. R.

Johnson, '51, p. 5). 

Source of (Kerr, '75, p. 146). 

Conglomerate in Nora Scotia (Dawson, '78, p. 87.

Dawson, '78, pp. 100-101. Ells, '85, p. 7E). 

Conglomerate in Pennsylvania. A general account of (Lea, '51). 

At base of the Newark (Lesley, '83, pp. 184,

188).

At top of the Newark (Lesley, '83, p. 188). 

Brief account of (H. D. Rogers, '41, pp. 17,38-

39. H. D. Rogers, '58, vol. 2, pp. 677, 679.

680).
KUSSELL.] LITEKATURE. 163

Conglomerate in Pennsylvania Continued.

Character of the (Lesley, '83, p. 184). 

Derived from the Potsdam (Lesley, '83, p. 189). 

Description of (E. D. Rogers, '58, vol. 2, pp.

669,670, 679, 681-684). 

In Adams county, brief account of (Frazer,

'77, pp. 265-266). 

In Berks county, brief "account of (d'lnvilliers, '83, pp. 199, 201-203). 

In Berks county, observations on (d'lnvilliers,

'83, pp. 213-226). 

In Bucks county, brief account of (Lesley,

'85, p. xxix). 

In Chester county (Frazer, '83, p. 244. Lesley,

'83. pp. 184, 192). 

In Chester county, on gneiss (Lesley, '83, pp.

188, 189). 

In Chester and Bucks counties, brief account

of (C.E. Hall, '81, p. 24). 

In Montgomery county, brief account of (C.

E. Hall,'81, p. 24). 

In Shelley's ore band near Dillsburg (Frazer,

'77, p. 222). 

In the Warwick shaft (d'lnvilliers, '83, pp.

317, 318, 320).

In York county (Frazor, '85, p. 403). 

Localities of (H. D. Eogers, '39, p. 17). 

Mode of deposition of (Lesley, 'S3,? pp. 179-

180). 

Name applied to (H. D. Rogers, '58, vol. 2, p..

679). 

. Near Dillsburg (Frazer, '77, p. 225).

Near Falmouth and Collins, detailed accovint

of (Frazer, '80, pp. 103-104). 

Near Fairville, brief account of (Frazer, '80,

p. 49).

Near Monroe, dip of (C. E. Hall, '83, p. 247). 

Near Morrisville, from analysis of (C. E. Hall,

'81, pp. 24,111). 

Near Yardleyville (H. D. Eogers, '58, vol. 2,

p. 672).

Near York, dip of (Franer, '76, p. 92). 

On northwest border of the Newark system

(H. D. Rogers, '58, vol. 2, p. 074).

With iron ore (d'lnvilliers, '83, p. 239). 

Conglomerate in Virginia. Brief account of (W.

B. Rogers, '30, pp. 81,82. W. B. Rogers,

'37, p. 7). 

Character and distribution of (W. B. Rogers,

'39, pp. 70,72).

Description of (Cornelius, '18, p. 216. Hemrich, '78, pp. 239-240. Heinrich, '78, pp.

252, 256. W. B. Rogers, '39, p. 80. W. B.

Rogers, '40, pp. 60-61). 

NearLeesburg and Culpeper Court House,

description of (Fontaine, '79, pp. 32, 34). 

" Potomac marble," W. B. Rogers cited on the

origin of (Lea, '53, p. 189).

Conglomerate on Prince Edwards island (Dawson, '78, p. 87). 

CONLAN, P. H., and J. Records of wells bored

by, in New Jersey (Nason, '896). 

Connecticut. Age of Newark system in, note in

reference to (Dawson, '58). 

Age of the Newark of, remarks on (Newberry,

'85).

Connecticut Continued.

Analysis of diabatito from Farmington hills

(Hawes, '75a). 

Analysis of trap from "West Rock (Frazer.

'75a, p. 404). 

Bones, fossil, at East Windsor, note on the

finding of (N. Smith, '20). 

Crescent form of certain trap ridges in (H. D.

Rogers, *43c). 

Critical study of trap outcrops near New

Haven (J. D. Dana, '91). 

Dip in, remarks on (E. Hitchcock, '41, p. 448). 

Fish, fossil, from, a study of (J. H. Redfleld,

'36). 

Fishes, fossil, from, description of (Newberry,

'78). W. C.Redfield, '41). 

Fishes, fossil, from, list of (De Kay, '42). 

Fishes, fossil, from, remarks on (Harlan, *34,

pp. 92-94). 

Footprints in, notice of the discovery of (W.

C. Redfleld, '42). 

Footprints from, report on (Rogers', Vanuxem,

Taylor, Emruons, and Conrad, '41). 

Fossil bones found at East Windsor (John

Hall, '21).

Fossil bones found in, account of (E. Hitchcock, '41, pp. 503-504, pi. 49). 

Fossils found at Middletown, brief reference

to (Silliman, '37).

Geology about Meriden (C. H. S. Davis, '70). 

Geology of, report on (Percival, '42. Shepard,

'37). 

Geology of. Berlin, brief references to (Percival, '22).

Geology of the region about New Haven (Silliman, '14). 

Hanging hills, description of (Chapin, '87). 

Hanging hills of Mejriclen, excursion to (J. D.

Dana, 70).

Lost volcanoes of (W. M. Davis, '91). 

Newark areas in (Percival, '42, p. 10). 

Newark system in, brief account of (Lyell,

'54). 

Newark system of, former extent of (Britton,

'81, p. 169. D. S. Martin, '85). 

Sandstone from (J. D. Dana, '716). 

Sandstone quarries of (S. P. Merrill, '89, pp.

446-448. Shaler, '84, pp. 126,127). 

Sandstone strata at Portland, spontaneous

movements in (J. Johnson, '54). 

Sections, Beckley (AV. M. Davis, '83, pp. 305-

307, pi. 10). 

Sections, Bristol copper mine (Silliman and

Whitney, '55). 

Sections, East Haven, dikes in. After E.

Hitchcock (W.M. Davis, '83, p. 280, pi. 9). 

Sections, Lamentation mountain (W. M.

Davis, '89, pi. 1). 

Sections, Meriden, near (W. M. Davis, '89, pi.

5). 

Sections, Meriden district (W. M. Davis, '89c,

p. 425). 

Sections, Meriden-New Britain district (W.

M. Davis, '89, pi. 5).

Sections, New Haven and East Haven, between (W. M.Davis, '83, pp.305-907, pi. 10).
164 THE NEWARK SYSTEM. [BULL. 85

Connecticut Continued.

Sections, South Britain, showing supposed relation of trap ridges near (W. M. Davis,

'88, p. 471). 

Sections, Springfield, Connecticut valley (E.

Hitchcock, '58, pi. 2).

Sections through (Walling, '78, pi. op. p. 192). 

Sections, Wallingford, across a number of

ridges in. After A. B. Chapin (W. M.

Davis, '83, p. 280, pi. 9). 

Southbury area, description of (Silliinan, 20a,

pp. 231-233). 

Thickness of Newark rocks in (J. D. Dana,

'73, vol.5, p.427). 

Trap dikes at East Haven, account of (E.

Hitchcock, '41, pp. 655-656). 

Trap dikes at Wallingford (Chapin, '35). 

Trap dikes in, note 011 (Lyell, '47, p. 273). 

Trap from AVest Eock, analysis of (Frazer,

'75a, p. 409). 

Trap of, compared with trap from Gettysburg,

Pa. (Frazer, '756). 

Trap ridges in (J. D. Dana, '73, vol. 6, pp. 105,

106).

Trap rock of, character of (J. D. Dana, '72). 

Trap rock of, detailed description of (Percival, '42, pp. 299-426).

Trap rock of, origin of (J. D. Dana, '71a). 

Trap rock of, quarries of (Shaler, '84, p. 127). 

Trap sheets of, described (Davis and Whittle,

'89). 

Trap sheets of, extrusive, with breccia in

(Rice, '86).

Tree trunks at Bristol, description of the finding of (Silliman, jr., '47). 

Unconformity at base of Newark in (J. D.

Dana, '73, vol. 5, p. 427). 

"Vertebrate fossils (bones) from, description

of (Cope, '69, p. 122. Marsh, '89, pp. 331,

332. Wyman, : 55. Wyman, 55a). 

Vertebrate fossils, notice of (Silliman, '20). 

Vertebrate fossils, remarks on (Newberry,

'85, W. B. Rogers, '60a). 

West Rock, description of (Silliman, '20a, pp.

202-203). 

Connecticut ri?er. Deflection of, at Middletown

(W. M. Davis, '89c, p. 432). 

(See, also, Connecticut valley.) 

Connecticut yalley. Account of the Newark system in (E. Hitchcock, '35, pp. 211-251). 

Age and divisions of the stratified rocks in

(Wells, '50).

Age of Newark rocks of (Einmoiis, '576, p.79-80). 

Age of Newark system in (W. C. Redfiold, '51). 

Age of sandstone in (E. Hitchcock, '58, p. 3.

Jackson, '50). 

Age of sandstone of, remarks on (H. D. Rogers,

436).

Age of sandstone of, statement of opinion concerning (C. H. Hitchcock, '55, p. 392). 

A ge of the red sandstone in, discussed (H. D.

Rogers, '58, vol. 2, pp. 694-695). 

Age of sandstone of, statement of opinion

concerning (C. H. Hitchcock, '55, p. 392). 

Age of, as indicated by fossil fishes (W. C.

Kedfield, '56, pp. 180-181).

Connecticut yalley Continued.

Age of, as indicated by stratigraphy (Foster, 

'51).

Amount of erosion in (Hubbard, '50, p. 170).

Analyses of coprolites from (S. L. Dana and 

E.Hitchcock,'45).

Analysis of trap rocks from (Hawes, '75).

Brief account of (Danberry, '39, pp. 19-23. E. 

Hitchcock, '36, pp. 329-330. H. Hitchcock, 

'56. Lyell, '71, pp. 361. Russell, '78, pp. 

221-222).

Brief sketch of Newark in (H. D. Rogers, '58, 

vol. 2, pp. 759-765).

Building stone from (Alger, '51. Lyell, '54, 

p. 13).

Coal in, probability of finding (E. Hitchcock, 

'35, pp. 53-54).

Coal in, reference to (Silliman, '27).

Conglomerate in, distribution (Russell, '78, p. 

238).

Conglomerate in, glacial origin of (Shaler and 

Davis, '81, pp. 95-96).

Conglomerate of trap in (E. Hitchcock, '44e, 

pp. 6-8).

Copper associated with trap, discussion of the 

origin of (Silliman and Houghton, '44).

Copper mine at Bristol, description of (Silliman and Whitney, '55).

Copper near Wallingford, discovery of (Silliman, '18).

Description of (E. Hitchcock, '41, pp. 256-259).

Description of Newark of (Lyell, '66, pp. 452- 

456).

Dip in (J. D. Dana, '75, p. 419. E. Hitchcock, 

' '36, p. 329. E. Hitchcock, '47a, p. 200).

Dip in, hypothesis accounting for (Bradley, 

'76).

Dip in, origin of (Whitney, '60).

Dip in, brief account of (E. Hitchcock, '35, 

p. 224).

Dip of limestone in (E. Hitchcock, '58, p. 8).

Dip of red sandstone in, brief account of (H. 

D. Rogers, '58, vol. 2, pp. 761-762).

Dip of rocks in (E. Hitchcock, '58, pp. 10,11).

Dip of rocks of, origin of (Silliman, jr., '42a).

Dip of sandstones and shales, origin of (Russell. '78, p. 229).

Dip of sandstone in, cause of (Silliman, jr., 

'42).

Dip of sandstones of, accounted for by mode 

of deposition (Silliman, jr., '44).

Drainage of the Newark area of (J. D. Dana, 

'75, p. 500).

Extent of the Newark in (A. Smith, '32, pp. 

219-220).

Fishes, fossil, from, description of (E. Hitchcock, '37, pp. 267-271).

Connecticut valley, footprints from. Additional 

observations on (E. Hitchcock, '63).

Annelid trails from (E. Hitchcock, '58, pp. 

160-166, pis. 26, 27, 28, 49).

Association of, with trap (E. Hitchcock, "58, 

p. 173).

Brief account of (Emmons, '57, pp. 139-142. 

E. Hitchcock, '37, pp. 267, 271. E. Hitchcock, '55a, pp. 181-189. Hitchcock and
RUSSEIX.] LITERATURE. 165

Connecticut vulley, footprints from Continued. 

Hitchcock, '67. pp. 309-320. Lyell, '43, 

pp. 39-40).

Brief discussion of (Owen, '43).

Brief reference to the finding of (Anonymous, 

'38a).

Characteristics and paleontological value of 

(E. Hitchcock, 'CO).

Description of (Deane, '43. Deane, '45a. 

Deane, '45d. E. Hitchcock, '30. E. Hitchcock, '48. E. Hitchcock,' '58. E. Hitchcock, '05).

Descriptions and figures of (Deane, '49).

Descriptions and illustration of (E. Hitchcock, '58).

Letter from R. I. Murchison concerning 

(Murchison, '43a).

List of (E. Hitchcock, '37a).

Localities in, additional (E. Hitchcock, '376).

Localities of (D. Marsh, '48).

Marsh cited on the reptilian character of 

(Hull, '87, p. 86).

Note on (Silliman and Dana, '47).

Observations regarding (Mantell, '43).

Of crustaceans (Dana, '58a).

Popular description of (E. Hitchcock, '58, pp. 

175-190.

Priority in the discovery of (Bouv6, '59. 

Deane, '44. Deano, '446. E. Hitchcock, 

44d. E. Hitchcock, '58, pp. 191-199. 

Mackie, '64. W. B. Rogers, '59).

Remarks on (Cope, '69, p. 242. Deaue, '42. 

Field, '60a. E. Hitchcock, '45c. Leidy, 

'58. Warren, '55).

Revised classification of (Hitchcock, '45).

Synopsis of (E. Hitchcock, '58, p. 174).

Tahle showing characteristics of (E. Hitchcook, '58, pp. 201-205).

Wide distribution of (Lea, '53, pp. 185-188). 

Connecticut valley. Former connection of the 

Newark system in, with the rocks of the 

same age in New Jersey (Bradley, '76, p. 

289).

Former extent of the Newark rocks of (J. D. 

Dana, '79. D. S. Martin, '83. Russell, 

'80a).

Former extent of the sandstones in (W. M. 

Davis, '82a).

Fossil fish localities at Middlefield and Westfield, described (Anonymous, '38).

Fossil fish from, remarks on (Emmons, '57, p. 

142).

Fossil fishes from (E. Hitchcock, '58, pp. 144- 

147, pis. 25, 26. Newberry, '88).

Fossil fishes from, description of (Edgerton, 

'49).

Fossil fishes from Little Falls (C. H. S. Davis, 

'87).

Garnets in trap near New Haven (E. S. Dana, 

'77).

General account of the geology of (E. Hitchcock, '23. E. Hitchcock, '41, pp. 434-441. 

Silliman, '24, pp. 17-30, 428-431).

Joints in, remarks on (E. Hitchcock, '41a. 

Silliman, jr., '41).

Lithological character of sandstone of (E. 

Hitchcock, '36, p. 330).

Connecticut valley Continued.

Lithology and stratigraphy of, brief account 

of (Wells, '51a).

Map of Newark area in (W. M. Davis, '89, 

pl.l).

Map of, showing footprint localities (E. Hitchcock, '58, pi. 2).

Meriden, detailed study of structure near (W. 

M. Davis, '89).

Microscopical examination of sandstone from 

(Hawes, '78).

Mineralogical composition and durability of 

building stone from near East Haven 

(Hubbard, '85).

Mode of deposition of sandstone of (E. Hitchcock, '58, p. 172-173).

Mode of formation of Newark rocks in (A. 

Smith, '32, pp. 221-224).

Mode of formation of the Newark sandstones 

and shales of (Jackson, '41).

Origin and former extent of the Newark rocks 

of, discussed (J. D. Dana, '83).

Plants, fossil, from (Cliapin, '87a. J. D. Dana, 

'55. E. Hitchcock,'436, p.294. E.Hitchcock, '58, p. 8. E. Hitchcock, jr., '55. 

Leidy, '58. Newberry, '88).

Raindrop impressions from (Deane, '42).

[Ripplemarks from] (E.Hitchcock, '56, p. 111).

Sections (Eaton, '20, pi. 2. Le Coute, '82, pp. 

245,246).

Section after E. Hitchcock, A. Eaton, A. 

Smith, and A. B. Chapin (W. M. Davis, 

'83, pp. 280-281, pi. 9).

Section, hypothetical (W. M. Davis, '86, p. 

350).

Section, hypothetical, after J. Le Conte (W. 

M. Davis,'83, p. 281, pi. 9). .

Section, Mettawampe, Mass. (E. Hitchcock, 

'58, pi. 3).

Section, Mount Tom, Mass. (E. Hitchcock, 

- '58, pi. 3).

Section, Nowottuck, Mass. (E. Hitchcock, 

'58, pi. 3).

Section, Springfield, .Conn. (E. Hitchcock, '58, 

pi. 2).

Section, Turner Falls, Mass. (E. Hitchcock, 

'58, pi. 3>.

Structure of (Davis and Loper, '91).

Structure of, discussed (W. M. Davis, '88. 

W. M. Davis, '88a. W. M. Davis, '896. 

Le Conte, '82, pp. 245, 24ft).

Tadpole nests, so called, discussion of (Shepard, '67).

Thickness of strata in (E. Hitchcock, '53. E. 

f Hitchcock, '58, pp. 11-15. Smith, '32, pp. 

219-220).

Topographical developments of the Newark 

system in (W. M. Davis, '89. E. Hitchcock, '41, pp. 446-447).

Topography of (E. Hitchcock, '35, pp. 220- 

222).

Topography of the region about New Haven 

(J. D. Dana, '71, pp. 46-47. J. D. Dana, 

'75a, p. 170).

Trap and trap conglomerate in, brief description of (E. Hitchcock, '44e, pp. 6-8). t

Trap hills of, origin of, discussed (Chapin, '87).
166 THE NEWAEK SYSTEM. [BULL. 85.

Connecticut valley Continued.

Trap of (Chapin, '87).

Trap of, an account of (A. Smith, '32, pp. 

224-227).

Trap of, in connection with the transmission 

of vibrations (Stodder, '57).

Trap ridges in, crescent-shaped (Silliman, 

'44).

Trap ridges in the East Haven-Bradford 

region (Hovey, '89).

Trap ridges of, hrief account of (Russell, '78. 

pp. 241-242).

Trap ridges of, observations on (W. M. Davis, 

'82).

Trap ridges of, reference to (J. D. Dana, '47, 

pp. 391-392).

Trap rock of (E. S. Dana, '75).

Trap rocks in, brief account of (Emmons, '57, 

p. 151. Porter, '22).

Trap rocks in, brief account of distribution of 

(Percival, '42, pp. 10-11).

Trap rocks in, general account of (E. Hitchcock, '23, vol. 6, pp. 44-80; vol. 7, 1-16,29- 

30).

Trap rocks of, described (E. Hitchcock, '47a, 

p. 199-207).

Trap rocks of, reference to the volcanic origin 

of (Cooper, '22, 239-243).

Trap sheets of (W. M. Davis, '82a).

Trap tufa or volcanic grit of (E. Hitchcock, 

'44).

"Uplift of the sandstone in (J. D. Dana, '73, 

vol. 5, p. 432).

TJnconformity at base of the Newark in (Jackson, '566, p. 184).

Connecticut valley and New Jersey. Hypothetical section of, after I. C. Russell (W. M. 

Davis, '83, p. 281, pi. 9).

Connecticut valley sandstone. Description of 

(Lyell, '42, p. 794).

See also Massachusetts and Connecticut. 

CONRAD, T[IMOTHY] A[BBOTT]. 1839.

Notes on American geology.

lii Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 35, pp. 237-251.

Contains a brief description of the Newark 

rocks along the Hudson, with the statement that they are probably of the Lower 

Silurian age, p. 249.

CONRAD, T. A. 1841.

Fifth annuallreport on the paleontology of

the state of New York. 

In fifth annual report of the geological

survey of New York, Albany, N. Y.,

1841, pp. 25-57. 

Brief statement in reference to the geological

position of the Triassic rocks. Absence of

brine springs and rock salt, pp. 43-44.

CONRAD, T. A. 1841a.

Report on the ornithichnites or footmarks of 

extinct birds in the new red sandstone of 

Massachusetts and Connecticut, observed 

by Prof. Hitchcock of Amherst.

See Rogers, Vanuxem, Taylor, Emmons, and' 

Conrad, 1841.

CONRAD, T. A. 18^8.

Description of a new'species of Myacites.

In Philadelphia Acad. Nat. Sci., Proc., vol. 9, 

1857, p. 166.

Describes Myacites pennsylvanicus. from

Phcenixville, Pa. 

CONRAD, T. A. 1868.

Description of and reference to Miocene shells 

of the Atlantic slope, and descriptions of 

two now supposed Cretaceous species.

In Am. Jour. ComVh., vol. 4, pp. 278-279.

A description of two fossil shells, Astarle 

veta and A. annosa, from AVashington, 

Middlesex County, N. J., p. 279.

Fossils from the locality here mentioned have 

been examined by R. P. AVhitfield, 

Mouog. TJ. S. Geol. Surv., vol. 9, 1886, pp. 

22-27, and shown not to be Newark. The 

formation to which they belong is referred to the Potomac, by W. J. McGee. 

Am. Jour. Sci., 3d ser., vol. 35, pp. 136- 

137. 

CONRAD, T. A. 1870.

Descriptions of new fossil mollusca, principally Cretaceous.

In Am. Jour. Conch., vol. 5, pp. 96-103.

Description of a fossil shell from near Perkiomen Creek, Pa., p. 102.

CONRAD, T. A. Cited on fossil crustaceans from 

the Newark system (Jones, '62, pp. 86, 

92).

CONRAD, T. A. Notice of work by, in Pennsylvania (Miller, 79-'81, vol. 2. p. 153,155). 

CONRAD, T. A. Notice of work of, in New Jersey (Miller, '79-'81, vol. 2, p. 223). 

CONRAD, T. A., and WM. M. GABB. 1861.

Illustrations of some fossils described in the 

proceedings of the [Philadelphia] Academy of Natural Science.

In Phila. Acad. Nat. Sci., Proc. [vol. 121, I860, 

p. 55, pi. 1.

Gives a figure of Hyaciies pennsylvanicus, 

previously described by T. A. Conrad, pi. 

1. [The plate referred to is numbered 7 

by mistake.]

Consholiocken, Pa. Boundary of the Newark 

near (C. E. Hall, '81, p. 22).

Description of trap dikes near (C. E. Hall, '81, 

p. 19).

Trap dikes near (C. E. Hall, '81, pp. 19-20,75. 

Lewis, -'85, p. 443. H. D. Rogers, '58, vol. 

l,p. 214).

Contact of Newark rocks and gneiss in New Jersey 

(H. D. Rogers. '40, pp. 16, 17, 18).

Of Newark and Lower Carboniferous near 

Folly River, Nova Scotia (Ells, '85, p. 48E).

Of trap and sandstone at Martin Dock (Cook, 

'82, p. 58).

Of trap and sedimentary rocks in New Jersey 

(Cook, '83, pp. 164-165).

Of trap with sedimentary rocks in New Brunswick (Bailey, '72, pp. 220-221).

Phenomena at Alpine, New Jersey (Cook, '82, 

p. 46).

Phenomena in N. J. (Cook, '82, pp. 37, 50, 93).

See also metamorphism contact.
RUSSELL.] LITERATURE. 167

COOK, GEORGE H. 1864.

Report of Prof. George H. Conk upon the 

geological survey of New Jersey and its 

progress during the year 1863. 

Trenton, N. J. Pp. 1-13. 

Contains a brief notice of extent of Newark 

rocks inHnnterdon county, together with 

an account of prevailing dips, and a qualified statement of the age of the Newark 

system in New Jersey. Pp. 6-7. 

COOK, GEORGE H. 1865. 

The annual report of Prof. George H. Cook, 

state geologist, to his excellency Joel 

Parker, president of the hoard of inana. 

gers of the Geological Survey of New 

Jersey, for the year 1864. 

Trenton, N. J. Pp. 1-24, pi. 2. 

Fist border of the Newark system in New 

Jersey defined, p. 5. Northwest border 

defined, pp. 6-8. Geological map, p. 21. 

Geological section, p. 22. Tabular statement to accompany geological map, giving 

principal rocks and localities where found, 

p. 24.

COOK, GEORGE H. 1868. 

Geology of New Jersey.

Newark [N. J.]. Pp. i-xxiv, 1-900, pi. 6. 

Accompanied by a portfolio containing 8 

maps in 13 sheets.

The following table indicates the contents of 

this volume so far as it relates to the Newark system:

Page. 

Geological section showing foreign

equivalents ...........\.......... 36

Age and geographical extent........ 173-194

Age determined from relation to associated rocks...................... 173-174

Age indicated by organic remains... 124 

Thickness ........................... 174-175

Boundaries .......................... 175-176

Trap rocks, general description of... 176-194 

Bergen neck and Palisade mountain (boundaries described)...... 176-178

Staten island, New York .......... 178

Big Snake hill, Little Snake hill.... 178-179

First and Second mountains (boundaries described)................. 179-185

Third mountain................... 185

Packanack......................... 185

Towakhow or Hook mountain 

(boundaries described)........... 186

Riker or Morehouse hill........... 186

Long hill (boundaries described)... 186-187 

Basking ridge...........'.......... 187-188

New Vernon and Loantaka......... 188

Ramapo valley.................... 188-189

Lawrence brook or Dean pond, 

Ten-Mile Run mountain, and 

Rocky Mil (boundaries described) 189-190 

Pennington mountain............. 190

Bald Pate mountain............... 190-191

Belle mountain.................... 191

Sourland mountain (boundaries described).......................... 191-192

Alexsocken creek................. 192

Point pleasant ..................... 192-193

Page. 

COOK, GEORGE H. Continued.

Pickler, or Round Valley mountain (boundaries described).... 193

Round mountain................... 193-194

Now German to wu and Silver hill... 194 

Geological structure................. 195-205

Dips, table of...................... 195-199

Sections described (the sections are 

on niap in portfolio).............. 199-201

Joints, table showing direction of... 201 

Faults ............................. ; 202

Trap rocks, relation of to sedimentary beds......................... 202-205

Joints in trap, table of............. 305

Rocks................................ 206-207

Sandstone, conglomerate, shale, 

basalt, etc., brief account of...... 206-207

Sandstone, detailed description of 

outcrops, etc..................... 208-209

Conglomerate, detailed description 

of outcrops, etc.................. 209-212

Shale, detailed description of outcrops, etc ........................ 212-214

Limestone, detailed description ef 

outcrops, etc.................... 214-215

Trap rock, detailed description of 

outcrops, etc., with analyses..... 215-218

Minerals and ores.................. 218-225

Geology of the surface............... 226-238

Soils derived from sandstone, shale, 

and trap......................... 226

Glacial drift....................... 227-229

River terraces..................... 227

^olian sand....................... 227-228

Glacial scratches, table of.......... 228

Tide marshes...................... 230-238

Theoretical considerations relating to 

mode of formation^ origin of the 

trap, historical geology rock, color 

of the sandstone, etc............. 336-339

Building materials (sandstones)..-.. 504-512 

Ores of copper....................... 675-680

Extinct reptilia (byEdw. D. Cope),

Appendix B...................... 733

Minerals, list of (by E. Seymour),

Appendix D..................... 743-750

COOK, GEORGE H. 1871. 

[Annual report of the state geologist of New

Jersey, for the year 1870]. 

New Brunswick, N. J. Pp. 1-75, pi. 4. 

Deposits of copper ore described, pp. 55,57. 

COOK, GEORGE H. 1873. 

Geological Survey of New Jersey. Annual 

report of the state geologist for the year

1873.

Trenton, N. J. Pp. 1-128, pi. 2.

Junction of Newark and Azoic rocks mentioned, pp. 13-14. Color given to Newark 

rocks on geological map, p. 22. Copper 

ores briefly mentioned, pp. 98-99. Part 

of the east boundary of the Newark system briefly described, p. 103. 

COOK, GEORGE H. 1874.

Geological Survey of New Jersey. Annual 

report of the state geologist for the year

1874.
168 THE NEWARK SYSTEM. [BULL. 85.

COOK, GEORGE H. Continued.

Trenton [N. J.]. Pp. 1-115, with map.

Copper ores, p. 32. Junction of Newark and 

Cretaceous rocks mentioned. j>. 43. Native 

iron in trap rocks, pp. 56-57. 

COOK, GEORGE H. 1876.

Catalogue of the Centennial exhibit of the 

Geological Survey of New Jersey.

[Trenton, N.J.] Pp. 1-84.

Brief account of extent of the Newark system in New J ersey, with catalogue of 30 

specimens of sandstones, shale, flagstone, 

conglomerate, and trap, pp. 24-25. Tour 

other specimens of sandstone mentioned 

on p. 45. 

COOK, GEORGE H. 1878.

Geological survey of New Jersey. Annual 

report of the state geologist for the year 

1878.

Trenton, N. J., pp. 1-131, with map in pocket. 

Glacial markings in trap rock, p. 10. Soil 

formed from Newark shales, pp. 24-25, 29. 

Soil from trap rock ridges, p. 39. Coal in 

thin seams, p. 110. 

COOK, GEORGE H. 1879.

Geological survey of New Jersey. Annual 

report of the state geologist for the year

1879.

Trenton, N. J., pp. 1-199, pi. 1, and geological 

map of New Jersey in pocket.

Page. 

Geographical position of the Newark

rocks iu New Jersey, mentioned.. 12-13 

General boundaries of the Newark

system, soil and area............. 14

Boundaries of Newark system described. .......................... 18

Character of rocks ................... 18

Conglomerate along the west border

of the Newark................... 19

Quarries of sandstone................ 19-20

Trap rocks, general description of.... 20

Coal, thin seams of................... 20

Copper ores.......................... 21

Brownstone, quarries of.............. 21-25

Flagstone, quarries of................ 25

Trap rock, quarries of................ 25-26

Fossils, plants, fishes, and footprints. 26-29- 

Freshwater origin of the Newark system (stated)...................... 29

Tables of dips in the red sandstone.. 29-30 

Thickness of the Newark............ 30-31

Source of material................... 31

Trap, intrusive nature of............ 32

Supposed faults...................... 32-33

Folds ................................ 33

Magnesian limestone................. 33

Change of dip near the trap ridges.

Intrusive character of the trap... 34 

Sandstone and conglomerate bordering gneiss........................ 39

Artesian and bored wells..........126,128,129

131,133,139,150

COOK, GEORGE H. 1880. 

Geological survey of New Jersey. Annual report of the state geologist for the year

1880. 

Trenton, N. J., pp. 1-220, pi. 1, and folding map.

COOK, GEORGE H. Continued.

Abstract in Am. Jour. Sci., 3d ser., vol. 22, pp. 

77-78.

Contains an account of certain deep wells 

bored in the Newark rocks, including the 

record of a well at Paterson with analysis 

of water obtained, pp. 162-166. Brief 

statement concerning deep wells in Jersey 

City. 

COOK, GEORGE H. 1881.

Geological survey of New Jersey. Annual 

report of the state geologist for the year

1881. 

Trenton, N. J., pp. 1-87, 1-107, i-xiv, and

map. 

Brief account of reopening of copper mines,

pp. 39-40. Description of the building

stones of the Newark system, pp. 42-64. 

COOK, GEORGE H. 1882. 

Geological survey of New Jersey. Annual

report of the state geologist for the year

1882. 

Camden, N. J., pp. 1-191, pi. 1-6, and 3 maps.

Page. 

Red sandstone district............... 11-12

Age of the Newark system ........ 11-12

Structure, review of papers relating to............................ 12-14

Hypothetical explanation of the formation of the Newark system.... 14-16

Faults and folds ................... 1C.17

Detailed description of the Newark

system in New Jersey............ 17-66

Shales ............................. 19-26

Sandstone.......................... 20-21

Conglomerate...................... 21-22

Limestone ......................... 22

Trap rock.......................... 22

Dip, unconformity of .............. 22-23

Dips, table of...................... 24-30

Hypothesis to account for dips..... 30-30

Lithological character ............. 33-35

Hypothesis relating to structure... 35-36 

Descriptions of exposures.......... 33-42

Trap rocks......................... 43-60

Limestones ........................ 112-113

Little Falls, N. J., view of (Cook, '82, pi. 2). 

COOK, GEORGE H. 1883. 

Geological survey of New Jersey. Annual 

report of the state geologist for the year

1883.

Camden, N. J., pp. 1-188, pis. 1-3.

Abstract in Am. Jour. Sci., 3d ser., vol. 27, pp. 

408-409.

Contains a brief review of a paper "On the 

relations of the Triassic traps and sandstones of the eastern United States," by 

"W. M. Davis. The conclusion reached by 

Davis in reference to the extrusive origin 

of the Watchung mountain trap, ia controverted, and facts presented with the 

view of showing that all the trap rocks of 

New Jersey are intrusive. In this discussion a summary is given of localities 

in New Jersey, where metamorphism adjacent to trap rock has been observed, pp. 

22-26.

Native iron, and copper ores, pp. 162-166.
KU88EU,.] LITERATURE. 169

COOK, GEORGE H. 1884.

Geological survey of New Jersey. Animal 

report of the state geologist for the year 

1884.

Trenton, N. J.. pp. 1-168, pis. 1-5.

Abstract in Am. Jour. Sci., 3d ser., vol. 30, pp. 

161-162.

Contains description with illustrations of an 

exposure of columnar trap at Orange, pp. 

23-28.

Artesian wells with analyse* of water, pp.

135-136. 

COOK, GEORGE H. 1885.

Geological survey of the state of New Jersey. 

Annual report of the state geologist for 

the year 1885.

Trenton, N. J., pp. 1-228, pis. 1-13.

Abstract in Am. Jour. Sci., 3d ser., vol. 33, 

p. 79.

An incomplete list of localities in New Jersey, 

wliere fossils have been found, together 

with names of some of the specimens obtained, pp. 95-96.

Artesian and bored wells, with some account 

of the strata passed through, together 

with several analyses of the water obtained, pp. 111-123.

A section of Newark rocks between Jersey

City and Boonton, on pi. op. p. 109. 

COOK, GEORGE II. 1880.

Sketch of the gaology of the Cretaceous and 

Tertiary formations of New Jersey.

In geological survey of New Jersey, brachiopoda and lamellibranohiata of the Rari- . 

tan clays and greensand marls of New 

Jersey, by Robert P. Whitfleld. Trenton, 

N. J., 4to., pp. i-xx, 1-338, pis. 1-35, with 

foldii.g geological map of New Jersey.

Published also as Monograph IX, IT. S. Geological Survey.

Junction of Cretaceous and Newark described,

and shown in diagrams, p. x. On the map

a portion of the Newark syctem is shown.

COOK, GEORGKH. 1S87.

Geological survey of New Jersey. Annual 

reports of the state geologist for the year 

1886.

Trenton, N. J., 1887, pp. 1-254, and two maps.

Reviewed in Science, vol. 9,1887, pp. 595-596.

Describes briefly the general condition of the 

Newark rocks in New Jersey, and notices 

briefly the various explanations of their 

structure, character of trap sheets, etc., 

that have been suggested. 

COOK, GEORGE H. 1888.

Report of the subcommittee [of the International Geological Congress] on Mesozoic.

In Am. Geol., vol. 2, pp. 257-261. Published 

also in International Gong. Geol. Am. 

Comm. Rep., 1888, pp. E1-E15. ;

Contains a brief review of the Newark

system.

COOK, GEORGE H. 1889. 

. Geological survey of New Jersey. Annual 

report of the state geologist for the year 

1888.

COOK, GEORGE H. Continued. 

! Camden, N. J., 1889, pp. 1-87, pi. op. p. 42. 

 An introduction to F. L. NaBon's paper on the 

Newark system in New Jersey (pp. 11-13). 

States briefly the boundaries of the system, its area, and the character of its 

principal rocks, mode of their formation, 

thickness, structure, etc. Presents two 

sections showing small faults. 

COOK, GEORGE H. 1889 a.

On the International Geological Congress, and 

our part in it as American geologists.

In Am. Assoc. Adv. Sci., Proci, vol. 37, pp. 159- 

177.

Expresses belief that faults have been identified in the Newark system, which explain 

its structure and apparent great thickness. Refers also to the position of the 

system in the geological column. 

COOK, G. H. Analysis of trap from New Jersey, 

by (J. D. Dana, '73, vol. 6, p. 106).

Cited on analysis of sandstone from New Jersey (Wurtz, '71).

Cited on columnar trap near Orange, N. J. 

(Iddings, '86, p. 329).

Cited on conglomerate near Paterson, N. J. 

(Darton, '90, p. 17).

Cited on curved form of certain trap ridges 

(W.M. Davis, '83, p. 307).

Cited on dips, indicating a fault in New Jersey (Lewies, '85, p. 451).

Cited on footprint localities in New Jersey 

(C. H. Hitchcock, '88, p. 122).

Cited on former extent of the Newark system 

(J.D.Dana,'83).

Cited on geology near Martin's dock, Now 

Jersey (W. M. Davis, '83, p. 276).

Cited on the cause of the monoclinal structure 

of the Newark rocks of New Jersey ("W. 

M. Davis, '86, p. 343).

Cited on the inclination of the red sandstone 

of New Jersey (Walling, '78, p. 196).

Cited on the occurrence of conglomeiate along 

the Delaware in New Jersey (Russell, '78, 

pp. 235-236).

' Cited on the origin and deposition of Newark 

strata ("W. M. Davis, '83, p. 287).

Cited on the origin of the red color of the 

Newark sandstone (Russell, '89, p. 50).

Cited on the origin of prevailing dip of the 

Newark rocks of New Jersey (Wurtz, '70, 

pp. 99-100).

Cited on the tilting of sandstone and trap in 

New Jersey (W.M. Davis, '83, pp. 302, 303).

Cited on trap dikes in New Jersey (W. M. 

Davis, '83, p. 292).

Cited on upper contact of palisade trap sheet, 

New Jersey (Davis and Whittle, '89, p. 

306).

Notice of work done by in New Jersey

(Miller, '79-'81, vol. 2, pp. 157-158). 

COOK, GEORGE H., and SMOCK, JOHN C. 1874.

Geological .survey of New Jersey. [A geological map of] northern New Jersey, showing iron oi-osiiudlimo.stone districts, scale 

'2 miles to 1 inch.
170 THE NEWARK SYSTEM. [B0LL. 85.

COOK, GEO. H., and SMOCK, JOHN C. Cont'd.

"New York. Two sheets in an envelope. [Revision of edition of 1868.]

Includes .1 portion of the area occupied by

Newark sandstone .and trap. 

COOK, GEORGE H. and JOHN C. SMOCK. 1878.

Geological survey of New Jersey. Report on 

the clay deposits of AVoodbridge, South 

Am boy and other places in New Jersey.

Trenton, N. J. Pp. 1-381, pis. 2, and map in 

pocket.

The references to the Newark system in this 

volume are brief and incidental to the description of the Cretaceous clays, ere. 

Aii unconformity between the Plastic 

clays at the base of the Cretaceous and 

the Newark rocks beneath is stated, pp. 

5, 24, 39,171,172. Several localities are also 

described where the Newark has been 

reached in excavations begun in clays, pp. 

304-305.

Cook's gap, Conn. Description of trap ridges 

near (Percival, '42, pp. 370-371, 373, 375, 

376,379,381).

Detailed study of the geological structure 

near (W. M. Davis, '89).

Sketch map of ("W. M. Davis, '89, pi. 5). 

Coontown, N. J. Dip at (Cook, '68, p. 196).

Dip in shale near (Cook, '79, p. 30). 

COOPER, THOMAS. 1822.

On volcanoes and volcanic substances.with a 

partial reference to the origin of the rocks 

of the floetz trap formation.

In Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 4, pp. 205-243.

Contains a general account of the trap rocks

of the Newark system from Massachusetts

to North Carolina. The trap is considered

of igneous origin, pp.. 239-243.

Coopersburg, Pa. Dip near (Lesley, '83, p. J80).

Dip of shale at (H. D. Rogers, '58, vol. 1, p. 

101).

Ripple marks at (H. D. Rogers, '58, vol. 1, p.

101).

Cooperstowii, Pa. Boundary of the Newark 

near (H. D. Rogers, '41, p. 16,39).

Boundary of the Newark near (H. D. Rogers,

'58, vol. 2, p. 668). 

COPE, [E. D.] 1866.

[Remarks on extinct vertebrates from the 

Mesozoic red sandstone of Pennsylvania.]

In Philadelphia Acad. Nat. Sci., Proc., vol. 

18, pp. 249-250, 290.

Presents the results of an examination of 

certain vertebrate fossils from Pboenixville, Pa., and describes a newMastodonsaurus; states that the fossils in qucjstion properly belong to the Keuper or 

upper division of the Trias. 

COPE, EDWARD D. 1868.

Synopsis of the extinct reptilia found iu the 

Mesozoic and Tertiary strata of New Jersey.

In geology of New Jersey; by George H. 

Cook. Newark [N. J.], 1868, pp. 733-737.

Brief remarks on the general character of 

Clepsysaurus pennsylvanicus.

COPE, EDWARD D. 1869.

Synopsis of the extinct batrachia, reptilia, and

aves of North America. 

In Am. Phil. Soc., Trans., n. H., vol. 14, ]871,

pp. 1-252, pis. 1-14.- 

Abstract in Am. Jour. Sci., 2d ser., vol. 49,

pp. 390-392. 

Presents a synopsis of the batrachians and

reptiles that have been described from

the Newark system.

COPE, [E. D.] 1870. 

Observations on the roptilia of the Triassic

formations of the Atlantic region of the

United States. 

In Am. Philo. Soc., Proc., vol. 11, 1871, pp.

444-446. 

Abstract of a paper in which several fossil

reptiles from the rocks mentioned are reclassified and a new fossil reptile from

Phoenixville, Pa., briefly described. 

COPE, EDWABD D. 1873. 

Observations on the distribution of certain

extinct vertebrata in North Carolina. 

In Am. Philo. Soc., Proc., vol. 12, 1871-1872,

pp. 210-216, pis. 1-4. 

Discusses the biological relation of certain

fossil reptiles from North Carolina and

Pennsylvania.

COPE, EDWARD D. 1875. 

Synopsis of the vertebrata whose remains

have been preserved in the formations of

North Carolina. 

In report on the geological survey of North

Carolina, vol. 1, by "W. C. Kerr. Appendix B, pp. 29-52, pis. 5-8. 

Contains references to or descriptions of fossil

fishes, batrachians and reptiles, pp. 30, 32,

34-35, pi. 8.

COPE, E. D. 1877. 

Descriptions of extinct vertebrata from the

Permian and Triassic formations of the

United States. 

In Am. Philo. Soc., Proc.. vol. 17, 1878, pp.

182-196. 

Describes a number of vertebrate fossils from

Phcenixville, Pa.

COPE, E. D. 1877. 

On some saurians found in the Triassic of

Pennsylvania, by Mr. C. M. ATheatley. 

In Am. Philo. Soc., Proc., vol. 17, 1878, pp.

231-232. 

Describes fossil reptilian remains from

PliCEnixville,(?) Pa.

COPE, E. D. 1885. 

[Vertebrate fossils of the Triassic beds of

Pennsylvania.]

In sketch of the geology of York county, Pa. 

In Atn. Philo. Soc., Proc., vol. 23, 1886, pp.

403-404. 

Presents a list of twelve species of vertebrate

fossils from the rocks mentioned. 

COPE, E. D. 1885a. 

Marsh on American Jurassic diuosauria. 

In Am. Nat., vol. 19, pp. 67-68. 

A review of '' The principal characters of

American Jurassic dinosaurs," by 0. C.

Marsh.
RUSSELL.] LITERATURE. 171

COPE, E. D. 1887.

A contribution to the history of the vertebrata of the Trias of North America.

In Am. Phil. Soc. Proc., vol. 24, pp. 209-228, 

pis. 1, 2.

Describes vertebrate fossils from Pennsylvania and North Carolina. 

COPE [E. D.]. 1888.

Mesozoic realm.

In report of the subcommittee [of the International Geological Congress] on Mesozoic. By George JET. Cook.

In Am. Geol., vol. 2, pp. 261-268.

Published also in International Cong. Geol., 

Ann. Comm., Eep. 1888, pp. E7-E9.

Contains a brief review of the Triassic and

Jurassic systems of North America. 

COPE,E. D. 1889.

[Review of H. F. Osborn's paper on the 

structure and classification of Mesozoic 

mammalia.]

In Am. Nat., vol. 23, pp. 723-72i, pi. 14.

States the contents of the paper received.

Reproduces one of the plates. 

COPE, E. D. Cited on the age of the Mesozoic 

sandstone of York county, Pa. (Frazer, 

'85, p. 403).

COPE, E. D. Notice of the study of fossil reptiles from Pennsylvania by (Miller, '79- 

'81, vol. 2, pp. 156, 223, 233). 

Copcville, Pa. Mention of trap dike near (Frazcr,

'89, p. 693). 

Copper, deposition of, in (Chapman, '56, pp. 43-

45).

Copper hill station, N. J. Dip near (Cook, '68, 

p. 197).

Dip in shale near ("ook, '82, p. 26). 

Copper hill, N. J. Indurated shale at (Cook,''82,

p. 63).

Copper In Connecticut valley. Associated with 

trap (Percival, '42, p. 318).

Brief account of (E. Hitchcock, '35, pp. 

71-72. E. Hitchcock, '35, pp. 228-229. E. 

Hitchcock, '41, p. 448. Brongniart and 

Silliman, '22. Percival, '42, p. 318. Silliman, '21, pp..221, 222).

Discussion concerning (Gilbert, '22, '22a. Hoifman, '22. Silliman and "Whitney, '55).

FromFarmington, Conn. (Percival, '42, p. 376).

From Mt. Carmel trap ridge, Connecticut 

(Percival, '42, pp. 320-321).

From "West Rock and in North Hamdcn,

Conn. (Percival, '42, p. 436).

Copper in Nova Scotia (How, '69, pp. 65-66, 72. 

Gesner, '36, pp. 193, 234. Gesner, '36, pp. 

192,193. Willimott, '84, pp. 20L, 21L). 

Copper in Pcunsylv. lia. Brief account of (Frazer. '77e. Frazer, '82, pp. 131-134. H. D. 

Rogers, '58, vol. 2, p. 763).

In Adams county (H. D. Rogers, '58, vol. 2,

p. 691).

Detailed account of (Frazer, '80, pp. 299- 

304).

In York county. Notice of (Frazer, '85, p. 

403).

Copper in Pennsylvania Continued.

Near Gettysburg. Exploration for (Frazer,

'77, pp. 263-264).

On the occurrence of, near Gettysburg (Frazer, '776). 

Copper, native, associated with trap (Silliman

and Honghton, '44).

From the bay of Fiindy (Gilpin, '77, p. 749). 

From Bridgewator mine, New Jersey (Cook,

'81, p. 39). 

From cape Dory, Nova Scotia (Alger, '27, p.

232). 

From Hamden hills, Connecticut (Silliman,

'14, p. 149). 

From Long island, Nova Scotia (Gesner, '36,

p. 174). 

From Simsbury mines, Massachusetts (E.

Hitchcock, '35, p. 229). 

From "Wallingford, Connecticut (Silliman,

'18). 

From Whatoly, Massachusetts (E. Hitchcock,

'446). 

From AVoodbridge, New Jersey. Mention of

(Akerly, '20, p. 61). 

In connection with trap sheets (Jackson, '50,

p. 336). 

Localities where found (Cleaveland, '22, p.

555). 

Copper ore in New Brunswick. On Grand Manan

island (Bailey, '72, pp. 47, 221, 225, 226.

Chapman, '72. Chapman, '78, p. 106.) 

Copper ore in New Jersey. At Bellville (Cook,

'81, p. 46).

At Copper hill (Cook, '68, p. 679). 

At Flemington. Report 011 (E. and C. H.

Hitchcock, '59).

At Somerville. Analysis of (Bowen). 

Brief account of (Cook, '71, pp. 55-57. Credner, '70). 

Description of (H. D. Rogers, '40, pp. 147,

148). 

Description of (H. D. Rogers, '36, pp. 166-

170). 

Detailed description of (H. D. Rogers, '40, pp.

158-165). 

In Hudson county. Reference to (Russell,

'80, pp. 33, 34,35). 

Mention of (Cook, '73, pp. 98-99. Cook, '79,

p. 21. Cook, '81, pp. 39-40. Cook, '82, p.

53. Cook, '83, pp. 164-166). 

Near New Brunswick (Beck, '39). 

Near Warrenville (Cook, '74, p. 32). 

Occurrence of (Cook, '68, pp. 218-224, 675-680). 

Reference to early working of (D. S. Martin,

'88, p. 8). 

Reference to in Raritan clays. Derived from

the Newark system (Cook and Smock, '78,

p. 43).

Reopening of mines (Cook, '81, pp. 39-40). 

Report on the Hunterdon copper mine (Dickeson, '59).

Copper ores in South Carolina (Lieber, '56, p. 51). 

Origin of (T. S. Hunt, '83a, p. 201. Newberry,

'73). 

Relation of, to trap (Lyell, '54, p. 33).
172 THE NEWARK SYSTEM, [BULL. 85.

Coprolites from theCoiinecticutvalley. Analyses 

of (S. L. Dana and E. Hitchcock, '45).

Character of (Lyell, '66, p. 455).

Diseus"ions of (E. Hitchcock, '44a, pp. 308-

314. Warren, '54, p. 46). 

CORXELIDS, EL1AS. 1818.

On the geology, mineralogy, scenery, and 

curiosities of parts of Virginia, Tennessee 

and the Alabama and Mississippi Territories [etc.].

In Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 1. pp. 215-226,317-331.

Contains a brief description of the conglomerate (breccia) of the Potoiuac river; also 

a short notice of the general features of 

the Newark areas in Virginia, pp. 216-217. 

Cornwall, Pn. Boundary of the Newark near 

(seeFrazer, : 82, p. 123).

Section of, near (H. D. Rogers, '58, vol. 2, pp. 

718-719).

Sedimentary beds near (d'lnvilliers, '860,, pp. 

890-879).

Trap dikes near (H.D. Rogers, '58, vol. 2, pp. 

718,719).

Trap rocks near (d'lnvilliers, '86a, pp. 876-879). 

Cornwall coal mine-, Va. An account of (Grammar, '18, p. 127).

Cornwall ironworks, Pa. Boundary of the Newark near (H. D. Rogers, '58, vol. 2, p. 669). 

Cornwallis, N. S. Manganese at (Gilpin, '85, p. 8).

Rocks of (Gesner, '36, p. 80).

Unconformity at base of the Newark in (Dawson, '78, p. 110).

Cornwallis valley, N. S. Dip of sandstone in 

(Dawson, '78, p. 91).

Erosion of (Dawson, '47, p. 56). 

Cornwall mine, Pa. Association of magnetite 

with trap at (Frazer, '80, p. 27).

Detailed description of (Lesley and d'lnvilliers, '85).

Iron ore of (H. D. Rogers, '39, p. 22). 

Cornwell, S. C. Magnetic ore near (Tuomey, '48,

p. 68). 

CORYELL, MAKTIN. 1875.

East Virginia coal field.

In Am. Inst. Mining Eng., Trans., vol. 3, pp. 

228-23].

Gives a list of papers that have been published on the Richmond coal field, and also 

a section of coal seams at Carbon hill. 

CORl'ELL, MARTIN. 1875. !

[Remarks on mining and on natural coke in 

the Richmond coal field, Virginia.]

In the Engineering and Mining Journal, vol. 

19, p. 35.

Discussion of a paper by 0. J. Heiurich, on 

deep borings with a diamond drill, read 

before the American Institute of Mining 

Engineers,December 26,1874. States that 

excellent coal in thick seams, exists in the 

Richmond coal field, Virginia, and also 

that the field has not been greatly disturbed. Describes a vein of natural coke 

or '' carbonite'' 5 feet thick on the north 

side of the James. Remarks were also 

made by 0. J. Heinrich and T. S. Hunt.

Couch's coal mine, Va. Thickness of coal in (W.

B. Rogers, '36, p. 53). 

Cove, Westfleld, Conn. Fossil foot prints at (E.

Hitchcock,'58, pp. 50 etseq.). 

Fossil fucoid from (E. Hitchcock, '41, p. 450,

pi. 29). 

Report of the discovery of foot prints at (E.

Hitchcock, '37). 

Coweta, Ga. Brief account of trap dikes in (Henderson, '85, p. 88).

Trap dikes in (Loughridge, '84, p. 279). 

Cox's coal mine, Va. Analysis of coal from (Macfarlaue, 77, p. 515). 

Cox iron mine, Pa. Description of (d'lnvilliers,

'80, p. 1504-1505).

COZZEXS, ISSACHAR. 1848. 

A geological history of Manhattan or New

York island [etc., etc.] 

New York, pp. 1-114, pis. 1-9. 

Describes the trap and associated sedimentary 

rocks on the west side of the Hudson, near 

New York city.

Cranberry point, N. S. Relation of trap, conglomerate, and sandstone at (Gesner, '43). 

tranche's colliery, Ya. Analysis of coal from

(Clifford, '87, p. 10).

Crane (U. S. C. S. station) N. of Montclair, N. J. 

Elevation of First mountain at (Cook, '82, 

p. 49). 

Crane's gap, N. J. Boundary of First mountain

trap near (Cook, '68, p. 181). 

Dip at (Cook, '68, p. 195). 

Crapand, P. E. I. Description of fossil wood

from (Dawson, '54). 

Silicified wood at (Dawsou and Harrington.

'71, p. 16). 

CREATH, A. S. Analysis of limestone from

. Dills burg, Pa. (Frazer, '76c, p. 63c). 

CREDNER, HERMANN. 1865. 

Geognostische Skizze der Umgegend von New

York. 

In Zeitsch. Deutsch. geol. Gesell., vol. 17, pp.

388-398, pi. 13.

Describes diorite dike west of New York, with 

an account of its composition, structure, 

extent, and contact with sandstone on the 

west.

CREDNER, HERMANN. 1865. 

Geognostische Reiseskizzeu aus New BrunsAvick in Nordamerika. 

Neues Jahrbuch, 1865, pp. 803-821. 

Describes the rocks of Quaco, New Brunswick, referring them to the Permian. 

States that the Triassic and Jurassic 

formations are not known in New Brunswick.

CREDNER, HERMANN. 1866. 

Geognostische Skizzen aus Virginia, Nordamerika. 

In Zeitsch. Deutsch. geol. Gesell., vol. 18, pp.

77-85.

Gives a brief description of Clover hill coal 

basin, Virginia. Discuses differences of 

opinion as to the age of the coal and the 

impossibility of correlating with European formations.
EUSSELL.] LITERATURE. 173

CREDNER, HERMANN. 1870.

Die Kreide von New Jersey.

In Zeitsch. Deutsch. geol. Gesell., vol. 22, pp. 

191-251.

Describes, incidentally, the Newark rocks in 

New Jersey and associated dikes and 

sheets of diorite and melaphyrc, pp. ]06" 

197. Copper at contact of red sandstone 

and the eruptive rocks, p. 197. Eelatiou 

of red sandstone to Cretaceous and underlying gneiss, p. 200. 

CREDNER, HERMANN. ' 1871.

Die Geognosie und der Mineralreichtlmm des 

Alleghany Systems.

In Petermann's Mitth., vol. 17, 1871, pp. 41-50.

Brief description of extent and character of

the Newark system, pp. 44-45. 

Creek Company's coal mine, Va. Analysis of conl 

from (Clifford, '87, p. 10. Macfarlane,'77, 

p. 515. Williams, '83, p. 82).

Brief account of (Macfarlane, '77, p. 507).

Character and «fflcieucy of coal from (W. R. 

Johnson, '50, pp. 133-134, and table op. p. 

*134).

Depth of (W. B. Rogers, '43&, p. 534).

Fossil crustaceans from (Jones, '62, p. 86).

Notes on (Taylor, '35, p. 284).

Thickness of coal in (Taylor, '35, p. 282).

Trial of the coal of, for heating purposes (W.

R. Johnson, '44, pp. 349-362). 

CROSBY, W. 0. 1876.

Report on the geological map of Massachusetts.

Boston, pp. 1-52.

Published under the direction of the Massachusetts Commission to the Centennial 

Exposition.

Contains a brief reference to the Newark system. The map has not been published. 

The copy exhibited at the Centennial Exhibition, I have been informed by Mr. 

Crosby, is now in the State house at Boston.

Croton, X. J. Dip in indurated shale near (Cook, 

'82, p. 27).

Trap outcrop near (Cook, '82, p. 63). 

Crouch's coal mine, Va. Analysis of coal from 

(Macfarlane, '77, p. 515. Williams, '83, p. 

82).

Notes on (Taylor, '35, p. 284). 

Crouch and Snead's coal mine, Va. Trial of the 

coal of, for heating purposes (W. R. Johnson, '44, pp. 325,337,448). 

Crustaceans, fossil. Footprints of (Agassiz,'58).

Footprints of, from Connecticut valley (Dana, 

7>8rt. E. Hitchcock, '58, pp. 48, 147-160, 

pin. 25, 28-31, 49, 50. E. Hitchcock, '65, 

pp. 17-18, pi. 2. Leidy, '58).

From Newark system. Remarks on (H. D. 

Rogers, '58, vol. 2, p. 695).

From North Carolina. Brief account of 

(Enimons, '56, p. 323. Emmons. '57, pp. 

38-42. Emmons, '57, p. 134).

Listot (Kerr, '75, p. 147).

From Pennsylvania. Mention of (IT. D. 

Rogers, '58, vol.2, pp. 692-693. Wheatley, 

'61, p. 43. Wheatley, '61a).

Crustaceans, fossil Continued.

From Virginia (W. B. Rogers, '556).

List of, after W. B. Rogers (Heinricb, '78, p.

264). 

Of the Newark system. Brief discussion of

(W. B. Rogers, '54). 

Crystal lake, N. J. Trap hill near (Cook, '82, p.

49). 

Culpeper county, Va. Character of conglomerate

in (W. B. Rogers, '39, p. 72). 

Description of the Newark in (W. B. Rogers,

'40, pp. 64-69). 

Culpeper court house, Va. Boundaries of the

Newark near (W. B. Rogers, '40, p. 62). 

Description of conglomerate at (Fontaine, '79,

p. 33). 

Detailed description of geology near (W. B.

Rogers, '40, pp. 66, 67). 

Fossil crustaceans from (Jones, '62, p. 124). 

Culp's hill, Pa. Dolerite from near (Frazer, '76,

pp. 160-161). 

Specimens of trap from (C. E. Hall, '78, pp.

24-27). 

Cumberland Newark area, Va. Position and brief

description of (Fontaine, '83, pp. 4,6-7). 

Cumberland county, Pa. Description of stony

ridge in (Gibson, '20). 

Geological map of (Lesley, '80). 

Report on the geology of (Frazer, '77). 

Cumberland county, Va. Boundaries of the Newark in (W. B. Rogers, '39, pp. 74, 76-77). 

Description of the geology of (W. B. Rogers,

'39, pp. 77-81). 

Probability of finding conl in (AAT . B. Rogers,

'39, p. 79).

Section in (W. B. Rogers, '39, p. 80). 

CunHff's coalmine, Va. Notes on (Taylor, '35, p.

284). 

Cushetunk mountain, N. J. Description of (Cook,

'82, pp. 64-65).

Detailed description of (Darton, '90, pp. 62-65). 

Mention of trap conglomerate rear (Nason,

'90).

Origin of trap of (Darton, '89, p. 138). 

DADDOW, SAMUEL HARRIS. Cited on Richmond coal field (Clifford, '88). 

1UDDOW, SAMUEL HARRIS, and BENJAMIN 

BANNAX. 1806. 

Coal, iron, and oil [etc., etc.], 

Pottsville, Pa. Pp. 1-808, and map. 

Contains an account of the coal fields of eastern Virginia and of North Carolina, pp. 

393-406. 

Dulla's bridge, Va. Boundary of Newark near

(Heiurich, '78, p. 238).

DANA, EDWARD S. 1872. 

On the datholite from Bergen hill, New Jersey. 

In Am. Jour. Sci., 3d scr., vol. 4, pp. 16-22, pi. 1. 

Abstract in Neues Jahrbuch, 1872, pp. 643-

644.

DANA, EDWARD S. 1875. 

Trap rocks of the Connecticut valley. 

In Am. Assoc. Adv. Sci., Proc., vol. 23, section B, pp. 45-47.

Abstract in Am. Jour. Sci., 3d ser., vol. 8, pp. 

390-392; and in Neues Jahrbuch, 1875, p. 

427.
174 THE NEWARK SYSTEM. [BULL. 85.

DANA, EDWARD S Continued.

A preliminary microscopic examination of 

trap rock from more than a hundred localities. 

DANA, EDWARD S. 1877.

On the occurrence of garnets with the trap of 

New Haven, Conn.

In Am. Jour. Sci., ad ser., vol. 14, pp. 215-218.

Describes the occurrence of garnets in the 

trap of West rock, East rock, and Mill 

rock, Conn.

DANA, EDWARD S. Cited as to the composition 

of trap rocks (W. M. Davis, '83, p. 284).

Cited on the optical properties of trap from 

Connecticut (Frazer, '151).

Cited on the trap rocks of Connecticut (Hovey, 

'89, pp. 364-368).

Cited on trap (dolerite) in the Connecticutvalley (Iddings, '86, p. 331).

Cited on tufaceous conglomerate in Massachusetts (W. M. Davis, '83, p. 263). 

DANA, JAMES D. 1843.

On the analogies between the modern igneous 

rocks and the so-called Primary formations, and the metamorphic changes pro 

duced by heat in associated sedimentary 

deposits.

In Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 45, pp. 104-122.

Cites H. D. Rogers in reference to contact 

metamorphism at Rocky Hill, N. J., pp. 

113-115. 

DANA, JAMES D. 1845.

Origin of the constituent and adventitious 

minerals of trap and the allied rocks.

In-Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 49, pp. 49-64.

Published also in Am. Assoc. Geol. and Nat., 

Proc., 6th meeting, pp. 26-28.

Abstract in Neues Jahrbuch, 1847, pp. 218-223.

Considers the "essential constituents of

modern plutonic rocks" and "minerals

occupying cavities and seams in amygdaloidal trap or basalt."

DANA, JAMES D. 1846a.

On the minerals of trap and the allied rocks.

In Am. Assoc. Geol. and Nat., Proc., 6th meeting, pp. 26-28.

Published also in Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 49, pp. 

49-64.

Discusses the origin of adventitious and secondary minerals in trap rocks. 

DANA, JAMES D. 1847. 

. On the origin of continents.

In Am. J our. Sci., 3d ser., vol. 3, pp. 94-100.

Brief statement of a hypothesis to the effect

that the trap dikes of the Newark system

may be a result of contraction subsequent

to the Carboniferous, pp. 99-100.

DANA, JAMES D. 1847a.

Origin of the grand outline features of the 

earth.

In Am. Jour. Sci., 2d ser., vol. 3, pp. 381-398.

The trap ridges of the Connecticut valley are 

referred to as illustrating the view that 

certain grand features of the earth's surface have resulted from fissures, pp. 391- 

392.

DANA, JAMES D. 18471).

[Note on phalangial impressions in fossil footprints.]

See Sillimaii, Silliman, jr., and Dana, 1847. 

DANA, JAMES D. 1847c.

[Note on] Ornithichnites.

See Silliman and Dana, 1847. 

DANA, [J. D.] 1855.

[ A note relating to a new fossil plant from the 

Connecticut valley sandstone.]

In Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Proc., vol. 5, p. 212.

Brief reference to a letter relating to the finding of a specimen of Clathropteris in the 

sandstone of the Connecticut valley. 

DAXA, J. D. 1856.

On American geological history: Address before the American Association for the advancement of Science. August, 1855.

In Am. Jour. Sci., 2d ser., vol. 22, pp. 305-334. 

Published also in Am. Assoc. Adv. Sci., 

Proc., vol. 9, pp. 1-36. *

States briefly the leading facts concerning the 

distribution, thickness, modeof formation, 

and geological position of the Newark 

system, pp. 321-323. A brief abstract is 

also given of the conclusions of previous 

writers in reference to the age of the deposits in question, footnote p. 322. 

DANA, JAMES D. 1856a.

Plan of development in the geological history 

of North America.

In Am. Assoc. Adv. Sci., Proc., vol. 10, 1857, 

pt. 2, pp. 1-18, and a map op. p. 9.

Contains a brief reference to the position of 

the eastern continental margin during 

the Newark period, p. 11. 

DANA, JAMES D. 1857.

Additional remarks [on E. Emmous' geological report of the midland counties of 

North Carolina].

In Am. Jour. Sci., 2d ser., vol. 24, pp. 429-430.

Remarks on the determination of the geological position of the Newark system. 

DANA, JAMES D. 1868.

[Note on a supposed fossil insect from Turner Fulls, Mass.]

In Ichnology of New England, by Edward 

Hitchcock, pp. 7-8.

Gives a brief description of a supposed fossil 

insect from the Connecticut valley sandstone, subsequently named Mormolucoides 

articulatus by Hitchcock. 

DANA, JAMES D. 185Sao

[Note on supposed crustaceaifctracks in Connecticut valley sandstone.]

In Ichnology of New England, by Edward 

Hitchcock, p. 165.

An extract from a letter referring to certain 

drawings of footprints, supposed to have 

been made by crustaceans. 

DANA, JAMES D. 1859.

Reply to Prof. Agassiz on Marcou's Geology 

of North America.

In Am. Jour. Sci., 2d ser., vol. 27, pp. 137-140.

Reprinted in "Reply to the criticisms of 

James D. Dana " by Jules Marcou, Zurich, 1859, pp. 30-35.
BUSSELL.] LITERATURE. 175

DANA, J. D. 1862.

Fossil larvae in the Connecticut river sandstone.

In Am. Jour. Sci., 2(1 ser., vol. '63, pp. 451-452.

Quotes the opinion of John Le Conto in reference to the nature of the fossil in question.

DANA, J. D. 1805.

[A letter relating to the footprints from the 

Connecticut valley described by Edward 

Hitchcock.]

In supplement to the Ichnology of New England, by Edward Hitchcock, pp. 33-34.

Contains statements in reference to the character of the footprint animals.

DANA, JAMES D. 1870.

Excursion to the Hanging hills of Meriden

[Connecticut]. 

In history of "Wallingford, Conn, [etc., etc.],

by C. H. S. Davis, Meriden, Conn., pp.

53-56. 

A popular account of the leading geological

features of the region about Meriden,

Conn.

DANA, JAMES D. 1871. 

On the geology of the New Haven region, with

special reference to the origin of some of

its topographical features. 

In Connecticut Acad. Sci., Trans.,vol. 2,. pp.

45-112, and map. 

Describes the topography of the region about

New Haven, Conn., and discusses briefly

its relation to pre-Tertiary geology, pp.

45-47.

DANA, JAMES D. 1871n,

[Review of "Historical notes on the earthquakes of New England, 1838-1839, by 

William T.Brigham."]

In Am. Jour. Sci., 3d ser., vol. 1, pp. 304-305.

Percival's determination of the intrusive 

character of the trap rocks of the Connecticut valley upheld. The eruptions were 

in all cases through fissures. An outcrop 

of "scoria' 1 near Durham, Conn., shown 

to be scoriforni sandstone. No eruptions 

since the Mesozoic, p. 305.

DANA, JAMES D. 187U.

[On, the presence of albite and orthoclase in 

the Newark sandstone of New Jersey and 

Connecticut.]

In Am. Jour. Sci., 3d ser., vol. 2, pp. 459-460.

A notice of a paper by P. Schweitzer relating 

to the miueralogical composition of certain sandstones in New Jersey, in the 

Am. Chemist, July, 1871; see also Am. 

Jour. Sci., 3d ser., vol. 3, p. 57. 

D[ANA,] JAMES D. 1^2.

[Note on the character of the trap of the Palisades, N. J., and of trap near New Haven, 

Conn.]

In Am. Jour. Sci., 3d ser., vol. 4, p. 237.

'Review of a paper by Henry Wurtz, 011 the 

rocks of the Palisades, N. J. Compares 

the trap of the Palisades with similar trap 

in Connecticut.

DANA, JAMES B. 1878.

On some results of the earth's contraction 

from cooling, including a discussion of 

the origin of mountains, and the nature 

of the earth's interior.

In Am. Jour. Sci., 3d ser., vol. 5, pp. 423-433, 

vol. 6, pp. 6-14,104-115,161-172.

Eefers to the Newark system in illustration 

of various points in the discussion mentioned, vol. 5, pp. 427, 430-431, 432, 437; 

vol. 6, pp. 8, 9,106,108,114. 

DANA, JAMES D. 1874.

Text-book of Geology [etc.].

New Tork and Chicago, 12mo., 2d ed., pp. ivii, 1-358.

The condensed account of the Triassic and 

Jurassic systems contained in this textbook is essentially the same as is given 

in the Manual of Geology by the same 

author, to which references have been 

given in this index. 

DANA, JAMES D. 1875.

Manual of Geology.

New York, rev. ed., pp. i-xvi, 1-828, plate 

and map.

1st ed. Philadelphia, 1869, pp. i-xvi, 1-800, 

plate and map.

Contains a condensed summary of observations concerning the Newark system. 

DANA, JAMES D. 1875a.

On southern New England during the melting of the great glacier.

In Am. Jour. Sci., 3d ser., vol. 10, pp. 168- 

183,280-283, 353-357,409-438,497-508.

Contains a brief statement in reference to the 

main topographic features of the Newark 

sandstone and trap in the vicinity of New 

Haven, Conn., pp. 170-171. Considers 

that the Connecticut valley was an 

estuary during the Newark period, p. 

497. Describes the general togography of 

the valley, and origin of the trap ridge, 

character of drainage, etc., pp. 497-502. 

D[ANA], J[AMES] D. 1878.

On "indurated bitumen" in cavities in the 

trap of the Connecticut valley. Prom 

the report on the geology of Connecticut 

by Dr. J. G. Percival.

In Am. Jour. Sci., 3d ser., vol. 16, pp. 130-132.

Presents several extracts from the report

mentioned in reference to the occurrence

of a solid hydrocarbon in the eruptive

rocks of Connecticut.

[DANA], J. D. 1879.

[Keview of] the physical history of the Triassic formation of New Jersey and the 

Connecticut valley by I. C. Russell.

In Am. Jour. Sci., 3d ser., vol. 17, pp. 328- 

330.

Reviews the hypotheses proposed in the 

paper referred to and advances arguments 

which oppose them.

DANA, JAMES D. 1880,1881.

On the geological relations of the limestone

belts of Westchester county, New Tork.
176 THE NEWARK SYSTEM. [BULL. 85.

DANA, JAMES D. Continued.

In Am. Jour. Sci., 3d ser.. vol. 20, pp. 21-32, 

194-220, 359-375, 450-456; vol. 21, pp. 425- 

443; vol. 22, pp. 103-119, 313-315,327-435.

Contains a map of Stony Point, N. Y., 

sho wing approximate j unction of Newark 

system and the Cortland .series, and also 

ft note in reference to the beds beneath 

the Newark conglomerate at the same 

locality, vol. 22, pp. 112,113. 

D[A!U], J[AMES] D. 1881.

[Review of a paper by G-. ."W. Hawes, on 

Doleryte (trap) of the Newark system.]

In Am. Jour. Sci., 3d ser., vol. 22, pp. 230- 

233.

Discusses the chemical and mineralogical 

composition of trap rocks from New Jersey and the Connecticut, valley. 

D[A\A], J[AMES] D. 1883.

The origin of the Jura-Trias of eastern North 

America.

In Am. Jour. Sci.,"3d ser., vol. 25, pp. 383- 

386.

Notices briefly certain conclusions in reference to the former extent of the Newark 

system, published in the annual report of 

the state geologist of New Jersey for 

1882, and presents a number of observations and theoretical considerations, with 

the view of showing that the rocks referred to were formed in various detached 

areas, at the months of rivers which were 

flooded owing to the prevalence of a cold 

climate similar to that which prevaled 

over the, same region during the Pleistocene glacial epoch. 

DA1VA, J[AMES] D. 1889.

Areas of continental progress in North 

America, and the influence of the conditions of these areas on the work carried 

forward within them.

In Geol. Soc. Am., Bull., vol. 1, pp. 36-48.

Refers to thick deposits of Newark strata in 

the southern half of the Connecticut 

valley, p. 38. 

D[AXA], JfAMES] D. 1890.

[A review of a paper by I. C. Russell on the 

"Subaerial decay of rocks and origin of 

the red color of certain formations."]

In Am. Jour. Sci., 3d ser., vol. 39, pp. 317-319.

Discusses the origin of the prevailing red 

color of the sandstones and shales of the 

Newark system. 

DAXA, JAMES D. 1890a.

Long Island sound in the Quaternary era, 

with observations on the submarine Hudson river channel.

In Am. Jour. Sci., 3d ser., vol. 40, pp. 425-437.

Discusses the question of glaciation during

the Newark period. Pp. 436-437. 

DAXA, JAMES D. 1891.

Some of the features of nouvolcauic igneous

ejections, as illustrated in the four 

"rocks" of the New Haven region, West 

rock, Pine rock, Mill rock, and East rock.

DANA, JAMES D. Continued.

In Am. Jour. Sci., 3d ser., vol. 42, pp. 79-110,

pis. 2-7.

Consists of a critical study of the character 

of the igneous injections, by which the 

trap forming the rocks named was introduced among the inclosing sedimentary 

beds. The principal conclusions are:

The igneous eruptions took place after 

the tilting of the sedimentary beds inclosing them had been commenced.

The igneous material was not erupted 

at the surface, and it did not form overflow sheets.

The igneous rocks were injected from 

below, and made space for themselves by 

lifting the sedimentary beds, after the 

manner of lacc.olites. This took place at 

comparatively shallow depths.

The course and dip of supplying fissures 

was not determined by the foliation or 

bedding, of the schist underneath the 

sandstone.

DAXA, JAMES D. 1891a.

On Percival's map of the Jura-Trias trap belts 

of central Connecticut, with observations 

on the upturning, or mountain-making 

disturbances, of the formation.

In Am. Jour. Sci., 3d ser., vol. 42, pp. 439-447, 

pi. 16.

Presents facts which are thought to indicate 

that the trough in which the. Newark 

rocks of the Connecticut valley area were 

deposited terminated at the south in what 

is now New Haven bay. Discusses the 

relative age of the trap ejections and the 

tilting of the inclosing sandstones, and the 

character of the mountain uplifts made at 

or near the close of the Newark period. 

Discusses the probability of fault planes 

being concerned in the monoclinal dip of 

the strata. Reproduces Percival's map of 

the southern portion of the Newark area 

of the Connecticut valley.

DAXA, J. D. Cited on cause of the tilting of the 

Newark (W. M. Davis, '83, p. 303).

Cited on character of certain footprints from 

Turner Falls, Mass. (Doaue, '56).

Cited on contact metamorphism in Connecticut (W. M. Davis, '81, pp. 300, 301).

Cited on coprolites frotu the Connecticut valley (Lycll,-'66, p. 455).

Cited on curved form of certain trap ridges 

(W. M. Davis, '83, p. 307).

Cited on diabases of the Newark system

(Hawes, '82, p. 129).

M Cited on distribution of Newark areas (S. P. 

Merrill, '89, p. 446).

Cited on eruption of trap in Connecticut 

(Davis and Whittle, '89, p. 117).

Cited on extent of the Connecticut valley 

area (Shaler, '34, p. 127).*

Cited on fossil footprints from the Connecticut valley (E. Hitchcock, '63, pp. 53, 55- 

57).
RUSSELL. 1 LITERATURE. 177

DANA, J. D. Continued.

Cited on intrusive trap sheets in Connecticut

(W. M. Davis, '83, p. 294). 

Cited on Maroon's geological, map of North

America (Marcou, '59).

Cited on mode of deposition of the Newark 

rocks of Pennsylvania (Frazer, '77c, p. 

653). 

Cited on Mormolucoides arliculatug (Scudder,

'84, p. 431). 

Cited on origin of Newark estuaries (W. H.

Davis, '83, p. 282).

Cited on origin of the red color of the Newark sandstone (Russell, '89, p. 49). 

' Cited on origin of the trap rock of Connecticut (Hovey, '89, p. 376). 

Cited on relation of trap and sandstone in 

Massachusetts (W. M. Davis, '83, p. 286). 

Cited on similarity in the trap rocks from 

Nova Scotia to South Carolina (How, '75, 

vol. 1, p. 136). 

Cited on supposed fossil insect from Turner

Falls, Mass. (E. Hitchcock, '58, p. 7). 

Cited on trap rock (S. P. Merrill, '89, pp. 433,

434). 

Table of geological formations by (Macfarlane,

'79, pp. 8,50).

DANA, SAMUEL L. [and EDWARD HITCH.

COCK]. 1845.

Analysis of coprolites from the New Red

sandstone of New England. 

In Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 48, pp. 46-60. 

Abstract in Neues Jahrbuch, 1848, pp. 368-

369.

Gives result of analyses, and also a discussion based on the same.

DANBERRY, CHARLES. 18?9. 

Sketch of the geology of North America [etc.,

etc.].

OxfordJEugland]. Pp. i-xviii, 1-73. 

Contains a brief sketch of the Connecticut

valley. Pp. 19-23.

Danboro, Pa. Trap dikes near (Lewis, '85, p. 453). 

Dan river area. Brief account of (Emmons, '57,

p. 4).

Coal of. Brief account of (Patton, '88, p. 23). 

Dan river area, N. C. Brief description of (Kerr,

'75, p. 141).

Coal of (Kerr, '75, pp. 145, 295). 

Fossils of (Kerr, '75, p. 147). 

Section of (Emmons, '57, p. 12). 

Section of Newark rocks in (Jeues, '62, pp.

89-90).

Thickness of (Kerr, '75, p. 145). 

Dan river area, Va. Boundaries and area of

(Heiurich, '78, pp. 237-239). 

Dan river coal field, N. C. Account of (McGebee,

'83, pp. 75-77).

Brief account of (Daddow and Bannau, '66,

pp. 403-404. Emmons, '52, pp. 144-153. C.

H. Hitchcock, '74. Kerr, '66, pp. 45-46.

Le Conte, '82, pp. 457-459).

Detailed description of (Emmons, '56, pp. 254-

261). 

Detailed report on (Chance, '85).

Bull. 85 12

Dan river coal field, X. C. Continned.

Economic importance, age, extent, etc. (Maefarlane, '77, pp. 526-528). 

History of the commercial development of

(Chance, '85, pp. 23-24). 

Observations in (McLenahan, '52). 

Section showing ago of (Emmons, '56, p. 273). 

Statistical account of 'Anonymous, '69, p.

104).

Dan river coal field, Ya., and N. C. Brief account 

of (Heinrich, '78, pp. 283-289).

Danville, Va. Boundary of the Newark near CSV. 

B. Kogers, '39, p. 76).

Dark harbor, Grand Manan Island, N. B. Dip ol 

sandstone beneath trap at (Bailey, '72, 

p. 47).

Darlington, N. J. Course of trap ridge near (Noson, '89, p. 34). 

Trap hill near (Cook, '82, pp. 48,49).

Darnley, P. E. I. Remarks on structures neai 

(Bain and Dawsou, '85, p. 156).

Darnley basin, P. B. I. Section at (Dawsoii an^ 

Harringtou, '71, pp. 18,19).

DARTON, NELSON II. 1882,

Notes on the WBehawkeutunnel [Bergeuhill 

N. J.].

In New York Aead. Sci., Trans., vol. 1, 1881,

1882. pp. 129-131. *

Describes certain minerals obtained from tha

locality referred to. 

DARTON, NELSON H. 1882a.

 On a new locality for hayesine and its novel 

occurrence.

In Am. Jour. Sci., 3d scr., vol. 23, pp. 458-459.

Abstract in Neues Jabrbuch, 1883 (2), p. 161.

Describes the occurrence of the mineral mentioned at Bergen hill, N. J., and gives an 

analysis of it. 

DARTON, N. H. 1888.

On the disintegrated sandstone at New Durham, N[ew] J[ersey].

In New York Acad. Sci., Trans., vol. 2, 1882,

1883. pp. 117-119.

Describes an exposure of disintegrated sandstone at the west end of the Weeliawken 

tunnel. Bergen hill, N. J., and gives several analyses of the sandstone, together 

with an analysis of the trap of Bergen 

hill, against which it rests. 

DARTON, NELSON H. I883a.

On the indurated shales between Bergen hill 

and the Palisades, N. J.

In the Scientific American supplement, vol. 

16, pp. 6513-6514.

Describes in detail the structure at King

Point near Hoboken, N. J. 

DARTON, NELSON H. 1885.

On the occurrence of native silver in New 

Jersey.

In Am. Jour. Sci., 3d ser., vol. 30, pp. 80-81.

Describes the occurrence of native silver in 

the Bridgewater copper mine near Somerville, N. J.
178 THE NEWARK SYSTEM. [BULL. 85.

DARTON, NELSON H. 1889.

On the great lava flows and intrusive trap 

sheets of the Newark system in New 

Jersey.

In Amjjjfctir. Sci., 3d ser., vol. 37, pp. 134-139.

The observations recorded embrace the whole 

of the Newark area of New Jersey. Concludes that the trap ridges of New Jersey 

were formed in part by extrusive and in 

part by intrusive sheets.

This is a preliminary publication of work reported more fully in TJ. S. Geol. Surv., 

Bull. No. 65,1890. 

DABTON, NELSON H. 1889a.

North American Geology for 1886.

In Smithsonian lust., Ann. Eep. for year ending June 30, 1887, pp. 189-229.

Contains a review of investigations made in

the Newark system in 1886, pp. 199-200. 

DARTON, NELSON HORATIO. 1890.

The relations of the traps of the Newark system in the New Jersey region.

U. S. Geol. Surv., Bull No. 67.

CONTENTS.

Page. 

Introduction........................... 16

"Watchung trap sheets.................. 16

Structural relations in the "Watchung region..................... 16

Mutual relations of the "Watchung

traps........................... 18

First and second Watchung traps.. 19 

General relations............... 19

Thickness faults.............. 21

Columnar structure ............ 23

Succession of sheets............ 24

The surface of the trap sheets 

and their contact relations 

with the inclosing strata... 25 

Third Watchung trap.............. 32

General relations............... 32

Thickness ..................... 33

Hock structure ................ 34

Relations to the associated sedimentary rocks ............. 34

New Vernon trap ...................... 34

New Germantown trap................. 36

Palisade trap........................... 37

General relations............... 37

Structural relations in the Palisade region................. 39

Faults ......................... 41

Thickness...................... 44

Eolations to underlying strata . 45

Relations to overlying strata... 50

Union hill trap......................... 53

Granton trap........................... 54

Snake hills trap........................ 55

Arlington traps........................ 56

Lawrence brook, Ten-mile run mountain, Rocky hill, Pennington mountain, Bald Pate, and Jericho hill 

traps............................... 59

Sourland mountain trap................ 61

Trap of Cushetunk and Round mountains. ............-....,,,,,. ,,.,.., 62

DARTON, NELSON HORATIO Continued.

Small trap sheets in the Raritan river

region.............................. 65

MartinDock................... 65

New Brunswick................ 66

Flemington.................... 66

Wertsville..................... 67

Neshanic....................... 67

Smaller trap masses of the Delaware

river region ....................... 68

Point Pleasant................. 68

Belle mountain ................ 68

Brookville ...................... 69

Black well mills................ 69

Hackensack.................... 70

South Branch.................. 70

Three Bridges ................. 70

Stanton station ................ 70

Summary.............................. 70

Bibliography .......................... 74

Index.................................. 80

DARTON, NELSON HORATIO. Cited on faults 

in the Newark rocks of New Jersey 

(Cook, '89, p. 14).

Cited on the structure of the Newark system

(Cook, '87). 

DARTON, NELSON H. and .1. S. DILLER. 1890.

On the occurrence of basaltic dikes in the 

"Upper Paleozoic series in central Appalachian region.

In Am. Jour. Sci., 3d ser., vol. 39, pp. 269-271.

Describes dikes ef trap near Stauuton, Va., 

which probably belong to system of dikes 

so largely developed in the Newark.

Petrographic notes by J. S. Diller. 

Dauphin County, Pa. Brief report on (Lesley, 

'85, pp. XLV, XLVI, pi. 22).

Description of the Conewago hills in (Gibson, '20).

Daridson mill, N. J. Altered shale near (Cook,

'68, pp. 213-214. Cook, '83, p. 23). 

Altered shale near, used for building (Cook.

'81, p. 55).

Trap boundary at (Cook, '68, p. 189). 

DA VIS, CHARLES HENRY STANLEY. 1870. 

[A sketch of the geology in the vicinity of

Meriden, Conn.) 

In history of Wallingford, Conn, [etc., etc.],

by C. H. S. Davis, Meriden, Conn., pp.

36-53. 

A popular sketch of the '' physical history,

geology, mineralogy, and mines " of the

region mentioned.

DAVIS, CHAS. H. S. 1887.

The Catopterus gracilis. 

In Meriden Sci. Assoc., Proc. and Trans., 

vol. 2, 1885-1886, pp. 19-22.

Contains an account of the occurrence of 

fossil fishes at Little Falls (Conn.), and 

a description of Catopterus gracilis. 

DAVIS, W. M. 1881.

Illustrations of the earth's surface. Glaciers. 

Boston, folio, pp. 95-96.

See Shaler and Davis.
LITERATURE. 179

IUVIS, W. M. 1882.

Brief notice of observations on the Triassic 

trap rocks of Massachusetts, Connecticut, and New Jersey.

In Am. Jour. Sci., 3d ser., vol. 24, pp. 345- 

349.

Abstract, in Neues Jahrbuch, 3884, pp. 231- 

232.

An account of a recent examination of the 

trap ridges in the regions referred to, with 

references to certain hypothesis proposed 

by previous writers concerning the origin 

of trap sheets, and the dip of the associated sedimentary bods. An announcement is made of new generalizations and 

hypothesis to account for the phenomena 

observed. 

I) A VIS, WILLIAM MORRIS. 1882a.

The structural value of the trap ridges of the 

Connecticut valley.

In Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Proc., vol. 22, pp. 

116-124.

Mentions the geographical extent of the Newark system. Considers the hypotheses 

that have been advanced to account for 

the uniform dip observed in certain of the 

Newark areas, anil also the hypotheses 

concerning the former extent, especially 

of the Connecticut valley sandstone bed 

of the similar formation in New Jersey. 

Reasons are given for believing that many 

of the trap sheets of the Connecticut 

valley and of New Jersey are contemporaneous overflows and that they afford 

evidence of faulting and folding. 

DAVIS, WILLIAM MORRIS. 1883.

On the relations of the Triassic traps and 

sandstones of the eastern United States.

In Museum of Comp. Zoo'1., .Bull., vol. 7, 

1880-1884, pp. 249-309, pi. 9-11.

Reviewed by J. D. Dana in Am. Jour. Sci., 

3d ser., vol. 25, pp. 474-475; and by G. H. 

Cook in Aim. Rep. Geol. of New Jersey, 

1883.

Abstract in Science, vol. 1, p. 430; also in 

Neues Jahrbiich, 1884, pp. 230-232.

CONTENTS.

Page. 

Introduction ........................ 249-250

Bibliography......................... 250-258

Observations on the Jura-Trias of the 

Connecticut valley and New 

Jersey ....................... 258-279

Nomenclature. .................... 258-259

Turner Falls, Mass.............. 259-261

Mount Tom, Mass............... 261-263

AVest Springfield, Mass .......... 263-264

Beckley, Conn................... 264-265

Meriden, Conn................... 265-266

"Wallingford, Conn............... 266-267

New Haven, Conn............... 267-269

Fort Lee and Englewood, N. J... 269-270 

AVeehawken, N. J................ 270-271

Jersey City, N. J................ 270-272

Paterson and Little Falls, N. J-. 272-274 

Feltville, N. J................... 274-275

DAVIS, WILLIAM MORRIS Continued. 

Observations on the Jura-Trias of the 

Connecticut valley and New 

Jersey Continued. Page. 

Martin Dock, N. J ............... 276-277

Lambertville, N. J............... 278-279

Brief statement of former views, with

a pictorial supplement (pi. 9). 279-281 

General discussion:

Origin of the Triassic estuaries.. 282 

Origin and deposition of the Triassic strata.................. 283-284

Composition of the trap.......... 284

. Relation of the trap and sandstone. ........................ 284-291

Trap dikes....................... 291-293

Intruded trap sheets. ...........f. 293-297

Overflow trap sheets............. 297-300

Effect of the trap on the sandstone. ........................ 300-302

Tilting of the sandstone and trap. 302-307 

First tneory..................... 302-303

Second theory.................... 303

Third theory..................... 303-304

Fourth theory.... j.............. 304-307

Summary ............................ 307-308

Explanation of plates ................ 309

DAVIS, WILLIAM MORRIS. 1886. 

The structure of the Triassic formation of

the Connecticut valley.

In Am. Jour. Sci., 3d ser., vol. 32, pp. 342-352. 

Reviews several hypotheses that have been 

advanced to account for the uniform 

easterly dip of the rocks of the Connecticut valley. Presents the results of exact 

observation in the same region, and advances a now hypothesis to account for 

the mouoclinal structure in question. 

DAVIS, WILLIAM MORRIS. 1888. 

The structure of the Triassic formation of

the Connecticut valley. 

In Seventh Ann. Rep.. U. S. Geol. Survey,

1885-1886, pp. 455-490, pi. 52. 

Notice in Am. Geol., vol. 4, pp. 112-113.

Page.

I. The conditions of the accumulation.... 461

Original area of deposit................ 461

Igneous rocks. . ........................ 462

Dikes ............................ 463

Intrusive sheets................. 463

Overflow sheets.................. 464

Structural significance of overflows.... 466

Sequence and thickness of the Triassic

series .......................... 467

Main trap overflow.............. 467

Anterior trap overflow........... 468

Limestone ....................... 468

Posterior trap overflow.......... 468

The Southbury-AVoodbury Triassic area 468

II. The structure of the formation...... 469

General attitude.................... 469

Classes of faults.................... 469

Oblique faults................. 469

Strike faults.................. 471
180 THE NEWARK SYSTEM. [BULL. 85.

DA VIS, WILLIAM MORRIS Continued.

II. The structure of the formation 

Continued. Page. 

Marginal faults............... 474

Systematic arrangement of faults... 474 

Faults with reversed throw......... 477

Folds of the crescentic ridges....... 477

Summary of structure to be accounted for ................... 481

III. Mechanical origin of the Triassic

monocline..................... 481

Conditions of the problem........... 481

Oblique deposition............ 481

Contemporaneous disturbance 482 

Disturbance by intrusion ..... 482

General tilting and faulting... 488 

Eolation of several Triassic 

areas........................ 483

Character of the disturbing 

force........................ 484

Action of compression on tilted

schists ........................ 485

Formation of the faulted Triassic

monocline .................. 486

Origin of the crescentic ridges 488

Faults with reversed throw... 489

Some of the conclusions in reference to the

origin of certain trap sheets in southern

Connecticut, expressed in this paper, are

controverted by E. 0. Hovey, '89.

DAVIS, W. M. 1888a.

Remarks on the mechanical origin of the

Triassic monocliual in the Connecticut

valley.

In Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 23, pp. 

339-341.

Abstract in Am. Assoc. Adv. Sci., Proc., vol. 

35, pp. 224-227.

Abstract of a paper, the substance of which 

is contained in "The Structure of the 

Triassic formation of the Connecticut 

valley." U. S. Geol. Surv., Seventh 

Ann. Rep., 188J-1886, pp. 455-490. Describes the prevailing structure of the 

sandstone of the Connecticut valley, and 

proposes an explanation of their mouoclinal structure. 

DAVIS, W. M. 18S8I).

The topographical map of New Jersey.

In Science, vol. 12, pp. 206-207. 

. In describing the topographic map published 

by the New Jersey geological survey 

the topography of the Newark area is 

briefly referred to, and suggestions made 

as to its origin. 

DAVIS, WILLIAM MORRIS. 1889.

The faults in the Triassio formation near 

Meriden, Conn. A week's work in the 

Harvard summer school of geology.

In Museum Cornp. Zool., Harvard College, 

Bull., vol. 16, pp. 61-87, pis. 1-5.

A detailed study of the geological structure 

near Mericleu. The divisions of the essay aro: Cross-section' of Lamentation 

mountain, pp. 61-64; cross-section of

DAVIS, WILLIAM MORRIS Continued.

Shuttle meadow, pp. 64-69; the great 

fault west of Lamentation mountain, pp. 

69-73; faults north of Lamentation mountain, pp. 73-76; faults in the Hanging 

hills, pp. 76-82, and north of AVest peak, 

pp. 82-85; review, pp. 85-86. Illustrated 

by sketch maps, views, and sections. 

DAVIS, WILLIAM MORRIS. 1889a.

The rivers and valleys of Pennsylvania.

In Nat. Geol. Mag., vol. 1, pp. 183-253.

Notice in Am. Geol., vol. 5, p. 60.

In discussing the origin of the relief of eastern Pennsylvania the denudation that 

preceded the deposition of the Newark 

system is referred to, and also the manner 

in which the Kewark rocks were deposited. The origin of the monoclinal structure of the Newark system in New Jersey 

and Pennsylvania is briefly considered, as 

is also the denudation that preceded the 

deposition of the next succeeding system, 

pp. 194-198, 229-236. General distribution 

of high and low land and drainage in 

early Jurassic time is indicated on p. 233. 

DAVIS, WILLIAM MORRIS. 1889b.

The ash bed at Meriden and its structural relations.

In Merideu Sci. Ass., Proc. and Trans., vol. 

3, 1887-1888, pp. 23-30.

Contains an account of an ash bed near Meriden, Conn., and a discussion of the structure of the Newark system of the Connecticut valley. 

DAVIS, W. M. 1889c.

Topographical development of the Triassic 

formation of the Connecticut valley.

In Am. Jour. Sci., 3d ser., vol. 37, pp. 423-434.

itinerary of Harvard summer school of geology : Faults in the Merideu region; crosssection of the district; means of detecting the unfaulted sequence of Triassic 

beds; mechanism of monoclinal faulting; 

topographical development of the Triassic 

belt; initial constructional stages represented by the faulted blocks of southern 

Idaho. [Oregon]. Mountain ranges of 

the Great Basin, equivalent to a later Jurassic stage; the whole region base-leveled in late Cretaceous time; the present 

valley worn in the Cretaceous base-level 

plain after its elevation.

Polygenetic topography: The origin of the 

Connecticut river outlet via Middletown. 

The Connecticut river was originally 

consequent on the monocliual faulting, 

and still persists near the course then 

taken, but has entered a second cycle of 

life as a result of the elevation of the 

lowland that was produced in the first 

cycle.

DAVIS, W. M. 1890. 

[Filling of fissures from above. ] 

In Geol. Soc. Am., Bull., vol. 1, p. 442.
RUSSELL.] LITERATURE. 181

DAVIS, W. M. Continued.

In discnssiug a paper on sandstone dikes, by 

J. S. Diller, Davis describes certain fissures in trap at Merit!en, Conn., which 

were filled from above.

DAVIS, WILLIAM MORRIS. 1891.

The lost volcanoes of Connecticut. 

In Pop. Sci. Mo., vol. 40, pp. 221-235. 

Contains a popular account of certain beds of

volcanic ash near Merideu, Conn., and

shows that the ash was probably extruded

from volcanoes that have since been removed by erosion. 

DAVIS, W. M. Cited on the absence of contact

metamorphism at Feltville, N. J. (Barton,

'89, p. 135). 

DAVIS, WILLIAM MORRIS. Cited on the faults

in the Newark rocks of New Jersey

(Cook, '89, p. 14). 

Cited on the geology of Connecticut (Hovey,

'89).

Cited on metamorphism (Russell, '89, p. 50). 

Cited on the origin of the trap hills of Connecticut, etc. (Chapin, '87, p. 26). 

Cited on the origin of the trap of Connecticut

(Hovey, '89, pp. 375-37.6). 

Cited on the origin of trap sheets near Meridon, Conn. (Nason, '89, p. 66). 

Cited on the structure of the Newark system

(Newberry, '88, pp. 6-7). 

Cited on the structure of the Newark system

in the Connecticut valley (Chapin, '89). 

Cited on the structure of the Newark system

and the origin of its trap sheets (Cook,

 87). 

Cited on trap at Feltville, N. J. (Barton, '90,

p. 26). 

Cited on the trap rocks of Connecticut (Marsters, '90).

DAVIS, W. M., and S. WARD LOPER. 1891. 

Two belts of fossiliferous black shaJe in the

Triassic formation of Connecticut. 

In Geol. Soc. Am., Bull., vol. 2, pp. 415-430.

CONTENTS.

Page.

I. Introductory statement, by W. M.

Bavis ............................ 415

Previous studies..................... 415

Structure of the Triassic formation 

about Meriden ................... 416

Origin of the deposits................ 416

Formation of the trap sheets......... 417

Deformation ....... v ................ 418

Subsequent degradation ............. 419

Topographic expression of structure. 419 

Verification of inferences as to structure .............................. 421

II. Fossils of the anterior and posterior

shales, by S. Ward Loper ........ 425

The area examined................... 425

The localities explored............... 426

Anterior shales ...................... 426

Posterior shales....................... 427

Species collected..................... 428

Distribution of species............... 429

DAVIS, W. M., and S. WARD LOPER Cont'd.

II. Fossils of the anterior and posterior

shales, etc. Continued. Page.

Results ....................... 1...... 430

Discussion........................... 430

DAVIS, W. M., and CHARLES LIVY WHITTLE. 1889. 

The intrusive and extrusive trap sheets of the

Connecticut valley. 

In Mus. Comp. Zool., Bull. Harvard College,

vol.] 6, pp. 99-138, pi. 1-5.

CONTENTS.

Page.

Introduction......................... 99-100

Means of distinguishing intrusions

and extrusions.................'.. 100-104

General features of intrusive and extrusive sheets in Connecticut.... 105-115

Group 1. Western trap ridges (Connecticut and Now Jersey)........ 105-107

Group 2. Eastern trap ridges........ 107-115

Special account of the more important 

localities in Connecticut:

Roaring Brook, Gaylord's mountain. 116-118

The ash-bed in the Lamentation' anterior .............................. 118-120

Harttord city quarry ................ 120-122

Saltonstall mountain................ 122-127

Meridon quarry...................... 127-133

Tariffville............................ 133-135

Conclusion........................... 135-136

DAVIS, W. M., and J. WALTER WOOD. 1889.

The geographic development of northern 

New Jersey.

In Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Proc., vol. 24, pp. 

365-423.

Describes the effect of erosion on the Newark 

rocks of New Jersey and endeavors to 

determine the geological history of the 

region from a study of its drainage. 

Given sections illustrating the structure 

of the Newark terrane. 

Davisburg, Pa. Dolerite, etc., from (C. E. Hall,

'78, p. 35). 

DAWSON, JOHN [WILLIAM]. 1846.

On the newer coal formation of the eastern 

part of Nova Scotia.

In London Geol. Soc., Quart. Jour., vol. l,pp. 

322-330 and map.

The Newark system about the east end of 

basin of mines (Cobdequid bay) is shown 

in a general way on the map accompanying this paper. 

DAWSON, JOHN WILLIAM. 1847.

On the New Red sandstone of Nova Scotia.

In London Geol. Soc., Quart. Jour., vol. 4, pp. 

50-59, pi. 5.

Describes exposures of the Newark system 

about the shores of Mirias basin and 

Cobdequid bay, Nova Scotia. Mentions 

the relation of the sedimentary to the 

igneous rocks associated with them, and 

discusses briefly the conditions under 

which the sandstones and shales were deposited. The trap of Blomidon is considered as extrusive.
182 THE NEWARK SYSTEM. [BULL. 85.

DAWSON, J. W. 1848.

On the coloring matter of red sandstones and 

of grayish and white beds associated with 

them.

In London Geol. Soc., Quart. Jour., vol. 5,1849, 

pp. 25-30.

Describes red and gray sandstones in Nova 

Scotia, chiefly Carboniferous, and discusses the origin of their colors. 

DAWSON, J. W. , 1848a.

A handbook of the geology and natural history of Nova Scotia.

Pictou, Nova Scotia, 12mo.

Not seen. 

DAWSOX, JOHN WILLIAM. 1852.

Additional notes on the red sandstones of 

Nova Scotia.

In London Geol. Soc., Quart. Jour., vol. 8, pp. 

398-400.

Describes sections uear the mouth of Petite

river, in which a marked unconformity

between Carboniferous and Newark rocks

is exposed

DAWSOX, J. W. 1853.

Fossil saurian bones from Prince Edward 

island.

In Am. Jour. Sci., 2d ser., vol. 16, p. 283.

An abstract of an article published in the 

"Eastern Chronicle" of Nova Scotia, describing the discovery of Bathygnathus 

'borealis. 

DAWSON, J. W. 1864.

On fossil coniferous wood from Prince Edward island.

In Philadelphia Acad. Nat. Sci., Proc., vol. 7, 

pp. 03-64.

Describes briefly the resemblance, of certain 

rocks on Prince Edward island to the 

. Newark system in Nova Scotia, and 

records the results of a microscopical examination of fossil wood from Gallas 

point, Des Sables, and other localities. 

DAWSON, J. W. 1854a.

[On the discovery and geological age of 

Bathyguathus borealis from Prince Edward island.]

In Philadelphia Acad. Nat. Sci.. Jour., 2d ser., 

vol. 2,1850-1854, pp. 329-330.

Describes the rocks in which the fossil mentioned was found, and discusses their 

geological position. 

DAWSON, J. W. 1856.

On the parallelism of the rock formations of 

Nova Scotia with those of other parts of 

America.

In Am. Assoc. Adv. Sci., Proc., vol. 10, 1857, 

part 2, pp. 18-25.

Indicates briefly some of the leading characteristics of the Newark system in Nova 

Scotia and Prince Edward island. Pp. 

20,21.

DAWSOX, JOHN WILLIAM. 1858.

[A note relating to the age of the Newark

system of North Carolina, Connecticut,

etc., indicated by fossils obtained by E.

Emmons in North Carolina.]

In Canadian Nat., 1st ser., vol. 3, p. 80.

DAWSON, JOHN WILLIAM Continued.

Discusses briefly the probable age of the Newark system. 

DAWSON, J. Mr . 1863.

[Note on fossil plants from St. John county, 

New Brunswick.]

In Canadian Nat., vol. 8, pp. 259-200.

Brief note on fossil wood from near Gardner's

creek, New Brnnswick. 

DAWSON, J. W. * 1872.

Notes on the geology of Prince Edward 

island, in the gulf of St. Lawrence.'

In Geol. Mag., vol. 9, pp. 203-209.

This paper is essentially an abstract of Dawson and Harriugton's report on the geological structure and mineral resources of 

Prince Edward island. See Dawson and 

Harringtou, 1871. 

DAWSON, J. W. 1872n.

[The physical geography of Prince Edward 

island.]

In Canadian Nat,, vol. 6, pp. 342-343.

Mentions the occurrence of sandstone above 

the upper coal formation, in which fossil 

plants and reptilian remains occur, considered of Triassic age. 

DAWSON, J. W. 1873.

The story of the earth and man.

New York, pp. i-is, 1-403, and 12 plates.

Contains a popular account of the life of the

Mesozoic ages, pp. 188-233. 

DAWSOX, JOHN WILLIAM. 1874.

On the upper coal formation of eastern Nova 

Scotia and Prince Edward island in its 

relation to the Permian.

In London Geol. Soc., Quart. Jour., vol. 30, 

pp. 209-219.

The conformity of the Upper Carboniferous 

and so-called Newark beds on Prince 

Edward island is briefly stated, and also 

the evidence from fossil plants on which 

this generalization is mainly based. The 

views of Geinitz in reference to the Permian age of the newer red sandstone of 

Price Edward island are dissented from, 

pp. 209, 210,217, 218.

DAWSON, J. W. 1874a.

On the upper coal formation of eastern Nova 

Scotia and Prince Edward island, and its 

relation to the Permian.

In Geol. Mag., u. s., vol. 1, pp. 281-282.

States that the Carboniferous of Prince 

Edward island is overlain, apparently 

comformably, by the Newark system.

DAWSON [J. W.]. 1875.

On the upper coal formation of eastern Nova 

Scotia and Prince Edward island, in its 

relation to the Permian.

In Canadian Nat., vol. 7, n. s., pp. 303-304.

Prom a study of the fossil plants contained 

in the younger sandstones of Prince Edward island the synchronism of these 

beds with the Permian of Europe is suggested. The name Permo-Carboniferous 

is proposed for these beds, which heretofore have been called Triassic.
RUSSELL.] LITERATURE, 183

DAWSON, JOHN WILLIAM. ' 1878.

Acadian Geology. The geological structure, 

organic remains, and mineral resources of 

Nova Scotia, Now Brunswick, and Prince 

Edward island.

London, 3d ed.. pp. i-xxvi, 1-6,87, pis. 1-9, and 

map, supplement, pp. 1-102, pi. 1.

Second edition, London, 1868, pp. i-xxvi, 

1-694, pis. J-9 and map. Pages and plates 

numbered the same as in 3d ed.

The first edition bears the following title: 

Acadian Geology: An account of the geological structure and mineral resources 

of Nova Scotia, Edinburgh, 1855, 12 mo., 

pp. i-xii, 1-388, pis. 1-5 and map.

Abstract in Xeues Jahrbuch, 1855, pp. 333- 

 337.

Reviewed in Edinburgh New Philosophical 

Journal, n. s., vol. 2, 1853, pp. 380-392; 

also in Canadian Jour., n. s., vol. 1, pp. 

39-48.

The following is a table of contents of the, 

third edition so far as it relates to the 

Newark system:

Table of geological formations in the

Canadian provinces, compared

with those of Great Britain,

United States, and Canada...

Newark system of Nova Scotia.......

General description..............

General account of sedimentary 

rocks ........................

General accountof volcanic rocks.

Description of outcrops near Truro 

and along the south side of 

Cobe»|uid bay................

Description of outcrops from 

Blomidon to Briar island ....

Description of outcrops from 

Truvo to cape D'Ov along the 

north side of Cobequid bay 

and Minas basin and channel ...........................

Newark system of New Brunswick..

Quaco head, description of.......

Gardner's creek, description of...

Salisbury cove, description of....

Fossil plants, description of....*.

Possible occurrence of coal.......

Grand Manan island, description 

of, by A. E. Verrill...........

Lignite at Martin's he:> d (supplement) ............. ..........

General remarks on the Newark of 

Nova Scotia and New Brunswick .........................

Minerals of the Newark sandstone 

and trap .....................

Newark system of Prince Edward 

island........................

Description of Prince Edward 

island........................

Age of sandstones...............

Fossil plants (supplement, 30) ...

Fossil reptiles....................

19 

88-108

86-87

87

87-88

88-90 

90-98

99-108

108-109

108-109

109

109

108-109 

124

679-680 

99

109-113 

113-116 

116-124

116

116-117

117-118 

119-122

DAWSON, JOHN WILLIAM Continued. 

Newark system of Prince Edward

island Continued. Page. 

Useful minerals.................. 123

Soils............................. 123

Possible occurrence of coal....... 123-124

Conformability of Newark and

Carboniferous................ 123-124

Separation of Newark and Carboniferous areas (supplement)... 28-29 

Thickness (supplement)......... 29

Sections (supplement)........... 31

Passage of Newark into Carboniferous (supplement)......... 32,33

DAWSON, JOHN WILLIAM. 1878a.

Supplement to the second edition of Acadian 

Geology, containing additional facts as to 

the geological structure, fossil remains, 

and mineral resources of Nova Scotia, New 

Brunswick, and Prince Edward island.

In Acadian Geology, 3d ed., pp. 1-102, pi. 1.

Reviewed in CauadiauNat., vol. 8, pp. 472-475.

This supplement is bound with the third 

edition of the Acadian Geology, and contains new observations relating to the 

classification of the rocks of Prince Edward island, and indicates the difficulty 

of separating the Newark and Carboniferous, pp. 28-31. The fossils of the Newark 

on Prince Edward island are briefly discussed, p. 30. ' The occurrence of lignite 

at Martin's head, N. B., is noticed on p. 99. 

DAWSON, WILLIAM. 1886.

Notes on the geology and fossil flora of Prince 

Edward island (see Bain and Dawsou, 

1885).

UAWSON, JOHN M'lLLIAM. 1887.

Presidential address: Some points in which 

American geological science is indebted 

to Canada.

In Canada Eoy. Soc., Proc. and Trans., vol. 

4, sec. 4, 1886, pp. 1-8.

Contains a brief historical reference to the

study of the Newark system in Canada. 

DAWSON, J. WILLIAM. , 1888.

The geological history of plants.

New York (The International Scientific Series), pp. i-viii, 1-290.

Contains a popular account of the early Me.

sozoic floras, pp. 175-190. 

DAWSON, J. WILLIAM. 1888.

On the Eozoic and Paleozoic rocks of the Atlantic coast of Canada in comparison with 

those of western Europe and of the in3 terior of America.

In Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc., London, vol. 44, pp. 

797-817.

States briefly that the rocks of the Newark 

system in Canada resemble the Triassic 

rocks of Europe. They contain no important marine limestones, and their fosails aie limited to. a single Dinosaurian 

reptile and a few plants. The flora and 

land and fresh water faunas seem to have 

been of southern origin, p. 815.
184 THE NEWARK SYSTEM. [BDLt. 85.

DAWSON [J. W.]. Cited as to the relations of 

trap and sandstone in Nova Scotia ( W. M. 

Davis, '83, p. 285).

Cited on the age of the Newark system (Lea, 

'58).

Cited on the age of the red sandstone of Nova 

Scotia (Jackson, '50, p. 338).

Cited on the discovery of Bathygnathus on 

Prince Edward island (Owen, '76, p. 361).

Cited on the geology of cape Blomidon, N. S. 

(Marsters, '90).

Cited on tho geology of Prince Edward island 

(Bain and Dawson, '85, pp. 156,1.17).

Cited on the overflow trap sheets in Nova 

Scotia (W. M. Davis, '83, p. 297).

Cited on the tilting of sandstone and trap in 

Prince Edward island (W. M. Davis, '83, 

p. 302).

Cited on trap dikes in Prince Edward island 

(W. M. Davis, '83, p. 291).

Notice of work done by, in Nova Scotia, etc. 

(Miller, '79-'81, vol. 2, pp. 151,152,158-161, 

223).

DAWSON, JOHN WILLIAM, and B. J. HARRINGTON. 1871.

Report on the geological structure and mineral 

resources of Prince Edward island.

Montreal [Can.]: Pp. 1-51, pis. 1-3, together 

with a geological map (frontispiece) and 

one plate of sections.

Abstract in Neues Jahrbuch. 1872, pp. 439-441; 

also in Am. Jour. Sci., 3d ser., vol. 3, p. 222.

Contains a description of the character and 

extent of the red sandstones, red and mottled clays, calcareous sandstones and con. 

glomerates, arenaceous limestones, dolomite and trap of the Newark system on 

Prince Edward island, pp. 13-22. Also 

a number of measured sections (pp. 33-34, 

and an account of the building stones'and 

water supply. Analyses of limestones 

are given on page 41, and an account of 

fossils, comprising descriptions of fossil 

wood and fucoidg; and remarks on a reptile, BathygnatJms borealis, pp. 45,46.

Nearly all of the rocks described in this report as Triassic have been referred to the 

Carboniferous by later observers. See 

supplement to the second edition of Acadian Geology, by J. W. Dawson, London, 

1878, pp. 32-33; Geol. Surv. Canada, Rep. 

of Progress for 1882-1883-'84, p.]6E ; and 

a note on the margin of map No. 5 S W, 

wliich accompanies this report. 

Day's point, N. J. Dip at (Russell, '80, p. 47).

Section at, showing junction of trap with sedimentary rocks beneath (Russell, '80, p. 47). 

Dead swamp, Conn. Description of trap ridges

near (Percival, '42, p. 374). 

BEAXE, JAMES. 1842.

[Notice of the footprints of birds in the New 

Red sandstone of Connecticut.]

In London Geol. Soc., Proc., vol. 4, p. 22.

Describes very briefly some newly found bird 

tracks, rain marks, and other impressions 

in the red sandstone of Connecticut.

DEANE, JAMES. 1848.

[A letter to G. A. Mantell relating to the fossil footprints of the Connecticut valley.]

In Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 45, pp. 177-188.

Contains a general description of certain footprints, and compares some of the fossil 

tracks with the tracks of living birds. 

Published by B. Silliman in a paper entitled Ornithichnites of the Connecticut 

river sandstones and the Diuornis of 

New Zealand. 

DEANE, JAMES. 1844.

On the fossil footmarks of Turners Falls, 

Massachusetts.

In Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 46, pp. 73-77, pis. 1,2.

Abstract in Neues Jahrbuch, 1844, pp. 635-637.

Gives a general description of certain footprints found at the locality mentioned. 

DEANE, JAMES. 1844a.

On the discovery of fossil footmarks.

In Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 47, pp. 381-390.

Relates to priority in the discovery of fossil 

footprints in sandstone of the Connecticut 

valley. 

DEANE, JAMES. 18441).

An s wer to the " Rejoinder'' of Prof. Hitchcock.

In Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 47, pp. 399-401.

Relates to the question of priority in the discovery of fossil footprints in the sandstone 

of the Connecticut valley. 

DEANE, JAMES. 1848.

Fossil footpi-ints of a new species of quadruped.

In Am. Jour. Sci., 2d ser., vol. 5, pp. 40-41. .

Abstract in Neues Jahrbuch, 1851, p. 497.

Describes and illustrates the tracks of a 

quadruped discovered in the sandstone at 

Turners Falls, Mass. 

DEANE, JAMES. 1845.

Description of fossil footprints in the New Red 

sandstone of the Connecticut valley.

In Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 48, pp. 158-167, pi. 3.

Describes four and five toed footprints near

Turners Falls, Mass. 

DEANE, JAMES. 1845a.

Notice of a new species of Batrachian lootprint.

In Ann. Jour. Sci., vol. 49, pp. 79-81.

Abstract in Am. Assoc. Geol. and Nat., Proc., 

6th meeting, p. 25.

Describes and figures the footprints of a 

quadruped found in the Connecticut valley sandstone. 

DEANE, JAMES. 18451).

Fossil footmarks and raindrops.

In Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 49, pp. 213-215.

Describes the tracks of "birds" and "batrachians" found at Turners Falls, Mass.,

and gives a figure of a slab of sandstone

with several series of tracks.

DEANE, JAMES. 1845c.

Illustrations of fossil footmarks.

In Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Proc., vol. 2, p. 32.

A notice of the presentation of a paper on the 

above title to the society.
LITERATURE. 185

DEAXE, JAMES. 1845(1.

Illustrations of fossil footmarks.

In Boston Jonr. Nat. Hist., vol. 5, pp. 277-284,

pi. 23. 

(lives a general description of certain fossil

footprints from the Connecticut valley. 

DEANE, JAMES. 1847. 

Notice of new fossil footprints. 

In Am. Jour. Sci., 2d ser., vol. 3, pp. 74-79. 

Abstract in Neues Jahrbuch, 1849, pp. 379-381. 

Describes three, four, and five toed tracks

found at Turners Falls, Mass.

DEANE, JAMES. 1847a. 

[Note on fossil footprints from Turners Falls,

Mass.]

In Am. Jour. Sci., 2d ser., vol. 4, pp. 448-449. 

Refers to the claim of a certain series of

tracks to be regarded as belonging to a

new species.

DEAXE, JAMES. 1849.

Illustrations of fossil footprints of the valley 

of the Connecticut.

In Am. Acad., vol. 4, pp. 209-220, pis. 1-9.

Presents general description, with figures, of 

a laige number of footprints from the 

Counecticutvalley. Themattercontained 

in this paper is incorporated in Deane's 

later and larger -work '' Ichnographs from 

the sandstones of the Connecticut river," 

1861.

DEANE, JAMES. 1850.

Fossil footprints of Connecticut river.

In Philadelphia Acad. Nat. Sci. Jour., 2d ser.,

vol. 2, 1850-1854, pp. 71-74, pis. 8, 9. 

A general description of fossil footprints from

Turners Falls, Mass.

DEANE, JAMES. 1856.

On the sandstone fossils of the Connecticut 

river.

In Philadelphia Acad. Nat. Sci. Jour., 2d ser., 

vol. 3,1855-1858, pp. 173-178, pis. 18-20.

Abstract in Neues Jahrbuch, 1857, pp. 877-878.

Gives a general description of several footprints, both vertebrate and invertebrate, 

from Turners Falls, Mass.

DEANE, JAMES. 1861.

Ichnographs from the sandstone of Connecticut river.

Boston, 4to, pp. 1-61, pis. 1-46.

Notice in Am. Jour. S.ci., 2cl ser., vol. 36, pp. 

126-127.

Introduction, by Austin A. Gould ... 3-4 

Biographical notice [of James Deane],

by Henry I. Bowditch............ 5-12

List of [James Deane's] published

papers........................... 13-14

Note on the preparation of the plates,

by T. T. Bonve................... 17

Literary history of the footprints.... 19-20

Analysis of the footprints ........... 20-26

Footprints in situ.................... 26-29

Causes that have prevented the perfect preservation of the footprints 29-31

DEAXE, JAMES Continued. Page.

Probable sources of the waters of the

sandstone basin.................. 31-32

Classification of the footprints....... 32

Description of the plates ............ 35-61

Plates No. 1 and 2 represent footprints of living animals for comparison with the fossil 

tracks. Plates 3-44 represent fossil footprints and trails. Plate 45, photograph of 

recent raindrop impressions for comparison ; pi. 46 is a photograph of raindrop impressions on sandstone. In the text accompanying the plates no attempt is made 

to give a scientific description of the various tracks, but in some instances they 

are identified with the genera .and species 

described by Edward Hitchcock in his 

Ichnology of New England.

Plates 3-15, 18-30, 32-39, 42 were drawn on 

stone from nature by JamesDeane. Pis. 

16-17, 31, 40-41, 43-46 are photographs. 

DEANE, [JAMES]. Cited on Anomojpus major 

(E.Hitchcock, '65, p. 37, pi. 19).

Cited on fossil footprints (Murchison, '43).

Cited on fossil footprints from the Connecticut valley (Gray and Adams, '60, pp. 247- 

252. E. Hitchcock, '44a, p. 305. Lea, '53, 

pp. 185,189. Lyell, '66, p. 454. Lyell, '71, 

p. 362. Owen, '59, pp. 181,325. Pictet, '53, 

vol. 1, p. 407).

Cited on fossil footprints from Turners Falls, 

Mass. (Mante.ll, '46. "Winchell, '70, p. 133).

Cited on fossil footprints near Turners Falls, 

Mass. (E. Hitchcock, '43a, p. 254).

Cited on fossil plant from Montague, Mass. 

(E. Hitchcock, '436, p. 296, pi. 12).

Cited on number of joints in the toes of fossil 

footprints (Silliman and Dana, '47).

Cited on the number of phalanges in the toes 

of birds (Silliman, Silliman, jr., and Dana, 

'47).

Cited on priority in description of footprints 

(E. Hitchcock, '58, pp. 192,196).

Credited with the early discovery of footprints in the Connecticut valley (H. D. 

Rogers, '44, pp. 249-250).

Discovery of fossil footprints by (E. Hitchcock, '58, p. 4).

Dean's, N. J. Trap outcrops at (Cook, '82, pp.

59-60). 

Dean's Pond, N. J. Boundary of Newark at

(Cook, '68, p. 176). 

Section from, to Bloomsburg, N. J. (Cook, '68,

p. 199, and map in portfolio). 

Trap boundary at (Cook, '68, p. 189). 

Trap hills near (Cook, '68, pp. 189-190). 

Debert river, >T. S. Coal measures at, overlain

by New Red sandstone (Gesner, '43). 

Description of (Dawson, '78, pp. 99-100). 

Dip of the Newark near (Ells, '85, p. 43E). 

Section at (Dftwson, '47, p. 51, pi. 5). 

l)eep river, N. C., and Richmond, Ta., coal fields.

Compared (Emmous, '5(5, pp. 338^342). 

Deep river coal field, N. C. Age of, as indicated 

by fossil fishes (Agassiz, '53).
186 THE NEWARK: SYSTEM. [BULL. 85.

Deep river coal field, N. C. Continued.

Analyses of coal from ("W. R. Johnson, '51«.

Kerr, '75, pp. 293-295). 

Account of (J. D. Dana, 75, p. 406. Emmons,

'52, pp. 316-143).

Account of, with analysis (Chance, '84). 

Account of the coal of (Patton, '88, p. 25). 

Brief account of (Daddow and Bannan, '66,

pp. 404-406. Emmons, '57, p. 4. C. H.

Hitchcock, '74. Jackson, '53. Kerr, '60,

pp. 45^t6. Kerr, '75, p. 141. LeConte,

'82, pp. 457-459. Lyell, '54, p. 12. Lyell,

'66, p. 457. McGehee, '83, pp. 75-77. W.

B. Rogers, '53). 

Coal from, character and efficiency of ("W. R_

Johnson, '50, pp. 133-134, and table op. p.

134).

Coal of (Kerr, '75, pp. 142-143). 

Coal, discovery of (Olmstead, '20). 

Commercial value and quality of coal from

(Chance, '85, pp. 50-56). 

Description of (W. R. Johnson, '50, pp. 161-

166). 

Detailed description of (Emmons, '56, pp.

227-256). 

Economic importance, extent, age, etc. (Macfarlane, '77, pp. 518-526). 

Explorations for coal in (Chance, '85, pp. 25-

50).

Fossils of (Kerr, '75, p. 147). 

Influence of trap on coal in the (Wilkes, '58,

p. 7).

Iron ore of (Willis, '86, p. 306). 

Map of (Emmons, '56, pp. 338-342). 

Map of, after Wilkes and Emmons (Chance,

'85). 

Method of development of (Chance, '85, pp.

60-62).

Observations in (McLenahan, '52). 

Obstruction to successful mining iu (Chance,

'85, pp. 58-60). 

Report on ("W. R. Johnson, '51. Olmstead,

'24. Wilkes, '58). 

Report on, detailed (Chance, '85). 

Sandstone of (Kerr, '75, p. 304). 

Search for coal in (Jackson, '56a). 

Section at Egypt (Kerr, '75, p. 242). 

Section in, general (Jones, '62, pp. 89-90). 

Section showing age of (Emmons, '56, p. 273). 

Statistical account of (Anonymous, '69, p.

104).

Thickness of (Kerr, r75, p. 145). 

Workable area of (Chance, '85, pp. 56-58). 

Deep riyer coal field, Va. Account of (Macfarlane, '77, p. 505). 

Brief statement of the geology of (Chance,

'85, pp. 19-22). 

. History of the commercial development of

(Chance, '85, pp. 23-24.)

Deep run, Va. Analysis of coal from (Clifford, 

'87, p. 10. DeLaBeche,,'48,p. Ixv. Macfarlane, '77,p.515. Williams, '83, p.82).

Condition of coal mines at (Clifford, '87, p. 2).-

Description of (Wooldridge, '42, p. 13).

Fossil crustaceans from (Jones, '62, p. 86).

Fossil plants from (Fontaine, '83, p. 4).

Deep run, Va. Continued.

Map and section of (Clifford, '87, pi. 5). 

Notes on (Taylor, '35, pp. 284-292). 

Note on faults in (Taylor, '35, p. 292.) 

Reference to (W. B. Rogers, '40, p. 72). 

Section of (Clifford, '87, pp. 24-25, pi. 5). 

Trial of the coal of, for heating purposes (W.

R. Johnson, '44, pp. 309-324, 448). 

Peerfleld, Mass. Amygdaloid trap in (E. Hitchcock, '23, vol. 6, pp. 52-54). 

Brief account of geology of (E. Hitchcock,

'18, pp. 105, 108). 

Building stone quarried in (E. Hitchcock, '41,

p. 180).

Columnar trap in (E. Hitchcock, '35, p. 402). 

Conglomerate in (E. Hitchcock, '35, p. 214). 

Conglomerate near, note on (Nash, '27, p. 247). 

Conglomerate with graphic granite at (E.

Hitchcock, '41, p. 441). 

Description of footprints from (E. Hitchcock,

'36, pp. 320-325). 

Description of fossil footprints from (E.

Hitchcock, '58).

Dip at (E. Hitchcock, '35, p. 223). 

Dip and strike of rocks in (E. Hitchcock, '41,

p. 448). 

Early discovery of fossil footprints at (E.

Hitchcock, '36, p. 308). 

Fossil fishes found at (E. Hitchcock, '35, p.

238, pi. 14 in atlas). 

Fossil fishes from, account of (E. Hitchcock,

'41, p. 458). 

Fossil fishes from, remarks on (Harlan, '34,

pp. 92-94). 

Fossil fish, reference to a locality for (J. H.

Redfield, '36). 

Fossil plants at. notice of (E. Hitchcock, '35,

p. 235).

Fossil plants from (E. Hitchcock, '41, p. 456). 

General description of trap ridges near (E.

Hitchcock, '41, p. 648). 

Grindstones quarried in (E. Hitchcock, '41, p.

213).

Gypsum at (E. Hitchcock, '35. pp. 54, 213). 

Localities of fossil footprints in (E. Hitchcock, '41, p. 467). 

Locality of fossil footprints iu (E. Hitchcock,

'43a, p. 262).

Occurrence of minerals at (Silliman, '18a). 

Trap near, brief account of (E. Hitchcock,

'23, pp. 46-48). 

Trap near, remark on (E. Hitchcock, '23, vol.

6, p. 60). 

Trap range near, discussion of the geological

structure of (W. M. Davis, '86). 

Trap ridges near, account of (E. Hitchcock,

'35, p. 409). 

