Review of the National Ambient Air Quality 

Standards for Ozone:

Policy Assessment of Scientific 

and Technical Information 

 

Appendices to OAQPS Staff Paper
EPA-452/R-07-007 

July 2007 

REVIEW OF THE NATIONAL AMBIENT AIR QUALITY 

STANDARDS FOR OZONE: 

POLICY ASSESSMENT OF SCIENTIFIC AND 

TECHNICAL INFORMATION 

 

Appendices to OAQPS STAFF PAPER 

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 

Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards 

Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
viii

APPENDICES 

APPENDIX 2A. PLOTS OF DIURNAL POLICY RELEVANT BACKGROUND 

OZONE PATTERNS FOR 12 URBAN AREAS BASED ON RUNS OF THE GEOSCHEM MODEL FOR APRIL-OCTOBER 2001 ..................................................................... 2A-1 

APPENDIX 3A. MECHANISMS OF TOXICITY ................................................................. 3A-1 

APPENDIX 3B. TABLE OF KEY EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES................................... 3B-1 

APPENDIX 3C. TABLE OF KEY CONTROLLED HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES....... 3C-1 

APPENDIX 4A: EXPOSURE TABLES................................................................................. 4A-1 

APPENDIX 5A.1: OZONE AIR QUALITY INFORMATION FOR 12 URBAN AREAS... 5A-1 

APPENDIX 5A.2: SCATTER PLOTS.................................................................................. 5A-10 

APPENDIX 5B1: TABLES OF STUDY-SPECIFIC INFORMATION................................. 5B-1 

APPENDIX 5B2: CONCENTRATION-RESPONSE FUNCTIONS AND HEALTH 

IMPACT FUNCTIONS............................................................................................................ 5B-8 

APPENDIX 5B3: THE CALCULATION OF “SHRINKAGE” ESTIMATES FROM 

THE LOCATION-SPECIFIC ESTIMATES REPORTED IN HUANG ET AL. (2004)....... 5B-11 

APPENDIX 5C: ADDITIONAL HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT ESTIMATES ................ 5C-1 

APPENDIX 6A: PREDICTED PERCENT OF COUNTIES WITH MONITORS (AND 

PERCENT OF POPULATION IN COUNTIES) NOT LIKELY TO MEET 

ALTERNATIVE OZONE STANDARDS ............................................................................... 6A-1 
2A-1 

 APPENDIX 2A. PLOTS OF DIURNAL POLICY RELEVANT 

BACKGROUND OZONE PATTERNS FOR 12 URBAN AREAS 

BASED ON RUNS OF THE GEOS-CHEM MODEL FOR APRILOCTOBER 2001
2A-2 

Figure 2A-1. Atlanta CSA: Diurnal Policy Relevant Background Ozone Patterns. 

Month 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Concentration, PPBv

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Hour

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

 

Figure 2A-2. Boston CSA: Diurnal Policy Relevant Background Ozone Patterns. 

Month 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Concentration, PPBv

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Hour

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
2A-3 

Figure 2A-3. Chicago CSA: Diurnal Policy Relevant Background Ozone Patterns. 

Month 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Concentration, PPBv

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Hour

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

 

Figure 2A-4. Cleveland CSA: Diurnal Policy Relevant Background Ozone Patterns. 

Month 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Concentration, PPBv

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Hour

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

 
2A-4 

Figure 2A-5. Detroit CSA: Diurnal Policy Relevant Background Ozone Patterns. 

Month 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Concentration, PPBv

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Hour

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

Figure 2A-6. Houston CSA: Diurnal Policy Relevant Background Ozone Patterns. 

Month 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Concentration, PPBv

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Hour

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

 

 
2A-5 

Figure 2A-7. Los Angeles CSA: Diurnal Policy Relevant Background Ozone Patterns. 

Month 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Concentration, PPBv

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Hour

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

 

Figure 2A-8. New York CSA: Diurnal Policy Relevant Background Ozone Patterns. 