Deerfleld dike, Mass. Description of (Emerson,

'82).

Mineralogy of (Emerson, '82). 

Deerfleld mountain, Mass. Character of rock at

(E. Hitchcock, '41, p. 447). 

Description of (E. Hitchcock, '41, p. 248). 

Description of geology of (W. M. Davis, '83,

p. 259). 

Description of scenery near (E. Hitchcock,

'23, vol. 7, p. 10). '.
EUSSELL.J LITERATURE. 187

Deerflold nioiintain, Mass. Continued.

Dip at (E. Hitchcock, '35, p. 223).

Dip and strike of rocks at (E. Hitchcock, '41, 

p. 448).

Formed by an overflow trap sheet (W. M. 

Davis, '88, p. 404).

Structure of ("W. M. Bavin, '88).

Thickness of Newark system at (E, Hitcb- 

 cock, '35, pp. 224-225).

Trap vock of, account of (E. Hitchcock, '41,

pp. C41-643). 

DE KAY, JAMES E. 1842.

[A list of the fossil fishes of the United 

Stales.]

In Nat. Hist. N. T., part 1, Zoology, pp. 385- 

386.

Includes a list, with localities, of fossil fishes 

from the Newark rocks of New Jersey 

and Connecticut valley.

DE KAY, [I.]. Cited on fossil fish from Connecticut (J. H. Redfield, ':t6).

Cited on the early discovery of fossil fishes in

the Newark system (Newberry, '88, p. 19).

DE IA BECHE, HENRY T. 1848.

Anniversary address (before the Geological 

Society of London).

In London Geol. Soc. Quart. Jour., vol. 4, pp. 

xxi-cxx.

Contains a digest of the observations of C. 

Lyell and C. J. F. Bunbury in the Richmond area, pp. xxx, xxxi, xlvi, xlviii, 

Ixiv-lxvii.

DE LA BECHE. Cited on fossil plants from

Massachusetts (E. Hitchcock, '35, p. 235).

Delanys quarry, Mass. Contact of sandstone

and trap at (W. M. Davis, '83, p. 262). 

Delaware river, N. J. Sandstone quarries near

(Shaler, '84, p. 143).

Dennis bridge, N. C. Section near (\T. R. Johnson, '51, p. 5).

Derby, Conn. Description of trap dikes in Primary rocks near (Percival, '42, pp. 416- 

417). 

DESOR, [E.]. 1849.

[Comparison of a recent footmark with certain footmarks in the red sandstone of the 

Connecticut valley.]

In Boston Soc. Nat, Hist., Proc., vol. 3, p. 202.

The impressions left on sand by the tarsal 

bone of certain birds, as well as the imprint made in some instances by the bind 

toe and the furrows made by the dragging 

of the toes, are briefly described and compared with what are considered similar 

impressions on sandstone. 

DESOR, [E.]. 1851.

[Remarks on fossil raindrop impressions and 

on similar markings produced by air bubbles in sand.]

In Am. Assoc. Adv. Sci., Proc., vol. 5, p. 74.

Suggests that many so-called raindrop impressions may have been produced by the 

escape of air bubbles from wet sand. 

DESOR, [E.]. 1851.

[Raindrop impressions and markings made by 

air bubbles.]

DESOR, [E.] Continued.

In Am. Assoc. Adv. Sci., Proc., vol. 5, p. 79.

Discussion of a paper by AV. C. lledfield. 

DESOR, [E.]. 1851a.

[Concerning fossil raindrop impressions.]

In Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Proc., vol. 4, pp. 

131-132.

Admits the possibility of the occurrence of 

rainmarks in some formations, but contends that the bursting of bubbles in the 

sand and mud of a shore would account 

for such impressions as are supposed to 

have been made by raindrops in the Connecticut valley sandstone. 

DESOR, [E.], and [J. D.] WHITXEY. 1849.

[Observations on the probable origin of the 

so-called fossil raindrop impressions on 

sandstones.]

In Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Proc., vol. 3, pp. 

200-201.

The formation of depressions resembling raindrop impressions, by the breaking of air 

bubbles in sand, is described and the 

similarity of such marks to fossil raindrop 

impressions pointed out. 

Des Sables, P. E. I. Description of fossil wood

from (Dawsou, '54). 

Devils bridge, Ya. Boundary of Newark area

near (Heinrich, '78, p. 231).

Devils den, Pa. Analysis of trap from (Frazer, 

'77, p. 310).

Picture of (Frazer, '80, pi. 9).

Specimens of trap from (C. E. Hall, '78, p. 27). 

Devon Inn, Pa. Trap dike near (Lewis, '85, p. 444). 

Diabase. See Trap. 

DTCKESON, MONTROVILLE AYILSOX. 1869.

Report on the geological survey and condition 

of theHunterdon Copper Company's property, Hunterdon County, New Jersey. 

Accompanied by a report by E. and C. H. 

Hitchcock.

Philadelphia, pp. 1-23.

Contains a record of dips, interstratified trap 

and shale, character of ore, etc., pp. 5, 8, 

10. Accompanying this report is a brief 

report, p. 20, on the same mine by E. and 

C. H. Hitchcock.

DIGBY, N. S. Iron ore near (Jackson and Alger, 

'33, pp. 235-236).

Iron ores near, note on (Alger, '27, p. 231).

Rock near (Jackson and Alger, '33, pp. 235- 

238).

Trap dikes near (Dawsou, '78, p. 95). 

Digby gut, A. S. Description of (Gesner, '36, pp. 

185-187).

Erosion resulting from (Russell, '78, p. 221).

Mode of formation (Gesner, '36, pp. 186-187).

Sandstone beneath trap at (Dawson, '78, p. 95).

Submerged ledges near (Perley, '52, p. 159).

Specific gravity of trap rocks from (How, '75, 

vol. 1, p. 138).

(See Annapolis gut.)

Digby neck, N. S. Amygdaloid beneath trap at 

(Gesner, '36, p. 175).

Description of (Dawson, '78, pp. 95-96. Geaner, '36, p. 175).
188 THE NEWARK SYSTEM. [BUIX. 85.

Digby neck, X. S. Continued.

Iron ore in trap at (Alger, '27, pp. 229-330).

Rocks near (Gesner, '36, pp. 71-72, 74).

Sandstone beneath trap at (Dawson, '78, p. 98). 

D[EWEY], C. 1857.

[Review of the geological report of the Midland counties of North Carolina, by E. 

Einmons, accompanied by a letter on the 

age of the coal-bearing strata of North 

Carolina, by O. Heer.]

In Am. Jour. Sci., 2d ser., vol. 24, pp. 427-429.

Gives a brief review of Emmons's report, and 

publishes extended extracts from a letter 

by O. Heer on the fossil plants of the 

Newark system, in which the age of the 

system is critically considered. This letter is published in part also in J. Marcou's 

geology of North America, Zurich, 1858.

Following the review are "Additional remarks " by J. D. Dana.

Dikes changing to intruded sheets in Connecticut 

(Pereival, '42, p. 300).

General account of (J. D. Dana. '73, vol. 6, pi. 

106. J. D. Dana, '75, p. 421. Jackson, '56).

In Alabama, reference to (E. A. Smith,'78, pp. 

139,142).

In Connecticut, mention of (Pereival, '42, p. 

307).

In Connecticut valley, brief accoimt of ("W. 

M. Davis, '88, p. 463).

Discussion concerning (Whelpley, '45, p. 63).

Mention of (J. D. Dana, '75a, p. 498).

Xear Deerfleld, Mass. (Emerson, '82).

East Haven, Conn. (W. M. Davis, '83, pp. 305- 

307, pi. 10).

Holyoke. Mass. (Emerson, '82).

Meriden, Conn. (J. D. Dana, '70).

Meriden, Conn. (W. M. Davis, '89, p. 62).

New Haven, Conn. (J.D.Dana, '71. pp. 46-47).

New Haven, Conn. (Danbury, '39, pp. 22, 23).

New Haven, Conn. ("W. M. Davis, '83, pp. 305- 

307, pi. 10).

AVallingford, Conn. (Chapin, '35).

Section showing the supposed character of (W. 

M. Davis, '86, p. 350).

In Massachusetts, brief account of (E. Hitchcock, '35, pp. 414-418).

In Kew Jersey (Darton, '89, pp. 138-139).

In North Carolina, brief notice of (Mitchell, 

'42, p. 39).

Deep river area (Chance, '85, p. 59).

In Pennsylvania, connection with faults (Lesley,'83, p. 181).

Frequency of (Lesley, 83, p. 181).

In Vermont, brief account of (Adams, '46, pp. 

160-162).

In Virginia, detailed account of (W. B. Rogers, 

'39, pp. 81-83. W. B. Rogers, '40, pp. 64-69).

In Richmond area (Stevens, '73).

Near Stannton, description of (Darton and 

Diller, '90).

Near "Warren, metamorphism produced l)y 

(W. B. Rogers, '39, pp. 82-83).

Strike of (TV. B. Rogers, '39, p. 82).

Of Connecticut, topographic form of (PercivaJ, '42, p. 300).

Dikes Continued.

Of greenstone (trap) in Connecticut, an account of (E.Hitchcock, '41, pp. 655-656). 

Of indurated clay in Connecticut (Pereival,

'42, p. 443. A. Smith, '32, pp. 225-226). 

Of trap in Connecticut valley, relation of, to

other trap systems (Jackson, '45). 

 Of trap in Connecticut, detailed description

of (Pereival, '42, pp. 299-426). 

Of trap in Connecticut (southern), description

of (Hovey, '89). 

Of trap in Deep river, N. C., coalfield, changes

produced by (Emmons, '56, p. 254). 

In Georgia, brief account of (Henderson, '85,

p. 88. 1. P. James, '76. p. 38 and map). 

In Georgia (Loughridge, '84, p. 279). 

In New Hampshire, probable age of (Hubbard,

'50, p. 170).

In New Jersey (Cook, '68. p. 204. Darton, '90). 

In New York (Darton, '89, '90). 

Brief account of (Emmons, '84, pp. 16-17). 

Brief account of, in Rockland county (Lincklaen, '61, p. 35. Mather, '39, pp. 117,122). 

In North Carolina, brief account of (Henderson,'85, p. 88). 

In Nova Scotia, brief account of (Marsters,

'90).

Mention of (Honeyman, '85, p. 123). 

In Pennsylvania, at Cornwall, an account of

(Invilliers, '86a, pp. 876-879). 

At Flourtown (C. E. Hall, '81, p. 75). 

At Marble Hall (C. E. Hall, '81, p. 75). 

At New Hope, mention of (H. D. Rogers, 48). 

At "Willianison Point, a study of the chemical and optical character of (Frazer, '78). 

In Lancaster county, general remarks on

(Frazer, '80, p. 27-31). 

In Pennsylvania, mention of (Lesley, '83, p.

211). 

In Tork county, brief account of (Frazer, '85,

p. 404).

In South Carolina (Henderson, '85, p. 88). 

Description of (Tuomey, '44). 

On Prince Edward island (Chapman, '76, p. 92). 

Diligence river, N. S. Rocks of (Jackson and

Alger, '33, p. 279).

D1LLEK, J. S. 1890. 

Notes on the petrography [of basaltic dikes

near Staunton, Va.]. 

See Darton and Diller, 1890. 

Dillsburg, Pa. Analysis of iron ore from near

(Frazer, '77, pp. 232-237). 

Analysis of limestone from (Frazer, '76c, p.

63. Frazer, '77, p. 308. McCreath, '81,

pp. 79-80). 

Boundary of the Newark near (Frazer, '82,

p. 123). 

Conglomerate near (H. D. Rogers, '58, vol. 1,

p. 204. H. D. Rogers, '58, vol. 2, p. 683). 

Contact metamorphism near (H. D. Rogers,

'58, vol. 2, p. 689). 

Iron ore mines near, description of (d'lnvilliers, '86, pp. 1501-1514).

Iron ores and trap dikes near, discussion concerning (Frazer, '77, pp. 317-371, pi. op. p.

328).
KUSSELL.] LITERATURE. 189

DLUsburg, Pa. Continued.

Iron ores near (Frazer, '82, pp. 135-139).

Iron ores near', a study of the (Frazer, '76d).

Iron ores near, references to .(Lesley and d'luvilliers, '85, p. 599).

Junction of the Newark and the valley limestone (H. D. Eogers, '58, vol.1, p. 204).

Keports on mines near (Frazer, '77, pp. 207- 

240).

Rock specimens from near, mention of (C. B. 

Hall, '78, p. 28-70).

Section from, to Beller crossroads (Frazer, 

'77, pp. 265-273, pi. op. p. 264).

Trap, association of magnetite with, at 

(Frazer, '80, p. 27).

Trap dike near (H. D. Rogers, '58, v. 2, p. 689).

Trap dikes at (Lesley, '83, p. 194).

Trap dikes near (Frazer, '77, p. 267).

Trap from near (C. E. Hall, '78, p. 24. Frazer, '76, pp. 160-161).

Trap from, optical properties of (Frazer, '75a,

pp. 410-412. Frazer, '76, pp. 126-129). 

DINKEL, J. Reference to drawings of fossil

fishes hy (Newberry, '88, p. 20). 

D'lnrllliers. See Invilliers. 

Dip In Connecticut. (J. D. Dana, '73, p. 431. W. 

M. Davis, '82. W. M. Davis, '83. Percival, '42).

Brief account of (E. Hitchcock, '35, p. 224).

Influence of dikes on (Percival, '42, p. 320).

Measurements of (Hovey, '89).

Near Bristol copper mine (Silliman and Whitney, '55, p. 264).

Gaylord's mountain (Davis and "Whittle, '89, 

p. 116).

Hatfield (E. Hitchcock, '23, vol. 6, p. 42. A. 

Smith, '32, p. 221).

Meriden ("W. M. Davis, '89, p. 62).

Montague falls (H. Smith, '32, p. 221).

Mount Cannel (Davis and "Whittle, '89, p. 127).

Pond rock, (Hovey, '89, p. 364).

Rocky hill (Silliman, '30, pp. 122-131).

Shuttle meadows ("W. M. Davis, '89, p. 64).

South Britain (Percival, '42, p. 450).

Springfield ("Wells, '50, p. 340).

See also, Connecticut valley. 

Dip in Connecticut valley. (W. M. Davis, '88, 

pp. 481-490. E. Hitchcock, '23, vol. 6, p. 

42. E. Hitchcock, '23, vol. 6, p. 65. E. 

Hitchcock, '36, p. 329. E. Hitchcock, 

'47a, p. 200. E. Hitchcock, '48, p. 132. E. 

Hitchcock, '53. E. Hitchcock, '58, p. 8. 

E. Hitchcock, '58, p. 10. Lyell, '42. A. 

Smith, '32, p.. 221).

Beneath trap (E. Hitchcock, '58).

Brief statement concerning (Percival, '42, pp. 

430-431).

Origin of ("W. M. Davis, '82a, pp. 123-124. E. 

Hitchcock, '35, p. 518. E. Hitchcock, '41, 

pp. 527-529. E. Hitchcock, '53. E. 

Hitchcock, '58, p. 13. E. Hitchcock, '58, 

p. 14-17. E. Hitchcock, '63. Silliman, 

jr., '42. Silliman, jr., '42or. Silliman, jr., 

'44. A. Smith, '32, pp. 223-224. Whelpley, '45, pp. 61-62. "Whitney, '60).

See also, Connecticut and Massachusetts.

Dip in Maryland. Xear Yellow spring (Ducatel,

'37, p. 36).

Dip in Massachusetts. (E. Hitchcock, '36, p. 312. 

E. Hitchcock, '55, p. 226).

Account of, detailed (E. Hitchcock, '35, pp. 

222,223. E. Hitchcock, '41, pp. 447,448).

At Cabotsville (Lyell, '42, p. 794).

Greeufield (E. Emmons, '57, p. 22).

Horse race (E. Hitchcock, '36, p. 312. E. 

Hitchcock, '41, p. 465).

Mount Toby (Walling, '78).

Mount Holyoko (E. Hitchcock, '35, p. 417. E. 

Hitchcock, '41, p. 654).

Mount Tom (E. Hitchcock, '35, p. 417. E. 

Hitchcock, '36, p. 308. E. Hitchcock, '41, 

pp. 466, 654. E. Hitchcock, jr., '55, p. 23).

Smiths ferry (Lyell, '42, p. 796).

Turner's Falls (E. Hitchcock, '35, p. 415. E. 

Hitchcock, '36, p. 308. E. Hitchcock, '41, 

pp. 653, 658. E. Hitchcock, '58, p. 85;. 

Dip in Newark system. (J. D. Dana, '75, p. 419. 

Kerr, '75a. Newberry, '88, p. 5. H. D. 

Rogers, '58, vol. 2, p. 761. Russell, '78, p. 

229).

Discussion of (H. D. Rogers, '56, p. 32).

Hypothesis to account for (Cook, '82, pp. 30, 

31).

Resume concerning (Frazer, '82, p. 171).

Various authors cited on (W. M. Davis, '83,

pp. 302-307).

Dip in New Brunswick (Bailey, '72, pp. 217-220. 

Gesuer, '40, pp. 16, 19. Gesner, '41, p. 14. 

Russell, '78, p. 221).

At Cape Tormentin (Dawson, '78, p. 124).

Dark harbor (Bailey, '72, p. 47).

Gardners creek (Mathew, '63, p. 256).

Grand Manan island (Bailey, '72, pp. 45-47. 

Verril, '78).

Quac.o head (Dawson, '78, p. 108. Kminons, 

'36, p. 344. "Whittle, '91.

Salisbury cove (Dawson, '78, p. 109. Matthew, '65, p. 124).

Dip in New Jersey (Cook, '68. Cook, '79, p. 32. 

Cook, '82, pp. 37-42. Cook, '87. Cook 

and Smock, '78, p. 24. Darton, '90. Frazer, '82, p. 122. Lyell, '42, p. 793. Nasou, 

'89, pp. 17-19. H. D. Rogers, '30, pp. 145, 

158. H. D. Rogers, '40, pp. 114, 121, 129. 

Russell, '78, p. 225. Russell, '80, p. 46. 

Walling, '78, p. 196).

Arlington (Russell, '78, p. 223).

Belleville (Cook, '81, p. 44).

Belleville (Cook, '81, p. 44).

Blackwells mills (Cook, '68, p. 204).

Boundbrook (H. D. Rogers, '40, p. 128).

Bridgewater mine (Cook, '81, p. 39). 

Brookville (Cook, '81, p. 59).

Chatham (H. 1». Rogers, '40, p. 133).

Closter landing (Cook, '68, p. 200).

Days point (Russell, '80, p. 47).

East Bloomfleld (H. D. Rogers, '40, p. 130).

Englewood (W. M. Davis, '83, p. 269).

First mountain (Cook, '82, p. 50).

Greensburg (Cook, '81, pp. 57-58).

Hopewell (Cook, '68, p. 709).

Hudson, river (Russell, '80, p. 47).
190 THE NEWARK SYSTEM. [BULL. 85.

Dip In New Jersey Continued.

Hnnterdon mine (Dickeson, '59, pp. 8, 10). 

Jefferson (H. D. Rogers, '40, pp. 129-130). 

Kings point (Darton, '83a). 

Little Falls (Cook, '81, p. 50. H. D. Rogers,

'40, p. 131).

Long hill (H. D. Rogers, '40, p. 132). 

Milford (Cook, '68, p. 521. Cook, '81, p. 64.

H. D. Rogers, '36, p. 147. H. D. Rogers.

'40, p. 140. Staler, '84, p. 144). 

Newark (Cook, '81, p. 48. H. D. Rogers, '40,

p. 130. Russell, '78, p. 224). 

New Brims-wick (H. D. Rogers, '40, p. 128.

Russell, '78).

New Durham (Darton, '83). 

New Germantown (H. D. Rogers, '36, p. 148.

H. D. Rogers, '40, pp. 132, 137, 139-140). 

New Ternon (H. D. Rogers, '40, p. 133). 

Orange (Cook, '81, p. 51). 

Paterson (Cook, '81, p. 51. H. D. Rogers, '40,

p. 130).

Palisades (Darton, '90,-pp. 39-41. H. D. Rogers, '36, p. 160). 

Plainfield (Cook, '68, p. 677). 

Pluckemin (H. D. Rogers, '40, p. 128). 

Pompton (H. D. Rogers, '40, p. 136). 

Prallsville (Cook, '81, p. 59). 

Raritan (Cook, '83, p. 26). 

Rocky hill (H. D. Rogers, '40, p. 150). 

Roundvalley mountain (H. D. Rogers, '40, p.

132).

Scotch plains (H. D. Rogers, '40, p. 134). 

Snake hill (Russell, '88, p. 34). 

Sourland mountain (Cook, '68, p. 191). 

Spring hill (H. D. Rogers, '40, p. 140). 

Stockton (Cook, '81, p. 59). 

Trenton (H. D. Rogers, '40, p. 120). 

Tienna (Cook, '81, p. 53). 

"Washington valley (Cook, '81, p. 53). 

"Weehawken (Gratacap, '86, pp. 244-245). 

West Bloomfleld (H. D. Rogers, '40, p. 130). 

Woodsville (Shaler, '84, p. 144). 

Origin of (Cook, '79, p. 33. J. D. Dana, '79.

W. M. Davis, '82. W. M. Dayis, '82a.

H. D. Rogers, '40, pp. 166-171. Russell,

'78, p. 229. Wurtz, '70, p. 102). 

Table of (Cook, '68, p. 195-199. Cook, '79, pp.

29, 30. Cook, '82, pp. 22-36). 

Dip in New York (Darton, '90).

Grassy point (Matlier, '39, p. 116. Mather,

'43, p. 285).

Palisade trap sheet (Darton, '90, pp. 39-41). 

Rockland Co. (Mather, '43, pp. 616-617). 

Staten island (Britton, '81, pp. 168-169). 

Dip In North Carolina (Kerr, '75, pp. 141,142, 145.

"W. B. Rogers, '42. Russell, '78, pp. 225,

253). 

Dan river area (Emmons, '52, pp. 145-150, 151.

Emmons, '56, p. 255. Macfarlane, '77, p.

527. Olmsted, '27, p. 127). 

Deep river area (Emmons, '52, p. 120. Emmons, '56, p. 231. Emmons, '57, p. 22. "W.

R. Johnson, '50, p. 162. W. R. Johnson,

'51, pp. 6-7. Macfarlane, '77, p. 518). 

Farmville (Chance, '84, p. 518). 

(Jermanton (McLenahan, '52, p. 170)

Dip in North Carolina Continued.

Haywood (McLenahan, '52, p. 168. Kerr, '75,

p. 225). 

Leaksville (Emmons, '56, p. 257. McGehee,

'83, p. 77)'.

Madison (Emmons, '52, p. 151). 

Montgomery Co. (McLenahan, '52, p. 171). 

"Walnut grove (Williams. '85, p. 59). 

Dip iu Nova Scotia. Bay of Fundy (Russell, '78,

p. 221). 

Blomidon (Dawson, '47, pp. 50,55,56. Dawson,

'78, pp. 90, 91. Gesner, '36, p. 222. Jackson and Alger, '33, p. 256. Marsten, '90) 

Cape D'Or (Gesner, '36, p. 233). 

Debert river (Ells, '85, p. 43e). 

Digby (Dawson, '78, p. 95). 

Economy point (Dawson, '78, p. 101). 

Folly river (Dawson, '78, p. 100). 

Horton (Dawson, '47, p. 50). 

Kentville, (Dawson, '47, p. 56). 

Moore river (Dawson, '78, p. 103). 

Oak island (Dawson, '78, p. 92). 

Outer Sandy cove (Jackson and Alger, '33,

pp. 229-231).

Patridge island (Dawson, '47, p. 54). 

Swan creek (Dawson, '78, p. 104). 

Saint Mary's bay (Alger, '27, p. 228). 

Trnro (Dawson, '47, p. 51. Dawson, '78, pp.

88, 89). 

Dip in Pennsylvania (Frazer, '77c, p. 654. Frazer,

'82, pp. 122,124-127. Frazer, '83, p. 219.

Lesley,-'64, pp. 478-480. Lesley, '83, pp.

180, 181, 182. Lewis, '82. Lewis, '85, p.

451. Macfarlane, '79, p. 41. H. D. Rogers,

'58, vol. 2, pp. 670, 674. Shaler, '84, p. 156). 

Abbottstown (Frazor, '76, p. 101). 

Adams county (Frazer, '77, pp. 265-273, pi.

op. p. 264. H.D.Rogers, '58, vol. 2, p. 691). 

Bainbridge (Frazer, '86, p. 104). 

Beeler's crossroads (Frazer, '76, p. 92). 

Berks county (d'lnvilliers, '83, pp. 200, 201,

204-226).

Bonnaughton (Frazer, '776, Frazer, '80, p. 300). 

Bucks county (C. E. Hall, '81, p. 49. Lesley,

'85, p. xxviii).

Cashtown (Frazer, '77, p. 303). 

Center valley (C. E. Hall, '83, pp. 232, 233). 

Cocalico (Frazer, '80, p. 43). 

Coopersburg (H. D. Rogers, '58, vol. 1, p. 101) 

Chester county (Frazer, '83, p. 224. Lesley,

'83, pp. 180,182. 

Cornwall inn mine (Lesley and d'lnvilliers'

'85). 

Dillsburg (Frazer, '76d. Frazer, '77, pp. 212,225,

236,239,317-331. d'lnvilliers, '86, p. 1503). 

Emigsville (Frazer, '76, p. 88). 

Emmettsburg (Frazer, '77, pp. 254, 255). 

Fairfleld (Frazer, '80, pp. 301-304. Frazer, '82,

p. 132. H. D. Rogers, '58, vol. 2, pp. 684,

691).

Falmouth (Frazer, '80, pp.103, 104). 

Franklinton (Frazer, '77, pp. 271-273, pi. op. p.

272). 

Gettysburg (Frazer, '77, pp. 254, 255, 263, 264,

299-304, pi. op. p. 304. Frazer, '77b. Frazer.

'82, pp. 131-132),
RUSSELL.] LITERATURE. 191

Dip in Pennsylvania Conthmed. 

Goldsboro (Wanner, '89, p. 21). 

Heige's ore bank (Frazer, '77, p. 224). 

Hummelsto-wn (S. P. Merrill, '89). 

Ironstone anticlinal (d'lnvilliers, '83, p. 201). 

Jericho hill (Lewis, '85, p. 455). 

King's mine (Frazer, '77, p. 212). 

Kuntz's Quarry (Frazer, '77, p. 225). 

Laiulis ore bank (Frazer, '77, p. 220). 

Lichti's ore bank (Frazer, '77, p. 229). 

Littestown (Frazer, '70, p. 108. Frazer, '77,

pp. 299-304, pi. op. p. 304). 

M'Connick mine (Frazer, '77, p. 215). 

March's mill (d'lnvilliers, '83, p. 202). 

Mechanicsville (Frazer, '77, pp. 274-277, pi. op.

p. 274). 

Monroe (C. E. Hall, '83, p. 247. H. D. Eogers,

'58, vol. 2, p. 681). 

Mount Holly (Frazer, '77, pp. 274-277, pi. op.

p. 274).

Porter's ore bank (Frazer, '77, p. 221). 

Rhoad's mill (H. D. Eogers, '41, p. 39). 

Schoeneck (Frazer, '80, p. 43). 

South mountain (H. D. Rogers, '58, vol. 1, p.

103).

Susquehauna valley (Frazer, '82, p. 122). 

Valley Forge (Frazer, '83, p. 224. Lesley, '83,

p. 190). 

Wellsville (Frazer, '77, pp. 230-232,271-273, pi.

op. p. 272). 

Wheatley lo'de (H. D. Eogers, '58, vol. 2, p.

703). 

Yellow tavern (H. D. Eogers, '58, vol. 2, p.

102).

York county (Frazer, '75e).

Dip on Prince Edward Island (Dawson, '54. Dawson, '78, pp. 116,117, 30. Dawson and Harrington, '71, pp. 14,15,16,17,18,19, 20,33). 

Dip In Virginia (W. B. Eogers, '39, p. 72. W. B.

Eogers,'42. Eussell,'78, p. 225). 

Blackheath (Lyell. '47, p. 266). 

Dan river area ("W. B. Rogers, '39, p. 80). 

Manassa (Shaler, '84, p. 179). 

Midlothian (Heinrich, 73). 

New York-Virginia area (Fontaine, '79, pp. 31,

34). 

Eichmond area (Clifford, '87, p. 29. Daddow

and Bannan, '66, p. 397. Fontaine, '79, pp.

35,36. Heinrich,'78, p. 267. Lyell,'47, pp.

262, 267. Macfarlane, '77, pp. 510, 528.

Newell, '89. 'W. B. Eogers, '36, pp. 36-57.

AV. B. Rogers,'436, pp. 532,533. Shaler,'71,

p. 114). 

Dobbs ferry, N. T. Dip and strike near (Mather, '43, p. 617).

Trap rocks near (Mather, '43, p. 281). 

Dock watch hollow, N. J. Boundary of Second

mountain, trap at (Cook, '68, p. 183.) 

Columnar trap at (Cook, '68, p. 203). 

Dip at (Cook, '68, p. 198). 

Dip in shale at (Cook, '82, p. 25).

Dolerite. See Trap.

DOOLITTLE ( ). Cited on the discovery of a

mass of native copper on Hamden hills,

Conn. (Silliman, 14, p. 149).

D'ORBIGNY, ALCIDE. 1849,

Cours 616mentaire de pa!6ontologie et de geologie stratigraphiques.

Paris. 12mo, vol. 1, pp. 1-299, vol. 2, pp. 1-847. 

Contains a brief account of the footprints of 

the Connecticut valley; after Hitchcock, 

vol. 1, pp. 27-32.

Douglasville, Pa.' Dip of conglomerate near (d'lnvilliers,'83, p. 215). 

Doyer, Pa. Catalogue of specimens of sandstone

from near (Frazer, '77, p. 332-381). 

Sandstone, trap, etc., from (C. E. Hall, '78, pp.

, 40,41,42,44). 

Dover, Va. Analysis of coal from (Clifford, '87,

pp. 10,16). 

Boundary of Newark area near (Heinrich, '78,

p. 231. W. B. Rogers,' '40, p. 71). 

Thickness of coal at (Fontaine, '83, p. 8). 

Dover coal mines, Va. Brief account of (Daddow 

and Bannan, '66, p. 401. Lyell, '47, p. 264). 

Description of (Fontaine, '83, p. 3. Wooldridge, '42, p. 12).

Reference to (Fontaine, '79, p. 36). 

Downington, Pa. Trap near (Frazer, '83, p. 274). 

Doylestown, Pa. Description of a trap dike near

(Lewis,'85, p. 439). 

Fossil plants at (Cook, '85, p. 96). 

Remarks on iron ores near (Lesley, '73, p. 264). 

Remarks on plant remains at (Britton, '85). 

Dranesville, Va. Boundaries of the Newark near

(W.B.Rogers, '40,p.63). 

Detailed description of geology near (W. B.

Rogers, '40, p. 65). 

DRAPER, W. W. Reference to fossil footprints

found by (Macfarlane, '79, p. 63). 

Dreshertown, Pa. Boundary of the Newark near 

(C. E. Hall, '81, pp. 22, 64-65. Lesley, '85, 

p. Ixxxi). 

Mention of trap dike near (C. E. Hall, '81, p.

65).

DROON, T. 31. Analysis of natural coke from 

the Richmond coal field, Va. (Clifford, '87, 

pp.10,14).

Drowning creek, N. C. An outlying area of Newark on (Mitchel. '29, p. 17).

DUCATEL, J. T. 1837. 

Annual report of the geologist of Maryland,

1837.

[Annapolis, 1838.] Pp. 1-39, maps A and B.

Contains a description of some of the features

of the Newark system, especially near

Frederick and Point of Rocks, pp. 20,24,36.

DUCATEL, J. T. 1840.

Annual report of the geologist of Maryland.

[Place of publication not given], pp. 1-46, pis.

1-3. 

Another edition, same date, pp. i-viii, 1-59,

pis. 1-3.

Contains a brief reference to the conglomerate

of the Newark system in Maryland, p. 39.

DUCATEL, J. T. Cited oa Newark limestone in

Maryland (Shaler. '84, p. 177, pi. 46). 

DUCATEL, JULIUS T., and" JOHN H. ALEXANDER. 1834. 

Report on a projected geological and topographical survey of the state of Maryland.
192 THE NEWARK SYSTEM. [BULL. 85,

DUCATEL, JULIUS T., ami JOHN H. ALEXANDER Continued. 

Annapolis, 1834. (Not seen.) 

Reprinted in Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 27, 1835, pp.

1-38. 

Eemark on the probability of finding coal in

Fredericktown valley, Md., p. 23. 

Duuelleu, N. J. Boundary of First mountain,

trap near (Cook, '08, p 181). 

Fossil fishes found near (Nason, '89, p. 29). 

Dunham, >T . J. Limestone at (Cook, '82, p. 43). 

Dnrfee's mountain, Conn. Trap dikes in primary

rocks, near (Percival '42, pp. 425-426). 

Durham, Conn. Coal reported at (E. Hitchcock,

'23, vol. 6, p. 63). 

Conglomerate at (E. Hitchcock, '35, p. 215. E.

Hitchcock, '41, p. 442). 

Curvature of sandstone ridge near (Percival,

'42, p. 432).

Fossil fish locality at (J. H. Redfield, '36). 

Fossil fish, mention of, in (Percival, '42, p. 446). 

Fossil fishes collected at (Lyell, '66, p. 456). 

Fossil fishes from, brief account of (E, Hitchcock, '37, p. 267). 

Fossil fishes from, description of (Egertou,

'49,p.8. dewberry,'78. W. C. Redfield,'41). 

Fossil fishes from, descriptions and figures of

(Newberry, '88). 

Fossil fishes from, reference to (Mather, '43,

p. 294). 

Fossil footprints from (E. Hitchcock, '58, pp.

50 et seq.). 

Fossil plants from (Chapii), '87a. Chapiu,

91a). 

Fossil plants from, description and figures of

(Newberry, '88).

Relation of trap and sandstones near (Whelpley, '45, pp. 62-63). 

Sandstone hills near (Percival, '42, pp. 448,

449). 

Trap columnar near (E. Hitchcock, '23, vol.

6, pp. 53-55). 

Trap near, brief account of (E. Hitchcock, '23,

vol. 6, p. 50).

Trap ridges near (Percival, '42, p. 361). 

Trap ridges near, description of (Percival, '42,

p. 354).

Trap rocks at (J. D. Dana, '71a). 

Durham, N. C. Depth of and analysis of water

from an artesian well at (Venable, '87). 

Marl near (Kerr, '75, p. 187). 

Quarries of Newark sandstone at (Shaler, '84,

pp. 181,182).

Sandstone near (Kerr, '75, p. 304). 

Durham,, Pa. Boundary of the Newark near

(H. D. Rogers, '58, vol. 2, p. 668). 

Durham county, Conn. Trap conglomerate in

(Percival, '42, p. 316). 

Durham mountains, Conn. Altered trap from

(Hawes, '75), 

Observations on the origin of (Davis and

Whittle, '89, p. 117). 

Trap ridges near, description of posterior

(Davis and Whittle, '89, p. 114). 

Durluch P. 0., Pa. Boundary of the Newark

near (Frazer, '80, pp. 14, 42.

Eagle bridge, >T . C. Section of coal-bearing shalea 

at (Em'mons, '52, p. 150. Emrnons, '56, pp. 

257, 258. 

Eagle falls, X. C. Coal near (Olmsted, '27, p. 126).

Slates near (Olmsted, '27, p. 327). 

Earlville, Pa. Conglomerate from near (d'lnvilliers, '83, p. 387). 

Detailed account of dips (d'Invilliers, '83, p.

212). 

Earth crust, section, showing ancient glacial

epochs (Shaler and Davis, '81, p. 102). 

East IHoomfield, N. J. Description of copper mine

near (H. D. Rogers, '40, p. 161). 

Dip in quarries near (H. D. Rogers, '40, p. 130). 

East Bradford, Conn. Description of trap ridges

near (Hovey, '89). 

East Bradford, Pa. Mention of a trap dike near

(Frazer, '84, p. 693).

East Branch, N. J. Dip near (Cook, '68, p. 198). 

East cape, P. E. I. Newark rocks exposed near

(D»\vson and Harriugton, '71, p. 15). 

East Cocalico township, Pa. Report on the geology of (Frazer, '80, pp. 43-44). 

East Coventry, Pa.. Newark rocks of (Frazer, '83,

p. 222). 

East Earl township, Pa. Report on the geology

of (Frazer, '80, pp. 48-50). 

East Goshen, Pa. Mention of a trap dike in

(Frazer, '84, p. 693). 

Trap dike near (Lewis, '85, p. 445). 

Easthaiupton, Mass. An account of the trap

rock of (E. Hitchcock, '41, pp. C41-643). 

Brief account of trap near (E. Hitchcock, '23,

vol.6, p. 45).

Fossil fern from (E.Hitchcock, '58, p.6). 

Fossil fern from, additional facts concerning

(E. Hitchcock, '60). 

Fossil fern from, description of (E.Hitchcock,

jr., '55). 

Fossil fern from, mention of (Fontaine, '83,

p. 57. E. Hitchcock, 55a, p. 408). 

Fossil plants found at, mention of (Newberry,

'88, p. 12). 

Trap dikes in primary rocks near, description

of (Percival, '42, pp.422, 423). 

East Haven, Conn. Amygdaloid used as an iron

ore at (Percival, '42, p. 325). 

Description of scenery near (E. Hitchcock, '23,

vol.7, pp.3-4). 

Miiieralogical composition and durability of

building stone from (Hubbard, '85). 

Minerals at (Sillimau, '18a). 

Sandstone quarries at (Percival, '42, p. 434). 

Sandstone quarries near (Shaler, '84, p. 127). 

Trap dike near (E. Hitchcock, '23, vol. 6, pp.

56, 57). 

Brief account of (E. Hitchcock, '23, vol, 6, pp.

49-50). 

Description of (E. Hitchcock, '35, p. 418. E.

Hitchcock,'41, pp. 655-656). 

Section of (W. M. Davis, '83, pp. 280, 305-307,

pis. 9, 10).

Structure of (Percival, '42, p. 314). 

Trap ridge near (Percival, '42, pp. 326-330). 

East Long Meadow, Mass. Sandstone quarries of 

(G. P. Merrill, '89, p. 450).
RUSSELL.] LITERATURE. 193

East Marlfooro, Pi). Mention of a trap dike in

.(Frazer, '84, p. 093). 

East Mcrldcn, Conn. Trap ridges near (Davis and

Whittle, '89, p. 107). 

East Millstone, N. J. Trap dike near (Barton,

'90, p. 69). 

East Nantnieal, Pa. Trap dikes in (Frazer, '83,

p. 233. Lesley, '83. p. 211). 

East Plkeland, Pa. Newark rocks of (Frazer, '83,

p. 223).

East Hock, Conn. Account of (Davis and Whittle,'89, p. 105). 

Analysis of trap rock from (J. D. Dana, '73,

vol.6, p. 106). 

Brief account of (E. Hitchcock, '23, vol. fi,

p. 50. E. Hitchcock, '35. p. 417). 

Critical study of origin of (J. D. Dana. '91). 

Description of (E. Hitchcock, '23, vol. 7, pp.

2-3). 

Description of trap ridges near (Percival, '42,

pp. 331,335, 395-399). 

Elevation of (J. D. Dana, '75a, p. 498). 

Example of a dike changing to an intruding

sheet (Percival, '42, p. 300). 

Formed by an intrusive trap sheet (W. M.

Davis, '88, p. 463).

Garnets in the trap rock of (E. S. Dana, !77). 

General account of (Silliman, '10, pp. 87-92). 

Geology and mineralogy of (Silliman, '14). 

Lamination of the trap of (Lesley, '56, p. 162). 

Origin of form of (Whelpley, '45, p. 64). 

Quarries of trap rock at (Shalor, '84, p. 127). 

Structure connected with (Percival, '42, p. 438)- 

Topographic form of trap ridge near (Percival, '42, p. 306).

Easton, Pa. Fossil footprints and fossil plants 

* at (Cook, '85, p. 95). 

Fossil footprints in museum of Lafayette'College (C. H. Hitchcock, '88, p. 122). 

Ensttown, Pa. Mention of a trap diko in (Frazer, '84, p. 693).

Trap diko in (Fraxei, '83, pp. 285, 286, 288). 

East Vincent, Pa. Newark rocks of (Frazer, '83,

pp. 222,223).

East Windsor, Conn. Fossil bones found at,

account of (E. Hitchcock, '23, vol. 6, p. 43).

Fossil bones found at, description of (Wyman, '55).

Brief account of (John Hall, '21). 

Mention of (E. Hitchcock, '41, pp. 503-504, pi. 

49. E. Hitchcock, '58, p. 186. Percival, 

'42, pp. 444,449. A. Smith, '32, p. 220). 

Note on (Silliman, '20. A. Smith, '20). 

Reference to (E. Hitchcock, '35, p. 237).

EATON, AMOS. 1818.

An index to tho geology of the Northern 

States.

[Boston] 12mo, pp. 1-02, and 1 plate.

Contains a briuf general account of tho Newark system in tho Connecticut valley, 

illustrated by a pictorial section.

EATON, AMOS. 1820.

An index to the geology of the Northern

States.

Troy N. Y., ICmo, 2d ed., pp. i-xi, 1-286. 

edition not seen.

Bull, 85 13

EATON, AMOS Continued.

Contains a brief general account of the Newark rocks of tho Connecticut valley and 

of New York'and New Jersey, pp. 206- 

212,215-221 and of tho associated trap 

rock, pp. 249-256.

EATON, AMOS. 1824. 

A geological and agricultural survey of the

district adjoining tho Erie canal. 

Albany [N. Y.], pp. 1-163. pi. 1. 

Contains a number of references to the sandstone and trap of the Connecticut valley, 

pp. 34,92, 93,146,148.

EATON, AMOS. 1828. 

Geological nomenclature, exhibited in a synopsis of North American rocks and detritus. 

(Continued under the title "General geological strata.") 

In Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 14, pp. 145-159, 359-

368, with. 3 plates.

General remarks on lithological characters,

etc., pp. 145,152-155,365-367, pi. op. p. 145.

EATON, AMOS. 1830.

[Note on the presence of oolite hi Bergen

county, N. J.]

In Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 18, p. 376. , 

Mentions that oolite occurs in largo quantities at Franklin, Bergen county, N. J. 

Enton Hill, Conn. Description of (Hovey, '89, p.

366). 

Economy Point, N. S. Dip at (J. W. Dawson, '79,

p. 101).

Rocks of (J. W. Dawson, '78, p. 101). 

Edgcflcld, S. C. Brief account of contact metamorphism in (Tuomey, '48, p. 68). 

Edge Hill, Pa. Conglomerate near (H. D. Rogers, '58, vol, 1, p. 161). 

Edge Hill, Va. Natural coke and trap at (De La

Becho, '48, p. Ixvi). 

Edgewatcr, N. J. Sandstone beneath trap at

(Cook, '68, p. 177). 

Ertonia, N. J. Dip in shalo at (Cook, '82, p. 125).

EDWARDS, A. C. Footprints collected under tho

direction of (C. H. Hitchcock, '88, p. 121).

EDWAUDS, A. M. 1871.

[Remarks on the cast of a tree stem in sandstone from Newark, N. J.]

In New York Lye. Nat. Hist., Proc., vol. 1, 

1870-71, p. 155).

Brief notice of tho occurrence of the fossil 

mentioned.

Cited on analysis of sandstone from New Jersey (Wurtz, '71).

EGEIITON, P. de M. fl. 1849.

Palichthyologic Notes No. 3, on the ganoidoi 

heterocerci.

In London Geol. Soc., Quart. Jour., vol. 6, 

1850, pp. 1-10, and 2 plates.

Discusses tho taxononiic relation of certain fossil fishes from the Connecticut valley and 

New Jersey, described by L. Agassiz and 

J. H. Redfield. Establishes the genus 

Ischypterus and a new species of Catopterus. Concludes with a summary of 

genera and species which includes a number of American fossils.
194 THE NEWARK SYSTEM. [BULL. 85.

EGERTON, P. Cited on age of the Jura-Trias

rocks of eastern United States as indicated by fossil fishes (Lyell, '47, p. 278). 

Cited on age of the Richmond coal field, Va.

(Taylor, '48, p. 47). 

Cited on fossil fishes (E. Hitchcock, '58, pp.

5-6. Lyell, '66, p. 456. Lyoll, '71, p. 362.

Newberry, '88, p. 20,25).

". Cited on fossil fishes from Richmond coalfield, Va, (Lyell, '47, pp. 275,278). 

EGLESTON, THOMAS. 1886. 

The cause and prevention of the decay of

building stone. 

In Am. Soc. Civil Eiig., Trans., vol. 15, pp.

647-704. 

Refars to the use of trap rock for architectural

purposes, p. 666.

Discusses the decay of sandstone, and especially of Newark sandstone, iu New York

city, pp. 676-680. \ 

Cited on the decay of Newark sandstone in

New York city (Smock, '90, p. 297). 

Egypt, N. C. Analyses of coal from (Chance, '84.

Chance, '85, p. 36. Emmons, '56, pp. 248-

250. Genth,'71. Hale,'83, p. 226. Kerr,

'75, pp. 293-294). 

Analysis of iron ore from (Emmons, '57, pp. 32,

33. Kerr, '75, pp. 226-227). 

Analyses of inagnesian limestone from near

(Emmons, '58).

Bituminous shale at (Kerr, '75, p. 295). 

Boundary of the Newark near (Emraons, '56,

p. 244). 

Brief account of rocks near (Emmons, 576, p.

76).

Coal at, brief account of (McGehee, '83, p. 76). 

Coal near, explorations for (Chance, '85, pp.

35-40).

Coal near, outcrop of (Wilkes, '58, p. 4). 

Detailed account of shaft at ("Wilkes, '58, p. 6). 

Efflorescence of salt in (Jones, '62, p. 90). 

Fossil mammalia from, reexamination of (Osborn, '86).

Fossil mammals from (Emmons, '57, pp. 93-96). 

Fossil plants, description of (Emmons, 56, pp.

288-295). 

Fossil reptilian bones from (Emmons, '57, pp.

79,92).

Fossil shells from near (Emmons, '57, p. 134). 

Fossils obtained at (Emmons, '57, p. 32). 

Iron ore in shaft at (Emmons, '56, p. 262). 

Iron ore near (Kerr, '75, pp. 225-230). 

Position and depth of shaft at (Emmons, '57a,

p. 7). 

Purity of water in shaft at (Emmoiis, '56, p.

233). 

Quarries of Newark sandstone at (Shaler, '84,

pp. 181,182). 

Ripple marks on sandstone from (Emmons, '57,

p. 32).

Sandstone near (Kerr, '75, p. 304). 

Section in shaft at (Emmons, '56, pp. 233-234.

Einmons, '57, pp. 31-32. Jackson, '56a, p.

31. Kerr, '75, p. 142. Wilkes, '58, pi. op.

p. 6). 

Section in shaft at, after Wilkes (Chance, '85,

p. 21).

) N. C. Continued. " 

Thickness of coals and shales at (Emmous, 

'56, pp. 286-287. Emmons, '56, pp. 231,233- 

239).

Thickness of strata in shaft at (Emmons. '57, 

p. 30. Fontaine,'83, p. 100).

Elizabeth, N. J. Bored wells at (Cook, '85, p. 144.

Nason, '896).

Exposure of sandstone and shale near (Russell, '78, p. 224).

Elizabeth, Pa. Trap dikes near (Frazer, ! 80, p. 

28).

Elizabeth copper mine, Pa. Trap dikes near (H. 

D. Rogers, 58, vol. 2, p. 707).

Elizabethtown, N. J. Reference to geology near 

(H.D.Rogers, '40, p. 129).

Elizabethtown, Pa. Boundary of the Newark

near (H.D.Rogers, '58, vol.2,p.668). 

Brief account of having seen basalt in (T. P.

Smith, '99).

Trap dikes near (H. D. Rogers, '58, vol. 2, p. 

687).

Elizabeth township, Pa. Report on the geology 

of (Frazer, '80, pp. 39-41).

Elk Run, Ta. Brief account of a so-called copper 

mine at (Jackson, '59).

Elkton, Va. Detailed description of geology near 

(W. B. Rogers, '40, p. 66).

Ellington, Conn. Description of trap dikes in 

primary rocks near (Percival, '42, pp. 425, 

426).

Report of the finding of coal at (E. Hitchcock, 

'23, vol. 6, p. 63).

Elllngton's, >". C. Fossil plants 'from (Emmons, 

'56, pp. 324-338. Emmons, '57, pp. 100-132).

Elliott's limestone quarry, Conn. An account of 

the rocks at (Percival, '42, pp. 344,363).

ELLS, R. W. 1880. 

Report on the geology of southern New Brunswick, embracing the counties of Charlotte, 

Sunbury, Queens, Kings, St. John, and 

Albert. 

See Bailey, Matthew, and Ells, 1880.

ELLS, R. W. 1884. 

Report on explorations and surveys in the interior of the Gaspe peninsula, 1883. 

In geological and natural history survey and 

museum of Canada, report of progress, 

1882-'83-'84, Montreal, 1885, pp. 1E-34E. 

Accompanied by nine quarto sheets of a 

geological map of New Brunswick, Quebec, and Priuce Edward island. 

Describes the rocks of Prince Edward island 

and gives reason and observation for not 

considering them of Triassic age; but 

states that there may possibly be small 

outlines of this period on the island. Incidentally the Newark rocks of Nova 

Scotia are described. See pp. 11E-19E, 

and note on atlas sheet ] !No. 5, SW.

ELLS, R. W. 1885. 

Report on the geological formations of eastern Albert and Westmoreland counties, 

New Brunswick, and portions of Cumberland and Colchester counties, Nova Scotia, 

by R. W. Ells, 1884. Montreal, 1885.
RUB8BLL.] LITERATURE. 195

ELLS, R. W.-Continued.

In Geological and Natural History Survey of 

Canada. Annual Report (u. s.), vol. 1. 

Montreal, 1886, pp. IE-TIE, accompanied 

hy map of the province of New Brunswick [sheet 2-SW]; [map of] Nova Scotia 

and New Brunswick [sheet 4-NAV] and 

a plate of sections in portfolio.

In this report the outcrops of the Newark system along the north shore of Minas hasin 

are briefly described on pp. 6E, 7E. and in 

connection with a description of the Lower 

Carboniferous north of Minas basin several references to this system are included, 

pp. 43E-51E.

Cited on the geology of Prince Edward island

(Bain and Dawson, '85, p. 117). 

KMERSON, BEN. K. 1882.

The Deerfield [Mass.] dike and its minerals.

In Am. Jour. Sci., 3d ser., vol. 24, pp. 195-202, 

270-278, 349-359.

Describes the geographical extent of the dike

mentioned, and certain associated faults,

together with its lithology, decomposition,

mineralogy, etc.

EMERSON, B. K. 1886.

The Holyoko range on the Connecticut.

In Am. Assoc. Adv. Sci., Proc. vol. 35, pp. 

233-234.

Abstract in Am. Jour. Sci., 3d ser., vol. 32, 

pp. 323-324.

Abstract of a paper describing the structure

and lithology of the Holyoke trap sheet.

EMERSON, BEN. K. 1887.

[Topography and geology of Hampshire 

county, Mass.]

In Gazetteer of Hampshire county, Mass., 

1654-1887, compiled and edited by AN7". B. 

Gray, pp. 10-22.

Contains a sketch of the mode of origin of the 

sandstone and trap rock of the Connecticut valley and of their subsequent erosion, pp. 18-20. 

EMERSON, B. K. 1891.

[Remarks on the basal conglomerate of the 

Newark in the Connecticut valley.]

In Geol. Soc. Am., Bull. vol. 2, p. 223.

Remarks on a paper by R. Pumpelly. Refers 

to secular disintegration before the depo. 

sition of the Newark. Gives thickness of 

arkose in Massachusetts.

EMERSON, B. K. Cited on a fault at Turner's 

Falls, Mass. (W. M. Davis, '88, pp. 469, 

471).

Cited on the Newark system in the Connecticut valley (Newberry, '88, pp. xiii-xiv).

Cited on origin of limestone in the Newark 

rocks of Massachusetts (W. M. Davis, 

'89, p. 66).

Cited on origin of the red color of the Newark sandstone (Russell, '89, p. 50).

Cited on overflow trap sheets in Massachusetts ("W. M. Davis, '83, p. 297. W. M. 

Davis, '88, p. 465). 

Emerson creek, N. B. Rocks of (Gesner, '41, p. 14).

Emlg's mill, Pa. Dip of sandstone at (Fraser, 

'76, p. 94).

Trap near (Fraser, '76, p. 94). 

Kmigsville, Pa. Conglomerate from (Fraser, '76, 

p. 153).

Dip near (Fraser, '76, p. 88).

Limestone conglomerate from (C. E. Hall, '78, 

p. 17).

Section through (Fraser, '76, op. p. 92). 

Emilysville, York county, Pa. Fossil reptiles

found at (Fraser, '85, p. 403). 

Emmettsburg, Pa. Boundary of the Newark 

near (H. D. Rogers, '58, vol. 2, p. 669).

Catalogue of specimens of trap, etc., from 

near (Fraser, '77, pp. 254, 255, 332-381).

Contact uietamorphisin near (H. D. Rogers, 

'58, vol. 2, p. 691).

Iron ore near (H. D. Rogers, '58, vol. 2, p. 691).

Trap dikes near (H. D. Rogers, '58, vol. 2, pp. 

688, 691).

Trap from (C. E. Hall, '78, p. 61). 

EMMONS, E. 1836.

Notice of a scientific expedition [to Nova 

Scotia and New Brunswick].

In Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 30, pp. 330-354.

Contains a general description of the trap on 

the southeast shore of the bay of Fundy, 

with occasional references to the associated sandstone, and a few records of dip, 

contact metamorphisni, etc. A brief account of Quaco head, N. B., is also given. 

EMMONS, EBENEZER. 1841.

Report on the omithiohnites or footmarks of 

extinct birds, in the New Red sandstone of 

Massachusetts and Connecticut, observed 

by Prof. Hitchcock, of Amherst.

See (Rogers, H. D., L. Vauuxem, R. C. Taylor, E. Eniinons, and T. A. Conrad, 1841).

[EMMONS, E.] 1842.

Topography, geology, and mineral resources 

of the State of New York.

In a gazetteer of the state of New York.

Albany, 12mo, pp. 5-25.

Contains a brief account of the trap rock on

the west bank of the Hudson, pp. 16-17. 

EMMONS, E. 1842a.

Geology of New York [Part IV].

Albany, 4to, pp. i-x, 1-437, pis. 1-17.

Shows the position of the Newark system in 

the New York series of sedimentary rocks, 

p. 429. 

EMMONS, EBENEZER. 1846.

Natural History of New York, Part V. Agriculture, vol. 1.

Albany, 4to, pp. i-xi, 1-371, and 21 plates.

Contains a brief account of the Newark rocks

of Rockland county, N. Y., pp. 200-201. 

EMMONS, EBENEZER. 1852.

Report of Prof. Eminous on his geological survey of North Carolina.

Raleigh, pp. 1-182.

Contains detailed description of the Deep river

and Dan river coal fields, N. C., pp. 113-159.

EMMONS, EBENEZER. 1856.

Geological report of the midland counties, of 

North Carolina.
196 THE NEWARK SYSTEM. [BULL. 85.

EMMONS, EBENEZEB Continued.

New York and Raleigh, pp. i-xx, 1-351, and 18 

maps and plates.

Reviewed by Charles-Dewey, in Am. Jonr. 

Sci., 2d ser., vol. 24, pp. 427-430.

Abstract in Neues Jahrbuch, 1858, pp. 358-359.

Reprinted in "In coal and iron counties of 

North Carolina,'.' by P. M. Hale.

Contents relating to the Newark system.

Deep river coal field. Page. 

Masses composing the formation. 227-239 

Considerations respecting age ... 227-239

Geographical extent of coal measures, 

together with the under and over 

lying sandstones................. 239-246

Quantity and quality of the Deep

river coal, composition, etc...... 246-254

The Dan river coal field. Description

of (E.Emmons) .................. 259-291

Economic products of the coal fields

and of the red sandstones ........ 261-268

The advantages of Deep river for the

manufacture of iron, etc.......... 268-270

History of opinions respecting the ago 

of the Deep and Dan rivers formations. Division of the series with 

remarks sustaining it............ 271-283

Description of organic remains....... 283-3 J8

The coal fields of Deep river and of

Richmond, Va., compared........ 338-342

EMMONS, EBENEZEB. 1857.

American geology, containing a statement of 

the principles of the science, with full illustrations of the characteristic American 

fossils, Part VI.

Albany [N. Y.], pp. i-x, 1-152, and 13 plates.

Page. 

Preface .............................. v-vii

Subject stated in tho preliminary remarks. .........................i. 1

Geographical distribution of the Permian and Triassic (Newark) systems of the Atlantic slope........ 2-4

Of the relations which exist among the 

sandstones and slates of tho different troughs or basins which have 

been described................... 5-13

Comparisons of the beds described in 

the foregoing sections and their 

subdivisions proposed............ 13-16

Proposed divisions and comparisons

with European equivalents ...... 16-18

General statements respecting tho 

series of rocks to be described. 

Conglomerate, its composition and 

variable thickness. Brown and 

red sandstone, its parallelism with 

Rothe Todte Liegendes, its fossils 19-20

Lithological character of the coal 

measures of Rothe Todte Liegendes, composition of the coal shales, 

black band/etc. Beds penetrated 

by the Egypt shaft; Dan river 

coal seams ....................... 29-34

EMMONS, EBENEZEB Continued.

Fossils of tho coal slates and shales,

sandstones, etc................... 34-36

Of the animal remains of the slates

and shales of the Chatham series. 36-54 

Reptilia; characteristics of reptiles

and their general distribution in

the rocks......................... 54-57

The saurian remains of the Chatham

series ............................ 58-65

Mammal of the Permian epoch....... 93-96

Subject-matter respecting the upper

or the Triassic (Newark) series.. 97-98 

Fossils of the Newark system referred

to their proper classes and orders. 99-134 

Footprints or body imprints found in

the upper series or Trias......... 135-141

Vertebrata........................... 142-149

On the pyroplastic rocks belonging to

tho sandstone series.............. 149-151

EMMONS, EBENEZEB. 1867a. 

Special report of Dr. E. Emmons, concerning

 the advantages of the valley of the Deep

river [North Carolina], as a site for the

establishment of a national foundry. 

Raleigh, pp. 1-14. 

Describes briefly the coal, iron, and building

stone of the region referred to, pp. 6-11,12.

EMMONS, E. 1857b.

Fossils of the sandstones and slates of North 

Carolina.

In Am. Assoc. Adv. Sci., Proc., vol. 11, 1858, 

pt. 2, pp. 76-80.

Abstract in Ann. Sci. Discov., 1857, pp. 312- 

314.

Presents a generalized section of the Newark 

rocks of North Carolina, followed by a 

summary of results obtained from a study 

of their fauna and flora, and a discussion 

of their ago as compared with certain formations in Europe.

EMMONS, EBENEZEB. 1857c.

Permian and Triassic systems of North Carolina.

In Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal, N. 

S., vol. 5, p. 370.

Abstract in Neues Jahrbuch, 1857, p. 343.

Abstract of a paper read at the Albany meeting of the American Association for tho 

Advancement of Science, 1856. The Newark system in North Carolina is stated to 

belong to the Permian and Triassic systems. The fossils on which this classification is based are mentioned.

EMMONS, E. 1868.

The chemical constitution of certain members 

of tho Chatham series in the valley of 

Deep river, North Carolina.

In Am. Assoc. Adv. Sci., Proc., voj. 12,1859, 

pp. 230-232.

Refers to divisions that have been made in 

classifying the Newark rocks of North 

Carolina, and presents three analyses ot 

magnesian limestone from near Egypt.
Russrttt.]- LITERATURE. 197

EMMONS, E. Continued.

Cited on ago of tho coal-bearing rocks of North 

Carolina (Chance, '85, p. 17. J. D. Dana, 

'50, p. 322. Jackson, '56a, pp. 31-32. Lesquereux, '76, p. 283. Macfarlane, '77, pp. 

518-528. Macfarlane, '79, p. 42. Marcou, 

'88, p. 30. W. C. Redfield, '56, p. 188).

Cited on age of the Newark system (Hitchcock and Hitchcock, '67, p. 416. Lea, '58. 

Newberry, '88, p. 9. H. D. Rogers, '58, 

vol.2, pp. 696-697).

Cited 011 cypridto from North Carolina (Jones, 

62, p. 125).

Cited on Deep river coal field, N. C. (Lyell, '66, 

p. 457).

Cited on efflorescence of salt in the Egypt 

shaft, N. C. (Jones, '62, p. 90).

Cited 011 extent of the Newark in North Carolina (Wilkes, '58,.p. 2).

Cited on fossil bird hone from North Carolina 

(Mackie, '64).

Cited on fossil crustaceans from the Newark 

system (Jones, '62, pp. 86-87).

Cited on fossil fishes of the Newark sAT stem 

(Newberry, '88).

Cited on fossil mammalians from North Carolina (Osborn, '86).

Cited 011 fossil mammalians in North Carolina 

(H. D. Eogers, '58, vol. 2, p. 761).

Cited on fossil plants in North Carolina (Marcou, '59, p. 25. Marcou, '90).

Cited on fossil reptiles from North Carolina 

(H. D. Rogers, '58, vol. 2, p. 695).

Cited on geology of the midland counties of 

North Carolina (Marcou, '58, pp. 15-16).

Cited on geology of Virginia and North Carolina (Archia6,'58).

Cited on intrusive trap sheets in New Jersey 

(W.M. Davis, '83, p. 294).

Cited on Newark of North Carolina (Miller, 

'79-'81, vol. 2, pp. 225-227).

Cited on Older Mesozoic flora of North Carolina (Foiitaine, '83, pp. 60, 62, 63, 88,89,97- 

128, pis. 48-54).

Notice of work by (Miller, '79-'81, vol. 2, pp. 

152-154).

Reference to description of fossil mammal by 

(Osborn, '87).

Review of geological report by (Dewoy, '57).

Enfleld, Conn. Brief account of shale at (E.

Hitchcock, '35, p. 217). 

Coal found in (E.Hitchcock, '41, p. 139). 

Fossil plants from (E. Hitchcock, '41, p. 453). 

Mention of the finding of fossil plants at (A.

Smith,'32, pp. 219-220). ^ 

Report of the finding of coal at (E. Hitchcock,

'23, vol. 6, p. 63).

Red shale in (E. Hitchcock, '41, p. 443). 

Ridges in (Percival, '42, p. 445).

Enfleld bridge, Conn. Localities of fossil footprints near (E. Hitchcock, '41, p. 466).

Enfleld falls, Conn. Description of fossil footprints from (E. Hitchcock, '58).

Enfleld falls, Mass. Brief account of sandstone 

near (E. Hitchcock, '35, p. 221).

Enfleld falls, Mass. Continued.

Character of sandstone at (E. Hitchcock, '41,

pp. 446-447). 

Concerning coal near (E. Hitchcock, '35, p.

231). 

Enfleld ridge, Suffleld, Conn. Fossil footprints at

(E. Hitchcock, '58, pp. 50, et seq.). 

Englewood, N. J. Boundary of trap "outcrop at

(Cook, '68, p. 177). 

Description of tho geology near (W. M. Davis,

'83, pp. 269-271). 

Dip of sandstone near (W. M. Davis, '83, p.

269).

Indurated shale near (Barton, '90, p. 52). 

Mention of building stone near (Cook, '81, p.

43). 

Outcrops of trap and sandstone near (Cook,

'68, p. 178).

Sandstone on trap at (Cook, t>8, p. 201). 

Sandstone on west slope of Palisades at (Cook,

'68, p. 208).

Sandstone quarries at (Cook, '79, p. 21). 

Upper contact of Palisade trap sheet near (Davis and Whittle, '89, p. 106).. 

English company's colliery, Va. Analysis of coal

from (Clifford, '87, p. 10). 

English neighborhood, N. J. Boundary of trap

outcrop at (Cook, '68, p. 177). 

Ephrata, Pa. Boundary of theNowark near (Frazer, '80, pp. 43,44. Lea, '58, p. 92. H. D. 

Rogers, '58, vol. 2, p. 668). 

Ephrata hills, Pa. Boundary of tho Newark near

(Frazer, '80, p. 15). 

Ephrata township, Pa. Report on the geology of

(Frazer, '80. pp. 44-48).

Eppes falls, Va. Boundary of Newark area near 

(Heinrich, '78, p. 231. AV. B. Rogers, '40, 

p. 71). 

Erbs mill, Pa. Boundary of the Newark near (H.

D. Rogers, '58, vol. 2, p. 668). 

Evans, N. C. Exploration for coal near (Chance,

'85, pp. 43-47). 

-Evans bridge, N. C. Boundary of the Newark

near (Mitchell, '42, p. 130). 

Fossil tree trunks found near (Eminons, '52,

p. 148). 

Unconformity of Newark and Taconic near

(Emmons, '56, p. 242). 

Evans mills, N. C. Section at (Emmons, '5ft, p.

231). 

Evittstown, N. J. Character of tho formation near

(H.D.Rogers, '40J p. 131). 

Ewingville, N. J. Dip in shale near (Cook, '82,

p. 26). ' 

Exeter, Pa. Contact metamorphism. at (d'lnvilliers, '83, p. 199).

EYERMAN, JOHN. 1886. 

Footprints on tho Triassic [Newark] of New

Jersey.

In Am. Jour. Sci., 3d ser., vol. 31, p. 72. 

Brief description of fossil footprints from 

near Milford, Hunterdon county, New 

Jersey.

EYERMAN, JOHN. 188». 

[Fossil footprints and fossil plants from Milford, New Jersey.]
198 THE NEWARK SYSTEM. [BOLL. 85.

EYEBMAN, JOHN Continued.

In notes on geology and mineralogy. In 

Philadelphia Acad. Nat. Sci. Proc., 1889, 

[vol. 40], pp. 32-33.

Gives a list, with measurements, of fossil footprints from the locality mentioned.

Fairfax, Va. Boundaries of the Newark near

(W. B. Rogers, '40, pp. 63,66,67). 

Description of the Newark near (W. B. Rogers, '40, pp. 64-69). 

Detailed description of geology near ("W. B.

Rogers, '40, pp. 66,67).

Fairfleld, Conn. Description of trap dikes in 

primary rocks near (Percival, '42, pp. 415- 

416). 

Overflow trap sheets near (W. M. Davis, '88,

p. 465).

Fairfleld, Pa. Boundary of the Newark near 

(Frazer, '82, p. 123. H. D. Rogers, '58, 

vol. 2, p. 669).

Conglomerate from (Frazer, '80, p. 291). 

Conglomerate near (H. D. Rogers, '58, vol.

2, p. 684). 

Contact nietamorphism near (H. D. Rogers,

'58, vol. 2, p. 684,691). 

Copper ore at, detailed account of (Frazer,

'80, p. 301-304).

Copper ores near (Frazer, '82, pp. 132-134). 

Dip at (Frazer, '80, p. 301). 

Dip in shale near (H. D. Rogers, '58, vol. 2, pp.

684-691).

Iron ore near (H. D. Rogers,'58, vol. 2, p. 691). 

Limestone from (Shaler, '84, p. 156). 

Trap dikes near (H. D. Rogers, '58, vol. 2, pp.

684,690,691,692). 

Fairfleld, S. C. Description of trap dikes iu

(Tuomey, '44, p. 12).

Fair Haven, Conn. Relation of trap and sandstone near (Whelpley, '45, p. 63). 

Trap dike in, mention of (Hovey, '89, p. 377). 

Trap dike near (W. M. Davis, '83, p. 268). 

Trap ridgea near, description of (Percival,

'42, pp. 331,333,335). 

Trap rocks near, description of (Davis and

Whittle, '89, pp. 110-111). 

Fair Haven, East, Conn. Contact metamorphism

near (Hovey, '89, pp. 369-375). 

Trap ridges near (Hovey, '89, p. 366). 

Fairmont Hill, N. J. Structure of (Darton, '90,

p. 43). 

Fair View, Pa. Mention of a trap dike near

(Frazer, '84, p. 693). 

Fairville, N. J. Dip in sandstone at (Cook, '82,

p. 24). 

Fairville, Pa. Boundary of the Newark near

(Frnzer,'80, p. 15,48,49). 

Fall mountain, Mass. Description of scenery

near (E. Hitchcock, '23, vol. 7, p. 12). 

Fall river, Mass. Description of faults at the

mouth of (Emerson, '82, pp. 195-196). 

Falls of the Passaic, N. J. Contact inetamorphiamnear (H. D. Rogers, '40, p. 146). 

Description of trap outcrop at (H. D. Rogers,

'40, p. 146).

Falmouth, Pa. Detailed description of the Newark rocks near (Frazer, '80, pp. 103-104).

Falmonth, Pa. Continued.

Trap near, description of (Frazer, '80, p. 34.

H. D. Rogers, '58, vol. 2, p. 687). 

Fanwood, N. J. Description of the geology near

(W. M. Davis. '83, p. 275). 

Farmersville, N. C. Analysis of blackband from

(Eramons, '56, p. 264). 

Analysis of coal from (Emmons, '56, pp.

247-248,249, 250. Kerr, '75, pp. 293-294). 

Boundary of the Newark near (Emmons, '56,

p. 244).

Brief account of coal at (Eramons, '57a, p. 7). 

Dips and strikes near (W. R. Johnson, '51,

pp. 6-7). 

Fossil reptilian bones from (Emmons, '57, p.

92).

Outcrop of coal in (Wilkes. '58, p. 4). 

Thickness of coal seams near (W. R. Johnsou, '51, p. 8). 

Unconformity of Newark and Taconic near

(Emmous, '56, p. 242). 

Farmington, Conn. Building stone from, brief

account of (E. Hitchcock, '35, p. 46). 

Building stone near (Percival, '42, p. 439). 

ludurato.d bitumen found near (Percival, '42,

pp. 375, 376).

Limestone near (Percival, '42, pp. 316,443). 

Overflow trap sheets near (W. M. Davis, '88,

p. 464).

Sandstone quarries near (Shaler, '84, p. 127). 

Trap ridges near (Percival, '42, pp. 368-370). 

Farmington hills, Conn. Analysis of diabatite

from (Hawes, 75a). 

Topographic form of trap ridge near (Peroival,

'42, p. 304). 

Farmington mountain, Conn. Anterior trap ridge

of (Davis and Whittle, '89, pp. 109-110). 

Description of (Percival, '42, p. 374). 

Small map of (Davis and Whittle, '89, pi. 3). 

Farmington river gap, Conn. Trap ridges near

(Davis and Whittle, '89, p. 109). 

Farmville, N. C. Analysis of coal and natural

coke from (Battle, '86). 

Analysis of coal from (Chance, '84). 

Coal at (Macfarlane, '77, p. 519). 

Coal at, quality of (Emmons. '52, p. 131). 

Coal near, explorations for (Chance, '85,-pp.

26-33).

D'ip at (Macfarlane, '77, p. 518). 

Dip of coal seams near (Chance, '84, p. 518).^ 

Reference to fossil fishes from (E. Hitchcock,

'41, p. 440).

Reptile remains from (Emmons, '56, p. 309). 

Section of coal seams at (Chance, '85, p. 22). 

Section of coal seams near (Emmons, '52, pp.

124-129). 

Sketch showing outcrop of coal near (Chance,

'85, p. 27). 

Farmville, Va. Boundary of the Newark near

(W. B. Rogers, '39, pp. 74-76). 

Mention of coal shales and coal seams at

(Hcinrich, '78, p. 272). 

Short account of coalfield near (Daddow and

Bannan, '66, pp^ 402-403). 

Farmville area, Va. Brief account of (Emmons,

'57, p. 3. Hotchkiss, '81, p. 120).
RUSSELL.] LITERATURE. 199

Fannvllle area, Ta. Continued.

Brief review of the occurrence of coal in

(Chance, '85, pp. 18-19). 

General account of the coal of (Patton, '88, p.

23). 

Faults. Brief discussion of (W. M. Davis, '88,

pp. 469-481). 

Faults In Connecticut. Discussion of (Hovey, '89,

pp. 378-379. W.M. Davis,'89c). 

Detailed study of, near Meriden ("W. M. Davis,

'89). 

Map of, near Meriden ("W. M. Davis, '89c, p.

424).

Possible existence of (E. Hitchcock, '58, p. 15). 

South Britain (W. M. Davis, '88, p. 472). 

"Woodbury, section showing ("W. M. Davis, '88,

p. 472).

See, also, Connecticut valley. 

Faults in Connecticut valley. ("W. M. Davis, '82.

W. M. Davis, '82a, pp. 120-124. W. M.

Davis,'83. W.M.Davis,'88. W.M.Davis,

'91. Davis and Loper, '91. Davis and

"Whittle,'89. Percival,'42, p.300). 

Discussion of (W. M. Davia, '86, p. 344. W.

M. Davis, '88. W. M. Davis, '896, j?p.

27-29). 

Hypothetical section of ("W. M. Davis, '86, p.

350).

Marginal (W. M. David, '88, p. 474). 

Origin of (W. M. Davis, '88a). 

Systematic arrangement of (W. M. Davis, '88,

pp. 474-477).

See, also, Connecticut and Massachusetts. 

Faults in Massachusetts. At mouth of Fall river

(Emerson, '82).

See, alto, Connecticut valley. 

Faults In New Jersey. (Cook,'79, p. 33. Cook,'82,

p. 16. Cook, 83, p. 25. Cook, '87. Cook,

'89, pp. 13-14. Darton, '90. "W. M. Davis,

'82. "W. M. Davis, '83. Lesley '83, p. 181.

Mason, '89, pp. 25,32-33). 

At Belleville (Cook, '81, p. 44). 

Garret rock (Darton, '90, p. 23). 

Haledon quarry (Cook, '83, p. 25, pi.). 

Hudson county (Darton, '90. Russell, '80, pp.

32-33).

Lambertville (Lesley, '83, p. 181). 

Palisades (Nason,'89, p. 26). 

Paterson (W. M. Davis, '83, p. 309, pi. 11). 

Plainfield (Cook, '68, p. 677). 

General, absence of (Cook, '68, p. 202). 

Faults In New York. In Palisade trap sheet (Darton, '90, pp. 41-45). 

Faults in North Carolina. Deep river area

(Chance,'85. p. 59). 

Gulf (Emmons, '56, p. 241). 

Faults in Nora Scotia. (Dawson, '78, p. 104). 

Faults in Pennsylvania. (Frazer, '84. Lewis, '85,

p. 440. H. D. Rogers, '58, vol. 1, pp. 86,87). 

Border of the Newark (Lesley, '63, pp. 188-189). 

Bucks county (Lesley, '85, p. xxvii). 

Cornwall iron mine (Lesley and d'lnvilliers,

'85, pp. 498-506).

Dillsbnrg (Frazor, '77, pp. 328-330. d'lnvilliers, '86, p. 1503). 

Yardleyville (Lewis, '82).

Faults in Pennsylvania Continued.

Yellow springs (H. D. Rogers, '58, vol. 1, p. 88). 

Faults in Virginia. Fanuvillo (Daddow and Bannan,'66,p. 403).

Midlothian (Fontaine, '79, p. 36). 

 Richmond area (Fontaine, '79, pp. 35, 36. Newell, '89. "W. B. Rogers, '36, pp. 55-56. Shaler, '71, pp. 114,118). 

Origin of, briefly considered ("W. M. Davis,

'89a, p. 196). 

Producing overlap, diagrams showing (W. M.

Davis,'88, p. 475). 

Various observations cited ("W. M. Davis, '83,

pp. 304-305). 

Fauquier county, Ya. Character of conglomerate

in (W. B. Rogers, '39, p. 72). 

Description of the Newark in (W. B. Rogers,

'40, pp. 64-69). 

Reference to fossil fishes from (E. Hitchcock,

'41, p. 440). 

Fayettesvllle, Ya. Boundary of Newark near

(Heinrich, '78, p. 235). 

Feltrille, N. J. Absence of contact motamorphism at (Darton, '89, p. 135). 

Baryta at (Cook, '68, p. 709). 

Boundary of First mountain, trap at (Cook,

'68, p. 182). 

Boundary of Second mountain, trap at (Cook,

'68, p. 183).

Copper ores near (Cook, '68, p. 676), 

Description of the geology near (W. M. Davis, '83, pp. 274-276). 

Dip at (Cook, '68, p. 196). 

Dip in sandstone at (Cook, '82, p. 24). 

Junction of trap and sandstone at (Russell,

'78a). 

Limestone at (Cook, '68, p. 214. Cook, '79, p.

18. Cook, '82, pp. 22, 42). 

Limestone near (Nason, '89, p. 22). 

Sandstone above trap at (Cook, '68, p. 201). 

Section of trap sheet rear (Darton; '90, p. 26). 

Surface of trap sheet at (Darton, '90, p. 26). 

Trap exposures near ("W. M. Davis, '83, p. 309,

pi. 11). 

Ferrlsh's coal mine, N. C. Analysis of coal from

(W. R. Johnson, '50, p. 165. Macfarlane,

'77, p. 525). 

Discovery of (W. R. Johnson, '50, pp. 161-

162). 

Fiddlers creek, N. J. Dip near (Cook, '08, pp. 197.

198).

FIELD, ROSWELL. 1855. 

[On fossil footprints from Greeilfield, Connecticut.] 

In Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Proc., vol. 5, pp.

100,166). 

Describes a slab of sandstone covered with

footprints. 

FIELD, ROSWELL. 1856. 

[Note on the discovery of the footprint of a

biped web-footed animal at Greenfleld,

Massachusetts.] 

In Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Proc., vol. 6, pp.

10, 11. 

A brief extract from a letter relating to the

discovery.
200 THE NEWARK SYSTEM. [BULL. 85.

FIELD, ROSWELI. 1800.

Orinthichnites, or tracks resembling those of 

birds.

In Am. Jour. Sci., 2d ser., vol. 29, pp. 361-363.

Abstract in Noues Jahrbuch, 1861, pp. 877, 878.

Discusses the ornithic character of the footprints discovered in the Connecticut vallev; shows that some of the three-toed 

tracks were made by fouc-footed animals. 

FIELD, KOSWELL. 18«0a.

[On the probable reptilian or mammalian character of the footprints iu the sandstone of 

the Connecticut valley.]

In Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Proc., vol. 7, pp. 

316-317.

Discovery of fossil at Turners Palls, Mass.

(E. Hitchcock, '58, p. 7). -

Field copper mine, N. J. Altered shale near 

(Cook, '83, p. 24).

Contact of trap and sandstone at (Cook, '82, 

p. 51).

Dip in shale at (Cook, '82, p. 24).

Fossil Estherias and fishes found in (Nason,

'89, pp. 29, 30). 

Figeley's ore bed, Pa. Sandstone on the border

of (H. D. Rogers, '58, vol. 1, p. 88). 

Filler's ore pit, Pa. Report on (Frazer, '77, p.

222). 

FINCH, J. 1826.

Memoir on the New or "Variegated sandstone 

of the United States.

In Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 10, pp. 209-212.

Contains some observations on the Newark 

sandstone in New Jersey, dissents from 

the use of the name Old Red sandstone for 

that terrane. and uses the name New or 

Variegated sandstone instead. 

FINCH, JOHN. 1828.

On the geology and mineralogy of the country 

near "Westchester, Pa.

In Ana. Jour. Sci., vol. 14, pp. 15-18.

Brief account of the Newark sandstone (called 

second or variegated sandstone) and associated trap near Westchester, Pa. 

FINCH, J. Cited on the ago of the Newark system (C. H. Hitchcock, '71, p. 21). 

Fire clay In North Carolina. (Chance, '85, p. 25. 

Emmons, '50, pp. 265-266. Kerr, '66, pp. 

46,47).

Dan river area (Emmons, '52, p. 153).

Deep river area (Emmons, '52, pp. 123-124). 

First Newark mountain, N. J. Boundaries of 

(Cook, '68, pp. 180-182).

Brief description of (Russell, '78. p. 241).

Building stono near (Cook, '68, p. 506).

Contact metamorphism near (Cook, '87, p. 125).

Copper ores of the (Cook, '68, p. 676).

Description of (Cook, '68, pp. 179-182. Cook, 

'82, pp. 49-52).

Detailed description of (Dartou, '90, pp. 19-32).

Dip in (Cook, '68, p. 195).

Dips in the associated sandstone (Walling:, '78. 

p. 196).

Gaps in (Cook, '82, p. 50).

Lower contacts of trap sheet of (Darton, '90, 

pp. 25-31).

First Newark mountain, N. J. Continued.

Origin of (Russell, '78a).

Origin of, discussed (Wurtz, '70, p. 10).

Overflow origin of (W. M. Davis, '82).

Probable faults near (Nason, '89, p. 26).

Sketch of faulted trap near Paterson (AV. M. 

Davis, '83, p. 309, pi. 11).

Solid hydrocarbon in (Russell, '78b).

See, also, "Watchung mountains. 

Fishers mills, S. C. Description of trap dikes 

near (Tuomey, 44, p. 11).

Fishes, fossil. (Emmons, '57, pp. 142-145, pis. 9,9a.

H.D.Rogers,' 58,vol. 2,pp. C95,760-761, 764.) 

Age indicated by (Newberry, '88, pp. 11-12). 

Description and figures of (Newberry, '88). 

General account of (Lyell, '66, p. 456). 

Geological position of (Nowberry, '85). 

Observations on (Lea, '53, p. 193). 

Position in scheme of classification (E. Hitchcock, '58, p. 147).

Progress in study of (W. C. Redfield, '55a). 

Remarks on (E. Hitchcock, '58, p. 144). 

Review of (W. C. Redfield, '56). 

Summary concerning (Miller, '79-'8l, vol. 2, p.

243). 

Fishes, fossil, from Connecticut. Discussion

concerning (Brongniart and Silliman, '22). 

Little falls, (C.H.S.Davis, '87, p. 21). 

Mention of (Percival, '42, pp. 442, 444, 446,447.

451).

Middlefield (Anonymous, '38). 

Southbury (E. Hitchcock, '28, p. 228). 

Westfield (Anonymous, '38. Silliman, '21, pp.

221,222). 

Fishes, fossil, from Connecticut valley. (Davis

and Loper,'91. DeKay,'42. "Warren,'54,

p. 42). 

Brief account, of (E. Hitchcock, '23, vol. C, pp.

76-79, pi. 9. E. Hitchcock, '37, p. 267. E.

Hitchcock, '56. E. Hitchcock, '58). 

Description of (Egerton, '49. Newberry, '88.

W. C. Redfield, Ml). 

Localities of (Mother, '34). 

Markings made by (E. Hitchcock, '58, pp. 144-

147, pis. 15,16). 

Remarks on (Harlan, '34, pp. 92-94. H. D.

Rogers, '58, vol. 2, p. 694). 

Fishes, fossil, from Massachusetts. Brief account

of (E. Hitchcock, '35, pp. 238,339). 

Detailed account of (E. Hitchcock, '41, pp.

458-460).

Discussion concerning (Brougniart and Silliman, '22). 

Position of in reference to trap sheets (E.

Hitchcock, '55, p. 226).

Reference to (E. Hitchcock, '41, pp. 437,438). 

Sunderland (Anonymous, '54. Silliman, '21a). 

Turners Falls (E. Hitchcock, '58, pp. 145,146). 

Fishes, fossil, from New Jersey. Boontou (A nonymous, '54). 

Description of (Egerton, '49. Newberry.

Newberry, '88. W.C. Redfield, '41). 

Field's copper mine (Cook, '82, p. 51). 

List of (De Kay, '42).

Localities of (Cook, '79, pp. 27-28. Nason, '89, 

 - pp. 28-30).
RUSSELL.] LITEEATURE. 201

Fishes, fossil, from New Jersey Continued. 

Mention of (Cook, '08, p. 174). 

Morris county (AV. C. Eeclfield, '39). 

Pompton (W. C. Eedfield, '43). 

Eefercncc to (W. C. Eedlield, '43a). 

AVeehawken (Cook, '85, p. 95. Britton, '85.

Gradacap, ! 8G).

Fishes, fossil, from North Carolina. Brief account of (Emnions, '56, pp. 321-322. Eminons,'57, pp. 42-44. Emmons, '576, p. 77). 

Eeforenco to (Copo, '75. Eiiiinons, '52, p. 142.

E. Hitchcock, '41,p. 440).

Fishes, fossil, from Pennsylvania. Brief description of (Lewis, '85, pp. 449-453). 

Phconixville (Cope, '85. Lesley, '83, p. 213,

AVheatley, 'Cl, p. 44). 

Yerkis station (Leidy, '76).

Fishes, fossil, from Virginia. Brief account of 

(Lyoll, '47, pp. 275-278. Lyell, '49, p. 282. 

AY. B. Eogers, '43, p. 300). 

List of (Heinricli, '78, p. 264). 

Mention of (AV. B. Kogers, '43, p. 315. AVooldridge, '42).

Note on (AV. C. Eedfield, '3Sa). 

Eefereuce to (E. Hitchcock, '41, p. 440). 

Flskdulc, Conn. Description of trap dikes in 

primary rocks at (Percival, '42, pp. 419, 

420). 

Five islands, N. S. Brief account of Newark

rocks on (Honoynian, '78). 

Copper ores at (How, 69, p. 72). 

Description of (Dawson, '78, p. 101. Gesner, 

'36, pp. 259-262. Jackson and Alger, '33, 

p. 272).

Mention of (Marsters, '90). 

Eocks near (Dawson, '78, pp. 102-104. Gesner, '30, p. 170).

Sandstone beneath trap at (Dawson, '47, p. 52). 

Trap dikes near (Ells, '85, p. 7E). 

Fivemile Fork, N. J. Abandoned quarries near

(Cook,''81, p. 55).

Fivemile house, Pa. Exposure of trap and sandstone near (d'lnvilliers, '83, p. 225). 

Fivcniile lock, N. J. Dip in shale at (Cook, '79,

p. 30).

Dip near (Cook, '68, p. 196). 

Sandstone quarry near (Cook, '79, p. 23). 

Flagstone in Maryland. Brief account of (Tyson,

'60, appendix, pp. 5-6). 

Flagstone in New Jersey. (Cook,'68, p. 521. Cook,

'81, pp. 63-64).

Analysis of (Cook, '08, pp. 516-521). 

Flagstone quarries in New Jersey. (Cook, '79, pp.

20', 25).

Flagtown, N. J. Description of Sonrland mountain near (Cook, '68, pp. 191-192). 

Description of trap, contact nietamorphism, 

etc., near (H. D. Eogers, '40, pp. 152-153). 

Dip near (Cook, '68, pp. 198-199). 

Synclinal axis near (H. D. Eogers, '40, p. 128). 

Termination of trap ridge at (Cook, '82, p. 61). 

Flagtown, Pa. Trap near (C. E. Hall, '81, p. 80). 

Flemiugton, N. J. Analysis of trap from (Cook,

'68, p. 216).

Arenaceous strata near (H. D. Bogeru, '40, pp. 

123-124).

Fleming-ton, N. J. Continued.

Copper ores at (H. D. Eogers, '40, pp. 159,160-

163). 

Description of copper mines at (H. D. Eogera,

'36, pp. 109-170). 

Description of sandstone outcrops near (H.

D.Eogers,'30, p. 153). 

Description of trap outcrops near (Darton, '90,

p. 67).

Dip at (Cook, '08, p. 197). 

Dip in indurated shale near (Cook, '82, p. 27). 

Dip in sand rock near (Cook, '82, p. 27). 

Dips near, diverse (Nason, '89, pp. 18, 19). 

Evidence of faulting near (Nason, '89, p. 33). 

Fossil crustaceans found near (Nason, '89, p.

30). 

Map showing trap outcrops near (Darton, '90,

p. CO).

Origin of trap rock near (Darton, '89, p. 138). 

Eeference to trap rock near (H. D. Eogers, "36,

p. 154). 

Eeforred to as a locality for copper ore (H. D.

Eogers, '30, p. 166). 

Eeport on copper mine near (Dickeson, '59.

E. and C. H. Hitchcock, '59). 

Trap hill near (Nason, '89, p. 36). 

Trap intrusion near (H. D. Eogers, '36, p. 154). 

Trap outcrops near (Darton, '90, p. 70). 

Trap rock of (Cook, '82, pp. 62-63).

Flemiugton copper mine, N. J. (Cook, '68, p. 679). 

Brief account of (H. D. Eogers, '36, p. 167). 

Description of (H. D. Eogers, '40, pp. 162-163). 

Trap dike at (Cook, '68, p. 204). 

Floraville, N. J. Boundary of trap outcrop near

(Cook, '08, p. 177).

Indurated shale near (Darton, '90, p. 52). 

Flourtown, Pa. Brief account of trap dike near 

(C. E. Hall, '81, p. 75. H. D. Eogers, '58, 

vol. 1, p. 214). 

Description of trap dikes near (C. E. Hall, '81,

pp. 19-20).

Map showing continuation of trap dike near

(C.E.Hall, '81, p. 23). . '

Eeference to a trap dike near (Lewis, '85, pp.

439-441).

Trap dikes near (C. E. Hall, '81, pp. 19-20,75). 

Fluvanna county, Va. Boundary of the Newark in

(AV. B. Eogers,'39, p. 74).

Flying hill, Pa. Trap and conglomerate at (d'lnvilliers, '83, pp. 203, 204, 221-223). 

Flying hill run. Description of trap dikes near

(H. D. Eogers, '58, vol. 2, p. 080). 

''oily river, N. S. Contact of Newark and Lower

Carboniferous near (Ells, '85, p. 48E). 

Description of Newark rocks near (Ells, '85,

p. 7E).

Dip at (Dawson, '78, p. 100). 

Eocks at (Dawson, '78, p. 100). 

Section at (Dawson, '47, p. 51, pi. 5). 

Folly river bridge, N. S. Exposure of Newark 

rocks near (Honeynian, '74, pp. 345-346).

FONTAINE, WILLIAM M. 1879.

Notes on the Mesozoic strata of Virginia. 

In Am. Jour. Sci., 3d ser., vol. 17, pp. 25-39, 

151-157, 229-239.
202 THE NEWARK SYSTEM.

FONTAINE, "WILLIAM Jtt. Continued.

Reviewed by P. Frazer in Am. Nat., vol. 

13, pp. 284-202.

Abstract in Nenes Jalirbucb, 1881, pp. 137-138.

Classifies and describes the various Newark 

areas in Virginia, discusses the character 

and relations of their fossil plants, and 

presents theoretical considerations in reference to the causes which exterminate 

the "Jurassic" flora. The age of the two 

principal divisions of the Mesozoic of 

Virginia also receives attention.

FONTAINE, WILLIAM MORRIS. 1883. 

Contributions to the knowledge of the Older

Mesozoic flora of Virginia. 

Washington (Interior Dep., TJ. S. Geological

Survey, Monograph No. 6, pp. i-xi, 1-144,

pis. 1-54). 

Reviewed by D. Stur in Verhandlnngeii der

k. k. geologischon Reichsanstalt, No. 10,

1883, and by J. Marcou in Am. Gcol., vol.

5. pp. 160-174; see also The Virginias, vol.

6. pp. 38-40.

Abstract in Am. Jour. Sci., 3d ser., vol.30, p. 

162.

Contains a sketch of the geology of the Newark system, pp. 1-9. Describes and figures 

fossil plants collected mainly at Clover 

hill, Va., and consisting principally of 

ferns, together with a few specimens of 

Equisetze; Schizoneura, fruits of cycads, 

and some undetermined plants, pp. 10-92. 

General observations on the relation of 

the flora to that of the Trias, Jura, and 

Rhetic of Europe, pp. 92-96. The Older 

Mesozoic flora of North Carolina, as treated in E. Einmons1. "American Geology, 

Part VI," is also presented, pp. 57-121, followed by general remarks and conclusions, 

pp. 121-128. Explanation "of plates, pp. 

129-140. 

FONTAINE, WILLIAM MORRIS. 1889.

The Potomac or younger Mesozoic flora.

TF. S. Geol. Surv., Monog. No. 15, in two parts.

Refers to the unconformity of the Potomac 

with the Newark rocks beneath, in Virginia, part 1, pp. 58-59.

FONTAINE, W. M. Abstract of notes on the 

geology of Virginia. See Frazer, '82, p. 

140.

Cited on age of the Newark system (Newberry, 

'88, p. 10).

Cited on fossil flora (Dawson, '88, pp. 176,246. 

Marcou, '88, p. 33. Newberry, '88. Zeiller, '88).

Review of report on older Mosozoic flora by 

(Marcou, '90).

Review of work by (Stur, '88). 

Fooahee, N. C. Exploration for coal near (Chance,

'85, pp. 49-50).

Footprints, fossil. Brief sketch of (H. D. Rogers, 

'58, vol. 2, pp. 760-761).

Characteristics and paleontological value (E. 

Hitchcock, '60).

Classification of (E. Hitchcock, '36, pp. SISSIT).

Footprints, fossil Continued.

Classification of, with list of species (E. Hitchcock, '44a, pp. 316-318). 

Comparative study of (E. Hitchcock, '58, pp.-

24-45). « 

Compared with footprints of living animals'

(E. Hitchcock, '41, pp. 504-508, pla. 4D, 50,

51). 

Comparison of, with recent footprints (Desor,

'49).

Credit given E. Hitchcock for (he investigation of (H. D. Rogers, '44, pp. 249-250). 

Description and illustrations (E. Hitchcock,

'C5). 

Description of species (C. H. Hitchcock. '88,

pp. 123-127. E. Hitchcock, '36, pp. 317-

329. E. Hitchcock, '42). 

Descriptive catalogue of, in the Hitchcock

cabinet at Amherst college (C. H. Hitchcock, '65).

Discussion concerning (Murchison, '43). 

Discussion of the nature of (E. Hitchcock,

'36, pp. 313-316). 

Discussion of the principles of classification

(E. Hitchcock, '48).

Doubtful species of (E. Hitchcock, '65, p. 2). 

Early observations on (Barratt, '45). 

Evidence of having been made on a sloping

surface (W. B. Rogers, '42a). 

General account of (Emnions, '57, pp. 135-142,

Pl.7). 

Glossary of words used in description of (E.

Hitchcock, '58, p. 207). 

History of the discovery and description of

(E. Hitchcock,'44o). 

Illustrations of (Bouve). ^ 

Inferences from (Cook, 'G8, p. 338). 

Note in reference to the correct determination

of (Deane,'47o). 

Number of phalanges in the toes of (Silliman,

Silliman, jr., and Dana, '47). 

Of crustaceans (Agassiz,'58). 

Physical conditions shown by (J. D- Dana, '75,

p.420).

Reference to (Newberry, '88, p. 5). 

Remarks on the classification of (Cope, '69, p.

242). 

Revised list of (C. H. Hitchcock, '71. C. H.

Hitchcock,'88). 

Sketch of progress in the study of ("VVarron,

'55).

Species of, not reliable (E. Hitchcock, '65, p. 2). 

Statements in reference to the nature of (J. D.

Dana, '65). 

Table showing classification of (E. Hitchcock,

'48, pp. 165-168). 

Footprints, fossil, from Connecticut. Additional

localities (E. Hitchcock, '376). 

Greenfield, description of (Field, '55). 

Middle town, mention of (Anonymous, '38a.

Barratt, '37). 

Reference to (Adams, '46a. Silliman, '37).

Footprints, fossil, from the Connecticut Tallej.

Account of (Danberry, '39, pp. 19-21. Deane, 

'61. Le Conte, '82, pp. 253-257).
BTJSSEIX.] LITERATURE. 203

Footprints, fossil, from the Connecticut valleyContinued. 

Brief account of (Adams, '4C, pp. 101-102.

Deano, '42. E. Hitchcock, '37, pp. 271-273.

E. Hitchcock, '55a, pp. 181-189. E. Hitchcock, '56. E. Hitchcock, '58, p. 173. Le

Conte, '84, p. 327. Lyell, 'GO, pp. 453-45C.

Lyell, '45, vol. 1, pp. 252-255.. Lyell, '71,

p. 361. Mantell, '43. Murchison, '43a.

Macfarlane, '79, p. C3. Owen, '43. Owen.

'59, pp. 181, 182, 324-327. Pictet, '53.

Shaler, '85, pp. 218-219. Steel, '74, pp.

184-185).

Classification of (E. Hitchcock, '37, p. 273). 

Conclusions from study of (E. Hitchcock, '58.

pp. 172-175.

Crustaceans (Dana, '58a. Leidy, '58). 

Description and figures of (Deane, '49). 

Description and figures of many genera and

species (E. Hitchcock, '48). 

Description of (Deane, '45d. E. Hitchcock,

'56a. E. Hitchcock, 58). 

Discussion as to the nature of the animals

that made them (Field, '60). 

Discussion of the conditions under which they

were formed (E. Hitchcock, '47, pp. 50-57). 

First discovery of (Mackie, '64). 

General account of (Emmons. '46, p. 201.

Deane, '43). 

Illustrations of (Gray and Adams, '60, pp.

247-252).

Insects (Warren, '55). 

List of (E. Hitchcock, '37a). 

Localities of (E. Hitchcock, '48, pp. 131-132.

E. Hitchcock, '58. pp. 45-50. D. Marsh, '48). 

Marsh cited on tho reptilian character of

(Hull, '87, p. 86).

New facts concerning (E. Hitchcock, '63). 

Notice of discoveries of ("VV. C. Redfield. '38). 

Popular account of (E. Hitchcock, '58, pp.

175-190. Russell. 77. Winchell, '70. pp.

180-187). 

Position of, in the strata (E. Hitchcock, '58,

p. 20). 

Priority of discovery of (Bouv6, '59. Deane,

'44a. Deane, '446. E. Hitchcock, °44d.

E. Hitchcock, '58, pp. 191-199. W. B.

Rogers, '59). 

Probahle reptilian or mammalian character of,

brief remarks on the (Field, '60). 

Reasons for doubting that they were made by

birds (L. Agassiz, '55).

Remarks on (H. D. Rogers, '58, vol. 2, p. 694). 

Review of the controversy concerning the discovery of (E. Hitchcock, '44a). 

Revised classification of (Cope, '69, p. 242.

E. Hitchcock, '45).

Synopsis of (E. Hitchcock, '58, p. 174). 

Table showing characteristics of (E. Hitchcock, '58, pp. 201-205). 

Table showing measurements of (E. Hitch

cock, '48, pp. 181,191,196, 211, pi. op. p. 256). 

Thickness of rocks containing (H. D. Rogers.

'50, p. 32).

Upheaval of sandstone strata since tlie origin 

of (E. Hitchcock, '55, p. 226).

Footprints, fossil, from Massachusetts. Conditions under -which they were made (E. 

Hitchcock,'41, pp. 512-513).

Description of (E. Hitchcock, '47. E. Hitchcock' '58. Warren, '55, pp. 305-306).

Description of fivo new species from near 

Turners Falls (E. Hitchcock, '43a, p. 254).

Detailed account of (E. Hitchcock, '41, pp. 

464-525, pis. 30-51).

Doubtful origin of (E. Hitchcock, '41. p. 501).

General account of, with description and figures of species (E. Hitchcock. '36).

General description of a small slab of (Mantell, '46).

General description of the nature and situation of (E. Hitchcock, '41, pp. 467-474, pis. 

30-49).

Greenfield (Field, '56).

In state cabinet (E. Hitchcock, '59).

Localities of (E. Hitchcock, '41, pp. 465-467).

Manner in which they succeed each other (E. 

Hitchcock, '41, pp. 517-518, pi. 47-51).

Mention of (Packard, 71).

Position of, in reference to trap sheets (ifi. 

Hitchcock, '55, p. 226).

Quadruped from Turners Falls (Deane, '48).

Remarks upon (E. Hitchcock, '45c).

Showing a succession of tracks (E. Hitchcock 

'41, pp. 500-501, pis. 47, 48, 49).

Specific description of (E. Hitchcock. '41 pp. 

474-501).

Summary of species of (E. Hitchcock, '41,'p. 

499).

Turners Falls, description of (Deane. '45. 

Deane, '47. Deane, '50. Deane, '56. C. 

H.Hitchcock. 66).

Footprints, fossil, from New Jersey. (Cook. '79,

P.-:S).

Boonton (Russell. '79).

Brief reference to (W. C. Redfield, '43a).

Description of the occurrence of (W. C. Redfield, '43).

Geological museum at Trenton (Cook. '79, p. 

28).

Location where found (Nason. '89, p. 28).

Mention of (Emmons, '46, p. 201).

Mention of localities of (Russell, '78. p. 225).

Milford, brief description of (Eyennan, '86).

List of, see Eyerman, '89.

New Vernon, mention of (Cook, '85, p. 95).

Popular account of (Russell, '77).

Reference to the discovery of (E. Hitchcock, 

'43a, p. 255).

Remark on (C. H. Hitchcock. 89).

Weehawken (Gratacap, '86).

Whitehall, mention of (Cook, '85, pp. 95-96).

Footprints, fossil, from New York. State cabinet 

(Anonymous. '54).

Footprints,fossil,from Pennsylvania. AtEaston

(Cook, 85, p. 95). 

Goldsboro (Wanner, '89). 

Names given to (Lea, '50, p. 78). 

Phoenixville (Jones, '62, p. 95. Wheatley, '61,

p. 45), 

Remarks on (C. H. Hitchcock. '89).
204 THE NEWARK SYSTEM. [BULL. 85.

Footprints of existing reptiles for comparison

with fossil footprints. (Deane, '61. p. 44,

pis. 21,22). 

Forestrille, Conn. Sandstone <|uarries near (Sha.

ler, '84, p. 127). 

ForestTlHe, Pa. Trap dike near (Lewis. '85. p447). 

Fort Hale, Conn. Description of trap ridges near

(Percival.'42, p. 329). 

Fort Hans, Jf. 1". Boundary of trap near (Cook,

'68, p. 192). 

Elevation of Sonrlaiul mountain at (Cook. '08,

p. 191). 

Fort Lee, N. J. Boundary of trap outcrop at

(Cook,'68, p. 177).

Character of trap ridge near (Darton, '90. pp. 

 38,47-48).

Contact metamorphism at (Cook, '68, p. 208). 

Copper ore under trap at (Cook, '68, p. 676). 

Description of geology near (W. M. Davis. '83,

pp. 269-271). 

Description of sandstone and conglomerate

near (Cook. '68, p. 208). 

Dip at (Cook, '68, p. 195). 

Dip in sandstone at (Cook, '79, p. 30. Cook,

'82. p. 24). 

General account of geology near (Pierce, '20,

pp. 182-184). 

Section of the Palisades south of (Cozzens, '43,

pi. 2).

Trap ridge near (Darton, '90, pp. 47-48). 

Fort Washington, Pa. Boundary of the Newark

near (C. E. Hall, '81, p. 75. Lesley, '85.

p. Ixxxi).

Conglomerate at (C. E. Hall, '81, p. 24). 

FOSTER [J. W.]. 1851. 

[Kemarks on. the geological position of the

Newark system and on the structure of

the Connecticut valley sandstone.] 

In Am. Assoe. Adv. Sci., Proc., vol. 5, p. 46. 

Abstract in Ann. Sci. Discov., ]852, p. 260. 

Remarks on a paper by AAr. C. Redfield, in

reference to theageof the rocks mentioned,

as indicated by stratigraphy. Discusses

also the evidence of an unconformity in

the sandstones of the Connecticut valley.

FOSTER, J. TV. 1809.

The Mississippi valley, its physical geography, [etc.].

Chicago and London, pp. i-xvi, 1-443. 

Contains a brief account of the Newark system, p. 30C, and ageological sketch map of 

the United States, pi. op. p. 273. 

Fountainrille, Pa. Trap dikes near (Lewis, '85,

p. 453). 

Franklin, N. J. Bored well at (Cook, '85, pp.

117-118).

Oolite at (Eaton,'30).

Franklin copper mine, N. J. Description of 

(Cook, '68, p. 679. H. D. Rogers, '36. p. 

168. H. D. Rogers, '40, p. 161). 

Franklin county, Mass. A study of stratigraphy

in (Walling. '78).

Franklin county, Pa. Geological map of (Sanders, '81). 

Report on the geology of (Frazer, '77).

Franklin lake, X. J. Boundary 'of Second moun

tain, trap near (Cook, '68, pp. 183,184). 

Dip in sandstone at (Cook, '82, p. 30). 

Dip near (Cook, '08, p. 199). 

Sandstone quarry at (Cook, '79, p. 22). 

Trap hill near (Cook, 82, p. 49). 

Franklintown, Pa. Catalogue of specimens of

sandstone, etc., near (Frazer, '77. pp. 332-

381). 

Concerning the mines at (Frazer, 77c, pp. 654-

655). 

Isolated area of schist in Kewark rocks near

(Frazer, '77c, p. 651). 

Alention of various rock specimens from near

(C. E. Hall, '78, pp. 33-36). 

Section from near, to Wellsville (Frazer, '77,

pp. 271-273, pi. op. p. 211).

FRAZER, PERSIFOR, Jr. 1874. 

Weathering of rocks [at Gettysburg, Pa.]. 

.In Philadelphia Acad. Nat. Sci.. P"oc., vol.

26, p. 228. 

Brief description of the weathering of trap

rock (syenite) at Gettysburg.

FRAZER, P[ERSIFOR], Jr. 1874a.

On exfoliation of rocks near Gettysburg.

In Am. Phil. Soc., Proc., vol. 14. 1874-1875, 

pp. 295-297.

Describes the weathering of trap rock (syenite)

near Gettysburg, Pa. 

FRAZER, PERSIFOR. 1876.

On some thin sections of the Lower Paleozoic 

and Mesozoic rocks of Pennsylvania.

In Am. lust. Mining Bug., Trans., vol. 3, pp. 

327-328.

Brief general statement of the results of an examination of thin section sof'sandstone and 

trap from York and Adams counties, Pa. 

FHAZER, PERSIFOR. 1876a.

On the traps of the Mesozoic sandstone in 

York and Adams counties. Pa.

In Am. Philo. Soc., Proc., vol. 14, 1876, pp. 

402-414, pis. 1-4.

Discusses the chemical composition and optical properties of certain trap rocks from 

West Rock, Conn., and from near York, 

Gettysburg, and Dillsburg, Pa. Presents 

complete analyses of trap from West 

Rock and from near York. 

FRAZER, PERSIFOR. 1875b.

[Comparison of microscopical section and 

fragments of trap from near Gettysburg. 

Pa., with similar samples and sections of 

the trap rocks of Connecticut.]

In Am. Philo. Soc., Proc., vol. 14, pp. 430-431.

Presents the results of the comparison indicated in the title. 

FRAZER, PERSIFOR. 1876c.

On the Trias of York county. Pa.

In Philadelphia Acad. Nat. Sci., Proc., vol. 

27, p. 123.

Brief remarks on the dip of Newark strata 

and on the unconformity of Newark and 

Silurian rocks in York county, Pa. 

FRAZER, PERSIFOR, Jr. 1876d.

On the Mesozoic red sandstone of the Atlantic 

states.
RUSSELL.] LITERATURE. 205

FRAZER, PERSIFOR, Jr. Continued.

In Philadelphia Acad. Nat. Sci., Proc., vol. 

27, pp. 440-442.

General considerations relating to the problems presented by the Newark system.

FRAZER, PERSIFOR, Jr. 1870.

Sccoud geological survey of Pennsylvania, 

1S74. Report of progress in the district 

of York and Adams counties [etc., etc.].

Harrisburg, 1876, vol. C. pp.i-viii, 1-198, with 

10 plates and maps.

Contains brief reports of observation on 

boundaries, dip, trap dikes, etc., pp. 71, 

88-89,91,92-93,04,95,101, 102, 103, 122-129, 

152, 153, 159, 160, pis. op. pp.64, 92, 94,112, 

128,196. 

FRAZER, PERSIFOR. 1876a.

Geological map of Adams county, Pa.

See Lesley and Frazer, 1876. 

FRAZER, PERSIFOR, Jr. 1876b.

Notes on two traps; a case of alteration of 

earthy sediments.

In Philadelphia Acad. Nat. Sci., Proc., vol. 

28, p. 60.

Describes the appearance of a sandstone that

has been altered by a trap intrusion. 

FRAZER, PERSIFOR. 1876c.

Notes on some Paleozoic limestones.

In Philadelphia Acad. Nat. Sci., Proc., vol. 

28, pp. 60-63.

Gives an atalysis of limestone from the Newark system at Dillsburg, Pa., p. 63. 

FRAZER, PERSIFOR. 1876d.

A study of the specular and magnetic iron 

ores of the Now Red sandstone in York 

county, Pa.

In Am. Inst. Mining Eng., Trans., vol. 5, pp. 

132-143, pi. 2.

Describes the character and mode of occurence 

of certain iron ores and of associated trap 

dikes near Dillsburg, Pa. 

FBAZER, PERSIFOR. 1876e.

A study of the igneous rocks.

In Am. Inst. Mining Eng., Trans., vol. 5, pp. 

144-146. . Gives the mineralogical composition of a number of trap rocks from Adams and York 

counties, Pennsylvania, p. 146. 

FRAZER, PERSIFOR, Jr. 1877.

Second geological survey of Pennsylvania, 

1875. Eeport of. progress in the counties 

of York, Adams, Cumberland, and Franklin [etc., etc.].

Hairisburg [vol. CC], pp. 201-401, and 17 plates 

and maps.

Contains a detailed account of the Newark 

system in the counties mentioned, with 

special reference to the deposits of iron ore 

and to trap rocks. A large number of observations of dip are recorded, pp. 206-230. 

239-317, 348-381, pi. op. pp. 232, 264, 272, 

274, 298, 304, 328, and map. 

FRAZER, PERSIFOR. 1877a.

The position of the American New lied sandstone.

FRAZER, PERSIFOR-Continued.

In Am. Inst. Mining Engi., Trans., vol. 5, pp. 

494-501.

.Reviewed by P. Frazer in Am. Nat., vol. 13, 

pp. 284-292.

Compares a section of the Newark rocks in 

Adams county, Pennsylvania, with general sections of the Permian, Triassic, and 

Jurassic rocks of England and Germany. 

FRAZER, PERSIFOR, Jr. 1877b.

On copper-bearing rocks of the Mesozoic formations.

In Philadelphia Acad. Nat. Sci., Proc., vol. 

29, pp. 17-19.

Describes the occurrence of copper ore at 

JSonnaugbton, near Gettysburg, Pa.

FRAZER, PERSIFOR. S77c. 

Regarding some Mesozoic ores. 

In American Phil. Soc., Proc., vol. 16, pp.

651-C55.

.Mentions outliers of schist in Newark areas,

 and also outliers of Newark rocks in the

bordering crystalline rocks of Pennsyl-

. vauia. Considers the mode of formation

of the Newark sandstones, and advances

a hypothesis to account for the ores they

contain.

FRAZER, P. 1877d.

[Remarks on the Newark system in Pennsylvania.]

In Am. Phil. Soc., Proc., vol. 1-16, p. 664.

Brief abstract of remarks concerning the origin of the prevailing dip of the Newark 

rocks, and the occurrence of iron ores as 

a definite line in both the Newark and 

adjacent terranes. 

FRAZER, PERSIFOR, Jr. 1878.

On the physical and chemical characteristics 

of a trap occurring at "Williamson's Point 

[Pennsylvania].

In American Phil. Soc., Proc., vol. 18, 1880, 

pp. 96-103, and pi. op. p. 96.

Discusses the optical properties and the chemical and mineralogical composition of trap 

from the locality mentioned, and presents 

a complete analysis of it. The colored 

plate accompanying this paper shows the 

appearance of a thin section of the trap in 

polarized light. 

FRAZER, PERSIFOR, Jr. 1879.

The Mesozoic sandstone of the Atlantic slope.

In Am. Nat., vol. 13, pp. 284-292.

A review of the following paper on the formation mentioned: "The position of the 

American NewRed sandstone," by Persifor 

Frazer, jr.; "The Mosozoic formation of 

"Virginia," by Oswald J. Heinrich; "Notes 

on the Mesozoic of Virginia," by "Wm. M. 

Fontainc, and " The physical history of the 

Triassic formation of New Jersey and the 

Connecticut valley," by I. C. Russell. 

FRAZER, PERSIFOR, Jr. 1880.

Second geological survey of Pennsylvania. 

Report of progress in 1877. CCC. The 

geology of Lancaster county.
206 THE NEWARK SYSTEM. [DULL. 85.

FRAZRR, PERSIFOR, Jr.-Continued.

Harrisburg, pp. i-x, 1-350, with 12 plates aud 

an atlas of 13 sheets of maps and sections.

Contains a detailed description of the boundaries of the Newark system aud of local 

features of the sandstone, conglomerate, 

, trap dikes, etc., composing the system, in

the county mentioned. 

FRAZER, PERSIFOR. 1882.

Meinoire sur la geologic de la partie sud-est de 

la Pennsylvanie. In Theses presentees a 

la Facult6 dcs Sciences de Lille Universit6 

de France pour ohtenir lo grade de docteur es-sciences naturelles. Lille [France], 

4to, pp. 1-179, and 4 plates.

Contains a description of the Newark system 

in Pennsylvania. Describes the extent of 

the system, its geological position, the 

character and origin of the copper and iron 

ores it contains, and also the extent and 

character of the trap rocks that traverse 

it. Discusses briefly the origin of the red 

color of the Newark sandstone. Gives 

analyses of copper and iron ores, and of 

trap rock. The geological map shows tho 

distribution of stratified and igneous rocks 

of Adams and Lancaster counties. 

FRAZER, PERSIFOR. 1888.

Geological notes in the several townships of 

Chester county [Pa.].

In second geological survey of Pennsylvania, 

vol. C 4 , pp. 215-245 and maps in pocket.

Preliminary remarks on the varieties of rock 

in Chester county, including the sandstone, shale, and trap, p. 219. Distribution and general character of the Newark 

in various towns, pp. 220, 221, 222,223,224, 

226,235, 236,244.

FRAZER, PERSIFOR. . 1884.

Trap dikes in Archean rocks of southeastern 

Pennsylvania.

In Am. Phil. Soc., Proc., vol. 21, pp. 691-694.

A review of a paper by H. C. Lewis, on "A 

great trap dike across southeastern Pennsylvania." See Lewis, 1885.

FRAZER, PERSIFOR. 1885. 

General notes, sketch of the geology of York

county, Pa. 

In Am. Phil. Soc. Proc., vol. 23, 1886, pp.

391^410, and a map. 

Describes the extent and character of tho

Mesozoic rocks of York county, Pa.

Discusses the evidence of their thickness

and quotes E. D. Cope,"in reference to

their age.

FRAZER, P. Cited on amount of iron in trap 

rocks (Russell, '89, p. 51).

Cited on composition of trap rocks (W. M. 

Davis, '83, p. 284).

Cited on a great trap dike in southeastern 

Pennsylvania (Lewis, '85, p. 456).

Cited on intrusive trap sheets in Pennsylvania (W. M. Davis, '83, p. 294).

Cited on iron-ore mines near Dillsburg, Pa. 

(d'lnvilliers, '86, pp. 1502).

FRAZER, P.-Continued.

Cited on trap dike in Pennsylvania (Lewis,

'85, p. 444. Macfarlane, '79, p. 43). 

Frederick, Did. Account of a search for coal near

(Ducatel, '37, p. 36). 

Occurrence of conglomerate south of (Lea,

'53, p. 190).

Potomac marble from (Shaler, '84, p. 177). 

Freedman ford, Va. Boundary of Newark near

(Heinricb, '78, p. 235). 

Freetown, P. E. I. Limestone near (Dawson and

Harrington, '71, p. 34).. 

French COTC, N. S. Minerals of (Gesner, '36, pp.

197,198). 

French cross, IV. S. Description of (Gesuer, '36,

pp. 196-198;.

French cross cove, N. S. Description of (Jackson and Alger, '33, pp. 248-251). 

Frenc-htown, N. J. Detailed description of sandstone and shale near (H. D. Rogers, '36, 

pp.151,152).

Dip near (Cook, 68, p. 198). 

Dip of red shale near (Cook, '79, p. 29. Cook,

'82, p. 27). 

Fresh Kills, N. I. Trap rock at (Cook, '68, p.

178). 

Fritz mill, Pa. Detailed account of dips near

(d'lnvilliers, '83, p. 212). 

Fritz island, Pa. Conglomerate from (d'lnvilliers,

'83, ]). 392).

Fritz island mine, Pa. Detailed account of (d'lnvilliers, '83, pp. 333-342).

«ABB, WM. M. 1860. 

Description of new species of fossils, probably

Triassic, from Virginia. 

In Philadelphia Acad. Nat. Sci., Jour., n. s.,

vol. 4, 1858-1860, pp. 307,308. 

Describes several species of mollusks from 

Bath county, Va. [Do not belong to the 

Newark system].

OABB, WM. M. 1861. 

Illustrations of some fossils described in the 

proceedings of the [Philadelphia] Academy of Natural Science. 

See Conrad and.Gabb. 

(label hill, Pa. Dip near (d'lnvilliers, '83). 

Trap dike (d'lnvilliers, '83, pp. 200,201). 

(label mine, Pa. Analysis of ore from (d'lnvilliers, '83, pp. 331-333). 

Detailed account of (d'lnvilliers, '83, pp. 327-

333, maps in atlas).

( ale, ( ). Cited on fossil fish from New Jersey (W. C. Redfield, '39). 

Cited on the discovery of fossil fishes in New

Jersey (Silliman, '39). 

Oallas point, P. E. I. Analysis of limestone from

(Dawson and Harrington, '71, p. 41). 

Anticlinal at (Dawson and Harrington, '71, p.

16).

Description of (Dawson, '78, p. 116). 

Description of fossil wood from (Dawson, '54). 

Dip at (Dawson, '78, p. 116). 

Fossil plants from (Bain and Dawson, '85, pp.

156-158. Dawson and Harrington, '71). 

Fossil wood on (Dawson, '78, pp. 117,118). 

Reference to geology of (Chapman, '76, p. 92).
BUS9BLL.] LITERATURE. 207

Gallas point, P. E. I. Continued.

Section on (Dawsou and Harrington, '71, p.

14). 

Section through (Dawson aud Harrington,

'71, pi.-). 

Gap nickel mine, Pa. Description of trap dike

near (Frazer, '80, p. 30). 

GardenTille, Pa. Trap dikes near (Lewis, '85,

pp. 453,454). 

Gardner's, N. C. Exploration for coal near (Chance,

'85, p. 46). 

Gardner creek, N. B. Age of rocka at (Bailey,

'65. p. 13,124). 

Dip at (Matthew, '63, p. 256. Matthew. '65,

p. 124).

Erosion at (Gesner, '41, p. 15). 

E'xtent of the Newark rocks at (Dawson, '78,

p. 109).

Fossil wood from (Dawson, '63).' 

Geology of (Bailey. '72, pp. 217,218. Matthew,

'65).

Section near (Gesner, '41, p. 14). 

Unconformity at (Matthew, '63, pp. 256,258.

Matthew, '65, p. 125). 

Garret rock, N. J. Boundary of first mountain

trap near (Cook, '68, p. 181). 

Columnar trap (Cook, '84, p. 27). 

Elevation of (Cook, '82, p. 49). 

Fault near (Cook, '83, p. 25. Dartou, '90, p'.

23).

Lower contact of trap at (Darton, '90, p. 30). 

Thickness of Watchung trap sheet at (Dartou,

'90, p. 21) 

Gas pustules on sandstone of Connecticut

valley (E. Hitchcock, '58, p. 168, pi. 55). 

Gates mountain, N. S. Description of (Jackson

and Alger, '33, pp. 245,246). 

Rocks of (Gesner, '36, p. 225). 

Gates pier, N. S. Description of (Gesner, '3<5, pp.

194,195). 

Gaylord's mine, Conn. Description of trap ridges

near (Percival, 42, pp. 403,404). 

Gaflor mountain, Conn. Account of (Davis and

 Whittle. '89, pp. 105,106). 

Account of trap sheets near (Davis and Whittle, '89, pp. 116-118). 

Contact of trap and sandstone near (W. M.

Davis. 896, p. 25). 

Observations on the origin of (Davis and

Whitth-, '89, pp. 117-118). 

Soft strata resting on trap sheet of (Davis and

Whittle, '89, p. 103).

GEIKIE, ARCHIBALD. 1882. 

Text-book of geology. 

London, pp. i-xi, 1-971, pi. 1. 

Contains a condensed resume concerning the 

Triassic and Jurassic systems in North 

America, pp. 770, 800,801.

GEIKIE, J. Cited on the faulting of a trap dike 

in southeastern Pennsylvania (Frazer, '84, 

. P- 691).

GE1N1TZ [H. B.]. Cited on the age of the Newark rocks of Prince Edward island (Daw 

eon, '74, p. 210).

Genera, Ga. Trap dikes near (Loughridge, '84, 

p. 279).

Genlto, Ya. Boundary of the Newark near (W.

B. Rogers, '40, p. 71). 

GENTH, F. A. 1871.

On the mineral resources of North Carolina. 

In Franklin Inst. Jour., vol. 62 (Doc., 1871). 

Describes briefly the coal and coal h'elds of

North Carolina.

GENTH, FREDERICK A. 1881. 

Analysis of minerals and rocks from Bucks,

Montgomery, aud Philadelphia counties,

Pa. 

In Second Geological Survey of Pennsylvania,

report of progress, vol. CC, pp. 94-136. 

Contains analysis of trap rocks from New

Hope, Mount Pleasant, Quakertown,

Brownsburg, etc., and an analysis of limestone from Morrisville, Pa., pp. 94-99, 111,

133-134.

GENTH, F. A. Analysis of coal from North Carolina (Williams, '85, p 59). 

Analysis of iron ores (d'lnvflliers, '88, pp.

338-339).

Analysis of iron ore by (Kerr, '75, p. 232). 

Analysis of trapfrom the Cornwall iron mines,

Pa. (Lesley and d'lnvilliers, '85). 

Analysis of tiap horn near Gettysburg, Pa.,

by (Frazer, '77, pp. 309-312). 

An analysis of trap from Williamsons point,

Pa. (Frazer,''78). 

Analysis of trap rock from Gulf Mills, Pa. (C.

E.Hall, '81, pp. 133,134). 

Analysis of trap rock from near York, Pa.,

by (Frazer, '75a, pp. 408-409). 

Analysis of trap rock from Point Pleasant,

Pa. (Lewis,'85, p. 454). 

Cited on analysis of coal from Gulf, N. C.

(Chance, '85. p. 42).

Optical properties of trap (Frazer, '76, p. 122).

GENTH, F. A., and W. C. KERR. 1881.

The minerals and mineral localities of North

Carolina. Being chapter 1 of the second

volume of the Geology of North Carolina.

Raleigh, pp. 1-122. 

Describes anthracite, bituminous coal, and

lignite or brown coal of North Carolina,

pp. 82-83. 

George Island, P. E. I. Joints on (Dawson and

Harrington, '71, p. 21).

Small dike of trap on (Daw'sou and Harrington, '71, p. 21). 

Georgia. Brief account of trap dikes in (Henderson, '85, p. 88. T. P. James, '70, p. 38 and

map. Little, '78, p. 14). 

Mention of trap dikes in (Bradley, '76). 

Newark rocks in (Loughridge, '84, p. 279). 

Georgetown, Va. Detailed description of geology

near (W. B. Rogers, '40, p. 67). 

Germanton, N. C. Boundary of Newark near

(Mitchell, '42, pp. 36,133). 

Brief account of coal near (McGehee, '83, p.

76).

Building stone near (Olmsted, '27. p. 126). 

Coal at (Euiuions, '56, pp. 259-260. Kerr, '75,

p. 145. Olmsted, '27, p. 126). 

Conglomerate at (Emmons, '56, p. 256).
208 THE NEWARK SYSTEM. [BULL. 85.

German ton, N. C. Continued.

Dip of sandstone with coal at (McLcnahan, 

'52, p. 170).

Fossil plants from (Kmmons, '57, pp. 27, 28, 

145).

Fossil tree trunks at (Einmons, '56, p. 256. 

Kerr, '75, p. 143).

Fossil wood near (Olmsted, '27, p. 127).

General section of Newark rocks near (Jones, 

'62, p. 89).

Newark rocks near (Macfarlane, '77, pp. 527, 

528).

Saurian remains from (Emmons, '57, p. 145).

Section at (Emmons, '56, pp. 259-260).

Section of shale and coal at (Eminons, '52, p. 

152).

Southern limit of Newark area near (Olmsted,

'27).

Germantown, N. J. Boundaries of Newark system near (Cook, '89, p. 11).

On the occurrence of conglomerate at (Lea,

'53, p. 190).

German town, Va. Boundary of Newark near 

(Heinrich, '78, p. 235).

Detailed description of geology near (W. B.

Eogers, '40, p. 67).

Gerrish mountain, N. S. Brief account of trap of 

(Honeyman, 74a).

Copper at (Dawson, '78, p. 102).

Height of (Dawson, '78, p. 101).

Iron at (Dawson, '78, p. 102).

Red sandstone and conglomerate beneath 

amygdaloid at (Dawson, '47, p. 52).

Traces of plants near (Ells, '85, p.7E).

Trap on sandstone and conglomerate at (Dawson, '78, p. 101). 

GESNER, ABRAHAM. 1836.

Remarks on the geology and mineralogy of 

Nova Scotia.

Halifax,N. S. 12mo, pp. i-xl, 1-265, pi. 2 and a 

map.

In this report pages 71-101 are devoted to a 

description of the "red 'sandstone district," in which the author includes the 

Newark areas proper, and also much of 

the region about the basin of Mines, which 

is now known to bo Carboniferous (see 

map accompanying Dawsou's Acadian Geology). Pages 169-265 are devoted to a, 

description of the'' trap district,'' in which 

all thetrapoutcropsoftheprovince receive 

attention. In this portion of the report 

considerable space is devoted to the description of the occurrence of minerals in 

the trap. 