Month 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Concentration, PPBv

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Hour

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

 
2A-6 

Figure 2A-9. Philadelphia CSA: Diurnal Policy Relevant Background Ozone Patterns. 

Month 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Concentration, PPBv

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Hour

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

 

Figure 2A-10. Sacramento CSA: Diurnal Policy Relevant Background Ozone Patterns. 

Month 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Concentration, PPBv

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Hour

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

 
2A-7 

Figure 2A-11. St. Louis CSA: Diurnal Policy Relevant Background Ozone Patterns. 

Month 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Concentration, PPBv

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Hour

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

 

Figure 2A-12. Washington CSA: Diurnal Policy Relevant Background Ozone Patterns. 

Month 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Concentration, PPBv

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Hour

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
3A-1 

APPENDIX 3A: MECHANISMS OF TOXICITY 

 This Appendix provides an overview of evidence covered in Chapters 5 and 6 of the CD 

on possible mechanisms by which exposure to O3 may result in acute and chronic health effects. 

Pulmonary Function Responses 

The direct pulmonary effects of O3 include changes in breathing pattern, symptoms of 

breathing discomfort, lung function changes, and airway hyperreactivity. Subjects who engage 

in physical activity for several hours while exposed to O3 may experience respiratory tract 

symptoms and acute physiological changes. Airway irritation is consistently the most typical 

symptomatic response reported in studies and can be accompanied by several physiological 

changes. These physiological changes include alteration in breathing pattern, airway 

hyperresponsiveness, airway inflammation, immune system activation, and epithelial injury. 

Severity of symptoms and magnitude of response depend on dose of inhaled O3, individual 

sensitivity to O3, and the extent of tolerance resulting from previous O3 exposures. Development 

of effects is time-dependent with a substantial degree of overlap of increasing and receding 

effects. Time sequences, magnitudes, and types of responses of this series of events, in terms of 

development and recovery, indicate that several mechanisms, activated at different times, must 

contribute to the overall lung function response. For the full discussion of the mechanisms of 

pulmonary function responses, see section 6.2.5 of the CD. 

Breathing Pattern Changes 

 Human controlled-exposure studies have consistently found that inhalation of O3 alters 

the breathing pattern without significantly affecting minute ventilation. A progressive decrease 

in tidal volume and an increase in frequency of breathing to maintain steady ventilation during 

exposure of human subjects indicates a direct impact on ventilation. These changes are similar 

to responses in many animal species exposed to O3 and other respiratory irritants. Bronchial Cfibers and rapidly adapting receptors appear to be the primary modulators of O3-induced changes 

in ventilatory rate and O3 penetration in both humans and animals (CD, section 6.2.5.1). 

Symptoms and Lung Function Changes 

In addition to changes in ventilatory control, O3 inhalation by humans induces a variety 

of symptoms (e.g., cough, pain on deep inspiration), reduces inspiratory capacity (IC) and vital 

capacity (VC) and related functional measures, and increases airway resistance. The reduction in 

VC caused by exposure to O3 is a reflex action and not a voluntary early termination of 

inspiration resulting from discomfort. An inhaled topical anesthetic substantially reduces O3-

induced symptom responses (mediated in part by bronchial C-fibers) while having only minor 
3A-2 

and irregular effect on pulmonary function decrements and rapid, shallow breathing. Since 

respiratory symptom responses were largely abolished by anesthetic, these findings support 

reflex inhibition of VC due to stimulation by both bronchial and pulmonary C-fibers. 

Intersubject variability in FEV1 responses is not explained by differences in O3 doses between 

similarly exposed individuals (CD, section 6.2.5.1). 

Airway Hyperresponsiveness 

Bronchial or airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) refers to a condition in which the 

propensity for the airways to bronchoconstrict, due to a variety of specific (e.g., allergens and 

antigens) or nonspecific (e.g., histamine and cold air) stimuli, becomes increased. Despite a 

common mechanism, post- O3 exposure pulmonary function changes and AHR (either early or 

late phase) are poorly correlated either in time or magnitude. Neither does post-O3 exposure 

AHR seem to be related to baseline airway responsiveness. These findings imply that the 

mechanisms are either not related or are activated independently in time. Animal studies (with 

limited support from human studies) have suggested that stimulation of C-fibers can lead to 

increased responsiveness of bronchial smooth muscle independently of systemic and 

inflammatory changes which may be absent. A characteristic of O3-induced inflammatory airway 

neutrophilia, which at one time was considered a leading AHR mechanism, has been found to be 

only coincidentally associated with AHR, i.e., there was no cause and effect relationship. This 

observation does not rule out involvement of other cells in AHR modulation. However, there is 

some evidence that release of inflammatory mediators can sustain AHR and bronchoconstriction. 

Late AHR observed in some studies is plausibly due to sustained damage of the airway 

epithelium and continual release of inflammatory mediators. In conclusion, O3-induced AHR 

appears to be a product of many mechanisms acting at different time periods and levels of the 

bronchial smooth muscle signaling pathways (CD, section 6.2.5.1).. 

Extrapulmonary Effects 

Ozone reacts rapidly on contact with lipids and antioxidants in the epithelial lining fluid 

(ELF) and the epithelial cell layer and is not absorbed or transported to extrapulmonary sites to 

any significant degree. Laboratory animal studies suggest that reaction products formed by the 

interaction of O3with respiratory system fluids or tissues may produce effects measured outside 

the respiratory tract. Studies of the effects on hematological parameters and blood chemistry in 

rats have shown that erythrocytes are a target of O3. Exposures to 1.0 ppm O3 for 3 hr have been 

found to decrease heart rate (HR), mean arterial pressure (MAP), and core temperature (TCO) and 

to induce arrhythmias with some exposures in rats. These effects are more pronounced in adult 

and awake rats than in younger or sleeping animals. Exposures of 0.2 ppm for 48 hr have been 
3A-3 

shown to cause bradycardia, while exposures of 0.1 ppm O3 for 3 days have been shown to cause 

bradyarrhythmia in these animals (CD, Section 5.3.3). 

 More recent studies of rats have consistently demonstrated effects on heart rate, TCO and 

activity levels. One study exposed rats to FA for 6 hr, followed 2 days later by a 5 hr exposure 

to 0.1 ppm O3, 5 days later by a 5 hr exposure to 0.3 ppm O3, and 10 days later by a 5 hr 

exposure to 0.5 ppm O3 (Arito et al., 1997). Each of the O3 exposures was preceded by a 1 hr 

exposure to FA. Transient rapid, shallow breathing with slightly increased HR appeared 1 to 2 

min after the start of O3 exposures and was attributed to an olfactory response. Persistent rapid, 

shallow breathing with a progressive decrease in HR occurred with a latent period of 12 hr. 

During the last 90-min of exposure, averaged values for relative V0E tended to decrease with the 

increase in O3 concentration for young (4 to 6 months) but not old (20 to 22 months) rats. 

 Studies by Watkinson et al. (1995, 2001) and Highfill and Watkinson (1996) 

demonstrated that when HR was reduced during a 5-day, 0.5 ppm O3 exposure, TCO and activity 

levels also decreased. The decreases in TCO and BP reported in these studies and by Arito et al. 

(1997) suggest that the changes in ventilation and HR are mediated through physiological and 

behavioral defense mechanisms in an attempt to minimize the irritant effects of O3 inhalation. 

 Similar cardiovascular and thermoregulatory responses in rats to O3 were reported by 

Iwasaki et al. (1998). Repeated exposure to 0.1, 0.3, and 0.5 ppm O3 8 hr/day for 4 consecutive 

days caused disruption of circadian rhythms of HR and TCO on the first and second exposure days 

that was concentration-dependent. The decreased HR and TCO recovered to control values on the 

third and fourth days of O3 exposure. 