GESNER, ABRAHAM. - 1839.

First report on the geological survey of the 

province of New Brunswick. St. John 

[N.B.], 12mo,pp.l-87.

Devoted principally to a description of the 

geology of the coast of New Brunswick 

between St. Andrews and St. John. In 

this and in four subsequent reports by the 

same author the Newark and other systems have not been separately described, 

but treated as. uevf red sandstone. For

GESNER, ABRAHAM-Coutinned.

this reason but few references to the report in question will bo found in this catalogue. For more recent reports on the 

region referred to see "Observations on 

the geology of southern New Brunswick," by L. W. Bailey, 1865, and a report 

on the new red sandstone or Trias in the 

same volume; also geological map acconi 

panyingj. "\V. Dawson's Acadian Geology, 

and "Map of tlio Dominion of Canada, 

1842 to 1882/' accompanying a 'Descriptive sketch of the physical geography and 

geology of tlie Dominion of Canada,' 1 by 

A. R. C. Selwyn and G. M. Mason, Montreal, 1S84. 

GKSNER, ABRAHAM. 1840.

Second report on tho geological survey of the 

Province of Now Brunswick.

St. John [N. B.], 12 mo, p. i-xii, 1-72.

Contains a description of the Newark rocks 

of Quaco Head. Other localities where 

rock is found supposed by Gesnor to belong to the Newark system are also described. (See Gesner, '39). 

GESNER, ABRAHAM. 1841,

Third report on the geological survey of the 

province of New Brunswick.

St. John [N. B.], 12 mo, pp. i-xiv, 1-83.

Contains brief accounts of the Newark rocks 

at Quaco and Red Heads and describes 

several other localities where rocks which 

Gesner supposes to be of the same age 

occur, pp. 14,15,16,33. 

GESNER, ABRAHAM. 1842.

Fourth report on the geological survey of the 

Province of Now Brunswick.

St. John [N. B.], 12 mo, pp. 1-101.

Contains brief references to strata that are

called New lied sandstone, pp. 64, 88. 

GESNER, A. 1843.

A geological map of Nova Scotia, with accompanying memoir.

In London Geol. Soc., Proc., vol. 4, 1845, pp. 

280-281, and map.

1'escribes briefly the red sandstones and 

shales south and oast of the basin of 

Minas, and the intrusive igneous rocks 

southeast of the bay of Fuudy. States 

that the sandstones underlying and bordering the igneous rocks mentioned belong 

to the Old Red sandstone, p. 190, and map. 

GESNER, ABRAHAM. 1843a.

Report on the geological survey of the Province of New Brunswick, with a topographical account of the public lands, and 

the district explored in 1842.

St. John [N. B.], 12 mo, pp. 1-88.

Contains a table showing the geological position of the red sandstone (Newark) and 

the character of the strata composing it. 

Also an account of the rocks, referred to 

the New Red sandstone period, pp. 54, 

61-63. 

GESNER, ABRAHAM. 1849.

The industrial resources pf Nova, Scotia.
RUSSELL.] LITERATURE. 209

GESNER, ABRAHAM Continued.

Halifax, N. S., pp. 1-111, 1-341, 1-17, 1-4, map 

and plate.

Contains a brief account of tbe Newark sandstones and trap rocks of Nova Scotia. 

GESNER, A. Cited on ago of tho Newark rocks 

of Nova Scotia (Dawson, '78, p. 109).

Cited on age of the Newark system (Lea, '58).

Cited on geology of Blomidon, N. S. (Marstera,

'90).

Gettysburg, Pa. Analysis of trap from near 

(Frazer, '77, pp. 309-312).

Boundary of trap near (H. I). Rogers, '58, vol. 

2, p. 690).

Catalogue of specimens of trap rocks, etc., 

from near (Frazer, '77, pp. 332-381).

Conglomerate near (H. D. Rogers, '58, vol. 2, p. 

684).

Contact metamorpbism near (H. D. Rogers, 

'58, vol. 2, pp. 688,689,692).

Copper ore near (Frazer, '80, p. 300. Frazer, 

'82, pp. 131,132).

Exfoliation of trap rock near (Frazer, '74a).

Exploration for ore near (Frazer, '77, pp. 263- 

264).

Mention of trap and other rock specimens 

from (C. E. Hall, '78, pp. 27-68).

Mention of trap quarries at (G. P. Merrill, '89, 

p. 436).

Minerals in trap near (H. D. Rogers, '58, vol. 2, 

p. 692).

Occurrence of copper ore near (Frazor, '776).

Optical properties of rock from near (Frazer, 

'75a,p.410).

Picture of Devil's Den near (Frazer, '80, pi. 9).

Section from, to Cashtown (Frazer, '77, pp. 

295-299, pi. op. p. 298).

Section from, to Littlestown (Frazer, '77, pp. 

299-304, pi. op. p. 304).

Section of dikes at, after H. D. Rogers (W. M. 

Da vis, '83, p. 281, pi. 9).

Section of dikes near, after P. Frazer (W. M. 

Da vis,'83, p. 281, pi. 9).

Trap dikes near (H.D. Rogers,'58, vol. 2, pp. 

688,689,692).

Trap from (Frazer, '76, pp. 124-126).

Trap rock near (Frazer, '77, pp. 254,255).

"Weathering of trap rock at (Frazer, '74). 

Getzendancr's quarry, near Frederick, Md. Potomac marble of (Shaler, '84, p. 177). 

GIBSON, JOHN B. 1820.

Observations on the trap rocks of the Connewago hills near Middletown, Dauphin 

county, and of the Stony ridge near Carlisle, Cumberland county, Pennsylvania.

In Am. Phil. Soc., Trans., n. s., vol. 2,1825, pp. 

156-166.

Describes the trap rocks of the hills mentioned and considers the nature of their 

origin.

GIBSON, J. B. Cited on the presence of JuraTrias in America (Lea, '53, p. 189).

Cited on the relation of trap and sandstone in

Pennsylvania (W. M. Davis, '83, p. 287). 

Giggstown, N. J. Reopening of copper mines 

near (Cook,'81, p. 39).

Bull. 85 14

GILBERT, LUDWIG WILHELM. 1822.

[Concerning tho native copper and copper 

slate in Connecticut.]

In Annalen der Physik [Gilbert], vol. 70, pp. 

431-436.

Quotes B. Silliman, on tho occurrence of native 

copper in the Connecticut valley, and publishes a letter from F. Hoffmann concerning the same subject, in which the copperbearing slates of tho Newark are compared with similar slates in Europe. 

GILBERT, LUDWIG WILHELM. 1822a.

[Remarks on native copper and fossil fishes 

from tho Connecticut valley.]

In Annalen der Physik [Gilbert], vol. 70, pp. 

356-360.

Discusses the observations on native copper 

and fossil fishes from tho Connecticut valley, communicated by A. Brongniart and 

B. Silliinan.

GUI, Mass. Account of trap ridges in (E. Hitchcock, '35, p. 409).

Brief account of trap in (E.Hitchcock, '23, vol. 

6, pp. 44,48,49).

Building stone quarried at (E. Hitchcock, '41, 

p. 181).

Coal found in (E. Hitchcock, '41, pp. 139-140. 

E. Hitchcock, '35. p. 231).

Description of footprints from (E. Hitchcock, 

'36, pp. 318-325. E. Hitchcock, '58).

Description of trap dikes in primary rocks in 

(Percival, '42, pp. 409,423-424).

Early discovery of fossil footprints at (E. 

Hitchcock,'36, p. 308).

General description of trap ridges in (E. Hitchcock,'41, p. 648).

Localities of fossil footprints in (E. Hitchcock, 

'41, p. 465).

Locality for fossil footprints in (E. Hitchcock, 

'48, p. 132).

Mention of fossil footprints from (E. Hitchcock,'55a, p. 186).

Reference to schistose sandstone beneath trap 

in (E. Hitchcock, '35, p. 220).

Relation of the trap rock in, to associated rocks 

(E. Hitchcock, '41, p. 653).

Sandstone hills in (Porcival, '42, p. 450). 

Gill and Montague, Mass. Section between (E. 

Hitchcock, '35, p. 416. E. Hitchcock, '41, 

p. 654). 

GILPIN, EDWARD/ 1877.

Notes on some recent discoveries of copper 

ore in Nova Scotia.

In London Geol. Soc., Quart. Jour., vol. 33, pp. 

749-753.

Refers to the writings of Lescharbot, published in 1609, who refers to native copper 

from the bay of Fundy. 

GILPIN, EDWIN. 1885.

Notes on the manganese ores of Nova Scotia.

In Canada Roy. Soc., Proc. and Trans., vol. 2, 

sec. 4,1884, pp. 7-13.

Contains a brief account of the occurrence of 

manganese at Cornwallis and Wolfville, 

N.S.
210 THE NEWARK SYSTEM. [BULL. 85.

Olastoubury, Conn. Mention of a fossil fish from

(Mitchffl, '18, p. 365). 

Reference to a locality foi- fossil fish (J.H.

Redfield,'36). 

Glen in Leyden, Mass. Dip and strike at (E.

Hitchcock,'41, p. 448).

Junction of Newark system and primary 

rocks in (E. Hitchcock, '35, p. 223. E. 

Hitchcock,'41, p. 448). 

Goat hill, N. J. Altered shale at (Cook, '68, p.

213). 

Analysis of trap from (Cook, '68, p. 215.

Genth, '81, pp. 95-96). 

Boundary of trap near (Cook, '68, p. 192). 

Contact nietamorphism at (H. D. Rogers, '36,

p. 156). 

Described briefly as a trap outcrop (II. D.

Eogers, '36, p. 159). 

Detailed description of (H. D. Rogers, '40, pp.

152-158).

Dip in indurated sbale at (Cook, '82, p. 26). 

Dip near (Cook, '68, p. 197). 

Elevation of (Cook, '68, p. 191). 

Hornblende in trap rocks of (H. D. Rogers,

'40, p. 144).

Position and extent of (Nason, '89, p. 35). 

Reference to contact metamorphisni near

(Cook, '87, p. 125).

Termination of trap ridge at (Cook, '82, p. 61). 

Trap near (Cook, '68, p. 192. Cook, '81, p. 59). 

Trap rock quarries at (Cook, '79, p. 26. Cook,

'81. p. 62). 

Godwluville, N. J. Boundary of First mountain,

trap near (Cook, '68, p. 181). 

Goffle, N. J. Elevation of First mountain at

(Cook, '82, p. 49). 

Gold in the Newark rocks of North Carolina

(Mitchell, '27). 

Goldsboro, Pa. Discovery of footprints and

other fossils near (Wanner, '89). 

Goldsbys falls, To. Detailed account of contact 

metamorpbism near (TV. B. Rogers, '39, 

pp. 82-83).

Goochland county, Va. Description of the Newark in (TV. B. Rogers, '40, pp. 71, 72). 

Description of rocks in (TV. B. Rogers, '43, p.

298). 

Goode's bridge, Va. Boundary of Newark area

near (Heinricb, '78, p. 231).

GORDON, THOMAS P. 1834. 

A gazetteer of the state of New Jersey. 

Trenton [N. J.], 8°, pp. i-iv, 1-339. 

Contains a brief general account of the trap

ridgo of the Newark system, pp. 5-8. 

Gordonsville, Va. Sandstone near (TV. B. Rog.

ers, '36, p. 80). 

Goshenville, Pa. Mention of a trap dike near

(Frazer, '84, p. 693). 

Trap dike near (Lewis, '85, p. 445). 

GOULD, AUGUSTUS A. 1801. 

Introduction [to ichnographs from the sandstone of Connecticut river]. 

lu ichnographs from the sandstone of Connecticut river, by James Deano, pp. 3-4. 

Gowrie coal mine, Va. Depth of (Taylor, '48, p. 

50).

Gowrie coal mine, Va. Continued.

Fossil plants from (Fontaine, '83, p. 4. Marcou, '5U, p. 44, pi. 7). 

Graham's coal mine, Va. Brief account of (Macfarlanc, '77, p. 507). 

Notes ou (Taylor, '35, p. 284). 

Thickness of coal in (Taylor, '35, p. 282). 

GRAMMAR, JOHN. 1818. 

Account of the coal mines in the vicinity of

Richmond, Va. [etc.]. 

In Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 1, pp. 125-130. 

A general account of the working and economic value of the coal mines of Chesterfield county, Va. 

Granby, Conn. Building stone at (E. Hitchcock,

'32, p. 35. E. Hitchcock, '35, p. 46. Percival, '42, p. 439). 

Building stone quarries at (E. Hitchcock, '41,

p. 180). 

Copper in, occurrence of (E. Hitchcock, '35,

pp. 71, 229).

Copper mines of (Percival, '42, p. 318). 

Copper ores at, mention of (Lyell, '54, p. 13). 

Description of trap dikes in primary rocks in

(Percival, '42, p. 426).

Groups of elevations in (Percival, '42, p. 440). 

Topographic form of trap ridges in (Percival,

'42, pp. 306-307).

Trap conglomerate in (Percival, '42, p. 316). 

Grand Manan island, N. B. (Bailey, Mathew,

and Ells, '80, map No. 1 S. TV. accompanying, and note 7 on map.) 

Copper ore of (Bailey, '72, pp. 221, 225-226.

Chapman, '72).

Description of (Chapman, '72). 

Dip on (Verrill, '78). 

Geology of (Bailey, '72. Chapman, '72). 

Height of (Chapman, '72). 

Red sandstone with copper beneath trap at

(Chapman, '78, p. 106). 

Rock of (Bailey, '72, pp. 218, 219, 220, 221.

Mathew, 78, p. 339). 

Section of (Chapman, '72, op. p. 193). 

Trap of (Bailey, Mathew, and Ells, '80, p.

21D. Verrill, '78). 

Grand passage, N. S. Description of (Dawson,

'78, pp. 97-98). 

Grand rock, Pa. Dip in sandstone at (Cook, '82,

p. 27). 

Granitevillc, N. Y. Description of trap rock at

(Britton, '81, p. 109). 

f< ran ton trap, N. J. Description of (Darton, '90,

p. 54). 

Reference to trap outcrop near (Darton,' 90, p.

39). 

Granville, N. S. Description of north shore of

(Gesner, '36, pp. 187-189). 

Minerals of (Gesuer, '36, p. 188). 

Granville county, N. C. Account of the Newark

in (Mitchell, '42, pp. 130-134). 

Grassy islands, N. C. Boundary of Newark near

(Mitchell, '42, p. 130). 

Grassy point, N. T. Dip of rocks at (Mather, '43,

p. 285).

Dip of sandstone near (Mather, '39, p. 116). 

Red marl near (Mather, '43, p. 288).
EUSSELL.] LITERATURE. 211

GRATACAP, I. P. 1880. 

Fish remains and tracks in the Triassic rocks

at Weehawken, N[cw] J[orsey]. 

In Am. Nat., vol. 20, pp. 243-246, pis. 12,13. 

Description of the occurrence of fossil fishes 

and fossil footprints, together with ripple 

marks and raindrop impressions in slate 

beneath the trap of the Palisades at the 

locality mentioned.

GRATACAP, L. P. Cited on fossils in thw Newark system (Newberry, '88, p. 44). 

Gravel hill, N. J. Boundary of Newark at (Cook,

'68, p. 175).

Conglomerate of (Cook, '79, p. 19). 

Dip in conglomerate near (Cook, '82, p. 27). 

Supposed to be Newark in part (Cook, '68, p.

75).

GRAY [A.]. Cited on the character of certain 

footprints ^rom Turners Falls, Mass. 

(Deane, '56).

GRAY, ALONZO, and C. B. ADAMS. 1800. 

Elements of geology. 

New Tork, 12mo, pp. i-xv, 1-354. 

Contains a brief compilation in reference to 

the 8tructure and fossils of the Newark 

system, pp. 241-252. 

Great clove, N. Y. Faults near (Nason, '89, p.

25). 

Great falls, N. J. Columnar trap (Cook, '84, p.

27).

Great notch, N. J. Fault at (Barton, '90, p. 23). 

Great swamp, N. J. Bored well in (Ward, '79, p.

139). 

Boundary of Long hill trap near (Cook, '68,

p. 187). 

Section from, Plainfield, N. J. (Cook, '68, p.

199, and map in portfolio). 

Trap hill near (Cook, '68, p. 188). 

Great valley river, Jf. 8. Eocks near (Dawaon,

'78, pp. 300-101). 

Great Village, N. S. Brief account of Newark

rocks at (Honeyman, '78). 

Great Village river, N. S. Account of (Dawson,

'78, pi. op. p. 125). 

GREEN, J. Stone quarry of, near Greensburg,

N. J. (Cook, '81, p. 56). 

Green brook, Jf. J. Boundary of First mountain

trap near (Cook, '68, p. 18]). 

Referred to as a locality for copper ore (H. D.

Rogers, '36, p. 166).

Greenfleld, Mass. Conglomerate in (E. Hitchcock, '35, p. 214. E. Hitchcock, '41, p. 

442). 

Contact metamorphism in (E. Hitchcock, '35,

pp. 423-424. E. Hitchcock, '41, p. 658). 

Copper ore in (E. Hitchcock, '35, p. 229). 

Description of Deerfield dike in (Emerson,

'82).

Dip at (E. Hitchcock, '35, pp. 224, 423). 

Dip of sandstone at (Emmous, '57, p. 22). 

Discovery of a fossil footprint at (Field, '56). 

Footprints found at (D. Marsh, '48, p. 272). 

Footprints from (C. H. Hitchcock, '66. Warren, '55, pp. 305-306).

Fossil plants at (E. Hitchcock, '35, pp. 235- 

236. E. Hitchcock, '41, p. 456).

(ircenfield, Mass. Continued.

General description of fossil footprints found

near (Deane, '44). 

Geology of (VV. M. Davis, '83, p. 259. E.

Hitchcock, 18, pp. 105, 108). 

Junction of Newark system with slate in (E.

Hitchcock, '35, p. 214). 

Locality for fossil footprints (E. Hitchcock,

'48, p. 132). 

Origin of the conglomerate in (E. Hitchcock,

'35, p. 244). 

Sandstone covered with footprints from

(Field, '55).

Section near (Enunons, '57, pp. 5-7). 

Thickness of strata at (Euimons, '57, pp. 5-6,

22).

Trap near (E. Hitchcock, '23, vol. 26, p. 46). 

Trap ridges in (E. Hitchcock, '35, p. 409.

Percival, '42, p. 409).

Trap ridges near (E. Hitchcock, '41, p. 648). 

(Irconliole snaft, Va. Analysis of coal from

(Clifford, '87, p. 10. Macfarlano, '77, p.

515. Williams, '83, p. 82). 

Depth of (W. B. Rogers, '43fc, p. 534). 

Situated in an isolated basin (Hoinrich, '78, p.

232).

Thinning of coal seams in (Clifford, '88). 

Greensburg, N. J. Building stone near (Cook, '68,

p. 510).

Conglomerate at (Cook, '82, p. 22). 

Description of quarries near (Cook, '81, pp.

55-58).

Dip at (Cook, '68, p. 197). 

Dip in sandstone at (Cook, '82, p. 26). 

Dip of sandstone at (Cook, '79, p. 29). 

Folds near (Cook, '82, p. 16). 

Quarries at (Cook, '81, pp. 55-58). 

Sandstone at (Cook, '82, p. 20). 

Sandstone quarries near (Cook, '79, p. 24. Shaler, '84, pp. 143-144). 

Greensburg Granite and Freestone Co. Quarries

of, near Greensburg, N. J. (Cook, '81, p. 57). 

Greenstone. (See Trap.) 

Green valley, N. J. Boundary of First mountain

trap near (Cook, '68, p. 181). 

Green valley copper mine, N. J. (Cook, '68, pp.

676-677). 

Green Village, N. J. Dip in shale near (Cook, '79,

p. 30).

Trap exposed at (Russell, '80, p. 30). 

Trap hill near (Cook, '68, p. 188). 

Trap ridges near (Cook, '82, pp. 57,58). 

Reference to geological features (H. D. Rogers,

'40, p. 133). 

Greenville, Pa. Boundary of the Newark in

(Frazcr, '80, p. 15). 

Boundary of the Newark near (d'lnvilliers,'83,

p. 198).

Sandstone at (Frazer, '80, p. 40). 

GREER, JAMES. 1871. 

Oolite coalfield of Virginia. 

[A "separate;" place of publication not

known.] 

Contains an extract from C. Lyell's paper on

thestructureandprobableageof thoRichmond coal field, Virginia (see Lyell, 1847).
212 THE NEWARK SYSTEM. [BULL. 85.

Gresh's quarry, Pa. Trap dikes aud dip of strata

near (d'lnvilliers, '83, p. 209). 

Greshville, Pa. Trap and dip of strata near (d'ln 

villiers, '83, pp. 210-211). 

Griggstown, N. J. Altered shale near (Cook, '68,

p. 214). 

Character of rocks near (H. D. Rogers, '40, p.

151).

Copper miuo near (H. D. Rogers, '40, p. 101). 

Copper ores near (Cook, '68, p. 679). 

Description of the Franklin copper iniiie near

(H.D.Rogers, '36, p. 168). 

Dip in sandstone at (Cook, '82, p. 25). 

Dip near (Cook, '68, p. 196. H. D. Rogers, '40,

p. 128). 

Normal condition of rocks at, referred to (H.

D.Rogers, '36, p. 164). 

Referred to as a locality for copper ore (H. D.

Rogers, '36, p. 166).

Small outcrop of trap nvar (Nason, '89, p. 36). 

Trap hills near (Cook. '68, p. 189). 

Griggstown copper mine, N. J. Altered shale near

(Cook, '83, p. 23).

Contact of trap and shales at (Cook, '82, p. 60). 

Grindstones in North Carolina. Mention of

(Chance, '85, pp. 24-25. Kerr, '75, p. 305). 

Grove iron mine near DUIsburg, Pa. Brief account of (Eraser, '76rf). 

Grove's, J. L., ore bank, Pa. Report on (Frazer, '77, p. 219). 

Grove shaft, Va. Recent milling at (Hotchkiss,

'83a). 

Gulf, N. 0. Analysis of coal from (Battle, '86.

Clarke,'87, p. 146. Hale,'83, p. 226. Kerr,

'75, p. 294). 

Analysis of iron ore frorr. (Kerr, '75, pp. 226,

227, 228).

Anthracite at (Emmons, '56, p. 236). 

Belt of chert and porphyry near (Etnmons,

'56, p. 241). 

Brief account of iron and coal near (Eminons,

'57a, pp. 7-11). 

Brief account of natural coke at (Tuomey,

'46, pp. 103-104). 

Brief account of rocks near (Emmons, '576, p.

77).

Discovery of coal at (Olrnstead, '24, p. 19). 

Exploration for coal at (Chance, '85, pp. 40-43). 

Iron ore near (Kerr, '75, pp. 226-230. Willis,

'86, p. 306).

Outcrop of iron ore at (Emmons, '56, p. 262). 

Plat of coal outcrops at (Kerr, '75, p. 144). 

Quality of coal found at (Emmons, '52, p. 131). 

Reference to coal at (Emmons, '52, p. 125). 

Section at (Emmons, '57, p. 152, and plate). 

Sketch, showing coal outcrop near (Chance,

'85, p. 38). 

Thickness of Newark rocks at (Emmons, '56,

p. 231).

Thickness of sandstone at (Emmons, '57, p. 22). 

Trap dikes at (Kerr, '75, p. 144). 

Gulf Mills, Pa. Analysis of trap from (Genth,

'81, pp. 133-134. C. E. Hall, '81, p. 20,133-

134. Lewis,'85, p. 454). 

Gulliver's hole, >T . S. Description of (Jackson

and Alger, '33, pp. 233-234).

Gum Tree, Pa. Mention of a trap dike near (Jfrazer, '84, p. 693). 

(Junlcn glen mill's, Pa. Trap dikes near (Lewis,

'85, p. 453). 

Guttenberg, N. J. Boundary of trap outcrop at

(Cook, '68, p. 177).

Description of sandstone at (Cook, '68, p. 208). 

Elevation of (Russell, '80, p. 36). 

Exposures of trap near (Darton, '90, p. 47). 

Faults in trap ridge near (Darton, '90, pp. 43-

44). 

Fossil fishes and footprints from (Gratacsip.

'86). 

Quarries of trap rock at, mention of (G. P.

Merrill, '89, p. 435).

Quarries of trap rock near (Cook, '81, p. 60). 

Gwynedd, Pa. Description of fossil reptilian

bones from (Cope, '69, p. 169-175). 

Identification of fossils from (Frazer, '77o, p.

497).

List of fossils from (Jones, '62, pp. 93-94). 

Mention of fossils from (Lea, '56, p. 78). 

Remarks on fossils from (Lea, '57o. Leidy,

'57a).

Trap hill near (Lesley, '85, p. Ixxxi). 

Gypsum. Absence of, in Newark system of North

Carolina (Emmons, p. 96). 

Absence of, in the Newark of Nora Scotia

(Gesner, '36, p. 73). 

In tbo Connecticut valley, brief reference to

(E. Hitchcock, '35, pp. 54-213). 

In Nova Scotia (Ells, '84, p. 12E. Willimott,

'84, p.24L). 

Habersham county, Gn. Reference to trap dikes

in (T. P. James, '76, p. 38). 

Hackensack, N. J. Artesian wells at (Cook, '79,

pp. 128-129).

Origin of trap rock near (Darton, '89, p. 139).

Small trap outcrop near (Darton,"90, p. 70).

Haddam, Conn. Brief account of trap at (Shopard, '32). 

Description of trap dikes in primary rocks

near (Percival, 42, pp. 421-422). 

Hadley, Mass. Dip and strike of strata in (E

Hitchcock, '41, pp. 447-448). 

Dip of sandstone in (E. Hitchcock, '35, p. 223). 

Mention of the finding of fossil plants at (A.

Smith, '32, pp. 219-220). 

Hadley falls, Mass. Reference to trap at (Stodder, '57).

Hadley's mountain, N. S. Description of (Jacksou and Alger, '33, pp. 244-245). 

Rocks of (Gesner, '36, p. 225). ' 

Hahnstown, Pa. Coal near (Frazer, '80, p. 44). 

Hail impressions. Description of the occurrence 

of, at Pompton> N. J. (W. C. Redfleld, 

' '43). 

Fossil, from Pompton, N. J. (Lyell, '51, p.

343). 

Hakihokake creek, >T . J. Dip in shale near (Cooki

'82, p. 27). 

Haldeman's riffle, Pa. Trap dike near (Frazer,

'80, pp. 34, 36,100).

HALE, P. M. . 1883. 

In the coal arid iron counties of North Carolina.
RUSSEIX.] LITERATURE. 213

HALE, P. M. Continued.

Raleigli, 12iuo, pp. i-viii, 9-425, and map.

Contains voluminous extracts from the reports of Enuuous, Wilkes, Laiilley, and 

Kerr, pp. 11-181,226-229.

Haledon, N. .1. Boundary ot' First mountain 

trap near (Cook, 08, p. 181).

Boundary of Second mountain trap near 

(Cook, 'C8, pp. 183-184).

Building stone near (Cook, '68, p. 505).

Dip in sandstone at. (Cook, '82, p. 30).

Lower contact of trap sheet at (Darton, '00, 

pp. 31,32).

Quarries at, described (Cook, '81, p. 52).

Quarries near, described (Cook, '89, p. 52).

Reference to 1'anlt near (Cook, '89, p. 14).

Sandstone quarry near (Cook, '79, p. 22). 

Haledon quarry, N. J. Contact of trap and sandStone at (Cook, '83, pp. 23-24, and pi.). 

Ilale's mills, Mass. Localities of fossil footprints

near (E. Hitchcock, 41, p. 4C5). 

Hales mine, S. C. Brief account of contact metamorphism in (Tuomey, '48, p. 68). 

Halifax county, Va. Boundaries of the Newark

in (W. B. Rogers, '39, pp. 74-76). 

HALL, CHARLES E. 1878.

Second geological survey of Pennsylvania, 

1874-'75-'76-'77. Catalogue of the geologi. 

cal museum.

Harrisburg 1878 [vol. 0], part 1, pp. 1-217.

A catalogue of rock specimens. 

HALL, CHARLES E. 1880.

The relationsof the crystalline rocks of eastern 

Pennsylvania to the Silurian limestones, 

and the Hudson river age of the hydromica schists.

In Am. Phil. Soc.. Proc., vol. 18, 1878-1880, 

pp. 435-443.

Accompanied hy a small map showing the 

distribution of Newark rocks in Pennsylvania.

HALL, CHARLES E. 1881.

Second geological survey of Pennsylvania, 

Report of Progress, C6. The geology 

of Philadelphia county and of the southern parts of Montgomery and Bucks 

(counties).

Harrisburg, pp. i-xx, 1-154, map in 3 sheets 

and 1 sheet of sections in pocket.

Describes the boundaries and notes some of 

the local features of the Newark system 

in the southern parts of Montgomery and 

Bucks counties. Notices also the course 

of a trap dike in Montgomery county.

HALL, CHARLES E. 1888.

[Itinerary notes on] the South mountain 

gneiss [Pennsylvania].

In second geological survey of Pennsylvania, 

D3, vol. 1, pp. 215-258, pis. 2-4.

Contains a few observations of dip, character 

of rock, etc., in Lehigh county, Pa., pp. 

232,233, 247.

HALL, C. E. Cited on the trap dikes in Pennsylvania (Lewis, '85, pp. 439,441).

HALL, JAMES. 1848.

Natural History of New York, Part IV, 

geology. Comprising the survey of the 

fourth geological district.

Albany, 4to, pp. i-xxvii, 1-686, pis. 1-19, and 

geological map of the Middle and "Western 

states.

A brief reference to the geological position of 

the Newark system is given on page 19. 

On the map the extent of the rocks referred to in New York, New Jersey and 

southward is shown. 

HALL, JAMES. 1852.

Key to a chart of the successive geological 

formations, with an actual section from 

the Atlantic to the Pacific ocean [etc.].

Boston, 16mo. pp. 1-72.

Contains a very brief account of the Newark

system, p. 49, and a brief list of fossils

from the Richmond coal field, Va., p. 66.

HALL, JAMES. 1855-1830.

Natural History of New York, Part VI, 

Paleontology, vol. 3, pt, 1; text.

Albany, 1859, 4to, pp. i-xii, 1-533.

Contains a brief reference to the origin of the 

trap rocks of the Atlantic slope and the 

rapid accumulation of the associated sandstones, pp. 78,79. 

HALL, JAMES. 1882.

Contributions to the geological history of the 

American continent.

In Am. Ass. Adv. Sci., Proc., vol. 31, pp. 29- 

69.

Remarks on the relation of the Newark system to the structure of the Appalachians, 

p. 54. 

HALL, JAMES. 1880.

Report on building stones [of the state of 

New York].

In thirty-ninth Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Muse. 

of Nat. Hist., pp. 186-225.

Describes briefly the building stones of the

Newark system in New York, p. 198. 

HALL, JAMES. Cited on the .ago of the Newark

system (Maroon, '58, pp. 14-15). 

HALL, JAMES, and LOGAX, IV. E. ISfifl.

Geological map of Canada and the adjacent 

regions, including parts of the United 

States.

Montreal, 8 sheets in portfolio, scale 25 miles 

to 1 inch.

On this map Prince Edward island is colored 

as Newark. In New Brunswick, Quaco 

head is the only Newark exposure colored. 

In Nova Scotia the sandstone and trap of 

the same system are shown. In Connecticut valley, New Jersey, and part of 

Pennsylvania the areas occupied by Newark rock are also shown. 

HALL, JOHN. 1821.

Fossil bones in East Windsor, Connecticut.

In Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 3, p. 247.

A brief reference to the finding of fossil bones. 

Hallerstown, Pa. Boundary of the Newark near 

(H. D. Rogers, '41, pp. 16-39).
214 THE NEWARK SYSTEM. [BULL. 85.

Hall's harbor, N. S. Amygdaloid at (Gesner, '36,

p. 225).

Description of (Gesner, 30, pp. 205-206). 

Specific gravity ot trap rocks from (How. '75,

vol. 1, p. 138). 

Hamden, Conn. Copper mines of (Percival, '42,

p. 318). 

HtMiidcu hills, Conn. Discovery of a mass of

native copper on (Sillhnan, ! 14, pp. 148-

149). 

Hamilton-Burr duel ground, If. J. Trap rocks

near (Davis and Whittle, '89, p. 10G). 

Hammer creek, Pa. Boundary of the Newark

along (H. D. Eogers, '58, vol. 2, p. 668). 

IIAHMOND, HARVY. 1884. 

Report on the cotton production of the state

of South Carolina [etc.]. 

lu Tenth Census of the United States, "Washington (Interior Dep., Censns office) 4to,

vol. 6. pt. 2, pp. 451-526. 

Contains a brief account of the trap dikes of

South Carolina, and of the soils resulting

from their decay, pp. 466-497, pi. op. p.

463). 

Hampden-Sidney college, Va. Boundaries of the

Newark near (W. B. Rogers, '39, p. 76). 

Hampshire county, Mass. Brief account of the

geology of (Nash, '27, pp. 246-247). 

Hampton, N. B. Description of supposed Triassic rocks at (Gesner; '40, p. 45). 

Hampton, Pa. Trap dikes near (II. D. Rogers, '58,

vol. 2, p. 688). 

Hancock, Md. Analyses of sandstone from

(Clarke,'89). 

Hanging hills, Conn. Brief account of (Chapin,

'91. Rice, '86). 

Chemical analysis of trap rock from (Hawes,

'75). 

Description and discussion of the topography

of (W.M. Davis, '86). 

Description of (Chapin, '87. Porcival, '42,

pp. 272-275. Percival, '42, pp. 368-370). 

Excursion to (J. D. Dana, '70). 

Extrusive origin of trap of (W. M. Davis, : R2a,

pp. 122-123).

Faults associated with (W. M. Davis, '82). 

Faults in (W. M. Davis, '88, p. 471). 

Height of (J. D. Dana, '73, vol. 6, p. 105). 

Overflow origin of trap of (W. .M. Davis, '82.

W. if. Davis, '88, pp. 464-467). 

Reference to form of (Whelpley, '45, p. 63). 

Sandstone elevations associated with (Pcrcival, '42, pp. 433,435). 

Section of (W. M. Davis, '83, pp. 305-307, pi.

10). 

Sketch map of (W. M. Davis, '83, pp. 305-307,

pi. 10. "W. M. Davis, '89, pi. 4). 

Small map of portion of (Davis and Whittle,

'89, pi. 2). 

Special account of quarries at (Davis and

Whittle, :89, pp. 127-133). 

Structure of trap rock of (Percival, '42, p. 314). 

Study of the structure of (W. M. Davis, '88.

W. M. Davis, '89).

Topographic form of trap ridge near (Percival, '42, pp. 304, 306).

Hanging hills, Conn. Continued.

Trap ridges near (1'ercival, '42, p. 348). 

Hanover, Pa. Catalogue of specimens of trap,

etc., from near (Frazer, '77, pp. 332-381). 

Trap from (C. E. Hall, '78, pp. 42, 43). 

Hanover, Va. Boundary of Newark near (Heinrich, '78, pp. 229-230). 

Hanover area, Va. Defined and described (Fontaiue, '79, pp. 27,151-153). 

Fossil plants from (Fontaine, '83, p. 4). 

Hanover county, Va. Description of Newark area

in (Heinrich, '78, pp. 229-230). 

Description of rocks in (W. B. Rogers, '43, p.

298). 

Hanover junction, Va. Boundary of Newark

rocks north of (Fontaine, '83, p. 2). 

Unconformity of Potomac and Newark at

(Fontaine, '89, p. 58). 

Hardin's coal mine, Va. Fossil crustaceans from

(Jones, '62, p. 86).

HARLAX, RICHARD. 1884. 

Critical notices of various organic remains

hitherto discovered in North America. 

In Pennsylvania Geol. Soc., Trans., vol. 1,

1835, pp. 46-112, pi. 5.

Refers to certain fossil bones from the Yellowstone and Missouri rivers which may 

possibly be of Triassic or Jurassic age, 

and to fossil fishes from the Newark of 

Massachusetts, pp. 92-94. 

Harleysville, Pa. Contact metamorphisro near

(Lewis, '82). 

Harmouyville, Pa. Boundary of Newark near

(Frazer, '83, p. 234).

HARRINGTON, B. J. 1871. 

Report on geological structure and mineral

resources of Prince Edward island. 

SeeDawson and Harriugton, 1871. 

HARRINGTON, B. J. 1874. 

Notes on the iron ores of Canada and their

development. 

In geological survey of Canada. Report of

progress for 1873-'74, pp. 192-259. 

Contains a brief mention of magnetite in 

veins in the trap along the south side of 

the bay of Fundy, pp. 217,219. 

HARR11VGTON [B. J.]. Cited on the geology of 

Prince Edward island (Bain and Dawson, 

'85, pp. 156-157).

Cited on the tilting of sandstone and trap in 

Prince Edward island (W. M. Davis, '83, 

p. 302). 

Cited on trap dikes in Prince Edward island

(W.M. Davis, '83, p. 291).

Harrington river, N. S. Dip near mouth of (Dawson, '78, p. 102). 

Exposures of Newark rocks near the mouth

of (Dawson, '47, pp. 52-53). 

Trap conglomerate, etc., near mouth of (Dawson, '78, p. 102). 

Harrisburg, Pa. Contact of Newark and Silurian

rocks near (Lesley, '64, p. 47C). 

Sandstone quarries near (Shaler, '84, p. 156). 

HARTT, C. FRED. 1807. 

The recent bird track of the basin of Minas 

[Nova Scotia].
BUSSKI.L.] LITERATURE. 215

IIARTT, <!. FRED. Continued.

In Am. Nat., vol. 1, pp. 1G9-17C, 234-243. 

Contains a popular description of recent footprints, raindrop impressions, etc., at tlio

locality mentioned, and also a brief sketch

of fossil impressions of a similar character

elsewhere. 

Hartford, Conn. Bitumen in trap near (E. S.

Dana, 75). 

Brief account of shale at (E. Hitchcock, '35,

p. 217). 

Brief account of trap near (E. Hitchcock, '23,

vol. C, pp. 44, 51). 

Character of sandstone at (15. Hitchcock, '3C,

p. 329). 

Concerning trap ridges near (Percival, '42, p.

377). 

Contact, nietamorphiam at (E. Hitchcock, '35,

p. 424). 

Contact metnmorphisni near (E. Hitchcock,

'41, p. 057. Percival, '42, p. 320). 

Description of Rocky hill near (Silliman, '30,

pp. 122-131). 

Description of trap ridges near (Davis and

Whittle, '8fl. p. 115). 

Discussion of the geological structure near

(W. M. Davis, '8C, p. 344). 

Localities of fossil footprints near (E. Hitchcock, '41, pp. 406, 467). 

Ontlyer of primitive rock in Newark area near

.(A. Smith, '32, p. 21.9). 

Red shale in (E. Hitchcock, '41, p. 443). 

Report of the discovery of fossil footprints

near (E. Hitchcock, ?37b). 

Special account of quarry near (Davis and

AVhittle, '89, pp. 120-122).' 

Hartley, N. J. Description of stone quarry near

(Cook, '81, pp. 51-52). 

HARTSHORNE, S. Well bored for, near Short

hills, N. J. (Nason, '896). 

Hart's mills, Conn. Description of trap ridges

near (Percival, '42, p. 384). 

Limestone near (Percival, '42, p. 443). 

Mention of the occurrence of bitumen at

(Percival, '42, p. 443). 

Hartzog's mill, Pa. Dip of strata and exposure

of trap near (d'lnvilliors, '83, pp. 218, 219,

220). 

Hastiiigs-oii-Htidson, N. Y. View of Palisades

opposite (Cook, '83, frontispiece). 

Hatfleld, Mass. Dip of lower beds of the Newark

system in (E. Hitchcock, '35, p. 223). 

Dip of sandstone in (E. Hitchcock, '41, p.

447). 

Dip of strata at (E. Hitchcock, '23, vol. C, p.

42. A. Smith,'32, p. 221). 

Study of dips in (Walling, '78, p. 192). 

Hatfleld swamp, N. J. Trap hill near (Cook, "68,

pp.185, 186). 

Haute island, ?f. S. Mention of (Marsters, '90).

See also Isle Haute. 

Havcrstraw, Jf. Y. Analysis of sandstone from

(Schweitzer, '71). 

Brief account of trap rock near (Mather, '39,

pp. 116-117, 122. Mather, '43, pp. 278-282.

Pierce, '20, pp. 186-188).

llavcrstraw, N. Y. Continued.

Brief description* of trap ridge at (Russell, '78, 

p. 241).

Conglomerate quarries near (Mather, '39, pp. 

124-125. Nason,'89, p. 40).

Dip and strike of rocks in (Mather, '43, pp. 

CIO-617).

Dip of sandstone and trap near (Darton, '90, 

p. 41).

Gap in trap ridge near (Darton, '90, p. 41).

Junction of trap and sandstone near (Darton, 

'90, p. 48).

Red marl near (Mather, '43, p. 288).

Section of Palisade trap shoot near (Darton, 

'90, p. 37).

Section of sandstone beneath trap near (Mather, '43, pi. 5).

Small trap sheet in arkoso near (Darton, '90, 

p. 49).

Small trap sheet near (Darton, '90, p. 39).

Upper contact of trap and sandstone near

(Darton, '90, p. 51). 

HAWES, GEORGE W. 1875.

The trap rocks of the Connecticut valley.

In Am. Jour. Sci., 3d ser., vol. 9, pp. 185-192.

Compares the chemical composition of trap 

rocks from localities in the Connecticut 

valley and in New Jersey, and points out 

the changes that have taken place in rocks 

since their ejection. 

HAWES, GEORGE W. 1875a.

On diabantito, a chlorito occurring in the trap 

of the Connecticut valloj'.

In Am. Jour. Sci., 3d scr., vol. 9, pp. 454-457.

Describes the occurrence and gives analysis

of the mineral mentioned, from amygdaloidal cavities in trap in the Farmington

hills, Conn.

HAWES, G. W. 1878.

[Note on the microscopical characteristics of 

a thin section of Jura-Trias sandstone 

from the Connecticut valley.]

In Geology of New Hampshire, by C. H. 

Hitchcock, vol. 3, pp. 239-240, pi. 12.

Remarks that all of the grains in the sandstone are coated with red oxide of iron, 

which cements them together and determines the color of the rock. The colored 

illustration accompanying this note shows 

the appearance of a thin section of sandstone when viewed through a'microscope. 

HAWES, GEORGE W. 1882.

On the mineralogical composition of the normal Mesozoic diabases upon the Atlantic 

border.

In TJ. S. Nat. Mus., Proc., vol. 4, 1881, pp. 129- 

134.

Abstract in Noues Jahrbuch, 1882, p. 44.

Reviewed by J. D. Dana in Am. Jonr. Sci., 

3d ser., vol. 22, pp. 230-233.

Discusses the miueralogical composition of 

trap rocks, diabase, from Bergen hill, N. 

J., and from West rock, Conn., with chemical analysis of constituent minerals. 

HAWES, G. W. Analysis of trap by (E. S. Dana, 

'75).
216 THE NEWARK SYSTEM. [BULL. 85.

HAWES, G. W. Continued.

Gil cd on analyses of trap rock from AYest rock,

Conn. (Frazcr, '75a, p. 404. E. S. Dana,

'77). 

Cited on composition of Connecticut valley

trap (Frazer, '77, p. 311). 

Cited on composition of trap rocks (W. M.

Davis, '80, p. 284.) 

Cited on indurated bitumen in the volcanic

rocks of Connecticut (J. D. Dana, '78). 

Cited on mineral analysis of trap from Bergen

hill, N. J. (Shaler, '84, p. 145). 

Cited on miueralogical composition of trap

rock from Connecticut (Frazer, '756). 

Cited on petrography of West rock, Conu.

(Davis and Whittle, '89, pp. 116-117). 

Cited on "pipe stem" amygdaloids in the trap

of Connecticut (Davis and Whittle, '89, p.

134). 

Cited on secondary minerals of trap rocks

(How, '75, vol. 1, p. 136.) 

Cited on trap rocks of Connecticut (Hovey,

'89, pp. 360-368). 

Haycock hill, Pa. Analysis of trap from (Genth,

'81, pp. 98-99). 

Description of (H. D. llogers, '58, vol. 2, p.

086). 

Haydens station, Conn. Sandstone quarries near

(Shaler, '84, p. 127).

HAYES, JOHN L. 1842. 

[Remarks on fossil footprints from the Connecticut valley sandstones.] 

In Am. Assoc. Geol. and Nat.,Proc., 1840-1842,

pp. 55-56.

Brief notice of remarks on the above subject. 

HAYES, JOHN L. 1843. 

[Remarks on recent and fossil footprints.] 

In Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 45, p. 316. 

Brief remark on a paper by AV. C. Rodfield. 

HAYES, J. L. 1850. 

[Comparison of recent bird tracks from the

shore of the \>a,y of Fundy with fossil impressions of a similar origin.] 

In Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Proc., vol. 3, p. 227-

228. 

Haywood, N. C. , Analysis of iron ore from near

(KeiT,'75, p. 225). 

Breadth of Newark rocks near(01mstead, '24,

p.12). 

Brief account of geology near (McLenahan,

'52, p. 169).

Boundary of Newark area near (W. R. Johnson, '51, p. 4. Mitchell, '42, p. 130). 

Conglomerate at (Enimons, '50, pp. 237-238). 

Dip and strike at (McLenahan, '52, p. 168). 

Dip of sandstone near (Kerr, '75, p. 225). 

Fossil plants from (Einmons, '57, pp. 105,118). 

Iron ore near (Kerr, '75, p. 225). 

Mention of trap dikes near (Burbank, '73, p.

152).

Silicified trees near (Emmons, '56, p. 284). 

Thickness of strata at (Fontaine, '83, p. 100). 

Heathcote brook, N. .1. Sandstone quarry at

(Cook,'79, p. 23). 

Heath's coal mine, Ya. Analysis of coal from

(Macfarlaue, 77, p. 515).

Heath's coal mine, Va. Continued.

Brief account of (Macfarlane, '77, p. 507).

Brief reference to (Nuttall, '21, p. 35).

Explosions in (Taylor, '48, p. 49).

Notes on (Taylor, '35, p. 284).

Thickness of coal in (Grammar, 18, p. 126-127.

Taylor,'35, p. 282).

Hebron, Conn. Description of trap dikes in primary rocks in (Percival, '42, pp. 423-424). 

HEER, OSWALD. 1857.

[A letter concerning the geological position of 

the rocks of the Richmond coal field, Arirginia, as indicated by fossil plants.]

In geology of North America, by Jnles Marcou, Zurich, 1856, p. 16.

Published in part in Am. Jour. Sd., 2d ser., 

vol. 24,1857, pp. 428-429.

Questions the accuracy of certain determinations of the genera and species of fossil 

plants from the Richmond coal field, Va., 

made by E. Emmons and C. T. F. Bunbury, 

and states an opinion concerning the age 

of the rocks from which the plants referred to were obtained.

HEER [0.]. Cited 011 age of the Newark rocks of 

North Carolina (Emmous, '58).

Cited on age of the Newark system (Dewey, 

'57. Jones,'62, p. 126. Lea,'58. Zeiller, 

'88, p. 698).

Cited on the age of the Richmond area, Virginia (Hull. '81, p. 460. Lyell, '71, p. 363. 

Marcou, '58, p. 16).

Cited on fossil plants from North Carolina 

and Virginia (Marcou, '59, p. 25).

Cited on the Newark flora (Marcou, '90). 

Heidlersburg, Pa. Trap dikes near (H. D. Rogers,

'58, vol. 2, p. 689). 

Heigcr's ore pit, Pa. Report on (Frazer, '77, p.

223). 

HEILPRIN, ANGELO. 1884.

On a remarkable exposure of Columnar trap 

near Orange, New Jersey.

In Philadelphia Acad. Nat. Sci., Proc., vol. 

36, pp. 318-320, pi. 8.

A popular description of an exposure of columnar trap at the locality mentioned. 

HEILPRIX, ANflELO. 1887.

The geographical and geological distribution 

of animals.

New York (The International Scientific series), 12 mo, pp. i-xii, 1-435, pi. ].

Contains a general description of the fauna of 

the Triassic and Jurassic periods, pp. 157- 

168. 

HEINRICH, OSWALD J. 1873.

The Midlothian colliery, Virginia.

In Am. Inst. Mining Eng., Trans., vol. 1, pp. 

346-359, supplementary paper, pp. 360-364, 

pi. 5.

Devoted principally to mining methods, but 

contains a detailed section of the coal 

seams at Bailey's hill, Midlothian. 

HEINRICH, 0. J. 1874.

The diamond drill for deep boring, compared 

with other systems of boring.
BT7S8KLL.] LITERATURE. 217

HEINRICH, 0. .1. Continued.

In Am. Tnst. Mining Eng., TranK., vol. 2, pp. 

241 -263.

Refers to the, moUioil and cost of boring certain deep holes at Midlothian, Va. 

HE1NIUCH, 0. J. 1875.

[Remarks 071 tray dikes and 071 natural coke 

in the Richmond coal Held, Virginia.]

In The Engineering and Mining Journal, vol. 

19, p. 35.

A part of a discussion following the reading 

of a paper on deep boring with a diamond 

drill, read by 0. J. Heinrich before the 

American Institute of Mining Engineers, 

Dec. 26, 1874. Describes the natural coke 

of the Richmond coal field, and states its 

connection with trap dikes. Remarks on 

the same subject were made by At. Coryell 

and T. S. Hunt. 

HEINRICH, 0. J. 1875a.

Deep boring with the diamond drill (supplementary paper).

In Am. Inst. Mining Eng., Trans., vol. 3, pp. 

183-180.

Explains the method of boring, cost, etc., of 

certain diamond drill explorations made 

at Midlothian, Va. 

HEINRICH, OSWALD J. 1876.

An account of an explosion of fire-damp at the 

Midlothian colliery, Chesterfield county, 

Va.

In. Am. Inst. Mining Eng., Trans., vol. 5, pp. 

148-101, pi. 3.

Accompanied by a section and plan of underground work of the colliery referred to. 

HEINRICH, OSWALD J. 187fia.

The Midlothian, Va., colliery in 1870.

In Am. lust. Mining Eng., Trans., vol. 4, pp. 

308-316.

Gives a brief history of coal mining in the

Richmond coal field, and describes the

condition of the Midlothian colliery in

1870.

HEINRICH, OSWALD J. 1878.

The Mesozoic formation in Virginia.

In Am. Inst. Mining Eng., .Trails., vol. 0, pp. 

227-274, pis. 5-6.

Reviewed by P. Frazer in Am. Nat., vol. 13, pp. 

284-292.

Ilepublished in The Virginias, vol. 1, pp. 120- 

126,142-145,155,176-177,190-192.

CONTENTS.

Introduction........................

Geographical distribution of the Mesozoic formation in Virginia, its 

outlines and area................

The eastern division ................

The middle eastern division.........

Taylorsville deposit.............

Springfield deposit..............

Richmond deposit...............

The middle western division........

Aquia deposit...................

Farmville deposit...............

Page.

227-228

228-239

229

229-232

229-230

230

230-232 

232

232-233

233-235

HEINRICH, OSWALD J.-Continued.

CONTENTS continued.

Pago.

The, west di vision................... 235-239

Potomac deposit ................ 235-236

Barboursville deposit........... 236-237

James river deposit............. 237

Danville deposit................ 237-239

Description of the rocks constituting the formation............ 239-245

Conglomerate................... 239-240

Sandstones...................... 240-242

Slates and shales................ 242-243

Limestones ..................... 243

Coal............................. 243-244

Igneous rocks................... 244

Accessory minerals ............. 344-245

General geological and stratigraphical characters of the formation ......................... 245-264

Detailed section at Old Midlothian coal mine ............. 256-260

Section at Carbon hill........... 260

Fossil remains of the formation..... 264-266

Economic products of the formation. 266-274 

HEINRICH, 0. J. Abstract of paper, on the 

Mesozoic formation of Virginia (Frazer, 

'82, p. 139).

Analysis of coal from the Richmond area, Va. 

(Clifford, '87, p. 10).

Cited on borings in the Richmond area, Va. 

(Frazer,'85, p. 403).

Cited on the cause of the tilting of the Newark (W. M. Davis, '83, p. 303).

Cited on the commercial development of the 

Richmond area, Va. (Chance, '85, pp. 22- 

23).

Cited on the composition of coal' from the 

Richmond area, Va. (Chance, '85, p. 19).

Cited on faults in the Richmond area, Va. (W. 

M. Davis, '83, p. 304).

Cited on the Newark of Virginia (Russell, '80a).

Cited on relation of trap and sandstone in 

Virginia (W. M. Davis, '83, p. 288).

Cited on section of coal-bearing rocks at Midlothian (Clifford,'87, p. 23).

Cited on thickness of Newark in Virginia 

(Frazer, '77, p. 270).

Cited on tilting of the sandstone find trap of 

the Richmond area, Va. (W.M. Davis, '83, 

p. 302).

Cited on value of the Richmond coal field, Va.

(Hotchkiss, '80, p. 92). 

Heists' mill, Pa. Dip of conglomerate near (d'lnvilliers,'83, p. 214). 

Hclcurn. Description of genus (E. Hitchcock,

'58, p. 140).

Hemingway mountain, Conn. Description of (Hovey, '89, p. 306).

Discussion of the origin of-(Hovey, '89, p. 381). 

Henilcrson, Pa. Boundary of the Newark near

(C.E.Hall, '81, pp. 22,84). 

1IENDER80N, J. T. 1886.

The commonwealth of Georgia.

Atlanta, Ga., pp. i-viii, 1-397.
218 THE NEWARK SYSTEM. [BULL. 85.

HEXDERSON, J. T. Continued.

Contains a brief account of the Newark system in North aud South Carolina, ami 

states that trap dikes probably belonging 

to the same system occur in Georgia. 

Henrico county, Va. Description of the Newark

in (W. B. Rogers, '40, pp. 71-72). 

Description of rocks in (W. B. Rogers, '43, p.

298). 

Thickness of coal in (Grammar, '18, pp. 120-

127). 

Trial of the coal of, for heating purposes (W.

R. Johnson, '44, pp. 338-348,390-404). 

HEXRY, JOSEPH. 1851. 

[Explanation of the accumulation of matter

in the center of raindrop impressions.] 

In Am. Assoc. Adv. Sci., Proc., vol. 5, p. 75. 

Discussion of a paper by W. C. Redfleld. 

HEXRY, P. H. Analyses of coke from Richmond

coal field by (Lyell, '47, p. 273). 

Henry county, Va. Boundaries of the Newark in

("W. B. Rogers, '39, p. 74). 

Herbortstown, X. J. Description of hills near (H.

D. Rogers,'40, p. 151). 

Heth'N (pit), Va. Analysis of coal from (Williams,

'83, p. 82). 

HickerNons, Va. Boundaries of the Newark near

(W. B. Rogers, '40, p. 62).

Hickes's shaft, Pa. Report on (Frazer, '77, p. 222).

Hickorytown, Pa. Boundary of the Ncwarknear

(C. E. Hall, '81, pp. 72-73. Lesley, '85, p.

Ixxxi).

Higby mountain, Conn. Anterior trap ridges of

(Davis and Whittle, '89, pp. 107-108). 

Description of the main ridge of (Davis and

Whittle, '89, pp. 111-112). 

Detailed study of the geological structure near

(W. M. Davis, '89). 

Sketch map of a portion of (W. M. Davis, '89,

pi. 3).

Small map of north end of (Davis and Whittle, '89, pi. 2).

Trap ridges near (Percival, '42, p. 348). 

View of, to illustrate structure (W. M. Davis,

'80c, p. 420). 

Highland, Pa. Mention of trap dike in (Frazer,

'84, p. 693). 

Highland lake, Conn. Description of trap ridges

near (Davis aud Whittle, '89, p. 115). 

High mountain, N. J. Analysis of trap from

(Cook,'68, p. 217). 

Boundary of Second mountain trap near

(Cook,'68, p. 183). 

Shales beneath trap sheet near (Darton, '90,

p. 28).

Trap of (Cook, '82, p. 53). 

Vesicular trap near (Darton, '90, p. 28). 

High point, N. J. Elevation of (Cook, '68, p. 184). 

High rock, Conn. Concerning trap ridges near

(Percival, '42, pp. 381-385). 

Description of (Percival, '42, pp. 372-375). 

High Spire, Pa. Boundary of the Newark near 

(Lea, '58, p. 92. H. D. Rogers, '58, vol. 2, 

p. 669).

High torne, Pf. T. Contact of trap and sandstone 

beneath (Dartou, '90, p. 50).

High torne, N. V. Continued.

Elevatiou and character of (Dartou, '90, p. 38).

Elevatiou of (Russell, '80, p. 36).

Faults near (Nasou, '89, p. 25).

Thickness of trap sheet forming (Darton, '90,

P- 44). 

Hightomi, N. J. Elevatiou of (Cook, '68, p. 176).

Height of (Macfarlane, '79, p. 68). 

Hill island, Pa. Trap dikes near (H. D. Rogers,

'58, vol. 2, p. 688). 

Hillsboro, A*. C. Breadth of Newark rocks near

(Olmstead, '24, p. 12). 

Decomposition of trap dikes near (Burbauk,

73, p. 151). 

Hill's coal mine, Va. Brief account of (Macfarlaue, '77, p. 507). 

Notes on (Taylor, '35, p. 284). 

Thickness of coal in (Taylor, '35, p. 282). 

Hinkletown, Pa. Boundary of the Newark near 

(Frazer, '80, pp. 15,46. II. D. Rogers, '58, 

vol. 2, p. 668).

Hitchcock cabinet, Ainherst college, Mass. Descriptive catalogue of footprints in (C. II. 

Hitchcock, '65).

HITCHCOCK, CHARLES H. 1855. 

Impressions (chiefly tracks) on alluvial clay,

in Hadley, Mass.

In Am. Jour. Sci., 2d sor., vol. 19, pp. 391-396. 

Describes a number of recent footprints and 

other markings, and in a footnote, p. 392, 

states briefly some of the various views 

that have been advanced in reference to 

the age of the Connecticut valley sandstone.

HITCHCOCK, CHARLES H. 1859. 

[Report on copper mine at Flemington, New 

Jersey.] See Hitchcock, E., and C. Hitchcock, 

1859.

HITCHCOCK, CHARLES H. 1885. 

Preface [to supplement to tho Ichnology of

New England.] 

In supplement to Ichnology of New England,

by Edward Hitchcock, pp. ix-x. 

Relates to the publication of tho "supplement," and to specimens of footprints at 

Amherst college.

HITCHCOCK, CHARLES H. 18C5a. 

Descriptive catalogue of specimens in the 

Hitchcock ichuological cabinet at Am. 

. herst college.

In supplement to tho Ichnology of New England, by Edward Hitchcock, pp. 41-93. 

Describes specimens of footprints, and gives 

localities from which they were derived. 

HITCHCOCK, CHARLES H. 1866. 

Description of a new reptilian bird from the

Trias of Massachusetts. 

In New York Lye. Nat. Hist., Ann., vol. 8,

1867, pp. 301-302. 

Describes tho footprints of Tarsodactylus expausus, from near Turners Falls, Mass. 

HITCHCOCK, CHARLES H. 1867. 

Elementary geology. 

See Hitchcock and Hitchcock, 1867. 

HITCHCOCK, CHARLES H. 1871. 

Geological description [of Massachusetts].
HUSSKLT..] LITERATURE. 219

HITCHCOCK, CHARLES II. Continued.

Iii official topographical atlas of Massachusetts, by H. F. AYalling and 0. W. Gray. 

Boston, folio, pp. 17-23, and map.

Contains a brief sketch of the general geology 

of the state, accompanied by a colored 

geological map; also a list of fossil footprints found in the Newark system. 

HITCHCOCK, CHARLES H. 1874.

The Coal Measures of the United States.

In statistical atlas of the United States, by 

Francis A. "Walker, pp. 12-14, pis. 11,12.

Contains a brief account of the coal fields of 

eastern Virginia and of North Carolina. 

Accompanied by two maps, one (pi. xi) 

showing the distribution of coal fields and 

the other (pi. xn) a general geological 

map of the United States, compiled by C. 

H. Hitchcock and W. P. Blake. 

HITCHCOCK, CHARLES H. 1877.

The relation of the geology of New Hampshire 

to that of the adjacent territory.

In the geology of New Hampshire, by C. H. 

Hitchcock, vol. 2, pp. 3-36, pi. op. p. 8.

Contains a brief reference to the Newark rocks

of the Connecticut valley, Nova Scotia,

New Brunswick, etc. These areas are

shown on the map op. p. 8.

HITCHCOCK, CHARLES H. 1877a.

Geology of the Connecticut valley district [of 

New Hampshire].

In geology of New Hampshire. Concord, vol. 

2, 4to, pp. 271-407, 428-462, and 7 plates.

Refers briefly to the position of the north end

of the Connecticut valley area, and the

presence of a heavy conglomerate in

Northfteld, Mass.

HITCHCOCK, CHARLES H. 1881.

Geological map of the United States, compiled 

. by C.H.Hitchcock.

New York. Published by Julius Bien.

A Avail map; scale 20 miles to an inch.

Map, geological, of the United States (C. H.

Hitchcock, '81). 

HITCHCOCK, CHARLES H. 1880.

The geological map of the United States.

In Am. Inst. Mining Eng., Trans., vol. 15, pp. 

465-488, map op. p. 480.

Contains an account of previously published 

geological maps of the United States and 

Canada, and shows the distribution of the 

Jurassic and Triassic systems of the 

United States. 

HITCHCOCK, CHARLES H. 1888.

Recent progress in ichnology.

In Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Proc., vol. 24, pp. 

117-127.

Presents a revised list of the footprints of the 

Newark system, and gives descriptions of 

several new species. Notices also the localities where footprints have been found 

in New Jor.sey and Pennsylvania. 

HITCHCOCK, CHARLES H. 1880.

[Remarks on a paper by Atreus Wanner, concerning the discovery of fossil tracks in 

the Newark rocks of York county, Pa.]

HITCHCOCK, CHARLES H. Continued.

In Am. Assoc. Adv. Sci., Proc., vol. 37, p. 186.

States that fossil footprints recently discovered in rocks of the Newark system of 

New Jersey and Pennsylvania belong to 

the same genera as the tracks previously 

discovered in the Connecticut valley. 

HITCHCOCK, CHARLES H. 1890.

The use of the terms Lnnrentiaii and Newark 

in geological treatises.

In Am. Geol., vol. 5, pp. 197-202.

Reviewed by I. C. Russell in Am. Geol., vol. 7, 

pp. 238-241. ,

A review of a paper on "The Newark System," by I. C. Russell. Gives reason for 

objecting to the use of "Newark" as a 

group name, pp. 200-202.

H[ITCHCOCK], C. H. Description of Grallator 

gracilis by (E. Hitchcock, '65, p. 8, pi. 9).

Note on Anommpvis gracillimus (E. Hitchcock, '65, p. 6).

Plants collected by. in" the Newark system 

(Newherry, '88, p. 92).

Remarks on Brontozoiim gigantenm by (E. 

Hitchcock, '65, p. 23).

Remarks on the origin of the Connecticut valley sandstone (Whitney, '60). 

HITCHCOCK, C. H., and W. P. BLAKE. 1874.

Geological map of the United States.

In Statistical atlas of the United Stnttes, based 

on the Ninth Census, 1870 [etc.], by Francis A. "Walker, pis. 13-14.

First published in the reports of the Ninth 

Census of the United States, by F. A. 

Walker. Appeared also in the statistics 

of mines and mining, by R. "W. Raymond, 

1873; in "Special report on the Smithsonian Institution for the Centennial," 

Washington, 1876; and in "Atlas of the 

United States and the "World," by Gray, 

Philadelphia, 1877.

A compiled map showing the distribution of

geological formations in the United States.

H[ITCHCOCK], EDWARD. 1815.

Southampton lead mine and basaltic columns 

at Mount Holyoke, Mass.

In North American Review, vol. 1, pp. 334-338.

A popular letter on the subjects referred to In 

the title.

HITCHCOCK, EDWARD. - 1818.

Remarks on the geology and mineralogy of a 

section of Massachusetts on Connecticut 

liver, with a part of New Hampshire and 

Vermont.

In Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 1, pp. 105-116, 436-439, 

and map.

Describes in general terms the geology in the 

neighborhood of Mounts Holyoke and 

Tom, Mass., pp. 105,10K, and map. 

HITCHCOCK, EDWARD. 1S2.1.

A sketch of the geology, mineralogy, and 

scenery of the region contiguous to the 

river Connecticut; with a geological map 

and drawings of organic remains; and occasional botanical notices.
220 THE NEWARK SYSTEM. [BOLL. 85.

HITCHCOCK, EDWARD Continued.

In Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 6, 1823, pp. 1-80, 201-2136, 

pi. 9, and map op. p. 86; vol. 7, 1824, pp. 1- 

30, pi. 1.

Describes" the Newark rocks of the Connecticut valley, in part under the name of the 

Old Rod sandstone, vol. 0, pp. 39-42. The 

"greenstone dikes" in the Old lied sandstone are described on pp. 56-59, and their 

origin discussed on pp. 59-61. Another 

division of the Newark receives attention 

under the name of the "Coal formation," 

pp. 01-80. In vol. 7 the scenery of the 

Connecticut valley is described, and in 

this connection the relief of several trap 

hills receives attention.

HITCHCOCK], EfDWARD]. 1824.

 Notice of a singular conglomerate, and of an 

interesting locality of trap tuff, or tufa.

In Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 8, pp. 244-247.

Describes exposures of trap tuff on the east 

side of Mount Torn, Mass.

HITCHCOCK, EDWARD. 1824n.

A geological and agricultural survey of the 

district adjoining the Erie canal in the 

State ol New York, part 1, containing a 

description of the rock formations; together with a geological profile; extending from the Atlantic to Lake Erie.

Albany. 12mo, pp. 1-163, pis. 1-2.

The sections accompanying this report show 

the positions of the Newark rocks and associated traps of the Connecticut valley.

HITCHCOCK, EDWARD. 1828.

Miscellaneous notices of mineral localities, 

with geological remarks.

In Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 14, pp. 235-230.

Refers briefly to an exposure of sandstone beneath trap on the cast side of Mount 

Holyoke, Mass., p. 218, and records a few 

facts concerning the .small outlying Newark area in Woodbury and Southbury, 

Conn., pp. 227-228.

HITCHCOCK, EDWARD. 1882.

Eeport on the geology of Massachusetts; examined irnder the direction of the government, of that state, during the years 1830 

and 1831.

In Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 22, pp. 1-70, and map op. 

p. 1.

Contains a brief account of the sandstone 

along the Connecticut river, but refers 

principally to its value as a building stone. 

The formation is termed the New Red 

sandstone.

HITCHCOCK, EDWARD. 1835.

Report on the geology, mineralogy, and botany 

of Massachusetts, in four parts; Part i, 

Economic geology; Part II, Topographical geology; Part HI, Scientific geology; 

Part iv, Catalogue of animals and plants. 

Amherst, 1835. Second edition, corrected 

and enlarged, pp. i-xii, 13-702, accompanied 

by 4to atlas of 19 plates.

HITCHCOCK, EDWAHD Continued.

First edition of Part ), Economic geology,

Amherst, 1832, pp. 1-70, and geological

map of Massachusetts. 

First edition of full report, Amherst, 1833, pp.

irxii. 1-692, and 4to atlas of 19 plates. 

The contents of the 2d ed., so far as it relates

to the Newark system, is as follows:

Page. 

Newark system of, Massachusetts

briefly described ........... 20

Greenstone (trap) division briefly described.. ...................23-24,31

Discovery of limestone in the Connecticut valley ................ 38-39

Building stone briefly described...... 46-47

Coal.................................. 53-54

Copper ores.......................... 71-72

Detailed account of the Newark system 211-251 

Mineral character of the sandstone 213-219 

Topography of the red sandstone. 220-222 

Dip, direction, and thickness of the

strata...................... 222-228

Mineral contents................. 228-234

Copper....................... 228-229

Coal.......................... 229-232

Lead, zinc, and iron.......... 232-233

Iron sand .................... 233

Rotten stone................. 233

Satin spar.................... 233

Sulphate of baryta........... 233

Sulphate of strontia-......... 234

Sulphate of lime............. 234

Organic remains ................. 234-243

Animal remains.................. 237-243

Ichthyolites.................. 238-239

 Mollusoa..................... 239

Zoophyta .................... 239-242

Radiaria ..................... 242-243

Theoretical considerations ....... 243-251

Greenstone (trap) described.......... 398-434

Mineralogical characters......... 399-431

Hornblende and feldspar..... 399

Columnar.................... 399-402

Compact..................... 402

Chiefly greenish compact feldspar. ....................... 402

Indurated clay............... 402

Hornblende, Augite? and feldspar........................ 403

Porphyritic .................. 403-404

Amygdaloidal................ 404-405

Concreted.................... 405

Tufaceous.................... 405

Topography of greenstone (trap). 405-410 

Situation of greenstone (trap) in

relation to other rocks ....... 411-421

Chemical effects of greenstone

(trap) upon other rocks ...... 421-425

Mineral contents................. 425-431

Theoretical considerations....... 431-434

The resemblance in external 

character between some varieties of our greenstones 

and the products of existing volcanoes.............. 431-332
KUSSELL.] LITERATURE. 221

HITCHCOCK, EDWARD Contiuued. Page. 

Greenstone (trap) described Continued. 

Theoretical considerations Continued. 

The columnar structure of 

greenstone................. 432

The irregular manner in wh ich 

greenstone is intrude d 

among stratified rocks ..... 432

The mechanical effects of 

greenstone upon the stratifled rocks .................. 432-434

Unconformity of the Newark system

with primary strata .............. 510

The trap system ..................... 513-514

Catalogue of specimens from the Newark system....................... 655-657

Catalogue of specimens of trap ...... 669-670

HITCHCOCK, EDWARD. 1886.

Ornithichnology. Description of the footmarks of oirds (Ornithichnites) on New 

Bed sandstone in Massachusetts.

In Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 29, pp. 307-340, and 

3 plates.

Abstract in Neues Jahrbuch, 1836, pp. 467- 

472.

Refers to early discussion of fossil footprints 

in Massachusetts, mentions several localities at which they occur, discusses the 

nature of the animals that made the 

tracks, and describes and figures several 

species.

HITCHCOCK, EDWARD. 1.837.

Researches in theoretical geology by H. T.

De La Beche, with a preface and notes hy

Prof. Edward Hitchcock. 

New York. 12mo, pp. i-xv, 1-342. 

Contains a note on the fossil fishes of the

Connecticut valley, p. 2t>7, and also on the

fossil footprints of the same region, pp.

271-373.

HITCHCOCK, EDWARD. 1837n.

Fossil footsteps in sandstone and gray wacke.

In Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 32, pp. 174-176.

Abstract in Neues Jahrbuch, 1837, pp. 602- 

603.

Mentions the advance that has been made in

the study of the fossil footprints of the

Connecticut valley and gives a list of

species described.

HITCHCOCK, E. 1837b.

Ornithichnites in Connecticut.

In Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 31, pp. 174-175.

Brief mention of additional localities in Connecticut at which fossil footprints have 

been found. The footprints are described 

briefly and their names given in some 

instances. 

HITCHCOCK, EDWARD. 1841.

.Final report on the geology of Massachusetts.

Northampton, 4to, vol. 1, pp. i-xii, la-lla, 1- 

299,pis. 1-14 and a map; vol. 2, pp. 300- 

381, pis. 15-55.

The contents of this report, so far as it relates to the Newark system, is as follows:

HITCHCOCK, EDWARD Continued. Page 

A reprint of a report by H. D. Rogers, L. Vanuxem, R. C. Taylor, E. 

Eminous, and T. A. Conrad, of the 

Association of American Ge'ologists, on the Omithichnites or footmarks of extinct birds in the [Newark system] of Massachusetts and 

Connecticut, observed and described by Prof. Hitchcock, of 

Amherst......................... 2a-3a

Coal in the Connecticut valley....... 138-143

Trap rocks (greenstone) for building.. 152-153 

Sandstone quarries................... 180-181

Rocks suitable for whetstones and

grindstones ...................... 213-214

Rocks suitable for flagstones......... 214

Scouographic geology................ 241-2*9

Mount Holyoke.................. 241-243

Titan's pier ...................... 243-214

Titan's piazza.................... 244-246

Mount Tom ...................... 246-247

Sugar Loaf....................... 247-248

Mount Toby..................... 248-249

Valley of the Connecticut........ 256-259

Turners Falls.................... 275-277

Holyoke falls..................... 277-278

South Hadley Falls .............. 284-285

The gorge or glen in Ley den..... 285-286

A tabular view of the rocks of Massachusetts ......................... 303

The Newark system (New Red sandstone) described.............. 434-450

Lithological characters........... 441-446

Conglomerate ................ 441-442

Tufaceous conglomerate...... 442

Sandstone ................... 442-443

Shale......................... 443

Limestone.................... 444-446

Topography of the formation.... 446-447

Dip, strike, and thickness of the

strata........................ 447-448

Mineral contents................. 448-449

Organic remains.................. 449-528

Vegetable remains........... 450-458

Animal remains.............. 458-464

Fossil footmarks................. 464-528

Localities.................... 465-467

A general description of the 

nature and situation of the 

fossils...................... 467-474

Specific description of the 

footmarks ................. 474-501

Impression oi raindrops.-.-. 501-503 

Fossil oones...................... 503-504

Tracks of living animals ......... 504-608

Conclusion from all the facts..... 508-525

Artesian wells................... 525

Theoretical considerations relating to the formation generally. 526-531 

Greenstone (trap).................... 641-663

Lithological character............ 641-645

Hornblende and feldspar..... 641

Columnar trap............... C41-643

Compact trap................ 643

Indurated clay............... 644
222 THE NEWARK SYSTEM. [BULL. 85.

HITCHCOCK, EDWARD Continued. Page. 

Greenstone (trap) Continued.

Lithologioal character Continued.

Amygdaloidal trap........... 644-645

.Concreted trap............... 645

Tufaceous trap............... 645

Topography of the greenstone

(trap) ........................ 646--C50

Situation of the greenstone in relation to other rocks........ 650-656

Dikes of greenstone ......... 655-656

Chemical effects of greenstone on

other rocks................... 657-600

Mineral contents of greenstone

(trap) ........................ 660-663

Newark system...................... 712

Catalogue of specimens from the

Newark system.................. 804-806

Catalogue of specimens of greenstone

(trap) ............................ 819-820

HITCHCOCK [EDWARD]. 1841a. 

[Remark on joints and fractures in the sandstone and trap of the Connecticut valley.] 

In Am. Jour. Sci., Arol. 41, p. 173, and also in

Am. Assoc. Geol. and Nat., Proc., p. 25. 

Brief abstracts of remarks on a paper, by 

Prof. Mather, concerning joints in rocks. 

HITCHCOCK, EDWARD. 1841b. 

First anniversary address before the Association of American Geologists, at their second annual meeting at Philadelphia, 

April 5, 1841.

In Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 41, pp. 232-275. 

States briefly the geographical distribution of 

the Newark system and discusses the 

question of its age, pp. 244-245. The "New 

Red sandstone system" is mentioned on 

p. 267.

HITCHCOCK [EDWARD]. 1842. 

On a new species of Ornithichnite from the 

valley of the Connecticut river, and on the 

raindrop impressions from the same locality. 

In Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 43, p. 170; also in Am.

Assoc. Geol. and Nat., Proc., p. 63. 

Title of paper only, followed by remarks by 

Charles Lyell and H. D. Rogers, W. B. 

Rogers, Benjamin Silliman, jr. [C. W.] 

Rcdfield, and John L. Hayes. 

HITCHCOCK, EDWARD. 1843. 

The phenomena of drift, or glacio-aqueous 

action in North America, between the 

Tertiary and Alluvial periods. 

In Am. Assoc. Geol. and Nat., Trans., pp. 164-

221, pis. 7,8,9.

Describes briefly the general geology and 

topographical features of the region about 

Mount Tom and Mount Holyoke, Mass. 

HITCHCOCK, EDWARD. 1843a. 

Description of five new species of fossil footmarks, from the Red sandstone of the 

valley of Connecticut river. 

In Am. Assoc. Geol. and Nat., Trans., pp. 254-

204, pi. 11.

Devoted principally to the description of new 

species of footprints, obtained near Turners .Falls, Mass., by James Deane.

HITCHCOCK, EDWARD. 1843b.

Description of several species of fossil plants, 

from the New Red sandstone formation of 

Connecticut and Massachusetts.

In Am. Assoc. Geol. and Nat., Trans., pp. 294- 

296, pis. 12, 13.

Describes briefly the character of the rocks 

forming the small Newark area fit Southbury, Conn., and gives the results of a 

microscopical examination of a specimen 

of fossil wood found there. Fragments of 

fossil ferns from localities in Alasaacliasetts are also briefly described.

HITCHCOCK [EDWARD]. 1844.

The trap tufa or volcanic grit of the valley of 

the Connecticut river, with inferences as 

to the relative age of the trap and sandstone.

In Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 47, pp. 103-104.

Abstract of remarks describing the character 

of the tufa, method of its formation, etc.

HITCHCOCK [EDWARD], 1844a.

Report on ichuolithology, or fossil footmarks, 

with a description of several new species, 

and the coprolites of birds, from the valley of the Connecticut river.

In Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 47, pp. 292-322, pis. 3,4. 

Abstract ibid., pp. 113-114; also in, Neues 

Jahrbuch, 1845, pp. 753-757.

Reviews the discussion of the question of first 

discovery of fossil footprints in the sandstone of the Connecticut valley, describes 

several new species of footprints, and discusses the nature of certain coprolites.

HITCHCOCK, EDWARD. 1844b.

Discovery of more native copper in the town 

of Whately, in Massachusetts, in the valley of Connecticut river, with remarks on 

its origin.

In Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 47, pp, 322-323.

Describes the occurrence of a mass of native 

copper in the drift at the locality mentioned.

HITCHCOCK, EDWARD. 1844c.

Geological map of Massachusetts: Scale 5

miles to 1 inch, or a^Bffoi 1844. 

On wall map of Massachusetts.

HITCHCOCK, EDWARD. 1844d.

[On priority in the discovery of fossil footmarks in the sandstone of the Connecticut 

valley.]

In Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 47, pp. 390-399.

Devoted to the question of priority in the discovery of the footprints in question.

HITCHCOCK, EDWARD. 1844e.

Explanation of the geological map attached 

to the topographical map of Massachusetts.

Boston, 12mo, pp. 1-22.

Contains a brief description of trap and traptuffor tnfaceous congloweraf eoecurringm 

the Connecticut valley, a'nd also refers to 

the distribution of the Newark sandstone 

in the same region.
RUSSELL.] LITERATURE. 223

HITCHCOCK, EDWARD. 1845.

Ail attempt to name, classify, and describe the 

animals that made the fossil footmarks of 

New England.

In Am. Assoc. Geol. and Nat., I'roc., sixth 

meeting, pp. 23-25.

Presents a list of families, genera, and species 

of the animals that made the footprints in 

the Newark rocks of the Connecticut valley. A revised classification based on a 

new set of measurements. 

HITCHCOCK, EDWARD. 1845a.

Kotnarkablo facts respecting' the magnetic 

polarity of trap rocks in New England.

In Am. Assoc. Geol. and Nat., Proc., sixth 

meeting, p. '32.

Brief abstract of a paper recording observations on the magnetic attraction of the 

trap rocks of the Connecticut valley.

HITCHCOCK, EDWARD. 18451).

Analysis of coprolites from the New lied

sandstone of New England. 

See Dana, S., and E. Hitchcock, 1845.

HITCHCOCK, EDWARD. 1845c.

[Miscellaneous remarks upon fossil footmarks.]

In Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 48, pp. 62-64.

Brief remarks on very large footprints found

principally in Northampton. Mass. . 

HITCHCOCK, EDWARD. 1847.

Description of two new species of fossil footmarks found in Massachusetts and Connecticut, or of the animals that made 

them.

Ill Am. Jour. Sci., 2d ser., A'ol. 4, pp. 46-57.

Describes two new genera of footprints, represented by a single species each, from 

South Hadloy, Mass. Discusses also the 

conditions under which the footprints in 

the sandstone of the Connecticut valley 

were made. 

HITCHCOCK, EDWARD. 1847n.

On the trap tuff, or volcanic grit of the Connecticut valley, with the bearing of its 

history upon the ago of the trap rock and 

sandstone generally in that valley.

In Am. Jour. Sci., 2d scr., vol. 4, pp. 199-207.

Describes the lithological characters of the 

various trappeau rocks of the Connecticut 

valley, explains the structure of mounts 

Tom and Holyoke, and the topography 

of the trap ridges; also considers certain 

organic remains associated with the trap; 

discusses the mode and the period of the 

production of the trap. 

HITCHCOCK, EDWARD. 1848.

An attempt to discriminate and describe the 

animals that made the fossil footmarks in 

the "United States, and especially New 

England.

In Am. Acad., Mem., n. s., vol. 3, pp. 129-256, 

pis. 1-24, and a table op. p. 256.

Discusses the principles on which animals 

are classified from their footprints. Describes largo number of geneva and spcIIITCHCOCK, EDWARD Continued.

cii's. The mailer contained in this paper 

is embodied in Hitchcock's later work on 

the "Ichnology of New England," 1858. 

HITCHCOCK [EDWARD]. 1853.

[Remarks on the fossil footprints of the Connecticut valley.]

Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Proc., vol. 4, pp. 375- 

37!).

Gives an account of a measured section across 

the Connecticut valley, showing a great 

thickness of strata. Thickness of rock 

above the highest footprint found is also 

stated. Considers that the dip of the 

sandstone containing footprints lias not 

been caused by the intrusion of trap. Infers that the entire thickness of sandstone 

can not all belong to the Newark system. 

HITCHCOCK, EDWARD. 1855.

Description of several sections measured 

across the sandstone and trap of Connecticut river valley in Massachusetts.

In Am. Assoc. Adv. Sci., Proc., vol. 9, 1856, 

pp. 225-227.

Describes briefly the principal facts resulting 

from the measurement of three sections 

across the Connecticut valley, located at 

Turners Falls, Mount Tom, and Chicopee, 

Mass. The thickness of the rocks is 

stated as well as their probable ago. 

HITCHCOCK, EDWARD. 1855a.

Elementary geology.

Now York, 30th ed., 12 mo, pp. i-xviii, 19-424, 

pi. 1.

Earlier editions not noted.

Gives a brief account of columnar trap at 

Mount Holyoko, Mass., pp. 87-88.

Describes briefly the footprints and rain drop

impressions of the Connecticut valley

sandstones, pp. 181-190. Discusses the

ago of the Newark system, pp. 407-409.

HITCHCOCK, EDWARD. 1855b.

Additional facts respecting the tracks of the 

Otozoum Moodii on tho Liassic sandstone 

of tho Connecticut Aralley.

In Am. Assoc. Adv. Sci., Proc., vol. 9, 1856, 

p. 228.

Describes certain features of tho tracks mentioned, and states localities at which they 

have been discovered. 

HITCHCOCK, EDWARD. 185G.

Outlines of tho geology of the globe.

Boston, 3d cd., pp. 1-136, pis. 1-6, and two maps.

Contains a short account of the Newark system and a brief discussion of its probable 

age, pp. 66-99. 

HITCHCOCK, EDWARD. . 185fla.

Description of a new and remarkable species 

of fossil footmark, from the sandstone of 

Turners Falls, in the Connecticut Valley. 

[Part 2 of an article entitled "On a new 

fossil fish, and now fossil footmarks.]

In Am. Jour. Sci., 2d ser., vol. 21, pp. 97-100.

Abstract in Neues Jahrbuch, 1856, pp. 237-238. 

Describes the genus Gigandipus, and.the 

species G. caudatus.
224 THE NEWAEK SYSTEM. [DULL. 85.

HITCHCOCK [EDWARD]. 1857.

[On some regular, polygonal depressions found 

in the sandstone of the Connecticut val. 

ley-]

In Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Proc.. vol. 0, 1856- 

1859, p. 111.

Brief description of the depressions, with the 

statement that they might have been made 

by tadpoles. 

HITCHCOCK, EDWARD. 1858.

Ichnology of New England. A report on the 

sandstone of the Connecticut valley, es" 

pecially its fossil footmarks, made to the 

government of the common wealth of Massachusetts.

Boston, 4to, pp. i-vii, 1-220, pis. I-LX.

Koviewediu Am. Jour. Sci., 2d ser., vol. 27, pp. 

270-272.

Abstract in Neues Jahrbuch, 1859, and in Am. 

Jour. Sci., 2d sor., vol. 27, pp. 270-272.

The following is an abstract of the contents 

of this volume, as given on pages v-viii:

Page,

Bibliography of North American fossil footmasks..................... ix

History of the subject............... 1-5

Geological position of the Connecticut

river sandstone .................. 5

Geological sections across the Conn ecticut valley ....................... 9-13

Dip and strike of the strata...... 10

Varieties of rock................. 10

Thickness of the strata.......... 11

Inferences from the sections...... 13

Mode in which the sandstone has been

elevated.......................... 15

Mode in which the trap rock has been

introduced into the sandstone.... 17

Final conclusions as to the ago and 

equivalency of the Connecticut 

river sandstone................... 20-22

Characters in the feet of animals constant and distinctive, illustrated 

by the study of the feet and footprints of living animals.......... 24-45

Names and classification of the Lithichnozoa, or footmark animals.... 46

Detailed descriptions of groups and

species....................... 48-54

Localities where footprints have 

been obtained in the Connecticut valley ................... 49

Group 1. Marsupialoid animals ...... 04-60

Group 2. Pachydactylous or thicktoed birds........................ 63-80

Group 3. Loptodactylous or narrowt«ect birds........................ 80-93

Group 4. Ornithoid lizards or batrachians............................. 93-107

Group 5. Lizards .................... 107-129

Group 6. Batrachians ................ 121-138

Group 7. Cheloniaus ................. 138-144

Gronp 8. Fishes ..................... 144-147

Group 9. Crustaceans, rayriapods, and

insects ........................... 147-160

Group 10. Annelids .................. 160-165

HITCHCOCK, EDWARD Continued. Page. 

Opinions of zoologists and anatomists 

as to the character of some of 

the invertebrate tracks....... 165

[Contains observations by J. D. 

Dana, Joseph Loidy, and Louis 

Agassiz.] 

Tabular view of the Lithicbuozoa.... 201-205

Other phenomena connected with or

illustrating the footmarks... 166-172 

Impressions of raindrops......... 166

Gas pustules..................... 168

Eipplo marks .................... 168

Septaria.......................... 169

Sun cracks and mud veins ....... 169

Fucoids and other fossil plants... 170 

Tracks of recent animals and raindrops on clay................. 170

Results and conclusions as to the circumstances under which the footmarks were formed .............. 172-174

Synoptical view of the species and

kinds of animals ................. 174

A more popular description of the 

footmark animals in the several 

groups ........................... 175-190

Controversial....................... 191-199

Glossary............................. 207

The plates accompanying this volume 

are as follows:

Plate. 

Sketch of the Moody footmark quarry,

South Hadley, Mass.............. 1

Ichuo-geological map of the Connecticut valley........................ 2

Sections across the Connecticut valley 3 

Appleton cabinet, exterior and interior views of...................... 4

Plant and shell in sandstone.......... 5

Tracks of living animals, etc ........ C

Plants, footprints of living animals,etc. 7 

Outline drawings of fossil footprints. 8-21 

Shaded lithograph of footprints of

Otozoum......................... 22

Outline drawings of fossil footprints

and other markings .............. 23-31

Footprint of boy and of a bird, etc... 32 

Outline drawings of fossil footprints. 33-37 

Shaded lithograph of fossil footprints,

etc..........-............-.------ 38-60

HITCHCOCK, E. 1859.

[Catalogue of rocks, minerals, and fossils in 

the Massachusetts state cabinet.]

In sixth annual report of the secretary of the 

Massachusetts Board of Agriculture 

[etc.], Boston, 1859, appendix, pp. i-lxix.

Contains a list of specimens, including samples of rock, fossil plants, fossil fishes, 

and footprints,, from the Newark system 

in Massachusetts and Connecticut.

HITCHCOCK, EDWARD. I860.

Additional facts respecting the Clathropteris

of East Hampton, Mass. 

In Am. Assoc. Adv. Sci., Proc., vol. 14, 1861,

pp. 158-159.
RUSSELL.] LITERATURE. 225

HITCHCOCK, EDWARD Continued.

Records some of the characteristics of the

fossil fern mentioned. 

HITCHCOCK, K. 1800.

Remarks upon certain points in ichuology.

In Ain. Assoc. Adv. Sci., Proc.. vol. 14, 1861, 

pp. 144-156.

Kefers to the characteristics of fossil footprints and their paleontologieal value. 

HITCHCOCK, EDWARD. 1863.

New facts and conclusions respecting the fossil 

footmarks of the Connecticut valley.

In Am. Jour. Sci., 2d ser., vol. 33, pp. 46-57.

Records additional observations and conclusions concerning thefossilsmentioned. 

HITCHCOCK, EDWARD. 1865.

Supplement to the Ichuology of New England.

Boston, 4to, pp. i-x, 1^96, pis. 1-20.

Notice in Am. Jour. Sci., 2d ser., vol. 40, p. 

392.

CONTENTS.

Page. 

Letter from the author............... vii-viii

Preface by the editor [C. H. Hitchcock] ............................. ix-x

Additions to the ichnological cabinet

at Amhorst college.-........---.- 1

Species described in Ichnology of New

v ^England which are not reliable... 2 

List of species that are considered

doubtful .........................' 2

Descriptions of new species.......... 2-22

Tracks of insects .................... 13-17

Tracks of myriapods................. 17-18

Trails of annelids.................... 18-19

Specimens of doubtful origin and

character ........................ 19-22

Miscellaneous items ................. 22-34

Broutozoum gigauteum, description

of................................ 23-25

Phalanges of some of theLithichuozoa 25-28- 

J. D. Daua's views concerning the

footprint animals ................ 33-34

Postscript............................ 35-37

Bones of Megadactylus polyzelus.... 39-40

Descriptive catalogue of the . specimens in the Hitchcock ichnological cabinet at Amlicrst college, by 

C. H. Hitchcock ................. 41-88

Additional observations concerning

Exocampominima, by C. H. H... 89 

Description of plates ................ 91-93

Plates 1-12, 20, are lithographs, and remainder are photographs.

HITCHCOCK, E. Cited on the age of the coal 

fields of North Carolina (Emmons, '56, p. 

271).

Cited on the age of the Connecticut valley 

sandstone (J. D. Dana, '56, p. 322. Jackson, '50, pp. 335, 338).

Cited 011 the age of the Newark system (C. H. 

Hitchcock, '71, p. 21. Mathcr, '43, pp. 

293-294. Newberry, '88, p. 9. H. D. 

Rogers, '44, p. 248. H. D. Rogers, '58, 

vol. 2, p. 693).

Bull. 85 lo

HITCHCOCK, E. Continued.

Cited on the cause of the tilting of the Newark (W. M. Davis, '83, p. 303).

Cited on coarse deposits in Massachusetts (J. 

D. Dana, '90, p. 436).

Cited on contact mctaniorphism in Massachusetts (W. M. Davis, '83, p. 300).

Cited on the dip of the Newark of the Connecticut valley (W. M. Davis, '83, p. 306).

Cited on the distribution of conglomerate in 

the Jura-Trias of the Connecticut valley 

(Russell, '78, pp. 231, 238).

Cited on the early discovery of fossil fishes in 

the Newark system (Newberry, '88, p. 19).

Cited on the extrusive trap sheets in the Connecticut valley (Davis and Whittle, '89, p. 

99).

Cited on the first discovery of the Triassic in 

America (Marcou, '88, p. 31).

Cited on fossil fern from the Connecticut val 

ley (Fontaine, '83, p. 57. E. Hitchcock, 

'55a, p. 407).

Cited on fossil fishes from tlie Connecticut 

valley (Eaton. '20, pp. 215-216. Harlan, 

'34, pp. 92-94. J. H. Redtield, '36. Silliman, '21, pp. 221-222).

Cited on fossil fishes of the Newark system 

(Newberry, '88).

Cited on fossil footprints (Murchisoii, '43).

Cited on fossil footprints from the Connecticut valley (Deaue, '45, pp. 159, 160, 161, 

166, 167. D'Orbigny, '49, vol. 1, pp. 27- 

32. Gray and Adams, '60, pp. 247-252. 

Lea, '53, pp. 185, 186, 187, 188, 189, 193-194. 

Lyell, '66, pp. 453-456. Lyell, '71, p. 361. 

Owen, '59, pp. 325-327. Pictet, '53, vol. 1, 

p. 403. AV". C. Redfleld, '38. H. D. Rogers, '58, vol. 2, p. 694. Russell, '78, p. 231. 

Winchell, '70, pp. 182-185).

Cited on fossil plants from the Connecticut 

valley (Lyell, '47, p. 279).

Cited on the geology of the Connecticut valley (Danberry, '39, pp. 19, 21).

Cited on the mode of formal ion of the Newark 

rocks of the Connecticut valley (Lea, '53, 

pp. 191-192).

Cited on Mormolucoides artieiilatus (Scuddcr, 

'68, p. 218. Scudder, '84, p. 431).

Cited on the names of certain fossil footprints 

from Turners falls, Mass., figures by 

James Deane (Silliman and Dana, '47).

Cited on the nature of the trap of the Connecticut valley (Cooper, '22, pp. 242-243).

Cited on the number of joints in the toes of 

fossil footprints (Silliinan and Dana, '47).

Cited on the number of phalanges in the toes 

c of birds (Silliman, Silliman, jr., and Dana, 

'47).

Cited on the occurrence of fossil fishes at 

Sunderland, Mass. (Brongniart and Silliman, '22. Silliman, '21ft).

Cited on the occurrence of fossil footprints at 

Middletown, Conn. (Anonymous, '38«).

Cited on the origin of the Newark rocks of 

the Connecticut valley (J. D. Dana, '83).
226 THE NEWARK SYSTEM. [BULL. 85.

HITCHCOCK, E.-Continued.

Cited on the origin of the red color of the

Newark sandstone (Russell, '89, p. 49). 

Cited on the origin of the trap of Connecticut

(Hovoy, '89, p. 376). 

Cited on the original horizontal deposition of

the sandstones of the Connecticut valley

(Wurtz, 70, p. 100).

Cited on peculiar raindrop impressions (Anonymous, '39). 

Cited on the relation of trap and sandstone in

tlio Connecticut valley (Stodder, '57. W.

M. Davis, '83, p. 285). 

Cited on the source of the conglomerate at

the north end of the Connecticut valley

(Adams, '46, p. 160). 

Cited on the stratigraphy near Mount Toby,

Mass. (Walling, '78). 

Cited on supposed tadpole nests from South

Hartley, Mass. (Shepard, '67, pp. 99, 100). 

Cited on the tracks of a tailed "giant biped"

(Hitchcock, '55, p. 305). 

Cited on trap dikes in Connecticut (W. MDavis, '83, p. 292). 

Cited on trap dikes in Massachusetts ("W. M.

Davis, '83, pp. 291-292).

Cited on tufaceous conglomerate in Massachusetts (W. M. Davis, '83, p. 263). 

Credited with the study of the footprints of

the Connecticut valley (H. D. Kogers, '44,

p. 249). 

Excursion with, in the Connecticut valley

(Lyell, '45, vol. 1, pp. 251-255). 

List of fossil fishes from New Jersey and the

Connecticut valley described by (De Kay,

'42). 

Notice of work by (Miller, '79-'81, vol. 2, pp.

146-147, 148, 152, 153, 154). 

Reference to fossil bones found by, in the Connecticut valley (Marsh, '89, p. 331). 

Referred to in connection with fossil footprints (Macfarlane, '79, p. 63). 

Report on footprints observed and described

by (Rogers, Vaiiuxem, Taylor, Emmons,

and Conrad, '41).

Work of, referred to (C. H. Hitchcock, '71, p.

20).

HITCHCOCK, EDWARD, and CHARLES H. HITCHCOCK. I860.

[Report on Hunterdon copper mine, Fleming, 

ton, New Jersey.]

In report on the geological survey and conditions of the Hunterdon Copper Company's 

property, Hunterdon county, New Jersey, 

Philadelphia [Pa,], p. 20.

Presents a brief general account of the geological position of the mine referred to, 

with character of rock, ore, etc. 

HITCHCOCK, EDWARD, and C. H. HITCHCOCK.

1867.

Elementary geology.

New York, 12mo, new ed., pp. i-xiv, 15-430,

pi. 1. , 

Tadble showing geological classification, p, 43.

Trap rock at Mount Holyoke, p. 87.

Fossil fern from East Hampton, Mass., p.

395. grief account of the footprints and

HITCHCOCK, EDWARD and C. H. HITCHCOCKContinued. .

raindrop impressions of the sandstones 

of the Connecticut valley, pp. 309-320. 

Older MesoKoic systems briefly discussed, 

pp. 415-416. 

HITCHCOCK EfDWARD], Jr. 1855.

Description of a new species of Clathropteris, 

discovered in the Connecticut valley 

sandstone.

In Am. Jour. Sci., 2d set-., vol. 20, pp. 22-25.

Describes the fossil plant referred to in the

title and draws certain conclusions from

it in respect to the age of the Connecticut

valley sandstone.

HITCHCOCK, E., Jr. 1856.

A new fossil shell in the Connecticut river 

sandstoue.

In Am. Jour. Sci., 2d ser., vol. 22, pp. 239-240.

Notice in Edinbnrg New Philo. Jonr., n. s., 

vol. «, 1857, pp. 185-180.

Describes and figures the form referred to in

the title.

HITCHCOCK, Jr., E. Cited on Clathropteris 

from Connecticut valley (J. D. Dana, '56, 

p. 322. Fontaine, '83, p. 57. E. Hitchcock, '55, p. 227. C. H. Hitchcock, '55, p. 

392. W. C. Redfleld, 56a, p. 357.

Cited on a, fossil fern from Massachusetts 

(Hitchcock and Hitchcock, '67, p. i!6).

Cited on the discovery of fossil fern at Mount 

Tom, Mass. (Wells, '56).

Discoveries relative to the age of the Connecticut valley sandstone (2 Hitchcock, '58, 

p. 6). 

Hoboken, Tf. J. Bored well in (Ward, '79, p. 132).

Boundary of trap outcrop at (Cook, '68, p. 177).

Description of indurated shales near (Darton, 

'83a).

Dip in sandstone at (Cook, '82, p. 24).

Faults in trap ridge near (Darton, '90, pp. 42, 

43, 44).

Lower contact of trap sheet near (Darton, 

'90, p. 44).

Possible origin of the arkose near (D. S. Martin, '83).

Section of trap ridge near (Darton, '90, p. 44).

Trap at (Greduer, '65, pp. 392-394). 

llockersville, Pa. Description of brownstone 

quarries near (d'luvilliers, '86, pp. 1567 

1566). ' 

HOFFMANN, P. 1822.

[A letter to L. W. Gilbert concerning the occurrence of native copper in the Connecticut valley.]

In Annalen der Physik [Gilbert], vol. 70, pp. 

432-436.

Compares the copper-bearing slates of the 

Newark system in the Connecticut valley 

with similar rocks in Europe. 

Hog island, P. E. I. Joints in rocks af (Dawson 

and Harriugtou, '71, p. 21). . Mention of trap rock on (Chapman, '70, p. 

92. Chapman, 78, p. 121. Dawsou and 

Harrington, 71, p. 21, Pawgon, 72, p. 

203),
RUSSELL.] LITERATURE. 227

Hog island, P. K. I. Continued.

Trap rock on (Dawson, '78a, pp. 29, 31. Dawson, '78, p. 123. Ells, '84. p. 18E). 

Iloliokns, N. J. Conglomerate at (Cook. '82, p.

41).

Dip at (Cook, '68, p. 195). 

Dip in sandstone at (Cook, '79, p. 30. Cook,

'82, p. 24).

Sandstone quarry at (Cook, '79, p. 21). 

Trap hill near (Cook, '82, pp. 48, 49). 

Holland, Muss. Description of trap dikes in 

primary rocks in (Percival, '42, pp. 419- 

420). 

Holland hill, N. J. Conglomerate of (Cook, '79,

p. 19). 

Holland station, >T . J. Boundaries of Newark

system near (Cook, '89, p. 11). 

Dip in conglomerate near (Cook, '82, p. 27). 

HOLIjICK, ARTHUR. 188!). 

[Remarks on tlio pressure of Newark rocks

on Staten island.] 

In Am. Nat., vol. 23, pp. 1033-1034. 

Describes the occurrence of Newark rocks on 

the north shore of Staten island at Mariner's harbor.

HOLLICK, ARTHUR. 188«a. 

[Exposures of Newark rocks on Staten island,

N.Y.I.

In Staten Island Nat. Hist. Assoc., Proc.,

Oct. 10, 1889.

Refers briefly to exposure of Newark rocks. 

Holts hill (Mcriden), Conn. Decomposition of

sandstone at (Pcicival, '42, p. 430). 

Jlolyoke, Mass. Columnar trap of (E. Hitchcock

'55ft, pp. 87-88). 

Contact of sandstone and trap near (W. M.

Davis, '83. p. 262). 

Overflow trap sheets near (W. M. Davis, '88,

p. 465). 

Section at. showing junction of amygdaloid and

sandstone (W. M. Davis, '83, pp. 305-307,

pi. 10).

Study of tfio structure near (W. M. Davis, '88). 

Holyoke falls, Mass. Description of (E. Hitchcock, : 41, pp. 277-278). 

Holyokc, Mount, Mass. Popular account of

basaltic columns at (E. Hitchcock,- '15

pp. 3:17-338). 

Trap of (Rice, '86). 

See, also, Mount Holyoke. 

Homestead, N. J. Alteration of rock at (Cook,

'82, p. 45).

Altered shale near (Cook, '83. p. 24). 

Mention of building stone near (Cook, '81, p.

43).

Sandstone quarries at (Cook, '79, p. 21). 

Honey Bush, Pa. Trap dikes in (Frazer, '83. p_

246).

HOIVEYMAIV, D. 1867.

Geology of Antigonish county, N[ova] S[cotiaj.

In Nova Scotia Inst., Proc. and Trails., vol. 

1, pt..4, pp. 106-120.

Contains brief references to. tbe Newark system, pp. 108, U§,

HONEYMAN, D. - 1874.

Nova Scotian geology. Intercolonial railway.

In Nova Scotia Inst., Proc. and Trans., vol. 

3. pp. 345-356.

Brief account of certain Newark rocks near

Truro, N. S., pp. 45,46. 

H01VEIMAN, D. 1874a.

Nova Scotian geology.

In Nova Scotia Inst., Proc. and Trans., 

vol. 3, pp. 385-393.

Contains brief references to the trap of Gerrish mountain, Blomidon, Briar island, 

etc., pp. 386,387,388.' 

HONEYMAN, D. 1878.

Nova Scotia geology, pre-Carboniferous, lower 

Carboniferous, etc., retrospective to 1859.

In Nova Scotia Inst., Proc. and Trans., vol. 4, 

pp. 139-487.

Contains brief references to the Newark rocks

of Five islands, Great Village, etc., p. 471.

HOIVEYMA1V, D. 1879.

Nova Scotian geology. Kings county.

In Nova Scotian Inat., Proc. and Trans., vol. 

5, pp. 21-31.

Includes a short account of tbe sandstones,

trap, amygdaloid, volcanic ash, etc., in tlto

neighborhood of cape Blomidou, N. S.,

pp. 27-28.

HOXEYMAN, D. . 1888.

Notes on a polariscopic examination of crystalline rocks of the Yarmouth gold-bearing series.

In Nova Scotia Inst., Proc. and Trans., vol. 6, 

pt. 1, pp. 7-8.

Contains a brief petrographical comparison 

of the rocks of capo Blomidon with certain rocks at Jebogue point, N. S., p. 7. 

HOIYEYMA1V, D. 1885.

Notes of a polariscopic and microscopic examination of crystalline rocks of NovaScotia and Cape Breton.

In Nova Scotia Inst., Proc. and Trans., vol. C, 

pp. 121-130.

Con tains a general account of film petrography 

of the trap rocks of Blomidou and vicinity, pp. 121-122.

HONEYMAN, J). 1888.

Geology of Aylesford, Kings county, Nfova

S[cotia]. 

In Nova Scotian Inst., Proc. and Trans., vol.

7, 1886-'87, pp. 7-12. 

Contains a brief account of amygdaloid and

associated trappean rocks near Morden, on

the east shore of the bay of Fundy. 

HOOKER [J. D.]. 1817. 

[Note of vegetable structure in coal from the

Richmond coal field, Virginia. | 

In London Geol. Soc., Quart. Jour., vol. 3, pp.

268-269. 

Results of a microscopical examination of coal.

reported to Charles Lyell. 

HOOKKR [.I. 1).]. Cited on organic structure of

coal from Richmond c.Q.a.1 field, Virginia.

(Lyell, '47, p. 268},
228 THE NEWARK SYSTEM. [BULL. 85.

Hook mountain, N. J. Analysis of trap from

(Cook, '08, p. 217).

Building stone of (Cook, '68, p. 505). 

Course of (Cook, '82, p. 19). 

Description of (Cook, '68, p. 186. Cook, '82,

pp. 54-55).

Dip at (Cook, '68, p. 196). 

Dip of sandstone at (Cook, '79, p. 30. Cook,

'82, p. 30). 

Loiig hill supposed to bo a continuation of

(Cook, '82, pp. 56-57). 

Sandstone quarry at (Cook, '79, p. 22). 

Hook mountains, N. Y. Character of country

northwest of (H. D. Rogers, '40, p. 134). 

Description of (Darton, '90, p. 38). 

Dip of sandstone at (Cook, '79, p. 32). 

Faults near (Nason, '89, pp. 25-26). 

Sandstone at east base of (H. D. llogers, '40,

pp. 134-135).

. Thickness of trap sheet of (Darton, '90, p. 44). 

Hooper's mill, Pa. Conglomerate and trap from

(C.E.Hall, '78, p. 45). 

Hopewell, Pf. J. Analysis of indurated shale from

(Cook,'G8, pp. 384-385). 

Baryta at (Cook, '68, p. 709). 

Copper ores near (Cook, '68, p. 679). 

Description of trap, contact, metamorphism,

etc., near (H. D. Rogers, '40, p. 153). 

Dip near (Cook, '68, p. 197). 

Dip of shale near (Cook, '68, p. 709. Cook, '82,

p. 26).

Exceptional dip near (Nason, '89, p. 18). 

Flagstone near (Cook, '68, p. 521). 

Trap rock near (Cook, '68, p. 190). 

Hopcwcll junction, N. J. Trap outcrops near

(Cdok,'82, p. 60). 

Hopewcll mine, Pa. Trap dikes in (Fruzer, '83,

pp. 235, 236). 

Hoppock's stone quarry, near Prallsville, X. J.

Description of (Cook, ! 81, pp. 5!>-60). 

HORXER, LEONARD. 1840. 

Anniversary address. 

In London Geol. Soc., Quart. Jour., vol. 3, pp.

145-221.

Contains brief general remarks ou the geographical position and geological age of 

the Newark system.

Hornet's quarry, N. J. Dip near (Cook, '68, p. 199). 

Hornesville, X. C. Dip of coal-bearing rocks near

(Macfarlane, '77, pp. 518,519). 

Quality of coal found at (Emuiona, '52, p. 131). 

 Section of coal seams near (Euimons, '52, p.

124). 

Horse-neck, N. J. Trap hill near (Cook, '68, p.

186). 

Horse race, Mass. Building stone quarried at (E.

Hitchcock, '4J, p. 181). 

Description and discussion of footprints found

at (E.Hitchcock, '36, pp. 312-316). 

Description of footprints from (E. Hitchcock, 

'36, pp. 318-325. E. Hitchcock, '41, pp. 

478-501. E. Hitchcock, '43a. E. Hitchcock, '48. E.Hitchcock, '58). 

Dip at (E. Hitchcock, '36, p. 312). 

Early discovery of fossil footprints at (E. 

Hitchcock, '36, p. 308).

Horse race, Mass. Continued.

Locality for fossil footprints (E. Hitchcock,

'41, p. 465. E.Hitchcock, '48, p. 131). 

Special characters of footprints from (E.

Hitchcock, '41, p. 469). 

Horsliamville, Pa. Trap dike near (Lewis, '85,

p. 441). 

Horton, X. C. Quality of coal found at (Emmons,

'52, p.'131). 

Horton, X. S. Section from, to capo Blornidon

(Dawson, '78, pp. 90-94). 

Unconformity at base of Newark in (Dawsoii,

'78, p.UO).

Horton and Blomidon, N. S. Coast section between (Dawson, '47, p.56). 

Horton MuIf, N. S. Description of (Gesner, '36,

pp. 80-81). 

Horton's, J. L., coal mine, X. C. Analysis of

black-baud ore from (Willis, '86, p. 306). 

Analysis of coal from ("W. R. Johnson, '50, p.

166. Macfarlane, '77, p. 525). 

Horton Islands, N. S. Exposure of Newark rocks

at (Dawsoii, '47, pp. 56-57). 

Horton's mills, X. C. Discovery of coal near (W.

K.Johnson, '50, p. 162).

HOTCHKISS, JEJ). 1873. 

On the Virginias; their agricultural mineral,

and commercial resources. 

In Soc. Arts., Jour. [London], vol. 21, pp.

238-251.

Contains a brief account of the Richmond coal 

fields, pp. 339-340.

HOTCHK1SS, JED. 1870.

Virginia: A geographical and political summary [etc., etc.].

Richmond, Va., pp. i-vi, 1-320, and 5 maps.

Contains a brief account of the extent of the

various Newark areas of VirginiaHOTCHKISS, JED. 1880.

The resources of the Virginias ou and near 

the proposed route of the Richmond and 

Southwestern railway.

In The Virginias, vol. 1, pp. 90-93, 96, 106-109, 

map and sections.

Presents a summary of the economic importance of the Richmond coal field, Va., 

pp. 91-92. Republishes "W. B. Rogers's 

geological map of Virginia, nccompanied 

by a plate of sections. 

HOTCHKISS, JED. 1881.

The Norfolk and Western and the Shenandoah 

Valley railroads.

In The Virginias, vol. 2, pp 88-89, 119-121, 

and map op. p. 88.

Contains a brief account of the Farmville and 

Richmond coal field areas of the Newark 

system in Virginia, p. 120. 

[HOTCHKISS, JED.] 1882.

The production of coal iu the United States, 

by coal fields, for the census year ending 

Juno 1, 1880.

In The Virginias, vol. 3, p. 13.

Gives the amount of coal produced from the 

Newark system in Virginia and North 

Carolina during the year mentioned.
RUSSKI.L.] LITERATURE. 229

HOTCIIKISS, .1ED. 1888.

The natural coke of Vfirginija, reply to Dr. 

Raymond.

In The Virginias, vol. 4, p. 164.

Refers to the observations of W. B. Rogers 

and C. Lyell in reference to the origin of 

the coke referred to. 

[HOTCIIKISS, JED.] 1883a.

The Richmond, Va., coal field.

In The Virginias, vol. 4, p. 171.

Quotes an anonymous article from the Mining

Herald of Shenandoah, Pa., in which a

brief account is given of the work now

being done in the Richmond coal field.

HOTCHK1SS, JED. 1884.

Virginia minerals for the New Orleans Exposition.

In The Virginias, vol. 5, pp. 139-140, 153.

Includes specimens of coal from the Richmond coal field.

HOTCHKISS, JED. Cited on the production of 

coal in the Richmond coal field, Va. (Ashburner, '86, '69). 

HOUGHTON [DOUGLASS]. 1844.

[On the connection of the metallic copper 

with other trap of Connecticut and Michigan.]

See Silliman, B., and D. Houghton, 1844. 

House's quarry, N. C. Conglomerate at (Emmons, '56, pp. 237-238).

Conglomerate in (Wilkes, '58, p. 5).

Fossil plants from (Eminons, '56, pp. 328-329.

Eminons, '57, pp. 119-132). 

HOVEY, A. H. Openingof copper mine by (Cook,

'81, p. 39). 

HOVEY, EDMUND OTIS. 1889.

Observations on some of the trap ridges of 

the East Haven-Bradford region.

Am. Jour. Sci., 3d ser., vol. 38, pp. 361-383, 

pi. 9.

Abstract in Am. Assoc. Adv. Sci., Proc., vol. 

38, pp. 232-233.

Contents: The topography of the region. Its 

trap belts and sandstone i idges. Position 

and forms of the trap belts. Particular 

description of Pond rock, and ridges east 

of it. Kinds of trap rock in different 

parts of the region. The amygdaloid, 

and its relation to that which is nonvesic0 ular. The relation of the sandstone to the 

trap. Con tact phenomena. Main theories 

which have been advanced to account 

for the occurrence of the trap. Special 

discussion of the theory of "contemporaneous overflow." The age of the trap. 

Concludes that all of the traps in the region described are intrusive. 

HOVEY, E. 0. Cited on coarse deposits in Connecticut (J. 1). Dana, '90). 

HOW, HENRY. 1861.

On gi-yolite occurring with calcite in apophyllito in the trap of the bay of Fundy.

In Am. Jour. Sci., 2d ser., vol. 32, pp. 13-14.

An analysis of gryolite is given.

HOW, HENRY. 1869.

The mineralogy of Nova, Scotia.

Halifax, N. S. Pp. 1-217.

A brief description is given of the occurrence 

of copper ore on the shores of the bay of 

Fundy and the Miiiaa basin, pp. 65-66, and 

at Indian point and Five island, p. 72. A 

catalogue of mineral localities on pp. 202- 

208 contains numerous references to Newark localities. 

HOW, HENRY. 1S75.

Contributions to the mineralogy o Nova 

Scotia.

In Philo. Mag., 4th ser., vol. 4i, 1871, pp. , 

274, 5th ser., vol. 1, 3876, pp. 128-138.

Describes minerals from the trap rocks of 

Nova Scotia. Refers to the similarity in 

the traps of the Newark system from 

Nova Scotia to North Carolina. Gives 

specific gravities of certain trap rocks. 

HOWE, A. B. 187C.

On gmelinite from Nova Scotia.

In. Am. Jour. Sci., 3d ser., vol. 12, pp. 270- 

274.

Describes mineral mentioned; gives localities 

and analysis.

Analysis of minerals composing trap rocks 

(Hawes, '82, pp. 131-132).

Cited on mineral analysis of trap rock from

Bergen hill, N. J. (Shaler, '84, p. 145). 

HO WELL, M. A. Trap rock quarried by (Cook,

'81, p. 62). 

Howellville, Pa. Trap dike near (Lewis, '85, p.

444). 

HUBBARD, OLIVER P. 1842.

Chemical examination of a large sample of 

bituminous coal from the pits of the Midlothian coal mining company, south side 

of James river, 14 miles from Richmond, 

Va., in Chesterfield county.

Silliniiiii and Hubbard, 1842. 

HUBBARD, OLIVER P. 1850.

The condition of trap dikes in New Hampshire an evidence and measure of erosion.

In Am. Jour. Sci., 2d ser., vol. 9, pp, 158-171.

States the amount of erosion that has taken 

place in the Connecticut valley and describes certain trap rocks in New Hampshire th.it are perhaps of the same age as 

the similar rocks of Massachusetts, etc., 

p. 170. 

HUBBARD, OLIVER P. 1885.

Two varieties of the New Red sandstone used 

for building in New Haven, Conn.

In New York Acad. Sci., Trans., vol. 5, 1885- 

1886, pp. 12-13.

Refers briefly to the mineralogical composition and dip of a ridge of sandstone in 

East Haven, Conn., and to the durability 

of buildin-g stone derived from it. 

HUBBARD, 0. P. 1889.

[Note concerning a bored well near New Haven, Conn.]

In New York Acad. Sci., Trans., vol. 9, p. 3.

Gives the depth of a well bored by the Winchester Arms Co.
230 THE NEWARK SYSTEM. [BULL. 85.

HUBBARD [0. P.]. Analysis of coal from the 

Richmond conl field, Va. (Clifford, '87, p. 

10). 

Hudson county, N. J. On the geology of (Russell,'80). 

Hudson river. Boundary of trap outcrop along

(Cook, '68, p. 177). 

Hugh's mill, Pa. Detailed account of dips (d'lnvillier.s, '83, p. 212).

HULL, EDWARD. 1881. 

On the coal fields of Great Britain; their history, structure and resources. 

London, 4th ed., pp. i-xviii, 1-55C, and 15

plates. 

Contains a brief note on the Richmond coal

field, Va., p. 400.

HULL, EDWABD. 1887. 

A sketch of geological history [etc., etc.]. 

London, 12mo, pp. i-xv, 1-179, and 1 plate. 

Contains a brief account of the Triassic and 

Jurassic periods in North America, pp. 

85-87, 94^-95. 

Hull P. 0., Pa. Trap from near (C. E. Hall, '78,

p. 44). 

Huninielstown, Pa. Boundary of the Newark

near (Fra/er, '82, p. 123). 

Browustone quarries. Description of (d'lnvilliers, '86, pp. 1564-15G5K 

Sandstone quarries of (G. P. Merrill, '89, p. 459.

Shaler, '84, p. 15C).

Huniuhreysville, 01111. Description of trap dikes 

in Primary rocks near (Percivol, '42, pp. 

417-419). 

Hungary station, Va. Boundary of Newark area

near (Heinrich, '78, p. 230).

HUNT, JOSEPH If. 1890. 

A group of copper pseudomorphs after chalcocite, and silica and phrenite pseudomorphs after pectolite, from Paterson, 

N.J. 

In New York Acad. Sci., Trans., vol. 9, pp.

140-144.

Describes briefly the rocks exposed near Paterson, N.J.

HUNT, T. STERRY. 1874. 

Remarks of the stratification of rock masses. 

In Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Proc., vol. 16,1873-

1874, pp. 237-238.

Refers to a sample of banded diorite from 

New Jersey. Opposes the opinion of H. 

AYurtz, in reference to the indigenous origin of the trap rock of New Jersey. 

HUNT [T. STERRY]. 1875. 

[Remarks on natural coke in the Richmond

coal field, Va.] 

In The Engineering and Mining Journal, vol.

19, p. 35.

Remarks following the reading of a paper on 

deep borings witli a diamond drill, read by 

O. J. Heinrich before the American Institute of Mining Engineers, Dec. 26, 1874. 

States that the natural coke or carbonite 

of the Richmond coal field, according to 

an analysis by Prof. "Wurtz, contains too 

much volatile matter to be classed as coke. 

Remarks on the same subject were made 

by M. Coryell and O. J. Heiurich.

HUNT, T. STERRY. 1876.

The Cornwall iron mine and some related deposits in Pennsylvania.

In Am. Inst. Mining Eng., Trans., vol.4, pp. 

319-325.

States that certain iron ores in Pennsylvania 

referred by various observers to the Mcsozoic are of older date, p. 320. Refers to 

trap dikes which may belong to the series 

of dikes and sheets traversing the Newark system, p. 321. 

HUNT, J. STERRI. 187Ga.

Geology of eastern Pennsylvania.

In Am. Assoc. Adv. Sci., Proc., vol. 25, 1877, 

pp. 208-212.

Refers briefly to the passage of metamorphic 

rocks beneath the Newark system in 

Pennsylvania. 

HUNT, T. STEBRY. 1879.

Table of the geological formations [of North 

America].

In an American geological railway guide, by 

James Macfarlane, p.51.

Makes the Newark system the equivalent of

the Jurassic and Triassic. 

HUNT, THOMAS STERRY. 1888.

The geological history of serpentines, including notes on pro-Cambrian rocks.

In Canada Roy. Soc., Proc. aud Trans., vol. 1, 

sec. 4, pp. 165-215.

The Newark rocks of Staten island, N. Y., are

incidentally described. 

HUNT, T. STERRY. 1883a.

The decay of rocks geologically considered.

In Am. Jour. Sci., 3d ser., vol. 26, pp. 190-213.

Refers briefly to the origin of copper in the 

Newark system of Connecticut, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania.

HUNT, T. S. Cited on the origin of certain ores 

along the borders of the Newark rocks of 

Pennsylvania (Frazer, '77c). 

Hunterdon copper mine, N. J. Dip and ruetamorphisrn in (Dickeson, '59, p. 8).

Report on (Dickesou, '59. E. and C. H. Hitchcock, '59). 

Hunterstown, Pa. Trap dikes near (H. D. Rogers,

'58, vol.2, p. 688).

Huntington, Oonu. Description of trap dikes in 

Primary rocks near (Percival, '42, pp. 

416-417). 

Huyler's landing, N. J. Conglomerate at (Cook,

'68, p. 208). 

Ichnological map of the Connecticut valley. (E.

Hitchcock, '58, pi. 2).

Idaville, Pa. Trap from (C. E. Hall, '78, p. 45). 

Ideal section. Illustrating the mode of formation 

of shore conglomerate (Russell, '78, p. 

235).

Illustrating the use of "overflow." After J. 

P. Lesley (W. M. Davis, '83, p. 281, pi. 9).

Intrusive trap sheet. After I. C. Russell 

(W. M. Davis, '83, p. 281, pi. 9).

Trap sheet (Russell, '80, p. 42). 

IDDINOS, JOSEPH P. 1886.

The columnar structure in the igneous rocks 

on Orange mountain, New Jersey.
HUSSEIN.] LITERATURE. 231

IDDIXGS, JOSEPH P. Continued.

In Am. Jour. Sci., 3d ser., vol. 31, pp. 321-331,

pi. 9. 

Abstract in Washington Philo. Soc., Bull.,

vol. 8. pp. 19-24. 

Describes an exposure of columnar trap near

Orange N. J., and discusses tlie origin of

the columnar structure in igneous rocks. 

Indian brook, X. .1. Dip in shale at (Cook, '82, p.

25). 

Indian point, X. S. Copper oros at (How, '09, p.

72). 

Sandstone beneath trap at (Dawson, '78, p.

101).

Sea cliff at (Dawsou, '47, p. 52). 

Trap dikes near (Ells, '85, p. 7E). 

Indian point, P. E. I. Section at (Dawson and

Harrington, '71, pp. 17-18). 

Iiigham spring, Pa. Description of a fault near

(Lewis, '85, p. 451). 

Insects, footprints of. On Connecticut valley

sandstone ('Wan-en, '55). 

Insects, fossil, from sandstone of Connecticut

valley. (J. D. Dana, '58). E. Hitchcock,

'58, pp. 147-1CC).

Detailed account of (Scudder, '68, pp. 218-220). 

Remarks on (J. D. Dana, '02). 

Insects, fossil, from Pliasnixville, Pa. Mention

of (Wheatley,'da). 

Genera of (Scndder, '80). 

Impressions made by, from Turners Falls,

Mass. (K. Hitchcock, '5C, p. 111. E.

Hitchcock, '58, pp. 7-8).

Larvai of, from the Connecticut valley, remarks on (Scudder, '07). 

Tracks of, discovered (E. Hitchcock, '05, pp.

13-17, pis. 0,7,14,18, 24, 27, 29, 30). 

Inslce's hill, X. J. Dip in .shale at (Cook, '82, p.

25).

Trap rocks of (Cook, '82, p. 18). 

Invertebrate fossils. Description and discussion

of (Jones, '02). 

Description of the tracks of (E. Hitchcock,

'65, pp. 18-19. 

From Pennsylvania, an account of (Lewis,

'84).

See also Footprints. 

See also Footprints of insucts. 

1XVILLIERS, E. V. d'. 1883. 

Second geological survey of Pennsylvania, report of progress, D3, vol. 11, pt. 1. The

geology of the South mountain belt of

Berks county. 

Harrisburg, pp. i-xxii, 3-441, pi. 4, and 6

maps in atlas. 

Con tains descriptions, with many observations

of dip, of the Newark system in the region

referred to, pp. 48-50, 127,159,197-220,239,

317-322,344-348, 351, 353, 380, 382, 387, 392,

and maps in atlas.

IXV1LLIERS, E. V. d'. 1885. 

Report on the Cornwall iron ore ininesi

Lebanon county [Pa.]. 

See Lesley and d'lnvilliers. 1885.

INYILLIERS, E. V. d'. 1880.

Report on the irou ore mines and limestone 

quarries of the Cumberland-Lebanon valley [Pennsylvania].

In annual report of the geological survey of 

Pennsylvania for 1880, pt. 4, pp. 1411^ 

1507, with 7 maps.

Contains an account of iron mines near Dillsbnrg, pp. 1501-1514, and of sandstone

quarries in Lebanon valley, pp. 1563-1507.

INVILLIERS, E. V. d'. 188«a.

The Cornwall iron ore mines, Lebanon county, 

Pa.

In Am. Inst. Mining Eng., Trans., vol. 14, 

pp. 873-904, pi. op. p. 874.

Contains an account of dikes of trap rock 

and their association with iron ore deposits, pp. 870-879; also a description of the 

stratified rocks of the Newark system exposed at Cornwall, pp. 890-892.

Native, in trap rock of New Jersey (Cook, '74, 

pp. 56-57).

On the occurrence of, at Berlin, Conn. (E.

Hitchcock, '35, p. 232). 

Iron in Massachusetts. Brief account of (E.

Hitchcock, '41, pp. 448-449). 

Iron in Xorth Carolina. Analyses of (Ken, '75, 

pp. 225-230. Willis, '80, pp. 305-300).

Brief account of (Anonymous, '66, p. 108. 

Chance, '85, p. 24).

At Egypt (Emiuons, '56, p. 262).

At Gulf (Emmons, '56, p. 262).

Brief account of (Emmons, '57«. pp. 9-11. AV. 

R. Johnson, '51, p. 20).

In Dan river coal field (Emmons, '52, p. 154).