 The thermoregulatory response to O3was further characterized by Watkinson et al. 

(2003). Rats were either exposed to 0.0 ppm for 24 hr/day (air), 0.5 ppm for 6 hr/day 

(intermittent), or to 0.5 ppm for 23 hr/day (continuous) at 3 temperatures, 10 °C (cold), 22 °C 

(room), or 34 °C (warm). Another protocol examined the effects of O3 exposure (0.5 ppm) and 

exercise (described as rest, moderate, or heavy) or CO2-stimulated ventilation. Both intermittent 

and continuous O3 exposure caused decreases in HR and TCO and increases in BALF 

inflammatory markers. Exercise in FA caused increases in HR and TCO while exercise in O3

caused decreases in those parameters. Several factors were suggested that may modulate the 

hypothermic response, including dose, animal mass, and environmental stress. 

 One of the major postulated molecular mechanisms of action of O3 is peroxidation of 

mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids and unsaturated neutral lipids in the lung, resulting in 

lipid ozonation products. Ozone can penetrate only a short distance into the ELF; and, therefore, 

it reacts with epithelial cell membranes only in regions of distal lung where ELF is very thin or 

absent. The inflammatory cascade initiated by O3 generates a mix of secondary reactants which 

then are likely to oxidize lipids and proteins in cell membranes (CD Section 5.1.2.4). 
3A-4 

Recent in vitro studies of O3 reactions with cholesterol in lung surfactant found 

consequent generation of highly reactive products such as oxysterols and β-epoxide in BALF 

isolated from rats exposed to 2.0 ppm O3 for 4 hr (Pulfer and Murphy, 2004). Additionally, both 

5β,6β- epoxycholesterol and its most abundant metabolite, cholestan-6-oxo-3β,5α-diol, were 

shown to be cytotoxic to human lung epithelial (16-HBE) cells and to inhibit cholesterol 

synthesis. Studies (Pulfer et al., 2005) of mice exposed to 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, or 3.0 ppm O3 for 3 hr 

also demonstrated that these oxysterols were produced in vivo. These results suggest that this 

may be an additional mechanism of O3 toxicity, including a pathway by which O3may play a 

possible role in the development of atherosclerosis and other cardiovascular effects. 

The presence of oxysterols in human atherosclerotic lesions implicates the oxidation of 

cholesterol in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, a well-known contributor to development of 

cardiovascular disease. Oxysterols may arise from different cholesterol oxidation mechanisms, 

(including free radical-mediated oxidations), and their unabated accumulation in macrophages 

and smooth muscle cells of arterial walls lead to formation of fatty streaks in advanced lesions. 

The presence of one of the O3-induced oxysterols, secosterol, in endogenously formed arterial 

plaques (Wentworth et al., 2003) suggests that the oxysterols produced in the lung either due to 

direct O3 interaction with surfactant cholesterol or with oxidant radicals at the O3-induced 

inflammation site may have potential involvement in the development of cardiovascular and 

myocardial diseases. In addition, the recent in vitro observation (Sathishkumar et al., 2005) of 

increased apoptosis (programmed cell death) induced by secosterol in H9c2 cardiomyocytes 

(heart cells) supports possible involvement of such biologically active oxysterols in O3-induced 

cardiovascular effects observed in the epidemiologic studies. Also, the detection of oxysterols in 

the BALF of rats exposed to O3 suggests their potential to be used as biomarkers of O3 exposure. 

Demonstration of relationships between oxysterols of the type generated in lung surfactant with 

O3 exposure and cardiovascular disease outcomes in clinical settings or epidemiologic studies 

would add considerable value to the experimental observations thus for reported in the animal 

toxicology studies. 