In Deep river coal field (Emmons, '52, p. 124. 

Emmons, '56, pp. 262-265. Olmstead, '24, 

p. 22. Wilkes, '58, pp. 12-17). 

Iron Hill, Pa. Trap dikes near (Lewis, '85, p.

453).

Iron, native, in trap rock of New Jersey (Cook, 

'74, pp. 56-57).

On the occurrence of, at Berlin, Conn. (E.

Hitchcock, '35, p. 232).

Iron ores in Xova Scotia. At Blomidon (Gesner, 

'36, p. 217).

Brief account of (Harriugton, '74, pp. 207,219. 

Alger, '27).

In the trap rocks, determination of (How, '75, 

vol. 1, pp. 136-137).

Near Digby (Jackson and Alger, '33, pp. 235-

236).

Iron ore in Pennsylvania. (Frazer, 77a, pp. 500- 

501. Frazer, '82, pp. 129,135. d'lnvilliers, '83, pp. 320-352. H. D. Rogers, '39, 

p. 22. H. D. Rogers, '58, vol. 1, pp. 86, 87, 

88).

Age of, discussed (T.S. Hunt, 76, p. 320. H. D. 

Rogers, '53, vol. 2, p. 691).

Brief account of (d'lnvilliers, '83, p. 239. H. 

D. Rogers, '58, vol. 2, p. 763.)

Near Cornwall. Detailed description of (Lesley arid d'lnvilliers, '85).

Near Dillsburg. Discussion concerning (Frazer, '77, pp. 317-331, pi. op. p. 328).

Near Dillsburg. Study of (Frazer, '76d).
232 THE NEWARK SYSTEM. [BTTU.. 85.

Iron ore in Pennsylvania Continued.

Discussion of the origin of (Frazer, '82, pp. 

135-139).

Report on (Frazer, '77, pp. 207-239).

Near Dillsburg and "Wellsville. Analysis of 

(Frazer, '77, pp. 232-237).

Near Emmettsbiirg and Fairfield. (H. D. 

Rogers, '58. vol. 2, p. 691).

Near Gettysburg. Exploration for (Frazer, 

'77, pp. 263-264).

Near Maria Furnace. (H. D. Kogers, '58, vol. 

2, p. 690).

Near Petersburg (H. D. Rogers, '58, vol. 2, p. 

600).

Notice of, in York county (Frazer, '85, p. 404).

Origin of (Frazer, '77e).

Remarks on the occurrence of (Frazer, '77d). 

Iron ore in South Carolina. Near Cornwells, brief

reference to (Tuomey, '48, p. 68). 

Iron ore in Virginia. Brief account of (Heinrich, 

'78, p. 245. AT. B. Rogers, '80, p. 152).

Resume concerning (Frazer, '82, p. 171). 

Ironstone station, Pa. Contact metamorphism 

at (d'lnvilliers, '83, p. 199).

Detailed account of dips (d'lnvilliers, '83, p.

212).

Isle Haute, N. S. Description of (Gesner, '36, p. 

229. Jackson and Alger, '33, pp. 259-262).

Trap of CDawson, '78, p. 108). 

JACKSON, CHARLES T. 1887.

First report on the geology of the State of 

Maine.

Augusta. 12mo, pp. i-viii, 10-190, accompanied by an atlas of 24 plates.

Certain rock in Maine which are traversed by 

trap dikes are described in this report as 

being of the age of the "New Red sandstone," but more recent investigations 

have shown them to be of older date. (The 

trap dikes of this region may possibly belong to the Newark system of intrusions.) 

Cross references to this report are not 

given in the present index. 

JACKSON, CHARLES T. 1841.

First annual report on the geology of the 

State of New Hampshire.

Concord, N. H. 12mo, pp. i-iv, 5-164.

Describes the occurrence of Newark rocks in 

Northfield, Mass., and considers the mode 

of formation of the Connecticut valley 

sandstone. The Newark rocks of the 

Connecticut valley, exclusive of the intrusive rocks, do not extend north of the 

Massachusetts-New Hampshire boundary. 

JACKSON, C. T. 1841a.

[Remarks on joints in tho trap dikes of Nova 

Scotia.]

In Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 41, p. 173; also in Am. 

Assoc. Geol. and Nat., Proc., p. 26.

Abstract of remarks on a paper by Prof. 

Mather concerning joints in rocks.

Calls attention to the columnar structure of

larger trap masses and the prevalence of

' a similar structure from side to side in

small dikes. Refers these phenomena to

manner of cooling.

JACKSON, C. T. 1845.

Nature of the minerals accompanying trap 

dikes which intercept various rocks.

In Am. ASROC. Geol. and Nat., Proc., 6th meeting, pp. 28-31.

States that several systems of trap dikes occur in New England. Describes briefly 

those intersecting the Connecticut valley 

sandstone and notes the metamorphic 

effects produced on contiguous stratified 

beds. 

JACKSON, C. T. 1850.

[On the age of certain sandstones of t he United 

States.]

In Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Proc., vol. 3, pp. 

335-336, 337-338.

Brief statement in reference to the supposed 

age of the sandstone of lake Superior, and 

of the sandstoueof the Connecticut valley, 

New Jersey, etc. It is suggested that the 

latter may belong to the Silurian system. 

The occurrence of trap in the Connecticut 

valley is briefly described. 

JACKSON, C. T. 1850a.

Analysis of red marl from Springfield, Mass.

In Am. Assoc. Adv. Sci., Proc., vol. 4, pp. 337- 

338.

Presents an analysis of a highly ferruginous

marl or shale adjacent to trap rock. 

JACKSON, C. T. 1858.

[Age and structure of the Deep river coal 

field, N. C.J

In A in. Acad., Proc., vol. 3,1852-1857, pp. 68-69.

A brief abstract of remarks relating to the 

structure and possible ago of the coal 

field mentioned. Followed by brief remarks by AT. B. Rogers and L. Agassiz. 

JACKSON, CHARLES T. 1858a.

Sur les mines de cuivre et de honille do la 

Caroline du Nord.

In Geol. Soc. Trans. Bull., 2d ser., vol. 10, 

1852-1853, pp. 505-506.

Extract from a letter to M'. Delesse, giving a 

brief account of the Deep river coal field, 

N. C. Refers the rocks containing coal 

to the New Red sandstone. Cites Rogers 

and Agassiz in reference to the age of the 

Richmond coal field. 

JACKSON, C. T. 1855.

[On raindrop impressions in footprints.]

In Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Proc., vol. 5, p. 189.

Remark on a paper by J. C. Warren. 

JACKSON, C. T. 1855a.

[On the identity in age of the coal-bearing 

rocks of Virginia and North Carolina.]

In Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Proc., vol. 5, p. 186.

Remarks on a paper by AT. B. Rogers. Suggests that the rocks of the Newark system may be the equivalent of the Lias of 

Europe. 

JACKSON, C. T. 1856.

[Trap dikes in relation to Zeolite minerals, 

native copper, etc.]

In Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Proc., vol. 6, pp. 

23-24.

Reference to the agency of trap rocks in producing various minerals.
RUSSELL.] LITERATURE. 233

JACKSON, CHARLES T. I856a.

[On the Deep river coal field, N. C.]

In Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Proc., voL 6, pp.

30-315.

Brief account of tin exploration for coal near 

Egypt, N. C., with a section of the coalhearing strata near the bottom of the 

Egypt shaft. Analyses of coal are given; 

also the result of some experiments in 

reference to the value of the coal for gasmaking.

JACKSON [C. T.]. 1856b. 

[Remark on unconformable interruption.] 

In Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Proc., vol. G, p. 184. 

Mentions the occurrence of the Newark of 

the Connecticut valley resting on gneiss, 

granite, etc., as an illustration of interruption where the whole Paleozoic group 

is wanting.

JACKSON, C. T. 1859.

[Note on the copper mines, so called, at Elk

run, Fauqnier county, Va.] 

In Am. Assoc. Ady. Sci., Proc., vol. 0, 1856-

1859, p. 183. 

Brief statement of Hie occurrence) of copper

minerals in trap dike breaking through

sandstone.

JACKSON, C. T. 186«a. 

[Amygdaloid minerals of the Nova Scotia and

lake Superior traps.] 

In Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Prop.., vol. 7, p. 40.

JACKSON, C. T. 1860.

[On the age of the red sandstone of Perry, 

Me.; Nova Scotia; Keweenaw point, 

Mich.; Connecticut valley, etc.]

In Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Proc., vol. 7, p. 

390-398.

Tho sandstones at the various localities mentioned are briefly compared and certain 

general conclusions inferred as to their 

age.

JACKSON [C. T.]. Cited on tho age of the Newark system (Lea, '53, pp. 185, 188. W. O. 

Redfield, '51).

Cited on analysis of coal from North Carolina 

(Genth, '71).

Cited on the extent of Triassic rocks in America (Archaic, 'CO, pp.C34-636, 046-055).

JACKSON, CHARLES T., and FRANCIS ALGER.

1828-1829.

A description of the mineralogy and geology 

of a part of Nova Scotia.

In Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 14, 1828, pp. 1(05-330; 

map op. p. 305, vol. 15, 1820, pp. 132-100, 

pis. 1-2.

This paper was published with additions as 

"Remarks on the mineralogy and geology 

of Nova Scotia," in Am. Acad., Mem., u. 

s., vol. 1, 1833, and appeared as an independent publication under the title "Remarks on the mineralogy au'd geology of 

tho peninsula of Nova Scotia; Cambridge. 

1832, 4to. See Jackson, Charles T., and 

Francis Alger, 1833.

JACKSON, CHARLES T., and FRANCIS A4,<JKK.

1833.

Remarks on the mineralogy and geology of 

Nova Scotia..

In Am. Acad., Mem., n. »., vol. 1, pp. 217-330, 

pi. 4, and map.

Issued separately as "Remarks on the mineralogy and geology of the peninsula of 

Nova Scotia." Cambridge, 1832, 4to, pp. 

1-110, pis. 1-4, and map. Published originally as "A description of the mineralogy 

and geology of a part of Nova Scotia" 

in Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 14, 1828, pp. 305- 

330, and map op. p. 305, vol. 15, 1829, pp. 

132-160, pis. 1-2.

Reviewed by C. Moxon, in The Geologist 

[London], vol. 1, 1842, pp. 301-306.

Describes the trap outcrops'along tho east 

shore of the bay of Fundy and on the shore 

of Minas basin, etc. Tho presence of 

amygdaloid beneath trap at many localities is noted, and also the metaniorphism 

of sedimentary rocks beneath the amygdaloid. A large portion of the report is devoted to describing the occurrence of minerals in the trap. The Newark sedimentary rocks are not clearly separated from 

similar Carboniferous rocks.

JACKSON and ALGER. Cited on lignite in Nova

Scotia (Dawson, '78, p. 99). 

Cited on the relation of trap and sandstone in

Nova Scotia (W. M. Davis, '83, p. 285). 

Cited on the trap of Nova Scotia (Beaumont,

'34, pp. 247-248.

JACKSON, J. B. S. 1864.

[Remarks on fossil footprints.]

In Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Proc., MO!. 5, 1854-

185C, p. 30. 

Brief remarks in discussion of a paper by

Bonve. 

Jacksonville, N. J. Course of trap ridge near

(Cook, '82, p. 55). 

Description of conglomerate iiear (Kitchell,

'56, pp. 144, 145).

Jac.ksonwald, Pa. Dip of strata, and exposure of 

trap near (d'lnvilliers, '83, pp. 217-218, 

219,220).

Prevailing dip near (d'lnvilliers, '83, p. 49).

Sandstone and trap at (d'lnvilliers, '83, p. 203).

Trap dikes near (d'Tnvilliers, '83, pp. 200,201).

JAMES, JOSEPH F. 1889.

On variations; with special reference, to certain Paleozoic genera.

In Am. Nat., vol. 23, pp. 1071-1087.

Refers to Dendrophycus tria.isiais, and states 

that it is probably an inorganic marking.

JAMES, THOMAS P. 1870.

Handbook of the State of Georgia.

Atlanta, Ga., pp. i-vii, 1-256, and a geological

map of Georgia. 

Contains reference to trap dikes, pp. 118, 40,

and map.

Jarrettown, Pa.

p. 441.

Trap dike near (Lewis, '85,
THE NEWARK SYSTEM. [BDLL. 85.

Jefferson, N. J. Dip near (H. D. Rogers, '40, pp.

129-130).

Sandstone and trap exposed near (H. D. 

Rogers, '40, pp. 129-130).

JellifTs mill, N. J. Analysis of trap from (Cook,

'68, p. 218).

Dip at (Cook, '68, p. 198). 

Jennersvllle, Pa. Trap dike near (Lewis, '85, p.

447). 

Jericho hill, N. J. Detailed account of (Darton,

'90, pp. 59-61).

Dip of Newark rocks near (Lewis, '85, p. 455). 

Origin of (Darton, '89, p. 138). 

Trap dike near (Lewis, '85, p. 454).

Jersey City, N. J. Analysis of trap rock from

(Hawesb '75).

Base of Newark system readied in wells (Darton, '89, p. 139). 

Bored well in (Cook, '80, p. 172. Cook, '82, pp.

139-141. Cook, '85, p. 118. "Ward, '79, pp.

131-132).

Boundary of trap outcrop at (Cook, '68, p. 177). 

Character of trap ridge near (Darton, '90, p. 38). 

Description of the geology near (W. M. Davis,

'83, pp. 271-272). 

Faults in trap ridge near (Darton, '90, p. 42.

Nason, '89, p. 26). 

Junction of sandstone and gneiss at (Cook,

'68, p. 247). 

Mineralogical analysis of trap rock from

(Hawes, '82, p. 131. Shaler, '84, p. 145). 

Quarries of trap rock near (Cook, '81,pp. 60-61). 

Mention of (S. P. Merrill, '89, p. 435). 

Section from, to Boonton, N. J. (Cook, '85. pi.

op. p. 109). 

Section, from, to fort Lee, N. Y. (Cozzens, '43,

pl. 2). 

Section from, to Morris plains, N. J. (Cook,

'68, p. 199, and map in portfolio). 

Section of trap sheet at (Darton, '90, p. 42). 

Trap exposed at (Credner, '65, pp. 392-394.

Russell; '80, p. 37. Ward, '79, p. 150). 

JewelPs, T., quarry near Prince ton, N. J. Description of (Cook, '81, p. 55). 

Jewitt & Bros.' colliery, Ya. Analysis of coal

from (Clifford, '87, p. 10). 

Brief account of (Clifford, '87, pp. 11,13-14). 

Trap dike near (Clifford, '88, p. 252). 

Jobogue point, N. S. Dikes at (Houeyman, '85,

p. 123).

JOHNSON, JOHN. 1843. 

[Remark on shrinkage cracks at Middletown,

Conn.]

In Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 45, p. 315. 

Brief remark on a paper by W. C. Redfleld. 

JOHNSON, JOHN. 1854. 

Notice of some spontaneous movements occa

sionally observed in the sandstone strata

in one of the quarries at Portland, Conn. 

In Am. Aasoc. Adv. Sci., Proc., vol. 8,1855,-

pp. 283-286. See, also, National Magazine,

vol. 3, 1853, p. 362. 

Notice, with subsequent observations by "W.

H. Niles, Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Proc.,

vol. 14, p. 86.

JOHNSON, JOHN Continued.

Describes certain movements in the quarries

mentioned which follow the cutting of

trendies across the strata. 

JOHNSON, JOHN. Cited on movements in the

rocks at Portland, Conn. (Niles, '70, p. 86).

JOHNSON, W. C. 1839.

[Description of the Richmond coal field.]

Jn report of the committee on a national

foundry, Doc. 168, p. 41. Not seen. 

JOHNSON, WALTER 11. 1842.

[Analysis of natural coke from the Richmond 

coal field, Va.]

In Philadelphia Acad. Nat. Sci., Proc., vol. 1, 

1841-42-43, pp. 223-22*.

Reprinted in the coal trade of British America 

[etc.], see Johnson, '50, pp. 155-156.

Describes the physical characters and gives

analysis of the natural coke. 

JOHNSON, WALTER It. 1844.

A report to the Navy Department of the 

United States on American coals applicable to steam navigation and other purposes.

Washington, 28th Congress, 1st session, Senate, No. 386, pp. i-xii, 1-607, pis. 1-3. 

. Contains a detailed report of an extended 

series of experiments on the heating and 

other properties, of the coals of the Richmond coal field, Va.

Treated under the following heads:

"Natural coke" from Tuckahoe, Va., pp. 138- 

151.

Artificial coke from Midlothian coal, pp. 52- 

156.

Bituminous coal from Deep Run mines, pp. 

309-327.

Bituminous coal from Crouch and Snead's 

mines, Henrico county, Va., pp. 325-337.

Bituminous coal from the mines of the Midlothian Coal Company, taken from shaft 

900 feet deep, pp. 338-348.

Bituminous coal from the Creek Coal Company, Chesterfield county, pp. 349-362.

Bituminous coal from the Clover hill mines, 

on the Appomattox river, Virginia, pp. 

3C3-377.

Bituminous coal from the Chesterfield Mining 

Company, Chesterfield county, ~Va., pp. 

378-389.

Bituminous coal of average size sent by the 

Midlothian Coal Company, Virginia, pp. 

390-404.

Bituminous coal from Tippecanoe pits, near 

Petersburg, Va., pp. 405-419.

Bituminous screened coal from the minings of 

the Midlothian Coal Company's "new 

shaft, "pp. 420-431.

Midlothian average coal, taken promiscuously 

from a heap purchased for use in the 

smith shops at the Washington navy-yard, 

p.447.

Synoptical view of the characters, composition and efficiency of Virginia bituminous 

coals, table CLIV, pp. 448-451.
HCBSELL.] LITERATURE. 235

JOHNSON, WALTER R. »50.

The coal trade of British America together 

with researches on the character and practical values of American and foreign coals.

Washington and Philadelphia, pp. 1-179.

Gives a, synopsis of the character and efficiency of the coal from the Richmond coal 

Held, pp. 133-134, and table op. p. 134. Analysis of the natural coke, pp. 155-156.

Analysis of coals from the coal fields of North 

Carolina, pp. 1G1-1GG. Natural coke from 

Clover hill, pp. 175-176.

JOHNSON, WALTER R. 1851.

Report on the coal lands of the Deep river 

mining and transportation company, with 

analyses of the minerals.

Albany, pp. 1-21, pis. Ir5.

Contains a number of observations on the*dip

and strike of the strata in the coal field

referred to, as well as several analyses of

coal from the same field.

JOHNSON, WALTER R. 1851a.

On the coal formation of central North Carolina.

In Am. Assoc. Adv. Sci., Proc., vol. 4, 1850, 

pp. 274-276.

Refers to the unconformity of Newark system 

with crystalline rocks beneath. Thickness of coal. Analyses of coal from Deep 

river coal field.

JOHNSON, W. R. Analysis of coal by (Kerr, '75,

pp. 293-294). 

Analysis of coal from the Richmond coal field,

Va. (Clifford, '87, p. 10). 

Cited on analyses of North Carolina coals

(Macfarlane, '77, pp. 525-520). 

Cited on composition of coal from the Richmond coal field, Va. (Chance, '85, p. 19). 

Johnson')* ferry, N. J. Boundary of Newark at

(Cook, '08, p. 175). 

Conglomerate at (Cook, '68. p. 210. Cook, '82,

p. 41).

Detailed description of calcareous conglomerate near (H. D. Rogers, '40, pp. 140-141). 

Dip in conglomerate near (Cook, '82, p. 27). 

Dip in sandstone at (Cook, '82, p. 28). 

Dip near (Cook, '68, p. 198). 

Dip of conglomerate at (Cook, '79, p. 29). 

Sandstone near (Cook, '68, p. 97). 

Joints and veins in Richmond county, N. Y. (Mather, '43, p. 625). 

In flagstone at Milford, N. J. (Cook, '68, p. 521.

Shaler, '84, p. 144). 

In sandstone and shale near Chatham, N. J.

(H.D.Rogers,'40, p. 133). 

In sandstone and trap (Hitchcock, '41a). 

In sandstone of the Connecticut valley (Silliman,jr., '41). 

In sandstone in New Jersey. Table of (Cook,

'68, p. 201). 

In sandstone in Washington valley, N. J.

(Cook, '81, p. 53). 

In sandstone on the Delaware, N. J. (H. D.

Rogers, '40, p. 121). 

In trap (Jackson, '41a).

Joints con tinned.

In trap in New Jersey (Cook, '68, pp. 204-205). 

On Prince Edward island (Dawsou and Harriugton, '71, p. 21). 

Jolly ri?er, N. S. Coal Measures at, overlain by

New Red sandstone (Gesner, '43). 

JONKS, T. RUPERT. 1862. 

A monograph of the fossil Esthoria. 

In Paleoutological Soc. [London], Monograph, 4to, pp. i-viii, 1-134, pis. 1-5. 

Reviews what has been written on the crustaceans of the Newark system, and also on 

the determination of the age of the system. Gives sections in theDan riverand 

Deep river areas, N. C., after Emuious, 

and at Phcenixville, Pa., after Wheatley, 

pp. 84-97. Describes two species of Candona, pp. 123-126. Cites J. Marcou on the 

age of the system, p. 134.

JONES, RUPERT T. 18C2a. 

Trails, tracts, and surface-markings. 

In The Geologist, vol. 5, pp. 128-139, pi. 7. 

Refers^briefly to the footprints of the Con-.

necticut valley.

Footprints, brief reference to (Jones, '62a). 

JONES, R. T. Cited on the age of Richmond

coal field, Virginia (Hull, '81, p. 460). 

Jones's falls, N. C. Age of rock exposed near

(Emmous, '56, pp. 276-277). 

Breadth of the Newark area near (Bmmons,

'56, p. 241). 

Conglomerate at (Emmons, '56, pp. 237-238.

Wilkes, '58, p. 5).

Silicified trees near (Emmons, '56, p. 284). 

Thickness of the Newark near (Emmons, '56,

pp. 231-232). 

Jones's mine, Pa. Description of trap dikes near

(H. D. Rogers, '58, vol. 2, p. 687). 

Section of (H. D. Rogers, '58, vol. 1, p. 90). 

Trap dikes at (Lesley, 'Sit, p. 193). 

JOVCE. See Robinson and Joyce. 

JUHEN, ALEXIS A. 1880. 

On the geological action of the humus acids. 

In Am. Assoc. Adv. Sci., Proc., vol. 28, pp.

311-410, map op. p. 320.

Discusses the origin of the prevailing brownish-red color of the Newark rocks, pp. 

406, 407. 

JULIEN, A. A. Cited on the decay of Newark

sandstone (Smock, '90, p. 301). 

Junction of Newark system and Primary rocks 

at "Glen" in Loyden, Mass. (E. Hitchcock, '35, p. 223).

In Leyden, Mass. (E. Hitchcock, '41, p. 448). 

Junction of Newark and Silurian rocks (Cook, '79,

pp. 33, 39).

Of trap and associated sandstones, shales, etc., 

in Newark system. Detailed description 

and discussion of (W. M. Davis, '83). 

Of trap and sandstone in the Connecticut

valley (E. Hitchcock, '41, pp. 657-659). 

Kedldica hook, N. Y. Account of (Pierce, '20, pp.

185-187).

KEELER, C., and SON. Stone quarry of, near 

Greeusbnrg, N, J. (Cook, '81, p. 56).
236

KEMP, J. F. Cited on the microscopical character of the trap of Blomidou, N. S. 

(Marsten, '90).

KK.\DRICK, II. II. Fossil plants collected by, at

Durham, Conn. (Chapin, *87a). % 

Notice of a fossil plant found by (Chapin,

Kennett, Pa. Mention of a trap dike in (Frazer, 

'84, p. 693).

Kensington, Conn. Brief account of geology near

(Percival, '22). 

Mention of fossil plants having been found

near (Percival, '42, p. 442). 

Kentville, X. S. Dip at (Dawson, '47, p. 56).

Unconformity at base of the Newark near 

(Dawson, '78, p. 92).

Kentville, Pa. Boundary of the Newark area of

Pennsylvania near (Lea, '58, p. 92). 

KERR, W. C. 1807.

Report of the progress of the geological survey of North Carolina. 1866.

Raleigh. Pp. 1-56.

Refers briefly to coal, oil, fire clayfc, etc., in

North Carolina, pp. 20, 46-47. 

KERR, W. C. 1869.

[Report of the progress of tho geological survey of North Carolina, for the years 1866- 

1867.]

[Raleigh, N. C.]. Pp. 1-57.

States the failure to find sufficient phosphate

of lime in tho black shales associated

with the coal seams of Deep river to he

of economic importance, pp. 9-10.

KERR, W. 0. 1874.

Observations on the Mesozoic of North Carolina.

In Am. Assoc. Adv. Sci., Proc., vol. 23, 1875, 

pp. 47-49.

Compares briefly the characteristic features 

of the Newark rocks of North Carolina 

and of the Connecticut valley, and presents a brief account of the leading facts 

in tho stratigraphy of the entire Newark 

system ; discusses tho probable structure 

and former extent of the formation. 

KERR, W. C. 1875.

Report of the geological survey of Nortli 

Carolina. Physical geology, resum6, economic geology.

Raleigh [N". C.]. Vol. 1, pp. i-xviii, 1-325, 

1-120, pi. 9, and a folding map.

Notice in Am. Jour. Sci., 3d sor., vol. 11, pp. 

61-S2.

Republished in part in "In tho Coal and Iron 

Counties of North Carolina," by P. M. 

Hale, pp. 52-53.

The following is an expansion of the table of 

contents of this volume, so far as it relates

to the Newark system:

, Page.

Geological charts showing stratigraphic position of Triassic 

rocks...........................x, 110-111

Newark system in North America,

sketch of......................... 116-117

THE NEWARK SYSTEM. [DULL. 85.

KERR, W. C. Continued. I'age.

Newark system in North Carolina. ... 14]-147

Dan river belt. .................. 141,145

Deep river belt................... 141,143

Former connection of Deep river

and Dan river areas .......... 341

Dip in Deep river and Dan river

areas......................... 141

Coal.............................. 141,143

. Conglomerate.................... 141

Section at Egypt shaft........... 3 42

Thickness........................ 145

Area............................. 146

Origin of material................ 146

Lithological character............ 146

Trap rock........................ 146-147

Fossils, listof.................... 147

Fertilizers ........................... 187

Limestone ........................... 217

Iron ores, with analyses ............. 225-228

Coal.................................. 294-296

Sandstone............................ 304

Millstone ............................ 305

KERR, W. C. 1875a.

Observations on the Mesozoic of North Carolina.

In Am. Assoc. Adv. Sci., Proc., vol. 23, section B, pp. 47-49.

Contains general consideration relating to tho 

dip, geographical distribution, trap, and 

organic remains of the Newark system. 

A former great extent of these rocks is 

inferred.

KERR, W. 0. 1879.

Physiographical description of North Carolina.

Raleigh, N. C. Pp. 1-32, and map.

Contains a very brief description of the extent of the Newark system in North Carolina, p. 11, and of the thickness and character of the coal seams occurring in it, p. 

13.

KERR, W. C. 1879a.

[Geological formations at railroad stations in

North Carolina.] 

In an American geological railway guide, by

James Macfarlane, p. 186. 

Indicates what stations in North Carolina are

on the Newark system.

KERR, W. C. 1881.

The minerals and mineral localities of North 

Carolina. Being chapter 1 of the second 

volume of the geology of North Carolina.

See Genth and Kerr, 1881.

KERR, W. C. 1884.

Report on tho cotton production of the slate 

of Virginia [etc.].

Washington (Interior Dep., Census Office), 

4to, vol. 6, part 2, pp. C17-652. [Tenth 

Census.]

Contains a very brief description of the Newark areas of. Virginia, with some mention 

of their soils, pp. 630, 631.
RUSSELL.] LITERATURE. 237

KERB [W. C.]. Cited on anticlinal structure of 

the two Newark areas iu North Carolina 

(W. M. Davis, '86, p. 348).

Cited on the cause of the tilting of the Newark (W. M. Davis, '83, p. 303).

Cited on the Newark areas iu North Carolina 

(Chance, '85, p. 15).

Cited on the Newark of North Carolina (Miller, '79-'81, vpl. 2, pp. 225-227).

Cited ou the opposite dips of the two main 

Newark areas of North Carolina (Russell, 

'78, pp. 252-203).

Cited on the origin and deposition of Newark 

strata (W. M. Davis, '83, p. 287).

Cited on.the tilting of sandstone and trap in 

'South Carolina (W. M. Davis, '83, p. 302).

Cited on trap dikes in North Carolina (W. M. 

Davis, '83, p. 293).

Discussion of the hypothesis by, explaining 

opposing dips (W. M. Davis, '82a, p. 119).

Newark sandstone from North Carolina collected by (Shaler, '84, p. 181).

Reference to estimate of erosion by (Bradley, 

'76).

Ketch's mills, East Windsor, Conn. Fossil bones

found at (E. Hitchcock, '41, pp. 503-504,

pi. 49). 

Kidd's mill, Pa. Dolerite and sandstone from (C.

E. Hall, '78, p. 47). 

Kildare, P. E. I. Analysis of limestone from

(Dawson and Harrington, '71, p. 41). 

Limestone near (Dawson and Harrington, '71,

p. 34).

KILLKBREW, J. B. 1887.

The elementary geology of Tennessee; being 

also an introduction to geology in general. 

Designed for the schools of Tennessee. 

See Safford and Killebrew, 1887. 

Kill von Kull, N. J. Trap exposed at (Russell,

' '80, p. 36). 

Kimbcrton, Pa. Boundary of the Newark near

(H. D. Rogers, '58, vol. 2, p. 668). 

King- of Prussia, Pa. Boundary of the Newark

near (C. E. Hall, '81, pp. 22, 83-84): 

Brief account of trap dike near (H. D. Rogers, '58, vol. 1, p. 214). 

King iron mine, Pa. Analysis of ore from (tl'Iu

villiers, '80, p. 1513). 

Report on (Frazer, '77, pp. 212-214). 

Kings, Va. Boundaries of the Newark near (AV.

B. Rogers, '39, p. 76).

Kings county, N. S. General account of the 

Newark rocks of (Honeyman, '79, pp. 

27-28). 

Kings point, A'. J. Contact metamorphism at

(Russell. '80, p. 38).

Description of structure at (Darton, '83a). 

Exposures of trap at (Russell, '80, p. 38). 

Faults in trap ridge near (Dartou, '90, p. 42). 

Small trap sheets near (Darton, '90, p. 39). 

Unconformity of trap and sandstone near

(Darton, '90, p. 47).

Kingston, IV. J. Account of contact metamorphism near (H. D. Rogers, 36, pp. 163-164). 

Analysis of soil from (Cook, '78, pp. 37,39).

Kingston, N. J. Continued.

Boundaries of Newark system near (Cook,

'89, p. 11. H. D. Rogers, '40, p. 118). 

Brief reference to trap hills near (H. D.

Rogers, 36, ]). 159).

Description of quarries at (Cook, '81, p. 55). 

Description of sandstone strata near (H. D.

Rogers, '40, p. 126). 

Description of trap and altered shale near

(H. D. Rogers, '40, pp. 149,151). 

Dip in sandstone near (Cook, '82, p. 25). 

Dip near (Cook, '68, p. 190). 

Quarry at (Cook, '81, p. 55). 

Sandstone outcrop near (H. D. Rogers, 40, p.

121).

Sandstone quarry at (Cook, '79, p. 23). 

Trap boundary near (Cook, '68, p. 190). 

Kinseys mill, Pa. Boundary of the Newark near

(H. D. Rogers, '58, vol. 2, p. 676). 

Kinsey mountain, Pa. Dip of strata and exposure 

of trap near (d'lnvilliers, '83, pp. 218,219, 

220). 

KIPSEY'S, J. Quarry near Martinville, N. J.,

description of (Cook, '81, p. 54). 

KIRKBY, J. W. Cited in reference to fossils of 

the Newark system (Newberry, '88, pp. 

68-69).

KITCHELL, WILLIAM. 1856. 

Report on the north division of the state [of

New Jersey].

In second annual report on the geological survey of tbe state of New Jersey, for the 

year 1855, pp. 111-248).

Contains a description of a portion of the 

boundary lino between the Newark and 

the gneiss bordering it on thu northwest, 

pp. 144-145.

KITCHELL, W. Cited on the conglomerate of 

the Newark system iu New Jersey (Cook, 

'80, p. 15). 

Kittoctin mountain. Va. Boundary of thoNewark

near (W. B. Rogers, '40, p. 63). 

Klinesville, N. J. Dip near (Cook, '68, p. 197).

Dip in shale near (Cook, '82, p. 28). 

Evidence of faulting near (Nason, '89, p. 33). 

Fossil crustaceans found near (Nason, '89, p.

30).

Knauerton,Pa. Boundary of Newark near (Lesley, '83, pp. 185,191).

Recomposed rocks near (Frazer, '83, p. 235). 

KOCHER BROS.' quarry at Newark, N. J., description of (Cook, '81, p. 48). 

Kralltown, Pa. Catalogue of specimens of sandstone, etc., from near (Frazer, '77, pp. 332- 

381).

Dolerite from (C. E. Hall, '78, p. 47). 

Shale and sandstone from (C. E. Hall, '78, p.

40).

Kunt/.'s limestone quarry, Pa. Report on (Frazer, '77, p. 225). 

Kiint/'s paint mine, Pa. Report, on (Frazor, '77,

p. 225).

Kurdsvillc, Va. Boundaries of tbo Newark near 

(W. B. Rogers, '39, p. 77).
238 THE NEWARK SYSTEM. [BULL. 85.

Lackalong creek, Jf. J. Dip along (Cook, '68, p.

197). *

Dip in indurated shale near (Cook, '82, p. 27). 

* Ladentown, N. Y. Relation of trap and sandstone

near (Darton, '90, p. 41).

 Section of trap sheet near (Darton, '90, p. 41). 

Lafayette, N. 3. Trap rock at ("Ward, '79, p. 150). 

Lafayette College, Easton, Pa. Footprints in the

museum of (C. H. Hitchcock, '88, p. 122). 

Fossil footprints from New Jersey, in the 

catalogue of (Eyerman, '86).

LAIDLEY, J. Cited on thickness of coal at

Egypt, N. C. (Chance, '85, p. 35). 

Lake Saltonstall, Conn. Description of trap

ridges, etc., near (Hoyey, '89). 

Relation of trap and sandstone near (Whelpley, '45, p. 03). 

Lambertvillc, N. J. Altered shale near (Cook,

'68, p. 213. Cook,'83, p. 23). 

Bearing of joints at (Cook, '68, p. 201). 

Boundary of trap near (Cook, '68, p. 192). 

Brief remarks on banded diorite from (T. S.

Hunt, '74).

Building stone near (Cook, '68, p. 511). 

Contact metamorphism at (Cook, '82, p. 61.

Cook, '87, p. 125). 

Contact metamorphism near (H. D. Rogers,

'36, pp. 161-162).

Course of trap ridge near (Nason, '89, p. 35). 

Description of geology near (W.M. Davis, '83,

pp. 278-279).

Description of quarries near (Cook, '81, p. 59). 

Description of Sourlaud mountain, near (Cook,

'68, pp. 191-192). 

Description of trap, contact metamorphism,

etc., near (H. D. Rogers, 40, p. 153). 

Dip in red shale at (Cook, '82, p. 26). 

Dip near (Cook, '68, p. 197. Cook, '68, p. 198). 

Dip of altered shale at (Cook, '79, p. 29. Cook,

'82, p. 26).

Diverse dips near (Nason, '89, p. 19). 

Fault near (Lesley, '83, p. 181). 

Limestone near (Cook, '68, p. 215. Cook, '79,

p. 32).

Quarries at (Cook, '81, p. 59). 

Quarries of trap rock at, mention of (G. P.

Merrill, '89, p. 436). 

Section near, after G. H. Cook (W. M. iavis,

'83, p. 281, pi. 9). 

Shale and sandstone quarries (Cook, '79, p.

24). 

Silurian limestone in Newark rocks near

(Cook, '83, p. 26). 

Trap hill near (Nason, '89, p. 36). 

Trap outcrop near (Cook, '68, p. 192. Darton,

'90, p. 69). 

Trap rock quarries at (Cook, '79, p. 26.

Cook, '81, p. 62). 

Lamentation mountain, Conn. Anterior trap

ridges of (Davis and Whittle? '89, pp. 108-

109). 

lied of volcanic asli in (Ohapir, 'B9. Chapill,

'91).

In the anterior ridge of (Davis and Whittle, '89, pp. 118-120).

Lamentation mountain, Conn. Continued.

Description of the main ridge of (Davis and

Whittle, '89, p. 112). 

Description of trap ridges near (Percival, '42,

pp. 351,356-358). 

Detailed study of the structure of (W.M.

Davis, '89, pp. 61-64). 

Discussion of the origin of (W. M. Davis, '896,

p. 25). 

Discussion of the structure of (W. M. Davis,

'86).

Faults associated with (W. M. Davis, '82). 

Fault near (Davis, '82, p. 122. W. M. Davis,

'88, p. 469).

Limestone near (Percival, '42, p. 443). 

Overflow, origin of (W. M. Davis, '82. W.

M. Davis, '88, pp. 464-407). 

Sandstone elevations associated with (Percival, '42, p. 435).

Small map of north end of (Davis and Whittle, '89, pi. 3).

Small map of portion of (Davis and Whittle89, pi. 2).

Sketch map of (W. M. Davis, '89, pie. 1,3). 

Stratified rocks associated with (Percival, '42,

p. 433). 

Topographic form of trap ridge near (Percival, '42, p. 304).

Trap ridges near (Percival, '42, pp. 348-377). 

View of, to illustrate fetructure (W. M. Davis,

89c, p. 426). 

Lamington, Jf. J. Section of sandstone at (Dar,

ton, "90, p. 35). 

Lancaster, S. C. Description of trap dikes near

(Tuomey, '44, p. 12). 

Lancaster county, Pa. Brief report on (Lesley,

'85, pp. Ixiv-lxv, pi. 35). 

Geological map of (Frazer, '80). 

Report on the geology of (Frazer, '80). 

Landis iron mine, Pa. Description ol (d'lnvilliers, '86, pp. 1513-15L4). 

Report on (Frazer, '77, pp. 220-221). 

Large curtain, P. E. I. Section at (Dawson and

Harriugton, '71, p. 20). 

Latschaw iron mine, Pa. Faulted sandstone near

(H. D. Rogers, '58, vol. 1, p. 89). 

Lawrence brook, N. J. Altered shale near (Cook.

'68, pp. 213-214).

Boundary of Newark along (Cook, '68, p. 175). 

Detailed description of (Darton, '90, pp. 59-

61).

Dip along (Cook, '68, p. 196). 

Dip in shale at (Cook, '82, p. 25). 

Origin of trap near (Dartou, '89, p. 138). 

Position of trap near, in the Newark system

(Darton,'89, p. 139).

Sandstone quarries near (Cook, '79, p. 23). 

Trap hills near (Cook, '68, pp. 189,190). 

Trap outcrops near (Cook, '82, p. 59-60). 

Lawrys island, Pa. Description of trap dike

near (H. D. Rogers, '58, vol. 2, p. 686). 

LEA, ISAAC A. 1851. 

[On the finding of fossil reptilian bones in a

calcareous conglomerate near upper Milford, Lehigh county, Pa.]
BU88ELL.] LITERATURE. 239

LEA, ISAAC A. Continued.

In Philadelphia Acad. Nat. Sci., Proc., vol. 

5, 1853, pp. 171-172, 205.

Describes the position and character of the 

beds in which the fossil bones were found, 

and discusses the relation of the strata to 

outcrop of calcareous conglomerate found 

elsewhere in the Newark system, pp. 171- 

172. Kemarks continued on p. 205, where 

the name Clepsysaurns pennsylvanicus 

for certain fossil bones is proposed. 

LEA, ISAAC. 1853.

Description of a fossil saurian of the New Red 

sandstone formation of Pennsylvania; 

with some account of that formation.

In Philadelphia Acad. Nat. Sci., Jour., 2d 

sor., vol. 2, 1850-1854, pp. 185-202, pi, 17-1!).

Abstract in Am. Jour. Sci., 2d ser., vol. 14, 

p. 451.

Presents a critical review of the works of 

previous writers on the paleontology and 

the geological position of the Newark 

system, followed by a description of a 

genus of fossil saurians, based on certain 

fossil bones found in upper Mil ford, LJJhigh county, Pa. 

LEA, ISAAC. 1855.

[Note on the tracks of crustaceans and other 

markings on the sandstone of Connecticut 

valley.]

In Boston Soe. Nat. Hist., Proc., vol. 5, pp. 276- 

277.

An extract from a letter referring to a slab of

sandstone from Greenfield, Mass. 

LEA, ISAAC. 1856.

Remarks on a tooth of a sauroid reptile, from 

near Phosnixville [Pa.].

Jn Philadelphia Acad. Nat. Sci., Proc., vol. 8, 

1856, pp. 77-78.

Abstract in Am. Jour. Sci., 2d ser., vol. 22, pp. 

122-123; also Neues Jahrbuch, 1857, p. 253.

Describes the tooth of a reptile to which a 

name is given. Names also two species 

of Posidon ia, and a fossil footprint from 

the locality that yielded the reptilian remains. 

LEA, ISAAC. 1857.

[Kemarks on fossils from Phienixville, Pa.]

In Philadelphia Acad. Nat. Sci., Proc., vol. 9, 

1858, p. 140.

Brief abstract of remarks on a fossil bone and 

a coprolite from the tunnel at Phoanixville, Pa.

LEA, ISAAC. 1857a.

[Brief remarks on the identity of the rocks

near Gwynnod, Pa., with those at Phtenixville, Pa.] 

In Philadelphia Acad. Sci., Proc., vol. 9,1858,

p. 173. 

Brief record of remarks based on fossils from

the localities named.

LEA [ISAAC]. 1858. 

[Remarks on the age of the Newark system.] 

In Philadelphia Acail. Nat. Sci., Proc., vol. 10,

pp. 90-92,

LEA, I[SAAC] Continued.

A brief statement of the opinions and conclusions of various geologists concerning the 

geological position of the Newark system. 

LEA [I.]. Cited on the age of the Newark system 

(Lea, '58).

Cited on the ago of the Newer Red sandstone 

of Prince Edward island (Leidy, '54, p. 

330).

Cited on the age of the Red sandstone of 

Prince Ed ward island (Owen, '76, p. 301).

Cited on fossil crustaceans from the Newark 

system (Jones, '62, p. 86).

Cited on fossil plants from Turners Falls, 

Mass. (Einmons, '57, p. 134).

Cited on fossil reptiles from North Carolina 

(Emmons, '57, p. 73).

Cited on fossil reptiles from Pennsylvania 

(Emmons, '56, pp. 298, 308. Frazer, '77a, 

p. 497. H. D. Rogers, '58, vol. 2, p. 692-693).

Cited on fossil reptiles from Pennsylvania and 

New Jersey (H. D. Rogers, '58, vol. 2, p. 

695).

Notice of the description of reptilian fossils

by (Miller, '79-'81, vol. 2, p. 152). 

Lead, at Berlin, Conn. (E. Hitchcock, '35, p. 232).

In Massachusetts, brief account of (E. Hitchcock,'41, p. 448).

Leakesville, Va. Boundary of the Newark near

(W.B.Rogers, '39, p. 75). 

Description of geology near (W. B. Rogers,

'39, p. 78). 

Leaksrille, N. C. Analysis of coal from near

(Chance, '85, pp. 64-65). 

Boundary of the Newark near (Mitchell, '42,

p. 134). 

Brief account of the rocks near (Eintuous, '52,

p. 149). 

Character and dip of rocks at (Emmons, '56i

p. 255). 

Coal at (Emmons, '57, p. 33. Kerr, '75, p. 145.

Kerr, '75, p. 295. McGehee, '83, p. 77). 

Conglomerate near (Emmons, '52, p. 152. Emmons, '56, p. 256).

Dip and strike at (Enimons, '56, pp. 257, 258). 

Dip of coal at (McGehee, '83, p. 77). 

General section of Newark rocks near (Jones,

'62, p. 89).

Newark system near (Macfarlane, '77, p. 527). 

Reference to fossil fishes from (E. Hitchcock,

'41, p. 440). 

Reptile remains from (Eniraons, '56, p. 309.

Einmons, '57, p. 81). 

Section near (Emmons, '52, p. 149. Emmons,

'56, p. 257). 

Thickness of coal seams near (Chance, '85, p.

64). 

Thickness of sandstone at (Emmoiis, '57, p.

22). 

Lebanon, ?f. J. Analysis of trap near (Cook, '68,

p. 218). 

Boundaries of the~Newark system near (Cook,

'89, p. 11. H. D. Rogers, '40, p. 16. H. D

Rogers,'40, p. 118). 

Boundary of trap n.ear (Cook, '08, p. 193),
240 THE NEWARK SYSTEM. [BULL. 85.

Lebanon, N. J. Continued.

Conglomerate at (Cook, '65, p. 7. Cook, '68,

p. 210. Cook, '82, p. 21. Cook, '82, p. 41).

Conglomerate quarries near (Nason, '89, p.

39). 

Contact of Newark rocks and gneiss near (H.

D. Rogers, '40, p. 16). 

Dip in shale and conglomerate near (Cook, '82,

p. 28).

Dip near (Cook, '68, pp. 198,199). 

Exposure of trap near (Cook, '82, p. 64). 

Small sandstone area near (Cook, '68, p. 75). 

Lebanon, Pa. Description of trap dikes near (H.

D. Rogers, '58, vol. 2, p. 687). 

Detailed description of the Cornwall iron

mines (Lesley and d'luvilliers, '85). 

Lebanon county, Pa. Brief report on (Lesley,

'85, p. Ixviii, pi. 22). 

Lebanon station, N. J. Boundary of Newark

near (Cook, '68, p. 175). 

Dip near (Cook, '68, p. 197). 

Lebanon valley, Pa. Brownstone quarries in

(d'lnvilliers, '86, pp. 1562-1567). 

Lebanonville, N. J. Boundary of Newark near

(Cook, '68, p. 175). 

Dip near (Cook, '68, p. 197). 

LE CONTE, JOHN. Cited on a fossil insect in the 

Connecticut river sandstone (J. D. Dana, 

'62).

LE COJfTE, JOSEPH. 1882. 

Elements of Geology.

New York, revised and enlarged edition, pp. 

i-xiv, 1-633, pi. ], 1st ed. New York, 1878, 

pp. i-xiii, 1-588, pi. 1.

Contains a condensed resume concerning the 

Jura-Trias of North America. Under the 

' name Jura-Trias all rocks of the Triassic 

and Jurassic are included, pp. 451-470- 

Note on the former extent of the Newark 

system, p. 608.

LE C01VTE, JOSEPH. 1884. 

A compend of geology. 

New York, 12mo, pp. 1-399. 

Contains a brief compiled account of the

Jura-Trias of America, pp. 325-331. 

LE CONTE, J. Cited on the cause of the nionocliual structure of certain Newark areas 

(W. M. Davis, '86, p. 344. W. M. Davis, 

'83, p. 303).

Cited on the mode of formation of the Newark rocks of New Jersey and the Connecticut valley (Russell, .78, pp. 251-252). 

Cited on Mormolucoides articulatus (Scudder,

'68, p. 218, Scudder, '84, p. 431). 

Leesburg, Pa. Mention of trap quarries at (S.

P. Merrill, '89, p. 4^6).

Leesburg, Va. Boundary of Newark near (Heinrich, '78, p. 235. TV. B. Rogers, '40, pp. 

61,63). 

Conglomerate near (Fontainu, '79, p. 32. Lea,

'53, p. 190). 

Detailed description of geology near (W. B.

Rogers, '40, p. 66). 

Quarries of trap rock, pear (ShaJer, '84, p. 179).

Lehigh county, Pa. Brier notes on (Lesley, '75). 

Brief report on (Lesley, '85, pp. Ixviii-lxix,

pi. 36).

Dip at (C. E. Hall, '88).

Fossil saurian bones in (Lea, '53, pp. 188,195). 

Reptilian bones in (Lea, '51, pp. 171-172). 

LEHMAN, A. E. Limestone collected by, in 

Pennsylvania (Shaler, '84, p. 156).

LEIDY, JOSEPH. 1854.

On Bathygnathus borealis, an extinct saurian 

of the New Red sandstone of Prince Ed 

ward island.

In Philadelphia Acad. Nat Sci., Jour., 2d ser., 

vol. 2, 1850-1854, pp. 327-330, pi. 33.

Describes Bathygnathus borealis. 

LEIDY, JOSEPH. 1854a.

[Remarks on Bathygnathus borealis fromnear Prince Edward island.]

Iu Philadelphia Acad. Nat. Sci., Proc., vol. 

6, 1852-1853, p. 404; also in Am. Jour. 

Sci., 2d ser., vol. 6, pp. 444-445.

Abstract in Neues Jahrbuch, 1855, pp. 499- 

500.

Proposes the name given in the title. 

LEIDY, J. 1867.

[Remarks on fossils from Phrenixville, Pennsylvania.]

In Philadelphia Acad. Nat. Sci., Proc., vol. 

9, 1858, pp. 149-150.

Compares certain fossils from the locality 

mentioned with others from Virginia, 

North Carolina, and England, and suggests the age thus indicated. 

LEIDY, J. 1857a.

[Remarks on fossils from the Gwyuned tunnel, Pa.]

 In Philadelphia Acad. Sci., Proc., vol. 9, 1858, 

p. 150.

Brief record of remarks on fossils from the 

localities named.

LEIDY, JOSEPH. - 1858.

[Note on fucoids and footprints from the 

sandstone of the Connecticut valley.]

In Ichnology of New England, by Edward 

Hitchcock, pp. 165-166.

Extract from a letter referring briefly to certain drawings of fossils supposed to be in 

part fucoid impressions and in part footprints of crustaceans. 

LEIDY, JOSEPH. 1860.

[Remarks on fossils found near Phcenixville,, 

Pa.]

In Philadelphia Acad. Nat. Sci., Proc., vol. 

11, 1859, p. 110.

Mentions briefly the fossils obtained at 

Phoanixville, 'Pa., including a new genus 

of reptile. 

LEIDY, JOSEPH. 18G9.

The extinct mammalian fauna of Dakota and 

Nebraska [etc., etc.].

In Philadelphia Acad. Nat. Sci., Jour., 2d 

ser., vol. 7, pp. i-viii, 9-472, pis. 1-30, and a 

map.

Contains a remark on Dromatherium sylves-, 

tre from North Carolina, p. 410.
RUSSELL.] LITEEATURE. 241

LEIDY, [JOSEPH]. 1870.

Fish remains of the Mesozoic red shales [of 

rennsylvania].

In Philadelphia Acad. Nat. Sci., Proe., vol. 28, 

p. 81.

Records tho finding of obscure fish remains 

at Terke's station on tho Perkiomeu railroad, in Montgomery county, Pa. 

EIDV, J. Cited on character of certain footprints from Turners Palls, Mass. (Deane> 

'56).

Cited of fossil reptiles from North Carolina 

(Enimons, '57, p. 60).

Cited on fossil reptiles from Pennsylvania 

ami North Carolina (E. 3). Rogers, '58, 

vol. 2, p. 695-697).

Notice of the description of reptilian fossils

by (Miller, '79-'81, vol. 2, p. 152). 

LEITH-ADAMS, A. Cited on Jurassic reptiles 

from high northern latitudes (Hull, '87, 

p. 95). 

Lcmer's ore pit, Pa. Report on (Fra/.er, '77, p.

225). 

Leonia, >T . J. Indurated shale near (Barton, '90,

p. 52).

Leopard, Pa. Trap dike near (Lewis, '85, p. 444). 

Lepreuce, N. B. Age of rocks at (Bailey, '65, p. 5). 

LESCHARBOT. Cited on native copper from the

bay of Fundy (Gilpin, '77, p. 749). 

LESLEY, J. P. 1856.

Manual of coal and its topography. Illustrated by original drawings, chiefly of 

facts in the geology of the Appalachian 

region of tho United States of North 

America.

Philadelphia, 12 mo, pp. i-xii, 1-224.

Contains a brief account of the origin of the 

trap ridges of the Newark system of Pennsylvania and New Jersey, pp. 132-133. 

Refers to lamination in the trap of East 

and West Rocks, Conn., p. 162. 

LESLEY, J. PETER. 1863.

[On an asphalt veiu in AVest Virginia. 1

In Am. Phil. Soc., Proc., vol. 9, pp. 183-197, 

pi. 3-4.

Contains theoretical consideration respecting 

the deposition and erosion of the Newark 

system, pp. 188-189. 

LESLEY, J. PETER. 1864.

[On the discovery of lignite in Franklin 

county, Pa., and its bearing on the determination of the age of the present surface of the land.]

In Am. Phil. Soc., Proc., vol. 9, pp. 463-482, 

and 4 plates.

Discusses the manner in which the Newark

rocks-of Pennsylvania were deposited. 

LESLEY, J. P. 1873.

[Remarks on iron ores near Doylestown, Pa.]

In Am. Philo. Soc., Proc., vol. 13, p. 204. 

[LESLEY, J.PETER]. 1874.

Notes on the geology of Lchigh county, Pa.

In Second Geol. Surv. of Pennsylvania, 1874. 

Report on the Brown Hematite ore ranges 

of Lehigh county, vol. D, pp. 57-GO.

Contains brief observations on the Newark 

rocks of Lehigh county, pp. 61-64.

Bull. 85 16

LESLEY, J. P. 1880.

Geological map of Cumberland county, Pa.

In Second Gool. Surv. of Peumsylvania, vol.

D, 5, atlas. No text accompanying. 

LESLEY, JOSEPH PETER. ' 1888.

The geology of Chester county after tho surveys of Henry 1). Rogers, Persifor Frazor, 

and Charles E. Hall.

In second geological survey of Pennsylvania, 

vol. C, 4, pp. 1-54, 63-214, 351-354, pi. 2.

Unconformity at base o'f the Newark system 

with hypothesis to account for it, p. 22. 

Folding of tho Appalachians previous to 

the Newark, p. 132. A general statement 

of the character of tho Newark of Pennsylvania, compiled principally from reports of previous observers, pp. 178-215. 

LESLEY, JOSEPH PETER. 1885.

Second geological survey of Pennsylvania. 

Report of progress.

A geological hand atlas of tho sixty-seven 

counties of Pennsylvania, embodying tho 

the results of the field work of the survey 

fr.om 1874 to 1884.

Harrisburg, pp. i-cxii, pi. 1-61, and 2 maps.

Presents brief sketches of the geology of each 

county, in explanation of accompanying 

maps. 

LESLEY, J. PETER. 1886.

Geology of the Pittsburg coal region.

In Am. Inst. Mm. Eng., Trans.,'vol. 14,1885- 

1886, pp. 6.L8-656, and 011 map op, p. 606.

General remarks on the deposition of the Newark rocks of Pennsylvania, p. 630. Area 

occupied shown on the map op. p. 650. 

LESLEY, J. P. 1891.

On an important boring through 2,000 feet of 

Trias, in eastern Pennsylvania.

In Am. Philo. Soc., Proc., vol. 29, pp. 20-25.

Gives a record of strata passed through in 

boring a well in Bucks county, 18 miles 

north of Easton, Pa. In remarks on 

the paper, B. S. Lynian states tho rocks 

penetrated belong i:i the central portion 

of the Newark system, which is 2,100 feet 

thick.

LESLEY, J. P. Cited OIL former extent of the 

Newark system (Macfarlane, '79, p. 41).

Cited on mode of formation of tho Richmond 

coal field, Virginia (Clifford, '87, pp. 6, 

29-3J).

Cited 011 overflow trap sheets in Pennsylvania 

(W. M. Davis, '83, p. 298).

Cited on relation of trap and sandstone in 

Pennsylvania (W. M. Davis, '83, p. 287).

Cited on structure and mode of formation of 

the Richmond coal iield, Virginia (Macfarlane, '77, pp. 510-514).

LESLEY, J. P., and PERSIFOll FRAZER. 1876.

Geological map of Adams county, Pa. 

In second geological survey of Pennsylvania, 

vol. I) 5, atlas. No text accompanying.

LESLEY, J. P., and E. V. d'lXVILLIERS. 1885. 

Report on the Cornwall iron ore mines, Leba11011 county, Pa.
242 THE NEWARK SYSTEM. [BULL. 85.

LESLEY, J. P., and E. V. d'lNVILLIEHS 

Continued.

In Ann. Eep. of the Geol. Snrv. of Pennsylvania for 1885; Harrisharg, Pa., 1886, pp. 

491-570, and plates.

Gives a detailed description of the iron ore 

body at the Cornwall mines, and states its 

relation to the trap and sedimentary beds 

of the Newark system. A fault having 

a throw of several thousand feet is stated 

to exist at thv junction of the Newark 

rocks with the bordering formations on 

the west; strikes and dip, character of the 

trap dike, etc., are given. 

LESQUEREUX, L. 1876.

On the tertiary flora of the North American 

lignitic, considered as evidence of the ago 

of the formation.

In annual report of the United States geological and geographical survey of the Territories, embracing Colorado and parts of 

adjacent Territories, being a report of 

progress for the year 1874. By F. V. Hayden. Washington (Interior Dep.), pp. 

275-365, pis. 1-8.

Contains a brief reference to the age of the 

Newark system as indicated by fossil 

plants. 

LESQUEREUX, LEO. 1879.

[A fossil tree trunk found at Belleville, N. J.]

In [Annual .report on the geology of New 

Jersey for 1879], pp. 26-27.

A quotation from a letter in reference to a 

photograph of a fossil tree trunk supposed 

to be a Lepidodondron.

Lesser cross roads, X. J. Copper ores near (Cook, 

'68, p. 678).

Dip in shale near (Cook, '82, p. 29).

Dip near (Cook, '68, p. 198).

LeYerett, Mass. Note on conglomerate near 

(Nash, '27, p. 247).

Stratigraphy in (Walling, '78). 

LEWIS, HENRY CARVILL. 1880.

A new locality for lignite.

In Philadelphia Acad. Nat. Sci., Proc., vol. 32, 

p. 281.

Describes the occurrence of lignite in Montgomery county, Pa., in what the author 

seems to regard as Newark beds. 

LEWIS, HENRY CARVILL. 18SOa.

The iron ores and lignite of the Montgomery 

county valley.

In Philadelphia Acad. Nat. Sci., Proc., vol. 32, 

pp. 282-291.

Contains a few observations on the Newark

system in the region referred to. 

LEWIS, HENRY CARVILL. 1880b.

On a new fucoidal plant from the Trias [of 

Xevr Jersey],

In Philadelphia Acad. Nat. Sci.. Proc., vol. 

32, pp. 293-294.

Abstract in Neuos Jahrbuch, 1882, p. 138.

Describes and figures the cast of what is described as a fossil fucoid, under the name 

of Palceophycus Umaciformis, from Milford, N. J,

LEWIS, H. C. 1882.

On a fault in the Trias near Tardleyville, Pa.

In Philadelphia Acad. Nat. Sci.. Proc., vol, 34, 

pp. 40-41.

Describes the occurrence of a dike of trap coincident with a fault between sandstone 

and conglomerate. Eefers also to change 

in the dip of sandstone and shale produced by trap dikes. 

LEWIS, H. CARVILL. 1882a.

The geology of Philadelphia.

In Franklin Inst. Journal, 3d ser., vol. 85,1883 

pp. 359-374, 422-427.

Includes a brief popular account of the general features of the Newark system near 

the locality mentioned, together with a 

reference to the reptilian fossils found in 

the same beds, and the mode of origin of 

the associated trap rock, pp. 426-427. 

LEWIS, H. CARVILLE. 1884.

[Note on Newark fossils from near Phcenixville, Pa.]

In Science, vol. 3, p. 295.

States that two species of "Unio, together with

undetermined marine shells and remains

of plants and animal, have been obtained

near the town mentioned.

LEWIS, H. CARVILL. 1885.

A great trap dike across southeastern Pennsylvania.

Am. Phil. Soc., Proc., vol. 22, pp. 438-456, map 

op. p. 440.

Abstract in Science, vol. 4, p. 328; also in Am. 

Assoc. Adv. Sci., Proc., vol. 33, pp. 402-403, 

and in Neues Jahrbuch, 1887, p. 74.

Reviewed by Persifor Frazer in Am. Philo. 

Soc., Proc., vol. 21, pp. 691-694.

Describes in detail the course of a trap dike 

which enters Pennsylvania at Penmar 

at the southwest and extends nearly to 

the Delaware on the east. The course of 

the dike is shown on the map op. p. 440. 

The association of the dike with a great 

fault in Bucks county is discussed.

A criticism of this paper by P. Frazer is replied to, p. 456. For Frazer's rejoinder, see 

Frazer, 1884.

LEWIS, H. C. Review of a paper by, on a great 

trap dike across southeastern Pennsylvania (Frazer, '84).

Lcwisburg, Pa. Contact metamorphisni near (H. 

D. Rogers, '58, vol. 2, pp. 688-689).

Sandstone from (E. C. Hall, '78, p. 36).

Trap dikes near (H. D. Rogers, '58, vol. 2, p. 

688).

Trap hills near (H. D. Rogers, '58, vol. 2, p. 688).

Leyden, Mass. Contact of Newark system and

Primary rocks in (E. Hitchcock, '35, p.

223). 

Description of the gorge and glen in (E.

Hitchcock, '41, pp. 285-286). 

Dip and strike at (E. Hitchcock, '41, p. 448). 

Dip of sandstone in (E. Hitchcock, '35, p. 223). 

Junction of Newark system and Primary

rpcks in (E. Hitchcock, '41, p. 448).
RUSSELL.] LITERATURE. 243

Liberty center, X. J. Course of trap ridge near

(Nason, '89, p. 35J. 

Liberty corner, N. J. Analysis of trap from near

(Cook, : G8,p. 218). . 

Boring for coal afc (Cook, '68, p. 696). 

Boundary of First mountain trap at (Cook,

'68, p. 182).

Copper ores near (Cook, '68, p. 678). 

Course of trap ridge near (Cook, '82, p. 56). 

Dip in shale near (Cook, '82, p. 29). 

Dip near (Cook, '68, p. 198). 

Diverse dips near (Mason, '89, p. 18). 

Long hill near, described (Cook, '68, p. 187).

Lichti's (or Lighty's) ore bank, Pa. Report on

(Frazer, '77, p. 229). 

LIKKER, OSCAR MONTGOMERY. 1856.

[ First annual] report on the survey of South

Carolina.

Columbia, S. C., pp. i-vii, 1-133, pi. 1-9. 

Contains a brief account of the Newark system in South Carolina, pp. 19-20, 103,106, 

pi. 6.

Lignite irOInrtln's heiirt, N. S. (Dawson, '78, p. 99). 

Mention of (Bailey, Mat-hews and Ells, '80,

p. 211)). 

Lignite from North' Carolina nml Virginia, age

indicated by (W. B. liogers, '55a). 

Lily pond, Gill, Mass. Description of fossil footprints from (C. H. Hitchcock, '88, pp. 123- 

124). 

Lime post, Pa. Diverse dips near (Mason, '89, p.

19).

Limestone, bituminous, near Meriden, Conn., 

mention of (W. M. Davis, '89, p. 62).

Limestone in Connecticut valley (Percival, 'i2, p. 

36:>).

Brief account of (W. M. Davis, '88, p. 408.

Percival, '42, p. 316).

Deposited from springs (Emerson, '87, p. 19). 

Description of (Percival, '42, pp. 375, 428, 443-

444). 

Description of the occurrence of (Percival,

'42, pp. 310, 344, 392). 

Discussion of the origin of (W. M.. Davis, '89,

p. 60).

Mention of (W. M. Davis, '89, pp. 64-05.) 

Limestone (Potomnc marble) in Maryland (Shaler,

'84, ]>. 177. pi. 40). 

Limestone in Massachusetts. At West Springfield

(E. Hitchcock, '41, p, 059). 

Brief account of (E. Hitchcock, '35, pp. 218-

219).

Description of (E. Hitchcock, '41, p. 444). 

Discovery of (E. Hitchcock, '35, pp. 38-39). 

Metamorphosed by heat of trap at AVest

Springfield (E. Hitchcock, '35, p. 425). 

Limestone hi New Jersey (Brittou, '85a. Cook,

'79, pp. 31, 33. Cook, '82, pp. 42-43). 

Analysis of (Cook, '08, p. 516). 

Description of (Cook, '68, pp. 214-215. Cook,

'82, p. 23). 

Localities of, in the Newark system (Mason,

'89, p. 22). 

Near Clinton valley (Mason, '80, p. 18). I

Limestone in New Jersey Continued.

Near Foltville (Cook, '79, p. 18. Mason, '89,

p. 20). 

Near Scotch plains (H. D. Rogers, '4.0, p. 134).

Limestone in New York. Conglomerate of Rockland county, brief account of (Mathor, 

'39, pp. 126-127). 

llockland county, brief account of (Mathor,

'39, p. 126. Mather, '43, pp. 288-289). 

Limestone in North Carolina (Emmons, '57, p. 33). 

Chatham county (McLenahan, '52, p.170). 

Dan river coal field (Emmons, '52, p. 154). 

Limestone in Nova Scotia (Ells, '84, p. 12E). 

Limestone in Pennsylvania. Bucks county, mention of (Lewis, '85, p. 449. Lesley and 

d'lnvilliers, '85). 

Near Dillsburg (Frazer, '77, pp. 225, 308).

Analysis of (Frazer, '76c, p. 63) 

Near Liverpool (Frazer, '76, p. 159). 

Quarries of (Shaler, '84, p. 156). 

York county, analysis of (McCreath, '81, pp.

79-80). 

Limestone in Virginia. Detailed description of

(Heinrich, '78, p. 243). 

Limestone on Prince Edward island (Dawson and

Harrington, '71, pp. 34, 41). 

LINCKLAEN, LEDYARD. 1861. 

Guide to the geology of New York and to the

state geological cabinet. 

In fourteenth annual report of the regents of 

the university on the state cabinet of natural history. 

Albany. Pp. 17-84.

Contains a brief and very general account of 

the geology of llockland county, N. Y., 

pp. 34, 53, 76.

Lincoln university, Pa. Mention of a trap dike 

near (Frazer, '85, p. 693. Lewis, '85, p. 

447). 

Linden race track, N. J. Record of bored well at

(Nason, '896). 

Lindslcy's mill, N. J. Dip of building stone near

(H. D. Rogers, '40, p. 133). 

Linoleumvlllc, N. Y. Description of trap rock at

(Britton,'81, p. 169).

Lionville, Pa. Trap dike near (Lewis, !85, p. 445). 

Lisbnrn, Pa. Conglomerate near (H. D. Rogers,

'58, vol. 2, pp. 682, 683). 

Trap dikes near (H. D. Rogers, '58, vol. 2, pp.

688, 689). 

Trap ridge near (H. D. Rogers, '58, vol. 2, p.

678). 

Lititz, Pa. Boundary of the Newark near (H. D.

Rogers, '58, vol. 2, p. 668).

LITTLE, GEORGE. 1878. 

Catalogue of ores, rocks, and woods selected 

from the Geological Survey collections of 

the state of Georgia, TJ. S. A., with a description of the geological formations. 

Atlanta, G-a. Pp. 1-10.

Contains a brief account of trap dikes in 

Georgia, which .ire probably a portion of 

the series of dikes traversing tlio Newark 

system.

Little falls, Conn. Fossil fishes at (C. H. S. Davis, '87, p. 21).
244 THE NEWARK SYSTEM. [BULL. 85.

Little falls, X. J. Basaltic columns at (Cook, '08,

p. 203).

Bearing of joints at (Cook. '68, p. 201). 

Boundary of Newark near (Cook, '68, p. 175). 

Boundary of Second mountain, trap near

(Cook, '68, pp. 183, 184). 

Building stone at (Cook, '68, p. 505). 

Character of the rocks in quarries near (Na-

.son, '8!), p. 23). 

Columnar trap at (Cook, '08, p. 203. Cook, '82,

p. 53, pi. 5). 

Contact of trap and sandstone at (Cook, '83,

p. 23). 

Description of geology near (W. M. Davis, '83,

pp. 272-274). 

Desei'iption of sandstone near (Cook, '68, p.

209. II. D. Rogers, '40, p. 131). 

Description of trap sheet near (Darton, '90, pp.

20, 22).

Description of trap outcrop near (H. 1). llogers, '40, p. 147). 

Dip in sandstone at (Cook, '79, p. 30. Cook,

'82, p. 24.. H. D. llogers, '40, p. 131). 

Dip near (Cook, '08, p. 190). 

Erosion of trap rock at (Cook, '82, pp. 15-10). 

Gap in Second mountain at (Cook, '82, p. 52). 

Lower contact of trap sheet at (Darton, '90,

p. 31).

Lowering of trap reef at (Cook, '68, p. 855). 

Notch in First mountain near (Nason, '89, p.

26).

Occurrence of fossil plants at (Lea, '53, p. 193). 

Plant remains in sandstone near (Nason, '89,

pp. 23, 28). 

Quarries at (Cook, '79, pp. 20, 22. Cook, '81,

pp. 49-51. Shaler, '84, p. 141). 

Sandstone bencatli trap at (Cook, '68, p. 183). 

Section of trap' sheet near (Dartou, '90, pp.

30, 31). 

Succession of trap sheets at (Darton, '90, p.

25). '

Thickness of strata at (Cook, '68, p. 201). 

Little river valley, N. S. Basaltic trap of (Jackson and Alger, '33, p. 295).

Little round top, Pa. Specimens of trap from 

(C. E. Hall, '78, p. 27).

Little snake hill, X. J. See Snake hill (Cook, '68, 

pp. 178-179).

Littlestown, Pa. Altered conglomerate near (H.

D. llogers, '58, vol. 2, p. 680). 

Boundary of the Newark near (H. D. llogers,

'58, vol. 2, p. 608). 

Dip near (Frazer, '76, p. 102). 

Dolerite from (Frazer, '70, p. 159). 

Dolerite, sandstone, and conglomerate from

near (C.E. Hall,'78, p. 23). 

Section from, to Gettysburg (Frazer, '77, pp.

299-304, pi. op. p. 304). 

Trap dikes near (Frazer, '70, p. 102. H. D.

llogers, '58, vol. 2, p. 080). 

Little York, X. J. Boundaries of Newark system

near (Cook, '89, p. 11). 

Conglomerate at (Cook, '68, p. 210. Cook, '82,

p. 41). 

Dip in shale near (Cook, '82, p. 27).

Little York, N. J. Continued.

Gneiss bordering the Newark system near

(Nason, '89, p. 10).

Liverpool, Pa. Coal near (Frazer, '85, p. 403). 

Limestone and sandstone from near (Frazer,

'76, p. 159). ' 

Limestone, coal, etc., from near (C. E. Hall,

'78, p. 24).

Eemark on coal from (MeCreath, '79, p. 103). 

Llewellyn Park, X. J. Boundary of First mountain trap near (Cook, '68, p. 181). 

Columnar trap at (Dartou, '90, p. 24). 

Contact of trap and sandstone near (Cook, '82,

p. 52). 

Description of columnar trap near (Iddings,

'86). 

Description of sandstone near (Cook, '68, p.

209).

Dip at (Cook, '68, p. 195). 

Dip in sandstone near (Cook, '79, p. 30. Cook,

'82, p. 24).

Sandstone quarry at (Cook, '79, p. 22). 

Lockatong, X. J. Aranaceous strata near (H. D.

Eogers,.'4(i, p. 123). 

LOCKE, ( ). Cited on the magnetism of trap

rocks (E. Hitchcock, '45«). 

Lockliart shoals, S. C. Trap dikes near (Hammond, '84, p. 400). 

Lockville, X. (J. Brief account of locks near

(Emmoiis, '576, p. 77). 

Fossil plants from (Emmons, '57, pp. 100-132,

145).

Hematile nenr (YTillis. 'Sfi, p. 305). 

Lot-kville (Jones's falls), X. C. Plant bed at, with 

description of fo-sils (Enunons, '56, pp. 

324-327).

LOG AX, \V. E. 1865. 

Geological survey of Canada, report of progress from its commencement to 1863. 

Atlas of maps and sections with au introduction and appendix. 

Montreal. Pp. i-vi, 1-42, and 13 plates and

maps. 

The geological map in this report indicates

areas occupied by Newark rocks. 

LOGAX, W. E. 1866. 

Geological map of Canada and adjacent regions, including parts of the United States. 

Montreal.

See Hall and Logan, 1866.

LOGAX, W. E. Cited on the age of the Newark 

rooks of Nova Scotia, etc. (Dawson, '78, 

p. 109). 

Logan mine, Pa. Description of (d'lnvilliers, '86,

pp. 1510-1511).

lieport on (Frazer, '77, p. 211). 

Logansville, Pa. Trap near (Frazer, '76, p. 95.

C E. Hall, '78, p. 43).

Londonderry, X. S. Contact of Newark and 

Lower Carboniferous near (Ells, '85, p. 

48E). 

Loni? hill, X. J. Analysis of trap from (Cook,

'OR, p. 217). 

Boundary of Long hill trap near (Cook, '68,

p. 187). 

Boundary of Newark near (Cook, '68, p. 175).
RUSSEU,.] LITERATURE. 245

'"ill, >'. ,T. Continued. 

Character of the exposures near (II. ]).

Rogers,'40, p. 132). 

Course of (Cook, '82, p. 19). 

Description of (Cook, '68, pp. 186-187. Cook,

'82, p. 50). 

Dip on the southeast of (H. D. Rogers/40, p.

132). 

Reference to geological features of (IT. D.

Rogers, '40, p. 133).

Sandstone above trap at (Cook, '(iS, p. 201). 

Section from, to Bound Brook, N. J. (Cook,

'08, p. 199 and map in portfolio). 

See also Third Watch ting mountain. 

Long island, Va. 'Boundary of Newark near

(Heinrich, '78, p. 237). 

Long island, X. S. Description of (Da\vsi;n, '78,

p. 97. Oosncr, '36, p. 174. Jackson and

Alger, '33, pp. 21.9-220). 

Dip of sandstone on (Dawson, '78, p. 91). 

Recks of (Gesner, '30, p. 80). 

Section near (Dawson, '47, p. 56). 

Longmeadow, Mass. Brief account of building

stone found at (E. Hitchcock, '35, p. 46). 

Dip and strike of rocks in (E. Hitchcock, '41,

p. 448). 

Notice of building stone at (E. Hitchcock, '32,

pp. 35-36). 

Longuecker iron mine, Pa. Description of (d'lnvillicrs, '86, pp. 1509-1510). 

Lontaka trap (ridge), N. J. Description of (Cook.

'68, p. 188. Cook, '82, pp. 57-58).

LOPElt, S. WARD. 1891.

Two belts of f.miliferous black shale in the

Triassic formation of Connecticut. 

See DJIV.S and Loper, 1891.

LOPER, S. W. Reference to fossil lishes in cabinet of (Newberry, '88). 

Louiloun county. Va. Description of the Newark

in (AV. 1!. Rogers, '40, pp. 04-69). 

lOUOHRIDOE, R. II. 1884. 

Rcporc on the cotton production of the state

of Georgia [etc.].

In Tenth Census of the United States, "Washington. (Interior D'opt., Census Ofhce), 4to, 

vol. 6, part 2, pp. 259-450). 

States that the Newark system in probably 

represented in Georgia by trap dikes and 

by clay slates adjacent to the inetamorphie 

region, p. 279. 

Lower Montville. N. J. Course of trap ridge near

(Cook, '82, pp. 54-55). 

Lower Oxford, Pa. Mention of a trap dike in

(Frazor, '84, p. 093). 

Low tonic, N. Y. Elevation and character of

(Darton, '90, p. 38).

LYELL, CHARLES. 1842. 

On the fossil footprints of birds and impressions of raindrops in the valley of the Connecticut. 

" In London Gcol. Soc., Proc., vol. 3,1838-1842,

pp. 79.J-796.

Republished in Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 45, 1843, 

pp. 394-397.

LYELL, CHARLES Continued.

Describes the sandstone formation of the 

Connecticut valley and Nc\v Jersey, with 

its fossil tracks and other impressions. 

Considers the conditions of its deposition, 

relation to the hypogeno rocks, ago, etc. 

LYELL [CHARLES]. 1842a.

[Remarks on the cause of the pro-vailing <lip 

of the New Red sandstone of the Connecticut valley and of New Jersey and Pennsylvania.]

In Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 43, pp. 170, 172; also in 

Am. Assoc. Geol. and Nat., Proc., pp. 63, 

04, 66.

Brief remarks on a.paper by Edward Hitchcock. 

LYKLL, <'UViJLI>:. 1S43.

Fossil footprints.

In lectures on geology, delivered at the Broadway tabernacle, in the city of New York. 

Lecture VI, pp. 37-43.

Contains a brief account of fossil footprints, 

fossil fishes, etc., from New Jersey and 

the Connecticut valley.

LYELL, CHARLES. 1845.

Travels in North America, with geological 

observations on the United States, Canada, 

and Nova Scotia.

London, 12nio, vol. 1, pp. i-xii, 1-310, pi. 1,3-5, 

vol. 2, pp. i-viii, 1-272, pi. 2, 6-7.

Another edition of this work was issued in 

New York, 1845, in two volumes, 12mo, 

but without a number of the plates that 

accompany the edition mentioned above. 

A second English edition appeared in 

1855. A German edition translated by 

Emil Th. Wolff, was published at Halle 

in 1840.

Reviewed in Quart. Jour. Ueol. Soc., London, 

vol. 1, pp. 389-399, and by E. Enimous in 

Am. Quart. Jour. Agri. and Sci., vol. 2, pp. 

205-207.

Refers briefly to the sandstone and trap near 

New HaA'en, Conn., vol. 1, p. 13, and to the 

same formation in New Jersey, p. 15. Describes also a visit to the Connecticut valley in Massachusetts, in company with E. 

Hitcbcockpp, .251-255. Mentions the occurrence of sandstone, trap, etc., at cape 

Blomidon, N. S., vol. 2, pp. 271-272. A 

colored geological map of the eastern portion of the United States forms the frontispiece of vol. 2. A geological sketch 

map of the United States forming plate op. 

p. 75, in vol. 1 of the Now York edition, 

does not appear in the London edition. 

Mentions also the occurrence of sandstone, trap, amygdaloid, etc., at cape 

Blomidon, N. S., vol. 2, p. 271.

LYELL, CHARLES. 1847. 

On the structure and probable age of the coal

ueld of the James River, near Richmond,

Va. 

In Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc., London, vol. 3, pp.

261-280, pis. 8-9.
246 THE NEWARK SYSTEM. [BULL. 85.

I/YELL, CHARLES Continued.

Abstract in Am. Jour. Sci., 2d sor., vol. 4, pp. 

113-115.

Geological structure of the coal field, p. 261. 

Vortical calamites, p. 262. Thickness of 

coal, p. 263. Section showing the geological position of the coal-bearing rocks, p. 

263. Section of Midlothian coal mine, p. 

265. Junction of coal and granite in Blackheath mines, p. 266. Organic structure 

and mineral composition of the coal, p. 

268. Vegetable structure of mineral charcoal from Clover hill mines, p. 268. Analyses of coals and coke, p. 270. Beds of 

coal changed to coke by the action of trap, 

p. 270. Natural coke, p. 272. Position of 

the trap, p. 273. Age of the coals as determined by organic remains, p. 274. Fossil shells, p. 274. Fossil fishes, p. 275. 

Whether the strata are of marine or freshwater origin, p. 278. Fossil plants, p. 278. 

The coal measures probably of the age of 

the inferior OoMtic and Lias, p. 279. 

LYELL, CHARLES. 1849.

A second visit to the United States of North 

America.

London, 1849, vol. 1, pp. i-xii, l-3Gb; vol. 2, pp. 

i-xii, 1-385.

Second ed. not seen.

Third cd , London, 1855, in two volumes, 

paged as in 1st ed. Contains an account 

of a visit to the Richmond coal field, Virginia, vol. 1, pp. 279-288.

LYELL, CHARLES. 1851.

On fossil rain marks of the Recent, Triassic, 

and Carboniferous periods.

In Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc., London, vol.7,pp. 

238-247.

Describes raindrop impressions from Newark 

and Pompton, N. J. Gives figures of raindrop impressions and of hail impressions 

from Pompton, copied from C. "W. Redfield, pp. 238, 242-244.

LYELL, C. 1851a.

On the discovery of some fossil reptilian remains and landshells in the interior of an 

erect fossil tree in the coal measures of 

Nova Scotia, with remarks on the origin 

of coal fields and the time required for 

their formation.

In Roy. Inst. [London], Proc., vol. 1, pp. 281- 

288.

Gives a brief account of the area, remarks the

absence of reptilian remains in, p. 283. 

LYELL, CHARLES. 18511).

[Origin of raindrop impressions.]

In Am. Assoc. Adv. Sci., Proc., vol. 5, p. 74.

Quotation from a letter in a paper by W. C.

Redfield. 

LYELL, C. 1851c.

On impressions of raindrops in ancient and 

modern strata.

Royal Inst. [of Great Britain], Proc., vol. 1, 

pp. 50-53.

Mentions raindrop impressions from New 

Jersey.

LYELL, CHARLES. 1852.

Inferences dediicildo from the raindrop impressioiis in the Triassic and Carboniferous rocks.

In Ann. Sci. Discov., p. 261.

Brief extract from a lecture in which the impressions of raindrops and associated impressions on rertain rocks are interpreted. 

LYELL, CHARLES. 1854.

Special reports on the geological, topographical, and hydrographical departments of 

the exhibition.

In general report of the, British commissioners of the New York industrial exhibition 

in 1853, London, 4to, pp. 1-50.

Abstract in France, Geol. Soc., Bull., 2d ser., 

vol. 12, part 1, pp. 400-428.

Describes briefly the rocks of the Deep river 

basin, N. C., and of the Chesterfield basin 

(Richmond coal field), Va., referring to 

them as Oolite or Lias. The extent and 

characteristics of the Newark system in 

Massachusetts, Connecticut, New Jersey, 

and Pennsylvania, also receives attention, 

with special reference to their economic 

products. The character of the trap 

rocks in these stales and their relation to 

associated stratified rocks is also treated. 

LYELL, <I. 1857.

[Remarks on the ago of the Richmond coal 

field, Va.l

In geology of North America, by Jules Marcon, Zurich , 1858, 4to, p. 16.

In a letter to C. Marcou, states that C. Bunbury has changed his statement as to the 

age of the plants of the Richmond coal 

field, on account of a change in the determination of the age of the beds with which 

they were compared.

LYELL, CHARLES. 1866.

Elements of Geology.

New York, 6th ed., pp. i-xvi, 1-803.

Published previously as "A manual of elementary geology," several editions.

Contains a condensed description of the Richmond coal field, Va., the Deep river coal 

field, N. C., and of the sandstone, etc., of 

the Connecticut valley. 

LYELL, C. 1871.

The Student's Elements of Geology.

London, 12mo, pp. i-xix, 1-624.

Contents relating to the Newark sandstone of 

the Connecticut valley, p. 361.

Coal field of Richmond, Va., p. 362. Mammalian remains, p. 364. Low grade of early 

mammals favorable to the theory of progressive development, p. 364. 

LYELL, C. Cited on age of certain rocks in Nova 

Scotia (Dawson, '78, p. 109).

Cited on age of Newark system (Dewey, '57. 

Lea, '58. dewberry, '88, p. 10).

Cited on age of theNewark system of Virginia 

(Horner,'46).

Cited on age of the Richmond coal field, Va. 

(Hull, '81, p. 460. Marcou, '49, pp. 273-274.
RUSSELL. ] LITERATURE. 247

LYELL, C. Continued.

Marcou, '58, p. 1C. W. C. Redfield, '50,

pp. 185,187). 

Cited on coal mining in the Richmond coal

field (Fontaine, '79, pp. 35, 36). 

Cited on fossil crustaceans from the Newark

system (Jones, '02, pp. 85, 86). 

Cited on the fossil fishes of the Newark system (Nowborry,'88, p. 20). 

Cited on fossil footprints (Murchison, '43). 

Cited on the fossil "plants of the Richmond

area (Be La Beche, '48. Fontaine, '83, p.

25).

Cited on geology of tho Richmond coal, Virginia (Greer, '71. Taylor, '48, p. 47). 

Cited on intrusive trap sheets in Virginia (W.

M. Davis, '83, p. 294). 

Cited on natural coke in Richmond coal Held,

Va. (Clifford, 4 87, p. 12. De La Beche, '48). 

Cited on Newark flora (Marcou, '90). 

Cited on origin of certain raindrop impressions

found in New Jersey (W. C. Redfteld, '51a,

pp. 73,74). 

Cited on Posidonia from the Richmond coal

field, Va. (Lea, '50, p. 78). 

Cited on relation of trap and sandstone in

Massachusetts (Davis, '83, p. 285). 

Cited on Richmond coal field, vn . (Clillbrd,

'87, pp. 2, 5,7,8.13,14,23,24). 

Cited on Richmond coal field (Clillbrd, '88.

Emmons,'57, pp. 11-13). 

Cited on section in tho Richmond coal field,

Va. (Emmous, '50, p. 339). 

Cited on trap dikes in the Richmond coal field,

Va. (W. M. Davis, '83, p. 291!). 

Fossil fishes obtained by, from Connecticut

(Egerton, '49, p. 8). 

Notice of work by, in Virginia (Miller '79-'81,

vol. 2, pp. 149-151).

LYMAX, li. S. 1891.

[Remarks on bored well in Bucks county, 

near Easton, Pa.]

In Am. Philo. Soc. Proc., vol. 29, pp. 24,25).

[Remarks on paper by J. P. Lesley. See Lesley, '91, in which tho section passed 

through by the. boring referred to is given.] 

Lynchburg, Va. Brief account of sandstone near

(W. B. Rogers, '36, p. 82). 

MACFARLAXE, JAMES. 1877.

The coal regions of America; their topography, geology, and development.

New York, 3d ed., pp. i-xvi, 1-696, and 29 

maps.

2d ed., Now York. Not seen.

1st ed., New York. 1873, pp. i-xvi, 1-670, and 

25 maps.

Contains a general account of the Richmond, 

Va., Deep river and Dan river, N. C., coal 

fields. Compiled principally from the report of E. Emmons, II. D. Rogers, and J. 

P. Lesley. Contains geological sketch 

map of tho United States, pi. op. p. 3; a 

geological map of Pennsylvania, frontispiece; and a map of the United States 

showing distribution of coal fields, pi. op. 

p'. 026.

MACFARLAXE, JAMES. 1879.

An American geological railway guide.

New York, pp. 1-216 and a geological map.

Contains a brief sketch of tho Newark system, and indicates what railroad stations 

are situated on it. 

MACFARLAXE, JAMES. 1885.

An American geological railway guide. [Boing advance sheets of a second edition, 

relating to tho Dominion of Canada.]

New York, pp. 52-82.

Refers .briefly to tho Newark rocks of Nova

Scotia, p. 56.

MACFARLAXE, J. Cited on the coal production 

of the Richmond coal field, Va. (Hoinrich, 

'78, p. 268).

Cited on the value of the Richmond coal field,

Va (Hotchkiss, '80, pp. 91-92). 

MACKIE, S. J. 1863.

Tho aeronauts of tho Solenhofen age.

In The Geologist, vol. 6. pp. 1-8, pi. 1.

Refers hriefly to the footprints of tho Connecticut valley.' 

MACKIE, S. J. 1864.

Fossil birds.

In The Geologist, vol. 6,1803, pp. 415-424,445- 

455, pis. 22-24; vol. 7, 18C4, pp. 11-24, 50- 

53, pis. 1-4.

Contains a brief account of the finding of 

fossil footprints in the Connecticut valley, 

followed by a "bibliography of Connecticut footprints," compiled principally from 

a similar list by Hitchcock in his Iclinology of New England. An extract is 

also given from Emmons's "American 

Geology" concerning a fossil bird bono 

from tho Newark rocks of North Carolina. 

MACLURE, WILLIAM. 1809.

Observations on the geology of tho United 

States, explanatory of a geological map.

In Am. Phil. Soc., Traus., vol. C, 1809, pt. 2, 

pp. 411-428. Republished in same, n. s., 

vol, 1, 1818, pp. 1-91, pis. 1-2; also as a 

separate volume, Philadelphia, 1817, 8vo, 

pp. i-ix, 10-130, pis. 1-2, and map. Tho 

map (as stated by Marcou) was reproduced in 1822 by P. Cleavoland as a frontispiece of an elementary treatise on mineralogy and geology, 2d ed., Boston, and 

also in 1843, in The Geologist.

Portions of tho Newark rocks of New Jersey, 

Connecticut, etc., are considered in connection with other rocka west of the Appalachians, which are now known to be 

of much older date, under the head of 

"Secondary formation," and are so represented on tho map.

MACLURE ( ). Cited on the ago of the coal 

fields of North Carolina (Emmons, '50, p. 

271).

MACLURE [W.]. Cited on tho ago of the Newark system (Lea, '53, pp. 188, 189. Newberry, '88, p. 8. II. D. Rogers, '44, pp. 248, 

251. H. D. Rogers, '58, vol. 2, p. 093).

Cited 011 tho age of the Richmond coal field, 

Va. (Taylor, '35, p. 294).
248 THE NEW A UK SYSTEM. [ntJLL.85.

Mcf'ara's Itrook, \. S. Trap of (Dawson, '78, p.

jrt'IA'RE, MM. 182:!.

Comparative features of American and European geology.

In Am. Jour. Kci., vol. 5, pp. 197-198.

An extract, from a letter relating to the exlent and general character of the trap 

rocks of the Atlantic slope. The former 

connection of several of the Newark areas 

between the Connecticut and the Rappahannock is suggested.

M'CLrRE, W.. Cited on the extent of the Pan

river area, X. C. (Oltnsted, '27, p. 128). 

Cited on the former extent of the Newark

system (Olmsted, '24, p. 18). 

Cited on the Newark of Nortli Carolina (Olmsted, '20). 

McC'lure iron mine, Pa. Analysis of ore from

(d'lnvilliors, '86, p. 1513). 

McCormick iron mine, near Dillsburg, Pa. Brief

account of (Frazer, '76d). 

Description of (d'luvilliers, '86, pp. 1511-1512). 

Report on (Frazer. '77, pp. 214-217, 228-229). 

McCREATIf, ANDREW S. 1879. 

Second geological survey of Pennsylvania,

1870-1878, MM. Second report of progress in tlie laboratory of the survey at

Harrisburg.

Harrisburg, pp. i-xii, 1-438, and 2 plates. 

Contains an analysis of coal from York co.,

Pa.

jicCREATH, ANDREW S. 1881. 

Second geological survey of Pennsylvania,

1879-1880. M3. Third report of progress

in the laboratory of the survey at Harrisburg.

Harrisburg, pp. i-xx, 1-120, map in pocket. 

Contains analyses of limestones from near

Dillsburg, York county, Pa. 

McCREATH, A. S. Analysis of lioal from the

Richmond coal field, Va. (Clifford, '87, p.

10). 

Analysis of iron ore from Pennsylvania by

(d'lnvilliers, '80, p. 1507). 

Analysis of iron ores (d'lnvilliers, '83, pp. 324,

325, 331-333, 341). 

Cited on the composition of coal from the

Richmond eoal field, Va. (Chance, '85, p.

19).

MctiEE, W. J. 1884. 

Map of the United States, exhibiting the present status of knowledge relating to the

area! distribution of geologic groups. 

In TJ. S. Ocol. Stirv., fifth annual report, 1883-

1884, pi. 2, in pocket at end of volume. 

A compiled map showing areas occupied by

the Newark system.

HctiEE, W. J. 1888. 

Three formations of the middle Atlantic slope. 

In Am. Jour. Sci., 3d ser., vol.' 35, pp. 120-143,

228, 330, 367-388, 448-4G6, pi. 2, G~7. lieviewed in Am. Geol., vol. 2, pp. 129-131. 

States that the Potomac formation rests 1111-

conformably on the eroded surface of the

Newark, pp. 134, 135.

.HcOEIIKE, M. 1883.

Handbook of the State of Nortli Carolina, exhibiting its resources and industries.

Raleigh, pp. i-vi, 1-154.

Contains a brief account of the Deep river 

and Dan river coal fields, pp. 24-25,75-77, 

82.

McKAY, A. W. 18G6.

The red sandstone of Nova Scotia.

British Assoc. Adv. Sci., Rep., No. 35.

A brief summary of facts and conclusions 

concerning the distribution, lithological 

character, fossils, geological age, etc., of 

the Newjirk rocks of Nova Scotia, pp. 6G67.

McKay'shead, X. S. Rocks of (Gesner, '36, p. 254). 

MrKniglitstowii, Pa. Sandstone, conglomerate,

etc., from (C. E. Hall, '78, p. 42). 

McLEXAHAN, S. 1852. 

[Observations and remarks on the Deep and

. Dan river coal fields, North Carolina.] 

In report of Professor Emmons, on his geological survey of North Carolina (Executive document, No. 13). 

Raleigh, 1852, pp. 168-173. 

Describes briefly some of the local features oi

the coal fields mentioned, pp. 168-171. 

Madison, X. C. Brief account of coal near (McGehee,'83, p. 76). 

Coal near (Kcrr, '75, p. 145). 

Conglomerate near (Emmons, '52, p. 152). 

Fossil tree-trunks found at (Emmons, '52, p.

148).

Section near (Einmons, '56, p. 259). 

Sections with dips and strikes at (Emmons,

'52, p. 151). 

Thickness of sandstone at (Emmons, '57, p.

22). 

Madison, N. J. Dip of sandstone near (H. D.

Roger's, '40, p. 133). 

Madisonvillc, X. J. Dip in shale at (Cook. '82, p.

30). 

Magdalen islands. Mention of Newark rocks in

(Marcou,'58, pp. 11,65). 

Possible Trias on (Richardson, '81, p. 8G). 

MAHAX, D. H. 1871. 

[Trap rock as a building stone.] 

In an elementary course of civil engineering,

Now York, p. 3.

Refers to the uses of the trap rock of the 

Palisades of New Jersey, and mentions its 

mineralogical composition (criticized by 

G. P. Merrill, see Merrill, '89, p. 435). Refers also to the sandstone of the Newark, 

pp. 4-5.

MAHAX [D. H.]. Cited on the mineralogical composition of trap rock (G. P. Merrill, '89, p. 

435). 

Maidenhead coal mine, Va. Account of ("Wooldridge, '42, pp. 2-3).

Analysis of coal from (Clemson, '35. Clifford, 

'87, p. 10. Macfarlane, '77, p. 515. Williams,'83, p. 82).

Brief account of (Macfarlane, '77, p. 5D7). 

Depth of (Taylor, '48, p. 49). 

Explosion in (Taylor, '48, p. 49).
IUTSSKT.L.] LITERATURE. 240

Maidenhead coalmine, Ya. Contimiod. 

Notes on (Taylor, '35, pp. 284, 285). 

Thickness of coal in (Taylor, '35, p. 282). 

Makcflehl township, Pa. Report on tlio geology

of (C. E. Hall, '81, pp. 49, 50).

Jlalvcrn, Pa. Trap dike near (Lewis, '85, p. 445). 

Malvern square, IV. S* Minerals near (AVillimott,

'84, p.2G5L). 

IJaiiiinals, fossil. Brief account of, in reference to

ago. (Kmmons, '57&, p. 78). 

Discussion of (Marsh, '87, p. 344). 

From Egypt, redescription of (Oshorn, '80). 

From Ifortli Carolina (Emmons, '57, pp. 93-96). 

New germs of (Osborn, '8Ga). 

Snnmiary concerning (Miller, '79-'Sl, vol. 2, p.

244). 

9Ianakin,Ya. Coal mines near (Fontaine, '83, p. 3).

Fossil plants from (Fontaine, '83). 

Manakin town ferry, Ya. Boundary of Newark

area near (Heinrich, '7S, p. 231). 

Manassn, Ya. Brief account of sandstone quarries at (G. P. Merrill, '89, p. 40]). 

Quarries of Newark sandstone at (Shnler, '84,

p. 179). 

Manassa gap, Ya. Boundary of Newark near

(Heinrich,'78, p. 235). 

BIanatawny,Pa. Contactinotanior|diism at (d'luvilliers, '83, p. 199). 

Manchester, Conn. Description of fossil hones

from (Marsh, '89, pp. 331-332). 

Description of trap dikes in primary rocks

near (Perrival, '42, pp. 425-420). 

Manchester, N. J. Boundary of First mountain

trap near (Cook, '68, p. 181).

Manganese, atBlomidon, N. S. (Gesner, '30, p. 217). 

In New Jersey (Cook, '08, p. 224). 

In New Jersey, near Clinton (Cook. '05, pp. 

7-8. Cook, '68, p. 7.1.1).

Scotia (Gilpin, '85, p. 8). 

co head, N. B. (Gesner, '40, pp. 17-18). 

Manheim, Pa. Boundary of the Newark near 

(Frazer, '80, pp. 13, 37-38. H. D. Rogers, 

'58, vol. 2, p. 608). 

Manituck mountain, Conn. Building stones near

(Percival, '42, p. 439). 

Description of elevations near (Percival, '42,

p. 440). 

Description of trap ridges near (Percival, '42,

pp. 389-393). 

Sandstone associated with trap near (Percival,

'42, p. 440). 

Topographic form of'trap ridge ending in

(Percival, '42, p. 307).

MANTELL, GIDEON ALGERNON. 1848. 

[On the footprints in the Connecticut valley

sandstone.]

In Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 45, pp. 184-185. 

Contains general observations regarding the

fossils mentioned.

MANTELL, GIDEON ALGERNON. 184C.

Description of footmarks and other imprints

OH a slal> of New Red sandstone, from

Turners Falls, Mass., U. S., collected by

Dr. James Deano, of Greenh'eld, V. S.

MANTELL, GIDEON ALGERNON Continup«l. 

In London Geol. Soc., Quart. Jour., vol. 2, pp.

38-40; also ill London and Edinburgh

Pbilo. Mag., 1843, vol. 23, p. 186. 

Abstract in Neues Jahrbucli, 1844, p. 248. 

Gives a general description of a small slab of

sandstone bearing raindrop impressions

and footprints. 

Map, geological, of Canada (Selwyn andDawson,

'81, map accompanying). 

And adjacent regions, including parts of the

'United Stales (Hall and Logan, 'GO). 

Scale 125 miles to 1 inch (Logan, '05, map No.

]).

Of the coal tields of the United States (Hitchcock, '74, pi. 11). 

Map, geological, in Connecticut. Adjacent ends

of Saltonstall and Totoket mountains,

Conn. (Dims and Whittle, '89, pi. 2). 

Of Connecticut (Percival, '42). 

Chimney peak (Davis and "Whittle, '89, pi. 2). 

Farmington mountain, and its anterior ridge

(Davis and Whittle, '89, pi. 3). 

Farmiugton river gap, at Tariffville (Davis

and Whittle,'89, pi. 3). 

Hanging hills (W. M. Davis, '89, pi. 4). 

Lamentation and Higby mountains, showing

trap ridges and faults (-AV. M. Davis, '89,

pi. 3). 

Lamentation mountain (W. M. Davis, '89,

pi. 1).

Meriden district (W. M. Davis, '89c, p. 434). 

Newark area, with trap outcrops (Davis (tod

Whittle, '89, pi. 1).

Newark areas (W. M. Davis, '88, pi. 52). 

NcMr Haven region (J. D. Dana, '71, pp. 46-47). 

North end of Higby mountain (Davis and

AVhittle, '89, pi. 2). 

North end of Lamentation mountain (Davis

and Whittle,'89, pi. 3). 

North end of Totoket mountain (Davis and

Whittle, '89, pi. 2).

Notch mountain and east ridge of the Hanging hills (Davis and AVhittle, '89, pi. 2). 

Posterior rid go of Saltoustall mountain (Davis

and Whittle, '89, pi. 3). 

Rock falls of Aramamit river (Davis and

Whittle, '89, pi. 3).

Region about Kensington (Percival, '22, map). 

Toket and Pond mountains (W. M. Davis, '88,

p. 479). 

Trap dikes at Walliugford (W. M. Davis, '83,

p. 309, pi. 11). 

Trap ridges in Woodbury (W. M. Davis, '88,

p. 473). 

Trap ridges near South Britain (W. M. Davis,

'88, p. 470). 

South end of Lamentation mountain (Davis

and AVhittle, '89, pi. 2). 

Trap ridges, after Percival (J. D. Dana, '75,

pp. 20,418).

Trap ridges, main, in the Meriden-New Britain district (W.M. Davis, '89, pi. 5). 

Trap ridge near Shuttle meadow reservoir (W.

M. Davis, '89, pi. 2).

Trap ridges of the East Haven region (Hovey, 

'89, pi. 9).
250 THE NEWARK SYSTEM. [BULL. 85.

Map, geological, of Connecticut valley (E. Hitchcock, '18'. E. Hitchcock, '23, vol. G, map op. 

p. 80. E. Hitchcock, '35, pi. 15, in atlas. 

A. Smith, '32, map op. p. 205). 

After Percival (J. D. Dana, '91a). 

Showing footprint localities. Scale, 3J miles

to 1 inch (E. Hitchcock, '58, pi. 2). 

Showing Newark area (AV. M. Davis, '89, pi. 1). 

Showing outline of Newark area (J. D. Dana,

75rt, p. 499).

Trap ridges (J. D. Dana, 75, p. 418). 

Trap ridges in, after Percival (J. D. Dana, '47,

p. 391).

Trap ridges near New Haven (J. D. Dana, '91). 

Of Georgia. Eeference to trap dikes in

(T. P. James, '76). 

Of Maryland (Tyson, 'CO). 

Of Massachusetts (E. Hitchcock, '32, map op. 

p. 1. E. Hitchcock, '35, pi. 1 in atlas. 

E.Hitchcock, '41, frontispiece to vol. 

1. E.Hitchcock,'44e). 

Newark area, after Hitchcock (Walling,

'78, pi. op. p. 192). 

Lead mines and veins of Hampshire

county (Nash, '27). 

Mount Holyoke and Mount Tom (W. M.

Davis, '83, pp. 305-307, pi. 10). 

Mount Toby (Walling, '78, pi. op. p. 192). 

Scale, 10 miles to 1 inch (C. H. Hitchcock,

'71).

Showing direction of the strata (E.Hitchcock, '35, pi. 15 in atlas). 

Showing strikes, dip, axes of elevation,

etc. (E. Hitchcock, '41, pi. 53). 

Turner's falls (W. M. Davis, '83, pp. 305-

307, pi. 10).

Of New Brunswick (Bailey, '6i. Bailey, Mathews and Ells, '80, sheets No. 1, NE., 

No. 1, SE.,No. 1,SW., accompanying.) 

Grand Manan island (Bailey, '72, op. p. 45). 

Map ~No. 1, S. W. geological survey of Canada, Province of New Brunswick 

(Contains map of Grand Manan island 

andnoteonthemargin) (Bailey, Mathews and Ells, '80). 

Scale, 25 miles to 1 inch (Dawson, '78,

map2d and 3d ed.). 

Showing the location of several small

Newark areas (Matthew, 'C5a). 

St. John county, showing Newark at

QuacoHead (Matthew, '63, p. 248). 

Of New Hampshire (C. H. Hitchcock, 77). 

Of New Jersey (Cook, 'C3, p. 21. Cook, '68, 

p. 39. Cook, '08, in portfolio. Cook, 

79. Cook, '81. Cook, '82. Putnam, 

'86&, pp. 140, 150. H. D. Rogers, MO. 

Whitfield, '85, fit end of volume). 

Arlington trap (Darton, '90, p. 57). 

Azoic area, paleozoic formations, etc., of

New Jersey (Cook, '08, in portfolio). 

Cretaceous formation, etc. (Cook, '68, in

portfolio).

Cushetnnk and Round mountains (Darton, '90, p. 63).

Delaware river region (Dartou, '90, pi. 6). 

Flemiugtou, showing trap outcrops (Darton, '90, p. CG).

Map, geological, of Xew Jersey Continued.

Lake Passaic, showing trap ridges (Cook,

'80, frontispiece). 

Newark area in (Davis and Wood, '89, pp.

396, 407). 

New German town trap region (Darton,

'90, p. 36).

Intrusive and extrusive trap sheets (Darton, '90, pi. 1). 

New Vernoii and Longhill trap ridges

(Darton, '90, p. 34). 

New Vernon trap sheet and vicinity

(Dartou, '90, pi. 4). 

Northern part, scale, 2 miles to 1 inch

(Cook and Smock, 74). 

Rocky hill, Ten mile run mountain etc.

(Darton, '90, p. CO). 

Scale, 6 miles to 1 inch (Cook, '81, in

pocket. Cook, '82, in pocket). 

Showing outline of trap ridges and drainage lines (Nasou, '89, pi. op. p. 42). 

Showing portion of New York-Virginia

area (Cook, '86, map.) 

Showing the relations of the Watchuug

traps (Darton, '90, p. 16). 

Snake hill trap (Darton, '90, p. 55). 

Trap sheets near Hoboken (Darton, '90, p.

45).

In New York (Putnaui, '86a). 

Long and Staten islands, with theenvirons

of New York (Mather, '43, pi. 1). 

New York city and vicinity (D. S. Mar.

tin, '88). 

Rockland county, N. Y. (Darton, '90, p.

40). 

Trap west of New York (Credner, '65, pi.

13). 

Staten island (Britton, 81, pi. 15. Putuam,

'8Ga, p. 123). 

Stony point (J. D. Dana, '80-'81, vol. 22, p.

113)- j-fe 

Of North America (Hitcucock and Hitchcock,

'67, pp. 408-409). 

Of North Carolina (Anonymous, '69. Kerr,

75. Mitchell, '42. Willis, '86, pis. op.

pp. 301-302). 

Chatham county (W. R. Johnson, '51, map

No. 3). 

Coal outcrop at Mnrchison (Chance, '85,p48). 

Deep river coal field (Chance, '85, pi. op. p.

03. Einmons,'5G,pp.33ft-342. Wilkes,

'58.) 

Deep river and Dan river coal fields (Daddow and Bannan, '6G, p. 404). 

Deep river mining aiid transportation

company's coal mines (W. R. John.

sou, '51, map. No. 4). 

Newark area (Chance, '85, pi. op. p. 66). 

Part/of (W. R. Johnson, '51, map No. 1). 

Showing Newark about AVadesborough,

etc. (Mitchel, '29, map op. p. 1). 

Showing outcrop of coal at Evans (Chance,

'85, p. 44). 

Showing outcrop of coal near Farmville

(Chance, '85, p. 27).
RUSSELL..] LITERATURE. 251

Map, geological, of North Carolina Continued.

Showing outcrop of coal near the Gulf 

(Chance, '85, p. 38).

Showing position of coal-bearing areas

(Kerr, '79).

Of Nova Scotia (Dawsou, '45. Dawson, '78, 

1st ed. Dawsou, '78, map 2d and 3d ed. 

Gesner, '36. Jackson and Alger, '33).

Minas basin and Cobeqnid bay (Dawson,

'47, pi. 5).

Of Pennsylvania (Frazer, '82, pi. [3]. Lesley, 

'80, op.]>. 050. Lesley and d'lnvilliers 

'85, frontispiece of volume. Maefarlane, '77, frontispiece. Putnam, '80c, plop, p. 170. H. D. Rogers, 58, vol. 2, in 

portfol io).

Adams county (Lesley and Frazer, '70).

Chester county (Frazer, '83, in pocket).

Cornwall iron mines near Lebanon (Lesley and d'lnvilliers, '85).

Cumberland county (Lesley, '80).

Distribution of Newark rocks (C. E. Hall, 

'80, pi. op. p. 442).

Franklin, county (Sanders, '81).

Fritz islandmino (d'lnvilliers,'83, in atlas).

Indicating drainage, etc., in Jurassic time 

(W. M. Davis, '89a, p. 233).

Iron mines near Boyertown (d'lnvilliers, 

'83, in atlas).

Iron mines of Cumberland and York counties (d'lnvilliers, '80, pi. op. p. 1437).

Iron ore deposits at Cornwall (d'lnvilliers, 

8Ga, p. 874).

Iron ore mines near Dillsburg (Frazer, 

'7Gd, pi. 2).

Lancaster county (Frazer, '80).

Lehigh and Northampton counties and a 

part of Berks county (d'lnvilliers, '83, 

in atlas).

Mining districts of Chester and Montgomery counties (H. D.Rogers, '58, vol. 2, 

op. p. 074).

Near Philadelphia (C. E. Hall, '81, in 

pocket. C. E. Hall, '81, p. 21).

Newark rocks (Lesley, '04, op. p. 476).

Ore deposits in York and Adams counties 

(Frazer. '70, op. p. 64).

Pickeriug creek copper and lend mines 

(Lesley, '83, p. 177).

Portion of Montgomery and Bucks counties (Hall, '81, in pocket).

Trap dike across southeast Pennsylvania 

(Lewis, '85, pi. op. p. 440).

Trap dike near Flonrtown, Pa. (C. E. Hall, 

'81, p. 23).

York county (Frazer, '80. Frazer, '85, pi. 

op. p. 391).

York and Adams counties (Frazer, '76,

op. p. 196. Frazer, '77). 

Of Prince Edward island, scale 25 miles to 1

inch (Dawson, '78, map, 2d and 3d ed.

Dawson and Harington, '71, frontispiece.

Ells, '84, accompanying). 

Of South Carolina, Chesterfield county (Tnovuey, '48. Lieber, '50, pi. 6).

Map, geological, of the United States.

(Brewer, '00. C. H. Hitchcock, '74, pi. 12. C. 

H. Hitchcock, '80. Hitchcock and Blako, 

'74. Macfarlane, '79, pi. op. p. 216. McGee,'84. Marcou, '55. Marcou, '58, frontispiece. Marcou, '58, frontispiece. Marcou, '58, pi. 9. H. D. Rogers, '56, pi. 8).

Of the United States and the British provinces 

(Marcou,'53, on map in vol. 2. Marcou, 

'55a).

Of the United States, Canada, etc. (Lyoll, '45, 

vol. 2, pi. 2. Bradley, '75).

Of the United States, eastern part of (Cleaveland. '22, frontispiece. Lo Conte, '82, p. 

280. Maclure, t '09).

Of Virginia (Hotchkiss, '76, op. p. 46. Hotchkiss, '80. Rogers, '84). 

Black heath coal mines (Clifford, '87, pi.

4).

Deep run coal mine (Clifford, '87, pi. 5). 

Eastern part of, showing distribution of

Mesozoic rocks (Heinrich,'78, pi. 5). 

Midlothian coal mine (Heinrich, '76, pi. 3). 

Piedmont coal fields (Daddow and Bannau,

'66, p. 305). 

The Richmond coal field (Clifford, '87, pi.

1).

The western part of (Bonton, '86, pi. op. 

p. 261).

Of the world (Prostwich, '86, vol. 1, pi. I).

Showing Newark area (E. Hitchcock, '56).

Geological sketch, of the United States (Foster, '69, pi. op. p. 273. Lyell, '45, pi. op. p. 

75 in New York edition. Macfarlano, '77, 

pi. op. p, 3. Steel, '74, frontispiece).

Of coal fields of the United States. Indicates 

the position of the Richmond, Deep river, 

and Dan river coal fields (Macfarlaue, '77, 

pi. op. p. 626).

Newark area in the United States (Chance, 

'85, pi. op. p. 66).

Marble hall, Pn. Trap dike near (C. E. Hall, '81, 

p. 75. Lewis, '85, p. 441. H. D. Rogers, 

'58, vol. 1, p. 214):

March's mill, Pa. Dip of conglomerate at (d'lnvilliers, '8?, p. 202). 

Strike and dip (d'lnvilliers, '83, p. 213).

MARCOU, .JULES. 1849.

Note stir lo honille du eonte de Chesterfield, 

pros de Richmond (fitat de Virginia).

In Bull. Soc. Gcol. de France, 2d ser., vol. 6, 

1848-1849, pp 572-575.

Reviews previous determination of the geological position of the Richmond coal field, 

and proposes a now correlation based on 

additional evidence furnished bjr fossil 

plants and fishes.

MARCOU, JULES. 1858. 

A geological map of the United States and of 

the British provinces in North America; 

with an explanatory text, geological sections, and plates of the fossils which 

characterize the formations.
252 THE NEWARK SYSTEM. [ntJLT,. 85.

MARCOU, JCLKS Continnod.

Boston, [vol. 1], pp. i-viii, 1-92, pis. 1-8; [vol. 

2], a geological map of the United States, 

etc.

For references to later editions of the geological map seo Bulletin No. 7, 1884, of the 

TJ. S. Geological Survey.

Reviewed in Am. Jour. Sci., 2d scr., vol. 17, 

pp. 109-200; byW. P. Blako, ibid., vol. 22, 

pp. m-388; l>y TI. Agassiz, ibid., vol. 27, 

pp. 134-1 39.

Contains a list of synonyms of the Newark 

system and gives a brief account of the 

formation. A few characteristic fossils 

are figured, pp. 39-44, pis. 0-7.

Refers the Richmond area to the Trias, and 

the Newark rocks of North Carolina to 

the New Red sandstone. 

MARCOU, JDLES. 1855.

Resume explicatif d'tino carte geologique de» 

l?tats-Uuis et des provinces anglaises de 

I'Amerique du Nord avec tin profll geologique nil ant de la vallee du Mississippi 

aux cotes du Paciflque et lino plancho de 

fossiles.

In Bull. Soc. Geol. de France, 2d ser., vol. 12, 

pp. 813-936, pi. 21, and map.

Contains a general sketch of the characteristics, distribution, and stratigraphical relations of the Jura and Trias formations 

in North America. Discussion of the age 

of tho Newark system. 

MARCOU, JULES. 1855a.

Ueber die Geologie Arereinigten Staaten und 

der englischeu provinzen von Nordamerika.

In Petermann'sMittli.. vol.], 1855, pp. 149-159, 

and map 15.

Brief account of the extent and characteristics 

of the Newark system of North America.

MARCOU, JULES. 1858.

Geology of North America, with two reports 

on the prairies of Arkansas and Texas, 

the Rocky mountains of New Mexico, and 

tho Sieira Nevada of California.

Zurich, 4to, pp. i-viii, 1-144, 1-8, pis. 1-9, and 

a geological map of the United States.

Contains many statements concerning tho 

geological position of the Newark system.

MARCOU, JULES. 1859.

Reply to the criticisms of James D. Dana, 

including Dana's two articles, with aletter 

of Louis Agassiz.

Zurich, pp. 1-40.

A reply to certain criticisms in reference to 

Jules Marcou's observations on the geology of North America. Several reviews 

of Marcou's writings are reprinted. 

MARCOU, JULES. 1875.

Explication d'une secondo edition de In, carte 

g6ologiquc de la terre.

Zurich, 4to, pp. 1-222, pi. 1.

Contains a short sketch of general geology, in 

which brief references arc made to tho 

"Trias" and "Jura" of North America, 

pp. 43-55; and an account of tho. geology

MARCOU, JULES Continued.

of North America in which brief notices 

are given of the writings of various geologists. On the small map at the end of 

the volume areas are indicated which arc 

occupied by the "Trias" and "Dyas" 

combined.

MARCOU, JULES. 1888. 

American geological classification and nomenclature.

Cambridge, Mass., pp. 1-75. 

Refers briefly to the rocks of the Newark system, pp. 31-32, 73.

MARCOU, JULES. 1890.

The Triassic flora of Richmond, Va.

In Am. Gcol., vol. 5, pp. 160-174.

A review of "Contribution to the knowledge

of tho older Mesozoic flora of Virginia,"

by W. M. Fontaine; '' Sur Iapr6scnce dans

le gres bigarre, des Tosges, de 1'Acrostichides rhombifolius, Fontaine" par Ren6

Zeiller; "Die Lunzen-(Lettenkohlens)-

Flora in den "older Mesozoic beds of tho

coal field of eastern Virginia," by D. Stur;

and "Fossil fishes and fossil plants of tbe

Triassic rocks of New Jersey and tho

Connecticut valley: " by J. S. Newberry.

MARCOU, J. Cited on the age of the Newark

system (Dewey, '57. Jones, '62, p. 134.

Lea, '58. Newberry, '88, p. 9. Zeiller, '88,

p. 698).

Richmond coal field, Virginia (Hull, '81, p.

400).

MARCOU, J. Cited on extent of the Triassic 

rocks in America (Archiac, '60, pp. 633- 

638). 

Geological map of North America (Marcou,

"59, pp. 26-30). 

Newark flora (Marcou, '90). 

Reproduction of geological map of the world

by (Prestwich, '86, vol. 1, pi. 1). 

Review of geology of North America by

(Agassiz, '59. J. 1). Dana, '59). 

Margarctville, N. S. Copper at (How, '09, p. CO.

Willimott, '84, p. 20j L.? 25, 20 L.). 

Margerum'g, S., quarry near Princeton, X. J. Description of (Cook, '81, p. 55). 

Maria furnace, Pa. Iron ore near (H. D. Rogers,

'58, vol. 2, p. 090). 

Trap dikes near (H. D. Rogers, '58, vol. 2, p.

090).

Mariner's harbor, Staten island. Newark outcrop near (Hollick, '89).

Marion, N. J. Trap rock at (Ward, '79, p. 150). 

Marion, Pa. Boundaries of tbo Newark in (C. E.

Hall, '81, pp. 83-84).

Marlboro, Conn. Description of trap dikes in 

primary rocks near (Percival, '42, pp. 

423-424).

Marls in North Carolina. (Kerr, '75, p, 187). 

MARSH, DEXTER. 1848. 

[On the discovery of footprints in tho sandstone of the Connecticut valley.] 

In Am. Jour. Sci., 2d sor., vol. G, pp. 272-274). 

Describes the finding of footprints at several 

localities in the Connecticut valley.
HUSSELL.] LITEBATURE. 253

MARSH, DEXTER. Cited on the discovery of fossil footprints in tho Connecticut valley 

(E. Hitchcock, '58, p. S).

MARSH, D. Footprints discovered by (Deanc, 

'49, pp.212-214. E. Hitchcock, '55a,p.lSG).

Reference to specimens of footprints in tlio 

cabinet of (K. Hitchcock, '48).

Koferrod to in connection with fossil footprints (Macfarhme, '70, p. 03). 

MARSH, 0. 0. !*<>».

Catalogue of mineral localities in New Brunswick', Nova Scotia, and Newfoundland.

In Am. Jonr. Soi., 2d ser., vol. 35, pp. 210-218.

Includes many Newark localities. 

MARSH, 0. 0. 1807.

Contributions to the mineralogy of Nova Scotia; No, 1, Lederite identical with gmelinite.

In Am. Jonr. Sci., 2d ser., vol. 44, p. 362-367.

Localities in the Newark are mentioned. 

MARSH, 0. C. 1877.

The introduction and succession of vertebrate 

life in America.

In Am. Assoc. Adv. Scj., Proc., vol. 20, 1878, 

pp. 2] 1-258, pi. op. p. 211.

Contains a general summary of what is known 

concerning tho reptilian life of the Newark system, pp. 218-220. 

MARSH, 0. C. 1887a.

American Jurassic mammals.

In Am. Jour. Sci., 3d ser., vol. 33, pp. 327-348, 

pis. 7-10.

Republished in Geol. Mag., n. s., vol. 4, decade 

3,1887, pp. 241-247, 289-299, pis. 6-9.

Classifies all known Triassic and Jurassic 

mammals for America, and describes several new genera and species. 

MARSH, 0. C. 1889.

Notice of new American Diuosauria.

In Am. Jonr. Sci., 3d ser., vol. 37, pp. 331-330.

Contains brief descriptions of Dinosaurian

remains from tho Connecticut valley. 

MARSH, 0. 0. Cited in reference to fossils of the 

Newark system (Xewherry, '88).

Cited on Mormolucoides artictilatus (Scudder, 

'68, p. 218).

Reptilian character of the footprints of tho 

Connecticut valley (Hull, '87, p. 80).

Remarks on footprints collected by AViuchell,

'70, p. 180). 

Marsh, Pa. Boundaries of the Newark in (C. E.

Hall, '81, pp. 74-75).

Marshal corners, X. J. Copper ores near (Cook, 

'68, p. G79).

Dip in shale at (Cook, '82, p. 20).

Dip near (Cook, '08, p. 199).

Trap hill near (Cook, '08, p. 190). 

Marslialtou, Pa. Trap dike near (Lewis, '85, pp. 

4J5, 446).

Marsh's quarry, Montague, Mass. Fossil footprints at (E. Hitchcock, '58, pp.49ctscq.).

MARSTKRS, V. V. 1890.

Triassic, traps of Nova Scotia, with notes on 

other iutrnsives of Pictou and Antigonish 

counties, N. S.

In Am. Geol., vol. 5, pp. 140-145.

MARSTERS, V. F. Continued.

Describes North mountain and capo Blomidou, N. S. Suggests that tho trap rocks 

there exposed were formed by a submarine eruption. Compares tho trap with 

similar rocks in the Connecticut valley, 

and describes its microscopical characters. 

Describes trap dikes outside of the Newark area in eastern Nova Scotia. 

Marstcrs mountain,>'. S. Characterof, and height

of (Marstcrs, '90). 

Marthas Vineyard. Newark debris in Tertiary

rocks of (Shaler, ;85it, p. 21). 

Martials cove, >'. S. Description of (Gesner, '36,

pp. 192-194).

MARTIN, B. JT. 1870.

[Remarks on the metamorphic origin of the

trap rock forming the Palisades of the

Hudson.]

In New York Lye. Nat. Hist., Proc., vol. 1,

1870-71, pp. 132-133.

Describes personal observations on the stratification and lithology of tho rocks of the 

Palisades, which tend to support the metamorphic origin of the trap of that ridge 

as suggested by Wurtz.

MARTIX, D. S. 1870. 

[Celadonite (?) from the trap rock of "Weehawken, N. J.] 

In New York Lye. Nat. Hist., Proc., vol. 1,

1870-'71, pp. 130-131.

Mentions the discovery of the mineral referred to.

MARTIN, DANIEL S. 1876.

On the rocks of New York island and their

relation to the geology of tho Middle

states.

In Liverpool Geol. Soc., Proc., vol. 3, pp. 118-

120.

Describes the belt of gneiss passing through 

Now York, Trenton, Philadelphia, etc., 

and shows that it divides tho earlier from 

tho latter Mesox.oic beds. Tho opposite 

dips of the beds on tho sides of this axis 

are noted.

MARTIN, D. S. 1883.

[Remark on tho Newark system in New Jersey.]

In New York Aeud. Sci., Trails., vol. 2, 1882- 

'83, p. 120.

Refers to a possible origin of the arkose near 

Hoboken, N. J., and states that the Newark rocks of New Jersey and of tho Connecticut valley were probably united at 

tho time of their deposition.

MARTIX, D. S. 1885.

[Remarks on tho former connection of tho 

Newark areas of New Jersey and of tho 

Connecticut valley.]

In New York Acad. Sci., Trans., vol. 5, 1885- 

'80, pp. 19-20.

Refers to the niincralogioal character of tho

"tide-water gneiss" separating tho two

Newark areas referred to, and expresses

the opinion that these areas were united

at t'.vj thus of their deposition. *
254 THE NEWARK SYSTEM. [BCI.L. 85.

MART1X, DAMEL S. 1888.

Geological map of New York city and vicinity.

New York. A wall map accompanied by a 

pamphlet with tho same title, pp. 1-14.

The map includes the northern part of the 

New York-Virginia area, and tho pamphlet accompanying it gives a brief account of its more prominent features. 

Martins cove, >T . S. Copper at (Gesner, '36, pp. 

192, 193).

Minerals of (Gesner, '1)6, pp. 192, 193). 

Martins dock, N. J. Analysis of trap from (Cook, 

'08, p. 216).

Continuation of Palisade .trap ridge at (1). S. 

Martin, '88, p. 9).

Description of the geology near ("W. M. Davie, '83, pp. 276-277).

Detailed account of trap outcrop near (Darton, '90, pp. 63-66).

Dip in sandstone at (Cook, '82, p. 25).

Dip in shale at (Cook, '79, p. 30).

Dip near (Cook, '68, p. 196).

Indurated sbalo near (Darton, '90, p. 39).

Origin of trap rock near (Darton, '89, p. 138).

Section of trap and sandstone at (W. M. Davis, '83, p. 309, pi. 11).

Trap between sandstone near (Cook, '68, pp. 

20, 202-205).

Trap dike near (Cook, '82, pp. 58-59, and pi. 6).

Trap rock at (Cook, '68, p. 178). 

Martins head, N. B. (Bailey, Mathews and Ells, 

'80).

Description of (Gesner, '40, pp. 22-23).

Lignite at (Dawson, '78, p. 99).

Lignite of (Bailey, Mathews and Ells, '80, p. 

21D).

Minerals of (Gesner, '40, p. 22).

Position of (Bailey, Mathews and Ells, '80, 

map No. 1 SE., accompanying).

Kocks of (Bailey, Mathows and Ells, '80, 21D. 

. Gesuor, '40, p. 2J2).

Trap of (Gosner, '40, p. 22).

Marlinsville, N. J. Boundary of Second mountain, trap at (Cook. '68, p. 183).

Building stone near (Cook, '68, p. 509).

Copper ores near (Cook, '68, p. 678).

Description of quarries at (Cook, '81, pp. 54- 

55).

Dip in. sandstone at (Cook, '82, p. 29).

Dip near (Cook, '68, p. 198).

Diverse dips near (Nasoii, '89, p. 18).

Exceptional dip near (Nason, '89, p. 18).

Flagstone at (Cook, '68, p. 521).

Limestone near (Cook, '68, p. 214. Cook, '82, 

p. 42).

Plant remains in sandstone near (Nason, '89, 

pp. 23, 27).

Quarries at (Cook, '79, p. 20. Cook, '81, pp. 

54-55).

Sandstone quarries at (Cook, '79, p. 23).