 Other potential mechanisms by which O3 exposure may be associated with cardiovascular 

disease outcomes have been described. Laboratory animals exposed to relatively high O3 

concentrations (≥ 0.5 ppm) demonstrate tissue edema in the heart and lungs. This may be due to 

increased circulating levels of atrial natriuretic factor (ANF), which is known to mediate 

capillary permeability, vasodilation, and BP (Daly et al., 2002). Ozone-induced changes in heart 

rate, edema of heart tissue, and increased tissue and serum levels of ANF found with 8-hr 0.5 

ppm O3 exposure in animal toxicology studies (Vesely et al., 1994a,b,c) raise the possibility of 

potential cardiovascular effects of acute O3 exposures. 
3A-5 

 Earlier work demonstrated O3-induced release of functionally active platelet activating 

factor (PAF) from rodent epithelial cells and the presence of PAF receptors on AMs. New work 

examining lipid metabolism (CD, Section 5.2.1.4) and mediators of inflammatory response and 

injury (CD, Section 5.2.3.4) confirm earlier findings indicating that PAF (Kafoury et al., 1999) 

and PAF receptors (Longphre et al., 1999) are involved in responses to O3. In addition to the role 

of PAF in pulmonary inflammation and hyperpermeability, this potent inflammatory mediator 

may have clotting and thrombolytic effects, though this has not been demonstrated 

experimentally. This cardiovascular effect may help explain, in part, some limited epidemiologic 

findings suggestive of possible association of heart attack and stroke with ambient O3 exposure 

described in section 3.3.1.3 of this Staff Paper. As indicated by the studies described above, an 

emerging body of animal toxicology evidence is beginning to suggest mechanisms by which O3

can affect the cardiovascular system. 

In a controlled human exposure study described in the CD in Chapter 6, Gong et al. 

(1998) exposed 10 hypertensive and 6 healthy adult males, 41 to 78 years of age, to 0.3 ppm O3

for 3 hr while at intermittent exercise, at 30 L/min. For all subjects combined (no significant 

group differences), there was an O3-induced decrement of 7% in FEV1 and a statistically 

significant increase (70%) in the alveolar-arterial oxygen tension gradient. The overall results did 

not indicate any major acute cardiovascular effects of O3 in either the hypertensive or normal 

subjects. Foster et al. (1993) demonstrated that even in relatively young healthy adults (26.7 ± 7 

yrs old), O3 exposure can cause ventilation to shift away from the well perfused basal lung. This 

effect of O3 on ventilation distribution (and, by association, the small airways) may persist 

beyond 24-hr postexposure (Foster et al., 1997). Gong et al. (1998) suggested that by impairing 

alveolar-arterial oxygen transfer, the O3 exposure could potentially lead to adverse cardiac events 

by decreasing oxygen supply to the myocardium. However, the subjects in their study apparently 

had sufficient functional reserve so as to not experience significant ECG changes or myocardial 

ischemia and/or injury. Information about the impact of O3 exposure on the cardiovascular 

system from epidemiologic studies is discussed in section 3.3.1.
Appendix 3B. Ozone Epidemiological Study Results: Summary of effect estimates and air qua

in studies, distribution statistics for 8-hr daily maximum ozone concentrations for the study peand information about monitoring data used in study. 

Air Quality Data from 

Study * 

Statistics for 8-hr daily max air 

Study; quality data ** 

Location 

Effect Estimate 

(lower CL, upper CL) Ave time;

Lag Mean 98th % 99th % Range 

S

Monito

Respiratory Symptoms: Mortimer et al., 2002 8 U.S. cities morning symptoms 

1.35 (1.06, 1.71) 

8h 48 64.3 66 28.8-66 

AQS, all m

county, a

Gent et al., 2003 New England cities chest tightness 

1.19 (1.05, 1.34) 8h1d 51.3 95.2 91.8 27.1-99.6 

10 sites in CT 

Gent et al., 2003 New England cities shortness of breath 

1.17 (1.03, 1.33) 8h1d 51.3 95.2 91.8 27.1-99.6 

10 sites in CT 

Ostro et al., 2001 2 S Cal counties Asthma med use 

1.15 (1.12, 1.19) 