Sandstone quarries near (Shalor, '84, pp. 143, 

144). t

Thickness of strata at (Cook, '68, p. 201).

Trap boundary at (Cook, '68, p. 189).

Vesicular trap near (Darton, '90, p. 28).

Maryland. Boundaries of the Newark in (Hoinricb, '78, p. 236. W. B. Rogers, '40, pp. 

63-64).

Brief description of the Newark system in 

(Dticatol, '37. H. D. Rogers, '58, vol. 2, 

pp. 759-765. Tyson, '60, p. 41).

Brief mention of sandstone and conglomerate 

in (Taylor, '35a, p. 320).

Brief reference to conglomerate in (Ducatel, 

'40).

Building stone in (Tyson, '60, appendix, pp. 

3, 5-6).

General dips (J. D. Dana, '75, p. 419).

Limestone (Potomac marble) in (Shaler, '84, p. 

177, pi. 46).

List of railroad stations on the Jurassic and 

Triassic formation sin (Uhler, '79, pp. 175- 

177).

Quarries of limestone in (Shaler, '84, p. 156).

Quarries of sandstone in (Shaler, '84, p. 178). 

Massachusetts. Account of fossil plants from (E. 

Hitchcock, '436, pp. 295-296).

Account of the Newark in (A. Smith, '32. p. 

218).

Additional facts concerning a fossil from near 

mount Tom (E. Hitchcock, '60).

Additional facts concerning Otozoum moodii 

from (E. Hitchcock, '556).

Boundaries of the Newark in (A. Smith, '32 

pp. 218-219).

Brief account of fossil footprints iu (Lyell, 

'45, vol. 1, pp. 252-255).

Brief account of geology of Hampshire 

county (Nash, '27, pp. 246-247).

Brief account of mounts Tom and Holyoko 

(E. Hitchcock, '18, pp. 105, 108).

Brief account of Newark system iu (C. H. 

Hitchcock, '71. Lyell, '54).

Brief account of region about mounts Tom 

an'd Holyoko (E. Hitchcock, '43, p. 187).

Brief account of trap rocks in (Porter, '22).

Brief description of the trap and trap conglomerate of (E. Hitchcock, '440, pp. 6-8).

Brief discussion of Newark rocks of, in connection with other localities ("VV. B. Rogers, '54).

Brief reference to the north end of Newark 

system in (C. H. Hitchcock, '77a, p. 44C).

Brief remarks on fossil footprints found at 

Northampton (E. Hitchcock, '45c).

Character and mode of formation of the Newark rocks of (Jackson, '41).

Collecting fossil fish at Sunderland (Silliman, 

'21a).

Description and illustration of Newark fossils 

from (Nowberry, '88).

Description and illustrations of footprints 

from Turners falls (Deaue, '56).

Description of the Dcerfield dike (Emerson, 

'82).

Description of five new species of fossil footprints from (E.Hitchcock, '43a).

Description of footprints from (E. Hitchcock, 

'58).

Description of footprints found at Turners 

falls (Deaue, '456).
BUSSELL.J LITERATURE. 255

Massachusetts Continued.

Description of footprints of Tarsodactylus expansus from (C. H. Hitchcock, 'G6). 

Description of fossil fishes from (A\r. C. Red-

' field,'41). 

Descriplion of fossil footprints from Turners

falls in (Deune, '45. Deane, '47). 

Description of a fossil shell from near mount

Tom (E.Hitchcock,jr., '56). 

Description of Gigandipus from Turners falls

(E. Hitchcock,'56a). 

Description of Mormolucoides articulatua from

(Scudder,'84).

Description of sections across the Connecticut valley in (E. Hitchcock, '55). 

Description of tracks of a quadruped from

Turners'falls (Deaiie, '48). 

Description of trap ridges in (E. Hitchcock,

'35, pp. 408-410). 

Description of trap tuff on the east side of

mount Tom (E. Hitchcock, '24, pp. 245- 

247). 

Description of two new species of footprints

from South Hartley (E. Hitchcock, '47). 

Detailed account of fossil insect larva from

(Scudder, '08, pp. 218-220). 

Discussion and description of footprints from

(E.Hitchcock,'36). 

Discussion of the origin of so-called tadpole

nests from (Shepard, '67). 

Distribution of sandstone and trap in (Percival, '42, p. 303). 

Final report on the geology of (E. Hitchcock,

'41).

Fossil footprints from (Mantell, '46). 

General account of the Newark in (E. Hitchcock,'32). 

General description of fossil footprints found

at Turners falls (Deane, '44. Dearie, '50). 

General dips of Newark rocks in (J. D. Dana,

'75, p. 419).

Geological map of (E. Hitchcock, '44c). 

Geological map of part of (E. Hitchcock, '18,

map).

Geology of the Connecticut valley (E. Hitchcock,'23). 

Geology of Hampshire county (Emerson, '87,

pp. 18-20).

List of fossil fishes from (De Kay, '42). 

List of railroad stations on the Newark in

(Macfarlane. '79, pp. 61-64). 

List of specimens from the Newark system in

the State cahinet (E. Hitchcock, '59). 

Note on footprints found in (Sillimau and

Dana, '47). 

Note on sandstone beneath trap at mount Hoiyoke (E. Hitchcock, '28, p. 18). 

Observations on the trap ridges of (W. M.

Davis,'82).' 

Occurrence of native copper at Whately (E.

Hitchcock, 44&). 

Organic remains from the Newark rocks of

(E. Hitchcock, '35, p. 234-243). 

Origin of conglomerate in (Emerson, '91). 

Origin of the trap sheets of (Rice, '86).

Massachusetts Continued.

Remarks on fossil fish from (Emmons, '57, p.

142). 

Remarks on fossil fishes from (Harlan, '34, p.

92-94). 

Report on footprints from (Rogers, Vanuxera,

Taylor, Emmons, and Conrad, '41). 

Report on geology of (E. Hitchcock, '35). 

Study of stratigraphy near mount Toby 

- (Walling, '78).

Massnclnisetts sections, across the Connecticut 

valley (E. Hitchcock, '18, map. E. Hitchcock, '24a. E. Hitchcock, '35, pi. 17 in atlas. 

E. Hitchcock, '35, pi. 18, hi atlas. E. Hitchcock, '41, pi. 54. E. Hitchcock, '41, pi. 55. 

E. Hitchcock, '58, pp. 9,10, pis. 2,3). 

Catskill mountains to the Atlantic, passing 

through monnt Holyoke (Eaton, "18, pi. op. 

p. 7).

Deerfield mountains. In illustration of estimate of thickness of the Newark system 

(E. Hitchcock, '35, p. 224). 

Greenfield and Turners falls, near (Einmons

'57, pp. 5,6).

Mettawampo (E. Hitchcock, '58, pi. 3). 

Mettawainpe through (Walling, '78, pi. op. p.

192). 

Montague and Gill, between (E. Hitchcock,

'41, p. 654). 

Montague and Gill, between, figure showing

(E. Hitchcock, '35, p. 416). 

Mount Toby, across, from east to west (E. 

Hitchcock, '41, pi. 54. Walling, '78, pi. op. 

p. 192).

Mount Toby and Deerfield", to illustrate an 

estimate of thickness (E. Hitchcock, '35, 

p. 224). 

Mount Tom (E. Hitchcock, '47a, p. 200. E.

Hitchcock, '58, pi. 3). 

After E.Hitchcock (W. M. Davis, '83, p.

281, pi. 9).

Showing junction of trap and sandstone 

(E. Hitchcock, '35, p. 421, E. Hitchcock, 

'41, p. 656). 

Showing trap and sandstone (W. M. Davis,

'83, pp. 305-307, pi. 10). 

Through (Walling, '78, pi. op. p. 192). 

To Wallingford, Conn. (W. M. Davis, '83,

305-307, pi. 10). 

North Sugar Loaf mountain (Walling, '78, pi.

op. p. 192). 

Norwottuck, across the Connecticut valley

(E. Hitchcock, '58, pi. 3). 

Norwottock, through (Vyailing, '78, pi. op. p.

192). 

Sunderland, by E. Hitchcock (Brouguiart and

Silliman, '22).

See also Connecticut valley. 

Turners Falls, across the Connecticut valley

at (E. Hitchcock, 58, pi. 3). 

Across the Connecticut valley at. After 

E. Hitchcock (W. M. Davis, '83, p. 

280, pl.9).

Near, brief reference to (E. Hitchcock, 

35, p. 221).
256 THE NEWARK SYSTEM. [BOLL. 85.

Massachusetts sections Coiitiuued.

Showing junction of trap anil sandstone 

(W. M. Davis, '83, pp. 305-307, pi. 10). 

Through (Walling, '78, pi. op. p. 192). 

West Springfield, showing trap and sandstone

(W. M. Davis, '83, pp. 305-307, pi. 10). 

MATHER, W.W. 1834. 

[Now locality for fossil fish in the Connecticut

valley.]

In Neues Jahrlmch, 1834, pp. 531-532. 

Descnbes a new locality for fossil fish 20 

miles from New Haven, Conn., where the 

geological relations are the same as at 

Sunderland and Middlesex.

MATHER, W. W. 1838. 

Report of W. W. Mat her, geologist of the first 

geological district of the state of N[ew] 

Yfork].

In second annual report of the geological survey of New York. 

Albany, pp. 121-183.

Contains a brief reference to the trap rooks 

near Tornpkinsville, Staten island, N. Y., 

p. 140.

MATHER, W. W. 1839. 

Third annual report of W. W. Mother, geologist of the first geological district of the 

state of New York.

In third annual report of the geological survey of New York. 

Albany, pp. 69-134.

Contains an account of the sandstone and 

associated trap of Richmond and Rockland 

counties, N. Y., pp. 110-]] 7, 122-127, 132. 

MATHER, WILLIAM W. 1843. 

Natural History of New York, Part iv. Geology, Part i. Containing the geology of 

the first geological district. 

Albany, 4to, pp. i-xxxvii, 1-655, pin. 1-46.

Page.

Succession of rocks in the first district .............................. 2

Trap rocks of Kichmond and Hockland counties................. 278-283

Extent of the trap rocks of Eioh111 on d and llockland counties. 278-282 

Origin of trap rocks of Eichmond

and Eoekland counties....... 278-282

Sandstone conglomerate and shales of 

Eichmond and Eoekland conn - 

ties .......................... 285-294

Bed and gray conglomerate....... 286-287

Eed sandstone or freestone....... 287

Eed marl......................... 288

Compact gray limestone.......... 288

Eed coniglomerato limestone..... 28H-289

Considerations on the origin of

this formation................ 289-293

Condition under which the rocks

were deposited............... 289-203

Geological age of the Eed sandstone ......................... 293-294

Table of dips and strikes in Eocklnnd

county ........................... 0 !<>-(> 17

Table of joints and veins (Eichmond

county) ................. ........ 025

MATHER, WILLIAM M'. Continued. Page.

Summary in reference to the ago of 

the rocks of Eichmoud and Eoekland counties..................... 627

MATHER, WILLIAM W. 1845.

On the physical geology of the United States 

east of the Eocky mountains and on some 

of the causes affecting the sedimentary 

formations of the earth.

In Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 49, pp. 1-20, 284-301.

Brief statement of hypothesis concerning the 

mode of formation of the Newark sandstone along the Hudson river, p. 14. 

MATHER, W. W. Cited on the age of the Newark system (H. D. Eogers, '44, p. 250.

Cited on the cause of the tilting of the Newark (W. M. Davis, '83, p. 303).

Cited on the conglomerate of Eoekland county, 

N. Y. (Lea, '53, p. 190).

Cited on the mode of formation of the Newark system (Lea, '53, pp. 191-192).

Cited on the Newark rocks on Staten island 

(Hollick, '89).

Cited on trap dikes under the Palisades, N. 

Y. (W. M. Davis, '83, p. 292).

Notice of work by (Miller, '79-'81, vol. 2, p.

148). 

MATTHEW, G. F. 18G3.

Observations on the geology of St. John 

county, New Brunswick.

In Canadian Nat., vol. 8, pp. 241-259.

Contains a small map showing Newark rocks 

at Quaco Head, p. 248.

Notices briefly the unconformity of the Newark near Gardner's creek with the upturned Carboniferous rocks beneath, pp. 

250, 258. Appended is a note by J. W. 

Dawsou on fossil plants. 

MATTHEW, GEO. F. 1805.

[Report on the] New Eed sandstone or Trias 

[of Now Brunswick].

In observations on the geology of southern 

New Brunswick, made principally during 

the summer of 1864 by Prof. L. W. Bailey, 

Messrs. Geo. E. Matthew, and C. E. Hartt, 

prepared and arranged, with a geological 

map, by L. W. Bailey, pp. 123-125, 129, 

and map.

Some errors in reference to the age of certain 

rocks made by Abraham Gesner, in reports on the geological survey of Now 

Brunswick, from 1839-1841, are pointed 

out. The localities of Newark rocks arc 

described in detail, together with descriptions of lithological characters, dip, 

trap intrusions, etc., pp. 123-125. On p. 

129 is a table giving a "classification of 

the sediments of southern New Brunswick on physical grounds." 

MATTHEW, G. F. 18G5a. 

On the Azoic and Paleozoic rocks of southern New Brunswick. 

In London, Geol. Soc., Quart. Jour., vol. 21,

pp. 422-433, and map.

The map accompanying this paper shows the 

location of several Newark areas along the 

southeast shore of New Brunswick.
BUSSELL.] L1TERATUKE. 257

MATTHEW, 0. P. 1878.

Report on 1he slate formation of the northern 

part of Charlotte county, New Urunswick, with a summary of geological observations in the southeastern part of the 

same county.

In geological survey of Canada. Report of 

progress for 1876-'77.

Montreal, 1878, pp. 321-350.

A single paragraph on p. 339 refers to the relation of the. Tipper Silurian and Newark 

rocks of Grand Manaii island, N. B. 

MATTHEW, 0. F. 1880.

]{eport on the geology of southern New 

Brunswick, embracing the counties of 

Charlotte, Sun bury, Queens, Kings, St. 

John, and Albert.

See Bailey, Matthew, and Ells, 1880.

MATTHEW, S. F. Cited on overflow trap sheets 

on Grand Manan island (W. M. Davis, 'H (, 

p. 297). 

Cited on trap dikes on Grand Manan island,

N. B. (W. M. Davis, '83, p. 291). 

Notice of work done by, in Now Brunswick

(Miller, '79-'81, vol. 2, p. 156). 

May, Pa. Trap dikes at (Lesley, '85, p. Ixiv.

MEADE, WILLIAM. 1827.

Kemarks on the anthracite of Europe, and

America.

In Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 12, pp. 75-83. 

Refers to the supposed absence of coal in the.

Newark system. 

Meads basin, N. J. Course of trap ridgo near

(Cook, '82, pp. 54-55). 

Description of trap hill near (Cook, '68, pp.

185, 186). 

Mechanic copper mine, N. J. Description of (U.

D. Rogers, '40, pp. 103-164). 

Mechanics grove, Pa. Description of trap dike

near (Fra/.or, '80, p. 30). 

Mcchaiiicsville, Pa. Description of trap dikes

near (C. E. Hall, '81, pp. 19-20, 84). 

Doloritofrom (C. E. Hall, '78, p. 45). 

Reference to trap dikes near (C. E. Hall, '81,

p. 84. Lewis, '85, pp. 439-441). 

Section from near, to near mount Holly (FraKer, '77, pp. 274-277, pi. op. p. 274). 

Trap dikes near (C. E. Hall, '81, p. 39-20.

Lewis, '85, p. 443). 

Medford, Mass. Character of trap rock quarried

at (Cr. P. Merrill, '8.4, p. 24). 

Melick hill, >'. J. Description of (Cook, '82, p.

65). 

Molaphyre trap in ]N'ew Jersey. Brief account of

(Credner, '70). 

Mcnilliani, N. J. Boundary of the Newark near

(H. D. Rogers, '40, p. 118). 

Mcridcn, Conn. Ash bed near, popular account

of (AT. M. Davis, '91). 

Brief account of trap near (E. Hitchcock, '23,

vol. 6, p. 49). 

Chemical compositions of trap rock from near

(Hawos, '75).

City quarry of, view of (Davis and Whittle, 

'89, pi. 5).

Bull. 85 17

Mo.riden, Conn. Continued.

Description of an ash bed near (A\r . M. Davis,

'896). 

Description of geology near (W. M. Davis,

'83, pp. 265-266). 

Description of quarry near (Davis and AVhittie, '89, pp. 112-113). 

Description of trap ridge.s near (Percival, '42,

p. 371). 

Diagram showing geological structure near

(W. M. Davis, 'K9, pi. 2).

Discussion of the origin of topographic features near (W. M. Davis, '89c). 

Excursion to the Hanging hills of (J. D.

Dana, '70). 

Extrusive character of the Hanging hills near

(AV. M. Davis, '82fl, pp. 122-12:)). 

Faults near (W. M. Davis, '8%, p. 29). 

Filling of fissures in trap (W. M. Davis, '90). 

Map of trap ridges and faults near (-AV. M.

Davis, 89c, p. 424). 

Mines near (C. II. S. Davis, 70). 

Notice, of a bed of volcanic ash near (Chapin,

'89). 

Overflow trap sheets near (W. M. Davis, '88

p. 464). 

Reference to exposure in quarry near (Davis

and Whittle, '89, p. 121). 

Reference to the origin of the trap sheets near

(Xasou, '89a, p. 66). 

Scenery near (Chapin, '87). 

Section in (AV. M. Davis, '83, pp. 305-307, pi.

10). 

Section in quarry near (AVr. M. Davis, '89, pi.

5). 

Sketch map of Hanging hills in (W. M. Davis,

'83, pp. 305-307,'pl. 10).

Sketch of the geology of (C. H. S. Davis, '70). 

Special account of quarries at (Davis and

AVhittle, '89, pp. 127-133). 

Topographic form of (nip ridgo near (I'ercival, M2, p. 301). 

Trap ridges near (Davis and Whittle, '89, pp.

107-110. Pcrcival, '42, pp. 348, 349, 364). 

Meridmi, Xcw Britain district, Conn. Map of,

with cross-section and distant view (W.

M. Davis, '89, pi. 5). 

Meridian Hill, Conn. Amygdaloid at (E. S. Dana,

'75). 

MerMvetlior, (ia. Brief account of trap dikes in

(Henderson, '85, p. 88). 

Merhvether county, (ia. Trap dikes in (T. I'.

James, '76, p. 38 and map. Longhridgo,

'84, p. 279).

MERU1CK [S. V.]. 1851. 

[Remarks on recent and fossil raindrop impressions.1 

In Am. Assoc. Adv. Sci., Proc., vol. 5. pp.

74-75. 

Compares recent raindrop impressions with

fossil impressions which are believed to

have had a similar origin.

MERRir,L, FREDERICK J. H. ISflO. 

Some ancient shore lines and their history. 

Abstract in New York Acad. Sci., Tram., vol.

9, pp. 78-K2.
258 THE NEWARK SYSTEM. [BULL. 85.

MERRILL, FREDERICK J. H. Continued.

Discusses tlio origin of the structure of tlio 

Newark rocks of Now Jersey.

MERRILL, G. P. 1884. 

Microscopical structure [of building stone]. 

In report on the building stones of the United 

States, and statistics of the quarry industry for 1880. In Tenth Census of the 

United States, vol. 30 [part 2], pp. 15-29, 

pis. 1-18.

Describes the microscopic characteristics of 

the trap rock and sandstone of the Newark system, pp. 24, 20, pis. 8, 13. 

MERRILL, GEORGE P. 1889. 

The collection of building and ornamental 

stones iu tho U. S. National Museum: a 

handbook and catalogue. 

In Smithsonian Inst. Ann. Hop. for 1885-'86,

pp. 277-048, pi. 1-0.

Describes the microscopical character of sandstone and trap, pp. 403-404, pi. 9, and gives 

brief accounts of the trap and sandstone 

quarries, pp. 433-436, 445-400, pi. 9; catalogue of samples of sandstone trap in U. 

S. National Museum. 

Mcrtcnsidcs. Description of gonus (Fontaine,

'83, p. 35).

Metainorpliisin. Absence of, in connection with 

the trap dikes of the Richmond coal field, 

Virginia (Stevcns, '73). 

In Newark rocks of New Brunswick (Mat.

thew, '05, p. 129). 

Adjacent to the trap rocks of New Jersey

(Cook, '87). 

Below trap sheet in the Richmond area (W.

B. Rogers, '546).

Contact. As a, means of distinguishing between extrusive and intrusive trap sheets 

(Davis and Whittle, '89, pp.100-104). 

Discussed (E. Hitchcock, '35, pp. 433-434. H.

D. Rogers, '30, pp. 102, 105-160). 

Contact, in Connecticut (Davis and Whittle, 

'89. Hovey, '89, pp. 369-375. Pcrcival, 

'42, pp. 436-438, 441). 

About New Haven described (J. D. Dana,

'71,pp. 46-47).

At Enfield. A reference to coal altered 

by trap (E. Hitchcock, '41, pp. 139- 

140). 

At Gaylords mount. Description of (W.

M. Davis, '896, p. 25). 

At Rocky hill (Silliman, '30, p. 123-130). 

In Connecticut valley (Emerson, "'87, pp. 

19-20. E.Hitchcock, '41, pp.657-059). 

In connection with trap dikes in the Primary rocks of (Percival, '42, p. 317). 

In connection with the trap rocks, detailed 

description and discussion of (W. M. 

Davis, '83).

In connection with trap rocks, various authors cited (W. M. Davis, '83, pp. 300- 

302).

In southern part of, description and discussion of (Hovoy, '89, pp. 373, 374, 

378).

Metnniorpliism, contact, in Connecticut Cont'd.

Mention of Merideii areas (C. H. S. Davis, 

'70).

Near tho trap rocks of (Jackson, '45).

Observations on, in connection with the

trapsheetsof (Davis and Whittle, "89).

In Massachusetts, an account of (E. Hitchcock,

'35, pp. 421-425).

At tho Simsbury copper mines (E. Hitchcock, '35, p. 229). 

In brecciated conglomerate near Turners

Falls (E. Hitchcock. '35, p. 210). 

In New Jersey (Cook, '08, pp. 212-214, 679.

Cook, '74, pp. .06-57). Cook, '82, pp. 60,

61, 62. Cook, '83, pp. 23-24. Cook, '83, pp.

23-20, 104-105, and plate). 

Adjacent to trap sheets (Darton, '90). 

At Bello mountain (II. D. Rogers, '40, pp.

151-152).

AtBlackwell's mills (Cook, '08, p. 204). 

At Goat hill (Rogers, '30, p. 156). 

At Kings point (Darton, '83a). 

AtPaterson (J. H. Hunt, '90). 

At Patersoii beneath trap (H. D. Rogers, '36,

pp. 100-101.

At Point Pleasant (Cook, '08, p. 192). 

At Rocky hill'(J- D- Dana, '43, pp. 113-114). 

At Round mountain (Cook, '08, p. 194). 

At Sourlaud mountain (Cook, '08, p. 191. H.

D. Rogers, '40, pp. 152-158). 

At Smith's hill (H. D. Rogers, '40, pp. 151-152). 

At Summerville, in Bridgewater copper mine

(II. D. Rogers, '40, pp. 147-148). 

At Willmrtha, mention of (Nason, '89, p. 32). 

Discussion of (H. D. Rogers, '40, pp. 150-158). 

In connection with copper mines of (H. D.

Rogers, '40, pp. 158-105). 

In connection with tho trap rocks of (H. D.

Rogers, '40, pp. 145-158). 

In shales and sandstones beneath tho trap of

the Palisades (Russell, '80, pp. 35-45). 

Mention of (Cook, '71, pp. 55-50). 

Near TVtptistown (H. D. Rogers, '40, p. 131). 

Near Chatham (H. D. Rogers, '40, p. 133). 

Near Fleniiugton, Clinton, etc. (H. D. Rogers,

'40, pp. 123-124).

Near Fort Lee (Cook, '08, p. 208). 

Near Lambertsville (H. D. Rogers, '30, pp.

101-162).

Near New Vernon (H. D. Rogers, '40, p. 133). 

Near Plainfleld, mention of (Russell, '80, p.

41). 

Near Princeton (H. D. Rogers, '40, pp. 151-

152). 

Near Rocky hill (H. D. Rogers, '40, pp. 149,

151). 

In New York, beneath the Palisades (Mather,

'43, p. 285).

In Rockland county (Mather, '43, pp. 288-289). 

Near Closter (Darton, '90, p. 51). 

In North Carolina, brief reference to (Tnoiney,

'40, pp. 48, G8).

In the Deep river coal field (Wilkes, '58, p. 7). 

In Nova Scotia (Chapman, '78, p. 112. Jackson and Alger, '33, pp. 266-267, 278, 280,

286),
RUSSELL.] LITER AT UKE. 259

Mctaniorphisni,contact,in Massachusetts Cout'd. 

Absence of (Dawson, ''17, p. 58). 

At Blomidoii (Ells, '85, p. 7E. Jackson :ind

Alger,'33, p. 257).

At Sandy cove (Gcsner, '36, pp. 181-182). 

At Swans crook (Gesner, '36, p. 254). 

Near Two islands (Gesner, '30, p. 254). 

Observations on (Eninions, '30, p. 336). 

In Pennsylvania (H. IX Rogers, '29, p. 22). 

At Tail-field (It. B. Rogers, '58, Vol. 2, p. 084). 

At New Hope (H. J). Rogers, MS). 

At New Hope, brief accountof (II. I). Rogers,

'36, p. 162). 

At Point Pleasant, brief account, of (Lewis,

'85, p. 452). 

Detailed account of (H. D. Rogers, '58, vol. 2,

pp. 684-692). 

In Adams county (H. D. Rogers, '58, vol.2,p.

691). 

In Berks county (d'lnvilliers, '83, pp. 199-200,

203-204). 

In Chester and Montgomery counties (II. D.

Rogers, '58, vol.2,pp.670-679). 

Near Fairfiold (H.D. Rogers, '58, vol. 2, p. 091). 

Near Gettysburg (It. D. Rogers, '58, vol. 2, p.

092).

Near Groshvillo (d'lnvilliors, '83, p. 211). 

Near Hnrleysville, brief description of (Lewis,

'82). 

Near Littlostown (If. 13. Rogers, '58, vol. 2, p.

680). 

Near New Hope (It. D. Rogers, '58, vol. 2,' pp.

673,674). 

Near St. Mary's (H. I). Rogers, '58, vol. 2, p.

708). 

Near York Haven (H. D. Rogers, '58, vol. 2,

pp. 677, 678). 

In South Carolina, brief account of (Tuoniey,

'48, pp. 68,103-104,113). 

In Virginia, at Clover hill, mention of (Do La

Becbe, '48, p. Ixvi). 

Detailed account of (W. B. Rogers, '39, pp.

82-83. "W. B. Rogers, '40, pp. 64-69). 

In Prince "William county (W. 15. Rogers, T>5c). 

In Richmond coal field (Lyell, '47, pp. 270-

274. AV. B.Rogers, '54a). 

Remarks on the occurrence) of natural coke in

(Heinrich, '75). 

Of coal near trap dikes in the Richmond coal

field (Clifford, '87, pp, 11,13-14). 

On Prince Edward island (Dawson and Harrington, '71, p. 22). 

Reference to (Russell, '78). 

Sandstone changed to syenite (Frnzcr, '706). 

In Connecticut, at junction of trap and sandstone (Chapin, '35). 

By trap, observations of Lyell (De La Becbe,

'48, p. Ixvi). 

Detailed description of (Percival, '42, pp. 319-

321). 

Of Connecticut valley sandstone (J. D. Dana,

'73, vol. 5, p. 431). 

Of rocks forming the Palisades of the Hudson

("Wnrtz, '70). 

Of shales and sandstones in New Jersey (Cook,

'82, pp. 33,37).

Mt>l:imor|>liisin, contact Continued. 

Of the Ira]) rock of the Palisades, N. J. (B. N.

Martin, '70).

Slcttawaninc, Muss. Section across (E. 1I itchcock, 

'58, pp. 9,10, pi. 3).

Section across Connecticut valley at, (E. Hitch, 

cock, '58, pi. 3).

Section through (Walling, '78, pi. op. p. 192).

Study of stratigraphy near (Walling, '78). 

Meyervillv, X. J. Trap ridge near (Cook, '82, p.

50). 

Microscopical examination of sandstone from

Connecticut valley (Hawes, '78). 

Midillclirook, A. J. Brief account of sandstone 

and (rap at (II. 13. Rogers, '40, p. 127).

Dip in shalealong (Cook, '82, p. 25).

Dip near (Cook, '08, p. 190. Cook, '08, p. 198).

Strata exposed near (If. 1). Rogers, '40, p. 128). 

Middle crock, Pa. Boundary of the Newark along

(II. D. Rogers, '58, vol.2, p. 008). 

Middlcllcld, Conn. Bituminous shale near (Percival, '42, p. 440).

Brief account of trap at (Shepard, '32).

Description of fossil-fish locality at (Anonymous, '38).

Description of fossil fishes from (W. C. Rodfield, '41).

Description of trap ridges near (Davis and 

AVhittle, '89, p. 114. Percival, '42, pp. 355- 

3C1).

List of fossil fishes from (De K;iy, 42).

Mention of Catoptcrus gracilin from (J. D.

Dana, '75, p. 417).

Middle Haddam, Conn. Description of 1 raj) dikes 

in Primary rocks near (Percival, '42, pp. 

423,421).

Trap ridges near (Porcival, '42, pp. 301, 449). 

Middlesex, Conn. Relation of trap and sandstone

near (Welpley, '45, pp. 62,63). 

Middlctoivn, Conn. Bituminous shale, with fossil 

fishes, at (E. Hitchcock, '41, p. 443).

Brief account of fossil fishes from (E. Hitchcock, '37, p. 267).

Brief account of sandstone, near (E. Hitchcock,'35, jip. 220-221).

Brief reference to finding of fossil footprints 

at (Anonymous, '38a).

Brief reference to footprints, fossil bones, and 

fossil plants found at (Silliman, '37).

Brief remarks on shrinkage cracks at (J. John 

son, '43).

Descriptions and figures of fossil fishes from 

(Newberry, '88).

Description of fossil-fish locality at (Anonymous, '38).

Description of fossil footprints from (E. Hitchcock, 41, pp. 477,478, pis. 30-48; pp. 478- 

501. E. Hitchcock,'58).'

Description of scenery near (E. Hitchcock, 

'23, vol. 7, p. 4).

Description of trap ridges near (Percival, '42, 

pp. 350-300).

Early discovery of fossil footprints at (E. 

Hitchcock, '30, p. 309).

First, discovery of fossil footprints at (Barrat t, '37).
260 THE NEWARK SYSTEM. [BULL. 85.

Middletown, Conn. Continued.

Fossil fishes found near (Brongniart and Silliraan, '22. E. Hitchcock, '35, pi. 14 in

atlas, p. 238). 

dossil footprints from (E. Hitchcock, '58, pp.

50 ct seq.).

Fossil plants from (1C. Hitchcock, '41, p. 453). 

List of fossil fishes from (Do Kay, '42). 

Localities of fossil footprints in (E. Hitchcock, '41, p. 467). 

Locality for fossil footprints (15. Hitchcock,

'48, p. 132). 

Mention of the finding of fossil fish at (Percival, '42, p. 4*2). 

Mention of tho discovery of footprints at,

(AY. C. Rodfield, '38). 

Overflow trap sheets near ("W. M. Davis, '88,

p. 465). 

Reference to a locality for fossil fish (J. H.

RedfiehV'3G). 

Reference to fetid limestone in (E. Hitchcock,

'41, p. 444). 

Reference to limestone, in (E. Hitchcock, '35,

p. 218). 

Remarks on fossil fishes from (Harian, '34, pp.

92-94).

Reinai-ks on fossil footprints at, (Barratt, '45). 

Report, of the finding of coal at (E. Hitchcock, '23, vol. 0, p. 63). 

Sandstone hills near (Percival, '42, pp. 448-

440). 

See AVTiitestown.

Middlctown, Pa. Boundary of tho Newark area, 

of Pennsylvania near (Lea, '58, p. 92).

Boundary of tho Newark near (C. E. Hall, '81, 

p. 53. H. D. Rogers, '58. vol. 2, p. 669).

Description of the Couewago hills near (Gibson, '20).

MSddletown mountain, Conn. Description of

(Percival, '42, p. 351). 

Detailed study of tho geological structure

near ("W. M. Davis, '89). 

Fault, near ("W. M. Davis, '88, p. 474). 

Trap ridges near (Pcrcival, '42, p. 348). 

Middletown station, N. S. Iron ore near (Harringtou,'74, p. 207). 

Middletown township, Pti. Report on the geology

of (C. E. Hall, '81, p. 53). 

Midland, >r. J. Course of trap ridge, near (Nason,

'89, p. 34). 

Midlothian, Va. An account of coal mining at,

(Daddow and Bannan, '66, p. 398). 

Analysis of coal from (Cliflbrd, '87, p. 10. W.

R. Johnson, '51, p. 12. Silliman and Hubbard, '42). 

Analysis of natural coke from near (Clarke,

'87, p. 146. Raymond, '83). 

Boundary of Newark area near (Heinrich, '78,

p. 230). 

Character and efficiency of coals from ("W. R.

Johnson, '50, pp. 133,134, and table, op. p.

134).

Coal mines at (Lyell. '47, p. 26C). 

Condition of coal mines at (Clifford, '87, pp. 2,

16). 

Depth of coal mine at (Marcou, '49, p. 573).

Midlothian, Va. Continued.

Exploration witli diamond drill at (Heinrich,

74).

Diamond drill explorations at (Heinrich, '75<i). 

Isolated coal basins near (Heinrich, '78, p. 232). 

Natural coke at (Clifford, '87, pp. 11,13-14). 

New shaft at, depth of (W. B.Rogers, '436,

pp. 535-537). 

Observations on tho geology near (Clifford,

'88). 

Plan of coal-bearing rocks at (Clifford, '87,

pi. 3).

Reference to faults at (Fontaine, '79, p. 36). 

Section of coal-bearing rocks at (Clifford, '87,

p. 23, pi. 3). 

Section of coal seams at, after Heinrich

(Chance, 85, p. 22). 

Section of natural-coke seams near (Raymond,

'83).

Test of coal from (Emmons, '56, p. 249). 

Trial of tho coal of, for heating purposes ("W".

R. Johnson, '44, pp. 420-448). 

Midlothian coal mine, Ya. Analysis of coal from

(Williams, '83, p. 82). 

Brief account of (Daddow and Banuan, 'GO, p.

401. Macfarlane, '77, p. 507). 

Depth of (Toylor, '48, p. 50). 

Depth of shaft at (Lycll, '47, p. 264). 

Description of (W. B. Rogers, '36, pp. 54-60.

Woodridgo, '42, pp. 6-8. Heinrich, '73). 

Detailed section in (Heinrich, '78, pp. 256-260,

pi. 6).

In 1876 (Heinrich, '76a). 

Map and section of (Heinrich, '76, pi. 3). 

Notes on (Taylor, '35, pp. 284,285). 

Recent mining at (Hotchkiss, '83o). 

Section at (Lyell, '47. p. 265). 

Thickness of coal in (Taylor, '35, p. 282).

Milburn, Tf. J. Boundary of First mountain trap

near (Cook, '68, pp. 180,181. Cook, '68, p.

182). 

Boundary of Second mountain trap at (Cook,

'68, p. 183).

Course of trap ridge near (Cook, '82, p. 49). 

Gap in First mountain at (Cook, '8'J, p. 50). 

Thickness of trap sheet near (Darton, '90, p.

20).

Milford, Conn. Description of trap dikes in Primary rock.s near (Perci val, '42, pp. 413, 414). 

Milford, X. J. Analysis of flagstone from (Cook,

'68, p. 516).

Bearing of joints at (Cook, '68, p. 201). 

Brief description of fossil footprints found

near (Eyerman, '86). 

Conglomerate near (Cook, '68, p. 209. Cook,

'82, pp. 21-22. Cook, '82, p. 39. Nason, '89,

p. 16). 

Descriptions and figures of fossil plants from

(Newberry, '88). 

Description of conglomerate at (Nason, '89a,

p. 67).

Description of fossil fucoid from (Lewis, '806). 

Description of sandstone and conglomerate

near (H. D. Rogers, MO, p. 124). 

Description of variegated conglomerate! near

(H.D, Rogers,'36, p. 147).
BU8SBLL.] LITERATURE. 261

Milfonl, >'. J. Continued.

Detailed description of calcareous conglomerate near (II. I). Rogers, '40, pp. 140-141).

Detailed description of sandstone and sliale 

near (II. D. Rogers, 'ISO, pp. 151-152).

Dip in conglomerate at (Cook, '08, p. 209).

Dip in flagstone at (Cook, 'G8, p. 521).

Dip in sandstone, shale and conglomerate at 

(Cook,'82, p. 27).

Dip in sliale near (Cook, '82, p. 27).

Dip near (Cook, '08, p. 198).

Dip of red sliale and flagstone near (Cook, '70, 

p. 29).

Dip of variegated conglomerate near (II. D. 

Rogers,'36, p. 147).

Faults near (Cook, '79, p. 33. Cook, '82, p. 10).

Flagstone at (Cook, 'C8,p. 521).

Flagsfoneqiiarriesiioar (Cook,'79,p. 20. Cook, 

'79, p. 25. Cook, '81, p. 04. Shaler, '84, p. 

144).

Flagstone quarry noar, description of (Cook 

'81,p. 04).

Footprints at (Cook, '79, p. 28).

Footprints on flagstone near (Nason, '8!t, p. 28).

Joints at (Cook, '08. p. 521).

List of fossil footprints and plants from, see 

(Kye,rman, '89).

List of fossil footprints from (C. II. Ilitclicock, 

'88, pp. 122, 123).

Mention of fossil plants found at (Newborry, 

'88, p. 12).

Mention of tho occurrence of ripple-marks, 

sun cracks, raindrop impressions and footprints at (liussoll, '78, p. 225).

Plant remains in flagstone noar (Nason, '89, p. 

27).

Rod shales iiPiir (Xason, '89, p. 22).

lieferonce to, a footprint locality (C. IT. Hitchcock, '88, p. 122).

Kt'.ferenoo to fossil footprints from (C. 11. 

Hitc.hc.ook, '8'.)).

Thickness of strata at (Cook. 'OS,]). 201).

Unconformity of variegated conglomerate and 

older rocks near (II. D. Rogers, '30, p. 147).

Vegetalile impressions at (Cook, '79, p. 27). 

Milforil, I'a. Mention of reptilian remains from

the Newark rocks near (Dowoy, '57). 

Milford to Trenton, X. J. Section from (Cook, 

'79, p. 28).

Milt on, X. J. Synclinal axis near (IT. D. Rogers, 

'40, p. 128).

Milton tfrove, Pa. Boundary of the Newark near

(Frazc-r, '80, p. 13). 

Description of geology near (Frazcr, '80, p. 37).

Milllmugh hill, Pa. Boundary of the Newarknear (IT. D. Rogers, '58, vol. 2, p. 008).

Millbrook, X. J. boundary of Newark along 

(Cook, '08. p. 175).

M1LLKU, S. A. 1S79-1881. 

North American Mesozoic and Cenozoic geology and paleontology.

In Cincinnati Soc. Nat. Hist., Jour., vol. 2. 

pp. 140-101, 223-244; vol. 3, pp. 9-32, 79- 

118, 105-202, 245-288; vol.4, pp. 3-40, 93- 

144, 183-234.

MILLER, S. A. Continued.

Published also as: North American Mesozoio 

and Cciiozoic geology and paleontology; 

or an abridged history of our knowledge 

of tho Triassic, Jurassic, Cretaceous and 

Tertiary formations of this country. Cincinnati, 1881, pp. 1-338.

Presents a brief abstract of a largo number of 

reports and papers. Contains a hypothesis relating to the mode of formation 

of tho Newark system, and also a brief 

summary concerning its fauna and flora, 

' vol. 2, pp. 146-1C1, 223-244. -.. 

Millers falls, Mass. Brief account of copper ores

at (E. Hitchcock, '35, p. 72). 

Millors river, Mass. Conglomerate at. 1 he mouth

of (E. Hitchcock, '35, p. 214). 

Milliiigton, N. J. Abandoned quarries near (Cook, 

'81, p. 55).

boundary of Long hill trap near (Co6k, '08, 

p. 187).

Character of trap rock near (Darton, '90, p. 

34).

Course of trap ridge noar (Cook, '82, p. 50).

Dip at (Cook, '08, p. 198).

Dip in sandstone near (Cook, '79, p. 30).

Dip in sbalo and sandstone at (Cook, '82, pp. 

29-30).

Lower contact of trap sheet near (Darton, 

'90, p. 34).

Sandstone abovo trap at (Cook, '68, p. 201).

Sandstone quarr}' near (Cook, '79, p. 23). 

Millport, Pa. Boundary of tho Newark near 

(Frazer, '80, pp. 38-39).

Boundary of tho Newark at (H. D. Rogers,

'58, vol. 2, p. 068).

Mill rock, Conn. Brief account of (Whelpley, 

'45, p. 62).

Contact metaniorphisin at (Percival, '42, pp. 

430-438).

Contact phenomena at (Perc.ival, '42, pp. 429- 

430).

Critical study of origin of (J. D. Dana, '91).

Description of trap ridges noar (Poroival, '42, 

pp. 390-397).

Example of a dike changing to an intruded 

sheet (Percival, '42, p. 300).

Garnets in the trap rock of (E. S. Dana, '77).

Origin of form of (Wholplcy, '45, p. 64).

Structure connected with (Percival, '42, p.

438).

Mills's colliery, Va. Analysis of coal from (Clifford, '87, p. 10. Williams, '83, p. 82).

Description of (W. B. Rogers, '36, p. 54).

Notes on (Taylor, '35, pp. 284,285).

Thickness of coal in (Taylor, '35, p. 282). 

Mills's (pit). Analysisof coalfroni (Williams, '83,

p. 82).

Mills, Keid & Co. shaft, Va. Analysis of coal 

from (Clifford, '87, p. 10. Williams, '83, 

p. 82). 

Mill station, Pa. Mud rock from (C. E. Hall, '78,

p. 41).

Millstone in North Carolina (Kerr, '75, p. 305). 

Millstone, >T . J. Dip in shale at (Cook, '82, p. 25),

Dip noar (Cook, 'C8, p. 197).
262 NEWATiK SYSTEM. [BULL. 8$.

Milltown, Pa. Sandstone from (C. K. Hall, '78,

p. 52). 

Milltowii, X. J. Altered shale near (Cook, '08, ]>.

214). 

Analysis of indurated shale from (Cook. '(J8,

pp. 384-385).

Boundary of Newark at (Cook, '08, p. 170). 

Dip at (Cook, '08, p. 190). 

Dip in shale at (Cook, '82, p. 25). 

Dip in indurated shale near (Cook, '82, p. '27). 

Dip near (Cook, 08, p. 197). 

Sandstone quarry at (Cook, '70, p. 23). 

Milhvay, PH. Boundary of the Newark near (Fra7.er, '80, p. 15). 

Miinin<'g:isli, P. E. I. Analysis of limestone from

(Dawson and Harrington, '71, p. 41). 

Fossil plants from (Kaiu and Dawson, '85, pp.

150-158). 

3Iiims basin, X. S. Description of Newark rocks

on shores of (Dawson, '47, pp. 51-55. Ells,

'85, pp. C-7E). 

Description of north side of (Dawson, '78, p.

90).

Description of rocks at (Gesner, '43). 

Discussion of tlie geology near (Dawson, '78,

p. 110).

Minerals of (Williinott, '84, pp. 24L-28L). 

Newark outcrops on the shore of (Chapman,

'78, p. 112).

Scenery of (Dawson, '78, p. 101). 

Minas bay, N. S. Section on north shore of. After

J. "W. Dawson (W. M. Davis, '83, p. 281,

pi. 9). 

Mine brook, X. J. Dip at (Cook, 'Og, p. 198).

Dip near (Cook, '08, p. 199). 

Mine mountain, X. J. Boundary of Newark near

(Cook, '08, p. 175). 

Mineralogy. On datholite from Bergen hill, X. J.

(E. S. Dana, '72).

On the minerals of trap (J. J). Dana, '45). 

Minerals in amygdaloid (Jackson, '59a).

In Newark of Massachusetts, brief account

of (E. Hitchcock, '35, pp. 228-234). 

In New Brnnswick, Nova Scotia, and Now

Foundland, localities of (Marsh, '63). 

In New Jersey (Cook, '68, pp. 218-225). 

Of Bergen hill, N. J. (Chamborlin, '83). 

Description of (Beck, '43). 

List of, from the AVeohawken tunnel (Darton,

'82).

List of (Seymour, '08).

New Brunswick and Somcrville, N. J., observations on (Beck, '39). 

Taterson, N. J. (J. .11. Hunt, '90). 

Fatcrson, N. J., description of (J. H. Hunt,

 90).

Soincrvillo copper mine, N. J. (Torry, '22). 

Of the trap of Massachusetts, an account of

(E. Hitchcock, '35, pp. 425-431). 

Of the trap rooks of Massachusetts (E. Hitchcock, '41, pp. CGO-G03). 

In Nova Scotia (Gesner, '36, p. 177-184,188,

191-193. (Jackson and Alger, '33, p.

284. Williinott, '84). 

Account of tho collecting of (Kuimons, '30,

pp. 345 351).

Minerals Continued.

In Nova Scotia at cape Blomidon, mention of

(Marsters, '90, p. 4). 

Mode of formation (Dawson, '78, p. 93). 

At shore of Hinas basin (Dawson, '47, pp. 54-

55).

Catalogue of localities (How, '69, pp. 202-208). 

In Nova Scotia with localities (J. W. Dawsou, '78, pp. 113-115). 

Of Staten island, N. Y. (Chamberlin, '87). 

Mine ridge, Pa. Old' copper mine near (H.

D. Rogers, '58, vol. 2, p. 709). 

Trap rock near (H D. Rogers, '58, vol. 2, p.

709). 

Miiiishecoiigo creek, X. Y. Dip and strike near

(Mather, '43, p. 617). 

Bed marl near (Mather, '43, p.-288). 

Mink core, N. S. Trap of (Jackson and Alger, 

'33, pp. 225-226).

Min/i mountain, Pa. Cobglomerate at (d'luvilliers, '83, p. 203). 

MITCHELL, ELISHA. 1827.

lleport on tho geology of North Carolina.

[Ealeigh], pp. 1-27.

Refers briefly to the finding of gold in the

Newark rocks of North Carolina, p. 20. 

MITCHELL, ELISHA. 1829.

On the geology of tho gold region of North 

Carolina.

In Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 16, pp. 1-19, and map 

op.p. 1.

Mentions the disappearance of the eastern 

border of the Wadesboro area, beneath 

sands, and tho occurrence of an outlying 

area on Drowning creek, which, with a 

portion of the principal area, is shown on 

tho map op. p. 1; see also pp. 10, 16, 17.

MITCHELL, ELISHA. 1842.

Elements of geology, with an outline of the

geology of North Carolina. 

-[ ], pp. 1-141, and map.

Contains a short account of the Newark rocks 

of North Carolina, pp. 36, 39, 59-60, 130- 

134.

MITCHELL, E. Cited on the early discovery of 

fossil fishes in tho Newark system (Newberry, '88, p. 19).

Cited on the mode of accumulation of the 

Newark sandstones and shales (Russell, 

'78, p. 228).

Cited on trap dikes in North Carolina (W. MDavis, '83, p. 293. Ly.'ll, '47, p. 273). 

M ITCH ILL, KAMI] E L L. 1818.

Observations on the geology of North 

America [etc.].

In essay on tho theory of tho earth, by M. 

Cuvier. Now York, pp. 219-431, pis. 68.

Mentions a fossil fish from Glastoubury,

Conn., p. 365. 

MITOHILL, SAMUEL L. 1S2C.

Catalogue of the organic remains and oilier 

geological and mineralogical articles contained in the collection presented to the 

New York Lyceum of Natural History, by 

Samuel L. Mitchill.
HtJSSflLt.] LITERATURE. 26S

MITC'IIILL, SAMUEL L. Continued. 

New York, pp. 1-40. 

Mentions n fossil fern from Belleville, K. J.,

p.C

M1TC1IILL, 8AMUKL L. 1828. 

A lecture on some parts of the natural history

of New Jersey, delivered before the Newark Mechanic Association [etc.]. 

New York, pp. 1-34.

Contains a brief popular sketch of the geology of the Palisades of the Hudson, with

mention of the character of tlio rocks at a

few neighboring localities. 

Mitlinoaguc falls, Mass. An account of obscure

fossils found at (E. Hitchcock, '41, p. 402). 

Localities of fossil footprints near (K. llitclicouk, '41, p. 40C). 

Reference to fetid limestone in (E. Hitchcock,

'41, p. 444). 

MIXTKR, W. G. Analysis of the trap of West

llock, Conn., by (J. D. Dana, '73, vol. 6,

p, 106). 

Mogeetown, Pa. Boundary of the Newark near

(C. E. Hall, '81, p. 73). 

Mollusks, fossil, absence of, from the Newark

rocks (Lesley, '83, p. 213). 

From Massachusetts, brief account of (E.

Hitchcock, '35, p. 239). 

Prom North Carolina (Emmons, '57, pp. 40-42,

134).

Brief account of (Brumous, '5G, pp. 322-323). 

List of (Kcrr, '75, p. 147). 

From Phmnixville, Pa., description of (Conrad, '58),

Mention of (Wheatley, '01, p. 43). 

Remark on the finding of (Briton, '85). 

Of the Newark system, brief sketch of (H.

D. Rogers, '58, vol. 2, pp. 700-701). 

Summary concerning (Miller, '79-'81, vol. 2,

pp. 242-243). 

Mounioutli Junction, X. J. P>lack .shales near

(Nason, '89, p. 31). 

Boundary of the Newark near (Cook, '89, p.

11. Cook,'08, p. 170). 

Trap boundary near (Cook, 08, p. 189). 

Trap rock near (Cook, '08, p. 189). 

Monooacy hill, Pa. Trap dike (d'lnviiliers, '8:i,

pp. 200,201). 

Trap dikes near, description of (H. IX Rogers,

'58, vol. 2, p. 086). 

Monroc, Pa. Boundary of the Newark near (H.

1). Rogers,'41, pp. 10,38). 

Conglomerate at (H. IX Rogers, '58, vol. 2, p.

081). 

Contact of Newark and Paleozoic rocks at (II.

I). Rogers, '58, vol. 2, p. 081). 

Dip at (H. JJ. Rogers, '58, vol. 2, p. 081). 

Dip of brecciated conglomerate near (C. E.

Hall, '83, p. 247).

Monsou, Conn. Description of trap dikes in Primary rocks near (Percival, '42, p. 420).

Montague, Mass. Building stone quarried in (K.

Hitchcock, '41, p. 181).

Character of rocks exposed at (J. D. Dana, '8.'i, 

p. 385).

Montague, Mass. Continued.

Conglomerate in (E. Hitchcock, '35, p. 214. E.

Hitchcock, '41, p. 442). 

Fossil fern from, reference to (E. Hitchcock,

jr.,'55, p. 25). 

Fossil footprints from (E.Hitchcock, '58, pp.

49 et seq. D. Marsh, '48, p. 272). 

Description of (E. Hitchcock, '36, pp. 320- 

325. E. Hitchcock, '41, pp. 478-501. 

E. Hitchcock, '58). 

Discovery of (E. Hitchcock, '36, pp. 307-

308. E. Hitchcock, '58, p. 4). 

Discussion concerning (E. Hitchcock, '36,

p. 334).

Locality for, in (E. Hitchcock, '48, p. 132).

Fossil plants from (E. Hitchcock, '41, p. 452).

Reference to (E. Hitchcock, '43&, p. 296,

pi. 12). 

jrormolucoide.i articulatiisfrom, description of

(Scudder, '84). 

Relation of the trap rock in, to associated rock

(E. Hitchcock, '41, p. 65.J).

Montague and Gill, Mass. Section between (E. 

Hitchcock, '35, p. 410. E. Hitchcock, '41, 

p. 054). 

Montague falls, Mass. Dip of strata at (A. Smith,

'32, p. 221). 

Mention of the finding of fossil plants at (A.

Smith,'32, pp. 219-220).

Montclair, N. J. Bored well at (Cook, '85, p. 122). 

Boundary of First mountain trap near (Cook,

'08, pp. 180,181). 

Elevation of First mountain at (Cook, '82, p.

49).

Vesicular trap near (Darton, '90, p. 28). 

Montevideo, Conn. Description of scenery near

(E. Hitchcock, '23, vol. 7, p. 5). 

Description of trap ridges near (Percival, '42,

p. 393). 

Montgomery county, N. C. An account of tho

Newark in (Mitcncll, '42, pp. 130-134). 

Montgomery county, Pa. Description of a part

of the Newark in (C. E. Hall, '81). 

Geological inup of a portion of (C. E. Hall, '81). 

Map of mining district of (II. D. Rogers, '58,

vol. 2, op. p. 674). 

Mention of lead and copper ores of (Lyoll, '54,

p. 13). 

Report on the geology of (C. E. Hall, '81.

Lesley, '85. pp. Ixxx-lxxxi, pi. 43). 

Monticollo, S. C. Description of trap dikes near

(Tuomoy, '44, p. 12). 

Montpfilier, Va. Boundaries of Newark near

(lloinricli, '78, p. 237). 

Montville, N. J. Boundary of Newark at (Cook,

'08, p. 175).

Boundary of trap hill near (Cook, '08, p. 180). 

Boundaries of Newark system near (Cook, '89,

p. 11. H. D. Rogers, '40, p. 118). 

Character and dip of strata near (H. D. Rogers,

'40, p. 135). 

Conglomerate at (Cook, 'G8, pp. 210-211. Cook,

'82, p. 21. Nason, '89, p. 40). 

Description of variegated conglomerate at (H. 

D. Rogers, '30, p. 148).
264 THE NEWARK SYSTEM. [BULL. 85.

Montville, X. J. Continued.

Detailed description of calcareous conglomerate near (II. D. Rogers, '40, p. 137). 

Dip in conglomerate at (Cook, '82, p. 30). 

Diverse dips near (Nason, '89, p. 19). 

Trap conglomerate near (Nason, '89a, p. 67.

Nason, '90).

Trap outcrops near (Cook, '82, p. 55). 

MOODY, P. Cited on the discovery of fossil footprints in the Connecticut valley (E. Ilitclicock, '48, p. 215). 

Reference to fossil footprints found l»y (Ifacfarlane, '79, p. 63). 

Moore county, X. C. Account of the Newark in

(Mitchell, '42, pp. 130-134). 

Moor*' river, X. S. Dip of Newark rocks near the

mouth of (Dawsou, '47, pp. 52-53). 

Dip of sandstone near (Dawson, '78, p. 103). 

Exposures of Newark rocks near (Dawsou,

'47, p. 53).

Fault near the mouth of (Dawsou, '47, p. 53). 

Junction of Trias and Carboniferous near

(Dawson, '78, p. 103). 

Unconformity at Imse of Trias near (Dawson,

'78, p. 103). 

Moore's hill, Conn. Concerning trapj ridges near

(Percival, '42, p. 382). 

Moore's hill, X. J. Dip in shale at (Cook, '82,

p. 26).

Dip near (Cook. '68, p. 190). 

Moore's quarry, near ftreenburg, \. J. (Cook,

'81, p. 57). 

Moore's station, X. J. Dip near (Cook, '08, p. 197).

Dip in shale at (Cook, '82, p. 26). 

Mordcn, X. S. Brief account of amygdaloid near

(Ilonoynian, '88).

Minerals near (Willimott, '84, p. 20L). 

Moreliouse liill, N. J. Description of (Cook, '68,

pp. 185,186. Cook, '82, p. 56). 

Moreland, Pa. Boundary of the Newark in (C.

E. Hall, '81, pp. 61-0-2). 

Moreland township, Pa. Report on the geology

of (C. E. Hall, '81, pp. 61-G4). 

Morgan's mills, Pa. Boundary of the Newark

near (C. E.Hall, '81, pp. 21, 61). 

Composition of conglomerate near (C. E. Hall,

'81, p. 24). 

Conglomerate at (C. E. Hall, '81, p. 24. H. D.

Rogers, '58, vol. 1, p. 160).

Morifaiitown, Pa. Boundary of the Newark near 

(Frazer, '80, p. 15. H. D. Rogers, '58, vol. 

2, p. 668). 

Description of trap dikes near (IT. D. .Rogers,

'58, vol, 2, p. 687).

Iron mine near (II. D. Rogers, '39, p. 22). 

Morgnnville, Pa. Boundary of the Newark near

(Lesley, '85, p. Ixxxi). I 

Morris county, X. J. Note on the discovwy of 

fossil fishes in (Silliman, '39).

Morris's cove, Conn. South end of Newark area 

at (Percival,'42, p. 426).

Morris hill, Paterson, N. J. Columnar trap at :

(Cook, '08, pp. 202-203). > Junction of trap and sandstone at (Cook, '82, i

pp. 50-51). , 

Trap rock quarried in (Cook, '81, p. 02). I

Morris Plains, X. J. Boundary of Newark in

(Cook, '68, p. 175). 

Section from, to Jersey City, N. J. (Cook, '68,

p. 199, and ma]) in portfolio). 

Section from, to New York city. N. Y. (Cook

and Smock, '74). 

Morristown, X. J. Black shale with coal near

(Nason, '89, p. 28). 

Boundary of Newark near (Cook, '68, p. 175,

Cook, '89, p. 11). 

Surface deposits on Newark rocks near (Cook,

'89, p. 12). 

Trap hill near (Cook, '68, p. 188. Nason, '89,

p. 37).

Trap ridges near (Cook, 82, pp. 57-58). 

Morrisville, X. C. Marl near (Korr, '75, p. ]87). 

Morrisvillo, Pit. Analysis of conglomerate from

(C. E.Hall, '81, pp.24, 111). 

Analysis of sandstone from (Gcnth, '81, p.

111). 

Morrisville, Pa. Boundary of the Newark near

(C. E. Hall, '81, p. 20. Lea, '58, p. 92). 

Section near (C. E. Hall, '81, p. 41). 

Small seams of coal at (C. E. Hall, '81, p. 24). 

MORTOX, [-]. Cited on fossil plants from Massachusetts (E. Hitchcock, '35, p. 235). 

Mortonsniill,Ara. Coal mines near("VV. B.Rogers,

'39, p. 81). 

Mountain View, X. J. Cellular trap at (Cook, '82,

p. 55).

Mount Airy, X. J. Description of trap, contact 

metamorphism, etc., near (H. D. Rogers, 

'40, pp. 154-155).

Dip in shale near (Cook, '82, p. 26). 

Dip near (Cook, '08. p. 197). 

Trap outcrop at (Cook, '68, p. 192). 

Mount Airy, Pa. Description of trap dike near

(Frazor, '80, p. 29). 

Trap dikes at (Lesley, '85, p. Ixiv). 

Mount Airy, Va. Dip at (AV. B. Rogers, '39, p. 80).

Mount r.*mncl, Conn. Brief account of (AVhelpIcy, M5,pp.62-G4). 

Brief account of trap near (E. Hitchcock, '2.3,

vol. 6, p. 45).

Character of trap of (Porcival, '42, p. 312). 

Contact metamorphism 7iear (Percival,'42, p.

437). 

Copper associated with (Percival, '42, pp. 320-

321). 

Description of trap ridges near (Percival, '42,

pp. 395,400-404, 400). 

Elevation of (J. D. Dana, '75a, p. 498). 

Origin of form of (Whelpley, '45, p. 04). 

Reference to trap dike at (Davis and AVhittle,

'89, p. 127).

Structure connected with (Percival,'42, p. 438). 

Topographic form of trap ridge near (Percival,'42, p. 306). 

Mount Holly, Pa. Section from near, to near Mochanicsville (Frazer, '77, pp. 274-277, pi.

op. p. 274).

Mount Holyoke, Mass. Account of the trap rooka

of (E. Hitchcock, '41, pp. 041-643). 

Brief account of (E. Hitchcock, 18, pp. 105,108. 

E. Hitchcock, '35, p. 414. E. Hitchcock, 

'43, p. 187).
LITERATURE. 265

Mount Holyoko, Mass. Continued.

Brief account of columnar trap at (Hitchcock 

and Hitchcock, '67, p. 87).

Brief account of geology of (Eaton, '18, p. 34).

Brief aceount of trap of (E. Hitchcock, '23, vol. 

6, pp. 45-46).

Brief reference to sandstone at (E. Hitchcock, 

'35, p. 215).

Chemical analysis of trap from (Hawes, '75).

Columnar trap on (E. Hitchcock, '35, p. 400).

Contact rnetamorphism on the north side of 

(E. Hitchcock, '41, p. 657).

Description of (E. Hitcheock, '41, pp. 241-246).

Description of contact metamorphism on the 

south side of (E. Hitchcock, '35, pp. 423- 

429).

DoHcriptiou of fossil plant from (E. Hitchcock, '436, p. 295, pi. 13).

Description of scenery near (E. Hitchcock,'23, 

vol. 7, pp. 5-9).

Description of trap ridge connected with 

(Percival, '42, 368-370).

Dip and strike of rocks at (E. Hitchcock, '41, 

p. 448).

Dip of sandstone beneath trap at (E. Hitchcock, '41, p. 654).

Dips near (E. Hitchcock, '35, p. 417).

Discussion of the geological structure of (W. 

M. Davis, '86).

Early discovery of fossil footprints at (E. 

Hitchcock, '36, p. 309).

Fossil footprints at(E. Hitchcock, '58, pp. 50 ot 

soq,).

Fossil footprints, locality for (E. Hitchcock, 

'48, p. 132).

Mention of (A. Smith, '32, pp. 224-227).

Note on sandstone beneath trap at (E. Hitchcock,'28, p. 18).

Notice of conglomerate on (Nash, '27, p. 246).

Origin and character of (Emerson, '87, pp. 

19-20).

Origin of (J. D. Dana, '75a, p. 502. W. M. 

Davis, '82).

Origin of tufaceous conglomerate near (E. 

Hitchcock,'41, p. 527).

Reference to a fine conglomerate at (E. Hitchcock,'35, p. 215).

Reference to schistose sandstone beneath trap 

in (E. Hitchcock, '35, p. 35).

Reference to trap dikes of (Danberry, '39, p. 23).

Reference' to volcanic origin of the ti ap rocks 

of (Cooper, '22, p. 239).

Trap conglomerate at (E. Hitchcock, '35, p. 

215).

Section of (E. Hitchcock, 47a, p. 201).

Section showing junction of trap and sandstone at (E. Hitchcock, '41, p. 659).

Structure and lithological character of (Emerson, '86).

Topographic form of (Percival, '42, p. 304).

Tufaceous conglomerate on the east side of 

(E. Hitchcock, '41, p. 442).

Unusual dip of sandstone at (E. Hitchcock, 

'35, p. 223).

View from (E. Hitchcock, '41, pis. 2, 6).

Mount Horeb, N. J. Elevation of Second mountain at (Cook, '82, p. 52). 

Mount Joy, Pa. Boundary of the Newark near

(Frazer, '80, p. 37). 

Mount Joy township, Pa. Report on the geology

of (Frazer, '80, pp. 36-37).

Mount Mettawampe, Mass. Character of sandstone in (E. Hitchcock, '55, p. 226). 

Mount Paul, N. J. Conglomerate of (Cook, '79, p.

19).

Dip in shale at (Cook, '82, p. 29). 

Mount Pleasant, \. J. Character of the formation near (U. D. Rogers, '40, p. 131). 

Dip in shale near (Cook, '82,"p. 27). 

Quarries of trap rock at, mention of (S. P.

Merrill,'89, p. 435). 

Mount Pleasant, Pa. Analysis of trap from

(Genth, '81, p. 97). 

Mount Pleasant iron mine, Pa. Boundary of the

Newark near (H. D. Rogers, '41, p. 16, 39.

H. D. Rogers, '58, vol. 2, p. 668). 

Mount Prospect institute, X. J. Boundary of first

mountain trap near (Cook, '68, p. 181). 

Mount Uose, N. J. Copper ores near (Cook, '68,

p. 679).

Dip in shale near (Cook, '82, p. 25,26). 

Dip near (Cook, '68, p. 197). 

Elevation of (Cook, '68, p. 190). 

Elevation of trap ridge at (Cook, '82, p. 60). 

Trap boundary near (Cook, '68, p. 190). 

Mount Sorrow, Pa. Boundary of the Newark

near (II. D. Rogers, '58, vol. 2, p. 675). 

Mount Toby, Mass. Brief account of sandstone

and conglomerate near (E. Hitchcock, '35,

p. 221).

Character of rocks at (E. Hitchcock,'41, p. 447). 

Concerning the origin of the conglomerate of

(E. Hitcheock, '.''.5, p. 244). 

Conglomerate in (E. Hitchcock, '35, pp. 214,

215. E. Hitchcock, '41,p. 442). 

Description of (Emerson, '82. E. Hitchcock,

'41, pp. 248-249. Percival, '42, p. 409). 

Description of scenery near (10. Hitchcock,

'23, vol. 7, p. 10). 

Description of trap ridges near (E. Hitchcock,

41, p. 648. Pcrcival, '42, pp. 409-410). 

Dip of rocks on (E. Hitchcock, '35, p. 224). 

Discussion concerning footprints found at (E.

Hitchcock,'36, p. 334). 

Estimated thickness of Newark system at (E.

Hitchcock,'35, p. 224). 

Mention of rock composing (Percival, '42, p.

450).

Note on conglomerate near (Nash, '27, p. 247). 

Section of (Walling, '78,pi. op. p. 192). 

Stratigraphy near (Walling, '78). 

Trap between sandstone at (E. Hitchcock, '35,

p. 416).

Trap dikes at (E. Hitchcock, '35, p. 224). 

Trap interstratined with sandstone at (E.

Hitchcock, '41, p. 654). 

Trap ridges near (E. Hitchcock, '35, p. 409).

Mount Tom, Mass. Abnormal dip near (E. Hitchcock, '35, pp. 419-421).

Account of the trap rock of (E. Hitchcock, '41, 

pp. 641-043).
266 THE NEWARK SYSTEM. [BtJtL. 85.

Mount Tom, Mass. Continued.

Additional facts concerning a fossil form from

(E. Hitchcock, 'CO). 

An overflow trap sheet (W. M. Davis, '88, pp.

464-407). 

Brief account of (E. Hitchcock, '18, pp. 105,

108. E. Hitchcock, '35, p. 414. E. Hitchcock, '43, p. 187). 

Brief account of trap of (E. Hitchcock, '211,

vol. C, pp. 45-46). 

Brief reference to sandstone at (E. Hitchcock,

'35, p. 215).

Columnar trap on (E. Hitchcock, '35, p. 400). 

Contact metamorphism on the east side of (E.

Hitchcock, '41, p. C57). 

Contact metainorphism on the east side of,

description of (E. Hitchcock, '35, pp. 423-

429).

Description of (E. Hitchcock, '41, pp. 240-247). 

Description of geology near (W. M. Davis,

'83, pp. 261-263). 

Description of scenery near (E. Hitchcock,

'23, vol. 7, p. 9).

Description of a section across the Connecticut valley at (E. Hitchcock, '55). 

Description of trap ridge connected with

(Percival, '42, pp. 368-370). 

Description of trap ridges near (Percival, '42,

pp. 389-393). 

Description of trap tuff on the east side of (E.

Hitchcock, '24, pp. 245-247). 

Dip and strike of rocks at (E. Hitchcock, '41,

p. 448).

Dip at (E. Hitchcock, jr., '55, p. 23). 

Dip near (E. Hitchcock, '36, p. 308). 

Dip of rocks heueath trap at (E. Hitchcock,

'35, p. 223).

Dip of sandstone beneath trap at (E. Hitchcock, '41. p. 654).

Dips near (E. Hitchcock, '35, p. 417). 

Elevation of (J. D. Dana, '7JJa, p. 498). 

Fossil fern from (E. Hitchcock, '58, p. 6). 

Fossil fern from, description of (E. Hitchcock, jr., '55). 

 Fossil footprints at (E. Hitchcock, '58, pp. 50

et seq.).

Fossil footprints found near (D. Marsh, '48, 

p. 272).

Description of (E. Hitchcock, '36,-pp. 317- 

325).

Early discovery of (E. Hitchcock, '36, pp. 

308-309).

Localities of (E. Hitchcock, 41, p. 465).

Locality for (E. Hitchcock, '48, p. 132).

Reference to (Macfarlane, '79, p. '63). 

Fossil shell from (E. Hitchcock, '58, p. 6).

Description of a (E. Hitchcock, jr., '56). 

Mention of (A. Smith, '32, p. 224). 

Origin and character of (Emerson, '87, pp. 19-

20).

Origin of, mentioned (J. D. Dana, '75rt, p. 502). 

Overflow, origin of (W. M. Davis, '82). 

Section across Connecticut valley at (E.

Hitchcock, '58, pi. 3). 

Section from, to Walliugford, Conn. (W. M.

Davis, '83, pp. 305-307, pi. 10).

Mount Tom, Mass. Continued. '

Section of (E. Hitchcock, '47a, p. 200. E.

Hitchcock, jr., '55, p. 23). 

Section of, after E. Hitchcock (W. M. Davis,

'83, p. 281, pi. 9).

Section showing junction of trap and sandstone at (E. Hitchcock, '41, p. 656). 

Section through (Walling, '78, pi. op. p. 192). 

Thickness of sandstone east and west of (E.

Hitchcock, jr., '55).

Topographic form of (Percival, '42, p. 304). 

Trap conglomerate at (E. Hitchcock, '35, p.

215). 

Tufaceous conglomerate on the east side of

(E. Hitchcock, '41, p. 442). 

Mount Top, Pa. Trap and iron ore from (C. E.

Hall, '78, p. 31). 

Mount Vernon, N. J. Boundary of Long hill trap

near (Cook, '68, p. 187). 

Boundary of the Newark near (Frazer, '80, p.

13).

Mount Warner, Mass. Description of (E. Hitchcock, '41, p. 249). 

Dips near (Walling, '78, p. 192). 

Mount Washington, N. J. Trap hill near (Cook,

'68, p. 188).

Mud cracks at Pompton, If. J. (Cook, '68, p. 201). 

Condition of deposition shown by (J. I). Dana,

'75, p. 420).

In sandstone of Connecticut valley (E. Hitchcock, '58, pp. 369-170, pis. 39, 60). 

(See also Sun cracks.) 

Mulhockaway creek, N. J. Boundary of Newark

along (Cook, '68, p. 175). 

Murchison, N. C. Sketch showing outcrop ot

coal near (Chance, '85, p. 48). 

Murchison coal mine, N. C. Quality of coal found

at (Emmons, '52, p. 131).

MURCHISON, RODERICK IMPEY. 1843. 

Address delivered at the anniversary meeting 

of the Geological Society of London, on 

the 17th of February, 1843. 

London, pp. 1-118.

Discusses the footprints of the Connecticut

valley and the probable ago of the rocks

in which they occur, pp. 104-108.

MURCHISOX [RODERICK IMPEY]. 1843a.

[On the footprints of the Connecticut valley

sandstone.]

In Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 45, pp. 187-188. 

General remarks concerning the fossils in

question. 

MURPHY, If. S. Trap rock quarried by (Cook,

'81, p. 63). 

Murray harbor, P. E. I. Dip near (Dawson

and Ilarrington, '71, p. 15). 

Sterubergia from (Dawson and Harrington,

'71, p. 40).

Musconetcong mountain, Jf. J. Boundary of Newark near (Cook, '68, p. 175).

Musseliuan's lower mine, Pa. Detailed account 

of (Frazer, '80, pp. 302-304).

Myersville, y. J. Bored well near (Ward, 79, p.

139).

Myriapods, fossil, description in Connecticut valley (E. Hitchcock, '58, pp. 147-166).
RUSSELL.] LITERATURE. 267

Myriapoils, fossil Continued.

Description of tracks of (E. Hitchcock, '05, pp. 

17, 18).

1'osition of, in scheme of classification (K.

Uitchcoek, '58, p. 48). 

NASH, ALANSOX. 1827.

Notice of the lead mines and veins of Hampshire county, Mass., and of the geology 

and mineralogy of tho region.

In Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 12, pp. 238-270, and 

may).

Contains a brjef and very general description 

of the sedimentary rocks of tho Connecticut valley, with a discussion of their 

origin, pp. 24G-247, and map. 

[XASOX, V RANK L. J. 1889.

The Triassic rocks, or the lied sandstone of 

New Jersey.

In geological survey of Xew Jersey, annual 

report of the state geologist for the year 

1888, pp. jO-48, pi. op. p. 42.

Records detailed observations on tho Newark system in New Jersey. Discusses 

the presence of faults and tho relation of 

tho trap ridges to drainage lines. 

[XASOX, FRANK L.]. 1889a.

Geological studies of the Triassic or Red 

sandstone and trap rock.

In New Jersey Geol. Snrv. Hep. for 1889, pp. 

GG-72.

Discusses the source of trap pebble found in

the Newark rocks of New Jersey. 

[XASOX, F. L.]. 18891).

Artesian wells [in New Jersey].

In N, J. Gool. Surv., Ann. Hep. for 1880, pp. 

82-89.

Contains tho records of a number of wells 

bored in the Newark rocks of New Jersey. 

XASON, FRANK L. 1890.

On the intrusive origin of the "Watchung traps 

of Now Jersey.

In Geol. Soc. Am., Bull., vol. 1, pp. 502-503.

Describes a trap conglomerate near Montville,

N. J., and discusses its origin. 

NASOX, F. L.

Cited on the intrusive nature of tho trap 

shoots of New Jersey (Cook, '89, p. 14).

Cited on "pipe stem" amygdaloids in the trap 

of Watchung mountain, N. J. (Davis and 

Whittle, '89, p. 134).

National Museum, Washington, I>. (J. Fossil footprints in (C. H. Hitchcock, '88, p. 123). 

Neinnin's mill, Pa. Contact nietamorphism at 

(d'lnvilliers, '83, p. 199).

Strike and dip of strata near (d'lnviliiers, '83,

p. 211). 

Nell's copper mine, Pa. Detailed account of

(Frazer, '80, pp. 301-302).

Nelson county, Va. Boundary of the Newark in 

(W. B. Kogers, '39, p. 74).

Brief account of sandstone in (W. B. Rogers,

'3G, pp. 81-82).

Neshanie, N. «F. Course of trap ridge near (Nason, '89, p. 35).

Dip iu red shale at (Cook, '82, p. 20).

Ncslianic, N. J. Continued. 

Dip near (Cook, '68, p. 197). 

Origin of trap rock near (Darlon, '89, p. 138). 

Section and description of trap sheet near

(Darton, '90, p. 67).

Trap outcrops near (Darton, '90, p. 70). 

.\EUMAYEK, M. 1885. 

Die geographische Verbreitung dor Jura-Formation.

In Denkschrifton der kaiserlichen Akademio 

der Wissenschaften, matheniatisoh-natiirwissenschaftlicho Klasse, vol. 50, pp. 57- 

142, two maps and one plate. 

Contains a brief review of the Jurassic formation in North America, based principally 

on tho writings of J. Marcou, W. M. 

Gabb, C. King, and C. A. White, pp. 123- 

125. Tho maps give a general idea of the 

distribution of land and of climatic zones 

in the Jurassic period.

Nererslnk hills, Pa. Conglomerate from (d'lnvilliers, '83, p. 380). 

Neversink mountains, Pa. Conglomerate near

(H. D. Rogers, '58, vol. 2, p. 681). 

Section near (H. D. Rogers, '58, vol. 2, pp.

681-082).

Neverslnk station, Pa. Dip of shalo near (d'lnvilliers, '83, p. 221). 

"Unconformity near (d'lnvilliors, '83, pp. 221-

222). 

New Amsterdam, N. J. Conglomerate at (Cook,

'68, p. 210).

Newark. Objections to, as a group name (C. H. 

Hitchcock, '90).

Newark group. Name proposed (W. C. liedfleld, 

'56, p. 181).

Newark system. Name proposed by W. C. Redfleld (Russell, 89a).

Sections, pictorial review of the (W. M. Davis, '83, pp. 280-281, pis. 9-11). 

Newark, X. J. Artesian well at (Cook, '79, pp. 

126-127. Cook, '82, p. 142. Cook, '84, pp. 

135-137). 

Bored wells at (Cook, '85, pp. 114-115. Ward,

'79, p. 150).

At, with analysis of water; record of 

strata passed through (Cook, '80, pp. 

162-166). 

Brief account of the geology near (Lyell, '45,

vol. 1, p. 15). 

Brief description of the brownstone quarries

at (Russell, '78, p.-224). 

Building stone at (Cook, 68, pp. 507-508). 

Character of the rocks in quarries near (Nason, '89, p. 22).

Coal in thin seams at (Cook, '78, p. 110). 

Dip at (Cook, '68, p. 196). 

Dip in sandstone at (Cook, '79, p. 30. Cook,

'82, p. 24. Lyell, '42).

Finding of the cast of a tree trunk at, mention of (Edwards, '71). 

Fossil plants found at, mention of (Newberry,

'88, p. 13).

From, descriptions and figures of (Newberry, '88).
268 THE NEWARK SYSTEM. [BULL. 85.

Newark, N. J. Continued.

Plant remains at (Cook, '79, p. 137).

In sandstone near (Nason, '89, p. 28).

Quarries at (Cook, '79, p. 19. Cook, '81, pp. 

47-49. Lycll, '42. Slialer, '84, pp. 141-144).

Raindrop impression from (Lyell, '51, pp. 238,

242-244).

Mention of (Lyell, '43, pp. 39-40. Lyell, 

'51. W. C. Redfield, '51a, pp. 73-7^). 

Notice of (W. C. Redlield, M2).

Sandstone exposed near, description of (11. D. 

Rogers, '40, p. 130).

Sandstone near, description of (Cook, '08, p. 

209).

Sandstone quarries at (Cook, '79, p. 22. Slialer, '84, p. 341).

Section from, to Brooklyn heights, N. Ar. 

(Cook, '08, p. 230).

Seefion near (Cook, '08, pp. 230, 231, 232, 324. 

Shaler, '84, p. 142).

Section of rocks exposed in quarry at (Finch, 

'20, pp. 209-211).

Trap rock in driven well at (Ward, '79, p. ] 50).

Wells bored in, records of (Nason, '89&). 

Newark bay shore, X. J. Boundary of trap outcrop along (Cook, 'Oi, p. 177).

Exposure of Newark sandstone and shale in 

(Britton, '81, p. .108).

Trap rock in (Cook, '08, p. 177). 

Newark mountain, N. J. Description of (II. D. 

Rogers, '40, p. 140).

Section across, after II. D. Rogers (W. M. 

Da vis, '83, p. 281, pi. 9).

Section across, after AV". W. Mather (AV. M.

Davis, '83, p. 281, pi. 9). 

New Baltimore, Va. Boundary of the Newark

near (AV. K. Rogers, '40, p. C3). 

New Berlin, Pa. Trap dikes and dip of strata

near (d'liivilliers, '83, p. 200). 

NEWBERRY, J. S. 18GC.

Description of fossil plants from the Chinese 

coal-hearing beds. In geological researches ia China, Mongolia, and Japan 

during the years 18G2-1805, by Raphael 

Puiupolly. Appendix, pp. 119-123, pi. 9.

In Smith. Inst., Contrih. Knowl., vol. 15, pp. 

1-143, pis. 1-9.

The fossils described in this paper are stated 

to be of Jurassic or Triassic age, and are 

compared with similar fossils from Abiquiu, N. Mex., Sonora, Mexico, and North 

Carolina. 

v NEWBERRY, J. S. 1870.

[Remarks on the genesis of the Newark sandstones contiguous to the Palisades, N. J.]

In New York Lye. Nat. Hist., Proc., vol. 1, 

1870-1871, pp. 131, 133-134, 137.

Dissents from the hypothesis proposed by H. 

Wurtz, to the e fleet that the sandstones 

adjacent to the Palisades of the Hudson 

were derived from the disintegration of 

trap rock. (Jives analysis of sandstone 

and trap. 

4 NEWBERRV, J. 8. 1S7S.

[Remarks on copper ores in the Triassic sandstones of tbe United States. ]

NEWMERKY, J. 8. Continued.

In Now York Lye. Nat. llist., Proc., 2d ser.,

vol.2?, 1874, pp. 10-17.

Describes the frequent occurrence of the ores 

of copper in the Triassic sandstones of 

New Mexico and Texas, and mentions 

that a similar impregnation of sandstone 

with copper is common in the Newark 

system.

NEWBEBRY, J. S. 1876.

Descriptions of tbe Carboniferous and Triassic fossils collected on the San Juan exploring expedition, under the command of 

Capt. J. N. Macomb, U. S. Engineers.

In report of tbe exploring expedition from 

Santa. Vo, N. Mox., to the junction of 

the Grand and Green rivers of the great 

Colorado of the AVest. in 1859, under the 

command of Capt. J. N. Macomb, with 

geological report by Prof. J. S. Newberry, 

AVasbiiigton (Engineer's Department, U. 

S. Army), *to, pp. 135-148, pis. 1-8).

Some of the plants described are found also in 

the Newark.

NEWBERRY, J. S. 1878. 

Description of new fossil fishes from the

Trias. 

In New York Acad. Sci., Ann., vol. 1, 1879,

pp. 127-128. 

Abstract in Am. Jour. Sci., 3d ser., vol. 10, p.

149; and in Nenes Jahrbuch, 1879, p. 110. 

Describes the negus Diplurus, represented by

D. loiii/icaudatus, from Boonton, N. J.,

and Ptycliolepis inarshi, from Durham,

Conn. Concludes with brief remarks on

the age of the system.

NEWBERRY, J. S. 1883. 

[Remark on the intrusive character of the

trup of Bergen hill, N. J.] 

In Now York Acad. Sci., Trails., vol. 2, 1882-

1883, p. 120. 

Refers to an investigation by P. Schweitzer,

demonstrating the ditl'erence between the

trap of Bergen hill and tbo associated

sandstone.

NEWBEURY, J. S. 1885. 

[Remarks on the geological position of tbo

Triassic and Jurassic rocks of America.] 

In New York Acad. Sci., Trans., vol. 5,. 1885-

1880. 

States the geological position of tbo Newark

system, as shown by the fossil plants and

fossil fishes, pp. 17-20.

NEWBERRY, J. S. 1887.

[Remark on the former extent of tbe Newark 

system.]

In New York Acad. Sci., Trans., vol. 7, p. 39.

States that the occurrence of Cretaceous strata 

resting on tbe crystalline rocks of Staten 

island, indicates tbe existence there during secondary times, of a region of separa- 

' tion between the Newark areas of Connecticut and Now Jersev.
KUSSELL.] LITERATURE. 269

NEWBEUKY, JOHN S. 1888.

Fossil fishes and fossil plants of the Triassic 

rocks of New Jersey and the Connecticut 

valley.

"0. S. Geol. Snrv., Monograph vol. 14, 4to, pp. 

i-xiv, 1-152, pis. 1-26, roviewed by J. Mareon, in Am. Geol., vol. 5, pp. 100-174.

Abstract in New York Acad. Soi., Trans., vol. 

C, 1860-1887, pp. 124-128.

Notice in Am. Jour. Sei.. 3d ser., vol. 37, pp. 

77-78; and in Am. Geol., vol. 4, 187-188.

Gives a short account of tho distribution and 

of the principal features of tho Newark 

system; presents the views of previous 

authors as to its ago; discusses its relations with similar terranes in the Kooky 

mountain region and in Europe, pp. 1-17.

Fishes: lie views previous studies of the fossil 

fishes, and a list of those now known, pp. 

19-23. Description of genera and species, 

principally from New Jersey and the Connecticut valley, pp. 24-70, illustrated by 

pis. 1-20.

Plants: Sketch of the flora with special reference to the fossil plants of tho Connecticut valley and New York-Virginia (Palisade) areas, pp. 79-81. Description of 

genera and species, pp. 82-95, illustrated 

by pis. 21-26. 

NEWBKURY, J. S. ISSSa.

Triassic plants from Honduras.

In New York Acad. Sei., Trans., vol. 7, 1887- 

1888, pp. 113-115.

Preliminary publication of a paper subsequently printed under the title Khrctic 

plants from Honduras, in Am. Jonr. Sci., 

3d ser., vol. 30, pp. 342-351, pi. 8. 

imVBKKltr, J. S. ISSSb.

Klui'tie plants from Honduras.

Ill Am. Jour. Sci., 3d ser., vol. 30', pp. 342-351, 

pin. 8.

Compares somo of the fossils described with

similar plants from the Newark. 

NEWBEBUY, J. S. ISOO.*

On nendropliycus triassicus.

In Am. Nat,, vol. 24, pp. 10U8-10C9.

A reply to J. F. James, in reference to the 

fossil mentioned, being of organic and not 

of inorganic origin.

NEN'BUBUY, J. S. Cited in tho cause of tho red 

color of the Newark sandstones (Uussell, 

'82, p. 52).

Cited on fossil plant from Connecticut (Chapin, '91«).

Review of report on fossil iishes and fossil 

plants by (Marcou, '90).

Ncwberry, P.a. Contact metamorphism near (IT.

D. Rogers, '58, vol. 2, p. 088). 

Trap dikes near (II. D. Kogers, '58, vol. 2, p. 

038).

New bridge point, Pa. Dip of Newark rocks near 

(Lewis, '85, p. 452).

New Britain, Conn. Detailed study of tho geological structure near (W. M. Davis, '89). 

Mention of the occurrence of bitumen in (Pcrcival, '42, p. 443),

New Britain, Conn. Continued.

Trap ridges and faults near, map of ("W. M.

Davis, '89c, p. 424). 

Trap ridges near, description of (Davis and

Whittle, '89, p. 115. Percival, '42, pp. 373,

375, 376, 379, 381, 384-386). 

New Brunswick. Brief account of the Newark

system in (Bailey, Matthew and Ells, '80,

pp. 2-23D and maps. Matthew, '03). 

Brief note on contact of Newark and Carboniferous in (Bailey, '85). 

Brief note on fossil wood from Gardner's creek

(J. W. Dawson, '03). : 

Brief reference to the geology of (llussell, '78,

p. 220).

Catalogue of mineral localities in (Marsh, '63). 

Copper ore on Grand Manon, occurrence of

(Chapman, '35). 

Description and discussion of Newark rocks

of (Dawson, '78). 

Description of Grand Manau island (Vorril,

78). 

Geological map of (Bailey, '65. Dawson, '78,

map. Logon, '05, map No. ]. Matthew,

'65, map).

Geological sketch of (Crednor, '05). 

Newark on Grand Mauan island (Matthew,

'78, p. 339).

Newark rocks of, reference to (Dawson, '78, pp. 

80-87).

Report on (Matthew, '65).

Summary concerning (Chapman, '78, p.

100). 

Newark system in, former extent of (Dawson,

'78, p. 108).

General remarks on (Dawsoii, 78, pp. 109-

113).

Observations on tho geology of (Bailey, '05). 

Report on the geological survey of (Gesner,

'39. Gesuer, '40. Gesnor, '41. Gesner,

'42. Gesner, '43a). 

Sections, Gardner's creek (Gesnor, '41, p. 14).

Grand Mauau island (Chapman, 72, op. p. 

193).

Quaco head, near (Gesnor, '40, p. 17).

New Brunswick, N. J. Abandoned quarries near 

(Cook, '81, p. 55).

Altered shale near (Cook, '83, p. 23).

Analysis of sandstone from (Cook, '08, p. 510).

Analysis of shale from (Cook, '08, pp. 384-J85K

Artesian wells at (Cook, '85, pp. 112-113).

Baryta near (Cook, '08, p. 709).

Bearing of joints at (Cook, '08, p. 201).

Bored wells at (Cook, '82, p. 147. "Ward, 79, 

pp. 132-133).

Brief account of the Newark system of (Dawson, 78, pp. 108-109).

Copper mine near, description of (H. D. 

Rogers, '40, p. 10]).

Copper ore at (Cook, 71, pp. 55-50).

Copper ores near (Cook, '68, p. 678).

Dip at (Cook, '08, p. 190).

Dip in sandstone near (Cook, '82, p. 25).

Dip in shale at (Cook, 79, p. 30).

Dip near (H. D. Rogers, '40, p. 128).

Minerals obtained near (Beck, '39).
270 THE NEWARK SYSTEM. [BULL. 85.

New Brunswick, N. J. Continued. 

Native iron near (Cook, '8^!, p. 02). 

Sandstone and shale exposed near, description

of (H. D. .Rogers, '40, p. 128). 

Sandstone and shale near, exposure, of (Hitssell, '78, p. 224). 

Sandstone near, description of (Cook, '(58, p.

208).

Sandstone quarry near (Cook, 79, p. 23). 

Shale, at, description of (Cook, '08, p. 212). 

Soils at (Cook, '78, pp. 21-25). 

Trap and .sandstone near, section of (W. M.

Davit*, '83, p. 30!), pi. 11). 

Trap between siiiiiLstono near (Cook, 68, pp.

20,202-205). 

Trap dike near (Cook, '08, p. 204).

Notice of (Cook, '87, p. 126). 

Trap found near, in boring (H. D. llogers, '40,

pp. 148-149). 

Trap near (Darton, '90, p. 1(9).

Description of (Darton, '90, p. 66).

Origin of (Darton, '89, p. 139).

Outcrops of (Cook, '82, p. 59).

Small outcrop of (Nason, '89, p. 36). 

Trap ridge near, course of (Nason, '89, p. 35). 

Reference to (Russell, '78, p. 241). 

Trap rock of, brief reference to the nature of

(Cooper, '22, p. 240). 

New Chester, Pa. Trap dikes near (H. D. Rogers,

'5o, vol. 2, p. 688). 

Trap from (C. E. Hall, '78, p. 41). 

New City, N. Y. Columnar traps at (Mather, '43,

p. 282). 

Conglomerate quarries near (Mather, "39, pp.

123-124).

Quarries near (Mather, '43, pp. 286-287). 

New Durham, N. J. Boundary of trap outcrop at

(Cook, '68, p. 177). 

Building stone near, mention of (Cook, '81, p.

43).

Dip of sandstone at (Darton, '83). 

Disintegrated sandstone at, description of an

exposure of (Darton, '83). 

Trap rock quarries at (Cook 79, p. 25). 

"West contact of trap sheet near (Dartou, '90,

p. 52).

NEWELL, F. Jt. 1889. 

Richmond coal field, Virginia. 

In Gcol. Mag., dec. 3, vol, 6, pp. 138-140. 

A review of a paper by W. Clifford on the

Richmond coalfield. States that the strata

do not thin out near the outcrops, and that

the coal was not deposited in a restricted

basin with steep sides, as supposed by

Lyell and others. Shows that much faulting and crushing of the coal-bearing rocks

has taken place. 

Reviewed by AV. Clifford in Manchester

Geol. Soo., Trans., vol. 20, pp. 247-256. 

NEWELL, F. II. Cited on the Richmond C.MI

field (Clifford, '88). 

flew PairRcld, Pa. Trap from (C. E. Hall, '78

p. 69).

New Garden, Pa. Mention of a trap dike in (Farzer, '84, p. 693).

Newgate, Conn. Brief account of trap near (E.

Hitchcock, '23, vol. 6, p. 49). 

Sandstone associated with trap near (Percival, 

'42, |>. 440).

Newgate mine, Conn. Rocks near (Percival, '42,

pp.310, 391).

Newgate mountain, Conn. Building stones near 

(Percival, '42, p. 439).

Mention of (Percival, '42, p. 445).

Trap ridges near, description of (Percival, '42, 

pp. 389-391).

Topographic form of (Percival, '42, p. 308). 

Now tterniantowii, N. J. Analysis of conglomerate! from (Cook, '68, p. 393).

Boundary of Newark near (Cook, '68, p. 175. 

H.«D. Rogers, '40, pp. 16,118).

Calcareous conglomerate near, detailed description of (H. D. Rogers, '40, pp. 137-138).

Conglomerate near (Cook, '65, p. 7. Cook, '68, 

p. 210).

Mention of (Nason, '90).

Conglomerate quarries near (Nason, '89, p. 39).

Dip in shale and conglomerate near (Cook, '82, 

p. 29).

Dip near (Cook, '68, p. 197. Cook, '68, p. 199). 

Change of (JI. D. Rogers, '40, p. ]32).

Dip of variegated conglomerate near (H. D. 

Rogers, '36, p. 148).

Diverse dip.} near (Nason, '89, p. 18).

Section of trap and sandstone near (Darton,

'90, p. 35).

New flermantown, N. J. Trap hill near, description of (Cook, '68, p. 194).

Relation of (Nasou, '89, p. 36).

Trap of, description (Darton, '90, pp. 36-37).

Variegated conglomerate near, description of

(H. D. Rogers, '36, p. 148).

New Oermantown lull, N. J. Description of 

(Cook, '82, p. 65).

New Oermantown mountain, N. J. Probable faults

near (Nason, '89, p. 25). 

New Haven, Conn. Artesian -well bored at, record

of (J. D. Dana, '83, p. 386).

Depth of (Hubbard, '89). 

Dikes near, description of (W. M. Davia, '83,

p. 208). 

Dip of sandstone near ("Whelpley, '45, pp. 61-

62). 

Faults near, evidence of ("W. M. Davis, '88,

pp. 469-470).

Garnets in trap near (E. S. Dana, '77). 

Geology near, brief account of (Lyell, '45, vol.

1, p. 13).

Description of the (W. M. Davis, '83, pp.

267-269).

Geology of the vicinity of (Silliman, '14). 

Map of trap ridges north of (J. D. Dana, '75,

p. 418). 

Native copper found near, mass of (Silliman,

'18). 

Sandstone quarries near (Shaler, '84, p. 127).

Sandstone range beginning near (Percival,

'42, p. 433). 

Scoraceous rocks near, mention of (J. D.

Dana, '71a).
HUBS ELL.] LITERATURE. 271

w Haven, Conn. Continued. 

Section of trap dikes near (W. M. Davis, '83,

pp. 305-307, pi. 10). 

South end of Newark area at (Percival, '42,

p. 426).

Topographic and geologic features near, description of the (J. D. Dana, '71, pp. 40-47). 

Topographic feature of the region about, brief

account of (J.D. Dana, '7!Ja, p. 170). 

Trap and sandstone near, relation of (Wholpley, '45, pp. 62-03). 

Trap dikes near (R. Hitchcock, '23, vol. 6, pp.

50,57).

Reference to (Dauborry, '39, p. 22). 

Trap hills near, general account of the (Sillinian, '10, pp. 87-95). 

Trap outcrops near, critical study of (J. D.

Dana, '91). 

Trap ridges near, account of the (Davis and

Whittle, '89, pp. 105-100). 

Trap, character of (W. M. Davis, '89b, p. 25). 

Trap rock near (E. S. Dana, '75).

Brief account of (E. Hitchcock, '23, vol. 0, 

p. 50).

Mention of (S. P. Merrill, '84, p. 24).

Quarries of (Shalcr, '84, p. 127).

Reference to the volcanic origin of (Cooper, '22, p. 239). 

West rock near, description of (Silliman, '20a,

pp. 202-203). 

New Haven, Pa. Boundary of the Newark near

(Frazer, '80, pp. 15, 39).

New Holland, Pa. Boundary of the Newark near 

(H. D. Rogers, '58, vol. 2, p. C68).

Conglomerate near (H. D. Rogers, '58, vol. 2, 

pp. 079-080).

Trap dikes near (H. D. Rogers, '58, vol. 2, p. 

087).

New Hope, Pa. Altered shales and sandstones at

(H.D.Rogers, '48). 

Analysis of trap from (Gentli, '81, pp. 94, 05,

96). 

Character of strata near (H. D. Rogers, '58,

vol. 2, p. 673). 

Contact inetamorphism at, brief account of

(H. D. Rogers, '30, p. 162). 

Dikes near (H. D. Rogers, '58, vol. 2, p. 673). 

Dip in shale and sandstone at (Cook, '82, p. 26). 

Limestone at (Cook, '79, p. 32). 

Metamorphisni near (H. D. Rogers, '58, vol. 2,

pp. 673, 674).

Strike near (H. D. Rogers, '58, vol. 2, p. 673). 

Section of dikes at, after H. D. Rogers (W. M.

Davis, '83, p. 281, pi. 9). 

Silurian limestone in Triassic rocks at (Cook,

'83, p. 26). 

Thickness of the Newark near (Frazer, '77a,

p. 499).

Trap, contact reetamorphism, etc., near, description of (H. D. Rogers, '40, pp. 153-154). 

Trap dikes near, description of (H. D. Rogers,

'58, vol. 2, p. 685).

Trap hills near (Lesley, '85, p. xxix). 

Newington, Conn. Sandstone quarries near (Shaler, '84, p. 127).

New Jersey. Age of the Newark rocks of (Marcou, '58, pp. 11, 33-16, 65. W. C. Redfield,

'51).

Indicated by fossil fishes (W. C. Redfield, 

'43«. Redfield, '56, pp. 180-181).

Note in reference to (Dawson, '58).

Remarks on, (Newbcrry, '85. H. D.

Rogers, '43&).

Albite, in sandstone from (J.D.Dana,'71 &). 

Analysis of sandstone from (Schweitzer, '71).

Note, on the (Wurtz, '72). 

'Analysis of trap from (Hawes, '75). 

Arkosenear Hoboken, possible origin of the

(D.S.Martin, '83).

Artesian wells in (Cook, '80. "Ward, '79). 

Boundaries of Newark system in (Cook, '65. 

Cook, '73. Cook, '89, p. 11).

Briefly described (Nason, '89, p. 16). 

Building stone from, value of (Alger, '51).

Reference to (Russell, '80, p. 35). 

Calcite from Bergen hill (vom Rath, '77). 

Catalogue of spaciinens for the Centennial Exhibition (Cook, '76). 

Character of the Newark system in (Cook,

 88). 

Columnar trap at Orange (Cook, '84, pp. 23-28).

A popular description of (Heilprin, '84).

Description of (Iddings, '86). 

Contact nietamorphism at Rocky hill (J. I>.

Dana, '43, pp. 113-114). 

Copper mines of (Cook, '74, pp. 56-57). 

Copper mine at Flemingtoii, N. J., report on

a (E. and C. H. Hitchcock, '59). 

Copper ore in (Cook, '71, pp. 55-57. Cook, '73.

Cook, '81, pp. 39-40).

Brief account of (Cook, '71, pp. 55, 57).

Detailed account of (H. D. Rogers, '40, 

pp. 158-165).

Mention of (Cook, '73, pp. 98-99). 

Datholite from Bergen hill (E. S. Dana, '72). 

Difference between the trap of Bergen hill 

.and the associated sandstone (Newberry, 

''83). 

Dips in, general (J. D. Dana, '75, p. 419).

Hypothesis accounting for (Bradley, '76).

Reference to (D. S. Martin, '76, p. 120). 

Disintegrated sandstone at Now Durham, description of an exposure of (Darton, '83). 

Former connection of the Newark sandstone

in with the similar formation in the Connecticut valley (Bradley, '70, p. 289). 

Fossil fish, footprints, raindrop impressions,

etc., at Pompton (W. C. Redfleld, '43). 

Fossil fishes and footprints at Weehawkeu

(Gratacap, '80).

Fossil fishes and fossil plants from, description of (Newberry, '88).

Fossil fishes from, description of (Egerton, '49. 

W. C. Redfield, '41).

Description of new, from Boonton (Newberry, '78).

List of (DoKay, '42).

Note on (W. C. Redficld, '39).

Note on the discovery of (Silliman, '39).

Record of the finding of, at Weohawken 

(Britton, '85).
272 THE NEWARK SYSTEM. [BULL. 85.

New Jersey Continued.

Fossil fishes from, remarks on (Emmons, '57,

p. 142. AY. C. Rodtield, '42). 

Fossil footprint, localities in, list of (C. H.

Hitchcock, '88, pp. 122-123). 

Fossil footprint near Boonton, brief record of

tho finding of a (Eusscll, '79). 

Fossil footprints and plants from Milford, list

of (see Eyerman, '89). 

Fossil footprints and raindrop impressions in,

brief reference to (AV. C. Redfield, '43<i). 

Fossil footprints at Pompton, reference to

the discovery of (E. Hitchcock, '43a, p.

255). 

Fossil footprints at Pompton and Princeton,

brief statement concerning the occurrence of (Lea,'53, p. 185). 

Fossil footprints from, remarks on (Cope, '<!!),

p. 242). 

Fossil footprints found near Milford, brief

description of (Eyerman, '86). 

Fossil fucoid from Milford, description of a

(Lewis, '80&). 

Fossil localities, artesian wells, etc. (Cook,

'85).

Fossil plants from, remarks on (Newberry,'85). 

Fossil raindrop impressions at Newark (W.

C. Redfield, '42. Lyell, '51, pp. 238, 242-

244).

From Pompton, description of (W. C. Kedfield, '51a).

Fossil reptile from (Cope, '08, p. 733). 

Fossil ripple-marks and raindrop impressions,

brief account of, at Newark (Lyell, '43, pp.

39-40). 

Fossils from, description and illustration of

(Newberry, '88). 

Geological map of (Cook, '86). 

Geological map of New York City and vicinity (D.S.Martin, '88). 

Geological maps of, small (Putiiam, '86&, pp.

140,150).

Geology of Hudson county (Russell, '80). 

Geology of the Newark region in, general aceount of the (Pierce, '20). 

Hayesine from Bergen hill, description of

(Dartou, '82a).

Hunterdon Copper Company's property, report on the (Dickcson, '59). 

Hydrocarbon in tbo trap of the first Newark

mountain (Russell, 'ISb). 

Ichtliyoliti's from Red sandstone of, mention

of (AV. C. Redficld, '42).

Limestone outcrops along the northward border of the Newark rocks of, remark on a

line of (Britton, '85a). 

List of railroad stations on tho Newark in

(Macfarlane, '79, pp. 89-92). 

Microscopical cbaracter of building stones

from (G. P. Merrill, '84, pp. 24, 26, pi. 8). 

Minerals obtainednear New Brunswick (Beck,

'39). 

Minerals of Sunnnorville copper mine. (Torrey,

'22). 

Minerals of the Weehawken tunnel (Chamberlin, '83. Dartou, '82).

New Jersey Continued.

Monoclinal dip of the Newark rocks of, a 

reference to tlie cause of tho ("W. M. Davis, '86).

Native iron in trap from (Cook, '74, pp. 50-57).

Native silver in, on the occurrence of (Dartoii, '85).

Newark belt in defined (Fontaino, '79, pp. 20, 

31-33).

Newark, a brief study of the stratigraphy of 

("Walling, '78, pp. 195-197).

Newark in, description of the northwest boundary of (Kitcbell, '56, pp. 144,145).

Newark, an extended account of tho (Cook, 

'82).

Newark rooks of, on the former extent of (J. 

D. Dana, '79. D. S. Martin, '83. 1). S. 

Martin, '85).

Former extent of the (Russell, '80a). 

General description of (Cook, '79, pp. 18-

35).

Separate origin of the (H. D. Rogers, '42). 

In Huuterdon county (Cook, '04, pp. 6-7).

Newark system in, brief description of (Conrad, '39. Emmons, '57, pp. 3, 7-9. E. 

Hitchcock, '50. Lyell, '54. Macfarlane, 

'79, p. 68. H. D. Rogers, '58, vol. 2, pp. 

759-765. Russell,'78, p. 223. Russell,'80, 

p. 47).

Newark system in, detailed account of tho

(Cook, '68).

Discussion of the origin and former extent (J. D. Dana,'83).

Newark system in, former extent of the (Britton,'81, p. 169).

Northern geological map of, scale, 2 miles 

to 1 iueli (Cook and Smock, '74).

Oolite at Franklin, Bergen county (Eaton, '30).

Origin of tho material forming tho Newark 

rocks of (Cook, '87, p. 127).

Origin of tho prevailing dip of the Newark 

sandstones and shales (Russell, '78, p. 229).

Origin of the Red sandstones of (Newbcrry, 

'70).

Palisade region of, general account of (Akerly, 

'20).

Palisades trap, origin of ("Wnrtz, '70).

Relations of the traps of (Barton, '90).

Report on tho geological survey of the State 

(H. D. Rogers, '36).

Report on geology of (Cook, '83).

Report on tho Newark system in (Naion, '89).

Report of progress in the study of the Newark 

rocks of (Cook, '87).

Rogers, H. D., cited on the "variegated calcareous conglomerate" of (Lea, '53, p. 190).

Sandstone quarries in (Cook, '81, pp. 42-04. 

Shaler, '84, pp. 141-144).

Soils from shale and trap in (Cook, '78).

Trap and sandstone along the Hudson, general 

description of (Cozzen, '43).

Trap at Bergen hill (Cralner, '65, pp. 392-394).

Trap dikes and associated rocks of (Creditor, 

70).

Trap from Patorson to Pompton, brief account of (Nuttall, '22, pp. 239-241).
RUSSELL.] LITERATURE. 273

New Jersey Continued.

Trap of the Palisades, on the composition of

(J. D. Dana, 72). 

Trap ridges of, brief account of (Russell, '78,

pp. 241-242).

Observations on (W. M. Davis, '82). 

Observation ou°tlic origin of (Barton, '89). 

Remark on the crescent form of certain

(H. D. Rogers, '43c). 

Crescent-shaped, of (Sillimau, '44). 

Topographic form of, remarks on the (Peroival, '42, p. 311). 

Trap rocks in, brief account of (Emmons, '57,

p. 151). 

Brief remark on the origin of the (T. S. Hunti

'74).

Detailed study of (Dartou, '90). 

Origin of, reference to the volcanic (Cooper

'22, pp. 239, 243). 

Trap rock quarries (G. P. Merrill, '89, pp. 435-

436. Shaler, '84, pp. 145-146). 

Tra,p sheets of, on the intrusive nature of the

Triassic (Russell, '78a). 

Origin of the (W. M. Davis, '82a). 

Unconformity between the Newark and the

Potomac in (McGee, '88, p. 135). 

Unconformity of the Newark system and the

Cretaceous in (Cook and Smock, '78). 

Well bored for New Jersey Oil Co. near Newark (Nason, *89&). 

New Jersey, sections. (Cook, '65, p. 21. Cook, '68,

in portfolio. Cook, '68, p. 40. Cook, '80,

frontispiece. Cook and Smock, '78, p. 25.

Nason, '89, pp. 20, 22-24. H. D. Rogers,

'36, pi. H. D. Rogers. '40, pi. 1). 

After W. W. Mather (W. M. Davis, '83, p. 281,

pi. 9).

Arlington (Darton, '90, pp. 57, 58). 

Bergen hill, through (Credner, '65, pi. 18). 

Bernardsville station (Darton, '90, p. 24). 

Blackwells Mills (Cook, '68, p. 204). 

Bloomsburg to Dean's pond (Cook, '68, p. 199,

and in portfolio). 

Booutou to Passaie (Cook, '68, p. 199, and in

portfolio). 

Day's point, showing junction of trap, with

sedimentary rocks beneath (Russell, '80,

p. 47).

East Millstone, near (Darton, '90, p. 69). 

Egg Harbor to lake Ontario (J. Hall, '43). 

Feltville (Darton, '90, p. 26). 

Garret rock, showing fault (Darton, '90, p. 23). 

Gran ton trap mass (Darton, '90, p. 54). 

Great swamp to Plainfield (Cook, '68, p. 199,

and in portfolio).

Greensburg, near (Cook, '81, p. 56). 

Guttenburg (Darton, '90, p. 47). 

Ideal ofjthe Newark system in (Davis and

Wood, '89, pp. 388, 394). 

Jersey City to Boonton (Cook, '85, pi. op. p.

109). 

Lambertville, near. After G. H. Cook (W.

M. Davis, '83, p. 281, pi. 9). 

Lamington (Darton, '90, p. 35). 

Little Falls, showing lower contact of trap

sheet (Dnrton, '90, p. 31).

Bull 85 18

New Jersey, sections Continued.

Long Hill to Bouudbrook (Cook, '68, p. 199,

and in portfolio). 

Martin's dock (Cook, '68, p. 202. Darton, '90,

p. 65. W. M. Davis, '83, p. 309, pi. 11). 

Morris hill (Cook, '68, p. 203). 

Morris Plains to Jersey City (Cook, '68, p. 199,

and in portfolio).

Neshanie Station, near (Dartou, '90, p. 67). 

Newark (Cook, '81, pp. 48-49). 

In quarry near (Shaler, '84, p. 142). 

Rocks exposed in quarries nt (Finch, '26,

pp. 209-211). 

Newark and New York bays, across (Cook, '68'

p. 231).

Newark meadows (Cook, '68, p. 232).' 

Newark mountains, across. After H. D.

Rogers (W. M. Davis, '83, p. 281, pi. 9). 

To Brooklyn heights, N. Y. (Cook, '08, pp.

230,324). 

Palisades (Cook,'68, p. 200. Darton,'90. Emmons, '46, p. 200. Gray and Adams, '60,

p. 242. Matlier, '43, pi. 34). 

After Cook (W. M. Davis, '83, p. 281, pi. 9). 

After Mather (W. M. Davis, '83, p. 281, pi. 9). 

From Jersey City to Fort Lee (Cozzeiis, '43,

pi. 2).

Opposite New York (Cozzens, '43, pi. 3). 

Slaughter's landing. After Einmons (W.

M. Davis, '83, p. 281, pi. 9). 

Paterson (Darton, '90, p. 18. W. M. Davis,

'83, p. 309, pi. 11. Shaler, 84, p. 143). 

Point Pleasant (W. M. Davis, '83, p.'309, pi. 11). 

Pouipton lake, near (Dartou, '90, p. 25). 

Rahway to Deal (Cook, '68, p. 242). 

Riegelsville to Trenton (Cook, '68, p. 199, and

in portfolio).

Rocky Hill (Darton, '90, p. 59). 

Sandy Hook to near Newburg, N. Y. (Akerly,

'20). 

Sergeantsville, faulted beds near (Cook, '89, p.

14). 

Showing unconformity between the Newark

system and the Cretaceous (Cook and

Sniock, '78, p. 171). 

Snake hill trap (Darton, '90, p?°55a). 

Somerville, brecciated below trap near (Darton, '90, p. 29).

Sourland mountain (Darton, '90, pp. 91, 92). 

Titusville to Stocktou (Darton, '90, p. 61). 

Union hill trap (Darton, '90, p. 53). 

Watchung mountains, across (Cook, '83, p.

166, and plate). 

Trap sheets (Darton, '90). 

Weehawken. Palisade trap at. After I. C.

Russell (W. M. Davis, '83, p. 281, pi. 9). 

Showing junction of trap and sandstone at

(W. M. Davis, '83, p. 309, pi. 11). 

Trap and sandstone beneath (Darton, '90,

p. 116, pi. 5. Russell, '80, p. 39). 

Westville, trap sheet near (Darton, '90, p. 66).

' Westwood and Hohokus, faulted bods between (Cook, '89, p. 14).

New Jersey and Connecticut valley. Sections, 

hypothetical, of, after I. C. Russell (W. 

M. Davis,'83, p. 281, pi. 9).
274 NEWARK SYSTEM. [BULL. 85.

New Jersey and Connecticut valley Continued. 

Sections, ideal, showing the opposite dips of

the Newark of (Russell, '78, p. 230). 

New Jersey to Connecticut valley. Section allowing former connection of Newark areas 

(LeConte, '82, p. 600). 

New London, P. E. I. Analysis of limestone

from (Dawson and Harrington, '71, p. 41). 

Discovery and geological age of Jiathygnathus

borealis from (Dawsou, '54a). 

Discovery of Bathygnathus borealis at (Dawson, '53. Dawson and Harrington, '71, p. 

16. Ells, '84, p. IDE. Owen, '76,p.361). 

Fossil reptile from (Dawsoii, '78, p. 119). 

Triassic beds, so called, near (Bain and Dawson. '85, p. 155).

Newmarket, N. J. Dip at (Cook, '68, p. 197). 

Newmarket, Va. Boundary of Newark near (Heinricli, '78, p. 236. W. B. Rogers, '40, p.62). 

New Prospect, Pa. Trap dike near (Lewis, '85, p.

448). 

New Providence, N. J. Abandoned quarries near

(Cook, '81, p. 55). 

Black shale, with plant remains near (Nason,

'89, p. 28). 

Boundary of Second mountain trap near

(Cook, '68, p. 184).

Sandstone quarry near (Cook, '79, p. 23). 

New Richmond bay, P. E. I. Trap (Ells, '84, p.

18E). 

New Salem, Pa. Calcareous conglomerate from

(C. E. Hall, '78, p. 68). 

Trap dikes near (Frazer, '76, p. 95). 

Newton, N. J. Analysis of limestone from (Cook,

'68, p. 516). 

Newton, Pa. Sandstone quarries at (Shaler, '84,

p. 157). 

New Vernon, N. J. Altered shale near (H. D»

Rogers, '40, p. 133). 

Dip in shale at (Cook, '82, p. 30. H. D. Rogers,

'40, p. 133). 

Dip near (Cook, '68, p. 196. Cook, '68, p. 198.

Cook, '68, p. 199).

Diverse dips near (Nason, '89, p. 19). 

Fossil footprints from (Cook, '85, p. 95). 

Origin of trap near (Darton, '89, p. 137). 

Trap hill near (Cook, '68, p. 188). 

Trap outcrop at (Cook, '82, p. 19). 

New Yernon trap ridge, N. J. Description of

(Cook, '82, pp. 57-58). 

Now Vernon trap sheet, N. J. Description of

(Darton, '90, pp. 34-35).

New York. Building stone of the Newark system in, brief report on the (J. Hall, '86, p. 

198).

Geological map of (Putnam, '86«). 

Geology of Rockland county, brief account of

(Lincklaen, '61).

Newark rocks in, brief description of (Conrad, '39. Emmons, '46. Macfarlane, '79, 

p. 68). 

Near Stony Point, brief note on (J. D. Dana,

'80-'81, vol. 22, p. 113). 

Brief note on the presence of (Do Kay, '42,

p. 385). 

Brief reference to (J. Hall, '43).

New York Continued.

Newark sandstones in, briof theoretical consideration relating to mode of formation of (Mathcr, '45, p. 14). 

Newark region in, general account of the geology of (Pierce, '20). 

Newark rocks of Stat^i island, description

of the (Britten, '81). 

Palisade region, general account of (Akerly,

'20). 

Railroad stations on the Newark formation in,

list of (Macfarlane, '79, pp. 67-88). 

Red sandstone and conglomerate of, an account of (Mather, '43, pp. 285-294). 

Report on the geology of (Cook, '79). 

Sandstone and trap of Richmond and Rockland counties, an acco.nt of the (Mather, 

'39). 

Sections of, after W. W. Mather (W. M. Davis,

'83, p. 281, pi. 9).

Haverstraw, near (Matber, 43, pi. 5). 

Rockland county (Mather, '43, pi. 45). 

Statcn island (Cozzeus, '43, pi. 4. Brit- 

- ton, '81, pi. 16). 

Verclrieyo hook, near, sandstone with dike

beneath trap (Mather, '43, pi. 5). 

Trap dikes of Staten island, brief reference to

the (Chamberlin, '87).

Trap ridges of, the topographic form of, remarks on (Percival, '42, p. 311). 

Trap rocks of, detailed study of, the (Darton,

'90). 

An account of the (Mathcr, '43, pp. 278-

283).

Trap sandstone, etc., of Rockland and Richmond counties, report on (Mather, '43). 

New York, southern, and New Jersey, northern. 

Sections across. After W. "W. Mather 

(W. M. Davis, '83, p. 281, pi. 0). 

Nlctaure, N. S. Iron ores at (Alger, '27, pp. 229,

330). 

Nockamixon cliffs, Pa. Brief account of (E. D.

Rogers, '40, p. 124). 

Character of strata near (H. D. Rogers, '58,

vol. 2, p. 674).

Conglomerate of (Cook, '68, p. 209). 

Description of (H. D. Rogers, '36, p. 152). 

Dip in sandstone at (Cook, '82, p. 27). 

Nockamixon swamp, Pn. Metamorphism near

(H. D. Rogers, '58, vol. 2, p. 686). 

Nolan's ferry, Ya. Boundary of Newark near 

(Heinrich, '78, p. 235. "W". B. Rogers, '40, 

.p. 61). 

Norristown, Pa. Boundary of the Newark near

(H. D. Rogers, '58, vol. 2, p. 668). 

Character of strata at (H. D. Rogers, '58, vol.

2, p. 672). 

Dip of the Newark system at, remarks on

(Frazer, '75c).

Sandsto" quarries at (Shaler, '84, p. 157). 

Unconformity at the base of the Newark near

(Lesley. '83, p.' 132). 

North Belleville, N. J. Building stone near

(Cook, 'C8, pp. 506-507). 

Dip in sandstone at (Cook, '82, p. 24). 

Fault at (Cook, '82, p. 16 and pi. 3).
RUSSELL.] LITERATURE. 275

North Belleville, N. J. Continued. 

Quarries at (Sbaler, '84, p. 141). 

Sandstone quarries at (Cook, '79, p. 22). 

North Branch, N. J. Dip in shale near (Cook,

'79, p. 30).

North Branford, Conn. Description of trap ridges 

near (Hovey, '89, p. 365. Percival, -42, p. 

336).

Topographic form of trap ridge near (Perci- 

. val,'42, p. 303). 

North Carolina. (Kerr, '75).

Ago of the coal-bearing rocks of (Stevens,

'61). 

As shown by specimens of lignite (W. B.

Rogers, *55a). 

Discussion of (Emmons, '576, pp. 79-80.

Lesquereux, '76, p. 283). 

Indicated by fossil fishes (W. C. Rcdfield,

'56, pp. 180-181).

Note in reference to (Dawson, '58). 

Remarks on Newbcrry, '85). 

Analysis of coal from (Battle, '86). 

Analysis of water from bored well at Durham

(Venable, '87). 

Brief account of Chatham series in (Enimous,

'57, pp. 19-20).

Coal fields of (Macfarlano, '77). 

 Brief account of (Daddow and Bannan, '66,

pp. 403-406. Lo Conte, '82, pp. 457-459). 

Brief description of (McLenahan, '52. Patton, '88, pp. 23-25. H. D. Rogers, '58, vol. 

2, p. 764. Williams, '85, p. 59). 

Detailed report on (Chance, '85). 

Comparison of rocks of, with those of the 

Connecticut valley, New Jersey, etc- 

(Emmons, '57, pp. 14-16). 

Conglomerate at the base of the Newark, 

brief account of (Emmons, '57, pp. 19-21). 

Conglomerate in (Kerr, '75a). 

Dan river area, account of (Ohnsted, '27). 

Deep river coal field, brief account of (Chance, 

'84. "W. R. Johnson, '51a. Jackaou,'56o. 

Lyell, '54, p. 12. Lyell, '66, p. 457). 

Description of (W. R. Johnson, '50, pp. 111-

166). 

General account of in (Macfarlane, '77, pp.

516,528).

Report on (Wilkes, '58). 

Drop river valley, special report on (Emmons,

'57a). 

Depth of artesian well at Durham (Venable,

'87).

Dip of sandstone in the Chatham series (Emmons, '57, p. 22). 

Dip opposite, in Deep and Dan river, Newark

areas of (Bradley,'76. Kerr,'75). 

Dip, prevailing, of the Newark in (\V. B.

Rogers, '42).

Dips, general, in (J. D. Dana, '75, p. 419). 

Eunnons, E., cited on fossil bird bone from

(Mackio, '64). 

Former connection of the two Newark areas

in (Bradley, '76, p. 289).

Fossil fish from, remarks on (E. Emrnons, '57, 

p. 142).

North Carolina Continued.

Fossil plants from, compared with the older 

Mesozoic of Virginia (Fontaine, '83, pp. 

122-123). 

Compared with others from China, Mexico,

and New Mexico (Newberry, '66). 

List of (Fontaine, '83, p. 101).

Fossil reptiles from (Eminous, '57, pp. 145-147,

pi. 8).

Description of (Cope, '69, pp. 10-11, 56-59). 

Observations on (Cope, '70. Cope, '73).

Fossil vertebrates from, synopsis of (Cope,

. '75).

Fossils, associated with coal in (H. D. Rogers, 

'58, vol.2, p. 764).

Fossils, mammalian, from, description of 

(Osborn, '86. Osborn, '86a. Osboru, '87)

Geological maps of (Willis, '86, pis. op. pp. 

301,302).

Gold in Newark rocks, mention of the occurrence of (Mitchell, '27)'.

Handbook of (McGehe'o, '83).

Iron ores of (Willis, '86, pp. 305-306).

Liet of railroad stations on the Newark (Kerr, 

'79«).

Mitchell cited on the trap rocks of (Lyell, '47, 

p. 273).

Newark system in, condensed account of the 

(J. D. Dana, '75, pp. 405, 406).

Newark areas of, brief account of (Emmons, 

'57, pp. 4,7,9,11,14,16. Henderson, '85, 

p. 88. Olmstead, '20).

A discussion of its structure and former extent (Kerr, '74).

Brief account of the classification of the, in. 

(Emmons, '58).

Newark rocks, brief discussion of, in connection with other localities (W. B. Rogers, '54).

Newark system in, divisions of (Enimous, '57,

pp. 13-14. Emmons, '57c). 

Generalized section of, together with a 

summary of results respecting their fauna 

and flora, etc. (Emmons, '57). 

Observations on (Kerr, *75a).

Older Mesozoic flora of, general remarks and 

conclusions on (Foutainc, '83, pp. 121-128).

Older Mesozoic flora of (Fontaino, '83, pp. 97- 

128, pis. 48-57).

Oolitic basin in, briefly described (H. D. Rogers, '56, p. 32).

Outlines of the geology of (Mitchell, '42).

Physiographical description of (Korr, '79).

Quarries of Newark sandstone in (Shaler, '84, 

pp. 181-182).

Reference to the opposite dips and former 

connection of the two main Newark areas 

' of (Russell, 78, pp. 252-253).

Remarks on an outlying area of Newark on 

Drowning creek (Mitchell, '29, p. 17).

Report on the coal lands of Deep river ("W. R. 

Johnson, '51).

Report on the geology of (Emmons, '52. Kerr, 

'75. Olmstead, '24).

Report on the Midland counties of (Emmons, 

'50).
276 THE NEWARK SYSTEM. [BULL. 85.

North Carolina Continued.

Keport on the mineralogy of (Genth and Kerr,

'81, pp. 82-83).

Keport of progress on geology of (Kerr, '66). 

Review of E. Emmons's geological report on

the Midland counties of (Dewey, '57).- 

Sandstone in the gulf, thickness of (Emruous,

'57, p. 22). 

Sandstone quarries of (G. P. Merrill, '89, pp.

455-456). 

North Carolina, sections. (Einnions, '56, pp. 338-

342. Emnions, '57, p. 152, and plate. Emmons, '57ft, p. 76. Fontaine, '83, p. 100.

Kerr, '79). 

Cape Fear and Deep rivers (W. K. Jolmsou,

'51, map No. 2).

Coal-bearing rocks (Emmons, '52, pp. 115-116). 

Dan river coal field (Emnions, '52, p. 144. Eminons, '56, pp. 255, 260. Emmoiis, '57, p.

12. Jones, '62, p. 89. Kerr, '75, map). 

Deep river coal field (Emmons, '52, pp. 120-

125. Emmons, '56, pp. 238-239. Jones, '62,

pp. 89-90. Kerr, '75, map. Wilkes, '58,

p. 4).

Dennis bridge near (W. R. Johnson, '51. p. 5). 

Dikes. After Emmons (W. M. Davis, '83, p.

281, pi. 9).

Eagle bridge (Emmons, '52, p. 150). 

Egypt shaft (Chance, '85, p. 21. Emmons, '56,

pp. 233-234. Emmons, '57, pp. 31-32. Jacksou, '56a. Kerr, '75, p. 142. Wilkes, '58,

pi. op. p. 6).

Evans' mills (Emmons, '56, p. 231). 

Farmville (Chance, '85, pp. 22, 28-35). 

Gulf (Chance, '85, p. 41. Emmons, '57, p. 152,

and plate).

Leaksville (Emmons, '56, pp. 257-258). 

Madison, near (Emmons, '56, p. 259). 

Sewell's millstone quarries (W. R. Johnson,

'51, map No. 5). 

Showing relation of Newark system in (Emluona, '57, p. 9).

Taylor's, coal seams at (Chance, '85, p. 40). 

Wade's coal mine near Leaksville, coal-bearing shales at (Emmons, '52, p. 149). 

Statistical and descriptive account of (Anonymous, '69). 

Trap dikes in, decomposition of (Burbank,

'73).

Mention of, in (Bradley, '76). 

Brief account of, in (Emnions, '57, p. 150). 

Various reports cited on the geology of (Hale,

'83).

NORTH CAROLINA LAND COMPANY. 1889. 

A statistical and descriptive account of the

several counties of the state of North

Carolina. ' 

Raleigh, pp. 1-136. 

Contains a brief account of the coal lands of

North Carolina, pp. 103-104. 

North Coventry, Pa. Newark rocks of (Fnwer, '83,

p. 220). 

Northfleld, Conn. Trap dikes iu (Frazer, '83, p.

220.) 

Trap ridges near (Percival, '42, p, 346).

Description of (Percival, '42, p. 337).

Northfleld, Mass. Boundary of Newark near (E. 

Hitchcock, '58; p. 9).

Coarse conglomerate in, reference to (C. H. 

Hitchcock, '77«, p. 446).

Columnar trap near (E. Hitchcock, '23, vol. 6, 

pp. 53, 55).

Limestone in, reference to (E. Hitchcock, '35, 

p. 2J8).

Newark area at, north end of (Percival, '42, 

p. 426).

Newark at, north terminus of (A. Smith, '32, 

p. 219).

Newark rocks of, character and mode of formation of (Jackson, '41).