1h 59.5/

95.8 

(57.2) 

121 122 14-122 

2 sites - dow

individua

Ostro et al., 2001 2 S Cal counties shortness of breath 

1.01 (0.92, 1.10) 

1h 3d

59.5/

95.8 

(57.2)

121 122 14-122 

2 sites - dow

individua

Ostro et al., 2001 2 S Cal counties Wheeze 

0.94 (0.88, 1.00) 

1h3d

59.5/

95.8 

(57.2)

121 122 14-122 

2 sites - dow

individua

Ostro et al., 2001 2 S Cal counties Cough 

0.93 (0.87, 0.99) 

1h3d

59.5/

95.8 

(57.2)

121 122 14-122 

2 sites - dow

individua
Air Quality Data from 

Study * 

Statistics for 8-hr daily max air 

Study; quality data ** 

Location 

Effect Estimate 

(lower CL, upper CL) Ave time;

Lag Mean 98th % 99th % Range 

S

Monito

Neas et al., 1995 Uniontown PA pm cough 

1.36 (0.86, 2.14) 12h0d 37.2 (56.1) 85.3 98 15-98 

1 site n

Delfino et al., 2003 San Diego, CA Symptom score>1 

0.75 (0.24, 2.33) 

8h0d 17.1 34.8 35.2 5.8-35.2 

Hu

Delfino et al., 2003 San Diego, CA Symptom score>1 

1.55 (0.52, 4.63) 8h1d 17.1 34.8 35.2 5.8-35.2 

Hu

Delfino et al., 2003 San Diego, CA Symptom score>2 

6.67 (1.09, 40.88) 8h0d 17.1 34.8 35.2 5.8-35.2 

Hu

Delfino et al., 2003 San Diego, CA Symptom score>2 

1.15 (0.41, 3.17) 8h1d 17.1 34.8 35.2 5.8-35.2 

Hu

Delfino et al., 1998 San Diego, CA Asthma symptoms 

1.26 (1.00, 1.58) 8h0d 73 107 109 43-109 

Schwartz et al., 1994 6 US cities Cough 

1.15 (0.99, 1.33) 24h1d 36.9 Harvard 

period for eac

Schwartz et al., 1994 6 U.S. cities lower respiratory symptoms 

1.22 (1.00, 1.50) 24h1d 36.9 Harvard 

period for eac
Air Quality Data from 

Study * 

Statistics for 8-hr daily max air 

Study; quality data ** 

Location 

Effect Estimate 

(lower CL, upper CL) Ave time;

Lag Mean 98th % 99th % Range 

S

Monito

Ross et al., 2002 East Moline, IL morning symptoms 

1.12 (1.05, 1.20) 8h 3d ave 41.5 68.8 75 8.9-78.3 

 AQS 

Ross et al., 2002 East Moline, IL Evening symptoms 

1.12 (1.06, 1.19) 8h 3d ave 41.5 68.8 75 8.9-78.3 

 AQS 

Ross et al., 2002 East Moline, IL Asthma med use 

1.08 (0.99, 1.17) 8h 3d ave 41.5 68.8 75 8.9-78.3 

 AQS 

Thurston et al., 1997 Connecticut chest symptoms 

1.21 (1.12, 1.31) 1h0d 83.6 NA NA NA 

Thurston 1997 Connecticut Asthma med use 

1.19 (1.08, 1.32) 1h0d 83.6 NA NA NA 

Lung Function Changes: Mortimer et al., 2002 8 U.S. cities am PEF (%) 

-0.59% (-1.05, -0.13) 

8h 48 64.3 66 28.8-66 

AQS, all m

county, a

Linn et al., 1996 Los Angeles FEV1 (ml) 

-0.26 (SE 0.25) (am) -0.18 (SE 0.20) (pm) 

24h

0d 23 150 164 2.5-192.5

SCAQM

 Up
Air Quality Data from 

Study * 

Statistics for 8-hr daily max air 

Study; quality data ** 

Location 

Effect Estimate 

(lower CL, upper CL) Ave time;