Trap in, brief account of (E. Hitchcock, '23, 

vol. 6, p. 44).

Trap nenr, brief account of (E. Hitchcock, 

'23, vol. 6, pp. 46,49).

Unconformity at base of Newark (Jackson,

'56ft, p. 184). 

Northfield, N. J. Trap hill near (Cook, '68, pp.

185,186).

Northford, Conn. Fetid limestone in, reference 

to (E. Hitchcock, '41, p. 444).

Limestone near, description of (Percival, '42, 

p. 316).

Trap ridges near, description of (Percival, '42, 

pp. 336, 342-343).

Trap ridge near, topographic form of (Percival, '42, p. 304).

North GuUford, Conn. Conglomerate in (Percival, '42, p. 427).

Trap ridges near, description of (Percival, '42,

pp. 336,338).

North Haniden, Conn. Contact metamorphism iu 

(Percival, '42, p. 436).

Contact phenomena near (Percival, '42, pp.

429-430).

Northampton, Mass. Artesian well at (Emerson, 

'87, p. 19).'

Brief account of a visit to (Lyell, '45, vol. 1, p. 

252).

Fossil footprints at (E. Hitchcock, '58, pp. 50 

et seq.).

Fossil footprints found at, remarks on (E. 

Hitchcock, '45c, pp. 62-65).

Fossil footprints from, description of (E. 

Hitchcock, '36, pp. 317-325. E. Hitchcock, 

'41, pp. 478-501. E. Hitchcock, '48). 

Special character of (E.Hitchcock,'41, p. 469).

Fossil footprints in, localitiesof (E.Hitchcock, 

'41, p. 465).

Plant impressions observed in (E. Hitchcock, 

'41, p. 450).

Remarks on trap-tuff or tufaceous conglomerate at (E. Hitchcock, '44e, p. 7). 

North Haven, Conn. Description of trap ridges

near (Percival, '42, pp. 401-403). 

North mountains, N. S. Contact of trap with 

sandstone beneath (Ells, '85, p. 7E).

Description of (Dawson, '47, p. 55. Dawson, 

'78, p. 90. Gesner, '30, pp. 226-229. Jack8011 and Alger, '33, p. 220).

Iron ore at (Harrington, '74, p. 207).

Iron ores in, brief account (Alger, '27, p. 330).

Rocks of (Gesner, '36, pp. 170,224).
RUSSELL.] LITERATURE. 277

North mountains, N. S. Continued.

Sandstone beneath trap at (Gesuer, '36, p. 72). 

Trap of (Chapman, '78, p. 110, 111-112). 

Trappuan overflow (Chapman, '78, pp. 110, HI113).

(See Blomidon.)

North Orange, Conn. Description of trap dikes 

in Primary rocks near (Percivnl, '42, p. 

414).

North Plainlteld, N. J. Shale between First and 

Second monntnins near (H. D. Rogers, '40, 

p. 134). 

North river, N. S. Description of Newark rocks

near (Ells, '85, p. 7E). 

North Rockaway, N. J. Dip in shale near (Cook,

'82, p. 28). 

North sugar loaf mountain, Mass. Section, of

(Walling, '78, pi. op. p. 192). 

North valley hill, Pa. Newark rocks in contact

with limestone area near (Lewis, '80a). 

Trap dike near, description of (Frazer, '80, p.

30). 

North Wilbraham, Mass. Dip and strike of rocks

in (E. Hitchcock, '41, p. 448). 

Norwood coal mine, Va. Notes on (Taylor, '35,

p. 284). 

Norwottock, Mass. Section across Connecticut

valley at (E. Hitchcock, '58, pi. 3). 

Section through ("Walling, '78, pi. op. p. 192). 

Study of dips near (Walling, '78, p. 192). 

Notch mountain, Conn. Anterior trap ridges of

(Davia and "Whittle, '89, p. 109). 

Small map of portion of (Davis and Whittle,

'89, pi. 2). 

Nott's coal mine, Va. Analysis of coal from

(Macfarlaue, '77, p. 515). 

Nottingham, Pa. Trap dike near (Lewis, '85, p.

148). 

Nowlan's, Va. Boundary of the Newark near (W.

B. Rogers, '39, p. 75). 

Nova Scotia. Age of the Newark rock in, remark

on the (H. D. Rogers, '58, vol. 2, p. 693). 

Age of the Newark system in, note in reference to the (Dawson, '58). 

Amygdaloid minerals of (Jackson, '59a). 

Amygdaloid on the east shore of the bay of 

Fumly, brief account of (Houeyman, '88). 

Catalogue of mineral localities in (Marsh, '63). 

Copper ore in (Howe, '09). 

Dip of the Red sandstone in, brief account of

(H. D. Rogers, '58, vol. 2, p. 761). 

Geological map of, scale 3 miles to 1 inch

(Dawson, '78, 1st ed., map). 

Geological map of, scale 40 miles to 1 inch,

(Gesnor, '36).

Geological map of, with accompanying memoirs (Gesner, '43). 

Geological map of (Jackson and Alger, '33.

Logan, '05, map No. 1). 

Geology and mineralogy of (Jackson and

Alger, '33).

Remarks on the (Gesner, '36). 

Geology of, notes on (Alger, '27). 

Gmelinito from, description of (Howe, '76). 

Ideal section through the basin of Minas 

(See Hartt, '67, p. 243).

Nova Scotia Continued.

Iron ore of (Harringtou, '74, pp. 207, 219).

Joints in trap of, remark on (Jackson, '41 a).

Manganese in (Gilpiu, '85).

Mineralogical paper relating to (Marsh, '67).

Mineralogy of (Howe, '69).

Mineralogy of the trap rocks of (Howe, '75).

Minerals found in, account of (Emmous, '36,

p. 345-351).

Minerals of (Willimott, '84). 

Native copper from the bay of Fundy, reference to (Gilpin, '77, p. 749). 

Newark rocks in, brief account of (Chapman, 

'76, pp. 82-83. Dawson, '56, pp. 20-21. 

Hull,*'87, p. 86. M'Kay, '66. H. D. Rogers, '58, vol. 2, p. 759-765). 

Antigonish county (Houeyman, '67, pp. 108,

118).

Brief reference to (Macfarlano, '85, p. 56). 

Description of (Ells, '84, p. 12E. Ells, '85,

pp. 6-7E. Dawson,'78). 

Former extent of (Dawson, '78, pp. 86-87). 

Kings county, general account of (Honeyinan, '79, pp. 27-28).

Mode of deposition of (Dawson, '78, p. 111). 

Mode of formation of (Dawsou, '78, p. 93). 

Near Truro (Honeyman, .'74, pp. 345-346). 

On Five islands, Great village, etc. (Honeyman, '78). 

Summary concerning (Chapman, '78, pp. 22,

106, 110-112). 

Petrographic comparison of certain rocks in

(Honeyman, 83). 

Peti'Ography of trap from (general account of

(Houeyman, '85, pp. 122-124). 

Section, basin of Minas, through (Hartt, '67,

p. 243).

Blomidon, Lyell, '45, vol. 2, p. 172). 

Blomidou and Hoi ton, between (Dawson,

'47, p. 56).

Cobequid bay to Cobequid mountains (Dawson, '78, pi. op. p. 125). 

De Bert river, near (Dawsou, '47, pi. 5). 

Great village river, near (Dawson, '78, pi.

op. p. 125). 

Horton to cape Blomidon (Dawson, '78, pp.

90-94). 

Minas basin,' north shore of, after J. D.

Dawson (\V. M. Davis, '83, p. 281, pi. 9). 

Partridge island (Dawson, '78, pi. op. p. 125). 

Petite river, east of (Dawson, '52, p. 298). 

Petite river, mouth of, showing unconformity at base of Newark (Dawson, '52, p. 399. 

Dawson, '78, p. 89).

Rocks of (Dawson, '78, pi. op. p. 20. Jackson and Alger, '33, map). 

Showing unconformities in (J. W. Dawson,

'52).

Swan creek, east of (Dawson, '78, p. 103).

Two islands, opposite (Dawson, '47, pi. 5).

Submerged ledge along bay of Fuudy, shore of

(Perley, '52, p. 159). 

Trap in, brief account of (Beaumont, '34, pp.

247-248). 

Trap of, brief account of (Chapman, '78, pp.

110, 111-112. Emmons, '36, p. 335). 

Brief references to (Houeyman, '74a).
278 THE NEWARK SYSTEM. [BULL. 85.

Nova Scotia Continued.

Topographic form of, remarks on the (Percival, '42, pp. 311-312).

NILES, W. II. 1870.

Some interesting phenomena observed in 

quarrying.

In Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Proc., vol. 14, pp. 

80-87.

Refers to Prof. John Johnson's observations 

on movements in the rocks at Portland, 

Conn., and describes the condition of the 

quarries at that locality as seen during a 

subsequent visit. 

NILES, W. H. 1878.

On some expansions, movements, and fractures of rocks observed at Monson, Massfachusetts].

In Am. Assoc. Adv. Sci., Proc., vol. 22, pp. 

156-163.

Quotes observations by J. Johnson on spontaneous movements in rocks at Portland, 

Conn.

Nishisakauick creek, N. J. Dip at (Cook, '68, p. 

198).

Dip in shale at (Cook, '82, p. 27). 

Nissely's mill, Pa. Boundary of the Newark 

near (Frazer, '80, p. 35).

NUTTALL, THOMAS. 1821.

Observations on the geological structure of

the valley of the Mississippi. 

In Philadelphia Acad. Nat. Sci. Jour., vol. 2,

pt. 1, pp. 14-52. 

Contains a brief account of the Richmond coal

field, Va., pp. 35-37.

NUTTALL, THOMAS. 1822.

Observations and geological remarks on the 

minerals of Patersou and the valley of 

Sparta, in New Jersey.

In Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 5, p. 239-248.

Describes briefly the sandstone and trap between Paterson and Pompton, N. J., pp. 

239-241.

NUTTALL, T. Cited as to the age of the coal fields 

of North Carolina (Emmons, '56, p. 271).

Cited on fossil fishes from the Richmond coal 

field, Va. (W. B. Rogers, '43, p. 300).

Cited on fossil plants from the Richmond coal 

field, Va. (Taylor, '48, p. 40).

Cited on the Richmond coal field, Va. (Taylor, '35, p. 289).

Nyafk, N. Y. Dip and strike near (Mather, '43, 

p. 617).

Earth, charcoal, bones, etc., beneath Red sandstone (Akerly, '20, pp. 36, 59-60).

Quarries near (Mather, '43, p. 287).

Sandstone quarries near (Mather, '39, pp. 125- 

126).

Supposed fossil bone found near, mention of 

(Mitchill, '28, p. 9).

Trap near, outcrops of (Darton, '90, p. 38).

Trap rock near, brief account of (Mather, '39, 

p. 117).

Unconformity of trap and sandstone near 

Darton, '00, p. 48).

Oak Island, N. S. Dip of sandstone on (Dawsou,

'78, p. 92). 

Exposure of Newark sandstone at (Dawsoni

'47, p. 57). 

Oakland, N. J. Trap hill near (Cook, '82, pp. 48,

49).

Trap ridge near, course of (Nason, '89, p. 34). 

Oak mountain, Ga. Trap dikes in (Loughridge,

'84, p. 279). 

Oil In North Carolina. Brief account of (Kerr,

'66, p. 46. N. C. Land Co., '69, p. 104). 

OLD HAM. Cited on the age of the .Richmond

coal field, Va. (Hull, '81, p. 460). 

Oldham creek, N. J. Boundary of First mountain

trap near (Cook, '68, p. 181). 

Old Fuller Iron mine, Pa. Description of (d'lnvilliers, '86, pp. 1513-1514). 

Old Provost quarry, N. J. Dip in sandstone at

(Cook, '82, p. 25).

OLMSTEAD, D. 1820. 

Red sandstone formation of North Carolina. 

In Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 2, pp. 175-176. 

Mentions the character and extent of the 

Newark rocks between Chapel Hill and 

Raleigh, N. C., and also the discovery of 

coal on Deep river, N. C.

OLMSTEAD, DENISON. 1824. 

Report on the geology of North Carolina, conducted under the direction of the Board 

of Agriculture.

[Place of publication not given] pp. 1-44. 

Review in Am. Jour. Sci., 2d ser., vol. 14, pp.

226-251. 

Contains a brief, general account of the Deep

river coal field.

OLMSTEAD, DENISON. 1827. 

Report on the geology of North Carolina, 1825. 

In papers on agricultural subjects, and Professor. Olmstead's report on the geology of 

North Carolina. Raleigh, pp. 85-142. 

Contains a brief account of the Dan river 

area; refers to the occurrence of building 

stone and coal, pp. 125-128.

OLMSTEAD, D. Cited on the Deep river coal

field, N. C. (W. H. Johnson, '51, pp. 4-5).

Cited on the extent of the Newark in North

Carolina (Wilkes, '58, p. 2). 

Cited on trap dikes in North Carolina (W. M.

Davis, '83, p. 293). 

Olmstead'N mill, N. J. Dip of shale at (Cook, '79,

p. 30). 

O'Neil's quarry, N. J. Boundary of Second

mountain trap at (Cook, '68, p. 184). 

 One-mile run, N. J. Dip at (Cook, '68, p. 196). 

Onslow, N. S. Newark rocks near (Marsters, '90). 

Orange, N. J. Bored well and spring near, with 

analysis of water (Cook, '85, pp. 118-122). 

Bored well at (Cook, '84, pp. 132-135). 

Boundary of First mountain trap near (Cook,

'68, pp. 180,181).

Columnar trap at (Cook, '84, pp. 23-28. Darton, '90, p. 24). 

Columnar trap near, description of (Iddings,

'86). 

Popular description of (Heilprin, .'84).
RUSSELL.] LITERATURE. 279

Orange, N. J. Coiitiuued.

Description of quarries at (Cook, '81, pp. 50-

51).

Dip in sandstone at, (Cook, '82, p. 24). 

Sandstone quarries near (Shaler, '84, pp. 142-

143).

Sandstone quarry at (Cook, '79, p. 22). 

Thickness of Watchung trap sheet near (Darton, '90, p. 22). 

Trap rock quarries at (Cook, '79, p. 25. Cook,

'81, p. 62).

Vesicular trap near (Darton, '90, p. 28). 

Orange, Va. Boundaries of Newark near (Heiuricli, '78, pp. 236-237. W. B. Kogers, '40,

p. 62). 

Orange county, N. C. An account of the Newark

in (Mitchell, '42, pp. 130-134). 

Orange county, Ya. Boundaries of the Newark

in (\V. B. Kogers, MO, p. 62). 

Brief account of sandstone in (~VV. 15. Kogers,

'36, pp. 81,82). 

Character of conglomerate in ("VV. B. Kogers,

'39, p. 72).

Newark area in (Heinrich, '78, pp. 230-237). 

Orange mountain, N. J. Quarries of (Cook, '81,

pp. 62-63). 

Quarries of trap rock at, mention of (G. 1*.

Merrill,-^, p. 436).

Sandstone quarries of (Shaler, '84, p. 142). 

Ore Hill, N. C. Iron ore at (Kerr, '75, pp. 230-

232). 

OrWell bay, P. E. I. Description of fossil wood

from (Dawson, '54). 

Fncoids from (Bawson and Harrington, 71,

p. 46).

Section at (Dawsou, 78a, pp. 29,31). 

Section near (Dawsou and Harrington, 71, p.

14).

Thickness of the Newark at (Dawson, 78a, 

pp. 29, 31).

Orwell point, P. E. I. See Gallows point. 

OSBOBX, HENRY F. 1886.

Observations upon the upper Triassic mammals, Dromatheriinn and Microcouodon.

In Philadelphia Acad. Nat. Sci., Proc., vol. 38, 

1887, pp. 359-363.

Kedescribes certain mammalian jaws, discovered by E. Einmous, in North Carolina, 

in 1857, and named by him Dromatheriuin. 

A study of these fossils, it is stated by 

the author, shows that they belong to two 

genera. A new genns, Microconodou, is 

proposed for the hitherto nndescribed 

form. 

OSBORN, HENRY. 1886a.

A new mammal from the American Triassic.

In Science, vol. 8, p. 540.

From a comparison of certain mammalian fossils collected by E. Emmons, a new genus 

termed Microconodou, is established in 

addition to Dromatheriuin, as determined 

by Emmons. 

OSBORN, HENRY F. 1887.

The Triassic mammals, Dromatherium and 

Microconodon.

In Am. Phil. Sci.,.Proc., vol. 24, pp. 109-111, 

pi. op. p. 111.

OSBORN, HENRY P. Continued.

Abstract in Am. Jonr. Sci., 3d scr., vol. 34, p. 

72.

Describes and illustrates the characteristics

of the genera mentioned. 

OSBORN, HENRY V. 1887a.

On the structure and classification of Mesozoic mammals.

In Philadelphia Acad. Nat. Sci., Proc. [vol. 

39], pp. 282-292.

Keviewed by E. D. Cope, in Am. Nat., vol. 23, 

1889, pp. 723-724, pi. 14.

Notice in Am. Jour. Sci., 3d ser., vol. 36, p. 390; 

and in Geol.Mag. [London], u. s., decade 

3, vol. 5, pp. 132-134.

Abstract of a paper relating to the structure

of British Mesozoic mammals, but treats

of genera, families, etc., found in America.

OSBORN, S. Cited on Jurassic reptiles from

high northern latitudes (Hull, '87, p. 95).

Outer sandy cove, N. S. Dip at (Jackson and

Alger, '33, pp. 229-231).

Trap of (Jackson and Alger, '33, pp. 229-231). 

OWEN, RICHARD. 1843.

On the ornithichnites [of the Connecticut val 

ley] audDinoruis [of New Zealand].

In Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 45, pp. 185-187.

Contains general observations relating to the

nature of the fossils in question. 

OWEN, RICHARD. 1859.

Paleontology or a systematic summary of extinct animals and their geological relations.

Edinburgh, 2d ed., pp. i-xvi, 1-463.

Contains a brief account of the fossil footprints of the Connecticut valley, pp. 181- 

182,324-327. 

OWEN, [RICHARD], 1876.

Evidence of Theriodouts in Permian deposits, 

elsewhere than in South Africa.

In London Geol. Soc., Quart. Jour., vol. 32, 

pp. 352-363.

Reviews Joseph Leidy's paper on Batliygnathus borealis, and states incidentally that

the rocks in which the fossil occurred are

probably Permian, pp. 359-362.

OWEN, RICHARD. 1883.

The continental type or normal orography and 

geology of continents.

In Am. Assoc. Adv. Sci., Proc., vol. 32, pp. 

256-260.

Contains a brief reference to the rocks of the

Newark system, p. 257.

OWEN, R. Cited on bones of Megadacttjlus 

polyzelug (E. Hitchcock, '65, p. 39).

Cited on characteristics of tlto footprints of 

Brontozoum giganteum (E, Hitchcock, '60, 

pp. 149-150.

Cited on skiii marks in fossil footprints

(Lyell, 71, p. 362).

Owl's head, N. B. Newark rocks at (Matthew, '65, p. 123).

Oxford, N. C. Boundary of the Newark near 

(Emmons, '56, p. 241. "W. K. Johnson, 

'51, p. 4. Mitchell, '42, p. 130. Olmstead, 

'24, p. 12. Wilkes, '58, p. 2).
280 THE NEWARK SYSTEM. [BULL. 85.

Oxford, N. C. Continued.

Brief account of geology near (McLenahan,

'52,p. 169. Ernmons, 'olb, p. 77). 

Decomposition of trap dikes near (Burbank,

'73, p. 151).

Lignite near (Kerr, '75, p. 295). 

Oxford, P». Trap dike near (Lewis, '85, p. 447). 

Puckanack mountain, N. J. Description of (Cook,

'68, p. 185. Coolc, '82, pp. 54-55' 

See Third "VVatchung mountain. 

PACKARD, A. S. 871. 

Remarks on Catoptertts gracilis atSunderland,

In Essex Inst. Bull., vol. 3, pp. 1-2. 

Brief abstract of remarks on a visit to various fossil localities in the Connecticut 

valley. 

Remarks on the character of Mormolucoides

(Palephemera). 

PACKARD, A. S. Cited on Morinolncoiden articulatus (Scudder, '84, p. 431). 

Pacot's creek, N. J. Bearing of joints at (Cook,

'68, p. 201). 

Panic's hole, Conn. Description of trap ridges

near (Percival, '42, pp. 400-402). 

Palisade mountain, N. J. Altered shale near

(Cook, '83, p. 24).

Analysis of soil from (Cook, '78, pp. 37,39). 

Bored wells on (Conk, '85, pp. 122-123). 

Course of (Cook, '82, p. 19). 

Description of (Cook, '68, pp. 176-178. Cook,

'82, pp. 44-47).

Description of rock of (Cook, '68, p. 178). 

Dip in indurated shale oil M'est slope of (Cook,

'82, p. 24).

Elevation of (Cook, '68, p. 176). 

Intrusive character of (Cook, '68, p. 176). 

Quarries on (Cook, '81, pp. 43-44. Cook, '81, pp.

60-62).

Sandstone on west slope of (Cook, '68, p. 208).

Palisade mountains, New York and New Jersey.

General account of (Pierce, '20, pp. 181-

189).

Palisade. Newark area denned (J. D. Dana, '75,

pp. 404,405). 

Position and brief description of (Fontaine,

'83, pp. 5-6). 

Palisade range. Course of, described (Nason, '89,

p. 34).

Palisade trap, New Jersey and New York. Description of (Darton, '90, pp. 37-53). 

Palisade trap ridge. General description of (Russell,'78, p. 241). 

Palisade trap sheet. Origin of (Darton, '89, pp.

137-138). 

Position of, in the Newark system (Darton,

'89, p. 139). 

Palisades, N. J. A ccount of (Davis and Whittle,

'89, pp. 106-107), 

Analysis of trap rock from (J. D. Dana, '73,

vol. 6, p. 106).

Arkoseof (Cook, '82, p. 33). 

Building stone of (Cook, '79, p. 19. Cook, '81,

pp. 43-44).

Columnar trap (Cook, '84, p. 27). 

Conglomerate beneath (Cook, '68, p. 208)

Palisades, N. J. Continued.

Contact metaniorphism near, reference to

(Cook, '87). 

Described briefly as a trap outcrop (H. DUogers, '36, p. 159). 

Description of, in Hudson county (Russell,

'80).

Dip at (Cook, 68, p. 195). 

Dip of sandstone beneath (H. D. Rogers, '36,

p. 160).

Exposures of stratified rocks beneath (Russell, '80, p. 40).

Intrusive origin of (W. M. Davis, '82). 

Junction of trap with sandstone in (Russell,

'78a).

Origin of, discussed (Wurtz, '70). 

Origin of the adjacent sandstone (Newberry,

.70). 

Paving stone quarries at (Cook, 68, pp. 522-

523).

Quarries of trap rock in (Cook, '81, pp. 60-61). 

Sandstone beneath (Cook, '82, p. 20). 

Sandstone beneath trap at, reference to (Finch

'26, p. 211. H. D. Rogers, '40, p. 145). 

Sandstone quarries of (Shaler, '84, p. 143). 

Section of (Cook, '68, p. 200). ' 

Section of, after G. H. Cook (W. M. Davis, '83,

p. 281, pi. 9). 

Section of at Weehawken, after I. C. Russell

(W. M. Davis, '83, p. 281, pi. 9). 

Section of, opposite New York (Cozzeus, '43,

pi. 3).

Slickensides and faults in (Nason, '89, p. 26). 

Trap at, thickness of (Cook. '82, p. 46). 

Trap rock of (Cook, '79, p. 32). 

Composition of (J.D. Dana, '72). 

Observations on the stratification of the

(Martin, B. N., '70). 

Reference to, the volcanic origin of the

(Cooper,'22, p. 240).

Trap rock quarries of (Cook, '79, p. 25). 

View of (Cook, '83, frontispiece). 

Palisades, N. Y. Brief account of (Emmons, '42,

pp. 16-17. Emmons, '40, pp. 200-201.

Lincklaen, '61, p. 34). 

Contact metamorphism beneath (Mather, '43,

p. 285).

Section at Slaughter's landing, after E. Emmons ("W. M. Davis, '83, p. 281, pi. 9). 

Section of dikes in sandstone under, after W.

W. Mather (W. M. Davis, '83, p. 280,

pi. 9).

Strike section of (Mather, '43, pi. 34). 

Palisades, New York and New Jersey. Boundary

of the Newark at base of (H. D. Rogers, '40,

p.117). 

Brief account of (Macfarlane, '79, p. 68. D. S.

Martin, '88, p. 9. Mitchill, '28, pp. 2-10). 

Description of (Akerly, '20, pp. 27-28, 31-37,

57,59-67). 

Description of the geology of (W. M. Davis,

'83, pp. 269-271).

Elevations on the (Akerly, '20, p. 28). 

Palisades, New York and Virginia. Area, extent

of (Eremons, '57, p. 3). 

Palmer station, Pa. Boundary of the Newark

near (C.E. Hall,'Slip. 49).
RUSSELL.] LITERATURE. 281

Pound's bridge, Vii. Boundary of Newark near 

(Heinricli, '78, p. 238. W. B. Rogers, '39, 

p. 75).

Pannll s mill, Va. Dip at (W.B.Rogers, '39,p.80). 

Paoli, Pa. Trap dike near (Lewis, '85, p. 445). 

Papertown, Pa. Structure near (Frazer, '77, p.

274). 

Parciuimy, N. J. Character and dip of strata near

(H. D. Rogers, '40, pp. 134-135). 

Parsboro, Jf. S. Eocks near (Jackson and Alger,

'33, p. 280). 

Partapique river, N. S. Trap near (Dawson, '78,

p. 100). 

Partridge island, N. S. Amygdaloid and tufa on

(Dawson, '78, p. 106). 

Amygdaloid beneath trap on (Dawson, '78, p.

106).

Contortion of shale at (Einmons, '36, p. 336). 

Description of (Dawson, '78, pp. 105-106. Gesner, '36, pp. 242-249. Jackson and Alger,

'33, pp. 268-272).

Dip of sandstone at (Dawsou, '47, p. 54). 

Exposures of Newark rocks at (Dawson, '47,

p. 54).

Mention of (Marsters, '90). 

Sandstone beneath trap at (Dawson, '47, p. 54). 

Sandstone beneath trap on (Dawson, '78, p.

106).

Section on (Dawson, '78, pi. op. p. 125). 

Specific gravity of trap rocks from. (How, '75,

vol. 1, p. 138). '

Trap rock at (Dawson, '47, p. 54). 

Trap above amygdaloid at (Gesner, '36, p. 244). 

ATiew of (Jackson and Alger, '33, jd. 3). 

Paskack, N. J. Dip in sandstone at (Cook, '82, p.

24). 

Passalc,>'. J. Brief account of rocks near (Pierce,

'20, p. 192). 

Junction of trap and sandstone at (Darton,

'90, p. 30). 

Section from, to Boonton, N. J. (Cook, '68, p.

199, and map in portfolio). 

Trap rock at, brief reference to the nature of

(Cooper, '22, p. 240). 

Passnio fulls, N. J. Columnar trap near (Cook,

'68, pp. 202-203).

Conglomerate near (Cook, '79, p. 18). 

Description of sandstone exposed near (H. D.

Rogers, '40, p. 130). 

Junction of trap and sandstone at (Russell,

'78a). 

Sketch of trap and sandstone at(W.M. Davis,

'83, p. 309, pi. 11).

Pater son, N. J. Artesian well at (Cook, '79, p. 128). 

Basal conglomerate beneath trap near (Darton,

'89, p, 139).

Bored well at (Cook, '82, pp. 143-145). 

Bored wells at, with analysis of water (Cook,

'85, pp. 115-117). 

Boundary of First mountain trap near (Cook,

'68, pp. 180, 181, 182). 

Boundary of Second mountain trap near (Cook,

'68, p. 184). 

Brief account of geology near (Nuttall, '22, pp.

239-241. Pierce, '20, pp. 189-192).

Paterson, N. J.-^Continued.

Brief account of the rock and mineral near

(J. H. Hunt, ! 90).

Building stone at (Cook, '68, pp. 505-506). 

Character of the rocks in quarries near iNason, '89, p. 23). 

Columnar trap near (Cook, '68, pp. 202-203.

Cook, '84, p. 27. Darton, '90, p. 24). 

Conglomerate at (Cook, '79, pp. 18,31). 

Conglomerate quarries near (Nason, '89, p. 40). 

Contact metamorphism at (H. D. Rogers, '36,

pp. 160-161. H. D. Rogers, '40, p. 146). 

Contact of trap and sandstone near (Cook, '82,

p. 52). 

Contact of trap witli sandstones benqath (H.

D. Rogers, '36, p. 160). 

Dip at (Cook, '68, p. 196). 

Dip in sandstone at (Cook, '79, p. 30). Cook,

'82, p. 24. H. D. Rogers, '40, p. 130). 

Dip near (Cook, '68, p. 199). 

Description of copper mines near (H. D. Rogers, '40, p. 160). 

Description of the geology near ("W. M. Davis,

'83, pp. 272-274). 

Exposure of supposed basal conglomerate

near (Darton, '90, p. 17). 

Fault near (Cook, '83, p. 25). 

Faulted trap near, sketch of (W. M. Davis,

'83, p. 309, pi. 11).

Gap in trap ridge at (Cook, '82, p. 49). 

Junction of trap and sandstone at (Cook, '82,

pp. 50-51. Darton, '90, p. 30). 

Notch in First mountain near (Nason, '89, p.

26). 

Plant remains in sandstone near (Nason, '89,

p. 28).

Quarries at (Cook, '79, p. 20). 

Description of (Cook,'81, pp. 51-52). 

Mention of (G. P. Men-ill, '89, p. 436). 

Sandstone beneath trap at, reference to (H. D.

Rogers, '40, p. 145). 

Sandstone exposed near, description of (H. D.

Rogers, '40, p. 130). 

Sandstone near, brief account of (H. D. Rogers,

'40, p. 127).

Description of (Cook, '68, p. 209). 

Sandstone quarries at (Cook, '79, p. 21. Shaler, '84, p. 143).

Section at (Shaler, '84, p. 143). 

Section of trap, sandstone, etc., near (Cook,

'68, pp. 202-203).

Trap hills near, brief reference to (H. D. Rogers, '36, p. 159). 

Trap outcrop at, description of (H. D. Rogers,

'40, p. 146).

Trap rock quarries at (Cook, '79, p. 25). 

Trap rock at, mention of (Mitchill, '28, p. 10). 

Vesicular trap near (Darton, '90, p. 28).

Pattenburg, N. J. Boundary of Newark at (Cook, 

'68, p. 175. Cook, '89, p. 11. H. D. Rogers, 

'40, p. 118). 

Conglomerate near (Cook, '79, p. 19. Cook,

'82, p. 17).

Dip adjacent to limestone area near (Nason, 

'89, p. 19).
282 THE NEWARK SYSTEM. [BULL. 85.

Pattenburg, N. J. Continued. 

Folds near (Cook, '82, p. 17). 

Gneiss bordering the Newark system near

(Nason, '89, p. 10). 

Limestone at (Cook, '82, p. 43). 

PATTERSON, W. ». Stone quarry at Newark,

N. J., description of (Cook, '81, p. 49). 

PATTON, JACOB HARRIS. 1888. 

Natural resources of the United States. New

York and London, pp i-xv, 1-523. 

Contains a, brief general account of the 

Richmond, Fannville, Deep river, and 

Dan river coal fields, pp. 22-25. 

Paug mountain, Conn. Description of (Percival,

 '42, p. 349).

Fault near (W. M. Davis, '88, p. 473). 

Fossil fish near, mention of the occurrence of

(Percival, '42, p. 446). 

Trap ridges near (Percival, '42, p. 348). 

Description of (Percival, '42, pp. 341, 350,

352,370-371).

Paving stones. (See trap.) 

Peabody Museum, Yale College. Collection of

fossil fishes in (Newberry, '88, p. 21). 

Peach Bottom, Pa. Description of trap dike near

(Frazer, '80, p. 31). 

Peach Bottom ferry, Pa. Trap dikes at (Lesley,

'85, p. Ixiv).

Peapack, N. J. Boundary of Newark near (Cook, 

'08, p. 175. Cook, '89, p. 11. H. D. Rogers, '40, p. 118). 

Conglomerate near (Cook, '79, p. 19. Cook,

'82, p. 21). 

Contact of Newark rocks and gneiss near (H.

D. Rogers, '40, p. 16). 

Dip and character of sandstone near (H. D.

Rogers, '40, p. 128).

Dip in conglomerate near (Cook, '82, p. 29). 

Dip in shale near (Cook,. '82, p. 29). 

Diverse dips near (Nason, '89, p. 18). 

Gneiss bordering the Newark system near

(Nason,'89, p. 16). 

Pearl knob, Conn. Description of (Percival, '42,

p. 372). 

Pebble bluff, N. J. Dip in conglomerate at (Cook,

'82, p. 27).

Dip of conglomerate at (Cook, '79, p. 29). 

PECKITT, L. Analysis of iron ore by (d'luvilliers, '83, pp. 348-349). 

.Pelham, Mass. Description of trap dikes in

Primary rocks in (Percival, '42, p. 426). 

Peneplain. * Explanation of the term (W. M.

Davis, '89c, p. 430). 

Pen Mar, Pennsylvania and Maryland. Trap dike

near (Lewis, '85, p. 448). 

Penn point, P. E. I. Sterubergia from (Dawson

and Harrington, '71, p. 46). 

Penniiigton, N. J. Dip near (Cook, '68, p. 197). 

Trap hills near, brief reference to (H. D.

Rogers, '36, p. 159). 

Pennington mountain, N. J. Description of

(Cook, '08, p. 190. Cook, '82, p. 60). 

Detailed description of (Darton, '90, pp. 59-61). 

Origin of trap of (Darton, '89, p. 138). 

Penn's neck, N. J. Boundary of Newark near 

(Cook, '08, p. 176).

Pennsylvania. Age of certain iron ores in (T. S.

Hunt, '70, p. 320). 

Analysis of trap and sandstone from (Genth,

'81). 

Annual report on, third (Rogers, '39, pp. 12,

17, 18-23).

Annual report on geology of, fifth (H. D. Rogers, '41). 

Boundaries of the Newark system, briefly

described (Lea, '58, p. 92). 

Brief account of having seen basalt, in (T. P.

Smith, '99).

Catalogue of rocks from (C. E. Hall, 78). 

Cave near Port Kennedy, description of

(Wheatley, '71). 

Conewago hills and Stony ridge, description

of the (Gibson, '20). 

Copper ore at Bonnaughton, occurrence of

(Frazer, '776). 

County maps, brief explanation of (Lesley,

'85). 

Dip, etc., in Lehigh county, observations on

(C.E. Hall, '83). 

Dip of the Red sandstone in, brief account of

the (H. D. Rogers, '58, vol. 2, p. 762). 

Dips in, general (J. D. Dana, '75, p. 419). 

Fault and trap dike near Yardleyville (Lewis,

'82). 

Fossil bones and fossil plants at, finding of

(Wheatley, 'Ola). 

Fossil fish scales at Yerkes station, record

of the finding of (Leidy, '76). 

Fossil footprints and other fossils nearGoldsboro, discovery of (Wanner, '89). 

Fossil footprints from, remarks on (Cope, '69,

p. 242). 

Fossil reptiles from, description of (Cope, '69,

pp. 25-26, 56, 59-61, 122A, 169-175, 232). 

Observations on (Cope, '73, p. 210. Cope,

'70).

Phceuixville, description of (Cope, '77). 

Fossil reptilian bones at upper Milford, on the

finding of (Lea, '5.1, pp. 171-172). 

Fossil reptilian remains from, description of

(Cope, 77).

PluEiiixville, a study of (Cope, '66). 

Fossil saurian from, description of (Lea, '53). 

Fossil shell from, description of (Conrad, '69). 

Fossils found at Pho:nixville, account of

(Lewis, '84).

List of (Jones, '62, pp. 93-97). 

Fossils vertebrate from (Cope, '85). 

Description of (Cope, '87). 

Remarks on (Leidy, '57).

 Geological map of (Putnani, '86c, pi. op. p. 179). 

Adams county (Lesley and Frazer, 76). 

Cumberland county (Lesley, '80). 

Geology near West Chester, brief account of

(Finch, '28).

Geology of York county (Frazer, 75c. Frazer, '85).

Iron ores and sandstones in the Newark system of, report on (d'lnvilliers, '86). 

Iron ores near Dillsburg (Frazer, 76rf). 

Isolated areas of older strata in the Newark

of (Frazer, 77c).
RUSSELL.] LITERATURE. 283

Pennsylvania Continued.

Joints in trap dikes of, brief remark on (H.

1). Rogers, '41a).

Lohigh county, notes on (Lesley, '75). 

Lignite from (W. B. Rogers, '55). 

List of railroad stations on the Newark in

(Macfarlane, '79, pp. 94-108). 

Lithographs of saurian bones from Plueuixville (Wheatley, '05). 

Manner in which the Newark rocks of, were

deposited (Lesley, 'G4, pp. 438-480). 

Newark area in (Shaler, "84, p. 156). 

Newark area of Chester county (Frazer, '83). 

Newark ores in (Frazer, '77c). 

Newark rocks in, brief account of (E. Hitchcock, '56. Lyell, '54. Prime, '75). 

Newark system in, condensed account of (H.

D. Rogers, '58, vol. 2, pp. 607-071). 

Newark rocks of, description of the (Frazer

'82).

Extended account of (H. D. Rogers, '58). 

In connection with other localities, brief

discussion of (W.B.Rogers, '54). 

Newark rocks near Philadelphia, description

of (C. E. Hall, '81). 

Popular account of the (Lewis, '82a). 

Quarries of Newark limestone in (.Shaler, '84,

p. 156). 

Records of a bored well near Eastou (Lesley,

'91). 

Report 011. geology of Berks county (d'lnvilliers, '83).

Chester county (Lesley, '83). 

Lancaster county (Frazer, '80). 

Montgomery and Bucks counties (C. E.

Hall, '81).

Penn township (Frazer, '80, p. 38). 

York and Adams counties (Frazer, 76) ^ 

York, Adams, Cumberland, and Franklin

counties (Frazer, '77).

Report on laboratory work (McCreath, '81). 

Sandstone quarries in (Shaler, '84, pp. 156-157). 

Second laboratory report (McCreath, '79). 

Sections, Adams county (Frazer, '77a). 

Atland shaft, York county (Frazer, '77, pi.

op. p. 232). 

Beeler's crossroads, through (Frazer, '75, op.

p. 94). 

Bridgeport, west of, to Bryii Mawr (C. E.

Hall, '81, in pocket). 

Bridgeport to West Conshohocken (C. E.

Hall, '81, in pocket). 

Bridgetown to Bridgewater (C. E. Hall, '81,

in pocket).

Bucks county (C. E. Hall, '81, p. 48). * 

Cashtown to Gettysburg (Frazer, '77, pp.

295-299, pi. op. p. 298). 

Churchville to the Poquessing creek (C. E.

Hall, '81, in pocket). 

Cold point to Barren hill (C. E. Hall, '81, in

pocket).

Cornwall, near, showing relation of the 

Newark and Primal slates (H. D. Rogers, 

'58, vol. 2, pp. 718-V19). 

Cornwall iron mines (Lesley and d'lnvilliers, '85, pp.498, 506). 

iMllaburg, near (Fruzer, '76d).

Pennsylvania Continued.

Dillsburg to Beeler's crossroads, Adams 

county (Frazor, '77, pp. 265-273, pi. op. p. 

264).

Dresliertowu to Waverly heights (C. E. 

Hall, '81, in pocket).

Emigsville, through (Frazer, '76, op. p. 92).

Franklintown to near Wellsville (Frazer, 

'77, pp. 271-273, pi. op. p. 272).

Gettysburg, after P. Frazer; after H. D. 

Rogers (W. M. Davis, '83, p. 281, p. 9).

Gettysburg and Littlestown (Frazer, '77, 

pp. 299-304, pi. op. p. 304).

Harrisburg, near (Lesley, '64, p. 476).

Hockersville, near (d'lnvilliers, '86, pp. 

1566-1567).

Huminelstone brownstoue quarry (d'lnvilliers, '86, pp. 1564-1565).

Ideal of ancient surface on which the Newark was deposited (Lesley, '64, p. 476).

Jarrettown to Frankfort (C. E. Hall, '81, in 

pocket).

Jones's ore bank (H. D. Rogers, '58, vol. 1, 

p. 90).

Lancasterville to Ritterhousetown (C. E. 

Hall, '81, in pocket).

McCormic mine (Frazer, '77, pp. 215-217).

Monroe (H. D. Rogers, '58, vol. 2, p. 681).

Montgomery county, etc., near (Philadelphia (C. E. Hall, '81, in pocket).

Montgomery and Bucks counties (C. E. 

Hall, '81).

Morgan's mill to Holinesburg (C. E. Hall, 

'81, in pocket).

Morristown to Fairmount (C. E. Hall, '81, 

in pocket).

Morrisyille (C. E. Hall, '81, p. 41).

Mount Holly to near Mechanicsville (Frazer, '77, pp. 274-277, pi. op. p. 274).

Neversiuk mountains, near (H. 1). Rogers, 

'58, vol. 2, p. G81-«82).

Newark rocks of (Frazor, '82, pp. 124-127. 

H. D. Rogers, '58, vol. 2, sheets 1 and 2, 

in portfolio. H. D. Rogers, '58, vol. 1, pp. 

100, 102, 103, 160, 164).

New Hope, after H. D. Rogers (W. M. Davis, '83, p. 281, pi. 9).

Phoenixville tunnel (Jones, '62, pp. 95-97. 

Wheatley, '61, p. 45).

South mountain, across (H. D. Rogers, '58, 

vol. 1, pp. 100, 102, 103).

Steitler ore bank (H. D. Rogers, '58, vol. 1, 

p. 89).

Susquehanna river, along the west side of 

(H. D. Rogers, '58, vol. 2, pp. 677-679).

Washington to Chestnut hill (C. E. Hull, 

'81, in pocket).

Will grove to Paul's hook (C. E. Hall, '81, in 

pocket).

Yardville to Morrisville (C. E. Hall, '81, in

pocket). 

Thin sections of rock from, examinations of

(Frazer, '75).

Trap and sedimentary rocks of the Newark 

system near, account of the (d'luvilliers, 

'86a, pp. 870-879, 890-802).
284 THE NEWARK SYSTEM. [BULL. 85.

Pennsylvania Continued.

Trap dikes in southeastern (Frazer, '84, p. 693. 

Lewis, 85).

Trap from William.son's point, stndy'of (Frazcr, '78).

Trap near Gettysburg, comparison of, with 

the trap of Connecticut (Frazer, '75&).

Trap rocks of York and Adams counties (Frazer, *75o). 

PERCIVAL, JAMES G. 1822.

[Notice of. a locality of sulphate of barytes 

and other minerals in Berlin, Conn.].

In Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 5, pp. 42-45, with map.

Brief reference to trap aiid sandstone. 

PERCIVAL, JAMES 0. 1842.

Report on the geology of the state of Connecticut.

New Haven. Pp. 1-495 and a map.

Abstract in Bull. Soc. G6ol. de France, vol. 

14, pp. 622-628.

Portion of geological map reproduced in Ann. 

Eep. TT. S. Geol. Snrv., 1885-1886, pi. 52, 

and in Am. Jour. Sci., 3d ser., vol. 25, pi. 

5. Outline indicating the principal rocks 

of the Newark system in Connecticut, pp. 

. 10-11. Distribution of the trap rocks of 

Connecticut described, pp. 299-322. Detailed description of the trap rocks of the 

Connecticut valleyj pp. 322-410. Detailed 

description of the trap rocks of the Woodbury-Southbury area, pp. 410-412. Description of the trap dikes traversing the 

Primary rocks of the state, pp. 412-426. 

Detailed description of the sandstone, 

shales, limestone, etc., of the Newark system in Connecticut, with many references 

to their relation to the trap rocks. 

PERCIVAL, J. G. Cited on bituminous limestone near Meriden, Conn. (W. M. Davis, 

'89, p. 62).

Cited on coal in connection with trap from 

Berlin, Conn. (E. Hitchcock, '35, p. 231).

Cited on contact metamorpbism in Connecticut (W. M. Davis, '83, pp. 300,301).

Cited OD crescent-shaped ridges of trap in 

Connecticut (Silliman, '44).

Cited on dip of the Newark in the Connecticut valley (W. M. Davis, '83, pp. 305, 306).

Cited on distribution of conglomerate in the 

Newark of Connecticut (Russell, '78, p. 

238).

Cited on elevation of the sandstone of the 

Connecticut valley (E. Hitchcock, '58, p. 

15).

Cited on geological map of Connecticut (J. D. 

Dana, '91o).

Cited on geology of the trap ridges of Connecticut (Hovey, '89).

Cited on hydrocarbons in the trap of Connecticut (Eussell, '786).

Cited on indurated bitumen in the volcanic

rocks of Connecticut (J. D. Dana, '78). 

Cited on intrusive origin of the trap rocks of

Connecticut (J. D. Dana, '71a). 

Cited ou Newark system in the Connecticut 

valley (W. M. Davis, '88, pp. 463, 465, 4C8, 

471).

PERCIVAL, J. G. Continued.

Cited 011 occurrence of coal in Connecticut (E.

Hitchcock, '41, p. 139). 

Cited on occurrence of zinc, iron, and lead, at

Berlin, Conn. (E. Hitchcock, '35, p. 232). 

Cited on the origin and deposition of Newark

strata (W. M. Davis, '83, p. 287). 

Cited on origin of the red color of the Newark

sandstones (Russell, '89, p. 49). 

Cited on origin of the trap ridges of Connecticut (Brigham, '69, p. 24). 

Cited on overflow trap sheets in Connecticut

("W. M. Davis, '83, p. 297). 

Cited on trap conglomerate near Meriden,

Conn. (W. M. Davis, '89fe). 

Cited on trap in Connecticut (E. Hitchcock,

'23, vol. 6, p. 50).

Cited on trap near Newgate, Conn. (E. Hitchcock, '23, vol. 6, p. 49). 

Cited on trap ridges near Saltonstall's lake,

Conn. (W. M. Davis, '83, p. 268). 

Cited on trap ridges of Connecticut (J. D. 

Dana, '75a, p. 502. Davis and Whittle, 

'89. E. Hitchcock, '41, pp. 648-649. E. 

Hitchcock, '58, pp. 10, 11). 

Cited on trap ridges of Connecticut valley (J. 

D. Dana, '47, pp. 391-392. J. D. Dana, '73, 

vol. 6, p. 105). 

Notice of work by (Miller, '79-'81, vol. 2, p.

148). 

Percival peak, Conn. The name proposed (Petter, '91, p. 36). 

Percy, I ]. Analyses of coke from Richmond

coal field, Va. (Lycli, '47, pp. 270,274). 

Pcrean river, N. S. Coast section near (Dawsou,

'47, p. 56).

Dip of sandstone at (Dawson, '78, p. 91). 

Perk iomcn mines, Pa. Boundary of Newark near

(Lesley, '83, p. 196).

PERLEY, M. H. 1852. 

The south shore of the bay of Fundy. 

In reports on the sea and river fisheries of

New Brunswick.

Fredericton, [N. B.], 2d ed., pp. 159-160. 

First ed. not seen.

Describes three submerged ledges near the 

east side of the bay of Fundy, between 

Black rock and Brier island, p. 159. 

PERLEY, [M. H. |. Cited on submerged ledges in 

the bay of Fundy (Dawson, '78, pp. 96-97). 

Perth Aniboy, N. J. Boundary of Newark near 

(Cook, '68, p. 176. H. D. Rogers, '40, pp. 

117-118). 

Perryville, N. J. Boundary of the Newark near

(H. D. Rogers, '40, p. 118). 

Dip in shale near (Cook, '82, p. 28). 

Dip near (Cook, '68, p. .199). 

Unconformity at base of the Newark near

(Darton, 5)0, p. 15). 

Petersburg, Pa. Boundary of the Newark near

(H. D. Rogers, '58, vol. 2, p. 668). 

Boundary of trap near (H. D. Rogers, T>8, vol.

2, p. 690). 

Character of strata near (H. D. Rogers, '58,

vol. 2, p. 679).

Conglomerate near (H. D. Rogers, '58, vol. 2, 

p. 683).
RUSSELL.] LITERATURE. 285

Petersburg, Pa. Continued.

Iron oro associated with trap near (H. D. 

Rogers, '58, vol. 2, p. 690).

Outcrops near (Frazer, '77, p. 278).

Trap from (C. E. Hall, '78, pp. 45, 48,49).

Trap dikes near (H. D. Kogers, '58, vol. 2, p.

689). 

Petersburg, Va. Coal found near (Pierce, '28, p.

58). 

Peters point, N. S. Copper at (How, '69, p. 66).

Description of (Gesner, '36, pp. 195-196. Jackson and Alger, '33, pp. 246-248).

Minerals of (Gesner, '36, pp. 195-196).

Specific gravity of trap rocks from (How, '75,

vol. 1, p. 138). 

Petit passage, N. S. Description of (Dawson, '78,

p. 07).

Petite rircr, N. S. Section at mouth of (Dawson, 

'78, p. 89).

Section at, showing unconformity at base of

the Newark (Dawson, '52, p. 399). 

Pcttenfourg, N. J. Dip in shale near (Cook, '82,

p. 28).. 

FETTER, J. T. 1887.

"West Peak, and what it saith.

In Merideu Sci. Assoc., Proc. and Trans., 

vol. 2, 1885-1886, pp. 58-64.

In the preface to this poem the views of various geologists are cited with reference to 

the origiu of the trap hills of the Connecticut valley. 

PETTER, J. T. 1891.

James G. Percival, M. D.

In Meridcn Sci. Assoc., Trans., vol. 4, 1889- 

1890, pp. 22-38.

Contains many references and quotations relating to Percival's studies of the Newark 

system in Connecticut. 

Philip, A. & Son. Stone quarry of, at Belleville, N.

J. (Cook, '8i, pp. 46,47).

PhosnixTille, Pa. JBelodon oarolinentis from 

(Cope, '75, p. 34).

Belodon lepturus from, description of (Cope, 

'70, p. 444).

Bivalve shell, a remark on the finding of the 

cast of (TJuio?) at (Britton, '85).

Boundary of theNowarkarea of Pennsylvania 

near (Lea, '58, p. 92).

Catoptenm gracilis from, mention of (J. D. 

Dana, '75, p. 417). '

Fossil bones and fossil plants at, on the finding of (Wheat/ley, '61a).

Fossil bones at, brief account of the discovery 

of (Wells, '62).

Fossil crustaceans from the Newark rocks at, 

reference to (Jones, '62, pp. 85,86).

Fossil from, remarks on (Lea, '57).

Fossil mollusk from, description of (Conrad, 

'58).

Fossil reptiles from, description of (Cope, '66, 

pp. 249-250. Cope, '69, pp. 25-20, 232. 

Cope, '73, p. 210. Cope, '77).

Fossil sanrinii bones from, reference to lithographs of (Wheatley, '65).

Fossil saurian tooth from (H. D. Rogers, '58, 

vol. 2, pp. 092-693).

Phoanixrllta) Piu Continued.

Fossil vertebrates from the Newark rocks at

(Cope, '85).

Fossils discovered at (Lesley, '83, p. 212). 

Fossils found at (Wheatley, '61). 

Account of (Lewis, '84). 

Mention of (Leidy, 'BO). 

Fossils from, description of (Lea, '56, p. 78). 

Identification of (Frazer, '77a). 

List of (Jones, '62, pp. 93-95). 

Remarks on (Lea, '57«. Leidy, '57). 

Map of region about (H. D. Rogers, '58, vol.

2, op. p. 674). 

Newark rocks near, mention of (Lesley, '83, p.

28).

Popular account of the (Lewis, 82a). 

Tunnel at, description of section in (Wheatley, '61).

Detailed section in (Jones, '62, pp, 95-97). 

Tun 11 el near, position of (Jones, '62, p. 93). 

Wheatley cited on fossils from (Jonee, '62, pp.

93-97).

Pickering, Pa. Boundary of Newark near (Lesley, '83, pp. 185,191). 

Pickering creek copper and lead mine, Pa. Map

of (Lesley, '83, p. 177). 

Pickles mountain, N. J. Description of (Cook,

'68, p. 193).

Diverse dips near (Nason, '89, p. 18). ,, 

Probable faults near (Nason, '89, p. 25). 

Small sandstone area near (Cook, '68, p. 75). 

PICTKT, F. J. 1868. 

Trait6 do Pal6ontologie. 

Paris, 12mo., vols. 1-4, and an atlas of 110

plates.

Contains a brief account of the discovery of 

footprints in the Connecticut valley, vol. 

1, pp. 403-407, atlas, pi. 20). 

Piedmont coal field, Va. Brief account of (Daddow and Bannan, '66, pp. 402-403). 

See Farmvillo area (Patton, '88, p. 22). 

Piermont, A. Y. Dip and strike near (Mather,

'43, p. 617). 

Junction of trap and sandstone beneath (Dartou, '90, p. 48).

Outcrops of trap near (Darton, '90, p. 38). 

Thickness of trap sheet near (Darton, '90, p.

44).

PIERCE, JAMES. 1820. 

Account of the geology, mineralogy, scenery, 

etc., of the Secondary region of Now York 

and New Jersey and the adjacent regions. 

In Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 2, pp. 181-199). 

Contains a general account of the geology of 

the region mentioned, with reference 

especially to the Palisades, Newark mountains, and other trap ridges in New Jersey.

PIEKCE, JAMES. 1826. 

Practical remarks on the shell marl region of 

the eastern part of Virginia and Maryland, and upon the bituminous coal formation in Virginia and the contiguous 

region.

In Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 11, pp. 54-59. 

Contains a brief account of coal mining in the 

Richmond coal field, pp. 57-59.
286 THE NEWARK SYSTEM. [BULL. 85.

PIERCE, J. Cited on the geology of Rockland

county, N. T. (Mather, '43, pp. 280-281). 

Pigeon hills, Pa. Boundary of the Newark near

(H. D. Rogers, '58, vol. 2, p. 668. Frazor,

'82, p. 123). 

Conglomerate near (H. D. Rogers, '58, vol. 2,

p. 680). 

Contact of the Newark and limestone hear (H.

D. Rogers, '58, vol. 2, p. 668). 

Pine Hill, Pa. Boundary of the Newark near

(Frazer, '80, p. 14). 

Pine Mountain, Ga. Trap dikes in (Loughridge,

'84, p. 279). 

Pine rock, Conn. Brief account of (Whelpley,

'45, p. 62). 

Contact phenomena at (Percival, '42, pp. 429-

430).

Critical study of origin of (J. D. Dana, '91). 

General account of (Silliman, '10, p. 92). 

Reference to the origin of (Hovey, '89, p. 376). 

Structure connected with (Percival, '42, p.

438). 

Trap ridges near, description of (Percival, '42,

pp. 395,397-398). 

Trap rocks of, reference to the volcanic origin

of the (Cooper, '22, p. 239). 

Pine tree hill, Conn. Concerning trap ridges

near (Percival, '42, p. 381). 

PineTillc, Pa. Newark rocks near (Lewis, '85, p.

451). 

Trap dikes near, description of (H. D. Ropers,

'58, vol. 2, p. 685). 

Piscataway, N. J. Description of sandstone near

(Cook, '68, p. 208). 

Native iron near (Cook, '83 p. 62). 

Pittstown, N. J. Arenaceous strata near (H. D.

Rogers, '40, p. 123). 

Description of sandstone outcrops near (H. D.

Rogers,'36, p. 153).

Pittsylyania county, Va. Boundaries of the Newark in (W. B. Rogers, '39, pp. 74-76). 

Pittsylranla, Newark belt, Va. Defined (Fontaine, '79, pp. 3, 26, 33-34). 

Position and brief description of (Fontaine,

'83, pp. 4-5). 

Plainfleld, N. J. Altered shale near (Cook, '83, p.

24). 

Analysis of sandstone from near (Cook, '68,

p. 518). 

Bored wells at (Cook, '82, pp. 146-147. Cook,

'85, p. 114. Ward, '79, p. 133). 

Boundary of First mountain trap near (Cook,

'68, pp. 180, 181). 

Color of the strata near, remark on the origin

of the (Newberry, '88, p. 8). 

Contact metainorphism near, reference to

(Cook, '87, p. 125). 

Contact of trap and shale near (Cook, '82, p.

51). 

Copper mines near, reopening of (Cook, '81,

p. 39).

Copper ores near (Cook, '68, pp. 676, 677). 

Dip in shale near (Cook, '79, p. 30 ; '82, p. 25). 

Dip near (Cook, '68, p. 190). 

Dip of shale Bear (Cook, '68, p. 677).

Plainfleld, N. J. Continued.

Dip of strata near (H. D. Rogers, '40, p. 129).

Faults near (Cook, '68, p. 677).

Fossil fishes from, descriptions and figures of 

(Newberry, '88).

Fossil footprints near, notice of (Russell,'77, 

p. 415).

Fossil footprint locality, reference to, as a (C. 

H. Hitchcock, '88, p. 122).

Gap in First mountain near (Cook, '82, p. 50).

Lower contact of trap sheet near (Darton, 90, 

p. 29).

Metamorphosed shale near, exposure of (Russell,'80, p. 41).

Notch in First mountain near (Nasonv'89, p. 

26).

Ripple-marks, sun-cracks, raindrop impressions, and footprints at, mention of the 

occurrence of (Russell, '78, p. 225).

Sandstone near, description of (Cook, '68, p. 

209).

Sandstone quarries near (Cook, '79, p. 23).

Section from, to Great swamp, N. J. (Cook, '68. 

p. 199, and map in portfolio).

Solid hydrocarbon in trap near, on the occurrence of a (Russell, '78&).

Trap near, on the- intrusive nature of (Russell, '78a).

- Trap rock near, description of (H. D. Rogers, 

'40, p. 146).

Trap rock quarries near (Cook, '79, p. 25. 

Cook, '81, p. 62).

Trap sheet near, thickness of (Darton, '90, p. 

23).

Vesicular trap near (Darton, '90, p. 26).

View of (Cook, '82, pi. 1).

Plain's mills, N. J. Boundary of First mountain 

trap near (Cook, '68, p. 181).

Plfiinville, N. J. Dip near (Cook, '68, p. 197).

Plants, fossil. Age of the Newark system indicated by (Agaasiz, '51. Lea, '53, p. 193.

Lesquereux, '76, p. 283). 

Brief discussion of (W. B. Rogers, '54). 

Brief sketch of (H. D. Rogers, '58, vol. 2, pp.

760-761). 

Description and illustration of (Newberry, '88,

pp. 76-95, pis. 20-26). 

Description of (Sternberg, '20-'38). 

Finding of, at Middletown, brief reference to

(Silliman, '37). 

Found in Connecticut, mention of (Percival,

'42, pp. 442, 446). 

From China, compared with others. North

Carolina (Newberry, '66). . 

From Connecticut, description of tree trunks

found at Bristol (Silliman, jr., '47). 

From Durham (Chapin, *87a). 

From Durham, description and figure of

(Chapin, '91<t). 

From Sonthbury area (E. Hitchcock, '28, p.

228). 

From Connecticut and Massachusctfs, brief

description of (E. Hitchcock, '437>, pi. 12,

13).
RUSSELL.] LITERATURE. 287

Plants, fossil Continued.

From Connecticut valley (E. Hitchcock, '23,

vol. 0, p. 79. E. Hitchcock, '58, pp. 8,166,

pis. 7, 29).

Brief notice of (Warren, '54, p. 43). 

Description of (E. (Hitchcock, jr., '05. E.

Hitchcock, 55a, p408). 

In trap tuff E. Hitchcock, '47a, p. 202). 

Mention of (Hitchcock and Hitchcock, '67,

p. 416).

Notes on (Leidy, '58). 

Remarks on (H. D. Ropers, '58, vol. 2, p. 694.

E. Hitchcock, '58, pp. 160, 173. 

From Massachusetts, additional facts concerning (E. Hitchcock, '60). 

Brief account of (E. Hitchcock, '35, pp.

234-237).

Detailed account of (E. Hitchcock, '41, pp- 

 450-458). . 

From East Hampton (E. Hitchcock, jr.,

'55). 

Position of, in reference to trap sheets (E.

Hitchcock, '55, p. 226). 

From New Brunswick at Gardner's creek

(Dawson, '63). 

At Quaco Head, notice of (Gesner, '4.0, p.

15).

Froai New Jersey (Cook, '79, pp. 26-27). 

At Belleville (Akerly, '20, p. 36). 

Geological age indicated by (Newherry, '85). 

Near Milford, description of (Lewis, '806,

Cook, '81, p. 64. Nason, '89, p. 27). 

From North Carolina (Eimnons, '57, pp. 23-28.

Kerr, '75, p. 143).

Age of the Newark determined by (Fontaine, '83, p. 121-128). 

Brief account of, in reference to age (Emnions, '576, p. 79). 

Description of (Emmons, '56, pp. 283-293.

Emmons, '57, pp. 23-29, 34-38, 99-134, pis.

1,2,3).

Dan river coal field, brief account of (Emmons, '52, pp. 147-148). 

Deep river cgal field, brief reference to (Emmons, '52, p. 142). 

Gormauton (Emmoiis, '57, pp. 27, 28, 145.

Olnisted, '27, p. 127). 

List of (Fontaiuc, '83, pp. 97-128, pis. 48-57.

Kerr, '75, p. 147).

From Nova Scotia, etc. (Dawson, '78, p. 99). 

At cape Blomidon (Jackson and Alger,

'33, p. 256).

Near Gerrish mountain (Ells, '85, p. 7E). 

From Pennsylvania (Cook, '85, p. 55). 

Brief account of (Lesquereux, '79). 

Doylestown, remark on the finding of

(Britton, '85).

Easton, mention of (Cook, '85, p. 95). 

Goldsboro, discovery of ('Wanner, '89). 

Near Phoenixville (Wheatley, '61, p. 43). 

Brief record of (Wheatley, '61a). 

From Prince Edward island (Dawson, '78, p.

30. Dawson and Harrington, '71, pp. 45-

46, pi. 3).

Description of (Dawaon and Harrington, 

71, p. 14).

Plants, fossil Continued.

Discussion of (Bain and Dawsoii, '85, pp.

158-161). 

From Virginia, identified with fossils of the

Lettenkohle of Germany (Stur, '88). 

Richmond coal field (Lyell, '47, pp. 262,

267, 268, 269. W. B. Rogers, '54a). 

Brief account of (Lyell, '49, p. 282. Lyell,

'66, pp. 251-252).

Description of (Bronguiart, '28, vol. 1, pp. 

124-126, 391, pis. 14-16,137. Bunbury, '47. 

Heer, '57. W. B. Rogers,'43). 

Discussion concerning (Fontaine, '79, pp.

37-39).

General mention of (Wooldridge, '42). 

List of, after W. B. Rogers (Heinrich, '78,

p. 264). 

Mention of (Nowberry, '766, p. 148. Nut.

tall, '21, p. 36). 

Reference to (Taylor, '35). 

Structure of (Lyell, '49, p. 285). 

"Undetermined (Fontaiue, '83, pp. 90, 91,

pis. 47, 48). 

Fucoid, from Prince Edward island (Dawson

and Harriugton, '71, p. 46). 

In the Newark of Virginia, description of

(Fontaiue, '83). 

General remarks on (Fontaine, '79, pp. 237-

238). 

Table showing relations of (Fontaine, '83, p.

92-93).

Mention of (Andrews, '76). 

Of the coal-bearing rocks of the Newark

(H. D. Rogers, '53, vol. 2, p. 764) 

Remarks on (H. D.Rogers, '58, vol. 2, p.695). 

Summary concerning (Miller, '79-'81, vol. '2,

p. 242). 

Pleasantdale, N. J. Plant remains in sandstone

near (Nason, '89, p. 23). 

Pleasant valley, N. J. Description of quarries at

(Cook, '81, pp. 52-53). 

Dip in sandstone at (Cook, '82, p. 24). 

Quarries in (Cook, '81, pp. 52-53). 

Pleasant Run station, N. J. Dip in shale near

(Cook, '82, p. 29). 

Pleasant View, Pa. Trap fragments near (Frazer,

'80, p. 48). 

Pleasantville, N. J. Description of quarries near

(Cook, '81, pp. 59-60). 

Pluckcmin, N. J. Altered shale near (Cook, '83,

p. 24). 

Boundary of First mountain trap near (Cook,

'68, p. 180).

Building stone near (Cook, '68, p. 509). 

Contact metainorphism near, reference to

(Cook, '87, p. 125). 

Copper ores near (Cook, '68, pp. 676, 678.

Cook, '83, pp. 164-165). 

Dip in sandstone near (Cook, '82, p. 29). 

Dip near (Cook, '68, p. 198. H. D. Rogers, '40,

p. 128)-.

Fossil fern from (Cook, '85, p. 95). 

Fossil fishes near (Cook,, '79, p. 27). 

Limestone near (Cook, '68, p. 214). 

Plant remains in sandstone near (Nason, '89, 

p. 23).
288 THE NEWARK SYSTEM. [BULL. 85.

Fluckemhi, y. J. Continued.

Quarry near (Cook, 'C8, p. 183. Cook, '81, p.

55).

Character of the rocks in (Nason, '89, p. 23). 

Description of (Cook, '81, p. 55). 

Sandstone near, description of (Cook, '68, p.

209).

Sandstone quarry near (Cook, '79, p. 23). 

Trap bills near, brief reference to (H. D. Rogers, '36, p. 159).

Trap near, vesicular (Darton, '90, p. 28). 

Trap ridge near, course of (Nason, '89, p. 34).

End of (Cook,'82, p. 49). 

Section of trap and sandstone near (Darton,

'90, p. 35). 

Plymouth, Pa. Boundaries of the Newark in (C.

E. Hall, '81, pp. 72-73). 

Boundary of the Newark near (Lesley, '85,

]). Ixxxi). 

Plymouth township, Pa. Report on the geology

of (C. E. Hall, '81, pp. 72-74). 

Poet's seat, Mass. Description of the geology of

(V[. M. Davis, '83, p. 259). 

Point of Rocks, Md. Brief account of rocks near

(Ducatel, '37, p. 36). 

Conglomerate near, description of (Fontaine,

'79, p. 32).

Potomac marble at (Shaler, '84, p. 177, pi. 46). 

Potomac marble at, mention of (JJhler, '79, p.

176). 

Potomac marble from, illustration of (Shaler,

'84, pi. 46). 

Point Pleasant, N. J. Altered shale near (Cook,

'68, p. 214).

Analysis of trap from (Cook, '68, p. 216). 

Bearing of joints near (Cook, '68, p. 201). 

Contact metamorphism at (Cook, : 68, p. 192).* 

Description of the geology near (W, M. Davis,

'83, pp. 277,278).

Dip near (Cook, '68, pp. 197,198). 

Dip in altered shale at (Cook, '79, p. 29. Cook,

'82, p. 27).

Dip in shale near (Cook, '82, p. 27). 

Indurated shale at (Cook, '82, p. 63). 

Origin of trap rock near (Darton, '89, p. 138). 

Section of trap, slate and shale near (W. M.

Davis, '83, p. 309, pi. 11). 

Trap outcrop near (Cook, '68, p. 192. Cook,

'82, p. 63). 

Trap outcrops near, description of (Darton,

' '90, p. 68).

Trap, position of (Nason, '89, p. 36). 

Pompton, N. J. Boundaries of the Newark near 

(Cook, '89, p. 11. H. D. Rogers, '40, p. 

118). 

Brief account of geology near (Nuttall, '22, pp. j

239-241).

Building stone at (Cook, '68, pp. 504r-505). 

Conglomerate at (Cook, '65, p. 7. Cook, '68,

p. 212. Cook, '82, p. 40). 

Character and origin of (Russell, '78, p. 253). 

Occurrence of (Lea, '53, p. 190). 

Reference to (Russell, '78, p. 232, 233). 

Conglomerate composed of gneissic pebbles 

near (Nason, '89, p. 21).

Pompton, N. J. Continued.

Conglomerate near, description of (Kitchell,

'56, pp. 144, 145).

Detailed description of (H. D. Rogers, '40, 

pp. 136-137).

Conglomerate quarries near (Nason, '89, p. 40).

Contact of Newark rocks and gneiss near (H. 

D. Rogers, '40, p. 16).

Dip in sandstone and conglomerate at (Cook, 

"82, p. 30).

Dip of sandstone at (Cook, '79, p. 30).

Diverse dips near (Nason, '89, p. 19).

Footprints at (Cook, '79, p. 28). 

Brief statement concerning the occurrence

of (Lea, '53, p. 185).

Description of the occurrence of (W. C. 

Redfleld, '43).

Footprints from, reference to the discovery of 

(E. Hitchcock, '43a, p. 255).

Footprints near, notice of (Russell, '77, p. 415).

Fossil estherias and fish scales found near 

(Nason, '89, p. 30).

Fossil fishes from (Cook, '79, p. 27. W. C.

Redfield, '43). 

List of (De Kay, '42).

Mud cracks at (Cook, '68, p. 201. Russell, '78, 

p. 225).

Raindrop and hail impressions from (Lyell, 

'51, pp.238, 242-244).

Raindrop impressions, reference to (E. Hitchcock, '43a, p. 225).

Raindrop impressions at (Cook. '68, p. 201). 

Description of (W. C. Redfield, '51a).

Raindrop impressions, mention of (Lyell, '51. 

Marcou, '53, p. 42, pi. 6).

Ripple-marks at (Cook, '68, p. 201).

Ripple-marks, sun cracks, raindrop impressions, and footprints at, mention of the occurrence of (Russell, '78, p. 225).

Sandstone near, description of (Cook, '68, p. 

209).

Sandstone outcrops near, description of (H. 

D. Rogers, '36, p. 152).

Sandstone quarries near (Cook, '79, p. 22).

Shale near, description of (H. D. Rogers, '40, 

p. 125).

Trap conglomerate near, mention of (Nason, 

'90).

Trap hills near, brief reference to (H. D. Rogers, '36, p. 159). 

Description of (Cook, '68, p. 185).

Trap ridge near, course of (Cook, '82, pp. 54- 

55).

Trap sheet near, lower contact of (Darton, '90,

p. 34). 

Thickness of (Darton, '90, p. 33).

Variegated conglomerate at, description of 

(H. D. Rogers, '36, p. 149).

Pompton furnace, N. J. Boundary of Newark at

(Cook, '68. p. 175). 

Conglomerate at (Cook, '82, p. 21). 

Conglomerate quarries near (Nason, '89, p. 40). 

Dip in conglomerate at (Cook, '82, p. 30). 

Dip near (Cook, '68, p. 199). 

Fossil fishes found near (Nason, '89, p. 28).
IUTSSELL.] LITERATURE. 289

Pompton furnace, N. J. Continued.

Trap hill near, description of (Cook, '68, p.

185. Cook,'82, pp. 54-55). 

Trap ridge near, course of (Nason, '89, p. 34). 

Pompton lako, N. J. Section of trap sheets near

(Darton, '90, p. 25).

Vesicular trap near (Darton, '90, p. 28). 

Pompton plains, N. J. Boundary of Newark near

(Cook, '68, p. 175).

Course of trap ridge near (Cook, '82, pp. 55-56). 

Pond and Toket mountain)), Conn. Bird's-eye

view of (W, M. Davis, '88, p. 480). 

Pond church, N. J. Dip near (Cook, '68, p. 199). 

Pond mountain, Conn. Description of (Davis and

Whittle, '89, pp. 110-111). 

Discussion of the geological structure near

(W. M. Davis, '86, pp. 345-346). 

Evidence of faults ill (W. M. Davis, '88, pp.

469-470). 

Formed by overflow trap sheets (W. M. Davis,

'88, pp. 464, 465).

Sketch map of (W.M. Davis, '88, p. 479). 

Study of the structure of (W. M. Davis, '88). 

Pond mountain, Va. Boundary of Newark near

(Heinrich, '78, p. 235).

Pond ridge, Conn. Topographic form of (Percival, '42, p. 303). 

Trap dikes near, description of (Percival, '42,

pp. 420, 421). 

 Trap ridges near, description of (Percival,

'42, pp. 336-337). 

Trap rock of, structure of (Percival, '42, p.

314).

Pond rock, Conn. Detailed description of, with

discussion of geology (Hovey, '89, p. 364).

Pope's quarry, N. J. Dip in sandstone at (Cook,

'79, p. 30).

Pope's, 8., stone quarry near Hartley, N. J. Description of (Cook, '81, p. 51). 

Poquonock, Conn. Description of sandstone near

(Percival, '42, pp. 441-442).

PORTER, ^T. D. 1822. 

[Note on the trap rocks of the Connecticut

valley.]

In Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 4, pp. 241-242. 

Gives a general account of the character of

the trap rocks in the region referred to. 

PORTER, T. C. Fossil footprints observed by, at

Milford, N. J. (See Eyerman, '89.) 

Porter's bank, Pa. Report on (Frazer, '77, p. 221). 

Port George, N. S. Rocks and minerals of (Willimott, '84, p. 25L).

Port. Kennedy, Pa. Boundary of the Newark near 

(C. E. Hall, '8J, pp. 83-84. tl. D. Rogers, 

'58, vol.2, p. 675).

Description of a cav'e near (Wheatley, '71). 

Dip near (Lesley, '83, p. U)0), 

Portland, Conn. Additional facts concerning 

Q.tpzoum nioodii from (E. Hitchcock, *55&). 

Character of rocks exposed at (J. D. Dana,

'§3,^.385).

Fossil bone from, note on (Wells, '61). 

Fossil, fishes from, description of (Newberry,

'88).

Fossil footprints at (E. Hitchcock, '58, pp. 50 

et seq.).

Bull. 85 19

Portland, Conn. Continued.

Notice of the finding of (W. C. Redfield,

'42). 

Fossil footprints from, description of (E.

Hitchcock, '58). 

Fossil plants from, descriptions and figures

of (Newberry, '88). 

Impressions of bones from (W. B. Rogers,

'60a). 

Impressions of ice crystals on sandstones at

(Barratt, '456).

Movements in the rocks at (Niles, '70, p. 86). 

Sandstone at, microscopical character of (G. P.

Merrill, '84, p. 26, pi. 13). 

Sandstone from, microscopic character of (G.

P. Merrill, '89, p. 304).

Sandstone quarries at, spontaneous movements of the strata in (J. Johnson, '54). 

Sandstone quarries near (Shaler, '84, p. 127).

Mention of (Percival, '42, p. 44U). 

Sandstone quarries of (G. P. Merrill, '89, pp.

447-448, pi. 9>. 

Portland quarry, Conn. Fossil plants at (E.

Hitchcock, '58, p. 8). 

Port Richmond, N. Y. Trap rock at (Cook, 'C8,

p. 178). . 

Trap rock at, description of the occurrence of

(Britton, '81, pp. 168-169). 

Potomac area, Va. Boundaries and aron of (Heinrich, '78, pp. 235-236).

Potterstown, N. J. Calcareousconglonieratenear, 

detailed description of (H. D. Rogers, '40, 

p. 139).

Dip in shale near (Cook, '82, p. 28). 

Dip near (Cook, '68, p. 199). 

Boundaries of Newark system near (Cook,

'68, p. 175. Cook, '89, p. 11). 

Conglomerate near (Cook, '68, p. 210). 

Dip in conglomerate near (Cook, '82, p. 28). 

Pottsgrovc, Pa. Description of trap dikes near

(H. D. Rogers, '58, vol. 2, p.C86). 

Pottstown, Pa. Trap hill in fLeHley, '85, p.

Ixxxi). 

Pottsvlllc, N. J. Conglomerate near (Cook, '82,

p. 21).

Conglomerate quarries near (Nation, '89, p. 39). 

Gneiss bordering the Newark system near

(Nason, '89, p..]6).

Powhatan coal mine, Va. Analysis of coal from 

(Clifford, '87, p. 30. Macfarlane, '77. p. 515. 

Williams, '83, p. 82). 

Notes on (Taylor, '35, p. 284). 

Powhatan county, Va. Deseriptkm of the Newark in (W. B. Rogers, '40, pp. 71-72). 

Description of rocks in ("W. B. Rogers, '43, p.

298). 

Pownal bay, P. E. I. Dip near (Dawson and Harrington, '71, p. 16). 

Prallsvillc, N. J. Dip of sandstone at (Cook, '79,

p. 29. Cook,'82, p. 26). 

Fossil crustaceans found near (Nason, '89, p.

30). 

Gray sandstone near, typical localities of (Nas.ou, '89, p. 24).

Plant remains in sandstone near (Nason, '89, 

p. 27).
290 THE NEWARK SYSTEM. [BULL. 85.

PrallsTille, N. J. Continued.

Quarries at (Cook, '81, pp. 59-60). 

Sandstone quarries at (Cook, '79, p. 24). 

Sandstone quarries near (Shaler, '84, p. 143). 

Preakness mountain, N. J.° Description of (Cook,

'82, pp. 54-55). 

Preakness ridge, N. J. Trap outcrop, described

briefly as a (H. D. Rogers, '36, p. 159). 

Prescott brook, N. J. Boundary of Newark along

(Cook,'68, p. 175). 

Dip along (Cook, '68, p. 197). 

PRESTWICH, JOSEPH. 1886. 

Geology, chemical, physical, and stratigraphical. 

Oxford, vol. 1, pp. i-xxiv, 1-477, 3 maps and 3

plates.

Vol. 2, pp. i-xxviii, 1-606, pis. 1-16, and 2 maps. 

Vol. 1: Geological map of the world, frontispiece, p. 427. Vol. 2: Classified list of the 

chief groups of strata in Worth America, 

pp. 12-13. Brief accountof the Triassic in 

North America, pp. 171-172, and of the 

Jurassic, pp. 254-255). 

Price's mine, Pa. Report on (Frazer, '77, pp. 219-

220).

PRIME, FREDERICK, JR. 1875. 

Second Geological Survey of Pennsylvania, 

1874. Report of progress 011 the brown 

hematite ore ranges of Lehigh county, etc. 

Harrisburg, 1875, vol. D, pp. i-ix, l-73,map. 

Contains a brief general account of the Newark of Pennsylvania, p. 4.

PR13IE, FREDERICK. 1886. 

The coals of the United States. 

In report of the mining industries of the 

United States, etc. By Raphael Pumpelly, 

in Tenth Census of the United States, 4to, 

vol. 15, pp. 605-687, pis. 40-49. 

Gives statistics of the production of coal in 

the Richmond coal field in the census 

year.

PRIME, F. Cited on dip of Newark sandstone 

in Pennsylvania (Shaler, '84, p. 156).

Prince Edward county, Va. Boundaries of the 

Newark in (W. B. Rogers, '39, pp. 74, 76- 

77). 

Description of the geology of ("W. B. Rogers,

'39, pp. 77-81). 

On the probability of finding coal in (W. B.

Rogers, '39, p. 79). 

Prince Edward, Va. Description of geology near

(W.B.Rogers, '39, p. 81). 

Coal at, the occurrence of (Lea, '53, p. 193). 

Coal near (W.B. Rogers, '39, p. 81).

Prince Edward island. Absence of Trias on, general (Ells, '84, pp. 11E-19E).

Age of the Newark system in, note in reference to the (Dawson, '58).

Age of the newer sandstones on (Dawson, '74).

Age of sandstone and shale of, remark on the 

(H. D. Rogers, '58, vol. 2, p. 693).

Age of rocks on (Ells, '84, pp. HE, 12E, 16E, 

18E).

Bathygnathus lorealis from (Owen, '76, p.

361). 

Description of (Leidy, '54).

Prince Edward Island Continued.

On the discovery and geological age of (Dawson, '54a). 

Bathygnathus borealis in, 011 the finding of

(Dawson, '53). 

Conformity of Carboniferous and Newark on

(Dawson, '74, pp. 209,217-218. Daw.son,

'74a, p. 281). 

Conformity of Trias and Carboniferous on

(Dawson, '78, pp. 30,31,32-33). 

Description of (Dawson, '78, pp. 116-124). 

Dip of the Red sandstone in, brief account of

the (H. D. Rogers, '58, vol. 2, p. 761). 

Dip on (Dawson, '78, pp. 116-117). 

European equivalents of rocks of (Dawson,

'78, p. 30). 

Fossil wood from, description of (Dawsou,

'54).

Fossil wood in (Dawson, '78, p. 111). 

Geological map of (Dawson, '78, map). 

Geology and fossil flora, notes on (Bain and

Dawson, '85). 

Geology of, brief account of (Chapman, '76,

pp. 29-91. Dawson, '54. McKay, '66). 

Brief reference to (Russell, '78, p. 220). 

Report of (Dawson and Harriugtou, '71). 

Summary concerning (Chapman, '78, p. 120-

121).

Newark of, brief account of the leading features of the (Dawson, '5C, pp. 20-21). 

Newark on, sketch of the (H. D. Rogers, '58,

vol. 2, p. 759-765). 

Newark rocks of, account of the (Dawson,

'72). 

Description and disciission of the (Dawson,

'78, pp. 116-124; supplement, pp. 28-33). 

Mention of*(l£arcou, '58, pp. 11,65). 

Notice of (Dawson, '78, p.'87). 

Newark system in, brief account of the (Hull,

'87, p. 86). 

Permian age of the newer rocks on (Owen,

'76, p. 359). 

Permian ago of the younger sandstones on

(Dawson, '75).

Physical geography of (Dawson, '72a). 

Post-Carboniferous rocks of (Dawson, '78, p.

111). 

Rocks of (Dawson, '78, p. 111. Dawson, '78a,

pp. 29,31). 

Separation of Trias and Carboniferous on

(Dawson, '78a, p. 29). 

Unconformity on (Bain, '87). 

Prince Edward island, sections (Bain. '87). 

Across (Dawson, '78, p. 31). 

Bunbury island (Dawson and Harrington, '71,

p. 20). 

Cainpbellton to cape Tryon (Dawson and

Harrington, '71, pi. ). 

Cape Egmont (Dawson and Harrington, '71,

p. 20). 

Cape Kildare (Dawson and Harrington, '71,

pp. 20-21). 

Darnley, near (Dawson and Harrington, '71,

pp. 18,19).

Gallas point, through (Dawson and Harrington, '71, pi. ).
RUSSELL.] LITERATURE. 291

Prince Edward island, sections Continued. 

Indian point (Dawson and Harnngton, '71,

pp. 17-18). 

Large curtain (Dawson and Harrington, '71,

p. 20).

Orwell hay (Dawson, '78o, pp. 29,31). 

Summerside, near (Dawson and Harrington,

'71, pp. 17-18). 

Tea hill to Belfast (Dawson and Harrington,

 71, pi.-). 

Prince Edward Newark belt, Va. Denned (Foutairie, '79, p. 26). 

Princeton, N. J. Analysis of soil from near (Cook,

'78, pp. 37, 40).

Black shales near (Nason, 89, p. 31). 

Building stone near (Cook, '68, p. 510). 

Contact inetamorphism near (H. D. Rogers,

'40, p. 151).

Dip in sandstone near (Cook, '82, p. 25). 

Dip near (Cook, '68, p. 1%). 

Footprints at, brief statement concerning the

occurrence of (Lea., '53, p. 185). 

Quarries near, description of (Cook, '81, p.

55).

Quarry at (Cook, '81, p. 55). 

Reference to rocks near (Finch, '26, pp. 209-

211). 

Sandstone near, description of (Cook, '68, pp.

208,209). 

Sandstone outcrop near (H. D. Rogers, '40, p.

12:.).

Sandstone quarries at (Shalor, '84, p. 144). 

Sandstone quarry near (Cook, '79, p. 24). 

Sandstone strata near, description of (H. D.

Rogers, '40, p. 120).

Shale near, exposure of (Nason, 89, p. 17). 

Trap outcrops at (Cook, '82, p. 60). 

Trap rocks of, brief reference to the character

^ of (Cooper, '22, p. 240). 

Prince William county, Va. Description of the

Newark in (W. B. Rogers, '40, pp. 64-C9). 

Trap dikes and local inotaniorphistu in ("W.

B. Rogers, '55c)- 

Prospect hill, -Conn. Description of scenery near

(E. Hitchcock, '23, vol. 7, pp. 3-4). 

Description of trap ridges near (Percival, '42,

pp. 329-330).

Pughtown, Pa. Boundary of Newark near (Lesley, '83, pp. 185,191). 

Pulpit rock, Conn. Description of trap dikes in

Primary rocks at (Percival, '42, pp. 416-

417).

PUTNAM, BAYARD F. 188«a. 

Notes on the samples of iron ore collected in

New York. 

In report on the mining industries of the

United States, etc. 

By Raphael Pumpelly, in Tenth Census of

the United States, 4to, vol. 15, pp. 99-144,

and 3 plates. 

Contains a geological map of New York,

showing area occupied by the Newark,

and a map of Staten island, showing areas

of trap rock and sandstone, p. 123. 

PUTNAM, BAYARD F. 1886b. 

Notes on the samples of iron ore collected in

New Jersey.

PUT1VAM, BAYARD F. Continued.

In report of the mining industries of the 

United States, etc.

By Raphael Pnmpelly, in Tenth Census of 

United States, 4to, vol. 15, pp. 145-177.

Contains small geological maps of New Jersey, showing area, occupied by Newark 

rocks, pp. 146,350. 

PUTNAM, BAYARD F. M8«c.

Notes on the iron ore of Pennsylvania.

In report on the mining industries of the 

United States, etc.

By Raphael Pumpelly, in Tenth Census of 

the United States, 4to, vol. 15, pp. 179- 

234, and a map.

Accompanied by a geological map of Pennsylvania, showing area occupied by the 

Newark, pi. op. p. 179. 

Quaco, N. B. Ageof rocks at (Bailey, '65, p. 5,13).

Brief account of the geology near (Bailey, 

'65, p. 12. Chapman, '78, p. ]06. Matthew, '65, p. 123. Whittle, '91).

Character of rocks at (Matthew, '65, pp. 123- 

124).

Dip of Newark rocks at (Matthew, '65, p. 124).

Manganese at (Matthew, '05, p. 125).

Unconformity at (Matthew, '05, p. 125). 

Qnaco Head, N. B. Brief account of the geology 

near (Whittle, '91).

Brief reference to the geology of (Russell, '78, 

p. 220).

Dip at (Dawson, '78, p. 108).

Dip of sandstone at (Emmons, '36, p. 344).

Description and ago of rocks at (Credner, '65).

Description of (Gesner, '40, pp. 13-23).

Fossil wood at (Dawson, '78, p. 108).

Intrusive trap at (Bailey, Matthew, and Ells, 

'80, p. 23D).

Manganese near (Gesner, '40, pp. 17-18).

Map of Newark at (Matthew, '03, p.248).

Observations made at (Enimons, '36, p. 344).

Position of (Bailey, Matthew, and Ells, '80, 

map No. 1 S. E., accompanying).

Rocks of (Bailey, '72, p. 217, 218. Bailey, 

Matthew, and Ells, '80, pp. 21-22D. Dawsou, '78, p. 108. Gesiicr, '41, p. 14).

Section near (Gesner, '40, pp.13-23).

Thickness of Newark rocks at (Dawson, '78, 

p. 108).

Tr.ap rock at (Bailey, Mathews and Ells, '80).

Unconformity at base of Newark at (Emmons,

'36, p. 344). 

Quakcrtown, Pa. Analysis of trap from (Genth,

'81, pp. 97-98). 

Quarries in New Jersey. (Cook, '79, p. 19-26).

Quarries of conglomerate, in Rockland county, N.

Y. (Mather, '43, pp. 280-287). 

Quarries of sandstone at East Haven, Conn. (Percival, '42, p. 434).

In Now Jersey (Cook, '08, pp. 504-512).

On the Delaware in New Jersey (H. D. Rogers, 

'36, p. 157).

NearNyack, N. Y. (Mather, '43, p. 287).

Near Trenton, N. J. (H. D. Rogers, '40, pp. 

120-121).

Near Pluckemin, N. J. (Cook, '68. p. 183).
292 THE NEWARK SYSTEM. [BULL. 85.

Quarries of trap in New Jersey (Cook, '68, pp.

522-523).

Quonipang mountain, Conn. Description of trap 

dikes in Primary rocks near (Percival, 

'42, pp. 339, 361, 422-423).

Raccoon coal pits, Clover hill, Va. Plan and section of (Clifford, '87, pi. 2).

Raccoon Ford, Va. Boundary of Newark near 

(Heinrich, '78, p. 236. W. B. Kogers, '40, 

*p. 61). 

Railway, N. J. Obscurity of exposures near (H.

D. Rogers, '40, p. 129). 

Section at (Cook, '68, p. 242). 

Rainbow Tillage, Conn. Bituminous shale near

(Percival, '42, p. 442).

Raindrop impressions. Certain peculiar markings referred to (Anonymous, '39). 

Discussion of the origin of (Desor, '51). 

In the Connecticut valley (Deano, '42. E. 

Hitchcock, '42. E. Hitchcock, '55a, pp. 

189-190. E. Hitchcock, '58, pp. 166-167, 

pi. 32. Hitchcock and Hitchcock, '67, pp. 

319-320. Warren, '54, p. 45). 

In Massachusetts. Description of (E. Hitch 

cock,'41, pp. 501-503, pi. 49. E. Hitchcock, 

'43a, p. 262).

Mention of (Marcou, '53, p. 42, pi. 6). 

Turner's Falls. Notice of (Deane, '456.

Mantell, '46).

In New Jersey (Lyell, '51, pp. 238,242-244). 

Mention of (W. C. Eedfield, '42. W. C.

Redfield, '43a).

Mention of localities of (Russell, '78, p. 225). 

Newark (Lyell, '43, pp. 39-40. W. C. Redfield, '42).

Pomptou (Cook, '68, p. 201. E. Hitchcock, 

'43a, p. 255. Lyell, '51. W. C. Redfleld, 

'43. W. C. Redfield, '51«). 

Weehawken (Gratacap, '86, p. 246). 

Interpretation of (Lyell, '52). 

Observations on recent (E. Hitchcock, '43a,

p. 262). 

Observations on recent and fossil (Merrick,

'51). 

Physical conditions shown by (J. D. Dana, '75,

p. 420). 

Recent photographs of (Deaue, '61, p. 59, pi.

45). 

Referred to the bursting of bubbles (Desor,

'51rt). 

Similarity of, to pits made by the breaking of

air bubbles (Desor and Whitney, '59). 

Suggested explanation of (H. D. Rogers, '55). 

Raleigh, N. C. Boundary of Newark area near

(W. R. Johnson, '51, p. 4). 

Breadth of the Newark area west of (Emmons, 

'56, p. 241. Olinstoad, '24, p. 12. Wilkes, 

'58, p. 2). 

Brief account of Newark rocks near (Olmstead, '20). <* 

Brief account of geology west of (McLenahan,

'52, p. 170) 

Ramapo, N. J. Conglomerate cemented wrlh red

shale (Nason, '89, p. 21).

Description of calcareous conglomerate near 

H. D. Rogers, '36, p. 149. (H. D. Rogers, 

'40, pp. 136-137.)

Ramapo, N. J. Continued.

Mention of a fossil fish from (De Kay, '42, p.

385).

Trap rocks in (Mather, '43, p. 282). 

Ramapo mountain, JT. J. Gneiss bordering the

Newark system near (Nason, '89, p. 16). 

Ramapo valley, N. J. Borings for oil in (Cook,

'68, p. 696).

Boundary of Newark in (Cook, '68, p. 175). 

Trap of (Cook, '08, pp, 188-189). 

Trap rock hills of (Cook, '82, pp. 48-54). 

Ram soy's station, N. J. Trap outcrop near (Cook,

'68, pp. 181-188).

Randolph's coal mine, Va. Analysis of coal from 

(Macfarlane, '77, p. 515. Williams, '83, p. 

82).

Notes on (Taylor, '35, p. 284). 

Rapho township, Pa. Report on the geology of

(Frazer, '80, pp. 37-38).

Raritan, ?f. J. Dip near (Cook, '68, p. 198). 

Raritan copper mine, N. J. Description of (Cook,

'68, p. 679).

Dikes of trap in (Cook, '68, p. 204). 

Raritan valley, N. J. Dip of sandstone in (Cook,

'83, p, 26). 

Rattlesnake hill, Pa. Trap dike (d'lnvilliers, '83,

pp. 200, 201).

Rattlesnake mountain, Conn. Description of (Percival, '42, p. 374). 

Raudenbush mine, Pa. Detailed account of (d'ln-

.villiers, '83, pp. 342-343). 

Raven Rock, N. J. Building stone near (Cook,

'68, p. 512).

Dip at (Cook, '68, p. 198). 

Dip in indurated shale at (Cook, '82, p. 27) 

Dip of altered shale at (Cook, '79, p. 29). 

Sandstone quarries at (Cook, '79, p. 25). 

RAYMOND, R. W. J883. 

The natural coke of Chesterfield county, Va. 

In Am. Inst. Mining Eng., Trans., vol. 2, pp.

440-450).

Reprinted in The Virginias, vol. 4, pp. 145- 

146; see, also, The Virginias, vol. 4, p. 164. 

Describes the occurrence, illustrated by a 

section, of Carbonite [natural coke] near 

Midlothian, ATa., and gives analysis of 

the material mentioned.

RAYMOND, R. W. Cited on natural coke in the 

Richmond coal field, Va. (Cliflb)d, '87, p. 

13).

Cited on the origin of the natural coke of the 

Richmond coal field, Va. (Hotchkiss, '83). 

Reading, Pa. Boundary of the Newark near 

(d'lnvilliers, '83, p. 198. Lea, '58, p. 92. 

H. D.Rogers, '58, vol. 2, p. 668). 

Conglomerate near (Lea, '53, p. 190. H. D. 

Rogers, '39, p. 19. H. D. Rogers, '58, vol. 

2, p. 681). 

Dip of conglomerate near (d'lnvilliers, '83, p.

221).

Exception in the prevailing dip of the Newark near (Lesley, '83, p. 182). 

Sandstone qiiarries near (Shaler, '84, p. 157). 

Trap dike near (d'luvilliers, '83, pp. 304, 380, 

H. D. Rogers, '58, vol. 2, p. 686).
HCSSELL.] LITERATURE. 293

Reamstown, Pa. Boundary of the Newark near 

(Frazer, '80, p. 43. H. D. Rogers, '58, vol. 

2, p. 668).

HEDFIELD, JOHN HOWARD. 1836.

Fossil fishes of Connecticut and Massachusetts, with a notice of an uudeseribed 

genus.

In Now York Lye. Nat. Hist., Ann., vol. 4, 

1848, pp. 35-40, pis. 1-2.

Abstract in Neues Jahrhuch, 1839, pp. 248-253.

Refers to localities in the Connecticut valley 

where fossil fish have been obtained. 

Mentions previous studies of the fossils in 

question, and describes and figures Catopterus gracilig. Describes, also, another 

fossil fish, the name of which is not determined. Concludes with brief remarks 

on the age of the rocks from which the 

fossil were obtained. 

REDFIELD, JOHN H. 1841.

[Zoological analogies of Catopterus gradlit].

In Final Report Geol. of Massachusetts, by 

E. Hitchcock. Amherst and Northampton, 1841, 4to, p. 440.

Extract from a letter to E. Hitchcock in which 

the characteristics of the tail of the fossil fish referred to are briefly discussed. 

REDFIELD, JOHN II. 185(1.

[Extract from a report to the American Association for the Advancement of Science 

on the fossil fishes of the United States].

In a paper on the relation of the fossil fishes 

of the sandstone of Connecticut and other 

Atlantic states to the Triassic and Jurassic periods, by "W. C. Rediield.

In Am. Assoc. Adv. Sci., Proc., vol. 10, pp. 

183-185.

Refers to the characteristics of the fishes of 

tho Newark system, and states opiuiou 

with respect to geological age. 

REDFIELD, J. H. Cited on tho age of the Connecticut valley sandstone (J. D. Dana, '56, 

p. 322. E. Hitchcock, '58, p. 5). 

REDFIELD, J. H. Cited on the age of the Newark, as indicated by fossil fishes (W. C. 

Redfield, '56, pp. 181-187).

Cited on Catopterus from Middletowu, Conn. 

(E. Hitchcock,'41, p. 440).

Cited on Gatoptems gracilis (C. H. S. Davis, 

'87, p. 20).

Cited on early discovery of fossil fishes in tho 

Newark system (Newberry, '88, pp. 19-20).

Cited on fossil fishes (E. Hitchcock, '416, p. 

244. Newberry,'88. W. C. Redfield, '56«, 

pp. 357-361. H. D. Rogers, '44, p. 251).

Cited on fossil fishes from Connecticut 

(Anonymous, '38).

Cited on fossil fishes from the Connecticut 

valley (E. Hitchcock, '41, p. 460. H. D. 

Rogers, '58, vol. 2, p. 094).

Cited on fossil fishes from the Housatonic valley, Conn. (Redfield, '41, p. 27).

Cited on genus Catopterus (Egerton, '49, pp. 

4,8. W. C. Redfield, '56a, p. 361).

Extract from report on fossil fish (W. C. Redfield, '56a, pp. 359-361).

REDFIELD, J. H. Continued.

List of fossil fishes from New Jersey and the 

Connecticut valley described by (De Kay, 

'42). 

REDFIELD, J. H., and W. C. REDFIELD. 1857.

On the relation of the post-Pel-mean, fishes of 

Connecticut and other Atlantic states to 

tho Triassic and Jurassic periods.

In Ediuburg new Philosophical Journal, n. s., 

vol. 5, pp. 3C9-370).

An abstract of a paper read by W. C. Redfield at the meeting of tho American Association at Albany, N. J. Published in 

Am. Assoc. Adv. Sci., Proc. [vol. 10], tenth 

meeting, 1856, pp. 180-188. 

REDFIELD, J. H. and -W. C. Cited on the age of

the.Newark (H.D. Rogers, '44, p. 248). 

R[EDF1ELD, W. .]. 1838.

Newly discovered ichnolites [at Middletowu, 

Conn.].

In Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 33, pp. 201-202.

Mentions discoveries of fossil footprints in 

the Connecticut valley, by E. Hitchcock 

and R. Warner. 

REDFIELD, WILLIAM C. 1838a.

Fossil fishes in Virginia.

In Am. .Tour. Sci., vol. 34, p. 201.

Brief note referring to a specimen shale with 

numerous fossil fishes on it, found iu the 

Richmond coal field, Va. 

H[EDFIELD, W. C.]. 1889.

[Note on fossil fishes from New Jersey.]

In Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 36, pp. 186-187.

Fossil fishes from Morris county, N. J., are 

stated to bo Calopterux gracilis and a species of Palajoniscus, both of which have 

been found in the saudstoue of the Connecticut valley. A previous notice of the 

fossils mentioned in this article may bo 

found iu Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 35, p. 192. 

REDFIELD, W. 0. 1841.

Short notices of American fossil fishes.

In Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 41, pp. 24-28; abstract 

iu Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 41, pp. 1C4-165, and 

also iu Am. Assoc. Geol. and Nat., Proc., 

1840-1812, pp. 17-18.

Describes several species of Palteouiscus and 

Catopterus from the Connecticut valley 

andNew Jersey. Remarks on the widedistribution of species in the Newark system, i 

REDFIKLD [W. C.]. 1842.

[Concerning raindrop impressions, footprints, 

and fossil fishes from tho New Red sandstone of New Jersey and the Connecticut 

valley.]

In Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 43, p. 172; also in Am. 

Assoc. Geol. and Nat., Proc., 1840-1842j 

p. 65.

Mentions an observation of fossil raindrop 

impressions at Newark, N. J.; and also 

notes the discovery of fossil footprints and 

fossil fishes in the saudstoue of the Connecticut valley. 

REDFIELD, W. C. 1842a.

[Ou some newly discovered ichthyolites in 

the New Red saudstoue of New Jersey.]
294 THE NEWARK SYSTEM. [BULL. 85.

REDFIELD, W. C.-Continned.

In London Geol. Soc., Proc., vol. 4,1845, p. 23.

Mentions newly discovered fossil fish associated with tracks and rain marks. 

KEDFIELD, IV. (J. 1843.

Notice of newly discovered fish heds and a 

fossil footmark in the Bed sandstone formation of New Jersey.

In Am. Jonr. Sci., vol. 44, pp. 134-130.

Describes the occurrence of fossil fish, a fossil

footprint, together with raindrop and hail

impressions, and ripple marks produced

by waves, at Pompton, N. J.

REDFIELD, W. C. 1843a.

Keiuarks on some new fishes ami other fossil 

memorials from the New Bed sandstone 

of New Jersey.

In Am. Jour. Sei., vol. 45, pp. 314-315.

Abstract of remarks concerning the age of the 

Red sandstone of New Jersey as indicated 

by fossil fish. Mentions also the occurrence of footprints and raindrop impressions. 

REDFIELD, WILLIAM C. 1861.

On the post-Permian date of the Bed sandstone rocks of New Jersey and the Connecticut valley, as shown by their fossil 

remains. (Abstract.)

In Am. Assoc. Adv. Sci., Proc.,vol. 5, pp. 45-40.

Abstract in Ann. Sci. Discov., 1852, p. 259.

Beference to papers by C. T. Jackson, which 

assigned the Newark system, to the Silurian, and also to the claim of unconformity 

in the Ii'owark, suggested by D. A. Wells, 

The conclusion reached is that the Newark presents an unbroken scries, and is 

characterized by a fauna and flora as recent as the Trias. 

KEDFIELD, IV. C. I861a.

On the fossil rain marks found in the Bed 

sandstone rocks of New Jersey and the 

Connecticut valley, and their authentic 

character.

In Am. Assoo. Adv. Sci., Proc.,vol. 5, pp. 72-75.

Describes fossil raindrop impressions found 

at Pompton, N. J., and discusses the nature of their origin. 

KEDFIELD, Vf. C. 1850.

On the relations of the fossil fishes of the 

sandstones of Connecticut and other Atlantic states to the Liassic and Jurassic 

periods. *

In Am. Assoc. Adv. Sci., Proc., vol. 10, 1857, 

pt. 2, pp. 180-188.

Abstract in Ediuburg New Philosophical 

Journal, n. ,s, vol.5,1857,pp.369-370; also 

in Am. Sci. Discov., 1857, p. 338.

Reviews the evidence furnished by the fossil 

fishes of the Connecticut valley, New Jersey, etc., in reference to the age of the 

deposits containing them. Proposes the 

name Newark group.

REMIND, W. (J. 185Ga.

On the relations of the fossil fishes of tbe 

sandstones of Connecticut and other Atlantic states to the Liassic and Oolitic periods.

REDFIELD, W. C. Continued.

In Am. Jour. Sci., 2d ser., vol. 22, pp. 357-363.

Abstract in Nones Jahrbucli, 1857, pp. 87-88.

Bevicws the progress that has been made in" 

the study of the fossil fishes of the Newark system, and discusses the question of 

the age of the system, as indicated by the 

fossils referred to above. 

KEDFIELD, W. C. 1857.

On the relation of the post-Permian fishes of 

Connecticut and other Atlantic states to 

the Triassic and Jurassic periods.

See Redfield and Redfield,'1857. ' 

KEDFIELD, W. 0. Adoption of the name, 

"Newark system," proposed by (Bussell, 

'89a).

Cited on age of the Connecticut valley sandstone (E. Hitchcock, '58, p. 5). 

Newark system (Lea, '53, p. 193. Lea, "58.

Taylor, '48, p. 40).

Bed sandstone of New Jersey, Virginia, etc. 

(J.D. Dana, '50, p. 322).

Cited on Catopteris from the Richmond coal 

field, Va. (H. D. Rogers, '44, p. 251).

Cited on fossil fishes (C. H. Hitchcock, '71, p. 

21. E. Hitchcock, '416, p. 244. Newberry, '88, in many places).

Cited on fossil fishes from Boouton and Pompton, N. J. (Lea, : 53, p. 193). 

Connecticut valley (Lycll, '06, p. 456). 

Richmond coal field, Va. (Lyell, '47, p. 276, 

pis. 8, 9. W. B. Rogers, '43, pp. 301, 315).

Cited on fossil footprints in New Jersey (E. 

Hitchcock, '43a, pp. 255, 303. Lea, '53, p. 

185).

Cited on fossil plants at Little Palls, N. J. 

(Lea, '53, p. 193).

Cited on genus Catopterus (Egerton, '49, p. 8).

Cited on name "Newark" (C. H. Hitchcock, 

'71, p. 21).

Cited on Newark system in New York (De 

Kay, '42, p. 385).

Cited on raindrop impressions from New Jersey (Lyell, '51, pp. 238, 242-244).

List of fossil fishes from New Jersey and the 

Connecticut valley described by (De Kay, 

'42).

Notice of the study of fossil fishes by (Miller,

'79-'81, vol. 2, p. 147).

Red head, N. B. Beach of magnetic sand near 

(Bailey, '72, p. 221).

Contact of trap with older sediments (Bailey, 

'72, p. 220).

Position of (Bailey, Mathews, and Ells, '80, 

map No. 1 S. E. accompanying).

Rocks of (Bailey, '72, p. 217. Bailey, Mathews, and Ells, '80, p. 21D. Gesner, '39, p. 

51).

See also Gardners creek.

Red Hill, Pa. Conglomerate near (H. D. Rogers, 

'58, vol. 2, p. 680).

Red sandstone hill, Conn. Rock of (Fercival, '42,

p. 440).

Reids bridge, Va. Boundary of Newark near 

(Heinrich, '78, p. 237. W. B. Rogers, '39, 

p. 75).
RUSSELL.] LITERATURE. 295

lleids bridge and Charlotte, Va. Section between

(\V. B. Honors, '39, pp. 79-80). 

Itciri'N coal mine, Va. Depth of (Taylor, '48, p.

48). 

RENWICK, EDWARD. Cited on fossil fish from

New Jersey (W. C. Redfield, '39). 

Reptiles, fossil. Distribution of, in time (Emmons, '57, pp. 56-57). 

From Connecticut valley (Deane, '45a. H. D.

Rogers, '58, vol. 2, p. C94. Wyman, '55). 

From Newark system (H. D. Rogers, '58, vol.

2, p. G95).

From New Jersey (Cope, '08, p. 733). 

From North Carolina (Cope, '75. Eminons, 

'52, pp. 141-142. Emmons, '5C, pp. 293- 

320, 335-337, 347, pi. 5. Emmons, '57, pp. 

54-93, 145-147, pi. 8. Emmons, '576, pp. 

77-78).

From Pennsylvania (Lea, '51, pp. 171-172. 

Cope, '85. H. D. Rogers, '58, vol. 2, pp. 

C92-C93. Wheatley,'61, pp.44-40. Wheatley, '61a).

From Prince Edward Island (Dawson, '78, p. 

118. Dawsou and Harrington, '71, p. 46). 

Found at New London (Dawson, '53). 

From Richmond coal field, Va. (W. B. Rogers,

'43, p. 300).

Summary concerning (0. C. Marsh, '77. Miller, '79-'81, vol. 2, pp. 243-244). 

Rhoad's mill, Pa. Boundary of the Newark near

(H. D. Rogers, '41, pp. 16, 39). 

Dip of conglomerate at (H. D. Rogers, '41, p.

39).

RICE, WILLIAM NORTH. 1886. 

On the trap and sandstone in the gorge of the

Farmington river at Tariffville, Conn. 

In Am. Jour. Sci., 3d. ser., vol. 32, pp. 430-433. 

Describes the outcrop of an overflowed trap 

sheet with a trap conglomerate resting 

upon it; and also of the occurrence of a 

breccia of trap and sandstone. The facts 

reported in this paper support the conclusion that some of the trap sheets of the 

Newark were overflows. SeeDavis, '83. 

RICE, WILLIAM NORTH. Cited on origin of the 

trap hills of Connecticut (Chapin, '87, p. 

26). 

Cited on overflow trap sheets in Connecticut

(W. M. Davis, '88, p. 465). 

Rice coal mine, Va. Notes on (Taylor, '35, p. 284, 285).' 

Rice point, P. E. I. Fossil plants from (Bain and

Dawson, '85, pp. 156-158). 

Rireville, Va. Boundary of the Newark near (W.

B. Rogers, '39, pp. 74-75, 70). 

Riceville and Chalk Level, Va. Section between

(W. B. Rogers, '39, p. 79).

RICHARDSON, JAMES. 1881. 

Report of a geological exploration of the Mag

daleu islands, 1880-1881.

 In Geological Survey of Canada. Report of 

progress for 1879-'80. Montreal. Pp. ]- 

11G.

States that there are some reasons for supposing that certain Red sandstones above 

the Carboniferous of the Magdalen islands 

may be of Permian or Triassic age, p. 8G.

Richmond, Ya. Brief description of coal mines

near (Lyell, '54, p. 12).

Richmond bay, P. E. I. Discovery of fossil reptile near (Ells, '84, p. 19E, note 2, on atlas 

sheet No. 5 S. W.).

Limestone near (Dawson and Harrington, '71, 

p. 34).

Trap at (Dawson, '78, p. 123. Dawson, '7Sa,

pp. 29, 31).

Richmond coal field, Va. Additional notes on 

(Clifford, '88).

Age of, as indicated by fossil plants (Bunbury, '47, p. 287. Fontaine, '79, pp. 37-39. 

Foster, '51. E. Hitchcock, '56, p. 99. 

Lesquereux, '76, p. 283. Lyell, '47, p. 274- 

280. Lyell, '57. Marcou, '49. Marcou 

'88, p. 30. W. B. Rogers, '42c. W. B. 

Rogers, '55a. Shaler, '71, pp. 114,115,117. 

Zeiller, '88).

Analyses of coal from (Clemson, '35. "W. R. 

Johnson, '50, pp. 175-176. W. R. Johnson, '51, p. 12. Silliman and Hubbard, '42, 

Williams, '83, p. 82).

Area of (Heinrich, '78, p. 232).

Boundaries of (Heiurieh, '78, pp. 230-232).

Brief account of (Ashburner, '87, pp. 352-353. 

Clifford, '87. Coryell, '75. Daddow and 

Bannan, '66, pp. 395-403. Eramous, '57, 

pp. 3, 33, 34. C. H. Hitchcock, '74. 

Hotchkiss, '73. Hotchkiss, '81, p. 120. 

Hotchkiss, '83. Hull, '81, p. 400. Le 

Conte, '82, pp. 457-459. Lyell, '49, pp. 279- 

288. Lyell, '71, pp. 362-363. Macfarlaue, 

'77, p. 507. Maclure, '09. Mitchell, '42, p. 

59-60. Nuttall,'21,pp.35-37. Patton,'88, 

pp. 22-23. Pierce, '28, pp. 57-58. W. B. 

Rogers, '37, pp. 5-6. W. B. Rogers, '40, 

pp. 71-72. W. B. Rogers, '436, pp. 532-533. 

Silliman,-'42. R. C. Taylor, '34. Williams,'85, pp. 97-98).'

Coal from, examination of (W. R. Johnson,

'44, pp. 308-451). 

For the Now Orleans exposition (Hotchkiss,

'84).

General character and eBiciency of (W. R. 

Johnson, '50, pp. 133-134, and table op. p. 

134).

Organic structure of (Lyell, '47, pp. 268- 

269).

Coal, production of, in 1885 (Ashburner, '86,

p. 09).

In 1887 (Ashburner, '88, p. 361). 

Inl883-'84 (Williams, '85, pp. 97-98).

Coal in, brief review of (Chance, '85, pp. 18- 

19).

Coal mines in, account of (Grammar, '18).

Coal, thickness of (W. B. Rogers, '43).

Coke, natural,* and trap dikes in (Heinricta, 

'75).

Coke, natural, from (W. R. Johnson, '42, 

Lyell, '47, pp. 270-274. Raymond, '83. W. 

B. Rogers, '42&. W. B. Rogers, '54a. 

Origin of (Hotchkiss, '83. Stevens, '73). 

Remarks on (Coryell, '75. T. S. Hunt, '75, 

Wurtz, '75).

Depth of shafts in (W. B. Rogers, '436).
296 THE NEWARK SYSTEM. [BULL. 85.

Richmond coal Held, Va. Continued.

Description of (Fontaiue, '79, pp. 34-39. W. 

C. Johnson, '39, p. 41. Lyell, '47. Lyell, 

 '06, pp. 451-452. W. B. Eogcrs, '36, pp. 

52-61. Taylor, '35).

Description of tbe mines in (AVooldridge, '42). 

Dip of rocks in (Foutaine, '79, pp. 35, 36). 

Dips in (W. B. Rogers, '436. p. 533). 

Economic value of (Hotcbkiss, '80, pp. 91-92). 

Explosion in Midlothian colliery (Heinrir.h,

'76). 

Extent and boundaries of (Fontaiue, '83, pp.

2-4).

Extract from Lyell's account of (Greer, '71). 

Fire in (Macfarlane, '77, p. 507). 

Fire in the mines of (Taylor, '48, pp. 48-49). 

Fossil fishes of (Lyell, '47, pp. 275-280, pi. 8-9.

W. C. Redfield, '38a).

Fossil plants from (Emmons, '56, pp. 328-329. 

Emmons, '57, p. 101. Fontaine, '83. Newberry, '766, p. 148).

Description of (Brongniart, '28, vol. 1, pp. 

124-126, 391, pis. 14-16, 137. Bunbury, 

'47. W. B. Rogers, '43. Hoer, '57). 

Geology and economic importance of (Taylor,

'48). 

Historic and economical account of (Macfarlaue, '77, pp. 105-115). 

History of commercial development of

(Chance, '85, pp. 22-23). 

Iron ores, brief account of (W. B. Rogers, '80,

p. 152).

Lignite from ("W. B. Rogers, '55). 

Midlothian colliery (Heinrich, '73).

Condition of in 1876 (Heinfich, '76a). 

Observations of Lyell and Bunbury in (De

LaBeche, '48). 

Observations of C. Lyell, cited (De La Beche,

'48).

Observations on tbe structure of (Newell, '89). 

Partial list of fossils from (J. Hall, '52, p. 66). 

Remarks on absence of reptilian remains in

(Lyell, '51a).

Remarks on methods of mining (Coryell, '75). 

Section across (Taylor, '48, p. 47).

After Daddow (Le Conte, '84, p. 328). 

Section in (Euimons, '56, p. 339. Emmous,

'57, pp. 11-12. Le Conto, '82, p. 457.) 

Section of (W. B. Rogers, '36, pi. . W. B.

Rogers, '39, pi. 2. Rogers, '84, pi. 7-8). 

Sections of dikes in, after C. Lyell (W. M.

Davis, '83, p. 281, pi. 9). 

Sections in (Heinrich, '78). 

Structure of (Lyell, '47, pp. 2C1-268. Shaler,

'71, pp. 114,115, 117). 

Structural features of (Shaler, '77). 

Thickness of rocks in (Fontaine, '79, p. 35). 

Richmond county, N. C. Small area of Newark

in (Mitchell, '42, p. 13*0).

" Richmond county, N. Y. Account of Red. sandstone and conglomerate in (Mather, '43, 

pp. 285-294). 

Geological map of (Mather, '43, pi. 1).

Geology of (Mather, '39, pp. 116-117, 122-127). 

Trap rocks of (Mather, '43, pp. 279-282) 

See also Staten Island.

Ridge station, Pa. Boundaries of the Newark in

(C. E. Hall, '81, pp. 72-73). 

Rlegelsrille, N. J. Section from, to Trenton, N. 

J. (Cook, '68, p. 199, and map in portfolio). 

Riggs, R. B. Analysis of natural coke from Richmond coal field, by (See Clarke, '87, p. 146). 

Righter's quarry at Newark, N. J. Description

of (Cook, '81, pp. 48-49). 

Ringing rocks, Pa. Trap outcrop near (Cook,

'82, p. 63).

Ringoes, N. J. Description of trap, contact 

metamorpbism, etc., near (H. D. Rogers, 

'40, p. 155).

Dip in red shale at (Cook, '32, p. 20). 

Dip near (Cook, '68, p. 197). 

Rlker's hill, N. J. Description of (Cook, '68, pp.

185, 186. Cook, '82, p. 56). 

See also Third Watchung mountain. 

Ripple-marks. A peculiar form of, discussed

(Shepard, '67).

In Connecticut valley (E. Hitchcock, '58,

pp. 168-169, pis. 43, 50. Warren, '54, p. 46).

Conditions of depositions shown by (Lyell,

'66, p. 453). 

Description of (E. .Hitchcock, '41, pp.

445-446). 

Supposed to be tadpole nests (E. Hitchcock,

'56, p. 111). 

In New Jersey, localities of (Russell, '78, p.

225).

Newark (Lyell, '43, pp. 39-40). 

Pompton (Cook, '68, p. 201. W. C. Redfield, '43).

Weehauken (Gratacap, '86, p. 246). 

In North Carolina (Eminous, '56, pp. 232, 286).

Egypt (Emmons, '57, p. 32). 

In Pennsylvania, Coopersburg (H. D. Rogers,

'58, vol. 1, p. 101).

Phrenixville (Wheatley, '61, p. 45). 

Hirer coal mine, Ya. Description of (W. B. Rogers, '36, p. 64).

Notes on (Taylor, '35, p. 284). 

Ritzer's mill, Pa. Boundary of the Newark near

(Frazer, '80, p. 15).

Roaring brook, Conn. Special account of trap 

sheets near (Davis and Whittle, '89, pp. 

116-118). 

Robard's mill, N. C. Boundary of Newark near

(Mitchell, '42, p. 130).

Robb, [ ]. Cited on age of rocks at cape Tormen tin, N. B. (Dawsou, '78, p. 124). 

Robbins and McGuire. Flagstone quarries of,

near Milford, N. J. (Cook, '81, p. 64). 

Robinson, J. B. I. Stone quarries of, at Bellville, N. J. (Cook, '89, p. 45). 

Robinson and Joyce. Stone quarries of, at Bellville, N. J. (Cook, '81, p. 46). 

Rock brook, N. 3. Dip along (Cook, '68, p. 197). 

Rock church, N. J. Trap rock quarried near

(Cook, '81, p. 63). 

llOCk factory, COUli. Description of trap dikes in

Primary rocks near (Percival, '42, pp. 

425-42C).

Rock falls station, Conn. Description of trap 

ridges near (Davia and Whittle, '89, p. 

114, pi. 3).
RUSSELL.] LITERATURE. 297

Hock ferry, Mass. Dip and strike of rocks at (E.

Hitchcock,'41, p. 448).

Rock ferry (South Hartley), Mass. Dip of rocks 

beneath trap at (E. Hitchcock, '35, p. 223). 

Rockingliam county, N. 0. Account of the geology of (Emmons, '52, pp. 144-153. Mitchell, '42, pp. 133-134).

Rockland county, N. Y. Account of the geology 

of (Mather, '39, pp. 116-117, 122-127).

Account of the Ked sandstone and conglomerate of (Mather, '43, pp. 285-294).

Brief account of the geology of (Eranions, '46, 

pp. 200-201. Lincklaen, '61).

Character and origin of the Newark conglomerate at (Russell, '78, p. 253).

Description of conglomerate in (Russell, '78. 

p. 236).

Description of trap ridges in (Darton, '90, pp. 

38-39).

Geological map of (Mather, '43, pi. 1).

Section across (Muther, '43, pi. 45).

Table of dips and strikes in (Mather, '43, pp. 

616-617).

Trap rocks of (Mather, '43, pp. 278-283). 

Kocklund lake, N. Y. Brief account of rocks near 

(Pierce, '20, pp. 180-187).

Dip in sandstone at (Cook, '82, p. 29).

Faults near (Nason, '89, p. 25).

Trap outcrops near (Darton, '90, p. 38.

Mather, '43, p. 280). 

Rock mill, N, J. Dip near (Cook, '68, p. 197).

Trap outcrop near (Cook, 'C8, p. 192). 

Rock or Sourlund mountain, N. J. Described as 

a trap outcrop (H. D. Rogers, '36, p. 159). 

Rocktowii, N. J. Boundary of trap near (Cook, 

'68, p. 192).

Brief reference to trap hills near (H. D. Rogers, 36, p. 159).

Contact phenomena at (Cook, '82, p. 62).

Description of trap, contact luetamorphisni, 

etc., near (H. D. Rogers, '40, p. 153).

Dip at (Cook, '68, p. 197).

Dip in indurated shale at (Cook, '82, p. 26).

Trap rock quarries at (Cook, '79, p. 26).

Rocktowii, Pa. Contact nietamorphism at (H.

D. Rogers, '58, vol. 2, p. 687). 

Trap dikes at (H. D. Rogers, '58, vol. 2, p. 

687).

Rockvillc, Pa. Boundary of the Newark near 

(C. E. Hall, '81, p. 56).

Reference to quarries near (C. E. Hall, '81, p. 

56).

Unconformity of Newark system with underlying gneiss (H. D. Rogers, '36, pp. 144- 

145).

Rocky hill, Conn. Contact nietamorphisni near

(E.Hitchcock, '41,p.657). 

Description of (Silliman, '30, pp. 122-131). 

Dip of sandstone beneath (Silliman, 30, pp.

122-131).

Fossil fish near (Pereival, '42, p. 442). 

Fossil footprints near (E. Hitchcock, '41, p.

466. E. Hitchcock, '58, pp. 50et seq.). 

Section of rocks at (Lyell, '42). 

Trap ridges near (Percival, '42, pp. 387-388).

Rocky hill, Mass. Description of contact metainorphism at (E. Hitchcock, '35, pp. 422- 

423).

Locality for fossil footprints (E. Hitchcock,

'48, p. 132).

Rocky hill, N. J. Altered shale at (Cook, '68, p. 

214).

Analysis of soil from (Cook, '78, pp. 37, 39).

Analysis of trap from (Cook, '68, p. 215).

Bearing of joints at (Cook, '68, p. 201).

Building stone near (Cook, '68, pp. 509-510).

Contact metamorphism at (J. D. Dana, '43, pp. 

113-114. H. D. Rogers, '30, pp.163-164).

Dip in sandstone and shale at (Cook, '82, p. 25).

Dip near (Cook, '68, p. 196).

Dips, diverse, near (Nason, '89, p. 19).

Description of (Cook, '68, pp. 189-190. Cook, 

'82, pp. 59-60. Darton,'90, pp. 59-61).

Description of trap and associated metamorphosed rock at (H. D. Rogers, pp. 149-152).

Exposure of shale near (Nason, '89, p. 17).

Origin of trap of (Darton, '89, p. 138).

Position of trap near, in the Newark system 

(Dartou, '89, p. 139).

Probable faults near (Nason, '89, p. 26).

Quarries of trap rock at, mention of (G. P. Merrill, '89, p. 436).

Sandstone and trap at (H. D. Rogers, '40, p. 

126).

Sandstone quarry at (Cook, '79, p. 24).

Section through (Darton, '90, p. 59).

Trap boundary near (Cook, '68, p. 190).

Trap outcrop near (H. D. Rogers, '36, p. 159).

Trap rock quarries at (Cook, '79, p. 25. Cook,

'81, p. 62). 

Rocky hill depot, N. J. Trap boundary near

(Cook, '68, p. 189). 

ROGERS, HENRY D. 1830.

Report on the geological survey of the state 

of New Jersey.

Philadelphia, 1836, 2ded., pp. 1-188, pi. 1.

First ed., Philadelphia, 1830; each edition is 

paged the same up to p. 174. 

Contents relating to the Newark system:

Page.

Newark system of New Jersey....... 144-170

General view....................... 144-146

Variegated conglomerate........... 146-150

Red shale find sandstone........... 150-159

Trap rocks and contact motamorphisin............................ 159-166

Copper ores........................ 166-170

ROGERS, IIKNRY DAKW1N. 1839,

Third annual report on the geological survey 

of the state of Pennsylvania.

Harrisburg, Pa., ICino, pp. 4-119.

Name Middle Secondary strata applied to the 

Newark, p. 12. Unconformity between 

the Newark and underlying rocks (other 

examples are mentioned on p. 21). General dip of the strata; former extension of 

the Newark beyond its present limits, p. 

17. The area occupied by the Newark 

given by counties, and its northern and 

southern boundaries described. Occurrence of variegated conglomerate, Red
298 THE NEWARK SYSTEM. [BULL. 85.

ROGERS, HENRY DARWIN Continued.

sandstone, and trap. Localities where 

variegated conglomerate occurs along the 

northern border of the area. The hypothesis is here advanced that the sedimentary 

rocks of the Newark in Pennsylvania, 

New Jersey, etc., were deposited in their 

present inclined position by a river rising 

in Virginia and flowing northward, pp. 

18-23.

Trap dikes with accompanying dislocation 

and nietauiorphism in the adjacent beds, 

together with the occurrence of o<jjs of 

iron and copper along the lines of contact, 

pp. 18-23.

ROGERS, HENRY D. 1840. 

Description of the geology of the state of New

Jersey, being a final report. 

Philadelphia, pp. 1-301, pi. 1, and map. 

Contents relating to the Newark system:

Page.

Descriptions of the northwest boundary ........................... 16,18

Detailed description.................. 114-171

General description ................ 114-117

The red argillaceous sandstone..... 117-135

Geological range................. 117-119

Composition and structure....... 119-135

Variegated calcareous conglomerate............................. 135-141

Description andgeographical 

range .......................... 135-141

The trap rocks and geographical

range.......................... 141-158

Geographical range.............. 141-143

Composition, structure, and relation to other rocks............. 143-145

Local features and contact metamorphism...................... 145-158

Somerville trap ridge and Bridgewater copper mine ............. 147-148

New Brunswick ................. 148-149

Rocky hill and its prolongation .. 149-158 

Copper ores.......................... 158-165

Economic geology.................... 165-166

Conditions of deposition ............. 166-171

ROGERS, HENRY I). 1841. 

Fifth annual report of the geological exploration of the commonwealth of Pennsylvania.

Harrisburg, pp. 1-156, pi. 1. 

Describes the Newark rocks bordering the

South mountain, Pa., pp. 16-17,38-39. 

ROGERS, HENRY D. 1841a. 

[Remarks on the columnar structure of the 

trap dikes of Pennsylvania and on the 

magnetic iron ores of New Jersey.] 

In Am. Jour. Sci,, vol. 41, p. 173; also in Am. 

Assoc. Geol. and Nat., Proc., 1840-1842, 

p. 26.

Brief abstract of a remark on a paper by Prof. 

Mather concerning joints in rocks.

BOGEKS, H. D. . 1842.

[Remark on the independent origin of the New 

Red sandstone of the Connecticut valley 

and of New Jersey and Pennsylvania.]

ROGERS, H. D. Continued.

In Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 43, pp. 170,tl71, 172; 

also in Am. Assoc. Geol. and Nat., Proc., 

1840-1842, pp. 63, 64, 66.

Brief abstract of remarks to the effect that 

the Newark rocks of the Connecticut valley and of the New Jersey-Pennsylvania 

area was formed in independent basins. 

ROGERS, H. D. 1843. 

 [Remarks in reference to the age of the Newark system.]

In Philadelphia Acad. Nat. Sci., Proc., vol. 1, 

p. 250.

States that Posidonomia ininuta, from Prince

Edward county, Va., indicates that the

rocks in which it occurs are the New Red

sandstone.

ROGERS, HENRY D. 1848«.

On the physical structure of the Appalachian 

chain, as exemplifying the laws which 

have regulated the elevation of great 

mountain chains generally.

See Rogers, William B. and H. D. Rogers, 1843. 

ROGERS, [H. D.] 1843b.

[Remarks on the age of the New Red sandstone'of the Connecticut valley and New 

Jersey.]

In Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 45, p. 315.

Abstract of remarks on a paper by AV. C. Redfield. 

[ROGERS, H. D.] 1843e.

[On the crescent form of the trappean dikes 

of the Newark sandstone regions of New 

Jersey and Connecticut.]

In Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 45, p. 334.

Abstract of remarks on the cause of the topographic form of the trap ridges referred to. 

ROGERS, HENRY D. 1844.

Address delivered at the meeting of the Association of American Geologists and Naturalists, held in Washington, May, 1844.

In Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 47, pp.'l37-lGO, 247-278.

Reviews the progress made in the study of

the Newark system up to 1844. 

ROGERS, H. D. 1848.

[Altered shales and sandstones at New Hope, 

Pa.] *

In Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Proc., vol. 3, 1848- 

1851, p. 30.

A brief record of contact metaniorphism. 

ROGERS, HENRY D. 1853.

[On the thickness of the Connecticut valley 

sandstone.]

In Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Proc., vol. 9, 1851- 

1854, pp. 379-380.

Remarks on a paper by Edward Hitchcock, 

states that the Newark strata may have 

been deposited in an inclined position. 

Refers to instances where the system is 

not so thick as might be inferred.

ROGERS, H. D. isss*.

[Remarks on the age of Connecticut' sandstone.]

In Am. Acad., Proc., vol. 3, p. 70. 

ROGERS, H. I). 1854.

[Remarks on fossil footprints.]
RCSSELL.l

ROGERS, H. D.-Continued.

In Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Proc., vol. 5,1854- 

1855, p. 30.

Brief remarks in discussion of a paper by

Bouve. 

ROGERS, H. D. 1855.

[Remarks on footprints and raindrop impressions.]

lit Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Proc., vol. 5, 1854- 

1850, pp. 182-185.

In describing certain Carboniferous footprints, 

refers to those of the Newark system, suggests that the so-called raindrop impression* may have been made by spray from 

breaking waves, p. 185. 

BOGERS, HENRY DARWIN. 1856.

Geological map of the United States and 

British North America.

In The Physical Atlas of Natural Phenomena 

by Alexander Keith Johnson. New and 

enlarged ed., pp. 29-32, pi. 8.

Contains a condensed account of the Newark 

system, including geographical extent, 

organic remains, and geological age, dip 

and physical conditions attending its 

origin, trap rocks, metalliferous veins, 

coal formation, etc., p. 32.

History of the literature of the Newark system, p. 32.* 

ROGERS, HENRY DARWIN. 1858.

The geology of Pennsylvania.

Philadelphia, vol. 1, pp. i-xxvii, 1-586, pi. 36; 

vol. 2, pp. i-xxiv, 1-1046, pi. 51. Accompanied by an atlas containing a geological 

map of Pennsylvania in three sheets, a 

topographical and geological map of the 

anthracite fields of Pennsylvania in two 

sheets, and two sheets of sections.

In describing the crystalline and Paleozoic 

rocks of Pennsylvania, in vol. 1, several 

references are made to the relation of the 

Newark system to older formations, and 

also to its lithological character, strike, 

dip, trap dikes, ores, etc., pp. 86-87,88,89, 

90, 92, 101-102, 103, 151, 160, 164, 204, 214.

The following is a table of contents of vol. 2, 

in as far as it relates to the Newark system:

Geographical limits of the sandstone. 

Composition of the Red sandstone... 

On the dip of the strata..............

Igneous rocks of the Red sandstone..

Detailed description of the members

of the Newark system............

Red shale and sandstone...........

Boundary of the Red sandstone in 

Chester county lead mining district. .............................

On the Red shale and sandstone in 

York and Adams counties........

Section along the west side of the 

Susquehanua river...............

Lower calcareous conglomerate west 

of the Susquehanna...-...........

Upper calcareous conglomerate......

Upper calcareous conglomerate southwest of the Susquehauna ........

LITERATURE. 299

ROGERS, HENRY DARWIN-Continued. Page. 

Trap dikes and alterations produced.

in the strata i it contact with them. C84-C92 

Organic remains and geological ago.. 092-097 

Question of age .................... G93

Ked sandstone of the Connecticut valley............................... 094

Organic remains of the main Eed sandstone helt of the Atlantic slope .. 095-090 

Fossils of Virginia and North Carolina .............................. C9G-C97

Trap dikes of the Wheatley Lode.... 702-703

. Trap dikes at Elizabeth copper mine, 

^ Hopewell furnace, Warwick iron

mines, etc........................ 707

Sketch of the geology of the Older 

Mesozoic Newark of the "United 

States............................ 759-765

Redsandstoue...................... 760-761

Dip of the Red sandstone, and 

physical conditions attending its 

origin............................

Trap rocks.........................

Metalliferous veins ................

Coal deposits.......................

Fossils.............................

Natural coke.......................

North Carolina coal field...........

Jura-Trias of the Far AVest........

Cleavage in Red shale caused by trap 

dikes.............................

667-669

609-670

670-671

671

672-679 

672-675

675-077

677

679-680

679-680

681-684

682-684

761-763 

763

763 

763-764

764 

764 

764 

7C4-7C5

912

ROGERS, H. D. Cited on age of the Connecticut 

valley sandstone (C. H. Hitchcock, '55, p. 

392).

Cited on age of the Newark rocks of Pennsylvania (AV. C. Redfleld, '56a, p. 357). 

Newark system (Lea,'53. Lea,'58. Mather, 

'43, pp. 293-294. Newberry, '88, p. 9. W. 

C. Redfleld, '56, pp. 181). 

Richmond coal field, Va. (AV. B. Rogers, '43, 

p. 301).

Cited on conglomerate in New Jersey (Cook, 

'89, p. 15). York county, Pa. (Frazer, '85, 

p. 403).

Cited on conglomerate of Virginia (W. B. 

Rogers, '36, pp. 81-82).

Cited on contact metamorphism in New Jersey (AV. M. Davis, '83, p. 301). 

New Jersey, at Rocky Hill (J. D. Dana, '43, 

pp. 113-114).

Cited on curved form of certain trap ridges 

"(AV. M. Diivis, '83, p. 307. Silliman, '44).

Cited on deposition of the Newark system in 

inclined strata (AV. B. Rogers, '42).

Cited on divisions of the "Middle secondary 

rocks" of the Atlantic slope (Lea, '53, pp. 

191-192).

Cited on extent of Triassic rocks iu North 

America (Archaic, '00, pp. 033-645).

Cited on fossil plants (Marcou, '90. Newberry, '88).

Cited on geological map of the United States 

(Marcou, '59, pp. 31-35).

Cited on geological position of the Newark 

system (E. Hitchcock, '41, p. 438).

Cited on intrusive trap sheets in Pennsylvania (AV. M. Davis, '83, p. 294).
300 THE NEWARK SYSTEM. [BULL. 85.

ROGERS, H. D. Continued.

Cited on iron ores in Pennsylvania (Frazer,

'77, p. 317). 

Cited on niodo of deposition of the Newark

rooks of Pennsylvania (Frazer, '77c, p. 653.

Lea, '53, pp. 191-192. E. Hitchcock, '41,

pp. 527-529. Mather, '43, pp. 288-292.

Mitchcll, '42, p. 133). 

Cited on monoclinal structure of the Newark

(\V. M. Davis, '83, p. 302. "W. M. Davis,

'86, pp. 342-343). 

Cited on native silver in New Jersey (Darton,

'85). ' 0- 

Cited on Newark system in New Jersey and

Pennsylvania (Jones, '62, pp. 88-92). 

Pennsylvania (Frazer, '77a, p. 995). 

Cited on origin and deposition 6f Newark

strata (\V. M. Davis, '83, p. 287). 

Cited on origin of the dip in the Newark rocks

of Pennsylvania (Macfarlane, '79, p. 41). 

Cited on origin of the trap rock of New Jersey (Hovey, '89, p. 376). 

Cited on overflow trap sheets in Pennsylvania

(W. M. Davis, '83, p. 298). 

Cited on prevailing dip of the Newark (W. M.

Davis, '83, pp. 305,306). 

Cited as prevailing dip of the Newark in New

Jersey and Pennsylvania (W. B. Rogers,

'39, p. 72). 

Cited on relation of trap and sandstone in New

Jersey (W.M. Davis, '83, p. 287). 

Pennsylvania (W.M. Davis, '83, p. 287). 

Cited on reptilian remains in Newark rocks

at Phcenixville, Pa. (Wheatley, '61 p. 42). 

Cited on structure of the Newark system

(Cook, '87).

Cited on thickness of the Newark in Pennsylvania (Frazer, '77a, pp. 496,498-499). 

Cited on trap at Feltville, N. J. (Dartou, '90,

p. 26). 

Cited on trap dikes in New Jersey (H. D.

Eogers, '58, vol.2, p. 685). 

Pennsylvania (W. M, .Davis, '83, p. 292.

Lewis, '85, pp. 438-439, 441,443). 

Cited on "variegated calcareous couglomer.

ate" of New Jersey (Lea, '53, p. 190. Russell, '78, p. 231-232). 

Description of fossil Estheriie, collected hy

(Jones, '62, pp. 123-126). 

Discussion of hypotheses by, explaining the

tiuiforiu dip (W. M. Davis, '82a, p. 118). 

Hypothesis proposed by, to account for the

general inclination of the Newark rocka

of New Jersey (Russell, '78, p. 228). 

Notice of work by (Miller, '79-'81, vol. 2, p.

147). 

Reference to explanation of the structure of

the Newark system, by (See Cook, '89a,

p. 170). 

ROGERS, HENRY D., LARDNER VANUXEM,

RICHARD C. TAILOR, EBENEZER EMMOVS, and T. A. CONBAD. 1841.

Report on the oniitiiiciiuitea or footmarks of

extinct birds in the Now Ked sandstone of 

Massachusetts and Connecticut, observed 

and described by Prof. Hitchcock, of AmLerst.

ROGERS, HENRY D., LARDNER VANUXEM, 

RICHARD C. TAYLOR, EBENEZER EMMONS, and T. A. CONRAD Continued.

In Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 41, pp. 165-168; also in 

Am. Assoc. Gool. and Nat., Proc., 1840- 

1842, pp. 18-21, and in final report on the 

geology of Massachusetts, by E. Hitchcock, Amherst and Northampton, 1841, 

4to, vol. 1, pp. 2o-3a.

Abstract in Neues Jahrbuch, 1841, pp. 739-740.

Report of a committee appointed from the 

members of the Association of American 

Geologists and Naturalists, and relates 

especially to the evidence of the animal 

origin of the footprints found in the sandstone of the Connecticut valley. The 

conclusion announced by Hitchcock as to 

the ornithic character of many of the footprints is sustained. 

ROGERS, WILLIAM B. 1830.

Report of the geological reconnoissance of the 

state of Virginia.

Philadelphia. Pp. 1-143, pi. 1.

Reprinted in a reprint of annual reports and 

other papers on the geology of the Virginias, by the late William Barton Rogers. 

New York, 1884, pp. 21-122, pi. 1.

Contains a detailed account of the Richmond 

coal field, pp. 52-61, and a brief notice of 

the presence of sandstone suitable for 

building purposes in Orange, Nelson, and 

Aiuherst counties. 

ROGERS, WILLIAM B. 1887.

Report on the progress of the geological survey of the state of Virginia for the year 

1836.

[Richmond.] 4to, pp. 1-14.

Reprinted in a reprint of annual reports and 

other papers on the geology ol the Virgiuias, by the late William Barton Rogers. 

New York, 1880, pp. 123-145.

Contains a brief account of the. Richmond 

coal field, and also of the Newark area in 

northern Virginia, pp. 5-6, 7. 

ROGERS, WILLIAM B. . 1889.

Report of the progress of the geological survey 

of the state of Virginia for the year 1839.

Richmond, 1840. Pp. 1-161, pis. 1-2.

Reprinted in a reprint of annual reports and 

other papers on the geology of the Virginias, by the late William Barton Rogers. 

New York, 1889, pp. 285-410, pi. op. p. 276, 

and pi. 1.

Contains a description of the Newark areas in 

Pittsylvania, Campbell, Appomattox, 

Prince Edward, Halifax, Buckingham, and 

Cumberland counties, Va. The contents 

are as follows:

Page.

General features of the formation.... 69-74

Boundaries of the formation ......... 74-77

In Pittsylvania, Halifax, and Campbell counties..................... 74-76

In Prince Edward, Cumberland, and 

Buckingham counties............ 76-77

Character and contents of the formation .............................. 77-81
RUSSELL.] LITERATURE. 301

ROGERS, WILLIAM B.-Contiimed. 

Igneous rocks, and associated metamorphism........................ 81-83

ROGERS, WILLIAM B. 1840.

Report of tho progress of the geological s;irvcy of the state of Virginia for the year 

1840.

Richmond, 1841. Pp. 1-132.

Reprinted in a reprint of annual reports and 

other papers on the geology of the Virginias, by the late William Barton Rogers. 

New York, 1884, pp. 411-435.

Contains a description of the boundaries and 

principal characteristics of the Newark 

areas in northern Virginia, included in 

Orange, Culpeper, Prince "William, Fauquier, Fairfax, and Londoun counties, pp. 

59-69; and also a description of the boundary of the northern part of the Richmond 

area, pp. 71-72. On p. 124 a short notice of 

the occurrence of coke in the Richmond 

coal field is given. 

ROGERS, W. B. 1842.

[On the prevailing dip in the various areas of 

New Red sandstone of the Atlantic slope.]

In Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 43, p. 171; also in Am. 

.Assoc. Geol. and Nat., Proc., 1840-1842, 

pp. 04-05.

An abstract of remarks on tho prevailing dip 

of the Newark system, especially in Virginia, and the slight effect of intrusive 

rocks on the associated sedimentary beds. 

The hypothesis proposed by H. D. Rogers, 

in reference to the strata of sandstone and 

shale composing the system having been 

deposited in their present inclined position, is sustained. 

ROGERS, W. B. 1842a.

[Observations tending to show that the footprints on the sandstone of the Connecticut 

valley were made on inclined surfaces.]

In Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 43, p. 173; also in Am. 

Assoc. Geol. and Nat., Proc., 1840-1842, p. 

60.

Calls attention to tho appearance in certain 

footprints of a slight sliding of the foot 

which made the impression. 

ROGERS, WM. B. 1842b.

On the porous anthracite or natural coke of 

eastern Virginia.

In Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 43, pp. 175-176; also in 

Am. Assoc. Geol. and Nat., Proc., 1840- 

1842, p. 68.

Brief abstract of a paper describing the 

structure and mode of formation of the 

natural coke of Virginia. 

ROGERS, W. B. 1842c.

[On the geological age of the Richmond coal 

field, Va.]

In Philadelphia Acad. Nat. Sci., Proc., vol. 1, 

p. 142.

A brief announcement that the rocks of the 

Richmond coal field are equivalent in 

time to the Lias of Europe. 

ROGERS, WILLIAM BARTON. 1843.

On the age of the coal rocks of eastern Virginia,

ROGERS, WILLIAM BARTON-Continued.

In Am. Assoc. Geol. and Nat., Trans., 1840- 

1842, p. 298-316, pis. 13, 14.

Abstract in Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 43, 1842, p. 

175; also in Am. Assoc. Geol. and Nat., 

Proc., 1840-1842, p. 68.

Republished in "A reprint of annual reports 

and other papers on the geology of tho 

Virginias," by the late William Barton 

Rogers. New York, 1881, pp. 645-656, and 

plate.

Describes briefly tho rocks of tho Richmond

£> coal field, discusses their probable ago, 

and gives descriptions and figures of a 

number of fossil plants found in them. 

ROGERS, W. B. 1843u.

Observations of subterranean temperatures 

in tho coal mines of eastern Virginia.

In Am. Assoc. Geol. and Nat., Trans., 1840- 

1842, p. 532-538.

Abstract in Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 43, p. 176; 

also in Am. Assoc. Geol. and Nat., Proc., 

1840-1842, p. 69.

Describes briefly the stratigraphy of the 

Richmond coal field, thickness of coal, 

dip of strata, etc., and gives observations 

of temperature in various mines, the 

depths of which are stated. 

ROGERS, WILLIAM B. 1851.

[Difficulty of determining the age of tho coal 

beds of North Carolina and Virginia.]

In Am. Assoc. Adv. Sci., Proc., vol. 4, p. 275.

Discussion of a paper by W. R. Johnson. 

ROGERS, W. B. 1853.

[Age of the Deep river coal field, North Carolina.]

In Am..Acad., Proc., vol. 3, 1852-1857, pp. 

69, 70.

Abstract of remarks in reference to the similarity of the Newark system in North 

Carolina, Virginia, and Pennsylvania. 

Followed by remarks on the ago of the 

same system, by L. Agassifc and «T. C. 

Jackson. 

ROGERS, W. B. 1854.

[Remarks on fossils from the Middle Secondary strata of North Carolina, Virginia, 

Pennsylvania and Massachusetts.]

In Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Proc., vol. 5, pp. 

14-18; also in Am. Jour. Sci., 2cl. ser., vol. 

19, 1855, pp. 123-125.

Abstract in Ann. Sci. Discov., 1855, pp. 330- 

333, and in Am. Jour. Sci., 2d. sor., vol. 

19, pp. 123-125.

Describes briefly several of the Newark areas

and makes a comparison of their fossils.

The conclusion is reached that the fossils

indicate a Jurassic age.

ROGERS, WILLIAM B. 1854a.

[Observations on the occurrence of natural 

coke in the Richmond coal field, Va.]

In Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Proc., vol. 5, pp. 

53-56.

Reprinted in The Virginias, vol. 4, pp. 158- 

159.

Abstract in Ann. Sci. Discov., 1855, pp. 320- 

322.
302 THE NEWARK SYSTEM.

ROGERS, WILLIAM B. Continued.

Describes the occurrence of natural coke and

its relation to igneous injections. The

presence of baked firo clay associated with

the coko is also mentioned.

ROGERS, W. B. 1854».

[On natural coke in the Richmond coal field, 

Va.]

In Am. Acad.. Proc., vol. 3, 1852-1857, pp. 

106-107.

Describes the natural coke and its relation to

a trap sheet. The trap is supposed to

have, been extruded before the rocks

above it were deposited.

ROGERS, W. B. 1855.

[Oil lignite from Lancaster county, Pennsylvania, and from the Eichmond coal field, 

Va.]

In Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Proc., vol. 5, pp. 

190-190.

From the similarity of specimens of lignite

from the localities mentioned ill the title

it in concluded that the rocks from which

they were obtained are of the same age.

ROGERS, WM. B. 1865a.

[Remarks on the age of tire coal-bearing rocks 

near Richmond, Va., and of the Newark 

areas in North Carolina.]

In Boston Soc. Nat. Hist,, Proc., vol. 5, p. 186.

The age of the deposits mentioned i» considered the same, judging from specimens of 

lignite from each. 

ROGERS, WILLIAM B. 1855b.

[On a new locality for Posidonomaya in the 

Mesozoic rocks of Virginia.)

In Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Proc., vol. 5, pp. 

. 201-202.

Prom the discovery of specimens of Posidonomaya near the junction ot the Bannister and Dan rivers, Virginia, the rocks 

containing them are correlated witli the 

Mesozoic strata of Prince Edward county 

and other localities. 

ROGERS, WILLIAM B. 1855c.

[Local metamorphism produced by trap dikes 

in Prince William county, Virginia.]

In Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Proc., vol. 5, pp. 202- 

204.

Describes the character and general strike of 

the trap dikes of the region mentioned, 

together with the alteration they have produced on the adjacent shales and sandstones. Prom the evidences of alteration 

in sedimentary beds similar to that adjacent to the dikes, over a large area, the 

hypothesis is suggested that the rocks in 

question were formerly covered by a trap 

sheet which has been eroded away. 

ROGERS [W. B.]. 1869.

[Who first discovered the footprints in the 

Connecticut valley sandstone.]

In Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Proc., vol. 7, 1859- 

1861, p. 53.

Relates to the claims of Deano and Hitchcock 

to priority in the discovery of the footprints 

in question. Remarks in discussion of a 

paper by T. T. Bouve.

ROGERS, W. B. 1860.

[Remark on the deposition of the inclined

strata of the Newark system.] 

. In Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Proc., vol. 7, 1859- 

1861, p. 274.

Refers briefly to the Newark system as an example of the manner in which inclined 

strata may be deposited. 

ROGERS [W. ».]. ISfiOa.

[On a block of R«d sandstone from Portland, 

Connecticut, containing impressions of 

bones, apparently ornithic.]

In Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Proc., vol. 7, p. 396.

ROGERS [W. B.]. 18«0b.

[On the age of the sandstone on the St. Croix.

New Brunswick, and at Perry, Me.] 

In Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Proc., vol. 7, pp.

398-399. 

The rocks at the localities mentioned in the

title are not admitted to be of Newark

age.

In discussion of a paper by C. T. Jackson. 

ROGERS, WILLIAM B. 1879. 

List of geological formations found in Virginia and AVest Virginia. 

In American geological railway guide, by

James Macfarlane, pp. 179-185. 

Describes briefly the Newark (Jurasso-Cretaceous and the Jurasso-Triassic) rocks of

Virginia, and indicates their position in

the geological column, p. 180. 

ROGERS, W. B. 1880. 

The iron ores of Virginia and West Virginia. 

In The Virginias, vol. 1, pp. 128-130, 138-140,

152-153,160-161. 

Contains an account of the Mesozoic iron

ores of Virginia.

ROGERS, WILLIAM B. 1880a.

Table of the geological formations found in 

V[irgini]a and W[est] V[irgiui]a.

In The Virginias, vol. 1, pp. 14-15. (Repnblished in The Virginias, vol. 3, p. 61.)

Indicates the position of the Newark system

in the geological column. 

ROGERS, WILLIAM BARTON. 1884.

A reprint of annual reports and other papers 

on the geology of the Virginias, by the 

late William Barton Rogers.

New York. Pp. i-xv, 1-832, with 7 plates in 

volume and 8 plates and 1 geological map 

in pockets.

Reviewed by J. L. and H. D. Campbell in Am. 

Jour. Sci., 3d ser. vol. 30. pp. 357-374, vol. 

31, pp. 193-202.

The reports and paper in thia volume which 

contain matter relating to the Newark 

system have been noticed in this index as 

originally published. The geological map 

of Virginia, and some of sections on pis. 

7-8 were not published originally with 

the reports.

ROGERS, WILLIAM BARTON. Analysis of coal 

from the Richmond coal field, Va.. Clifford, '87, p. 10).
RU88ET-.L.] LITERATURE. 303

ROGERS, WILMAM BARTON Continued.

Cited on age of the Newark system (Dewey, 

'57. C. H. Hitchcock,'71, p. 21. E.Hitchcock, '55a, p. 407. Hitchcock and Hitchcock, '67, p. 416. Loa, '53, p. 188. Mather, 

'43, pp. 293-294. Newhorry, '88, p. 9. W. 

C. Redtield, '56, pp. 180-181. Stur, '88, p. 

20.5. Zeiller, '88, p. 698).

Cited on ago of tho Newark in the Connecticut valley (E. Hitchcock, jr., '55, p. 25). 

In New Jersey, Virginia, etc. (J. D. Dana.

'56, p. 322). 

In North Carolina (Brumous, '56, p. 272.

Macfarlane, '77, pp.517, 528). 

In Virginia (Fontaine, '83, pp. 12, 15, 16,28, 

37, 89. E. Hitchcock, '58, p. 6. Horner, 

'40. Lyell, '47, pp. 261, 279, 280. Lyell, 

'49, pp. 280-281. Marcon, '49, pp. 273-274- 

Morcou, '58, pp. 13-15. Macfarlane, '77. 

W. C. Kedfleld, '56a, p. 357. H. D. Rogers, 

'58, vol. 2, pp. 693, 696).

Cited on faults iu the Richmond coal fields, 

Va. (W. M. Davis, '83, p. 304).

Cited on footprints from Turners Falls, Mass. 

(Deane, '56).

Cited on fossils of the Richmond coal fleltl,Va. 

(Heiiirich, '78, p. 264).

Cited on a fossil crustacean from Va. (Jones, 

'62, pp. 123-126. H. D. Rogers, '43).

Cited on fossil crustaceans (Jones, '62, p. 85).

Cited on fossil plants (Marcou, '90).

Cited on geological position of the Newark 

system (E. Hitchcock, '41, p. 438).

Cited on intrusive trap sheets in Virginia (W. 

M. Davis, '83, p. 294).

Cited on mode of formation of tho Newark 

system (E.Hitchcock, '41, pp.527-529).

Cited on originof tho conglomerate "Potomac 

marble" on tho west border of tho Newark of Maryland and Virginia (Lea, '53, p. 

189).

Cited on origin of the natural coke of tho 

Richmond coal field, Va. (Hotchkiss, '83. 

Stevens, '73).

Cited on origin of the Newark system (Cook, 

'89, p. 13).

Cited on origin of tho prevailing dip -of the 

rocks of tho Newark system (Newberry, 

'88, p. 6).

Cited on Pecopteris whitbyensis (Emmons, 

'56, p. 326).

Cited on relation of trap and sandstone iu 

Pennsylvania (AV. M. Davis, '83, p. 287).

Cited on Richmond coal field, Va. (Clifford, 

'87, pp. 4,25. Taylor. '48, p. 46).

Cited on Taniiopteris from Richmond- coal 

field (Bunbury, '47, p. 281).

Cited on temperatures in coal mines of Richmond coal field, Va. (Taylor, '48, pp. 49-50).

Cited ou the tilting of the sandstone and trap 

of the Richmond coal field, Va. (W. M. 

Davis, '83, p. 302).

Cited on trap dikes in Virginia (W. M. Davis,

'83, p. 292).

Geological map of Virginia (Hotchkiss, '80). 

Notice of work by, in Virginia (Miller, '79-'81, 

vol. 2, p. 149).

 Continued. 

mond coal tield, Va. (HotchROGERS,Section of the 

kiss, 'HO).

ROWERS, WILLIAM B., and HENRY I). ROGERS. 1843a.

On the physical structure of tho Appalachian

chain, as exemplifying the laws which

have regulated the elf nation of great

mountain chains generally.

In Am. Assoc. Geol. and Nat., Trails., 1840-

1842, pp. 474-531, pi. 3.

Describe an unconformity between the Newark system and tho crystalline rocks on 

which it rests, p. 523. 

Roger's head, N. B. Rocks of (Gesuer, '40. pp.

16,17). 

Roger's mills, A. J. Synclinal axis near (IT. D.

Rogers, '40, p. 128). 

Roger's point, >'. B. Rocks of (Gesner, '41, p.

14). 

Rogerstowi, Pa. Boundary of the Newark near

(H. D. Rogers, '58, vol. 2, p. 068), 

Uosemont, IV. J. Dip in shale at (Cook, '82, p. 26). 

Rosstown, Pji. Contact metamorphism near (H.

D. Rogers, '58, vol. 2, p. 679). 

Trap dikes near (H. D. Rogers, '58, vol. 2, p.

688). 

Trap ranges near (H. D. Rogers, '58, vol. 2, p.

679).

Kossville, Pa. Catalogue of specimens of sandstone, trap, etc., from near (Frazer, '77, pp. 

332-381). 

Mention, of various rock specimens from near

(C.E. Hall, '78, pp. 39-69). 

Rothvillc, Pn. Boundary of the Newark near

(Frazer, '80, p. 44).

Round mountain, W. J. Description of (Cook, 

'68, pp. 193-194. Cook, '82, pp. 63-64. 

Darton, '90, pp. 62-65). 

Diverse dips near (Nason, '89, p. 18). 

Origin of trap of (Darton, '89, p. 138), 

See also Pennington mountain (Cook, '68, p.

190). 

Round Top, Pa. Analysis of trap from (Eraser,

'77, p. 310). 

Contact metamorphism at (H. D. Rogers, '58,

vol. 2, p. 687).

Trap dikes at (H. D. Rogers, '58, vol. 2, p. 687) . 

Trap from (C. E. Hall, '78, pp. 29, 39). 

Round valley, N. J. Dip in (Cook, '68, p. 199). 

Dip in indurated shale at (Cook, '82, p. 28). 

Small sandstone area near (Cook, '68, p. 75). 

Round valley hill, N. J. Described briefly as a

trap outcrop (H. D. Rogers, '36, p. 159). 

Round valley mountain, A. J. Analysis of trap

from (Cook, '68, p. 218). 

Character of the formation near (H. I). Rogers,

'40, p. 132). 

Description of (Cook, '68, p. 193. Cook, '82, pp.

64-65).

Dip in shale near (Cook, '82, p. 29). 

Dip southwest of (H. D. Rogers, '40, p. 132). 

Trap outcrop at (Cook, '82, p. 19). 

Rowlet's coal mine, Ya. Notes on (Taylor, '35, p. 

285),
304 THE NEWARK SYSTEM.

V

RUSSELL, I. C. 1877.

Concerning footprints.

In American Nat., vol. 11, pp. 406-417.

Contains a popular account of the fossil footprints of New Jersey and the Connecticut 

valley. 

RUSSELL, I. . 1878.

On the physical history of tho Triassic formation in New Jersey nnd the Connecticut 

valley.

la Now York Acad. Sci., Ann., vol. 1,1879, pp. 

220-254.

Reviewed by P. Frazer, in Am. Nat., vol. 13, 

pp. 284-292, and by J. D. Dana in Am, 

Jonr. Sci., 3d ser., vol. 17, pp. 328-330.

Indicates briefly the distribution of the various areas of Newark system, pp. 220-222. 

Describes the Red sandstones and shales, 

variegated conglomerate, and eruptive 

rocks of the New Jersey area, pp. 222-246. 

In treating of this division of the subject 

numerous details arc mentioned, and the 

conclusion reached that the Newark rocks 

of New Jersey and of the Connecticut 

valley wore united at the time of their 

deposition, upheaval and erosion having 

since separated the two areas. 

RUSSELL, ISRAEL COOK. 1878n.

On the intrusive nature of the Triassic trap 

sheets of New Jersey.

In Am. Jour. Sci., 3d ser., vol. 15, pp.277-280.

An attempt to prove that certain trap sheets

in New Jersey are intrusive sheets and

not interhedded overflows of igneous

rocks.

RUSSELL, ISRAEL COOK. 1878b.

On the occurrence of a solid hydrocarbon in 

the eruptive rocks of New Jersey.

In Am. Jour. Sci., 3d ser., vol. 16, pp. 112-114.

Abstract in Am. Nat., vol. 13, pp. 198-199.

Describes the occurrence of a solid hydrocarbon in the trap of the First Newark mountain, N. J., and re-fern to previous discoveries of similar substances. See also pp. 

130-132 of same volume. 

RUSSELL, I. C. 1879.

Footprint in the Mesozoie rocks of New Jersey.

In Am. Jour. Sci., 3d ser., vol. 18, p. 232.

Brief record of the finding of a fossil footprint near Boonton, N. J. 

RUSSELL, ISRAEL C. 1880.

On the geology of Hudson county, New Jersey.

In New York Acad. Sci., Aim., vol. 2, 1882, 

pp. 27-80, pi. 2.

llepublished in part in Science (ed. by J. 

Mitchels), vol. 2,1881, pp. 63-65.

Describes the sandstones and shales of Hudson county, N. J., and the trap rocks that 

have been intruded among them.

RVSSKLL, I. C. 1880a.

On the former extent of the Triassic formation

of the Atlantic states. 

In Am. Nat., vol. 14, pp. 703-712,

RUSSELL, I. C.-Continued.

Assembles various observations -which are 

considered by the writer as indicating that 

the various Newark areas wore originally 

connected and have since been separated 

by erosion. 

RUSSELL, ISRAEL COOK. 1885.

North Carolina coal fields.

In Science, vol. 6, pp. 548-549.

Notice of a report on the coal fields of North

Carolina, by H. M. Chance. 

RUSSELL, ISRAEL COOK. 1889.

Subaerial decay of rocks and origin of the 

red color of certain lormations.

IT. S. Geol. Surv., Bull. No. 52. pp. 1-65.

Reviewed by J. D. Dana in Am. Jour. Sci., 

3d ser., vol. 39, pp. 317-319.

Discusses the origin of the prevailing red 

color of the sandstones and shales of the 

Newark -system, pp. 44-55. 

RUSSELL, I. C. 1889a.

The Newark system.

In Am. Geol., vol. 3, pp. 178-182.

Reviewed by C. H. Hitchcock in Am. Geol., 

vol. 5, pp. 200-202.

Gives a list of names and correlations applied 

to the Red sandstone, shale, etc., which 

occur in detached area along tho Atlantic 

coast. Suggests that the name, Newark 

system, proposed by W. C. Redfield, in 

1856, be used to designate the system of 

rocks referred to.

RUSSELL, ISRAEL COOK. 1891.

Has "Newark" priority as a group name. 

In Am. Geol., vol. 7, pp. 238-241. 

A reply to criticisms by C. H. Hitchcock. 

RUSSELL, I. C. Cited on cause of the tilting of

the Newark (W. M. Davis, '83, p. 303). 

Curved form of certain trap ridges (W. M.

Davis, '83, p. 307). 

Fossil footprints in New Jersey (C. H.

Hitchcock, '88, p. 123).

Former connection of tho Newark system 

 in New Jersey and Comiectieut valley

(Lo Conte, '82, pp. 470, COO). 

Former extent of the Newark system (Newberry, '88, p. 6). 

Geology near Feltville, N. J. (W. M. Davis,

'83, p. 275).

Intrusive trap sheets in New Jersey (W. 

M. Davis, '83, pp. 295, 296. Russell, '78, 

p. 243). 

Newark of New Jersey (Miller, '79-'81. vol.

2, p. 235).

Origin of the red color of Newark sandstones (J. D. Dana, '90, p. 319). 

Solid hydrocarbon in the igneous rocks of

New Jersey (J. D. Dana, '78). 

Structure of tho Newark system (Cook, '87). 

Trap at Feltville, N. J. (Darton, '90, p. 26). 

Trap ridges (Frazer, '82, p. 141). 

Discussion of the hypothesis by, explaining 

opposing dips (W. M. Davis, '82«, p. 119). 

Ruth mine, Pa. Detailed account of (d'lnvillie 

'83, pp. 350-352).
RUSSELL.] LITERATURE. 305

Rutland, Conn. Description of trap dikes in 

primary rocks in (Percival, '42, pp. 419- 

420).

Sable river, P. E. I. Silicified wood at (Dawsou

and Harrington, '71, p. 16). 

Saddle river, N. J. Dip in sandstone at (Cook,

'82, p. 24). 

Safe Harbor, Pa. Dolcrite near (Frazer, '80, pp.

124-125).

SAFFOUD, JAMES M. mid J. B. KILLEBUEW.

1887.

The elementary geology of Tennessee, being 

also an introduction to geology in general. 

Designed for the schools of Tennessee. 

Nashville, [Teiin.], 12nio., pp. i-vi, 1-255. 

Contains a brief general account of the 

character and distribution of the Jurassic 

and Triassio systems. 

St. Andrews, N. B. Age of rocks at (Bailey, '65,

p. 5).

St. Croix cove, N. S. Description of (Gosnor, '36, 

pp. 190-191. Jackson and Alger, '33, pp. 

242-244), 

Minerals of (Gesner, '30, p. 190-191. Willimott, '84, p. 25L). 

St. fleorge, ?»T . B. Ago of rocks at (Bailey, '65,

p. 5).

St. Mary's, Pa. Boundary of Newark near (Frazer, '83, p. 234). 

Description of iron mine near (H. D. Rogers,

'58, vol. 2, p. 708). 

Mctainorphisui, contact near (H. D. Rogers,

'58, vol. 2, p. 708). 

Trap dike in iron mine near (H. D. Rogers,

'58, vol. 2, p. 707).

St. Mary's bay, N. S. Dip at (Alger, '27, p. 228). 

Excavation of (Russell, '78, p. 221). 

Exposure at (Alger, '27, p. 228). 

Hocks near (Gesner, '36, pp. 71-72, 74). 

Trap of (Jackson and Algor, '33, pp. 226-235). 

St. Peter's island, P. E. I. Fossil plants from

(Bain and Dawson, '85, pp. 156-158). 

Rocks exposed near (Dawson and Harrington,

'71, p. 15). 

Salmon river, N. S. Description of Newark

rocks near (Ells, '85, p. 7E). 

Salisbury, N. C. Description of trap dikes near

(Tuoniey, '44, p. 12).

Salisbury bay, N. B. Position of (Bailey, Matthews and Ells, '80, map No. 1, N.E. accompanying). 

Rocks of (Bailey, Matthews, and Ells, '80, p.

21D). 

Salisbury cove, N. B. Age of rocks at (Bailey,

'65, p. 13). 

Dip at (Dawson, '78, p. 109. Matthew, '65,

p. 124). 

Extent of Newark rocks at (Dawson, '78, p.

109). 

Rocks of (Bailey, '72, pp. 217,218. Matthew,

'65, p. 123). 

Salt. Efflorescence of, near Egypt, N. C. (Emmons, '57, p. 96).

Salt In the Deep river coal field, N. C. Mention 

of an efflorescence of (Jones, '62, p. 90).

Bull. 85 20

Salter's Head, N. S. Rocks at (Dawson, '52, p.

399. Dawson, '78, p. 88). 

Sandstone at (Dawson, '47, p. 51). 

Snitersville, N. J. Building stone near, mentionof (Cook,'81, p. 43).

Sandstone quarries at (Cook, '79, p. 21). 

Saltonstall mountain, Conn. Description of

(Davis and Whittle, '89, pp. 110-111). 

Description of posterior ridges of (Davis and

Whittle, '8'J, pp. 113-114). 

Observations on the origin of (Davis and

Whittle, '89, p. 117).

Sandstone on (Davis and Whittle, '89, p. 103). 

Small map of north eud of (Davis and Whittle,

'89. pi. 2). 

Small map of posterior ridge of (Davis and

Whittle, '89, pi. 3). 

Special account of (Davis and Whittle, '89,

pp. 122-127). 

Saltonstall pond, Conn. Chemical composition

of trap rock from near (Hawes, '75). 

Overflow trap sheet near (W. M. Davis, '88,

p. 464).

Trap ridges near (Percival, '42, p. 323). 

Trap rocks near (J. D. Dana, '73, vol. 6, p.

106).

Saltonstall ridge, Conn. Trap of (E. S. Dana, '75). 

Salt springs in New Brunswick. Brief notice of

(Gesner, '40, p. 43). 

Sampson's hill, Va. Isolated coal basin near

Keiurich, '78, p. 232). 

Samptown, Jf. J. Dip in shale near (Cook, '79,

p. 30. Cook, '82, p. 25). 

Dip near (Cook, '68, p. 196). 

SANDE11S, H. H. 1881. 

Geological map of Franklin county, Pennsylvania. 

In second geological survey of Pennsylvania,

vol. D5; atlas. No text accompanying. 

Snnford, N. C. Analysis of decomposed trap from

near. (See, Clarko, '87, p. 138). 

Hematite near (Willis, '86, p. 305). 

Iron ore near (Kerr, '75, p. 225). 

Sand hills, N. J. Trap exposed near (Cook and

Smock, '78, p. 233). 

Unconformity of Newark and Potouiac at

(McGee, '88, p. 135). 

Sandstone. Albite and orthoclase in (J.D. Dana,

'716).

Compiled account of (Cleaveland, '22, p. 759). 

Decomposition of, in buildings (Egleston,

'86, pp. 676-680). 

Distribution of, along the Atlantic slope (H.

D. Rogers, '58, vol. 2, pp. 759-765). 

Sandstone in Connecticut. Brief account of (G.

P. Merrill, '89, pp. 446-448, pi. 9). 

Containing trap (Hovey, '89, p. 375). 

Description of (Percival, '42, pp. 434-436). 

Elevation of, in tw« ranges (Percival, '42, pp.

431-433). 

Formed from the debris of primary rocks

(Percival, '42, p. 428). 

Microscopical characters of (G. P. Merrill,

'84, p. 26, pi. 13. G. P. Merrill, '89, p.

304, pi. 2). 

Microscopical examination of (Hawes, '78).
306 THE KEWABK SYSTEM. [BULL. 85.

Sandstone in the Connecticut valley. Account of 

(E. Hitchcock, '35, pp. 211-251).

Mode of elevation of (E. Hitchcock, 41, p. 

712).

Mode of formation of (E. Hitchcock, '35, pp. 

221-222).

Theoretical conditions concerning (E. Hitchcock, '35, pp. 243-251).

Sandstone in Maryland. Brief account of (Tyson, 

'GO, appendix pp. 5-6).

Illustration of (Shaler, '84, pi. 45). 

Sandstone in Massachusetts. Brief account of 

(G.P. Merrill, '89, p. 450).

Catalogue of specimens collected in (E. Hitchcock, '41, pp. 804-806).

Description of (E. Hitchcock, '41, pp. 442-443).

Detailed account of (E. Hitchcock, '35, pp. 

215-216).

General character of (E. Hitchcock, '35, p. 20).

List of specimens of (E. Hitchcock, '35, pp. 

655-657).

Specific gravity of (Walling, '78, pp. 191-192).

Suitable for grindstone (E. Hitchcock, '41, 

pp. 213-214).

Varieties of (E. Hitchcock, '55, p. 226). 

Sandstone in >'c\v Jersey. (Cook, '68, pp. 504-512).

Analyses of (Cook, '68, pp. 509, 515-516. Darton, '83. Schweitzer, '70. Schweitzer, 

'71. Wurtz, 71. Wurtz, '72).

Beneath Palisades (Cook, '81, p. 43. Cook, 

'82, p. 45. Ne wherry, '70). 

Boundaries of (H. D. Eogers, '40, pp. 117-118).

Brief account of (Nason, '89, pp. 16-17).

Brief general description of (Cozzens, '43, pp. 

42-47).

Characters of (Nason, '89, p. 21).

Description of (Cook, '82, pp. 20-21. H. D. 

Eogers, '36, pp. 150-159. Russell, '80. 

H. D. Kogers, '40, pp. 117-135).

Dip of (Cook, 79, pp. 29-30).

General account of (H. D. Kogers, '40, pp. 114- 

117).

Lithological description of (Cook, '68, p. 206).

Local details of (Cook, '68, pp. 208-209^.

Origin of (Cook, '89, pp. 12-13).

Quarries of (Cook, '81, pp. 42-60. G. P. Merrill, '89, p. 453).

Silica in (Cook, '82, p. 21).

Use of (Shaler, '84, pp. 141-144). 

Sandstone in New York. (Mather, '43, p. 287).

Analysis of (Schweitzer,'71).

Brief account of, in Eockland county (Mather, 

'39, p. 123).

Mode of formation of, discussed (Mather, '43, 

pp. 289-293).

Quarries of (Mather, '39, pp. 125-126). 

Sandstone in North Carolina. (Ernmons, '52, pp. 

122, 135-136, 155-156. Emmons, '56, pp. 

229,266-267. Kerr, '75, p. 304. McGehee, 

'83, p. 82. Olinstead, '24, pp. 13-15. Olmstead, '27. Wilkes, '58, pp. 7-8). 

Sandstone in Pennsylvania. Brief account of 

(Frazer, '80, pp. 2-4. d'lnvilliers, '83, p. 

199).

Description of (H. D. Eogers, '58, vol. 2, pp. 

672-679).

Quarries of (G. P. Merrill, '89, pp. 459-460).

Sandstone iu Virginia. Description of (Heiurich,

'78, pp. 240-242. W. B. Eogers, '36, p. 56).

Origin of the red color of (Kussell, '89, pp. 44-

55).

Eapid accumulation of (J. Hall, '55-'59, p. 79). 

Eolations of, to associated trap rocks ("W. M.

Da vis, '83).

Use of, by engineers (Mahan, '71, pp. 4-5). 

Sandy cove, Jf. S. Description of (Dawsoii, '78. 

p. 96. Gesner, '36, pp. 176-184. Jackson 

and Alger, '33, pp. 226-229). 

Minerals of (Gesner, '36, pp. 177-184). 

Sandy ford bridge, To. Boundaries of the Newark

near (W. B. Rogers, '39, p. 76). 

Sandy Hill, Pa. Boundary of the Newark near

(C.E. Hall, '81, p. 72-73).

Sandy hook, JT. J. Section from, to near Newburg, X. Y. (Akerly, '20). 

Sandy Run, Pa. Boundary of Newark area near

(C. E. Hall, '81, p. 20).

Savage's quarry, near Trenton, N. J. Fossil 

crustaceans found in (Xason, '89, pp. 29, 

30). 

Sawmill hollow,. Conn. Eeferenco to a locality

for fossil fish (J. H. Eedfield, '36). 

Sawratown, Va. Boundary of the Newark near

(W. B. Rogers, '39, p. 75). 

Schaeffer, ( ). Analysis of coal by (Kerr, '75,

pp. 293-294).

SCHD1PER, W. PH. 1874. 

Trait6 do PaKJontologio vegetale [etc.]. 

Paris, vol. 1, 1869, pp. i-iv, 1-738, vol. 2, 1870- 

1872, pp. 1-968, vol. 3, 1874, pp. i-iv, 1-896 

and a folio atlas of 110 plates, 1874. 

Contains descriptions of a few fossil plants 

from the Richmond coal field, Va., vol. 

1, pp. 276, 610. 

SCHIMPER, W. P. Cited on the ago of the New,

ark system (Stur, '88, pp. 205-206). 

Schliden's mill, N. J. Trap boundary at (Cook,

'68, p. 189). 

Schoeneck, Pa. Dip of sandstone at (Frazer, '80,

p. 43).

Schomp's mill, N. J. Dip near (Cook, '68, p. 198). 

Schuyler's basin, N. J. Sandstone quarry at

(Cook, '79, p. 22). 

Schuyler copper mine, N. J. Absence of silver

in (Darton, '85).

Description of (Cook, '68, p. 676. H. D. Eogers, '36, pp. 167-168. H. D. Eogers, '40, 

p. 160. Russell, '80, pp. 33-34,35). 

Schuylkill, Pa. Newark rocks of (Frazer, '83, pp.

224-225).

SCHWEITZER, P. 1870. 

Analysis of Newark sandstone. 

In New York Lye. Nat. Hist., Proc., vol. 1,

1870-'71, p. 136). 

Presents an analysis of sandstones from the

quarries at Newark, N. J.

SCHWEITZER, P. 1871. 

Notes on the felsites of the Palisade range. 

New York Lye. Nat. Hist., Proc., vol. 1,

1870-'71, pp. 244-252.

Published also in Am. Chem., vol. 2, pp. 23-25. 

Gives analysis of five samples of sandstones 

and shales from the Newark system irt 

New Jersey.
BU8SELL.] LITERATURE. 307

SCHWEITZER, [P.]. Cited as to the composition 

of trap rocks (W. M. Davis, '83, p. 284).

Cited on analyses of sandstone from New Jersey (Darton, '83. G. P. Merrill, '84, p. 26. 

Wurtz, '71).

Cited on character of the trap of Bergeu hill,

N. J. (Ncwberry, '83).

Scotch Plains, N. J. Boundary of First mountain trap near (Cook, '08, pp. 180,181,182).

Columnar trap at (Cook, '08, p. 203).

Description of trap rock near (H. D. Kogers, 

'40, p. 140).

Dip of strata near (H. D. Kogers, '40, pp. 129, 

134).

Gap in First mountain near (Cook, '82, p. 50).

Shale and limestone exposed near (H. D. Kogers, '40, p. 134).

Thickness of "Watchung trap sheet at (Dartou, '90, p. 22).

"loadstone," or amygdaloid trap near (H. D.

Kogers, '40, p. 144). 

SCOTT, F. T., and SONS. Discovery of fossils

in quarry of (Wanner, '89, p. 21). 

Scotts bay, N. S. Minerals of (Willimott, '84, p.

27L).

Scott's coal mine, Va. Analysis of coal from 

Clifford, '87, p. 10. Macfarlane, '77, p. 

515. Williams, '83, p. 82). 

Scottsrille, Va. Brief account of sandstone near

(W. B. Kogers, '36, pp. 81-82). 

Scrabbletown, N. J. Boundary of trap near 

(Cook, '08, p. 193).

Dip in shale near (Cook, '82, p. 29). 

SCUDDER, S. H. 1867.

[Remarks on an insect larva, Mormolucoides 

articulatus, from the Newark rocks of 

Massachusetts.]

In Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Proc., vol. 11,1800- 

1808, p. 140.

States that the fossil mentioned is probably

the larva} of Coleoptera. 

SCUDDER, SAMUEL H. 1868.

The fossil insects of North America.

In Geol. Mag., vol. 5, pp. 172-177, 216-222.

Contains a detailed description of fossil insect 

larvae, Mormolucoides articulatus, from 

the Connecticut valley. 

SCUDDER, SAMUEL HUBBARD. 1886.

Systematic review of our present knowledge 

of fossil insects, including Myriapods 

and Arachnids.

In U. S. Geol. Surv., Bull. No. 31, pp. 1-128.

Mentions the occurrence of Mormolucoides 

articulatus in the sandstone of the Connecticut valley, p. 56. 

SCUDDER, SAMUEL H. 1884.

The oldest known insect larva, Mormolucoides articulatus, from the Connecticut 

river rocks.

In Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Mem., vol. 3, 1886, 

pp. 431-438, pi. 45.

Republished in The Fossil Insects of North 

America. New York, 1890. 4to, vol. 1, 

pp. 323-336, pi. 19.

Presents a detailed description of the larva 

referred to, based on the study of a large 

number of individuals.

Sea cow head, P. E. I. Rocks exposed at (Dawsou and Harrington, '71, p. 10). 

Sebring's mills, N. J. Boundary of First mountain trap near (Cook, '08, p. 181). 

Dip near (Cook, '68, p. 196). 

Secaucus, N. J. Dip In sandstone at (Cook, '82,

p. 24).

Second mountain, N. J. Description of (Cook, 

'68, pp. 179-180, 182-185. Cook, '82, pp. 

52-54. H. D. Kogers, '40, p. 147). 

Dips in the associated sandstone ("Walling, '78,

p. 196).

Diverse dips near (Nason, '89, p. 18). 

On the overflow origin of (W. M. Davis, '82). 

Probable faults near (Nason, '89, p. 26). 

See also Watchung mountains. 

Second Newark mountain, N. J. Brief description of (Russell, '78, pp. 241-242). 

Second Watchung mountain, N. J. Detailed description of (Darton, '90, pp. 19-32). 

Lower contacts of trap sheet of (Darton, '90, 

pp. 31-32).

SELWYN, ALFRED R. C., and G. M. DAWSON. 1884. 

Descriptive skotcli of the physical geography 

and geology of the Dominion of Canada. 

Montreal. Pp. 55, accompanied by a geological map of the Dominion of Canada, 1842- 

1882, in two sheets, scale 45 miles to 1 

inch.

The extent of both the sedimentary and volcanic rocks of the Newark system in Nova 

Scotia are shown. Prince Edwards island 

is colored as Carboniferous.

Seminary ridge, Pa. Trap rocks near. (See Frazer, '82, p. 143).

Seneca, Md. Brief account of rocks near (Ducatel, '37, pp. 20, 24).

Seneca creek, Md. Sandstone quarries at (Shaler, 

'84, p. 178, pi. 45.

Seneca quarries, Md. Brief account of (Tyson, 

'60, appendix, p. 5).

Scrgeantsville, N. J. Arenaceous strata near (H.

D. Rogers, '40, p. 123). 

Description of sandstone outcrops near (H.

D. Rogers, '36, p. 153). 

Section of faulted beds near (Cook, '89, p. 14).

Scwell's quarry, N. C. Unconformity of the Newark and Taconic near (Euimous, '56, p. 

242).

SEYMOUR, E. 1868.

List of minerals in New Jersey.

In Geology of Now Jersey, by George H. 

Cook, 1868. Appendix D, pp. 743-750.

Contains a list of minerals found in New

Jersey, including many from the Newark.

Shabakunk creek, N. J. Boundary of Newark

along (Cook, '68, p. 170).

Shady side, N. J. Exposure of shale near (Nason, '89, p. 17).

Faults in trap ridge near (Nason, '89, p. 20).

Fossil Estherias and fish scales found near 

(Nason, '89, p. 30).

Fossil fishes found near (Nasou, '89, p. 29). 

Shaefferstown, Pa. Boundary of the Newark near 

(H. P. Rogers, '58, vol. 2, p. 068).
308 THE NEWARK SYSTEM. [BDLL.85.

Shale. In Connecticut, bituminous, with the coal

seams (Percival, '42, pp. 228,442). 

Detailed description of (Percival, '42, pp.

441-446).

In Massachusetts, brief account of (E. Hitchcock,'35, pp. 210-218). 

Description of (E. Hitchcock, '41, p. 443). 

In New Jersey (and sandstones), alternation

of (Cook, '82, p. 33). 

Analysis of (Cook, 'C8, pp. 384-385. Darton,

'83a. Schweitzer, '71). 

Brief account of (Mason, '89, pp. 16-17,21). 

Colors of (Cook, '82, p. 20). 

Description of (Cook, '82, pp. 18,19-20). 

Description of, in Hudson county (Kussell,

'80). 

Detailed description of (H. D. Rogers, '36,

pp. 150-159).

Details of (Cook, '68, pp. 212-214). 

Dip of (Cook, '79, pp. 29-30). 

General account of (H. D. Rogers, '40, pp114-117. Kussel), '78, pp. 223-231). 

Indurated near trap (Cook, '83, pp. 23-24). 

Lithologieal description of (Cook, '68, pp.

200-207). 

In New York, in Eockland county (Mather,

'43, p. 288). 

In North Carolina, in Dan river coal field (Eminoiis, '52, pp. 156-158). 

Deep river coal field (Einmons, '52, pp. 123,

126-127. Wilkes, '58,pp.8-9). 

In Pennsylvania, detailed description of (H.

D. Eogers, '58, vol. 2, pp. 672-679). 

In Virginia (and slates), detailed description

of (Heinrich, '78, pp. 242-243). 

Origin of the red color of (Russell, '89, pp.

44-55).

S1IALER, N. 8. 1871. 

On the causes which have led to the production

of cape Hatteras. 

In Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Proc., vol. 14, pp.

110-121.

Refers to the structure and ago of the Richmond coal field, pp. 114-115,117. Structure 

of the Connect icut valley area, p. 118. 

SHALER, N. S. 1875. 

Notes on the investigations of the Kentucky 

geological survey during the years 1873, 

1874, and 1875. 

In Kentucky geological survey, Reports of

Progress, 2d ser., vol. 3,4to, pp. 129-282. 

Contains brief references to the structural 

features associated with the Newark system in Virginia and the Connecticut valley, p. 220.

SHALER, N. S. 1884. 

Description of quarries and quarry regions. 

In report on the building stones of the United 

States and statistics of the quarry industry for 1880, in Tenth Census of the United 

States, vol, 10, part 2, pp. 107-229, pis. 

27-58.

Describes the Newark sandstone quarries of 

Connecticut, pp. 126-127; New Jersey, pp. 

141-144; Pennsylvania, pp. 156-157; Maryland, p. 178; Virginia, p. 179; and North

SHALER, N. S. Continued.

Carolina, pp. 181-182; the trap rock quarries of Connecticut, p. 177; New Jersey, 

pp. 145-146, and Virginia, p. 179; and the 

Triassic limestone quarries of Pennsylvania, p. 156, and Maryland, p. 177. 

SHALER, N. S. 1885. 

A first book in geology. 

Boston, 12mo, pp. i-xvii, 1-255. 

Contains a brief account of the life of the Jurassic and Triassic periods, pp. 217-22-t). 

SHALER, N. S. 18S5a. 

[Administrative report of Atlantic coast division of the U. S. Geological Survey.] 

In U. S. Geol. Surv., Sixth Ann. Rep. of the,

pp. 18-22.

States that the Tertiary strata of Martha's 

Vineyard are in part composed of Newark 

d6bris, p. 21.

SHALER, NATHAX1EL SOUTHGATE, and WILLIAM MORRIS DAVIS. 1881. 

Illustrations of the earth's surface. Glaciers.

Boston. Folio, pp. i-vi, 1-198, pis. 1-25. 

Suggests that the Newark conglomerate of the 

Connecticut valley may beof glacial origin, 

pp. 95-96. Section showing ancient periods of glaciation, p. 102. 

Sharp Island. Mention of (Marstcrs, '90). 

Shell, fossil. Prom Mount Tom, Mass. (E. Hitchcock, '58, pp. 6-7, pi. 5). 

From near Mount Tom, Mass., description of

(E. Hitchcock, jr., '56). 

From Richmond coal field (Lycll, '47, pp. 274-

275). 

From Sunderland, Mass. (E. Hitchcock, '23,

vol. 6, p. 79).

SHELLEY, J. ¥. Discovery of fossil saurian 

bones in Upper Milford, Lehigh county t 

Pa., by (Lea, '53, pp. 188,195). 

Shelley's coal mine, V». Notes on (Taylor, '35,

p. 284). 

Shelley's ore bank, Pa. Report on (Frazer, '77,

p. 222). 

Shirley, ( ). Cited on thickness of coal seams

at Evans, N. C. (Chance, '85, p. 44). 

SHEPARI), C. U. 1832. 

Datholite and iolite in Connecticut. 

In Am. Jour. Sci., vol.22, pp.389-391. 

Describes the occurrence of datholito, etc., in 

trap at Middlefield and Haddani, Conn., 

and compares these localities with similar 

localities in New Jersey.

SHEPARD, CHARLES UPHAM. 1837. 

Report on the geological survey of Connecticut.

New Haven, Pp. 1-188. 

Abstract in Am. Jour. Sci., 1st ser., vol. 33,

pp. 151-175.

Devoted mainly to mineralogy, but contains a 

brief discussion in reference to the probability of finding coal in Connecticut, pp. 61- 

62; also a brief description of the building 

stones of the Newark area, including trap 

rocks, pp. 98-100. List of Newark specimens collected to illustrate the geology 

and mineralogy of the state, pp. 165-169. ,
RUSSELL.] LITERATURE. 309

KHEPARD, CHARLES UPHAM. 18G7.

On the supposed tadpole nests or imprints 

made by tbo Jiatrachoides nidiftcann 

(Hitclicock), in the red shale of the New 

Red sandstone of South Hadley, Mass. 

In Am. Jour. Sci., 2d ser., vol. 43, pp. 90-104. 

Discusses the origin of the markings referred to. 

Shoolie, N. S. Eolation of trap, conglomerate,

and sandstone at (Gesner, '43). 

Shooter's island, N. Y. Exposures of Newark 

sandstone and shale on (Britton, '81, p. 

1G8). 

Short Hills, N. J. Record of well bored in (Nason, '8!)&). 

Short mountain, Conn. Description of (Percival,

'42, p. 375). 

Detailed study of the geological structure

near (\V. M. Davis, '89). 

Sketch map of ~(W. M. Davis, '89, pi. 5). 

SHRDMP, P. W. Stone quarry of, near Verona,

N.J. (Cook, '81, p. 52). 

Shuttle meadow, Conn. Detailed study of crosssootiou at (W. M. Davis, '89, pp. 64-C9). 

Shuttle meadow mountain, Conn- Anterior trap

ridge of (Davis and Whittle, '89, p. 109). 

Shuttle meadow reservoir, Conn. Sketcli map of

(W.M. Davis,'89, pi. 2).

View of fault gap near (W. M. Davis, '89^ pi. 2). 

Siccomac, N. J. Boundary of First mountain trap

near (Cook, '68, p. 180).

AVatchung mountain, end at (Cook, '82, p. 49). 

Siddonstown, Pa. Trap dike near (II. D. Rogers,

'58, vol. 2, p. C89). 

Sidney church, N. J. Conglomerate at (Cook, '82,

p. 41).

DoforniPtl strata at (Cook, '83, p. 25). 

Dip in conglomerate and shale near (Cook, '82,

p. 28).

Faults and folds near (Cook, '79, p. 33). 

Faults near (Cook, '82, p. 16). 

Folds near (Cook, '82, p. 17). 

Limestone at (Cook, '82, pp. 22, 42). 

Sidney mills, N. J. Dip in shale near (Cook, '82,

p. 28). 

Slllery, J. Stono quarry of, near Prallsvillo, N.

J. (Cook, '81, p. 59).

SILLIMAN, BENJAMIN. 1810. 

Sketch of the mineralogy of the town of New

Haven [etc.]. 

In Connecticut Acad. Arts and Sci., Mem.,

vol. 1, pp. 83-96.

Contains a general account of the trap exposures near New Haven, Conn. 

SILLIMAN, BENJAMIN. 1814. 

Mineralogical and geological observations on

Now Haven and its vicinity. 

In Am. Min. Jour., vol. 1. pp. 139-149). 

Abstract in Jour, de phya., do chim. [etc.] 

Par J. C.JDelametherie, Paris, Tome 75, 

1812, pp. 75-79.

Notice in Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 1, 1818, pp. 55- 

56, and in Elementary treatise on Mineralogy and Geology by Parker Cleavelaud, 

1822, p. 555. 

Describes the geology about New Haven,

SILLIMAN, BENJAMIN Continued.

Conn., especially of east and west rocks.

Records the finding of a largo mass of

natiA'e copper on the Hamden hills, Conn.

[SILLIMAN, BENJAMIN.] 1818.

Native copper [found near "Walliugford, 

Conn.].

In Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 1, pp. 55-56.

Describes the finding of a mass of native copper. 

[SILLIMAN, BENJAMIN.] 1818a.

New localities of agate, chalcedony, chabazite, stilbite, analcite, titanium, prehnite, 

etc.

In Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 1, pp. 134-135.

Describes the occurrence of minerals at Deerfield, Mass., and at East Haven and 

Woodbury, Conn. 

SILLIMAN, BENJAMIN. 1820.

[Note on the discovery of fossil bones in sandstone at East Windsor, Conn.]

In Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 2, p. 147.

Gives a brief account of the Newark (called 

Old Red sandstone) of the Connecticut 

valley; and remarks on the nature ot 

the animal to which the bones referred to 

belonged. 

[SILLIMAN, BENJAMIN.] 1820a.

Sketch of a tour in the counties of New 

Haven and Litchfield, in Connecticut, 

"with notices of the geology, mineralogy 

and scenery, etc.

In Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 2, pp. 201-235.

Describes West rock, Connecticut, pp. 202-203,

and also the character of the small Newark

basin in Woodbury and Sonthbury,

Conn., pp. 231-233.

[SILLIMAN, BENJAMIN.] 1821.

[Remarks on letters from Alexander Broiiguiarfc in reference to fossil fishes and native 

copper from near Middletown, Conn.]

In Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 3, pp. 221-222.

Refers to the finding of fossil fishes, and to

the working of copper ore. 

[SILLIMAN, BENJAMIN.] 1821a.

[Note on the finding of fossil fish at Sunder - 

laml, Mass.]

In Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 3, pp. 365-366.

States that a large number of fossil fish were 

obtained by Edward Hitchcock, at Sunderland, Mass. 

SILLIMAN, B. 1824.

Remarks made on a short tour between Hartford and Quebec in the autumn of 1819.

New Haven, 2d ed., 12mo., pp. 1-443, and 9 

plates.

First edition, New Haven, 1820, 12mo., pp. 1- 

407, and 9 plates.

Contains a general account of the scenery and

geology of the Connecticut valley. 

SILLIMAN, BENJAMIN. 1827.

[Note on the presence of bituminous coal in 

the Connecticut A'alley.]

In Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 12, p. 76).

States that coal has been found at several 

places in the Connecticut valley.
310 THE NEWARK SYSTEM [BULL. 85.

[SILLIMAN, BENJAMIN.] 1830.

Igneous origin of some trap rocks.

In Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 17, pp. 119-132, and 

plate.

Describes tbo contact of trap with sandstone 

beneath, at Rocky Hill near Hartford, 

Conn. The effect of the heat of the trap 

on the sandstone is discussed, pp. 122-131, 

and plate. 

[SILLIMAN, BENJAMIN.] 1837.

Bird tracks atMiddletown, Conn., in the New 

Red sandstone.

In Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 31, p. 1G5.

Brief abstract from a letter stating that footprints as well as bones and fossil plants 

have been found at the place, named. 

[SILLIMAN, BENJAMIN.] 1839.

Fossil fishes in the sandstone of New Jersey.

In Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 35, p. 192.

Notice of the finding of fossil fishes in Morris 

county, N. J.

Further information regarding these fossils 

is given by "R." in Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 

30, pp. 186-187. 

[SILLIMAN, BENJAMIN.] 1842.

[Note on the Richmond coal field, Va.]

In Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 43, p. 14.

A brief reference concerning specimens received from the Midlothian coal mine. 

Virginia, value of the coal of that field, 

etc. 

[SILLIMAN, B.] 1848.

Ornithichnites of the Connecticut river sandstone and the Dinornis of Now Zealand.

In Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 45, pp. 177-188.

Publishes letters from J. Deane, G. A. Mantell, and R. Owen relative to the fossil 

footprints of the Connecticut valley. 

SILLIMAN, BENJAMIN. 1844.

Dr. Tercival, the original observer of the crescent-fonned dikes of trap in the New Red 

sandstone of Connecticut.

In Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 4C, pp. 205-206.

Relates to an omission to give credit to Percival in a report of a meeting of the Association of American Geologists and Naturalists, published in the Am. Jour. Sci., 

vol. 45, p. 334.

SILLIMAN, B. Cited on certain polygonal depressions in sandstone from Connecticut 

valley (E. Hitchcock, '56, p. 111).

Cited on curved form of certain trap ridges 

(W. M. Davis, '83, p. 307).

Cited on fossil fish from Connecticut (J. H. 

Redfield, '36).

Cited on fossil ibotprints|(Deane, '45, p. 159).

Cited on metamorphism contact at Rocky hill, 

Mass. (E. Hitchcock, '35, pp. 422-423).

Cited on native copper in the Connecticut 

valley (Hoffmann, '22).

Cited on origin of the sandstones of the Connecticut valley (E. Hitchcock, '35, p. 241).

Cited on relation of trap and sandstone in 

Connecticut (W. M. Davis, '83, pp. 285- 

286).

Cited on trap rocks near Hartford, Conn. 

Davis and Whittle, '89, p. 121).

j SILLIMAN, B., B. SILLIMAN, jr., and JAMES D. 

DANA. 1847.

[Note on phalangeal impressions in fossil 

footprints.]

In Am. Jour. Sci., 2d ser., vol. 3, p. 276.

Calls attention to a statement by L. Agassiz 

in reference to the number of phalanges 

in the toes of birds, and cites similar 

observations by E. Hitchcock and J. 

Deane. 

[SILLIMAN, B., and J. D. DANA.] 1847.

[Note on] ornithichnites.

In Am. Jour. Sci., 2d ser., vol. 3, p. 276.

Notes the observations of Hitchcock, Agassiz, 

and Deane on the number of joints in the 

toes of fossil footprints from the Connecticut valley. The names of certain fossil 

footprints found at Turners Falls, Mass., 

by James Deane, and described in the Am. 

Jour. Sci., 2d ser., vol. 3, pp. 74-79, are 

supplied by Hitchcock.

SILLIMAN [BENJAMIN], and [DOUGLASS] 

HOUGHTON. 1844.

On the connection of the metallic copper with 

the trap of Connecticut and Michigan.

In Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 47, p. 132.

A brief discussion of the origin of native

copper, frequently associated with trap. 

SILLIMAN, B., and 0. P. HUB KA III). 1842.

Chemical examination of bituminous coal from 

the pits of the Midlothian coal-mining 

company, south side of James river, 14 

miles from Richmond, Va., Chesterfield 

county.

In Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 42, pp. 369-374.

Gives in detail the result of an examination 

of a large sample of coal from the locality 

named.

SILLIMAN and HUBBARD. Analysis of coal 

from the Richmond coal field, Va. (Clifford, '87, p. 10). 

SILLIMAN [B.], Jr. 1841.

[Remark on rhombic structure in the sandstone of the Connecticut valley.]

In Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 41, p. 173, also in Am. 

Assoc. Geol. and Nat., Proc., 1840-1842, p. 

26.

Brief abstract of remark on a paper by Prof.

Mather, concerning joints in rock. 

SILLIMAN, BENJAMIN, Jr. 1842.

[On the cause of the prevailing dip of the New 

Red sandstone of the Connecticut valley.]

In Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 43, p. 171; also in Am 

Assoc. Geol. and Nat., 1840-1842, p. 64.

Refers the prevailing dip of the sandstone of 

the Connecticut valley to upheaval, connected with outbursts of trap. Brief abstract of remarks on a paper by Edward 

Hitchcock. 

SILLIMAN, BENJAMIN, Jr. 1842a.

[Trap eruption causing upheaval of adjacent 

strata.]

In Am. Assoc. Geol. and Nat., Proc., 1840- 

1842, p. 64.

A brief remark in which the inclination of 

the sandstones of the Connecticut valley 

is referred to the eruption of trap.
HUSSEI.L.] LITERATURE. 311

SILLIMAN, BENJAMIN, Jr. 1844.

Eeport on the intrusive trap of tlie New Red 

sandstone of Connecticut.

lu Am. Jonr. Sci., vol. 47, pp. 107r108.

Abstract in Neues Jahrbnch, 184f', pp. 728-729.

An abstract of a report to the Association of 

American Geologists and Naturalists, concerning, 1st, the dip of the Connecticut 

valley sandstone; 2d, the manner in which 

the trap rocks were intruded, and 3d, the 

erosion of the formation. The age of the 

strata is stated to be the "period of the 

New Red sandstone." 

SILLIMAN, B., Jr. 1847.

On fossil trees found at Bristol, Conn., in the 

New Red sandstone.

In Am. Jour. Sci., 2d ser., vol. 4. pp. 116-118.

Describes the finding of the trunk mentioned. 

SILLIMAN, B., Jr. 1847a.

[Note on phalangeal impressions in fossil footprints.]

See Sillimnn, Silliman, jr., and Dana, 1847. 

SILLIMA1V, B., Jr., and J. D. WHITNEY. 1855.

Notice of the geological position and character 

of the copper mine at Bristol, Conn.

In Am. Jonr. Sci., 2d ser., vol. 20, pp. 361-368.

Devoted principally to the economic importance of the mine, but describes also its 

geological position, section of the ore 

body, etc. 

Silver, native, at the Bridgewater copper mine,

N. J. (Darton,'85).

Silver Hill, N. J. Description of (Cook, '68, p. 194. 

Cook, '82, p. 65).

Dip in shale near (Cook, '82, p. 29). 

Simsbury copper mine, Mass. Brief account of

(E. Hitchcock, '35, pp. 71. 229). 

Slmsbury, Conn. Building stones in (I'ercival, 

'42, p. 439).

Description of sandstone ridge near (I'ercival,

'42, p. 440). 

Slndlc's mill, N. J. Basaltic columns near (Cook,

'68, p. 203). 

Skiliman station, N. J. Dip in shale at (Cook,

'82, p. 25).

Slate, bituminous, in North Carolina (Emmons, 

'56, p. 268).

Black, in Dan river coalfield, N. C. (McLcnahan, '52, p. 171).

With coal, near Leaksville, Va. (W. B. Rogers,

'39, p. 78). 

Slate Ridge, Pa. Description of trap dike near

(Frazer, '80, p. 31). 

Slickensidcs, at North Belleville, N. J. (Cook, '82,

p. 16). 

SMITH, ALFRED. 1832.

On the water courses, and the alluvial and 

rock formations of the Connecticut river 

valley.

In Am. Jonr. Sci., vol. 22, pp. 205-231, and 

ma]) op. p. 205.

Gives the extent and boundaries of the Newark rocks of the Connecticut valley, with 

a description of principal trap ridges. 

Refers briefly to the fossils that have 

been collected, and presents theoretical

SMITH, ALFRED Continued.

discussions as to the mode of formation of

the sedimentary beds and the origin of the

trap. 

SMITH, A. Cited on the character of the rocks

at Enfield Falls, Conn. (E. Hitchcock,

'41, p. 447).

SMITH, EUGENE A. 1878. 

Outline of the geology of Alabama. 

In handbook of Alabama [etc.], by Saffold

Berney, pp. 129-196. 

Refers to igneous rocks which are considered

as belonging to the Newark system of

dikes, pp. 139, 142.

SMITH, EUGENE A. 1883. 

Geological survey of Alabama. Report for

the years 1881 and 1882. 

Montgomery, Ala. Pp. i-xvi, l-615r and 8

maps. 

States that stratified rocks of the Newark

system are not known in Alabama, but

that the trap dikes of the metamorphic

region are usually referred to that period,

p. 556.

SMITH, NATHAN. 1820.

Fossil bones found in Red sandstone. 

In Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 2, pp. 146-147. 

Records the finding of fossil bones at East

Windsor, Conn. 

SMITH, 0. R. Cited on depth of artesian well at

Durham, N. C. (Venablo, '87). 

SMITH, THOMAS P. 1799. 

Account of crystallized basalts found in

Pennsylvania. 

In Am. Philo. Soc., Trans., vol, 4, 1804, pp.

445-446.

A brief account of having seen basalt (trap) 

near Elizabethtown and Campbellstown, 

Pa.

SMITH, T. P. Cited on the presence of JuraTrias in America (Lea, '53, p. 189). 

SMITH, W. Discovery of saurian bones by, at 

Springfield, Mass. (E. Hitchcock, '58, p. 

186). 

Smith iron mine, N. C. Brief account of, with

sketch (Willis, '86, p. 305). 

Smith's Ferry, Mass. Brief account of a visit to

(Lyell, '45, vol. 1, p. 252). 

Dip of rocks at (Lyell, '42). 

Fossil footprints at (E. Hitchcock, '58, pp. 50

et seq.). 

Relation of conglomerate, trap, and sandstone

at (Lyell, '42, p. 794). 

Section of rocks at (Lyell, '42). 

Smith's hill, N. J. Described briefly as a trap

outcrop (H. D. Rogers, '36, p. 159). 

Description of trap and sandstone near (H. D.

Rogers, '36, p. 156). 

Detailed description of (H. D. Rogers, '40, p.

151).

Quarries of trap rock at, mention of (G. P. 

Merrill, '89, p.436. Cook, '79, p. 26. Cook, 

'81, p. 62).

Smithville, N. J. Description of sandstone outcrops near (H. D. Rogers, '36, p. 153).
312 THE NEWARK SYSTEM. [BULL. 85.

SMOCK, JOHN C. 1878.

Geological survey of New Jersey. Report on 

the clay deposits of "Woodbridge, South 

Ainboy, and otbor places in New Jersey.

See Cook, G. H., and J. C. Smock, 1878. 

SMOCK, JOHN C. 1800.

Building stones in New York.

Now York State Museum Bull., vol. 2, No. 10, 

pp. 193-396, and map.

Describes the building stones of the Newark 

system in New York, pp. 225-226, and the 

use of building stone from other areas of 

the same system in New York city, pp. 

294-304. 

SMOCK, J. (!. Cited on sandstone at Princeton,

N. J. (Shaler, '84, p. 144). 

Smyser's mine, Pa. Report on (Frazer, '77, pp.

217-218).

Snake hill, N. J. Described briefly as a trap outcrop (H. D. Rogers, '36, p. 159).

Description of (Cook, '68, pp. 178-179. Cook, 

'82, pp. 47-48. Russell, '80, pp. 34, 36).

Detailed description of trap at (Darton, '90, 

pp. 05-50).

Dip in sandstone at (Cook, '79, p. 30. Cook, 

'82, p. 24. Russell, '80, p. 34).

Location of (Nason, '89, p. 37).

Origin of (Dartou, '89, p. 138).

Sandstone quarries at (Cook, '79, p. 22).

Trap rock quarries at (Cook, '79. p. 25. Cook,

'81, p. 62).

Mention of (G. P. Merrill, '89, p. 436). 

Sneden'H landing, IV. Y. Character of trap ridge 

near (Darton, '90, p. 48).

Dip in sandstone at (Cook, '82, p. 24).

Escarpment of trap at (Cook, '68, p. 177). 

Sneedsboro, N. C. Breadth of Newark rocks

near (01 instead, '24, p. 12).

Snydertown, N. J. Boundary of trap near (Cook, 

'68, p. 192).

Contact phenomena at (Cook. '82, p. 62).

Dip in indurated shale at (Cook, '82, p. 26).

Dip near (Cook, '68, p. 197).

Soils iu Now Jersey. (Cook, '68, pp. 220-227. 

Cook, '79, p. 14).

From shale near New Brunswick (Cook, '78, 

p. 24).

From trap (Cook, '78, pp. 37, 39. Nason, '89, 

p. 37).

From trap and sandstone (Cook, '82, p. 6C).

From trap of Sourlaud mountain (Cook, '68,

p. 192).

Soils in Nova Scotia. (Dawson, '78, p. 112). 

SOLOMON, R. G. Record of well bored at Newark, N.J. (Nason, '89fc). 

Somers, Conn. Report of the finding of coal at

(E. Hitchcock, '23, vol. C, p. 63). 

Somerville, N. J. Analysis of copper ore from 

(Bowen).

Artesian wells near (Cook, '85, pp. 113-114).

Bitumen near (Beck, '39).

Contact of trap and sandstone near (Cook, '82, 

pp. 51-52).

Copper mine near (Cook, '83, p. 164).

Copper mine near, description of the Bridgewater (H. D. Rogers, '36, pp. 168-169).

Somerville, N. J. Continued.

Copper mines near, description of (H. D.

Rogers,'40, p. 162). 

Copper ore at (Cook, '71, pp. 55-56). 

Copper ore, locality for (H. D. Rogers, '36, p.

166). 

Dip in shale and sandstone near (Cook, '82,

p. 29).

Dip in shale near (Cook, '79, p. 30). 

Dip near (Cook, '68, p. 198). 

Occurrence of native silver near (Darton, '85). 

Section across Watchung mountains, near

(Cook, '83, p. 166 and plate). 

Trap outcrops near (Darton, '90, p. 70). 

Somerville trap ridge, N. J. Description of (H.

D. Rogers, '40, pp. 147-148). 

Sorrel liorse, Pa. Boundary of the Newark near

(Lesley, '85, p. Ixxxi). 

Souris, P. E. I. Newark rocks exposed near

(Dawson and Harrington, '71, p. 15). 

Sourland mountains, N. J. Altered shale near

(Cook, '68, pp. 212-214. Cook, '83, p. 24). 

Course of (Cook, '82, p. 19). 

Description of (Cook, '68, pp. 191-192. Cook,

'82, pp. 61-62. Darton, '90, pp. 61-65. H.

D. Rogers, '40, pp. 152-158). 

Dip at (Cook, '68, pp. 191, 197,198). 

Dip in indurated shale at (Cook, '82, p. 26.

Cook, '82, p. 29).

Metamorphism (contact) at (Cook, '68, p. 191). 

Metamorphism (contact) near (Cook, '87, p.

125).

Origin of trap of (Darton, '89, p. 138). 

Position and extent of (Nason, '89, p. 35). 

Probable faults near (Nason, '89, p. 25). 

Section through (Darton, '90, p. 59). 

Trap ridge near (Cook, '82, p. 60). 

Sourland mountain trap. Position of, iu the Newark series (Darton, '89, p. 139). 

Southampton, MasN. Concerning coal at (E.

Hitchcock, '35, p. 231). 

Conglomerate in (E. Hitchcock, '35, p. 214). 

Report of the finding of coal at (E. Hitchcock,

'23, vol. 6, p. 63). 

Southampton, Pa. Boundary of the Newark in

(C.E.Hall, '81, pp. 56-57).

Southampton township, Pa. Report on the geology of (C. E. Hall, '81, pp. 56-57). 

South Branch, N. J. Dip at (Cook, '68, p. 197). 

Dip in shale near (Cook, '82, p. 28).

South Britain, Ctun. Evidence of faults near 

(W. M. Davis, '88, pp. 469-471).

Ideal sections of trap ridges near (W. M. 

Davis, '88, p. 471).

Sandstone resting on Primary rocks in (Percival, '42, p. 450).

Sketch map of trap ridges near (W. M. Davis,

'88, p. 470).

Southbury, Conn. Age of the Newark system of, 

as indicated by fossil fishes (W. C. Redfield,'56, pp. 180-181).

Brief account of Newark area in (E. Hitchcock, '35, p. 220).

Brief account of Newark rocks in (E. Hitchcock, '28, pp. 227-228).
HUSSELL.] LITERATURE. 313

Sontlibury, Conn. Continued.

.Brief account of trap ridge of the Newark

system of (E. Hitchcock, '35, p. 513). 

Description of fossil fishes from (W. C. lledfield, '41, p. 27). 

Description of fossil wood from (E. Hitchcock,

'43Z>, pp. 294-295). 

Description of rocks at (E. Hitchcock, '43fc,

p. 294). 

Description of trap ridge in (Percival, '42, pp.

410-412). 

Eefereuce to Newark area in (E. Hitchcock,

'41, p. 440). 

Reference to Newark rocks in (Russell, '78, p.

238).

Noutlibury area, Conn. Brief account of ("Whelpley, '45, p. 02). 

Brief description of (J. D. Dana, '75, pp. 404,

405. W. M. Davis, '88, pp. 408-469. Silliman, '20a, pp. 231-233). 

Considered a remnant left by erosion (Russell,

'78, p. 239). « 

South Carolina. Account of the geology of (Lieher, '56). 

Brief account of the Newark system in (Hendersou,'85, p. 88). 

Brief accounts of trap dikes in (Haminond,

'84, pp. 466-497).

Description of trap dikes of (Tuomey, '44). 

Map of Chesterfield county, in (Lieber, '56,

pi. 6). 

Mention of slates and trap rocks of supposed

Newark ago (Butler, '83). 

Mention of trap dikes in (Bradley, '76). 

Metamorphisin (contact) in (Tuomey, '48, pp.

48,103-104, 113).

Report on the geology of (Tuomey, '48). 

South copper mine, Conn. Rocks of (Percival,

'42, pp. 316,391).

South Coventry, Pa. Newark rocks of (Frazer,

'83, p. 221). 

Trap dikes in (Frazer, '83, p. 221).

South Durham, Conn. Trap ridges near (Davis 

and Whittle, '89, p. 107).

South Durham mountain, Conn. Chemical composition of trap from (Hawes, '75). 

South Hartley, Mass. Boring for coal at (E. Hitchcock, '41, p. 525).

Brecciated trap at contact of trap and sandstone at (E. Hitchcock, '41, p. 058).

Brief account of sandstone near (E. Hitchcock, '35, pp. 220-221).

Character of sandstone at (E. Hitchcock, '41, 

pp. 446-447).

Coal at, examination for (E. Hitchcock, '35,

pp. 53-54).

Report of the finding of (E. Hitchcock, '23, 

vol. 6, p. 03).

Coal found in (E. Hitchcock, '41, pp. 139-140).

Coal in (E. Hitchcock, '35, p. 231).

Dip and strike of rocks in (E. Hitchcock, '41, 

p. 448).

Dip at (E. Hitchcock, '35, p. 223).

Discussion of the origin of so-called tadpole 

uest.s from (Shepard, '67).

South Hartley, Mass. Continued.

Fossil hones at, brief account of (Wells and

Bliss, '50).

Fossil bones from (Wells, '50, p. 340). 

Fossil footprints at (E. Hitchcock, '58, pp. 49,

50, et seq.).

Discovery of (E. Hitchcock, '58, p. 3). 

Fossil footprints found near (D. Marsh, '48,

p. 272).

Fossil footprints from (Deane, '01). 

Description of (C. H. Hitchcock, '88, p. 125- 

E. Hitchcock, '36, p. 320-325. E. Hitchcock, '41, pp. 478-501. E. Hitchcock, '47. 

E. Hitchcock, '48). 

In New York state cabinet (Anonymous,

'54).

Mention of (E. Hitchcock, 'G5«, p. 188). 

Reference to (Macfarlane, '79, p. 63). 

Fossil footprints near, early discovery of (E.

Hitchcock, '36, p. 309). 

Localities of (E. Hitchcock, '41, pp. 465,

466. E. Hitchcock,'48, p. 132). 

Fossil footprints in museum at (C. H. Hitchcock, '88, p. 121). 

Fossil plants from (E. Hitchcock,'41, p. 452,

pi. 29). .

Reference to (E. Hitchcock, '35, p. 235). 

Gypsum at (E. Hitchcock, '35, pp. 54, 213). 

Metamorphism, contact, observed at Titan's

pier in (E. Hitchcock, '35, p. 424). 

Moody footmark quarry at (E. Hitchcock, '58,

pi. 1).

Remarks on recent and fossil raindrop impressions observed at (Merrick, '51). 

Trap-tuff or tufaceous conglomerate at (E.

Hitchcock, '44«, p. 7).

South high rock, Conn. Detailed study of the 

geological structure near (W. M. Davis, 

'89). 

Southington, Conn. Brief reference to fossil

fishes at (E. Hitchcock, '37, p. 207). 

Copper mines of (Percival, '42, p. 318). 

Description of trap ridges in (Percival, '42, p.

403).

Limestone in (E. Hitchcock, '35, p. 218). 

Limestone near (Percival, '42, p. 443). 

Reference to fetid limestone in (E. Hitchcock,

'41, p. 444).

Report of the finding of coal at (E. Hitchcock, '23, vol. 6, p. 63). 

South mountain, Conn. Description of (Percival,

'42, pp. 372-375). 

South mountain, Pa. Conglomerate at east liaso

of (Frazer, '85, p. 403).

Soutli notch, N. J. Boundary of Second mountain trap at (Cook, '08, p. 184). 

Southport, Conn. Description of trap dikes in 

Primary rocks near (Percival, '42, pp. 41(5- 

417). 

South Talley hill, Pa. Description of trap dike

near (Frazer, '80, p. 30). 

Trap dikes in (C. E. Hall, '81, p. 20). 

Soutlnvick, Conn. Building stone in (Porcival,

'42, p. 439).

Soutlnvick ponds, Conn. Description of trap 

ridges near (Percival, '42, p. 408).
314 THE NEWARK SYSTEM. [BULL. 85.

Spencer's Island, N. S. Copper at (How, '69, p.

65).

Description of (Gesner, '36, p. 239-240. Jackson and Alger, '33, p. 265). 

Trap of (Dawson, '78, p. 106). 

Sporting Hill, Pa. Boundary of the Newark near

(Frazer, '80, pp. 13, 37). 

Spring Gar den, Pa. Description of trap dike near

(Frazer, '80, p. 29).

Springfield, Conn. Dip at ("Wells, '50, p. 340). 

Section .across Connecticut valley at (E.

Hitchcock, '58, pi. 2). 

Unconformity in the Newark at ("Wells, '50,

p. 340). 

Springfield, Mass. Analysis of ,1 ferruginous

shale from (Jackson, '50a). 

Bones in Red sandstone at (E. Hitchcock, '58,

p. 186).

Description of fossil footprints from (E. Hitchcock, '41, pp. 478-501).

Localities of fossil footprints in (E. Hitchcock, '41, p. 466).

Reference to fossil bones from ("Wells, '56). 

Remarks on fossil footprints found at (E.

.Hitchcock, '45c, p. C3).

Section through (Walling, '78, pi. op. p. 192). 

Springfield, X. J. Brief reference to trap hills

near (H. D. Rogers, '30, p. 159). 

Elevation of First mountain at (Cook, '82, p.

49). 

Reference'to geology near (H. D. Rogers, '40,

p. 129). 

Springfield area, Ya. Description of (Heinrich,

'78, p. 230). 

Springfield coal basin, Va. Brief reference to ("W.

B. Rogers, '40, p. 72).

Springfield coal pits, Va. Brief account of (Clifford, '87, p. 25). 

Springfield mountain, N. J. Sandstone on (Cook,

'68, p. 181). 

Springfield township, Pa. Report on the geology

of (C. E. Hall, '81, pp. 80-83). 

Spring Hill, Pa. Trap dike near (Lewis, '85, pp.

442, 443). 

Spring mills, N. J. Boundary of Newark near

(Cook, '68, p. 175).

Character of the formation near (H. D. Rogers, '40, p. 131). 

Description of variegated conglomerate near

(H. D. Rogers, '36, p. 147). 

Detailed description of calcareous conglom. 

erate near (H. D. Rogers, '40, pp. 140-141). 

Dip in shale near (Cook, '82, p. 27). 

Occurrence of conglomerate at (Lea, '53, p.

190). 

Springtown, Pa. Boundary of the Newark near

(H. D. Rogers, '58, vol. 2, p. 668). 

Conglomerate near (H. D. Rogers, '58, vol. 2,

p. 681). 

Springville, Pa. Description of trap dike near

(Frazer, '80, p. 29).

Spruce Hill, Pa. Description of a fault near 

(Lewis, '85, p. 450).

Squiertown, IV. J. Trap hill near (Cook, '68, pp. 

185, 186).

Stanton, N. J. Description of Round mountain

near (Cook, '68, pp. 193-194). 

Dip at (Cook, '68, p. 197). 

Trap outcrop near (Cook, '82, p. 63). 

Stanton station, N. J. Trap outcrop near (Darton, '90. p. 70). 

Starrs point, N. S. Coast section near (Dawson,

'47, p. 56).

Dip of sandstone at (Dawson, '78, p. 91). 

State line station, Pa. Trap dike near (Lewis,

'85, p. 448).

Staten island, N. Y. Account of Red sandstone 

and conglomerate of (Mather, '43, pp. 285- 

294). 

Account of trap rocks of (Mather, '43, pp.

279-282). 

Brief description of the Newark rocks of (T.

S. Hunt, '83, p. 173). 

Brief reference to trap near Tompkinsvillo

(Mather, '38). 

Description of Newark outcrop at Mariner's

harbor (Hollick, '89).

Description of the Newark rocks of (Britton, '81).

Geological map of (Pntnam, '86a, p. 123). 

Mention of additional exposures of Newark

rocks on (Britton, '86. Hollick, '89a). 

Paving stone quarries at (Cook, '68, pp. 522-

523).

Section of (Cozzens, '43, pi. 4). 

Trap dikes of, reference to (Chamberlin, '87.

Russell, '78, p. 241. Dart on,'90, p. 38). 

Trap rock of (Cook, '68, p. 178). 

STAUGHTON, T. M. Notice of collection of fossil footprints belonging to (Packard, '71). 

STEEL, J. DOUMAN. 1874. 

Fourteen weeks in popular geology. 

New York and Chicago, I2mo, pp. 1-280. 

Contains a geological sketch map of the 

United States, frontispiece; a brief account of the footprints of the Connecticut 

valley, pp. 184-185, and a figure of a ibssil 

fish, after Emmons, p. 274. 

Steel's bridge, N. C. Brief account of geology

near (McLenahan, '52, p. 169). 

St«ele's pits, Pa. Trap dikes in (Frazer, '83, p.

241). 

Steitler ore bank, Pa. Section of (H. D. Rogers,

'58, vol. 1, p. 89).

STEPHENSON, M. F. 1871. 

Geology and mineralogy of Georgia [etc.]. 

Atlanta, Ga.. 12mo, pp. 1-244 and map. 

Brief mention of the Newark systeiii, p. 59. 

Stepney, t'onn. Mention of the finding of fossil 

fish at (Percival, '42, p. 442).

STERNBERG, K. 1820-1838. 

Versuch einer geognostiscli-botanischen Darstellung der Flora der Vorwelt. 

Prag and Regensburg, folio. 

Contains description of fossil plants from the

Richmond area. Not seen.

STEVENS, B. P. 1861. 

On the extension of the Carboniferous system 

of the United States, so as to include all 

true coals.
BUSSELL.] LITERATURE. 315

STEVENS, R. P. Continued.

In New York Lye. Nat. Hist., Ann., vol. 7,

1862, pp. 414-419.

Cites the conclusions of various geologists in

reference to the age of the coal-bearing

rocks of eastern Virginia and of North

Carolina, and proposes to include there

formations in the Carboniferous.

STEYENS,R. P. 1873.

[Remarks on the natural cokeor "carbonite"

of the Richmond coal field, Va.] 

In New York Lye. Nat. Hist., Proc., 2d ser.

[vol. 1], 1874, p. 73.

Records certain observations -which are 

thought to prove that the natural coke 

has not been formed by the action of the 

heat of trap dikes or associated coal seams, 

as supposed by~W. B. Rogers. 

Stevensburg, Vn. Boundaries of the Newark

near (W. B. Rogers, '40, p. 62). 

Detailed description of geology near (W. B.

Rogers, '40, p. 67). 

Stevenson's mountain, Pa. Trap dike at (H. D.

Rogers, '58, vol. 2, p. 689). 

STILLMAN, T. B. Analysis of native iron by

(Cook, '83, p. 163). 

Stockton, N. J. Conglomerate near (Nason, '89,

p. 16).

Description of quarries near (Cook, '81, p. 59). 

Dip in sandstone at (Cook, '82, p. 26). 

Plant remains in sandstone near (Nason, '89,

p. 27).

Quarry at (Cook, '81, p. 59). 

Sandstone quarries at (Cook, '79, p. 24). 

Section through (Darton, '90, p. 61). 

Small fault near (Nason, '89, p. 32). 

Trap hill near (Nason, '89, p. 36). 

Trap outcrops near (Darton, '90, p. 69). 

Typical localities of gray sandstone near (Nason, '89, p. 24).

STODDER, CHARLES. 1857.

[Evidence as to the relations of sandstone and

trap at Hadley Falls and Amherst, Mass.,

from the transmission of vibrations.]

In Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Proc., vol. 6, p, 267.

Stokesburg, N. C. Brief account of coal near

(McGehee, '83, p. 76). 

Coal from (Genth and Kerr, '81, p. 82. Kerr,

'75, pp. 145, 295).

Coal worked near (Williams, '85, p. 59). 

Stokes county, N. C. Account of the geology of 

(Emmons, '52, pp. 144-153. Mitchell, '42, 

pp. 133-134).

Stouehenge colliery, Va. Analysis of coal from 

(Clifford, '87, p. 10. Macfarlano, '77, p. 515. 

Williams, '83, p. 82). 

Notes on (Taylor, '35, p. 284). 

Stoue House plains, N. J. Sandstone quarry at

(Cook, '79, p. 22). 

Stonersvllle, Pa. Detailed account of dips near

(d'Juvilliers, '83, pp. 216-217). 

Stony brook, N. J. Dip near (Cook, '68, pp. 196,

199).

Stony Point, N. T. Character and origin of the 

Newark conglomerate at (Russell, '78, p. 

253).

Stony Point, N. Y. Continued.

Conglomerate quarries near (Nason, '89, p. 40). 

Description of conglomerate south of (Russell,

'78, p. 236). 

Dip of Newark rocks southward of (Nason,

'89, p. 18).

Note on the strata beneath Newark conglomerate at (J. D. Dana, '80-'81, vol. 22, p. 113). 

Stony ridge, Pa. Description of (Gibson, '20). 

Stontsburg, N. J. Section of trap sheet near

(Darton, '90, p. 66). 

Strike at Chapel Hill, N. C. (Macfarlane, '77, p.

518).

At Cornwall iron mines, Pa., detailed measurements of (Lesley and d'lnvilliors, '85). 

At Hay wood, N. C. (McLenahan, '52, p. 108). 

At King's Point, N. J. (Darton, '83«). 

And dip atLeaksvillo, N. C. (Emmonn, '56, pp.

257,258). 

And dip at Madison, N. C. (Emmons, '52, p.

151).

Of Newark rocks in Massachusetts (E.Hitchcock, '55, p. 226). 

In neighborhood of Meriden, Conn. (W. M.

Davis, '89).

In southern Connecticut, numerous measurements of (Hovey, '89).

In Richmond coal field, Va. (Lyell, '47, p. 2(12). 

Near New Hope, Pa. (H. D. Rogers, '58, vol.

. 2, p. 673). 

Of east border of the Richmond coal field, Va.

(Taylor, '48, p. 48). 

Of fault in quarries at Belleville, N. J. (Cook,

'81, p. 44). 

Of Newark beds at Shuttle Meadow, Conn.

(W. M. Davis, '89, p. 64).

 Of the Newark system in Massachusetts, dotailed account of (E. Hitchcock, '41, p. 448). 

Of outcrop near Egypt, N. C. (E. Enrmons, T;(i,

p. 244).

Of sandstone, etc., in the Connecticut valley;

many observations on (W. M. Davis, '8i).

Of strata in Connecticut valley (E. Hitchcock,

'58, pp. 10, 13). 

Of trap dike in Adams county, Pa. (H. D.

Rogers, '58, vol. 2, p. 691). 

(And dip) in the Wheatley Lode, Pa. (H. D.

Rogers, '58, vol. 2, p. 703). 

In Georgia (Loughridgo, '84, p. 279). 

Near Falmouth, Pa. (Eraser, '80, p. 34). 

NearLittlestown, Pa. (Frazer, '76, pp. 102-

103). 

Prevailing, in the Richmond coal field, Va.

(W. B. Rogers, '36, p. 56). 

Of Newark rocks in Pennsylvania (Frazor,

'77c, p. 654). 

Of sandstone in Massachusetts (Walling,

'78). 

Of trap dikes in Virginia (W. B. Rogers, '39,

p.'82). 

Strinestown, Pa. Trap dikes near (H. D. Rogers,

'58, vol. 2, p. 688). 

Structure of the Newark system briefly discussed

(Kerr, '74).

consideration Of (Cook, '68, pp. 336-339). 

In New Jersey (Cook. '68, pp. 195-205).
316 THE NEWARK SYSTEM. [BULL. 85.

Structure of the Newark system Continued.

In Xevv Jersey, with reference to gneiss belt 

bordering it on the east (D. S. Martin, '76, 

p.120).

In North Carolina (Kerr, '75, p. 191).

On Prince Edward island (Dawson, '78, p. 30).

Review of papers relating to (Cook, '82, pp.

12,14). 

Styles's saw mill, N. J. Boundary of Second

mountain trap at (Cook, '68, p. 183). 

STUB, D. 1888.

DieLunzer (Lettenkohlen) Flora in der "Older 

Mesozoie beds of tbe coal field of Eastern 

Virginia."

In Verhandlungen der K. K. geologischen 

Reichsanstalt, No. 10, 1888, pp. 203-217.

Reviewed by J. Marcou in Am. Geol., vol. 5, 

pp. 160-174.

Noticed in Am. Jour. Sci., 3d ser., vol. 37, p. 496.

A review of "W. M. Fontaine's monograph on 

the Older Mesozoic Flora of Virginia. 

Gives a list of species from Virginia, 

which arc identical with species from the 

Lettenkohle of Germany. Concludes that 

the American beds are the equivalent of 

the Lettenkohle.

STUK, 1). Cited on the fossil plants of the Newark system (Zeiller, '88).

Review of a paper on Newark flora by (Marcou, '90). 

Sufferns, >T . J. Boring near (Cook, '68, p. 175).

Boundary of Newark at (Cook, '68, p. 175).

Boundaries of Newark system near (Cook, '89, 

p. 11).

Conglomerate near (Cook, '82, p. 41).

Dip in sandstone at (Cook, '82, p. 24).

Dip near (Cook, 'C8, p. 195).

Dip of conglomerate at (Cook, '79, p. 30).

Possible connection of trap sheet near (Darton, '90, p. 39).

Thickness of Newark near (Cook, '68, p. 175). 

Sufferns station, N. J. Conglomerate quarries

near (Nason, '89, p. 40).

Sutticld, Conn. Description of fossil footprints 

from (E. Hitchcock, '41, pp. 478-501).

Localities of fossil footprints in (E. Hitchcook, '41, p. 406).

Sandstone quarries near (Shaler, '84, p. 127).

Ridges in (Percival, '42, p. 445). 

Sugar Loaf mountain, Md. Brief account of sandstone quarries near (Tyson, 'CO, appendix, 

pp. 5-6).

Sugar Loaf mountain, Mass. Character of conglomerate at (E. Hitchcock, '35, p. 214).

Conglomerate with graphic granite at (E. 

Hitchcock, '41, p.441).

Description of (E. Hitchcock, '41, p. 247. Percival, '42, p. 409).

Description of sandstone near (Percival, '42, 

pp. 448,450).

Description of scenery near (E. Hitchcock, 

'23, vol. 7, pp. 9-10).

Dip at (E. Hitchcock, '35, p. 223).

Dip and strike of rocks at (E. Hitchcock, '41, 

p.448).

Note on conglomerate near (Nash, '27, p. 247).

Sugartown, Pa. Mention of a trap dike near

(Frazer. '84, p. C93). 

Summersicle, P. E. I. Dip near (Dawsou and Harriugton, '71, p. 18). 

Section at (Hawson and Harriugton, '71, pp.

17-18). 

SummerTille copper mine, >'. J. Mineral found

at (Torrey, '22).

Snncraeks at Middletowu, Conn., brief remarks

on (J. Johnson, '43).

In New Jersey, mention of localities of (Russell,'78, p. 225).

On sandstone of Connecticut valley (E. Hitchcock, '58, pp. 169-170, 173, pi. 46). 

Sunderlaud, Mass. Bituminous shale with fosail

fishes at (E. Hitchcock, '41, p. 443). 

Character of rock at (E. Hitchcock, '41, p.

447). 

Character of rocks exposed at (J. D. Dana,

'83, p. 385).

Coal found in (E. Hitchcock, '41, p. 139). 

Coal in (E. Hitchcock, '35, p. 231). 

Color of strata near (Newberry, '88, p. 8). 

Description of the geology near (W. M. Davis,

'83, p. 259).

Dip and strike in (E. Hitchcock, '41, p. 448). 

Dip at (E. Hitchcock, '35, p. 223). 

Fossil fishes from (Anonymous, '54. Emmona, '57, p. 143. E. Hitchcock, '35, p. 

238, pi. 14, in atlas. Silliman, '21a). 

Account of (E. Hitchcock, '41, p. 458). 

Brief account of (E. Hitchcock, '37, p. 267). 

Descriptions and figures of (Newberry, '88). 

Description of (W. C. Redfield, '41). 

List of (De Kay, '42). 

Mention of (Marcou, '53, p. 42, pi. 6. A.

Smith, '32, p. 219).

Reference to (Brongniart and Silliman, '22). 

Remarks on (Harlan, 34, pp. 92-94. W. C.

Redfield, '42).

Fossil fncoid from (E. Hitchcock, '41, p. 451).

Fossil locality at, mention of (Packard, '71).

Fossil plants from (E. Hitchcock, '41, p. 455).

Descriptions and figures of (Newberry, '88).

Observed near (E. Hitchcock, '41, p. 450).

Fossil shell from (E. Hitehcock, '23, vol. 6,

pp. 76-79).

Section in (E. Hitchcock, '58, pp. 9,10, pi. 3). 

Stratigraphy in (Walling. '78). 

Trap iuterstratified with sandstone at (E.

Hitchcock, '41, p. 654).

Trap near, brief account of (E. Hitchcock, 

'23, vol. 6, pp. 46,47).

Swan creek, N. S. Amygdaloid at (Gesner, '36, 

pp. 251-252).

Coast section east of (Dawson, '78, p. 103).

Contact metamorphism near (Gesner, '36, p. 

254).

Description of (Gesner, '36, pp. 249-259. Jackson and Alger, '33, p. 272).

Dip near (Dawson, '78, p. 104).

Exposures of Newark rocks near (Dawson, '47, 

p. 54).

Fault near (Dawson, '78, p. 104).

Minerals near (Willimott, '84, p.28L).
BUBSELL.J LITERATURE. 317

Swan creek, N. S. Continued.

Rock near (Dawson, '78, pp. 102-104). 

Section near (Dawson, '78, pi. op. p. 125). 

Synclinal near (Dawson, '78, p. 104). 

Sydney mills, N. J. Dip at (Cook, '68, p. 197). 

Synclinal, at Cape Tryon, P. E. I. (Dawson and

Harrington, '71, p. 17). 

Axis near Boundbrook, N. J. (H. D. Rogers,

'40, p. 128). 

In the Richmond coal field, Va., description

of (W. B. Rogers, '36, p. 57). 

Near Swan creek, N. S. (Dawson, '78, p. 104). 

On Prince Edward island (Bain and Dawson,

'85, p. 156). 

Taittclle quarry, Md. Analyses of sandstone

from (Clarke, '89). 

Talbot, Ga. Brief .account of trap dikes in (Henderson, '85, p. 88).

Talbot county, Ga. i'Erap dikes near (Loughridge, '84, p. 279). 

Talcott mountain, Conn. Building stones near

(Percival, 42, p. 439).

Reference to form of (Whelpley, '45, p. 63). 

Trap dikes near (Percival, '42, pp. 308, 310,

369,374,388-389). 

Talman's mine, Conn. Description of trap ridges

near (Percival, '42, p. 404).

Tappan station, N. Y. Boundary of trap outcrop at (Cook '68, p. 177). 

Tarbuc's coal mine, Va. Mention of irou ores

from (W. B. Rogers, '80, p. 152). 

TarifiVille, Conn. Extrusive trap with trap breccia at (Rice, '86). 

Small map of trap ridges near (Davis and

Whittle '89, pi. 3). 

Special account of trap ridges near (Davis

and Whittle, '89, pp. 133-135). 

Trap ridges near (Davis and Whittle, '89, p.

109). 

TAYLOB, P. W. Analysis of sandstone from

Connecticut by (Shaler, '84, p. 127). 

TAYLOB, R. C. 1834. 

[Richmond coal basin and its coal trade.] 

In Pennsylvania Senate Journal, vol. 2, 1833-

'34, p. 567. 

Not seen.

TAYLOB, BICHABD C. 1885.

Memoir of a section passing through the

bituminous coal field near Richmond, Va.

In Pennsylvania Geol. Soc., Trans., vol. 1,

pp. 275-294, pi. 16-17.

Describes the general character of the Richmond coal field, together with the thickness and quality of the coal as exposed in 

a number of mines.

TAYLOB, BICHABD C. 1835a. 

Review of geological phenomena, and the deductions derived therefrom, in 250 miles 

of sections in parts of Virginia and Maryland. Also notice of certain fossil acotyledonous plants in the secondary strata 

of Fredericksburg. 

In Pennsylvania Geol. Soc., Trans., vol. 1,

pp. 314-325, pi. 18-19.

Contains a brief mention of Newark sandstone and conglomerate on the Potomac 

river in Maryland, p. 320.

TAYLOB, BICHABD C. 1841.

Report on the ornithichnites or footmarks of. 

extinct birds, in the New Red sandstone 

of Massachusetts and Connecticut, observed by Prof. Hitchcock, of Amherst. 

See Rogers, Vanuxem, Taylor, Emmons, and

Conrad, 1841.

TAYLOB, RICHABD COWLING. 1848. 

Statistics of coal [etc., etc.], 

Philadelphia, pp. i-cxlviii, 1-754, and six

maps. 

Seecond edition, Philadelphia, 1855, pp. i-xx,

1-610.

Gives a brief review of previous writings on

the Richmond coal field and states the

amount of coal produced per year from

1822-1828.

The age and .structure of the deposit, are also

considered. 

TAYLOB, B. C. Cited as to ago of the coal fields

of North Carolina (Emmous, '56, p. 271). 

Cited on age of the Newark system (Newberry, 88, p. 8. H. D. Rogers, '44, p. 2>1. 

H. D. Rogers, '58, vol. 2, p. 693. Zeillor, 

'88, p. 698).

Cited on the age, etc., of the Richmond coal 

field, Va. (Macfarlane, '77. Mart-oil, '49. 

p. 573. Marcou, '58, p. 13. AV.B. Rogers, 

'43, p. 299).

Cited on Newark flora (Marcou, '90). 

Cited on Richmond coal field (Clifford, '88). 

TAYLOB and CLEM80N. Cited on the age of the 

Richmond coal field, Va. (W. B. Rogors, 

'43, p. 301). 

Taylor's, N. C. Analysis of coal from (Chance,

'85, p. 39).

Section of coal seanm at (Chance, '85, p. 40). 

Taylor's coal mine, N. C. Explorations for coal

at (Chance, '85, p. 36).

Quality of coal found at (Enimons, '52, p. 131). 

Section of coal seams at (Enimoris, '52, pp.

125,126,129). 

TaylorsVille, Pa. Change in the dip of red uhalo

adjacent to a trap dike (Lewis, '82). 

Taylorsville, Va. Description of Newark area

near (Hcinrich, '78, pp. 229-230). 

Tea hills, P. E. I. Rock of (Dawson and Harrington, '71, p. 16).

Section from, to Belfast (Dawsoii and Harrington,'71, pi.). 

Tenafly, N. J. Mention of building stono near

(Cook,'81, p. 43). 

Ten-mile creek, N. B. Dip near (Gesner, '41, p.

14).

Newark rocks at (Matthew, '65, p. 123). 

Ten-mile run, N. J. Dip at (Cook, '68, p. 1:)7). 

Dip in sandstone at (Cook, '82, p. 25). 

Sandstone quarry at (Cook, '79, p. 24). 

Ten-mile run mountain, N. J. Analysis of soil

from (Cook, '78, pp. 37, 39, and map). 

Copper ores near (Cook, '68, p. 679). 

Description of (Cook, '68, pp. 189-190. Cook,

'82, pp. 59-60).

Detailed description of (Darton, '90, pp. 59-61), 

Position of trap near, in the Newark system

(Darton, '89, p. 139). 

Trap rock of (Cook, '82, p. 18).
318 THE NEWARK SYSTEM. [BULL. 85.

Terrace hill, Pa. Boundary of the Newark near

(Frazer, '80, pp. 15,48). 

Thatclier's, R., quarry, near Klinesvllle, N. J.

Fossil Estherias found in (Nason, '89, p. 

30). 

Thickness of coal. At Evans, N. C. (Chance, '85,

pp. 44, 45).

At Gulf, N. C. (Chance, '85, p. 41). 

At Midlothian, Va. (Chance, '85, p. 19). 

At Murchison, N. C, (Chance, '85, p. 49). 

In Egypt shaft, N. C. (Chance, '85, p. 35). 

In Richmond coal field, Va. (Lyell, '66, p. 452. 

Lyell, '47, pp. 263, 264, 265, 267. Newell, 

'89).

Near Leaksville, N. C. (Chance, '85, p. 64). 

Thickness of coal and of natural coke. In the

Richmond coal field, Va. (Coryell, '75). 

Thickness of sandstone. Near Leaksville, N. C.

(Emmons, '57, p. 22).

Near Madison, N. C. (Einmons, '57, p. 22). 

Thickness of the Newark. (Cook,'88. Kerr,'75a.

Newberry, '88, p. 5). 

Brief statement concerning (J. D. Dana, '56, p.

322. H. D. Rogers, '56, p. 32). 

Briefly discussed (Kerr, '74). 

General observations concerning (J. D.

Dana, '75, p. 421).

In Connecticut (J. D. Dana, '73, vol. 5, p. 427). 

Indicated by a, well at New Haven (J. D.

Dana,'83, p. 386). 

In Woodbury - Southbury area (W. M.

Davis, '88, p. 468).

In the Connecticut valley (J. D. Dana, '71, pp. 

46-47. J. D. Dana, '79. W. M. Davis, '88, 

p. 467. E. Hitchcock, '53. E. Hitchcock, 

'58, pp. 11-15. Le Conte, '82, p. 453. Newberry, '88, p. 5. H. D. Rogers, '56, p. 32. 

A. Smith, '32, pp. 219-220). 

In Massachusetts (E. Hitchcock, '55, p. 226. 

E. Hitchcock, '35, pp. 224-228. Emerson, 

'91). 

At Greenfield, Mass. (Emtuons, '57, pp. 5,

6-9,22).

At Mount Tom (E. Hitchcock, jr.,'55, p. 23). 

In New Brunswick, at Quaco Head (Dawson,

'78, p. 108).

In New Jersey (Cook, '68, p. 174. Cook, '79, 

pp. 30-31. Cook, '82, pp. 12-14. Cook, '89, 

p. 13). 

At Newark and Paterson (Shaler, '84, pp.

142-143).

Discussion of (J. D. Dana, 79). 

Estimates of (Cook, '87. Darton, '89, p. 139.

Kussoll, '80a).

Near Amsterdam (Cook, '68, p. 175). 

Near Suflerns (Cook, '68,175). 

In New York (Darton, '90). 

In North Carolina (Emmons, '56, pp. 231-232.

Emmons, '57, p. 30. Kerr, '75, p. 145). 

Discussion of (Chance, '85, pp. 15-16). 

Egypt (Fontaine, '83, p. 100). 

Gulf (Emmons, '57, p,22). 

Hay wood (Fontaine, '83, p. 100). 

In Dan river coal field (Daddow and Bannan, '66, p. 405).

Thickness of the Newark Continued.

Near Farmersville (W.R. Johnson, '51, p. 8). 

Near Farmrille (Chance, '85, pp. 28-35). 

On Deep river, N. C. (Chance, '85, pp. 20,21. 

Daddow and Bannan, '66, p. 405. Emmons, 

'52, pp. 137-139. Jones, '62, p. 91. Macfarlane, 77, pp. 518-519). 

In Nova Scotia, at St. Mary's bay (Jackson

andAlger, '33, pp. 234-235). 

In Pennsylvania (Frazer, '77c, p. 651. Lesley,

'83, pp. 189-190. Lesley, '91). 

Discussion of (Frazer, '77a, pp. 495-497,498-

499).

Estimate of (Lesley, '83, pp. 180-181). 

In Adams county, estimate of (Frazer, '77,

pp. 270,303). 

In Berks county (d'lnvilliers, '83, pp. 200-

201). 

In Bucks county, estimate of (Lesley, '85,

p. xxv). 

In Chester county, calculation of (Lesley,

'83, p. 180).

In York county (Frazer, '85, pp. 402-403). 

In Virginia, Richmond coal field (Clifford, '87, 

pp. 4,23-24. Daddow and Bannan, '66, p. 

398. Foutaine, '83, pp. 6-7. Frazer, '85, 

p. 403. Le Conte, '82, p. 457. Lyell, '47, 

pp. 263, 271. 272. Taylor,'35). 

Mention of (Hitchcock and Hitchcock, '67,

p. 416).

Remark on (H. D. Rogers, '53). 

(So-called) on Prince Edward island (Bain 

and Dawson, '85, p. 155. Dawson, '72, p. 

203. Dawson, '78, pp. 29, 31. Dawson 

and Harringtou, '71, pp. 14,15). 

Thickness of trap in Connecticut, Pond rock

(Hovey, '89, pp. 364-365). 

Southern (Hovey, '89, p. 378). 

In Connecticut valley (Whelpley, '45, p. 63). 

In New Jersey (Cook, '82, p. 46. Darton, '90). 

Watchung trap sheets (Darton, '89, p. 137.

Darton, '90, p. 21). 

In Virginia, Richmond coal field (Lyell '47,

pp. 271, 272). 

Near Carbon hill (Clifford, '87, pp. 11-12).

Third mountain, N. J. Analysis of trap from

(Cook, '68, p. 217). 

Description of (Cook, '68, p. 185). 

Detailed description of (Darton, '90, pp. 32-

39). 

Dips in the associated sandstone (Walling,

'78, p. 196). 

See, also, Long Hill. 

See, also, Watchung mountains.

Thompson's mills, N. J. Boundary of trap near

(Cook, '68, p. 192). 

Thoroughfare flap, Va. Boundary of the Newark

near (W. B. Eogers, '40, p. 63).

Three ridges, N. J. Trap outcrops near (Darton,

'90, p. 70).

Tine's, E., N. J. Dip near (Cook, '68, p. 197). 

Tinicum creek, N. J. Dip in shale at (Cook, '82,

p. 27). 

Tippecanoe coal mine, Va. Analysis of coal from

(Williams, '83, p. 82).
RUSSELL.J LITERATURE. 319

Tippccanoe coal mine, Va. Continued.

Character and efficiency of coal from (W. E. 

Johnson, '50, pp. 133-134, and table op. p. 

134).

Trial of the coal of, for heating purposes (W.

E. Johnson, '44, pp. 405-419,421). 

Titan's piazza, mass. Breoeiated trap at contact 

of trap and sandstone (E. Hitchcock. '41, 

p. C58).

Titan's pier, Mass. Account of the trap rock of 

(E. Hitchcock, '41, pp. 041-643).

Brecciated trap at contact of trap and sandstone (E. Hitchcock, '41, p. C58).

Columnar trap at (E. Hitchcock, '35, pp. 401- 

402).

Contact nietaiuorphism observed at (E. Hitchcock, '35, p. 424).

Dip and strike of rocks at (E. Hitchcock,

'41, p. 448). 

Tltusville, N. J. Dip near (Cook, '68, p. 197).

Dip of shale at (Cook, '79, p. 29. Cook, '82, p. 

26).

Quarries of trap rock at, mention of (G. P. 

Merrill, '89, p. 436).

Trap rock quarries near (Cook, 79, p. 20).

Trap rock quarried near (Cook, '81, p. 62).

Section through (Dartorr, '90, p. 61).

TODD, J. Cited on the discovery of a mass of 

native copper on Hamden hills. Conn. 

(Silliraau, '14, p. 149).

Toket mountain, Conn. Anterior trap ridge of 

(Davis and Whittle, '89, p. 107).

Description of main ridge of (Davis and Whittle, '89, p. 111).

Description of trap ridges near (Percival, '42, 

pp. 326-327,339,343).

Description of, with discussion of geology 

(Hovey, '89).

Discussion of the geological structure of (W. 

M. Davis, '86, p. 346).

Fault near (W. M. Davis, '88, p. 473).

Formed by an overflow trap sheet (W. M. 

Davis, '88, pp. 464,467).

Limestone near (Percival, '42, pp. 316,443).

Sandstone in shale under (Percival, '42, p. 

442).

Sketch map of (W. M. Davis. '88, p. 479).

Small map of north end of (Davis and Whittle, '89, pi. 2).

Small map of south end of (Davis and Whittle,'89, pi. 2).

Strike and dip of sandstone near (Hovey, '89, 

pp. 370-371).

Structure of (W. M. Davis, '88).

Structure of trap rocks of (Percival, '42, p. 

313).

Topographic form of (Percival, '42, p. 303).

Trap conglomerate on (Percival, '42, p. 316). 

Toket and Pond mountains, Conn. Bird's-eye

view of (W. M. Davis, '88, p. 480). 

Tonipklnsville, Richmond county, N. Y. Brief 

reference to trap rocks near (Mather, '38).

Joints and veins near (Mather, '43, p. 625). 

iTooley's point, N. B. Bocks of (Gesner, '40, p. 

19).

TORREY [JOHN]. 1820.

[Note on Datholite from Paterson, N. J.]

In Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 2, p. 369.

Brief account of chemical tests to show the

character of the mineral in question. 

TORKEY [JOHN]. 1822. 

Sunimerville copper mine [Now Jersey]. 

In Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 5, p. 401. 

Describes the location of the mine and gives

a list and description of minerals found

there.

TORREY, J. Cited on the trap of the Palisades.

N. J. (Pierce, '20, p. 183).

Totowa, N. J. Boundary of Second mountain

trap near (Cook, '68, p. 183). 

Towakhow mountain, Tf. J. Analysis of trap

from (Cook, '68, p. 217). 

Description of (Cook, '68, p. 186, Cook, '82,

pp. 54-55).

Origin of (Darton, '89, p. 173). 

See Third Watchung mountain. 

Toughkenamon, Pa. Mention of a, trap dike near

(Frazer, '84, p. 693).

Trap. Amount of iron in (Eussell, '89,'p. 51). 

Amygdaloid minerals of (Jackson, '59a). 

As a building stone (Egleston, '86, p. 666). 

Brief account of (Cooper, '22, pp. 239-243.

Emmons, '52, p. 146. Einmons, '57, pp.

149-151. Marcou, '58, p. 70). 

Dikes of (Macfarlane, '79, pp. 42-43). 

Brief description of (H. D. Eogers, '56, p. 32). 

Brief sketch of (H. D. Rogers, '58, vol. 2, p.

763).

Chemical alteration of (Hawes, '75). 

Columnar structure of, discussed (E. Hitchcock, '35, p. 432). 

Compiled account of (Cleaveland, '22, pp. 746-

747). 

Composition of (W. M. Davis, '83, p. 284.

Gesner, '36, p. 169. Lesley, '83, p. 193). 

Condensed account of (H. D. Eogers, '58, vol.

2, p. 671). 

Considered as a metamorphosed sedimentary

bed (W. M. Davis, '83, p. 280). 

Contact metamorphism produced by (E.

Hitchcock, '35, pp. 433-434). 

Description of (J. D. Dana, '75, pp. 417-420). 

Dikes of (Macfarlane, '79, pp. 42-43). 

Dikes' of, not confined to the Newark (Lesley,

'83, p. 192). 

Effects of, on sandstones, various authors

cited on (W. M. Davis, '83, pp. 300-302). 

Evidence of the extrusive character of certain sheets of (W. M. Davis, '82a, pp.

120-124). 

Example of the lamination of (Lesley, '56, p.

162). 

Examples of ridges of (J. D. Dana, '75, pp.

417-419).

Exposed by denudation (Lyell, '47, p. 273). 

Extrusive sheets of, means of distinguishing

(Davis and Whittle, '89, pp. 100-104). 

Formed by the alteration of earthy sediments

(Frazer, '76b). 

General account of (M'Clure, '22).
320 THE NEWARK SYSTEM. [BULL. 85.

Trap Continued.

General account of the distribution of (G. P. 

Merrill, '89, pp. 433-434).

General characteristics of (Cook, '79, p. 20).

General distribution of dikes (Kerr, 75a).

Hypothesis in reference to the origin of dikes 

(J. D. Dana, '47, pp. 99-100).

Ideal section of sheets of, after I. C. Russell 

(W. M. Davis, '83, p. 281, pi. 9).

Influence of, on strike and dip of associated 

beds (W. B. Rogers, '42).

Intrusion of, among sedimentary bods, discussed (E. Hitchcock, '35, p. 432).

Intrusive character of (Cook, '82, pp. 14-15). 

Opinions of various geologists cited on (W. 

M. Davis, '83, p. 279).

Intrusive sheets of, means of distinguishing 

(Davis and Whittle, '89, pp. 100-104).

Law of distribution of dikes of (Frazer, '76, 

p. 95).

Means of distinguishing extrusive and intrusive sheets (Davis and Whittle, '89, pp. 

100-104).

Mechanical eflccts produced by the intrusion 

of, among stratified rocks (E. Hitchcock, 

'35, p. 432).

Microscopical examination of (E. S. Dana, 

'75).

Miueralogical character of (Mahan, '71, p. 3).

Mineralogical composition of (Hawos, '82).

Not confined to the Newark (Lesley, '83, p. 

193).

Origin and character of (Cook, '79, p. 32).

Origin of (J. D. Dana, '56, pp. 322-323. J. D.

Dana, '73, vol. 6, p. 108). 

Discussed (J. Hall, '55-'59, p. 79. E. Hitchcock, '23, vol. 6, p. 59. Mather, '43, p. 

283).

Origin of columnar form (Iddings, '86).

Origin of name (Gesner, '36, p. 169).

Origin of secondary minerals in (J. D. Dana,

'45). 

Trap in Alabama. Dikes in crystalline rocks

(Bradley, '76. E. A. Smith, '83, p. 556). 

Trap in Connecticut. About New Haven, description of (J. D. Dana, '71, pp. 46-47).

Age of, discussed (Hovey, '89).

Arrangement of dikes in the crystalline area 

of (Percival, '42, p. 320).

At New Haven, description of (J. D. Dana,

'71, pp. 46-47). 

Garnets in (E. S. Dana, '77).

At Kocky Hill, description of (Silliman, '30,

pp. 124-130).

Junction of, with sandstone beneath (Silliman, '30, pp. 122-131).

At Tariffville, extrusive, with breccia (Rice, 

'86).

At Trumbull, description of trap dikes in 

Primary rocks (Percival, '42, pp. 416-417).

At AVallingford, dikes (Chapin, '35).

At West Rock, account of (Silliman, '2Qa, pp. 

202-203).

At Woodbury, account of (Silliman, '20a, pp. 

231-233).

At Woodbury-Southbury area (Whelpley, '45, 

p. 62).

Trap in Connecticut Continued.

Brief account of dikes in crystalline rocks 

(Percival, '42, pp. 308-310).

Brief account of the distribution of (Percival, '42, pp. 10-11).

Brief discussion of (Porcival, '42, pp. 310-311).

Character of (Percival, '42, pp. 312, 426).

Contact metamorphism associated with (Hovey, '89, pp. 369-375).

Contact phenomena of accompanying dikes in 

crystalline areas (Percival, '42, p. 317).

Description of breccias of (Percival, '42, p. 

316).

Description of conglomerate of (Percival, '42, 

p. 316).

Detailed description of (Percival, '42, pp. 299- 

426).

Dikes in the Primary rocks, detailed description of (Percival, '42, pp. 412-426). 

Structure of (Percival, '42, p. 312).

Disturbance produced by dikes (Lyell, '54, p. 

12).

East Haven-Bradford region (Hovoy, '89).

Erosion indicated by (Russell, '80a).

Fair Haven, mention of (Hovey. '89, p. 377).

Gaylors mountain, fragments in sandstone 

(Davis and Whittle, '89, p. 106).

In Southbury, account of (Silliruau, '20a, pp. 

231-233).

Intrusive and extrusive sheets of (Davis and 

Whittle, '89).

Metals associated with (Percival, '42, p. 317).

Metamorphism produced by (Davis and Whittle, '89).

Microscopical examination of (Hovey. '89).

Microscopical structure of (Davis and Whittle, '89, pi. 4).

Minerals of (E. S. Dana, '77).

Near Kensington, mention of (Percival, '22).

Near Meriden, brief account of dikes (J. D.

Dana, '70. C. H. S. Davis, 70). 

Map of ridges of (W. M. Davis, '89c, p. 424). 

Structure of sheets of (W. M. Davis, '89).

Note on dikes (Lyell, '47, p. 273).

Origin of, discussed (Hovey, '89).

Origin of the crescent form of ridges of (Hovey, '89, p. 379).

Outcrops of, described and mapped (Davis 

and Whittle, '89).

Quarries of (G. P. Merrill, '89, p. 434. Shaler, 

'84, p. 127).

Relation to associated rocks (Percival, '42, pp. 

426-452).

Relation to sandstone, shale, etc. (Percival, 

'42, pp. 426-452).

Remarks on (J. D. Dana, 72).

Remarks on crescent form of (H. D. Rogers, 

'43c.)

Structure of ridges of (J. D. Dana, 75a, p. 

502).

System of (Percival, '42, pp. 322-410).

Two clnsses of (Percival, '42, p. 312). 

Trap in Connecticut valley. Account of (A. 

Smith, '32, pp. 224-227).

Age of (E. Hitchcock, '47a, p. 203).

Breccia (Rice, '86).

Brief account of (Porter, '22).
BU88ELL.] LITERATURE. 321

Trap In Connecticut valley Continued.

Brief account of dikes (Danberry, '39, pp. 22,

23). 

Brief account of hills of (J. D. Dana, '73, vol.

6, p. 105).

Brief description of (Russell, '78, p. 242-243). 

Brief description of conglomerate of (E.

Hitchcock, '44c, pp. 6-8). 

Conglomerate (E. Hitchcock, '58, pp. 18-19). 

Connection of, with dip of associated sandstone (Silliman, jr., '42). 

Crescent-shaped ridges of (Silliman, '44). 

Date of extrusion of (E. Hitchcock, '35, p.

513). 

Described and compared with similar rocks in

other strdta (E. Hitchcock, '35, p. 409). 

Description of (E. Hitchcock, '47a, pp. 199-

207). 

Detailed account of (W. M. Davis, '88, pp.

462-466. Davis and Loper, '91). 

Detailed description of anterior ridges of ("W.

M. Davis, '88). 

Detailed description of posterior ridges of

(W. M. Davis, '88).

Distribution of (A. Smith, '32, pp. 224-227). 

Elevations of ridges of (J. D. Dana, '71, pp.

46-47). 

Explanation of crescent form of ridges of (W.

M. Davis, '82a, pp. 123-124). 

General account of (Chapin, '87. Davis and

Loper, '91. Eaton, '20, pp. 249-256. E.

Hitchcock, '58, p. 10. Silliman, 10, pp.

95-97). 

General description of (E. Hitchcock, '23, vol.

6, pp. 44-80, vol. 7, pp. 1-16. 29-30). 

General description of ridges of (E. Hitchcock, '41, pp. 647-650). 

Geological relation of (E. Hitchcock, '23, vol.

6, p. 50.)

Intrusive origin of (J. D. Dana, *71a). 

Intrusive sheets of (W. M. Davis, '88, pp.

463-464).

Magnetism of (E. Hitchcock, '45a). 

Mineralogical composition of (Silliman, '14). 

Minerals associated with (Silliman, 18a). 

Mode of formation (E. Hitchcock, '58, pp. 17-

20). 

Mode of formation of considered (Silliman,

jr., '44). 

Mode of formation of tufa (E. Hitchcock, '47o,

p. 203). 

Not accountable for the dip of stratified rocks

(E. Hitchcock, '53). 

Observations on the origin of sheets of (W.

M. Davis, '82).

Occurrence of, in strata (Jackson, '50, p. 336). 

Order of arrangement of dikes (Percival, '42,

p. 302).

Origin of (J. D. Dana, '73, vol. 5, p. 431). 

Origin of crescentio form of ridges of ("Whelpley, '45, p. 63).

Origin of, discussed (W. M. Davis, '896). 

Origin of ridges of, discussed (E. Hitchcock,

'35, p. 513). 

Origin of sheets of (W. M. Davis, *82o).

Bull. 85 21

Trap in Connecticut valley Continued.

Overflow sheets (W. M. Davis, "88, pp. 464- 

466).

Principal overflows of, indicated (W. M. Davis, '88, p. 467).

Reference to (Newberry, '88, p. 5).

Reference to ridges of (J. D. Dana, '47, pp. 

391-392).

Relation of, to elevation of associated sandstone (E. Hitchcock, '58, pp. 15-17).

Relation of, to fossil footprints (E. Hitchcock, 

'58, pp. 19, 20).

Relation of, to other trap systems (Jackson, 

!45).

Relation to topography (Lyell, '54, p. 33).

Relation to the transmission of vibrations 

(Stodder, '57).

Remarks on the origin of (Brigham, '69, pp. 

24-25).

Ridge of (Russell, '78, pp. 244-248).

Structural significance of overflow sheets ("W. 

M. Davis, '88, p. 467).

Topography of (W. M. Davis, '86, p. 344).

Topography of ridges of (E. Hitchcock, ? 47a, 

pp. 201-202).

Volcanic tufa d^sciibed (E. Hitchcock, : 44). 

Trap in Georgia. Brief account of dikes (Henderson, '85. p. 88. T. P. James, '76, p. 38 

and map. Little, '78, p. 14).

Dikes in crystalline rocks (Bradley, '76). 

Trap In Massachusetts. Account of amygdaloidal 

(E. Hitchcock, '41, pp. 644-645).

Account of columnar (E. Hitcncock, '35, pp. 

399-402).

Account of conglomerate of (E. Hitchcock, '35, 

p. 215).

Account of porphyritic (E. Hitchcock, '41, p. 

644).

Account of tufaceous (E. Hitchcock, '41, pp. 

644-645,648).

At Deerfield, lithology of (Emerson, '82, pp. 

196-198).

At Greenfield, brief account of (tuff) (E. Hitchcock, '35, p. 409).

At Mount Holyoke, brief accountof (E. Hitchcock, '55«, pp. 87-88). 

Brief account of tuff (E. Hitchcock, '35, p.

409). 

Columnar character of (Eaton, 18, p. 34).

At Mount Tom, junction of, with sandstone

(E. Hitchcock, '35, p. 421). 

Tuff on east side of (E. Hitchcock, '24, pp.

245-247).

Tuff on west side of (E. Hitchcock, '35, p. 

409).

Brief account of (E. Hitchcock, '35, pp. 23-24, 

31,202,205).

Brief account of amygdaloid (E. Hitchcock, 

'35, pp. 404-405).

Brief account of economic value of (E. Hitchcock, '41, pp. 152-153).

Brief account of tufacoous (E. Hitchcock, '35, 

p. 405).

Catalogue of specimens (E. Hitchcock, '41, pp. 

819-320).
322 THE NEWARK SYSTEM. [BULL. 85.

Trap in Massachusetts Continued.

Chemical effects of, on adjacent strata (E.

Hitchcock, '41, pp. 657-6.i9). 

Description of (E. Hitchcock, '41, pp. 640-663)- 

Description of columnar (E. Hitchcock, '41,

pp. 641-643). 

Description of ridges of (E. Hitchcock, '35, pp.

408-410). 

Detailed account of (E. Hitchcock, '35, pp.

399-401).

Dips of, in associated sandstone ("Walling, '78). 

Influence of, on the inclination and character

of associated sedimentary beds (E. Hitchcock, '55, p. 227).

In gneiss (E. Hitchcock, '41, pp. 648-650). 

List of specimens of (E. Hitchcock, '35, pp.

669-670). 

Lithological character of (E. Hitchcock, '41,

pp. 641-643). 

Mineral contents of (E. Hitchcock, '41, pp.

660-663).

Origin of ranges of (Emerson, '87, pp. 19-20). 

Quarries of (G. P. Merrill, '89, p. 435). 

Eolation to other rocks (E. Hitchcock, '41, pp.

650-655).

Specific gravity of (Walling, '78, pp. 191-192). 

System of, described (E. Hitchcock, '35, pp.

513-514). 

Topography of (E. Hitchcock, '35, pp. 405-410.

E. Hitchcock, '41, pp. 646-650). 

Trap In New Brunswick. (Bailey, '72, pp. 220-

227. Bailey, Matthew, and Ells, '80, p.

23D. Gesner, '40, pp. 16, 17, 22. Gesner,

'41, pp. 15,16,33). 

General statements concerning (Geaner, '39,

pp. 12-13, 14,15,16,17,18,46,47,51,59). 

Intrusive (Bailey, Matthew, and Ells, '80, p.

23D). 

Mention of (Bailey, Matthew, and Ells, '80,

note 1 on map No. 1, S. E., accompanying). 

On Grand Maiian island (Bailey, '72. Bailey,

Matthew, and Ells, '80, map No. 1, S. W.,

accompanying, and note 7 on map. Chapman, '72. Chapman, '78, p. 106. Verril,

78). 

Trap in New Hampshire. Dike§ (Hubbard, '50,

p. 170).

Trap in New Jersey. Analyses of (Cook, '68, pp. 

215-218).

Bells mountain, described (H. D. Rogers, '40, 

p. 152).

Bergen hill, analysis of (Darton, '83).

Bored wells in (Cook, '85, pp. 122-123).

Bowlders of, on west side of Newark area (Nason,'89, pp. 40nt2).

Brief account of dikes (Cook, '87, p. 126).

Brief account of (Cozzens, '43, pp. 48-49).

Brief account of (D. S. Martin, '88, pp. 8-9).

Brief account of (Nuttall, '22, pp, 239-241).

Brief reference to ridges of (Newberry, '88, 

p. 5).

Brief remarks on the origin of (T. S. Hunt, 

'74).

Columnar (Cook, '68, pp. 202-205. Cook, '84, 

pp. 22-28).

Conglomerate of (Cook, '68, p. 337),

Trap In New Jersey Continued.

Crescent form of ridges of (W. M. Davis, '820,

pp. 123-124. H. D. Rogers, !43c). 

Crescent-shaped ridges of (Silliman, '44). 

Description of (Cook, '82, pp. 22,43-66). 

Description of outcrops of (Cook, '82, pp. 43-

66).

Detailed account of (Darton, '90. H. D. Rogers, '36, pp. 159-170. H. D. Rogers, '40, pp.

141-158). 

Detailed description of outcrops, etc. (Cook,

'68, pp. 176-194). 

Development of ridges of (Davis and "Wood,

'89).

Dikes in Archean rocks (Nason, '90). 

Diluvial scratches on (Cook, '68, p. 228). 

Dip of associated sandstone (H.D. Rogers, '40,

p. 121). 

Discussion of the origin of (Cook, '33, pp. 22-

26).

Distribution of, in (Cook, '82, p. 19). 

Diverse dips adjacent to (Nason; '89, p. 19). 

Division of, into northwest and southwest

areas (Nason, '89, p. 34). 

Elevations of ridges of (Cook, '68, pp. 20-21). 

Ellipsoidal lines of ridges of (Cook, '82, p. 32). 

Erosion indicated by (Russell, '80a). 

First mountain, junction of, with sandstone

(Cook, '82, pp. 50-52). 

Formation of ridges of (Russell, '78, pp. 244-

246). 

General account of (Cook, '82, p. 22. Cozzens,

'43, pp. 47-48. Credner, '70. Eaton, '20,

pp. 249-256. Pierce, '20. H. D. Rogers.

'40, pp. 114-117). 

General description of (Russell, '78, pp. 241-

246).

General dip of (Russell, '80, p. 50). 

Goat hill, alterations produced by (H. D.

Rogers, '36, p. 156). 

 Hudson county, described (Eussell, '80,' pp.

35-45). 

Hunterdon copper mine, interstratified with

shale (Dickeson, '59, pp. 8,10). 

Intrusive (Cook, '68, pp. 20, 202-205. Cook,

'79, p. 33. Cook, '83, p. 166. Cook,.'87, p.

127).

Intrusive nature of (H. D. Rogers, '40, p. 145).

Intrusive sheets of (Kussell, 78a).

Lithological character of (Nason, '89, p. 37).

Lithological description of (Cook, '68, p. 207).

Lithology of (Cook, '68, p. 207).

Little Falls, erosion of (Cook, '82, pp. 15-16).

Magnetite in (Cook, '68, p. 338).

Martin's dock, description of dikes (Cook, '82, 

pp. 58-59, pi. 6).

Metamorphism near, brief account of (Credner, 70).

Metamorphism. produced by (Davis and "Whittle, '89).

Minerals accompanying (Cook, '68, p. 225).

Montville, origin of conglomerate of (Nason, 

'90).

Native iron in (Cook, 74, pp. 56-57).

Newark, in bored well (Ward, 79, p. 150)..

Newark bay (Cook, '68, p. 177).
RUSSELL.] LITERATURE. 323

Trap in New Jersey Continued.

Orange, columnar (Cook, '84, pp. 23-28). 

Orange, near, description of columnar (Iddings, '86).

Orange, intrusive (Cook, '84, pp. 23-28). 

Orange, popular description of (Heilprin, '84). 

Origin of (W. M. Davis, '82. H. D. Eogers,

'36, p. 160). 

Origin of curved form of ridges of (Cook, '87,

p. 127).

Origin of ridges of, discussed (Darton, '89). 

Origin of sheets of (Cook, '87. W. M. Davis,

'82a). 

Palisades, general account of (Akerly, '20, pp.

27-28, 31-37, 57, 62-64). 

Analysis of (J. D. Dana, '72). 

Intrusive (Cook, '68, p. 200). 

Metamorphic origin of (B. 3sT. Martin, '70). 

Section of (Cook, '68, p. 200). 

Paterson, near (Cook, '68, pp. 202-203). 

Junction of, with sandstone (J. H. Hunt,

'90).

Thickness of (Shaler, '84, p. 143). 

Preference for the name intrusive (Cook, '89,

p. 12). 

Quarries of (Cook, '79, p. 25. Cook, '81, pp.

60-63. G. P. Merrill, '89, p. 435. Shaler,

'84, pp. 145-146). 

Relation of ridges of, to drainage lines (Nason,

'89, p. 43). 

Rocky hill, metamorphism produced by (J. D.

Dana,'43, pp. 113-114). 

Sand hills (Cook and Smock, '78, p. 233). 

Soils formed from (Cook, '78, pp. 37,39-40). 

Sourland mountain, description of (H. D. Bog

ers, '40, pp. 152-158).

Successive sheets of (Darton, '90, pp. 24-25). 

Summary of conclusions concerning (Cook,

'89, p. 14).

Thickness of (Cook, '82, p.46). 

Topography of (Cook, '68, pp. 20-21). 

Varieties of (H. D. Rogers, '40, pp. 143-145). 

"Weehawken, microscopical characters of (G.

P. Merrill, '84, p. 24, pi. 8). 

Intrusive (Cook, '82, p. 45).

Trap in New York. Closter, basaltic columns in

 (Akerly, '20, p. 33). 

Detailed description of (Darton, '90). 

Extent of (Mather, '43, pp. 278-282). 

General account of (Eaton, '20, pp. 249-256). 

Haverstraw (Darton, '90, p. 49). 

Origin of (Mather, '43, p. 283). 

Palisades, analysis of (Newberry, '70).

Brief account of (Emmons, '42, pp. 16-17). 

Rockland county, brief account of (Mather, 

'39, pp. 116-117, 122-123. Mather, '43, p. 

279).

Staten island, brief account of (Chamberlin, 

'86. Cozzens, '43, p. 56. T. S. Hunt, '83, p. 

173. Mather, '43, pp. 278-283). 

Exposures of (Britton, '81, pp. 168-170, pis.

15,16). 

Mention of (Mather, '38).

Trap in North Carolina. Alteration of coal near 

dikes (Tuoiney, 48, pp. 46,68. Gehth and 

Kerr, '81, p. 82).

Trap in North Carolina Continued.

Brief account of (Emmons, '57, pp. 150, 151. 

. Henderson,'85, p. 88. Kcrr,'74. Kerr,'75.

Mitchell, '42, pp. 130-134). 

Chapel bill, mention of (Willis, '86, p.307). 

Dan river coal field (Emmons '56, p. 258. Maci'arlane, '77, pp. 526-527). 

Decomposition of (Burbank, '73, pp. 151-152). 

Deep river coal field (Chance, '85, p. 59. Eminons, '52, p. 137. Wilkes, '58, pp. 7-8). 

Dikes in crystalline rocks (Bradley, '76). 

First detenhination of (Mitchell, 42, p. 39). 

Gulf, alteration of coal at (Tuomey, '48, pp.

103-104).

Mitchell cited on (Lyell, '47, p. 273). 

Sanford, analysis of (Clarke, '87, p. 138).

Trap in Nova Scotia. Absence of stratification

in (Emmons, '36, p. 336). 

Brief account of (Chapman, '78, pp. 110-113.

Emmons, '36, p. 335. Gesner, '36, pp, 72,

73, 74,80,169-265. Honeyman,'85, pp. 122-

124,127. Jackson and Alger, '33, p. 284). 

Blomidon (Dawson, '78, pp. 91, 94. Gesner,

'36, pp. 211, 220, 221. Dawson, '47, pp. 55-

56).

Ainygdaloidal (Gesner, '36, pp. 211, 220,221). 

General account of (Honeyman, '79, pp. 27-

28).

Microscopical character of (Marsters, '90). 

CapeD'Or (Jackson and Alger, '33, p. 263). 

Cape Sharp, mode of extrusion (Dawson,'78,

p. 106).

Containing manganese (Gilpin, 85, p. 8). 

Copper associated with (How, '69, pp. 65-66). 

Description of (Dawson, '78, pp. 86-125). 

Dikes expanding into sheets (Ells, '85, p. 7E). 

General account of (Alger, '27. Dawson, '78,

pp. 87-88).

Gerrish mountain (Dawson, '78, p. 101). 

Magnetite in (How, '75, vol. l,pp. 136-137). 

Mention of (Williinott, '84, p.24L). 

Minas basin (Dawson, '47, pp. 53-55. Ells, '85,

p.7E).

Mineral composition of (Dawson, '78, p. 112). 

Mode of extrusion (Dawson, '47, p. 58). 

Moore river, near (Dawson, '78, p. 103). 

Of North mountain (Dawson, '47, pp. 55-58). 

Swan creek, near (Dawson, '78, pp. 103-105). 

Trout creek, minerals near (Gesner, '36, pp.

183-184).

Submerged ledges, (Perley, '52, p. 159). 

Potapique river (Dawson, '78, p. 100). 

Specific gravity of (How, '75, vol. 1, p. 138).

Trap in Pennsylvania. Adams county (Frazer,

'77).

Examination of (Frazor, '75). 

Localities of (Frazer, '77). 

Optical properties of (Frazer, '76, pp, 124-

129). 

Analyses of (Frazer, '82, pp. 147-150. Genth,

'81). 

Associated with copper and lead (Lesley, '83,

pp. 193-195).

Boiler's crossing, near (Frazer, '77, pp. 267- 

273).
324 THE NEWARK SYSTEM. [BULL. 85.

Trap In Pennsylvania Continued.

Brief description of (Frazer, '82, pp. 142-150. 

Frazer, '83, p. 219. Lewis, '85, p. 443." H. 

D. Kogers, '39, pp. 21-22. H. D. Kogers, '58, 

vol. 1, p. 214. H. D. Rogers, !58, vol. 2, pp. 

671,699. T. P. Smith,'99). 

Berks county, brief account of (d'ln .nlliers,

'83, pp. 199-200,203-204,200-226). 

Influence of, on dips (d'lnvilliers, '83, p. 48). 

Bucks county, brief account of (Lesley, '85, p.

xxix). 

Caernarvon township, mention of (Frazer, '80,

p. 51). 

Carlisle, mention of, near (Macfarlane, '79, p.

107). 

Cashtown, near (Frazer, '77, pp. 295-299, pi.

op. p. 298).

Chester county (Frazer, '83, pp. 219, 220, 221, 

233, 234, 235, 230, 237, 238, 241, 245,240,274, 

281, 282,285, 280,288,292,298, 307). 

Brief account of dikes (Lesley, '85, p. xxxvii). 

Collins, detailed account of dikes, near (Frazer, '80, pp. 103-104).

Conewago hills, description of (Gibsou. '20). 

Conoy township, description of (Frazer, '80,

pp. 33-35). 

Cornwall iron mines, analyses of (Lesley and

d'lnvilliers, '84). 

Brief account of (d'lnvilliers, 860., pp. 876-

879). 

Detailed account of (Lesley and d'luvilliers,

'85). 

Dikes (H. D. Kogers, '58, vol. 2, pp. 718-719). 

Illustrations of (Lesley and d'luvilliers, '85). 

Dikes, alterations produced by (Lewis, '82). 

Brief account of (H. D. Kogers, '58, vol. 2,

pp. 674, 684).

Courses of (Lesley, '83, p. 194). 

Crystalline rocks (Lesley, '83, pp. 48, 194.

H. D. Kogers, '58, vol. 2, p. 699). 

Detailed account of (H.D. Rogers,'58, vol.

1, pp. 684-692).

Frequency of (Lesley, '83, p. 181). 

Review concerning (Frazer, '84). 

Dillsburg, near (Frazer, '77, pp. 222,230-236,

317-331).

Associated with iron ore 'Frazer, '82, p. 130). 

Discussion concerning (Frazer, '77, pp. 267-

273,317-331).

Relation to iron ore (Frazer, '76d). 

Downingtou, near (Frazer, '83, p. 234). 

Dreshertown, mention of, near (C. E. Hall, '81,

p. 65). 

East Cocalico township, mention of (Frazer,

'80, p. 43). 

East Douglas township, mention of (Frazer,

'80, p. 52).

East Nantmeal (Frazer, '83, p. 233). 

Easttown (Frazer, '83, pp. 285,286,288. Lesley,

'83, p. 138). 

Elizabeth copper mine, near (H. D. Rogers,'58,

vol. 2, p. 707). 

Elizabeth township, brief account of (Frazer,

'80, p. 40).

Extrusive (Lesley, '83, p. 194). 

Fairfield, near (H, D. Rogers, '58, vol. 2, p. 684).

Trap in Pennsylvania Continued.

Falmouth, detailed account of dikes, near

(Frazer, '80, pp. 103-104). 

Flying hill, interstratifled with shale etc..

(d'lnvilliers, '83, pp. 203-204). 

Franklin county, localities of (Frazer '77) 

General description of (Lesley, '83. pp. 192-

194).

Gettysburg, near (Frazer, '77, pp. 295-299). 

Chemical and microscopical examination of

(Frazer, '77, pp. 309-312). 

Weathering of (Frazer, 74). 

Gulf mills, analysis of (C. E. Hall, '81, pp. 20,

133-134).

Honey Bush (Frazer, 83, p. 246). 

Hopewell mine (Frazer, '83, pp. 235, 230). 

Lancaster county, brief account of (Frazer,

'80, pp. 2, 27-31,124,125). 

Landis's ore bank (Frazer, '77, p. 220). 

Lebanon county, brief account of (Lesley, '85,

pp. Ixiv, Ixviii, pi. 35). 

Marion township (C. E. Hall, '81, p. 84). 

Marsh township, brief account of (C. E. Hall,

'81, pp. 74-75). 

Mechanicsville, analysis of, near (C. E. Hall,

'81, pp. 20,133-134). 

Mention of (Frazer, '77, pp. 274-277, pi. op. p.

274). 

Metamorphism produced by (H. D. Rogers,

'39, p. 22). 

Mineralogical composition of (Frazer, '76e, p.

146. Frazer, '82, pp. 144-147). 

Mine ridge, near (H. D. Rogers, '58, vol. 2, p.

709).

Mode of intrusion (d'lnvilliers, '83, p. 203). 

Montgomery county, description of (C. E.

Hall, '81, pp. 19-23). 

Mount Holly, description of (Frazer, '77, pp.

274-277). 

New Hope, mention of (H. D. Rogers, '48. H.

D. Kogers, '58, vol. 2, p. 673). 

North Chester county (Lesley, '83, p. 211). 

North Coventry (Frazer, '83, p. 220). 

Pleasant View, near (Frazer, '80, p. 48). 

Quarries of (G. P. Merrill, '89, p. 430). 

Resume concerning (Frazer, '82, p. 172). 

St. Mary's, near (H. D. Rogers, '58, vol. 2, pp.

707,708).

Shelley's ore bank (Frazer, '77, p. 222). 

South Coventry (Frazer, '83, p. 221). 

South mountain, near (H. D. Rogers, '58, vol.

2, p. 690).

Springfield township (C. E. Hall, '81, p. 80). 

Spring Garden, near (Frazer, '80, p. 67). 

Steele's pits (Frazer, '83, p. 241). 

Stony ridge (Gibson, '20). 

Tredyffson dikes (Frazer, '83, pp. 281,282). 

Upper Morion, brief account of (C. E. Hall,

'81, p. 84). 

Valley Forge, direction of dikes, near (Lesley,

'83, pp. 195-196).

"Warwick mine (Frazer, '83, pp. 234,237,238). 

"Wellsville, near (Frazer, '77, pp. 230-236). 

"West Chester, brief account of, near (Finch,

'28).

West Cocalico 'township, brief account of 

(Frazer, '80, pp. 42-43).
BU88ELL.] LITERATURE. 325

Trap in Pennsylvania Continued.

West Donegal township, description of (Frazer, '80, pp. 36-37).

West Goshen (Frazer, '83, p. 292).

West Nautmeal (Frazer, '83, p. 245).

West Town (Frazer, '83, p. 298).

Wheatley lode, dikes (H. D. Rogers, '58, vol. 

2, pp. 702,703).

White Marsh township (C. E. Hall, '81, p. 75).

Williamson's point, analysis of (Frazer, '78). 

Chemical and optical study of (Frazer, 78). 

Illustrations of thin sections of (Frazer, '80, 

pl.7).

Woodsville (Frazer, '83, p. 307).

Yardleyville, near (Lewis, '82).

York, analysis of, near (Frazer, '76, pp. 122-

124). 

Chemical and optical study of (Frazer, '75a).

York county, hrief account of (Frazer, '85, p.

404).

Examination of thin sections of (Frazor, '75). 

Localities of (Frazer, !77). 

Optical properties of (Frazer, '76, pp. 124- 

129).

York Haven, mention of, near (H. D. Rogers,

'58, vol. 2, pp. 677, 678).

Trap on Prince Edward island. (Dawson, '72, p. 

203. Dawson and Harrinetou, '71, pp. 21, 

22,49. Ells,'84, pp. HE, 18E).

Age of (M'Kay, '66).

On Hog island (Chapman, '76, p. 92. Chapman, '78, p. 121. Da\vsou, '78, p. 123. Dawson,'78a, pp. 29,31).

Trap in South Carolina. Brief account of (Butler, '83. Hammond, '84, pp. 460-467. Tuoiney, '48, pp. 68,103-104,113. Hendorson, 

'80, p. 88).

Description of (Tnomey, '44).

Dikes in crystalline rocks (Bradley, '76).

Soils resulting from (Hammond, '84, p. 497). 

Trap in Vermont. Denudation indicated by

(Adams, '46, pp. 160-162).

Trap in Virginia. Brief account of (Heinrich, '78, 

p. 244).

Buck hill, mention of (Clifford, '88, p. 252).

Carbon hill, natural coke near (Clifford, '87, 

pp. 11,13,14).

Clover Hill, mention of (De la Beche, '48, p. 

Ixvi).

Detailed account of (W. B. Rogers, '39, pp. SI83. W. B. Rogers, '40, pp. 64-69).

Farmville, reference to dikes, near (Daddow 

and Bannan, '66, p. 402).

Midlothian, associated with coke (Clifford, '87, 

pp. 11,13-14).

Mineralogical and chemical composition of 

(Campbell and Brown, '90).

Prince William county, metamorphism produced by (W. B. Rogers, '55c).

Quarries of (Or. P. Merrill, '89, p. 436. Shaler, 

'84, p. 179).

Richmond coal field (Lyell, '47, p. 271). 

Influence on coal (W. B. Rogers, '546). 

Relation to coke (Daddow and Bannan, '66, 

p. 400. W. B. Rogers, '54a. W. B. Rogers, 

'546).

Trap in Virginia Continued.

Richmond coal field, remarks on (Heinrich, '75).

Thickness of (Lyell, '47, pp. 271-272). 

Near Staunton, description of (Darton and

Diller, '90). 

Trap, origin of native copper associated with

(Sillhnan and Houghton, '44). 

Overflow origin of, opinions of various geologists cited on (W. M. Davis, '83, pp. 279-

280). 

Overflow origin of sheets of (W. M. Davis,

'82).

Overflows of, from submarine volcanoes (Foster, '51). 

Possible origin of ridges of (Lesley, '56, pp.

132-137).

Quarries of (Gr. P. Merrill, '89, pp. 433-435) 

Relation of, to associated sandstone (W. M.

Davis, '83, pp. 284-291). 

To copper ores in sandstones (Lyell, '54, p. 

. 33). 

To zeolite minerals, native copper, etc.,

(Jackson, '56). 

Theoretical considerations concerning (Cook,

'68, pp. 336-339).

Unity of (J. D. Dana, '73, vol. 6, p. 108). 

Various authors cited on dikes of (W. M.

Davis, '83, pp. 291-293). 

Various authors cited on the cause of the

curved forms of certain ridges of (W. M.

Davis, '83, pp. 305-307). 

Various authors cited on sheets of (W. M.

Davis, '83, pp. 293-300). 

Trenton, N. J. Analysis of sandstone from

(Cook, '68, pp. 515,516). 

Boundary of Newark near (Cook, '68, pp

175,176. Cook, '89, p. 11. Lesley, '83, p.

183. H. D. Rogers, '40, p. 118. H. D.

Rogers, '58, vol. 2, p. 668). 

Brief account of conglomerate near (H. D

Rogers, '40, pp. 119-120). 

Building stone near (Cook, '68, pp. 510-511). 

Character of strata west of (H. D. Rogers, '58,

vol. 2, p. 672). 

Conglomerate near (H. D. Rogers, '36, pp.

155,157-158). 

Contact of the Newark with gneiss near (H.

D. Rogers, '58, vol. 2, p. 668). 

Dip at (Cook, '68, pp. 196,197. Cook, '79, p. 29.

Cook, '82, p. 26. Nason, '89, p. 18. H. D.

Rogers, '40, p. 120). 

Fault near (Cook, '89, p. 14). 

Fossil crustaceans found near (Nason', '89, p.

29).

Fossil fishes found near. (Nason, '89, p. 29). 

Gneiss bordering the Newark system near

(Nason, '89, p. 16). 

Junction of sandstone and gneiss at (Cook,

'68, p. 247). 

Sandstone near (Cook, '68, p. 208. Cook, '79,

p. 24. Cook, '82, p. 20. H. D. Rogers,

'40, p. 126).

Section from, to Milford (Cook, '79, p. 28). 

Section from, to Riegelsville, N. J. (Cook, '68,

p. 199, and map in portfolio). 

Small coal seam near (Nason, '89, p. 27).
326 THE NEWARK SYSTEM. [BULL. 85.

Trenton, X. J. Continued.

Unconformity at base of Newark system 

near (Conrad, '39). H. D. Rogers, '36, 

pp. 144-145). 

Tribue's coal mine, Va. Notes on (Taylor, '35, p.

284). 

Triinbleville, Pa. Trap dike near (Lewis, '85,

p. 445). 

Trimmer's mill, X. J. Trap boundary at (Cook,

'68, p. 194).

Trinity college, Conn. Special account of quarry

near (Davis and Whittle, '89, pp. 120-122).

Trio islands, X. S. Description of (Jackson and

Alger, '33, pp. 272-275). 

Trout cove, N. S. Description of (Jackson and

Alger, 33, p. 232).

Trowbridge mountain, N. J. Boundary of Newark near (Cook, '68, p. 175. H. D. Rogers, 

'40, p. 118). 

Troy, X. C. Silicifled trees near (Einmons, '56,

p. 284). 

True vein copper mine, X. J. Boundary of First

mountain trap at (Cook, '68, p. 182). 

Description of (Cook, '68, p. 678). 

Truro, X. S. Boundary of the Newark near

(J. W. Dawson, '78, p. 99). 

Brief account of Newark rocks near (Honeyman, '74, pp. 345-346). 

Description of Newark rocks near (J. W.

Dawson, '47, p. 51. Ells, '85, pp. 6-7E). 

Dip near (Dawson, '78, p. 99). 

Geology near (Dawson, '78, pp. 88-90). 

Newark rocks near (Marsters, '90). 

Sandstone of (Gesner, '43). 

Unconformity at base of Trias near (Dawson,

'78, p. 99). 

Tryon, P. E. I. Silicifled wood at (Dawsoii and

Harrington, '71, p. 16).

Tuckahoe, Va. Condition of coal mines at (Clifford, '87, p. 2). 

Tuckahoe coal mine, Va. Notes on (Taylor, '35,

p. 284).

Thickness of coal in (W. B. Rogers, '36, p. 54). 

Tumble station, X. J. Altered shale near (Cook,

'68, p. 214).

Bearing of joints near (Cook, '68, p. 201). 

Dip in shale near (Cook, '82, p. 27). 

Dip of red shale near (Cook, '79, p. 29). 

Footprints at (Cook, 79, p. 28). 

Footprints on flagstone near (Nason, '89, p.

28).

Occurrence of ripple-marks, sun-cracks, raindrop impressions and footprints at (Russell 78 p. 225).

TUOMEY, M. 1844.

Report on the geological and agricultural

survey of the state of South Carolina. 

Columbia, S. C., pp. i-iv, 5-63. 

Contains a description of trap dikes which

perhaps belong to the Newark system of

igneous rocks, p. 6.

TUOMEY, M. 1848. 

Report on the geology of South Carolina. 

Columbia, S. C., 4to, pp. i-iv, 1-293, i-lvi, pi. 1,

and two maps.

TUOMEY, M. Continued.

Contains a description of the small area occupied by the Newark system. Describes 

also the trap dikes that traverse a large 

portion of the state, and the contact metamorphisms connected with them, pp. 46, 

68,103-104,113.

Turk Eagle rock, X. J. Elevation of First mountain at (Cook, 82, p. 49). 

Turkey hill, Pa. Boundary of the Newark near

(Frazer, '80, p. 15).

Turner's Falls, Mass. Additional facts concerning Otozown inoodii from (E. Hitchcock, 

'556).

Bituminous shaleat (E. Hitchcock, '41, p. 443).

Brecciated conglomerate near, brief account 

of (E. Hitchcock, '35, p. 216).

Brecciated sandstone at (E. Hitchcock, '41, p. 

443).

Brief account of copper near (E. Hitchcock, 

'41, p. 448).

Brief account of shale at (E. Hitchcock, ''35, 

p. 217).

Character of rock at (E. Hitchcock, '41, p. 

447).

Coal near (E. Hitchcock, '35, p. 231. E. 

Hitchcock, '41, pp. 139-140).

Conglomerate at (E. Hitchcock, '41, p. 442). 

Reference to (E. Hitchcock, '35, p. 215).

Contact rnetainorphism near (E. Hitchcock, 

'35, pp. 423-424. E. Hitchcock, '41, p. 

658).

Copper ore near (E. Hitchcock, '35, p. 229). 

Brief account of (E. Hitchcock, '35, p. 72).

Deerfleld trap range near, on the overflow 

origin of (W. M. Davis, '82).

Description of geology uear (W. M. Davis, 

'83, pp. 259-261).

Description of outcrop near (Emerson, '82).

Description of scenery near (E. Hitchcock, 

'23, vol. 7, p. 13-16).

Description of section across the Connecticut 

valley at (E. Hitchcock, '55.

Dip at (W. M. Davis, '83, p. 259'. E. Hitchcock, '35, p. 423. E. Hitchcock, '36, p. 

308. Hitchcock, '58, p. 15, 58. Walling. 

'78, p. 192). 

In trap and sandstone at (E. Hitchcock, '35,

p. 415). 

Of sandstone beneath trap at (E. Hitchcock,

'41, p. 653).

Unusual, at (E. Hitchcock, '35, p. 223. E. 

Hitchcock, '41, p. 447).

Fault at (W. M. Davis, '88, pp. 469,471).

Footprints at (E- Hitchcock, '58, pp. 49, et seq. 

"Lyell, '66, p. 454. Silliman and Dana, '47. 

Winchell, '70, p. 183). 

Crustaceans from (E. Hitchcock, '65, pp. 17-

18, pi. 2).

Description of (Deane, '45. Deane, '45Z>. 

Deane, '45d. Deane, '47. Deane, '49. 

Deane, '56. C. H. Hitchcock, '(56. £. 

Hitchcock, '43a, p. 254. E. Hitchcock, 

'44a. E. Hitchcock, '48. E. Hitchcock. 

'56a. E. Hitchcock, '65).
LITERATURE. 327

Turner's Palls, Mass. Continued. 

Footprints from (Deaue, '61). 

Early discovery of (E. Hitchcock, '30, p.

308). 

General description of Deane, '44. Deaue,

'50). 

In New York state cabinet (Anonymous,

'54). 

Mention of (E. Hitchcock, '55a, p. 180. Shaler, '85, pp. 218-219). 

Of a quadruped (Deane, '48). 

Eeference to (Macfarlane, '79, p. 03). 

Footprints near, localities of (E. Hitchcock,

'41, p. 465. E. Hitchcock, '48, p. 131). 

Fossil fishes from (Einmons, '57, pp. 143, 144.

E. Hitchcock, '58, pp. 145,140). 

Descriptions and figures of (Newberry, '88). 

Fossil insect from (E. Hitchcock, '58, p. 7). 

Fossil plants from (Einmons, '57, p. 108. E.

Hitchcock, '41, p. 450). 

Impressions supposed to have been made by

Myriapods from (E. Hitchcock, '50, p.

111). 

Insectlarvte from (J. D. Dana, '75, pp. 410-411).

Description of (Scudder, '84). 

Junction of trap and sandstone near (AV. M.

Davis, '83, pp. 259-201). 

Limestone in (E. Hitchcock, '35, p. 218). 

Mention of, as a fossil locality (Packard, '71). 

Raindrop impressions from, description of

(Deaue, '456). 

Relation of trap near, to associated rocks (E.

Hitchcock, '41, p. 053).

Sandstone at (E. Hitchcock, '41, pp. 442-443).

Reference to (E. Hitchcock, '35, pp. 215-210).

Section at, of Connecticut valley, after E.

Hitchcock (AV. M. Davis, '83, p. 280. pi. 9.

E.Hitchcock, '58, pi. 3). 

Section at, showing junction of trap and sandstone (W. M. Davis, '83, pp. 305-307, pi.

10). 

Section exposed at (E. Hitchcock, '35, pp. 414-

415). 

Section exposed near (E. Hitchcock, '35, p.

221). 

Section through (E. Hitchcock, '58, pp. 9,10,

pi. 3. Walling, '78, pi. op. p. 192). 

Sketch map of country about (W. M. Davis,

'83,-pp. 305-307, pi. 10). 

Strike at (W. M. Davis, '83, p. 259). 

Thickness of strata at (Eminons, '57, pp. 5-6). 

Trap ridges near, account of (E. Hitchcock,

'35, p. 409). 

Trap ridges near, general description of (E.

Hitchcock, '41, p. 048). 

View of (E. Hitchcock, '41, pi. 10). 

Two Islands, N. S. Boundary of Newark system

near (Ells,'85, p. 7E). 

Contact metarnorphism near (Gesner, '30, p.

254).

Description of (Gesner, '36, pp. 249-259). 

Landslide on (Dawson, '52, p. 400). 

Minerals near (Willimott, '84, p. 28L). 

Rocks of (Gesuer, '30, p. 170). 

Section near (Dawson, '47, pi. 5).

TYSOX, PHILIP T. 1860.

First report of Philip Tyson, state agricultural chemist, to the house of delegates of 

Maryland. 

[Baltimore.] Pp. 1-xl, 5-145; appendix, pp.

1-20.

Contains a brief account of the Newark rocks 

of Maryland, p. 41; also a description of 

Conglomerate audsandstouo used for building purposes, appendix, pp. 3,5-6. 

TYSOJf, S. T. Analysis of trap rock from Saltonvillelake, Conn. (J. D. Dana, '73, vol. 6, p107). 

TYSOX, P. E. I. Geological structure near (Bain

and Dawson, '85, p. 150).

TJHLER, P. R. 1879. 

[Geological formations at railway stations in 

Maryland and the District of Columbia. 1 

In an American geological railway guide, by

James Macfarlane, pp. 175-177. 

States that clays of probably upper Jurassic

age occur at Baltimore. 

Uhlerstown, Pa. Trap outcrop near (Cook, '82,

p. 63).

Unconformity at base of tlie Newark. (AV. B. and 

H. D. Rogers, '43a, p. 523, H. D. Rogers, 

'58, vol. 2, p. 697).

Briefly considered (AV. M. Davis, '89a, p. 196). 

In Connecticut (J. D. Dana, '73, vol. 5, p. 427.

Jackson,'506, p. 184). 

At Springfield ("Wells, '50, p. 340). 

In Massachusetts (E. Hitchcock, '35, pi. 18 in

atlas).

In New Brunswick (Bailey, '72, p. 218). 

At Gardners creek (Matthew,'03, pp. 250,258.

Matthew. '05, p. 125).

At Quaco Head (Eminons, '30, p. 344. Gesner, '40, pp. 14,15-10. Matthew, '05, p. 125. . AVhittle, '91).

In North Carolina (Einmons, '56, p. 242). 

In Nova Scotia (Dawaon, '78, p. 110. Ella, '85,

p. 50E. H. D. Rogers, '56, p. 32). 

Keutville, near (Dawson, '78, p. 92). 

Moose river (Dawson, '78, p. 103). 

Petite river (Dawson, '52, p. 399. Dawson,

'78, p. 89):

Truro, near (Dawsou, '47, p. 51). 

AValton, near (Dawson, '78, p. 88). 

In New Jersey (Cook, '08, pp. 98, 173. Cook 

and Smock, '78, pp. 39, 40, 171. Macfarlane, '79, p. 68. H. D. Rogers, '36, pp. 

144-145).

Clinton, near (Darton, '90, p. 15). 

Milford, near (H.D.Rogers, '36, p. 147). 

Trenton, near (Conrad, '39). 

In Pennsylvania (Lesley, '83, pp. 132, 197. H. 

D. Rogers, '39, pp. 17, 19. H. D. Rogers, 

'41, pp. 16,3Q. H. D. Rogers, '58, vol. 1, pp. 

92, 103. H. D. Rogers, '58, vol. 2, p. 668). 

Berks county (d'lnvilliers, '83, p. 198). 

Emigsville, near (Frazer, '76, pp. 91-92). 

Harrisburg (Lesley, '64, p. 4*76). 

Lancaster county (Lesley, '85, p. Ixiv). 

Montgomery county (C. E. Hill, '81, p. 22.)
328 THE NEWARK SYSTEM. [BULL. 85.

Unconformity at base of the Newark Continued. 

Neversink station, near (d'luvilliers, '83,

pp. 221-222).

Bockville (H. D. Rogers. '30, pp. 144-145). 

Valley Forge (H. D. Eogers, '58, vol. 1, p.

151). 

Tardleyville (H. D. Rogers, '58, vol. 2, p.

672).

York county (Frazer, '75c). 

In Prince Edwards island (Bain, '87. Bain

and Dawson, '85, pp. 155-156). 

Localities cited (Emmons, '52, p. 146). 

Mention of (Lyell, '66. p. 457). 

Unconformity at top of the Newark (Fontaine, '89,

pp. 58-59. McGee, '88, pp. 134-135). 

Unconformity of trap and sandstone in New Jersey. Palisade trap sheet (Darton, '90, 

pp. 47, 48, 49, pi. 5). 

In Nova Scotia (Gesner, '36, p. 263). 

Underwood's iron mine near Dillsburg, Pa. Brief

account of (Frazer, ; 76d). 

Description of (d'lnvilliers, '86, pp. 1507-1509). 

Report on (Frazer, '77, pp. 207-210). 

Union, Conn. Description of trap dikes in Primary rocks in (Percival, '42, p. 424). 

Union coal mine, Va. Notes on (Taylor, '35, p.

284).

Note on faults in (Taylor, '35, p. 292). 

Situated in an isolated basin (Heinricb, '78, p. 

232).

Union county, 8. C. Trap dikes in (Hammond,

'84, pp. 466-497). 

Union grove, N. J. Dip in conglomerate near

(Cook, '82, p. 29).

Union hill, N. J. Bored well on (Ward, '79, p. 

132).

Description of trap at (Darton, '90, p. 53).

Dip of conglomerate at (Cook, '79, p. 30).

Possible connection of trap rocks near (Darton, '90, p. 39).

Stratified rocks beneath the trap at (Russell, 

'80, pp. 37-38).

Union station, Pa. Boundary of Newark near 

(Frazer, '80, p. 14).

Union village, N. J. Boundary of Second mountain trap near (Cook, '68, p. 184). 

Copper ores near (Cook, '68, p. 678). 

Diverse dips near (Nason, '89, p. 18).

Unionrille, Pa. Trap dike near (Frazer, '84, p. 

693. Lewis, '85, p. 446).

Unionville, S. 0. Description of trap dikes near 

(Tuomey, '44, p. 12).

University of North Carolina, N. C. Boundary of 

the Newark near (Mitchell, '42, pp. 36- 

130).

Upland, Pa. Trap dike near (Frazer. '84, p. 693- 

Lewis,'85, p. 446).

Upper Dublin, Pa. Boundary of the Newark in 

(C. E. Hall, '81, p. 64-65).

Upper Dublin township, Pa. Report on the geology of (C. E. Hall, '81, pp. 64-66).

Upper Economy, N. 8. Breadth of Newark near 

(Ells, '85, p. 49E).

Upper Milford, Pa. Boundary of the Newark 

area of Pennsylvania near (Lea, '58, p. 92).

Upper Milford, Pa. Continued.

Discovery of fossil saurian bones in (Lea, '53,

pp. 188, 195). 

Occurrence of conglomerate in (Lea, '53, p.

190).

Reptilian bones from (Lea, '51. pp. 171-172). 

Reptilian remains near (H. D. Rogers, '58,

vol. 2, pp. 692-693).

Upper Merlon township, Pa. Report on the geology of (C. E. Hall, '81, pp. 83-87). 

Upper Piermont, N. Y. Junction of trap and

sandstone near (Darton, '90, p. 48). 

Yalley fields, X. C. Building stone near (Olmstead, '27, p. 126).

Valley Forge, Pa. Boundary of Newark near 

(Frazer, '83, p. 224. C. E. Hall, '81, pp. 

20, 83-84. Lesley, '83, pp. 183, 185, 191. 

H. D. Rogers, '58, vol. 2, pp. 668, 675-676). 

Contact of the Newark with Primal and Auroral rocks near (H. D. Rogers, '58, vol. 2, 

p. 668).

Dip at (Frazer, '83, p. 224). 

Map of boundary of the Newark near (Lesley, '83, p. 177). 

Map of region about (H. D. Rogers, '58, vol.

2, op. p. 674). 

Mention of Newark rocks near (Lesley, '83, p.

27).

Trap dikes near (Lesley, '88, pp. 195-196). 

Unconformity at base of Newark near (Lesley, '83, pp. 186-187, 188). 

Yalley mountain, N. J. Description of (H. D.

Rogers, '36, p. 154). 

VAN DUCK, F. C. Determination of native iron

in trap by (Cook, : 74, p. 57). 

Van Derveer's mill, N. J. Boundary of Second

mountain trap near (Cook, '68, p. 183). 

Dip near (Cook, '68, p. 198).

VANUXEM, LARDNER. 1841.

Report on the ornithichnites or footmarks of 

extinct birds in the New Red sandstone of 

Massachusetts and Connecticut, observed 

by Prof. Hitchcock, of Amherst. 

See H. D. Rogers, L. Vanuxem, R. C. Taylor, 

E. Emmons, and T. A. Conrad, 1841.

Van Winkler station, N. J. Conglomerate near 

(Darton, '90, p. 17).

Vaughan's creek, N. B. Character of rocks at 

(Matthew, '65, pp. 123-124).

VENABLE, F. P. 1887. 

Analysis of water from the artesian well,

Durham, N. C. 

In Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. Jour., 1887, pp.

57-58. 

Gives depth of well at Durham, N. C., and an

analysis of the water obtained from it. 

Verdrleije hook, N. Y. Section of sandstone beneath trap near (Mather, '43, pi. 5). 

Vermont. Denudation in, as indicated by trap

dikes (Adams, '46, p. 160). 

Trap dikes in (Adams, '46, pp. 159-162). 

Vernon, Conn. Description of trap dikes in Primary rocks near (Percival, '42, pp. 425- 

426). 

Vernon valley, N. J. Dip in (Cook, '68, p. 196).
BUSSELL-l LITERATURE. 329

Verona, X. J. Boundary of First mountain trap

near (Cook, : 68, p. 182). 

Boundary of Second mountain trap at (Cook,

'68, p. 183). 

Description of stone quarries near (Cook, '81,

p. 52).

Record of well bored at (Nason, '896). 

VERBILL, A. E. 1878. 

[Note on the geology of Grand Manan island,

New Brunswick.]

In Acadian Geology, 3d. ed., by J. "W. Dawson. Appendix E, pp. 679-680. 

Contains an account of the rocks composing 

Grand Manan island and the smaller 

islands about it, together with conjectures 

in reference to the age of the rocks. 

VERBILL, A. E. Cited on overflow trap sheets 

on Grand Manan island (W. M. Davis, 

'83, p. 297). 

Vertebrate fossils from Connecticut. Description

of (0. C. Marsh, '89).

Remarks on discovery of (Newberry, '85). 

From Connecticut valley (Cope, '69). 

From Massachusetts (E. Hitchcock, '58, pp.

186-187).

From New Jersey (Cope, '68. Cope, '69). 

From North Carolina (Cope, '69). 

Descriptions of (Cope, '75. Cope, '87. Osborn, '86. Osborn, '86a. Osborn, '87. Osborn, '87a).

Remarks on (Leidy, '69, p. 410). 

From Pennsylvania. Description of (Cope,

'77. Cope,'87. Lea,'53. Leidy,'76). 

Discussion of (Cope, '66. Lea, '51. Lea,

'56.)

List of (Cope, '85). 

Notice of (Harlan, '54). 

Reclassiflcatiou of (Cope, '70). 

Remarks on (Cope, '69. Lea, '57. Leidy,

'57. Leidy, '60).

See also fishes, fossil; footprints. 

Vincent, Pa. Trap dikes in (Lesley, '83, p. 211). 

Vincent's spur, Pa. Specimens of trap from (C.

E. Hall, '78, p. 27).

Virginia. Age of the Newark system of, discussed (Lesquereux, '76, p. 283. Marcou, 

'58, pp. 11, 13-16, 65). 

Remarks on (Newherry, '85). 

Age of the Newark system of, as indicated by 

fossil fishes (W. C. Redfield, '56, pp. ISO181). 

Brief account of the coal fields of (Hotchkiss,

'81, p. 120).

Brief account of Newark areas in (Emmons,

'57, p. 3. Fontaiue, '79, pp. 236-239. E.

Hitchcock, '56. W. B. Rogers, '79, p.

180).

Brief account of so-called copper mine at Elk

Run (Jackson, '59).

Brief discussion of the Newark rocks of, in 

connection with other localities (W. B. 

Rogers, '54). 

Brief mention of Newark areas in (Kerr, '84,

pp. 630, 631).

Brief sketch of the Newark in (H. D. Rogers, 

'58, vol. 2,.pp. 759-765).

Virginia Continued.

Clover Hill coal basin, description of (Credner, 

'66).

Coal deposits of. considered as shore deposits 

(Russell, '78, p. 254).

Coal fields of (Macfarlane, '77).

Coal in, brief review of (Chance, '85, pp. 18-19).

Coal produced in 1880 (Hotchkiss, '82).

Coal production in 1880 (Pierce, '86).

Condensed account of Newark rocks in (J. D. 

Dana, '75, p. 406).

Conglomerate at the base of the Newark, 

brief account of (Emmons, '57, p. 21).

Conglomerate in, remarks on (Cornelius, '18, 

p. 216).

Coke from (W. B. Rogers, '426). 

Analysis of ("W. R. Johnson, '42).

Coke from Richmond coal field (Coryell, '75). 

TV . B. Rogers, '54a. W. B. Rogers, '546. 

Wurtz, '75).

Remarks on origin of (H. D. Rogers, '58, 

vol. 2, p. 764).

Coke of Chesterfield county (Raymond, '8d).

Description and discussion of the Newark in 

(Fontaine, '79).

Dip of the Newark in (W. B. Rogers, '42).

Dips in (J. D. Dana, '75, p. 419).

Discovery of a Posidonomaya in the southwest of ("W. B. Rogers, '556).

Fossil fish from Chesterfield county, mention 

of (Do Kay. '42).

Fossil fishes in the Richmond coal field, note 

on (W. C. Redfield, ; 38a).

Fossil plants from, description and illustration of (Newberry, '88).

Fossil plants from, description of (Bunbury, 

'47. Fontaine, '83. Heer, '57. W. B. 

Rogers, '43. Marcou, Zeiller). 

Remarks on (Stur, '88).

Geographical and political summary of 

(Hotchkiss, '76).

Geological map of a portion of (Benton, '86, 

pi. op. p. 261).

List of railroad stations on the Newark system in ( W. B. Rogers, '79, pp. 180-185).

Mesozoic formation in (Heinrich, '78).

Midlothian colliery (Heinrich, '73). 

Explosion in (Heinrich, '76). 

In 1876 (Heinrich, '76a).

Newark areas in, defined (J. D. Dana, '75, pp. 

404,405).

Quarries of sandstone (G. P. Merrill, '89, p. 

461. Shaler, '84, p. 179).

Quarries of trap rock in (Shaler, '84, p. 179).

Report of progress of the geological survey 

of (W. B. Rogers, '37).

Report of progress on the geology of (W. B. 

Rogers, '39).

Report of progress of the geological survey 

of (W. B. Rogers, '40).

Report on the geology of (W. B. Rogers, '36).

Richmond coal field, age of, discussed (Emmons, '576, pp. 79-80. Lyell, '57. W. B. 

Rogers, '42c. Stevens, '61. "W. B. Rogers, 

'55a).

Analysis of coal from (Clemson,'35. Johnson, '50. Williams, '85, p. 82).
330 THE NEWARK SYSTEM, [BULL. 85

Virginia Continued.

Richmond coal field, brief account of (Ashburner, '87, pp. 352-35rf. Clifford, '87. 

Coryell, '75. Daddow and Bannan, '66, pp. 

395-403. Eramons, '57, p. 11. Grammar, 

'18. Hotchkiss, '80. Hotchkiss, '83a. W. 

R. Jobnson, '44, pp. 308-451. W. R. Johnson, '50, pp. 133-134. 155-156. Le Conte, 

'82, pp. 457-459. LyeJl, '47. Lyell, '49, pp. 

279-288. Lyell, '54, p. 12. Lyell, '66, pp. 

451-452. Maclure,'09, pp. 420-421. Nuttall, '21, pp. 35-37. Pierce, '28,. pp. 57-58. 

W.B.Rogers,'436. Silliman,'42. Taylor, 

'48. Williams, '85, pp. 97-98). 

Character and value of (Macfarlane, '77, pp.

505-515). 

Description of (Taylor, '35. Wooldridge,

'42).

Lignite from (W. B. Rogers, '55). 

Notes on (Marcou, '49). 

Production of coal in 1885 (Ashburner, '86,

p. 69). 

Production of coal in 1887 (Ashburner, '88,

p. 361).

Structure of (Sbaler, '77). 

Sections, Black Heath coal pits (Clifford, '87,

pi. 4. Lyell, '47, p. 266). 

Carbon hill (Coryell, '75, p. 229. Heinrich,

'78, pp. 260-261).

Cascade, near (AV. B. Rogers, 39, pp. 77-78). 

Chalk Level (W. B. Rogers, '39, p. 79). 

Clover Hill (Clifford, '87, pi. 2. Fontaine,

'83, p. 9. Lyell,'47, p. 271). 

Cumberland county (W. B. Rogers, '39, p.

80).

Deep Run. coal pits (Clifford, '87, pi. 5). 

Midlothian (Chance, '85, pp. 18-19,22. Clifford, '87, pi. 3. Heinrich, '73, p. 347. 

Heinrich, '76, pi. 3. Heinrich, '78, pi. 6). 

Natural coke seams near (Raymond, '83). 

Newark of northern Virginia described ("W.

B. Rogers, '40, pp. 65-69). 

Reid's Bridge and Riceville, between (W.

B. Rogers, '39, pp. 79-80). 

Riceville (W. B. Rogers, '39, p. 79). 

Richmond coal field (Emmons, '57, pp. 11-12. 

Daddow and Bannan, '66, pp. 396. 39T, 399. 

Emmons, '56, p. 339. Heinrich, '78, pi. 6. 

Hotchkiss, '80. Le Conte, '82, p. 457. 

Lyell, '47, p. 263. Lyell, '49, p. 283. Lyell, 

'66, p. 451. W. B. Rogers, '36, pi. W. B. 

Rogers, '39, pi. 2. Rogers, '84, pis. 7-8. 

Taylor, '35, pi. 16. Taylor, '48, p. 47). 

Richmond coal field. After Daddow (Le

Conte, !84, p. 328). 

Richmond coal field. After C- Lyell (W, M.

Davis, '83, p. 281, pi. 9). 

Richmond coal field, description of (Heinrich, '78, pp. 256-260, pi. 6). 

Summary of results relating to the Newark

system of (J. D. Dana, '75, p. 406). 

Table of geological formations found in (W.

B. Rogers, '80a). 

Trap dikes and local metamorphism in Prince

William county ("W. B. Rogers, '55c). 

Trap rocks in, brief account of (Emmons, '57, 

p. 150).

Virginia Continued.

Trap rocks, quarries of (Shaler, '84, p. 179).

Trap rocks' from, composition of (Campbell 

and Brown, '90).

Unconformity between tbe .Newark and Potomac (McGee, '88, p. 134). 

YOM RATH, 0. 1877.

Der Kalkspath von Bergen hill, N[ew] Jersey.

In Zeitschrift fur Krystallographie, vol. 1, p. 6.

Abstract in Neues Jahrbuch, 1877, pp. 940-941.

Describes crystallographically the calcite occurring in druses in the diabase of Bergen 

hill, M. J., with enumeration of forms observed.

Vrfielsind's quarry, X. J. Dip of sandstone at 

(Cook, '79, p. 30).

Thickness of trap at (Cook, '82, p. 55). 

Wadesboro, S. C. Boundary of Newark area 

near (W. R. Johnson, '51, p. 5).

Breadth of Newark rocks near (Olmstead, '24, 

p. 12).

Brief account of sandstone quarries at (G. P. 

Merrill, '89, p. 456).

Dip of sandstone southeast of (Emmous, '56, 

p. 2*2).

Notice of Newark rocks near (Mitchell, '29, 

map op. p. 1).

Quarries of Newark sandstone at (Shaler, '84, 

pp. 181-182).

Sandstone near (Kerr, '75, p. 304).

Silicified trees near (Emmous, '56, p. 284). 

Wake county, N. C. An account of the Newark

in (Mitchell, '42, pp. 130-134): 

Walcott, Conn. Description of trap dikes in Primary rocks near (Percival, '42, pp. 415-416). 

WALLACE (Dr.) Analysis of natural coke from 

the Richmond coal field, Va. (Clifford, '87, 

p. 10).

WALLING, H. F. 1878.

Some indications of recent sensitiveness to 

unequal pressure in the earth's crust.

In Am. Assoc. Adv. Sci., Proc., vol. 27, 1879, 

pp. 190-197, with 2 plates.

Presents a detailed study of dips about Mount 

Toby, Mass., in illustration of a hypothesis concerning the sensitiveness of the 

earth's crust to pressure. Refers also to 

the dip of the sandstone in tbe neighborhood of trap sheets in New Jersey. 

Wallingford, Conn. Copper found near (Silliman, 

'18).

Description of the geology near (W.M. DaA'is, 

'83, pp. 266-267).

Description of trap ridges near (Percival, '42, 

pp. 401-403).

Limestone associated with decomposed sandstone near (Percival, '42, p. 436).

Limestone west of (Percival, '42, pp. 316-317).

Section at, after A. B. Chapin (W. M. Davis, 

'83, p. 280, pi. 9).

Section from, to Mount Tom, Mass. (W. M. Davis, '83, pp. 305-307, pi. 10).

Sketch map of trap dikes at (W. M. Davis, '83, 

p. 309, pi. 11).

Sketch of the geology of (C. H. S. Davis, '70).
BCSSELT,.] LITERATURE. 331

Wallingford, Conn. Continued.

Topographic form of trap ridge near (Percival,

'42, p. 304).

Trap dikes at, description of (Chapin, '35). 

Trap near, character of (Percival, '42, p. 312). 

Trap ridges near (Percival, '42, pp. 348, 349,362,

360-367).

Walnut brook, N. J. Dip along (Cook, '68, p. 197). 

Walnut grove, N. C. Analysis of coal from near.

See Clarko, '87, p. 146. 

Coal 11 oar (Williams, '85, p. 59). 

Walton, N. S. Section at (Dawson, '78, p. 89). 

Unconformity at base of the Newark near

(Dawson, '78, p. 88).

WANNER, ATREUS. 1889. 

The discovery of fossil tracks, algse, etc., in 

the Triassic of York county, Pennsylvania. 

In Ann. Hep. Geol. Surv. of Pennsylvania for

1887, pp. 21-35, including nine plates. 

Abstract in Am. Assoc. Adv. Sci., Proc., vol.

37, p. 186.

Records the discovery of fossil footprints, remains of plants, etc., near Goldsboro. and 

gives nine plates illustrating their occurrence and characteristics. Some of the 

footprints illustrated in the plates accompanying the paper have been identified by 

C. H. Hitchcock, Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 

Proc.,vol.24, p. 123.

WANNER, A. Cited on fossil footprints from 

Pennsylvania (C. H. Hitchcock,'88, p. 123). 

Wapping, Conn. Mention of the discovery of fos 

sil bones at (Percival, '42, p. 449).

WAKD, L. B. 1879-

Bored wells in Jersey City and vicinity.

In [Annual Report on the Geology of New 

Jersey for 1879], pp. 130-150.

Describes localities of bored wells, together 

with some account of the strata passed 

through, and the volume and character of 

the water obtained. Many of the wells 

mentioned are in Newark rocks. 

WARD, LESTER F. 1885.

Sketch of Paleobotany.

In U. S. Geol. Surv., Fifth Ann. Rep. of the, 

pp. 357-452, pis. 56-58.

The relative development of plant life in the 

Jura-Trias formation is shown graphically 

on pi. 57.

Ward island, P. E. I. Dip at (Dawson and Harrington, '71, p. 15).

Warehouse point, Conn. Mention of the occurrence of shale near (Percival, '42, p. 444). 

Warniinster, Va. Boundary of the Newark near

(W. B. Rogers, '39, p. 74). 

Warmlnster, Pa. Trap dike near (Lewis, '85, p.

441). 

WARNER, R. Cited on the discovery of fossil

footprints in the Connecticut valley ("W.

C. Redfleld.'38, p. 202).

WARREN, JOHN C. 1854. 

Remarks on some fossil impressions in the

sandstone rocks of Connecticut river. 

Boston, pp. 1-54, pi. 1.

WARREN, JOHN C.-Continued.

A popular sketch of several discoveries of 

fossil footprints in Europe and America, 

followed by a brief account of a number 

of genera and species described by Hitchcock from footprints in the Connecticut 

valley sandstone. The papers reprinted 

in this book were read before the Boston 

Soc. Nat. Hist., and were then illustrated 

by actual specimens. A popular description is given of a slab of sandstone bearing footprints from Greenfield, Mass. t 

[WARREN, JOHN C.I 1855.

[Remarks on impressions of insects and their 

tracks on the sandstone of the Connecticut 

valley. 1

In Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Proc., vol. 5, p. 105.

Brief remarks on supposed fossil insect tracks. 

[WARREN, JOHN C.] 1855a.

[Description of fossil impressions of raindrops 

in sandstone from Connecticut river valley.]

In Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Proc., vol. 5, pp. 187-

188.

WARREN, JOHN C. 1856. 

On new remarkable gigantic fossils and footmarks. 

In Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Proo., vol. 5, pp.

298-307. 

Notes the advance that has been made in.

Europe and this country in the study of

fossil footprints, and refers especially to

two slabs of sandstone with footprints

from Grcenfleld, Mass. 

Warren, Va. Detailed account of contact inetamorphism near ("W. B. Rogers, '39, pp. 82-

83). 

Warrenton, Va. Boundary of Newark near (Heinrich, '78, p. 235. W. B. Rogers, '40, p. 62). 

Conglomerate near (Fontaine, '79, p. 32). 

Detailed description of geology near (W. B.

Rogers,'40, pp. 66-67).

Warrenvllle, N. J. Boundary of Second mountain trap at (Cook, '68, p. 183). 

Contact of trap and sandstone near (Cook, '82,

p. 51).

Copper mine near (Cook, '74, p. 32). 

Fossil Estherians found near (Nason, '89, p.

30). 

Warwick, Pa. Iron mine near (H. D. Rogers, '39,

p. 22).

Newark rocks of (Frazer, '83, pp. 234-235). 

Warwick furnace, Pa. Boundary of the Newark

near (Lesley, '83, p. 183). 

Newark resting on gneiss near (Lesley, '83, p.

183).

Trap near (Lesley, '83, p. 211). 

Warwick iron mine, Pa. Analysis of ore from

(d'lnvilliers, '83, pp.324-325). 

Conglomerate in (d'lnvilliers, '83, pp. 202,387). 

Desciiption of (H. D. Rogers, '58, vol. 2, p. 708). 

Description of trap dikes near (H. D. Rogers,

"58, vol. 2, p. 687). 

Detailed account of (d'lnvilliers, '83, pp. 317-

327). 

Trap dikes at (Lesley, '83, p. 193).
332 THE NEWARK SYSTEM. [BULL. 85.

Warwick Iron mine, Pa. Continued.

Trap dikes in (Frazer, '83, pp. 237, 238). 

Trap rock iu (H. D. Rogers, '58, vol. 2, p. 708). 

Warwick township, Pa. Report on the geology

of (Frazer, '80, pp. 38-39). 

Washington, I). C. Fossil footprints in National

Museum (C.H.Hitchcock, '88, p. 123). 

Washington rock, N. J. Elevation of First mountain at (Cook, '82, p. 49). 

Washington's crossing, If. J. Fossil crustaceans

found near (Nason, '89, pp. 29-30). 

Fossil fishes found near (Nason, '89, p. 29). 

Small fault near (Nason, '89, p. 32). 

Washington valley, X. J. Analysis of sandstone

from (Cook, '68, p. 515). 

Boundary of First mountain trap iu (Cook,

'68, pp. 181-182).

Building stone in (Cook, '68, p. 509). 

Dip in (Cook, '68,p. 196). 

Dip in sandstone at (Cook, '82, p. 24). 

Exceptional dip in (Nason, '89, p. 18). 

Fossil fishes from (Cook, '79, p. 27. Nason, '89,

p. 29).

Plant remains in quarries of (Nason, '89, p. 27). 

Quarries in (Cook, '79, pp. 20-23. Cook, '81, pp.

53-54. Shaler, '84, p. 143). 

Reopening of copper mines in (Cook, '81, p.

39).

Washingtonvllle, N. J. Boundary of First mountain trap near (Cook, '68, p. 182). 

Watchung mountain, If. J. Brief description of

(Cook,'82, p. 48). 

Columnar trap of, at Orange (Cook, '84, pp.

23-28).

Copper ore near (Cook, '83, pp. 164-165). 

Course of (Cook, '82, p. 19). 

Course of, described (Nason, '89, p. 34). 

Detailed description of (Darton, '90). 

Development of (Davis and "Wood, '39, pp.

378-380).

Discussion of the origin of (Nason, '90). 

Form of (Cook, '83, p. 25). 

Origin of, discussed (Darton, '89). 

Paving stones from (Cook, '79, p. 20). 

"Pipestem" amygdaloid of (Davis and Whittle, '89, p. 134). 

Position of.^in the Newark system (Darton,

'89, p. 139).

Section through (Cook, '83, p. 166, and plate). 

Trap rock quarried in (Cook, '81, p. 62). 

Trap rocks of (Cook, '79, p. 32). 

Unaltered sandstone near (Cook, '83, p. 23). 

Vesicular trap of (Cook, '83, pp. 24-25). 

Waterloo colliery, Va. Analysis of coal from

(Clifford, '87, p. 10. Macfarlane, '77, p.

515. Williams, '83, p. 82). 

Waughaw, If. J. Trap outcrops near (Cook. '82,

p. 55). 

Weaver's mills, Pa. Boundary of the Newark

near (Frazer, '80, pp. 15,49). 

Weavertown, Pa. Boundary shale and sandstone

near (d'lnvilliers, '83, p. 214). 

Dip of conglomerate near (d'lnvilliers, '83, p.

215). 

Weehawken, N. J. Altered shale near (Cook, '83,

p. 23). 

Boundary of trap outcrop at (Cook, '68, p. 177).

Weehawken, >T . J. Continued.

Brief account of geology near (Cozzens, '43, 

p. 41).

Description of arkose beneath trap at (Russell, '78, p. 237).

Description of sandstone at (Cook, '68, p. 208).

Dip at (Cook, '68, p. 195).

Dip iu sandstone and shale at (Cook, '82, p. 

24).

Dip in sandstone at (Cook, '79, p. 30).

Exposure of shale near (Nason, '89, p. 17).

Faults in trap ridge near (Nason, '89, p. 26).

Fossil crustaceans found near (Nason, '89, pp. 

29,30).

Fossil fish and Esthena at (Britton, '85).

Fossil fishes and footprints from (Gratacap, 

'86).

Fossil fishes found near (Nason, '89, p. 29). 

Descriptions and figures of (Newberry, '88).

Intrusive trap at (Cook, '82, p. 45 and plate 4).

Locality of fossil fishes and Esthena at 

(Cook, '85, p. 95).

Microscopical characters of trap rock from 

(G. P. Merrill, '84, p. 24, pi. 8).

Mineral from the trap rock of (D. S. Martin, 

'71).

Minerals found in the tunnel at (Darton, '82).

Quarries of trap rock at, mention of (G. P. 

Merrill, '89, p. 435).

Quarries of trap rock near (Cook, '81, p. 60).

Remarks on the origin of the color of the 

rocks near (Newberry, '88, p. 8).

Section at, with notice of fossils (Russell, 

'80, p. 40).

Section of palisades at, after I. C. Russell (W. 

M. Davis, '83, p. 281, pi. 9).

Section of trap ridge near (Darton, '90, p. 43).

Section of trap and sandstone beneath at 

Darton, '90, p. 46, pi. 5. Russell, '80, p. 

39).

Section of trap sheet at (Darton, '90, p. 37).

Section showing junction of trap and sandstone at (W. M. Davis, '83, p. 309, pi. 11).

Slate beneath trap at (Akerly, '20, p. 37).

Small trap sheets near (Darton, '90, p. 39).

Thickness of trap at (Cook, '82, p. 46. Darton, '90, p. 44).

"West contact of trap sheet near (Darton, '90, 

p. 52).

Weidemau's mill, Pa. Boundary of the Newark 

near (Frazer, '80, p. 42).

Weigelstown, Pa. Reference to the geology near

(Frazer, '77a, p. 497). 

Shale from (C. E. Hall, '78, p. 40).

WELCH, A. Cited on the position of the Black 

Heath coal pits, Va. (Clifford, '87, p. 24, 

24, pi, 4).

WELLS, [DAVID]. 1850.

[On the age of the sandstone of Connecticut

valley.] 

In Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Proc., vol. 3, pp.

339-341. 

Claims that the reference of all the stratified

rocks of the Connecticut valley to one

formation is based on insufficient data.
KUS8ELL.] LITERATURE. 333

WELLS, D. A. 1861.

On the distribution of manganese.

In Am. Assoc. Adv. Sci., Proc., vol. 6,1852,

pp. 275-276. 

Contains a brief reference to the distribution

of manganese in the Newark sandstone of

the Connecticut valley. 

Connecticut valley. A reference to the distribution of manganese in the sandstone of

(Wells, '51)

WELLS, D. A. 1851a. 

On the origin of stratification. 

In Am. Assoc. Adv. Sci., Proc., vol. 6,1852,

pp. 297-299. 

Presents a brief account of the lithological

and stratigraphical characteristics of the

Newark rocks of the Connecticut valley,

p. 298).

WELLS, DAVID A. 1856. 

New fossils from the sandstones of the Connecticut valley.

In Ann. Sci. Discov., 1856. pp. 316-317. 

Eefers briefly to the discovery of a fossil fern

at Mount Tom, Mass., by E. Hitchcock,

jr., and to fossil bones from the Newark

rocks at Springfield, Mass. 

WELLS, DAVID A. 1861. 

Impressions of bones in the Mesozoic red

sandstones [of Connecticut]. 

In Ann. Sci. Discov., 1861, p. 313. 

Brief note on a cast of a fossil bone from Portland, Conn., exhibited by Prof. Kogers

before the Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 

WELLS, DAVID A. 1862. 

Discovery of a bone bed in the so-called New

Ked sandstone of the Atlantic states. 

In Ann. Sci. Discov., 1862, pp. 292-293. 

Refers to the discovery of fossil bones, teeth,

etc., at Pboenixville, by C. M. Wheatley. 

WELLS, D. A. Cited on the age of the Newark

system (W. C. Kedfield, '51). 

WELLS, DAVID A., and GEORGE BLISS. 1850. 

Discovery of fossil remains in the valley of

the Connecticut.

In Ann-. Sci. Disoov., 1850, p. 282. 

Eecords the finding of fossil bones at South

Hadley, Mass. 

Well bored near Easton, Pa., record of (Lesley,

'91). 

Wells bored in Connecticut, at New Haven (J.

D. Dana, '83, p. 386. Hnbbard, '89). 

In New Jersey (Cook, '82. Cook, '84, pp.

132-137).

Account of (Cook, '85, pp. 111-123). 

Eecords of (Nasou, '896). 

See also artesian wells. 

Wellsville, Pa. Analysis of iron ore from near

(Frazer, '77, pp. 232-237). 

Catalogue of specimens of trap, iron, ore., etc.

from near (Frazer, '77, pp. 332-381). 

Explorations for ore near (Frazer, '77, pp. 229-

239). 

Mention of various rock specimens from near

(C. E. Hall, '78, pp. 31-41). 

Section from near, to Franklintown (Frazer,

77, pp. 271-273, pi. op. p. 272). '

Welsh mountain, Pa. Trap dike in (Frazer, '80,

p. 29). 

Welly's qnarry, Pa. Analysis of limestone from

(McCreath, '81, pp. 79-80). 

WERTH, J. R. Cited on section at Carbon hill,

Va. (Clifford, '87, p. 12). 

Wertsvllle, N. J. Description of trap sheet near

(Darton, '90, p. 67).

Section of trap sheet near (Dartou, 90, p. 66). 

West Avon, Conn. Topographic form of trap

ridge near (Percival, '42, p. 306). 

West Itloomfleld, N. J. Description of copper

mine near (H. D. Eogers, '40, p. 161). 

Dip in quarries near (H. D. Eogers, '40, p.

130). 

West Chester, Pa. Brief account of geology near

(Finch, '28).

Trap dike near (Lewis, '85, p. 445). 

West Cocalico, Pa. Boundary of Newark near

(Frazer, '80, p. 14).

West Cocalico township, Pa. Eeport on the geology of (Frazer, '80, pp. 42-43). 

West Coushohocken, Pa. Mention of trap dike

near (C. E. Hall, '81, p. 84). 

West Donegal township, Pa. Eeport on the geology of (Frazer, '80, pp. 35-36). 

West End station, N. J. Boundary of trap outcrop at (Cook, '68, p. 177).

Westersfleld cove, Conn. Description of fossil 

footprints from (C. H. Hitchcock, '88, pp. 

125-126).

List of fossil footprints from (C. H. Hitchcock, '88, pp. 121-122). 

Westfleld, Conn. Brief account of shale at (E.

Hitchcock, '35, p. 217). 

Building stone quarried at (E. Hitchcock, '41,

.p. 180).

Copper ore from (Silliniau, '21, pp. 221-222). 

Dip and strike of rocks in (E. Hitchcock, '4],

p. 448).

Dips in ("Walling, '78, p. 192). 

Dip of the lower beds of the Newark system

in (E. Hitchcock, '35, p. 223). 

Dip of Newark system near (E. Hitchcock, '35,

p. 223).

Dip of sandstone in (E. Hitchcock, '41, p. 447). 

Footprints from (Adams, '46a. E. Hitchcock,

'37&. D. Marsh, '48, p. 272). 

Fossil fishes from (Silliman, '21, pp. 221-222). 

Brief account of (E. Hitchcock, '23, vol. 6,

pp. 76-79).

Description of (W. C. Eedfield, '41). 

Description of locality at (Anonymous, '38). 

Descriptions and figures of (Newberry, '88). 

List of (De Kay, '42). 

Mention of (Percival, '42, pp. 442, 446). 

Eeference to a locality for (J. H. Eedfield,

'36).

Gypsum at (E. Hitchcock, '35, pp. 54, 213). 

Trap ridges near (Davis and Whittle, '89, pp.

107-110).

West Goshen, Pa. Mention of a trap dike in (Frazer, '84, p. 693).

Trap dike near (Lewis, '85, p. 445). 

Trap in (Frazer, '83, p. 292). 

West Hartford, Conn. Description of trap ridges 

near (Percival, '42, pp. 384-385).
334 THE NEWAKK SYSTEM. [BULL. 85.

West Haven, Conn. Description of scenery near

(E. Hitchcock, '23, vol. 7, p. 4). 

Westlake's quarry, N. J. Section in (Darton, '90,

p. 57). 

West Marlboro, Pa. Mention of a trap dike in

(Frazer, '84," p. 693). 

West mountain, Conn. Elevation of (,T. D. Dana,

'75o., p. 498). 

West Nantmeal, Pa. Trap dikes in (Frazer, '83,

p. 255. Lesley, '83, p. 211). 

West New York, IV. J. Quarries of trap rock at,

mention of (G. P. Merrill, '89, p. 435). 

Weston mill, N. J. Sandstone quarry at (Cook,

'79, p. 23). 

West Orange, N. J. Sandstone quarries at, (Cook,

'79, p. 23. Shaler, '84, pp. 142-143). 

West Paterson, N. J. Thickness of Watchung

trap sheet at (Darton, '90, p. 22). 

West peak, Conn. Detailed study of the geological structure near (W. M. Davis, '89). 

Height of (Chapin, '91). 

West Quaco, N. B. Brief account of the geology

near (Whittle, '91).

West river mountain, Mass. Description of 

scenery near (E. Hitchcock, '23, vol. 7, pp. 

2-3, 11-12).

West rock, Conn. Account of (Davis and Whittle, '89, p. 105).

Analysis of trap of (E. S. Dana, '77. J. D. 

Dana, '73, vol. 6, p. 106. Frazer, '75a, p. 

404. Hawes,'75. Hawes,'82, p. 132). 

Brief account of trap at (E. Hitchcock, '23,

vol. 6, pp. 45, 50). 

Contact metamorphism at (Percival, '42, pp.

319, 436, 437). 

Contact phenomena at (Percival, '42, pp. 429-

430).

Critical study of (J. D. Dana, '91). 

Denudation near (Whelpley, '45, p. 63). 

Description of (Silliman, '20a, pp. 202-203). 

Description of trap ridges near (Percival, '42,

pp. 395-399). 

Formed by an intrusive trap sheet (W. M.

Davis, '88, p. 463).

Garnets in the trap rock of (E. S. Dana, '77). 

General account of (Silliman, '10, pp. 93-95). 

Geology and mineralogy of (Silliman, '14). 

Lamination of the trap of (Lesley, '56, p. 162). 

Observations on the origin of (Davis and

Whittle, '89, pp. 117-118). 

Origin of form of (Whelpley, '45, p. 64). 

Petrography of, reference to (Davis and Whittle, '89, pp.116, 117).

Quarries of trap rock at (Shaler, '84, p. 127). 

Reference to form of (Whelpley, '45, p. 63). 

Reference to origin of (Hovey, '89, p. 376). 

Structure connected with (Percival, '42, p. 438) 

Topographic form of trap ridge near (Percival, '42, p. 306).

Trap dikes near (Percival, '42, p. 309). 

Trap of (E. S. Dana,'75).

West rock range, Conn. Evidence of deformation furnished by (W. M. Davis, '86, p. 

344).

West's mills, A. J. Dip near (Cook, '68, p. 197). 

West Springfield, Mass. Bituminous limestone in

(E. Hitchcock, '41, p. 444). 

Brief reference to sandstone at (E. Hitchcock,

'35, p. 216). 

Building stone quarried at (E. Hitchcock, '41,

p. 180).

Coal found in (E. Hitchcock, '41, pp. 139-142). 

Coal in (E. Hitchcock, '35, pp. 231-232). 

Contact inetamorphism at (E. Hitchcock, '35

p. 425).

Contact of trap and limestone at (E. Hitchcock, '41, p. 659). 

Description of the geology nenr (W. M. Davis,

'83, pp. 263-264).

Dip and strike ill (E. Hitchcock, '41, p. 448). 

Dip and strike near (W. M. Davis, '83, p. 264). 

Dip near (E. Hitchcock, '35, p. 223). 

Fossil fishes found at (E. Hitchcock, '35, p.

238, pi. 14 in atlas. E. Hitchcock, '41, p. 

' 458). 

Fossil fishes from, remarks on (Harlan, '34, pp.

92-94). 

Fossils found in, account of (E. Hitchcock, '35,

pp. 239-243, pi. 12 in atlas). 

Galena and blende noted at (E. Hitchcock, '35,

p. 232). 

Galena and other minerals obtained near (E.

Hitchcock, '41, p. 448). 

Gray sandstone, in (E. Hitchcock, '41, pp. 442-

443). 

Gypsum at, reference to occurrence of (E.

Hitchcock, '35, pp. 54, 213). 

Indistinct fossils from (E. Hitchcock, '41, p.

461).

Limestone in (E. Hitchcock, '35, p. 218). 

Obscure fossils found at (E. Hitchcock, '41,

p. 463). 

Plant impressions observed in (E. Hitchcock,

'41, p. 450).

Remarks on trap tuff or tufaceous conglomerate at (E. Hitchcock, '44e, p. 7). 

Section at, showing trap and sandstone (W.

M. Davis, '83, pp. 305-307, pi. 10). 

Trap rock of (E. Hitchcock, '41, pp. 641-643). 

Variegated conglomerate at (E. Hitchcock, '35,

p. 216). 

West Suftield, Conn. Trap ridges near, description of (Percival, '42, p. 393). 

West Town, Pa. Trap in (Frazer, '83, p. 298). 

West Vincent, Pa. Boundary of Xrwark near

(Lesley, '83, pp. 185,191).

Wetliersfleld, Conn. Footprints at, early discovery of (E. Hitchcock, '36, p. 309). 

Footprints from, description of (E. Hitchcock,

'41, pp. 478-501. E. Hitchcock, '48. E.

Hitchcock, '58). 

Footprints in, localities of (E. Hitchcock, '41,

p. 466).

Fossil fish at, mention of (Percival, '42, p. 442). 

Fossil plants from (E. Hitchcock, '41, p. 451). 

Indistinct fossils from (E. Hitchcock, '41, p.

461). 

Raindrop impressions found at (E. Hitchcock,

'41, pp. 501-503, pi. 49).
UCSS ELL.] LITERATURE. 335

Whately, Mass. Conglomerate in (E. Hitchcock, 

'35, p. 214).

Occurrence of native copper at (E. Hitchcock,

'446).'

Wheatfleld mine, Pa. Conglomerate in (d'lnvilliers, '83, p. 202).

Detailed account of (d'lnvilliers, '83, pp. 344-

350). 

WHEATLEY, CHARLES M. 1861.

Eemarks on tlie Mesozoic red sandstone of the 

Atlantic slope, and notice of the discovery 

of a bone bed therein, at PhoBnixville, Pa.

In Am. Jour. Sci., 2d ser., vol. 32, pp. 41-48.

Discusses briefly the question of the geological 

position of the strata referred to in the 

title; describes the section exposed in a 

tunnel near Phcenixvlllo, Pa., and gives a 

list with annotations of the fossil bones, 

plants, etc., found at the same locality.

Republished in Jones, '62, pp. 93-95, with additions. 

WHEATLEY, C. M. 1861a.

Interesting discoveries of saurian and other 

fossil remains in the Red sandstone of eastern Pennsylvania.

In Am. Jour. Sci., 2dser., vol."31, p. 301.

Abstract in Neues Jahrbuch, 1863, pp. 122-123.

Eecords the finding of fossil hones and fossil 

plants at Phcenixville, Pa., and identified 

somo.of the fossils. 

WHEATLEY, (!. M. 1865.

[Lithographs of fossil saurian bones from 

Phoenixville, Pa.]

In Am. Philo. Soc., Proc., vol. 9, pp. 4-5.

Brief mention that the lithographs referred

to were exhibited to the society. 

WHEATLEY, CHARLES M. 18J1.

Notice of the discovery of a cave in eastern 

Pennsylvania containing remains of postPliocene fossils, including those of mastodon, tapir, megalonyx, mylodon, etc.

In Am. Jour. Sci., 3d ser., vol. 1, pp. 235-237, 

384-385.

Describes the contents of a cave at the junction of Auroral limestone with the Newark system near Port Kennedy, Pa., pp. 

235-237).

WHEATLEY, C. M. Cited on discovery of fossil 

bones at Phceuixville, Pa, (Wells, '62).

Cited 011 fossil crustaceans from the Newark 

system (Jones, '62, p. 85).

Cited (at length) on fossils collected at Phneuixvillo, N. C. (Jones, '62, pp. 93-97).

Description of fossil Estheriaj collected by 

(Jones, '62, pp. 123-126).

Fossil bones collected by (Cope, '87, p. 209). 

Whcatley mine, Pa. Mention of (H. D. Eogers, 

'58, vol. 2, p. 763).

Red shale at (Lesley, '83, p. 202).

Trap dikes in (H. D. Eogers, '58, vol. 2, pp. 

702-703).

WHELPLEY, J. D. 1845.

[Trap anil sandstone of the Connecticut valley; theory of their relation.]

In Am. Assoc. Geol. and Nat., Proc., 6th meeting. PP- 61-64,

WHELPLEY, J. D. Continued.

Discusses the crescentic figures of the trap 

ridges of the Connecticut valley. Considers that the Connecticut valley sandstone was deposited in its present inclined 

position.

WHELPLEY, J. D. Cited on contact metamorplasm in New Jersey (TV. M. Davis, '83, 

p. 301).

WHITE, CHARLES A. 1889.

The North American Mesozoic.

In Am. Assoc. Adv. Sci., Proc., vol. 38, pp. 

205-220.

Discusses briefly the evidence bearing on the 

age of the Newark system, and its relation to associated terranes, pp. 205-207, 

208. 

WHITF1ELD, J. E. Analysis of coal from North

Carolina by. See Clarke, '87, p. 146. 

WHITFIELD, ROBERT P. 1885.

Brachiopoda and lamellibranchiata of the Raritan clays and green sand marls of New 

Jersey.

Monograph of the United States Geological 

Survey, No. 9.

Washington (Interior Dept.), 4to, pp. i-xx, 

1-269, pis. 3-35, and a map.

Published also by the geological survey of 

New Jersey.

Trenton, 1886, vol. 1, 4to pages, etc., same as 

above.

Accompanied by a geological map of New

Jersey.

Whitehall, N. J. Conglomerate composed of 

gneissic pebbles near (Nason, '89, p. 21).

Footprints at (Cook, '79, p. 28. Cook, '85, pp. 

95-96. Nason, '89, p. 28).

Footprints from, description of (C. IT. Hitchcock, '88, pp. 124-125).

Footprints found at, list of (C. H. Hitchcock, 

'88, p. 122).

Isolated trap hill near (Nason, '89, p. 37). 

WMteheart's dock, N. J. Indurated shale at

(Cook, '82, p. 59).

White House, N. J. Dip in shale near (Cook, '79, 

p. 30).

Dip in shale and sandstone near (Cook, '82, p. 

29).

Dip near (Cook, '68, p. 198).

Dip of sandstone altered by trap intrusion 

near (H. D. Rogers, '36, p. 154).

Faults near (Cook, '79, p. 33. Cook, '82, p. 

16).

Trap rock near, exposure of (Cook, '82, p. 64). 

Whitehouse, Pa. Trap dike near, mention of

(Frazer, '84, p. 693). 

White House Station, N. J. Boundary of trap near

(Cook, '68, p. 193).

White Marsh township, Pa. Report on tho geology of (C. E. Hall, '81, pp. 74-83). 

WHITXEY [J. D.]. 1849.

[Observations on the probable origin of socalled fossil raindrop impressions on sandstone.]

See Desor and Whitney, 1849.
336 THE NEWARK SYSTEM. [BULL. 85.

WHITXEY, J. D. 1855.

Notice of the geological position and character of the copper mine at Bristol, Conn.

See Silliiuan, jr., and Whituey, 1855. 

WHITNEY, J. D. 18«0.

On the stratigraphical position of the sandstones of the Connecticut river valley.

In Ann. Sci. Discov., 1860, p. 322.

Abstract of a communication to the Am. Assoc. Adv. Sci. at the Springfield, Mass., 

meeting, 1859, in which the origin of the 

dip of the Connecticut valley sandstone 

 was discussed. Keasons were advanced 

to prove that the sandstone was deposited 

in its present inclined position. This 

view was dissented from by C. H. Hitchcock. 

Whitneyville, Conn. Description of trap ridges

near (Percival, '42, pp. 396-397). 

White Oak, Pa. Exposure of altered schist near.

See Frazer, '82, p. 121.

White Oak mountains, Va. Boundary of Newark 

near (Heinrich, '78, p. 238. "W. B. Rogers, 

'39, p. '75).

Description of (W. B. Kogers, '39, p. 79).

Dip near ("VV". B. Kogers, '39, p. 80). 

Whitestown, Pa. Boundary of the Newark near. 

See Frazer, '82, p. 123.

Iron ore associated with trap near (H. D. 

Rogers, '58, vol. 2, p. 690).

Trap dikes near (H. D. Rogers, '58, vol. 2, p.

690).

Whitmore's ferry, Mass. Character of rock at (E. 

Hitchcock, '41, p. 447).

Coal at (E. Hitchcock, '35, p. 231).

Coal found near (E. Hitchcock, '41, p. 139).

Conglomerate at (E. Hitchcock, '35, p. 221).

Dip and strike of rocks at (E. Hitchcock, '41, 

p. 448).

Fossil fishes found in, an account of (E.

Hitchcock, '41, p. 458). 

WHITTLE, CHARLES LIVY. 1889.

The intrusive and extrusive Triassic trap 

sheets of the Connecticut valley.

See Davis and Whittle, 1889. 

WHITTLE, CHARLES LIVY. 1891.

The beach phenomena at Quaco, N. B.

In Am. Geol., vol. 7, pp. 183-187.

Contains a brief account of the geology at the 

locality mentioned. Describes an unconformity between the Newark and the Carboniferous beneath. 

WHITTLE, C. L. Cited on trap dikes near Meriden, Conn. (W. M. Davis, '89, p. 62). 

Wick's mill, Pa. Description of trap dike near 

(Frazer, '80, p. 30).

Wiehock [Wceliawken], N. J. Mention of slate

beneath trap (Mitchill, '28, p. 9). 

Wigham's coal mine, Va. Notes on (Taylor, '35,

p. 284).

Wilbraham, Mass. Brief account of building 

stone found at (E. Hitchcock, '35, pp. 46, 

215).

Notice of building stone at (E. Hitchcock, '32, 

pp. 35-36).

Wilburtha, X. J. Conglomerate near (Nason, '89,

p. 17). 

Contact metamorphism near (Nason, '89, p.

32).

Exposure of shale near (Nason, '89, p. 17). 

Fossil crustaceans found near (Nason, '89, p.

29).

Small fault near (Nason, '89, p. 32). 

Typical localities of gray sandstone near (Nason, '89, p. 24). 

Wilcox'8,N. C. Exploration for coal near (Chance,

'85, pp. 46-47). 

Wilcox's coal mine, N. C. Analysis of coal from

(W. R. Johnson, '50, p. 166. Macfarlane,

'77, p. 525).

WILKES, C. 1858. 

Report on the examination of the Deep river

district, North Carolina. 

"Washington, 35th Congress, 2d session. Ex.

Doc. No. 26, pp. 1-29, pi. 1, and two maps. 

Reprinted in "On the coal and iron counties of

North Carolina," by P. M. Hale, Raleigh,

1883, pp. 147-181. 

Gives a general description of the coal field

referred to, with special reference to the

Egypt shaft. 

WILKES, C. Cited on the ago of the Newark

system in North Carolina (Chance, '85, p.

17). 

Section of the Egypt shaft, N. C. (Chance, '85,

p. 21). 

Cited on the Deep river coal field, N. C. (MoGehee, '83, p. 76). 

Cited on the quality of coal from Deep river,

N. C. (Hale, '83, pp. 226-227). 

WILLIAMS, JR., ALBERT. 1883. 

Coal. 

In U. S. Geol. Surv., MineralResources,pp. 1-

107. 

Contains a table of analysis of coals from the

Richmond coal field, Va., p. 82. 

WILLIAMS, JR., ALBERT. 1885. 

Coal. 

InU. S. Geol. Snrv., Mineral Resources, 1883,

pp. 11-143. 

Contains a brief account of the coal of the

Newark areas of North Carolina and Virginia. 

WILLIAMS, A. B. Cited on the thickness of coal

seams near Gulf, N. C. (Chance, '85, pp.

40,41). 

Williamson's point, Pa. Chemical and optical

study of trap from (Frazer, '78). 

Illustration of trap at (Frazer, '80). 

Willington, Conn. Description of trap dikes in

Primary rocks near (Percival, '42. pp. 423-

424).

WILLIMOTT, CHAS. W. 1884. 

Report of observations in 1883, on some mines

and mineral in Ontario, Quebec, and Nova

Scotia. 

In geological and natural history survey and

museum of Canada, report of progress,

1882-'83-'84, Montreal, 1885, pp. 1L-28L. 

Contains an account of minerals obtained

from the Newark rock of Nova Scotia,
LITERATURE. 337

WILLIMOTT, J. W.-Continued.

together with general statements concerning the nature of the accompanying rock. 

WILLIS, BAILEY. 1886.

Notes on samples of iron ore collected in North 

Carolina.

In report on mining industries of the United 

States [etc., etc.].

By Raphael Pumpelly, in Tenth Census of the 

United States, vol. 15, pp. 301-329, and 3 

plates.

Contains two geological maps, showing area' 

occupied by Newark rocks in North Carolina. Also a brief account of Newark 

hematites, blackband, and ball oreppp. 

304-306). 

Wllllstown, Pn. Trap dike in (Frazer, '84, p. 693).

Trap dike near (Lewis, '85, p. 445). 

Willow Grove, Pa. Boundaries of Newark area 

of Pennsylvania near (Lea, '58, p. 92).

Boundary of Newark near (Lesley, '83, p. 183. 

H. D. Rogers, '58, vol. 2, p. 068).

Contact of the Newark with gneiss, near (H. 

D. Rogers, '58, vol.2, p. 668).

Dip near (Lesley, '83, p. 180). 

Will's coal mine, Va. Analysis of coal from 

(Clemson,'35).

Brief account of (Macfarlano, '77, p. 507).

Depth of (Taylor, '48, p. 50). o

Explosions in (Taylor, '48, p. 49).

Notes on (Taylor, '35, p. 284).

Thickness of coal in (W. B. Rogers, '36, p. 53). 

Will's nnd Michael's pit, Va. Depth of (W. B.

Rogers, '436, p. 535).

Wllmotj N. S. Spring at (Gesner, '36, pp. 78-79). 

WILSON, COL. Cited in connection with fossil

footprints (Macfarlane, '79, p. 63). 

Wllsonvllle, Pa. Iron ore associated with trap

near (H. D. Rogers, '58, vol. 2, p. 690). 

WIIS'CHELL, A. 1856.

Notes on the geology of middle and southern 

Alabama.

In Am. Assoc. Adv. Sci., Proc., vol. 10, 1857, 

part 2, pp. 82-93.

Mentions certain observations which are 

thought to indicate the presence of Newark rocks in the region mentioned, p. 93. 

W1NCHELL, ALEXANDER. 1870.

Sketches of greation [etc.].

New Tork. 12mo pp. i-xii, 1-459, with plates.

. Contains a popular account of the footprints

of the Connecticut valley, pp. 180-187. 

WINCHELL, ALEXANDER. 1886.

Geological studies, or elements of geology 

[etc.].

Chicago [111.]. 12mo, pp. i-xxv, 1-513.

Contains a geological sketch map of theUnited 

States, pp. 118-119; a table of geological 

equivalents, pp. 274-275; a brief sketch of 

American Jurassic mammals, pp. 247-248; 

a table showing the succession of vertebrate lii'e in America, pp. 258-259; and an 

outline of the Jurassic and Triassic systems ns developed in America, pp. 224-229. 

Windsor, Conn. Bituminous shale in (Percival, 

'42, p. 442)

Bull. 85 22

Windsor, Conn. Continued.

Description of sandstone naar (Percival, '42,

pp. 441-442). 

Fossil bones from (Wells, '50, ]>. 340).

Wlnniplseogee lake, N. H. Description of trap 

dikes in Primary rocks near (Percival, '42, 

p. 419).

Wlnnsboro, S. C. Description of trap dikes near 

(Tuomey, '44, p. 12).

Wintergreen lake, Conn. Chumical compositions 

of trap rock from near (Hawes, '75).

Wlnterpocket creek, Va. Analysis of coal from 

(Macfarlane, '77,p.515).

Wlnterpocket creek coal mine, Vn. Analysis of 

coal from (Williams, '83, p. 82).

Wlthersfleld, Conn. Topographic form of trap

ridge near (Percival, '42, p. 304). 

Wobury, Mass. Brief account of popper ores at

(E.Hitchcock, '35, p. 72). 

WOLFF, J. E. Cited on structure of trap rock

of Connecticut (W. M. Bavin, '88, p. 405). 

Wolfville, N. S. Manganese at ((lilpin.'85, p. 8). 

Wolrldge's coal mine, Va. Analysis of coal from

(Williams, '83e,p. 82). 

Thickness of coal in (Taylor, '35, p. 282). 

Woodbury, Conn. Brief account of the Newark

area in (E. Hitchcock, '35, p. 220. Silliiiian, '20a, pp. 231-233).

Brief account of Newark rocks in (E. Hitchcock, '28, pp. 227-228). 

Brief account of the trap ridge of tlio Newark

system of (E. Hitchcock, '35, p. 513). 

Brief description of (Percival, '42, p. 427). 

Description of Newark area (W. M. Davis,

'86, pp. 347-348). 

Description of rocks at (E. Hitchcock, '436,

p. 294). 

Fossil tree trunk found in (E. Hitclicock, '41,

pp. 450-458). 

Fossil tree trunk from (E. Hitchcock, '35, p.

237). 

Newark rocks left by erosion (Russell, '78, p.

239).

Occurrence of minerals at (Silliman, '18a). 

Reference to Newark area in (E. Hitchcock,

! 41, p. 440). 

Reference to the Newark rocks in (Russell,

'78, p. 238). 

Reference to the volcanic origin of the trap

rocks of (Cooper, '22, pp. 239, 243). 

Sketch map and section in (W. M. Davis, '88,

p. 473). 

Trap ridge in, description of (Percival, '42,

pp. 410-412). 

Woodbridge, N. J. Boundary of Newark near

(Cook, '68, pp. ] 75,176). 

Boundary of the Newark system near (Cook,

'89, p. 11).

Dip in shale near (Cook, '82, p. 25). 

Native aopper at (Akerly, '20, p. 61). 

Referred to as a locality for copper ore (H. D.

Rogers, '30, p. 166). 

Trap rock near (Cook, '82, p. 18). 

Woodland, it'. J. Analysis of soil from (Cook,

'78, pp. 37,39).
338 THE NEWARK SYSTEM. [BULL. 85.

Woodside, Jf. i. Plant remains in sandstone near

(Nason, '89, p. 28). 

Woodville, >'. 3. Brief reference to trap hills

near (H. D. Rogers, '36, p. 159). 

Dip in flagstone at (Cook, '82, p. 26). 

Flagging stone quarries at (Shaler, '84, p.

14-1).

Flagstone at (Cook, '81, pp. 03-64). 

 Flagstone quarry at (Cook, '79, p. 25). 

Woodville, Pa. Trap dike near (Lewis, '85, pp.

440-447).

Mention of (Frazer, '84, p. 693). 

Trap in (Frazer, '83, p. 307). 

Woodward's coal mine, Va. Notes on (Taylor,

'35, p. 284).

WOOLD RIDGE, A. S. 1842. 

Geological and statistical notice of the coal

mines in the vicinity of Richmond, Va. 

In Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 43, pp. 1-14. 

Describes a number of localities in the Richmond coal field at which coal has been 

mined, gives depth" of shafts, output of 

coal, etc. States in general terms that 

fossil plants and fishes have been found. 

WOOLDIUDGE, A. S. Cited on the Richmond

coal field, Va. (Taylor, '48, pp. 49-50). 

Woolridges coal pits, Va. Brief account of (Macfarlane, '77, p. 507).

Worcester county, Conn. Description of trap 

dikes in Primary rocks in (Percival, '42, 

p. 420). 

Worlhington, Conn. Topographic form of trap

ridge near (Percival, '42, p. 304). 

Trap ridges near (Percival, '42, p. 378). 

WURTZ, HEXRY. 1870. 

Progress of an investigation of the structure 

and lithology of the Hudson river palisades. 

In New York Lye. Nat. Hist., Proc., vol. 1,

1870-71, pp. 99-105.

Reviews briefly certain hypotheses concerning the origin of the prevailing dip of the 

Newark system, especially in New Jersey. Advances a hypothesis to. the 

effect that the palisades are formed of 

metamorphosed sedimentary beds. Remarks on this hypothesis may be found 

in the same volume as follows: J. S. Newberry, pp. 131,133-134; P. Schweitzer, pp. 

136,190,244-252; B. N. Martin, pp. 132- 

133, and by H. "Wurtz, pp. 196, 283. 

WURTZ, H. 1871. 

Analysis of sandstone from New Jersey. 

In New York Lye. Nat. Hist., Proc., vol. 1,

1870-'71, p. 196). 

Gives fonr analyst sandstone from New

Jersey, by Schweitzer and Cook. 

WURTZ, HENRY. 1872. 

[A note in reference to the mineralogical composition of the Newark sandstone of New 

Jersey.]

In Am. Jour. Sci., 3d ser., vol. 3, p. 57. 

Calls attention to analysis of sandstone from 

New Jersey, published in Ne^v York Lye. 

Nat. Hist., Nov., 1870. . See also Am. 

Jour. Sci., 3d ser., vol. 3, p. 57,

WURTZ, HENRY. 1875.

Preliminary note upon the carbonite or socalled "natural coke " of Virginia. 

In Am. Inst. Mining Engr., Trans., vol. 3,

pp. 450-457.

Contains an analysis of natural coke and a

description of some of its characteristics.

WURTZ, H. Cited on composition of trap rocks

(W. M. Davis, '83, p. 284). 

Curved form of certain trap ridges ("W. M.

Davis, '83, p. 307). 

Natural coke [carbonite] from Virginia

(Eaymoud, '83). 

Origin and deposition of Newark strata (W.

M. Davis, '83, p. 287). 

Origin of the trap rocks of New Jersey (T.

S. Hunt, '74).

Origin of the trap rock of Palisades, N. 

J. (B. N. Martin, '70. Newberry, '70, 

Schweitzer, '70. Schweitzer, '71). 

WYMAX, JEFFRIES. 1855. 

Notice of fossil bones from the Red sandstone of the Connecticut river. 

In. Am. Jour. Sci., 2d ser., vol. 20, pp. 394-

397.

Abstract in Neues Jahrbuch, 1856, p. 82. 

A careful description of the bones referred to, 

twenty-five years after they were exhumed.

WYMAN, JEFFRIES. 1855a. 

[Concerning fossil bones from the sandstone

of the Connecticut valley.] 

In Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Proc., vol. 5, p. 238. 

Brief remarks on some fossil bones with the 

conclusion that some of them were reptilian.

WYMAN, [J-]. Cited in reference to the character of a fossil reptile from the Connecticut 

valley (Cope, '69, p. 122G). 

Cited on certain footprints from Turner's

Falls, Mass. (Deane, '56). 

Fossil bones of the Connecticut valley

(Wells, '56).

Saurian bones from Connecticut valley sandstone (E. Hitchcock, '58, pp. 186-187). 

Yahpo, N. J. Trap outcrop near (Cook, '68, p.

188). 

Yale College. Description of fossil fishes in the

museum of (Newberry, '88). 

Yalesville, Conn. Trap ridges near, description

of (Percival, '42, pp. 405-406). 

Yardleyville, Pa. Boundary of the Newark near

(C. E. Hall, '81, p. 20). 

Character of strata near (H. D. Rogers, '58,

vol. 2, pp. 072,673). 

Fault and trap dike at (Lewis, '82). 

Quarries near (H. D. Rogers, '40, p. 121.

Shaler, '84, p. 157).

Reference to (H. D. Rogers, '36, p. 157). 

Section near (Frazer, '77a, p. 496). 

Unconformity at base of the Newark at (H. 

D. Rogers, '58, vol. 2, p. 672).

Yellow springs, Md. Dip of conglomerate near

(Ducntel, '37, p. 36).

Search for coal near (Ducatel, '37, pp. 36-37). 

Yellow springs, Pa. Sandstone near (H. D. Rogers, '58, vol. 1, pp. 88,89).
RUSSELL.] LITERATURE 339

Yellow tavern, Pa. flip in conglomerate near

(H. D. Rogers, '58, p. 102). 

Yerke's station, Pa. Fossil iish remains found at

(Leidy, '76).

York, Pa. Analysis of trap rock from near (Frazer, '75a, p. 408. Frazer, '76, pp. 122-124).

Boundary of the Newark near (H. D Eogers, 

'58, vol. 2, p. 608).

Conglomerate and sandstone from near (C. E. 

Hall, '78, pp. 17,40).

Conglomerate near (Frazer, '85, p. 403. H. D. 

Rogers, .'58, vol. 2, p. 680).

Dip of shale and conglomerate near (Frazer, 

'76, p. 92).

List of fossil footprints from (C. H. Hitchcock, '88, p. 123).

Optical properties of trap from near (Frazer,

'75a, p. 410. Frazer, '76, p. 126). 

York county, Pa. Analysis of coal from (MeCreath, '79, pp. 102-103).

Analyses of limestone from (McCreatb, '81, 

pp. 79-80).

Brief report on (Lesley, '85, pp. cx-cxii, pi. 91).

Dip of the Newark system in (Frazer, '75c).

Exploration for iron ore in (Frazer, '77, pp. 

229-239).

Geology of (Frazer, '85).

Geological map of (Frazer, '80).

Red shale in (H. D. Eogers, '58, vol. 2, p. 677).

Report on the geology of (Frazer, '76).

Trap rocks of (Frazer, '75«).

Unconformity at the base of the Newark system in (Frazer, '75c).

Vertebrate, fossils from the Triassic in (Cope,

'85). 

York county, S. C. Trap dikes in (Hammoml, '84,

pp. 466-497).

York Haven, Pa. Building stone near (H. D. Rogers, '58, vol. 2, p. 677).

Con tact metamorphism near (H. D. Rogers,'58, 

vol. 2, p. 677).

Trap quarries at, mention of (G. P. Merrill,

' '89, p. 436).

Trap dikes near (H. 1). Rogers, '58, vol. 2, p. 

687).

York Haven, Pa. Continued.

Trap ridge near (H. D. Rogers, '58, vol. 2, p.

677). 

York springs, Pa. Contact metamorphism near

(II. D. Rogers, '58, vol. 2, p. 690). 

Trap dikes near (H. D. Rogers, '58, vail. 2, p. 

689).

York valley, Pa. Sandstone above limestone in 

(H. D. Rogers, '58, vol. 2, p. 680).

Yorkvillc, S. C. Description of trap dikes near 

(Tnomey, '44, p. 12).

Yost's quarries, AT . .1. Dip of sandstone at (Cook, 

'79, p. 30).

YOUNG [C. A.]. Remarks on the dip of the Newark system at Norristown, Pa. (Frazer, 

*75c).

ZE1LLEK, U. 1888. 

Sur la presence dans le gres bigarre des

Vosges, do 1'Acrostichides rhombifolius,

Fontaine. 

In Bull. Soc. Geol. France, 3d ser. ,vol. 16, pp.

693-699. 

Reviewed by J. Marcon in Am. Geol., vol. 5,

pp. 160-174. 

A review of "W. M. Fontnine's monograph on

the Older Mesozoic flora of "Virginia, in

which the evidence of the ago of the Newark system as indicated by fossil plants is

discussed.

ZEILLER, 11EXE. 1889. 

[A letter on the flora of the Richmond coal

field, Va.] 

In " The Triassicflora of Richmond, Virginia,"

by Jules Marcou. 

Am. Geol., vol. 5, p. 172. 

Gives a list of fossil plants collected in the

Richmond coal fields, by J. Marcou. 

/KILLER, B. A review of a paper on Newark

 flora by (Marcou, '90). 

Zinc. In Massachusetts, brief account of (E.

Hitchcock,'41, p. 448). 

Occurrence of, at Berlin, Conn. (E. Hitchcock,

'35, p. 232).

INDEX

A.

Acadian area of Newark system, general 

description.......................

trap rocks of.........................

structure of..........................

Agassiz, L., cited on fossil fishes of the 

Newark system ..................

Areas occupied by the Newark wystein...

B.

19

72

80

125 

.9-24

Bain, Francis, cited on geology and fossils of Prince Edward island..... 26

Barboursville (Virginia) area of Newark

system, general description ..... 21 

structure of.......................... 85-86

Bathygnatus borealis of Prince Edward

island............................ 26, 30

Batrachians and reptiles of the Newark

system........................... 54-56

Bogan's cut, North Carolina, section at... 9G

Bradley, F. H., cited on former connection of now separated Newark 

areas............................. 103

Breccias and conglomerates.............. 32-35

Broad-terrane hypothesis as to deposition

of Newark strata ............. 103,104-107

Bunbury, C. J. I1 ., cited on fossil plants

of the Newark ................... 127

C.

Carbon Hill, Virginia, section at......... 39

Cascade, North Carolina, section near ... 86-87 

Central American fossil plants compared

with those of the Newark system. 131-133 

Chance, H. H., cited on composition of

coal of the Newark system....... 37

section at Farmville, North Carolina,

by.................. ............. 41

cited on coal of the Dan river area... 42 

Chinese fossil plants compared with those

of theNewark................... 131

Clifford, "W., cited on conditions of deposition of Newark strata in Virginia and North Carolina ........ 102,

Climatic conditions during Newark time. 47-53 

Clover hill, Virginia, section at.......... 40

structure at.......................... 93

Coal of the Newark system .............. 36-43

analyses ............................. 37

Coke (natural) of the Newark system.... 37

Conglomerates and breccias.............. 32-35

Page. 

Connecticut, structure of the Newark

system in........................ 80-82

Connecticut valley, area of the Newark

system, general description...... 20

trap rocks of......................... 73

structure of.......................... 80-81

explanation of fault structure in .... 98-100

Conrad, T. A., on mollusks of the Newark ............................... 60

Cook, G-. H., cited on thickness of Newark rocks in New Jersey......... 107

Cope, E. D., cited on vertebrate fossils

from the Newark ................ 55,124

Correlation, general principles........... 108-116

of the Newark system ............... 120-132

Crustaceans of the Newark system...... 59-60

Cycadoidea abequidensis of Prince Edward island...................... 27,28

D.

Daddow, S. H., and B. Banuan, cited

on coal in the Farmville area..... 42

Dadoxylon Edvardianum of Prince Edward island......................27,28, 29

Dan river (Virginia) area of Newark system, general description......... 22,42

structure of..........................85,86,88

Dana, E. S., cited on composition of trap

rocks............................ 67

Dana, J. D., cited on Triassic nomenclature. ............................. 19

cited on conditions of deposition of

Newark rocks.................... 45

cited on semiglacial era at close of

Newark time..................... 49

cited on origin of trap rocks of Connecticut valley................... 74

cited on structure of Connecticut

valley area....................... 81

cited on conditions in Connecticut

valley during Newark time...... 102

on geological position of the Newark

as determined by fossils.......... 129

Danville (Virginia) area of Newark system, general description ......... 22

structure of.......................... 86-87

Davis, W. M., aid by .................... 20

cited on glaciation during Newark

time. ............................ 47

cited on characteristics of trap dikes. 69 

cited on trap rocks of the Connecticut valley........................ 73

cited on trap sheets of New Jersey .. 74, 75 

341
342 INDEX.

Page. 

Davis, W. M. Continued.

cited on structure of the Newark system...... .....'................... 78,79

cited on structure of the Connecticut

valley area....................... 81

cited on structure of Southbury area. 82 

cited on fault structure of the Newark system....................... 98

cited on conditions of deposition of

Newark strata....... ............ 102

cited on former extent of the Newark

in the Connecticut valley area.. -. 104,106 

Dawson, J. "W., cited on distribution of 

Newark rocks in New Brunswick 

and Nova Scotia.................. 19

cited on geology of Prince Edward

island..... ........ ..............25,26,27

cited on conditions of deposition of

Newark rocks in Acadian area... 45,101 

cited on trap rocks of the Acadian

area.............................. 72

cited on structure and position of the 

Acadian area of the Newark system.......... .................... 80,120

Darton, N. H., cited on trap sheets of

New Jersey....................... 74.73

cited on Newark structure.......... 85

Deane, James, cited on insect footprints

of the Newark system............ 58

Deposition of Newark rocks, conditions

of................ ................ 45-53

Deep river (North Carolina) area of Newark system, general description.. 23 

rocks of............................. 41

structure of................. ........... 94,95

Deep river mines, structure near........ 92-93

Dikes of the Newark system............. 66-77

Dikes in the southern Newark area......

DTnvilliers, E. V., cited on structure of 

the Newark system in Pennsylvania.. ..........................

Dover, Virginia, coal mines at ..........

E.

76

Egypt, North Carolina, section at....... 41

Ells, R. W., quoted ongeology of Prince

Edward island................... 26

Emerson, B. K., aid by.................. 20,73

cited on thickness of the Newark

rocks............................. 43

cited on conditions under which Newark strata were deposited........ 102

Emmous, E., cited on Deep river (North

Carolina) area of Newark rocks.. 23 

cited on North Carolina stratigraphy. 32 

cited on vertebrate remains of the

Newark.................54,55,123,124,120

F.

Farmville (Virginia) area of Newark system ...........................23,40,88-89

coal in............................... 42

structure of ................---...- -- 88-89

Farmville, North Carolina, section at.... 41

Fault structure, origin of................ 98-100

Fishes of the Newark system............ 56-58

Page. 

Fontaine, ~W. M., cited on Mesozoic

nomenclature.................... 19

section at Clover Hill, Virginia, by .. 40 

cited on glacial origin of conglomerates of the Newark system....... 47^18

cited on plants of the Newark system.. ..... ..................62-65,127-128

quoted on structure ot the Richmond

coal field......................... 89-90

Footprints of the Newark system........ 61-62

Fossils of Princo Edward island......... 26-30

Fossils of the Newark system............ 123-133

Frazer, Peraifor, cited on composition

of trap rocks..................... 67

CJ.

Gabb, \V. M. cited on supposed Newark

mollusks......................... 61

Glacial origin of the conglomerates of the

Newark system discussed........ 47-53

H.

Hall, James, cited on distribution of 

the Newark rocks of the Acadian 

area............................. 19

Harrington, B. J., cited on geology of

Prince Edward islau d............ 25

Hawes, G. W., chemical analyses of trap

rocks by......................... 68

Heinrich, 0. J., cited on Mesozoic

nomenclature.................... 19

cited on coal of the Richmond coal

field.............................. 36

sections in Richmond coal field by... 39 

cited on coal in the Richmond area... 42 

on thickness of Newark rocks in the

Richmond area................... 43

cited on structure of the Richmond

coal field......................... 90

cited on former connection of now

separated Newark areas.......... 103

Heer, Oswald, on relations of Newark

plants............................ 126

Hitchcock, Edward, cited on limestones

of the Newark system........... 35-36

cited on glaciation during Newark

time...... ............ ........... 47

cited on reptilian remains from the

Newark.......................... 55

on insects of the Newark system .... 58

cited on molluskan remains of the

Newark......................... 60

on footprints of the Newark system. 61-62 

cited on fossil plants of the Newark

system........................... 127

Honduras fossil plants compared with

those of the Newark............. 131

Hovey. E. 0., on origin of trap rocks of

Connecticut valley............... 74

Hubbard, 0. P.. cited on thickness of

the Newark rocks................ . 43

I.

Ichnology of the Newark system......... 61-62

Iddings, J. P., cited on composition of

trap rocks........................ 67
INDEX. 343

Page.

Igneous rocks of the Newark system..... 66-77 

Insacts of the Newark system........... 58

J.

James river, section along ............... 90-91

.1 aincs river, Virginia, mines near ....... 91

Johnson, W. R., cited on coal of the

Richmond coal field.............. 36

Jones, T. R., on "crustaceans of the Newark system....................... 59

cited on Newark crustaceans ........ 126

It.

Kerr, W. C., cited on Newark areas in

North Carolina................... 24,95

cited on supposed Newark glaciation. 47 

cited on former connection of now 

separated Newark areas in Virginia and North Carolina........ ]03

Knorria of Prince Edward island........ 28. 29

Kuowlton. If. H., on fossil plants of

Priace Edward island............ 29

cited on specific, identity of fossil 

Vi-ood from New Mexico with that 

found in Newark strata.......... 121

Lea, Isaac, cited on vertebrate remains

of the Newark system...........54,55,124

cited on Newark mollusks. -......... 60

on footprints in the Newark of Pennsylvania ......................... 61-62

on Newark plant remains............ 65

cited on age of the Newark .......... 123

Le Conte, Joseph, cited on conditions of

deposition of Newark rocks...... 46,102

Leidy, Joseph, cited on reptilian remains

from the Newark ................ 30,55

determinations concerning Newark

fossils by........................ 123,124

Lesley, J. P., cited on structure of the 

Newark system intheNew YorkVirgin ia area .....*................ 84

cited on former area of Newark formation........................... 103

Lettenkolileu plants identical with those

of the Richmond coalfield....... 114-115

Lewis, H. C., cited on Newark mollusks. 60 

cited on structure of the New YorkVirginia area..................... 84

Literature of the Newark system........ 133-339

Lithology ami stratigraphy of the Newark system....................... 32-44

Local basin hypothesis as to deposition

of the Newark strata..........101-102,104

Lyell, Charles, cited on the Richmond

coal field......................... 89

cited on fossil plants of the Newark

system................ ............ 127

M.

Maclnre, William, cited on former extent of Newark areas............. 103

Mammals of the Newark system......... 54

Manakiu, Virginia, coal mines at...... 38

Page.

Marcou, J., cited on age of the .Newark.. .123 

Marsh, 0. C., cited on reptilian remains

from the Newark................ 55

on Jurassic fossils resembling those

of the Newark formation......... 123

Maryland, Newark rocks in ............. 20

Mather, W. "W., cited on the structure

of the Newark system............ 78

McGee, "W. J., cited on place of llaritan

clays............................. 60

cited on relations of the Potomac and

Newark formations.............. 105,120

Midlothian, Virginia, section at.......... 39

coal outcrops near ................... 92

Nason, F. L., cited on crustaceans of 

the Newark......................

Newark system, origin of name..........

synonyms of.........................

areas occupied by....................

lithology and stratigraphy...........

thickness of rocks of................

life records of........................

structure of..........................

conditions of deposition of...........

former extent of.....................

determinations by various authors of 

age of............................

fossils of.............................

flora of, compared with that of terranes of Asia and of Central 

America .........................

literature of..........................

Newberry, J. S., cited on conditions of 

deposition of Newark rocks......

cited on plants of the Newark system. ........... ..................

cited on former extent of the Newark...... ............. ............

on identity of Newark plants with

fossil plants from New Mexico...

cited on age of the Newark..........

cited on fossil fishes of the Newark.. 

quoted on Mesozoic flora.............

New Brunswick. Newark rocks in .......

structure of the Newark system in..

Newell, F. H., cited on the Richmond

coal field.........................

New Jersey, Newark rocks in ...........

structure of the Newark system in ..

New York - Virginia area of . Newark

rocks...... ............ ..........

trap rocks of.........................

structure of..........................

Norwood coal mine, Virginia, section at., 

structure exhibited in ...............

Nova Scotia, Newark rocks in ...........

structure of the Newark system in..

Old Dominion coal 

strata at ......

O.

mines, Virginia,

59 

15

15-18

19-24

32-44

43-44

54-65

78-100

101-107

101-107

123 

123-132

131 

133-339

46-101

.63-128

106

121 

123 

125

131-132 

19 

80

20

83,84

20-21 

74

83-85 

38 

91 

19 

80

38
344 INDEX.

Osborn, H. ¥., cited on mammal remains of the Newark.............

Owen, Richard, cited on Bathygnatus 

borealis............ ..............

Page.

54

30

Pennsylvania, Newark rocks in.......... ' 20

structure of the Newark system in.. 83,84

Percival, J. G., cited on two Newark

areas in Connecticut....... ...... 102

Plants of the Newark system............ 62-65

Prince Edward island, absence of Newark rocks on..................... 25-31

Pumpelly, R., cited on fossil plants from ' 

China............ ................ 131

R.

Redfleld, J. H., cited on fossil fishes of 

the Newark ......................

Redfield, W. C., name "Newark group" 

proposed by ......................

sited on fossil fishes of the Newark . .

Reptiles and batrachians of the Newark

system ...........................

Rice, ~Wm. N., cited on origin of trap

sheet at Tariffville, ConnecticutRichmond (Virginia) area of Newark system, general description. ........

coal of ................................

structure of ..........................

coal plants of, identical with those 

of the Lettenkohlen, Germany. . . .

Rockingham, N. C., structure near....

Rogers, H. D., on structure of the Newark.... ..........................

Rogers, "W. B., cited on mode of deposition of Newark rocks. ...........

cited on the structure of the Newark 

system. .........................

on Richmond coal field. . .............

cited on former geographic connection of Newark areas .............

quoted on geological position of the 

Newark system..................

125

15

125

54-56 

73

22

38-40 

89-94

114-115 

97

78

45

78

89

103 

126-127

Sandstones, shales, and slates............ 35

Scottsville (Virginia) area of Newark system............ .................. 21-86

Scudder, S. H., on insects of the Newark

system........................... 58

Smock, John C., cited on lithology of the

New York-Virginia area......... 83

Southbury area of Newark rocks, Connecticut. .........................20,81-82

Stratigraphy of the Newark system...... 32-44

Structure of the Newark system......... 78-100

Page.

Stur, D., cited on Triassic plants ........ 63

quoted on identity of fossil plants 

from the Lettenkohlen of Germany and the Richmond coal 

field.............................. 114-115

cited on fossil plants of tho Newark. 128 

Synonymy of the Newark system........ 15-18

T.

Taylor, R. C., on structure of the Richmond coal field................... 89

Taylorsville (Virginia) area of Newark

system........................... 22

Theirodont of Prince Edward island,

Owen on......................... 30

Thickness of the Newark rocks.......... 43-44

Trap dikes, characteristics of............ 69

outside of Newark areas............. 70-72

Trap rocks, mineralogical composition... (10-68 

of the Newark system............... 66-77

chemical composition ................ 68

Acadian area......................... 72

Connecticut valley................... 73

New York-Virgi nia area............. 74-75

southern areas....................... 76

distribution and age of.............. 76-77

Trap sheets, characteristics of........... 69-70

V.

Virginia, Newark rocks in............20,21,22,23

Newark areas in ..................... 85-89

W.

"Wadesboro (North Carolina) area of Newark system....................... 23-24

structure of.......................... 95-97

Wanner, A., cited on footprints in the 

Newark of Pennsylvania.........

Ward, L. F., cited on results of comparison of fossil plants of the 

Newark formation with those of 

the Trias of the Rocky mountain 

region............................

cited on geological position of the 

Newark....... ...... ...... ......

"Wheatley on crustaceans of the Newark.

White, C. A., on impossibility of correlating American and European 

formations..... ..................

Whitfield, R. P., on inollusks of the Newark ..............................

Whitney, J. D., on structure of the Newark system ......................

Wilkes, C., cited on Deep river (N. C.) 

area of Newark rocks.............

section at Egypt, North Carolina, by.

Z.

61

122

130

59

116

60

Zeiller, R., cited on fossil plants of the

Newark.......................... 128-129