Lag Mean 98th % 99th % Range 

S

Monito

Newhouse et al., 2004 Tulsa, OK am PEF (L/min) 

-0.274 (p<0.05) 

(mean O3) 

-0.289 (p<0.05) 

(max O3) 

24h

1d 30 92.7 104.7 17.3-104.7

OK DE

Ross et al., 2002 East Moline, IL PEF (L/min) 

-2.29 (-4.26, -0.33) 

(am) 

-2.58 (-4.26, -0.89) 

(pm) 

8h

0-1d

1d

41.5 68.8 75 8.9-78.3 

 AQS 

Neas et al., 1995 Uniontown PA PEF (L/min) 

-2.79 (-6.7, -1.1) (pm) 12h0d 37.2 (56.1) 85.3 98 15-98 

1 site n

Neas et al., 1999 Philadelphia PA PEF (L/min) 

-1.38 (-2.81, 0.04) 

(am) 

-2.58 (-4.91, -0.35) 

(pm) 

12h

0d

1-5d ave

56 96.9 104.5 17.7-104.5

 2 sites: 

Nursing Ho

Korrick et al., 1998 Mt. Washington NH FEV1 (%) 

-2.6 (-4.1, -0.4) 1h0d 40 87 89 24 – 91 

2 sites: Mt. 

and m

Thurston et al., 1997 Connecticut summer camp PEF (L/min) 

-0.096 (p<0.05) 1h0d 83.6 NA NA NA la

Naeher et al., 1999 SW Virginia PEF (L/min) 

-7.65 (-13.0, -2.25) 

(pm) 

24h

1-5d ave 34.87 74 79 13-87
Air Quality Data from 

Study * 

Statistics for 8-hr daily max air 

Study; quality data ** 

Location 

Effect Estimate 

(lower CL, upper CL) Ave time;

Lag Mean 98th % 99th % Range 

S

Monito

Brauer et al., 1996 Fraser Valley, BC FEV1 (mL) 

-3.8 (SE 0.4) (end 

shift) 

-4.5 (SE 0.6) (next 

day) 

1h0d 40.3 55 55 3-55

BC Min

Emergency Department Visits: Respiratory Diseases Peel et al., 2005 Atlanta 2.89 (1.03, 4.77) 8h 3d ave 55.6 127 140 3-152 

AQS 

Delfino et al., 1997 Montreal (>64yo) 28.93 (11.98, 45.88) 8h 1d 34.7 57.5 64.9 7-64.9 Delfino et al., 1997 Montreal (>64yo) 31.61 (12.91, 50.31) 1h1d 34.7 (28.9) 57.5 64.9 7-64.9 Jones et al., 1995 Baton Rouge, LA (1-17 yo) 

-13.00 (-32.82, 12.66) 24h0d 28.2 (56.4) 111.8 118 21-119 

Jones et al., 1995 Baton Rouge, LA (18-60 yo) 

20.00 (2.29, 40.78) 24h 0d 28.2 (56.4) 111.8 118 21-119 

Jones et al., 1995 Baton Rouge, LA (>60 yo) 

27.00 (-3.48, 67.10) 24h0d 28.2 (56.4) 111.8 118 21-119 

Wilson et al., 2005 Portland NH, -3.00 (-8.49, 2.82) 8h0d 43.1 108 121 15-142 

AQS data, s

Wilson et al., 2005 Manchester NH -3.00 (-8.53, 2.87) 8h0d 85 93 5-121 

AQS data, s
Air Quality Data from 

Study * 

Statistics for 8-hr daily max air 

Study; quality data ** 

Location 

Effect Estimate 

(lower CL, upper CL) Ave time;

Lag Mean 98th % 99th % Range 

S

Monito

Stieb et al., 1996 St. John, Canada 9.33 (-0.07, 18.74) 1h 2d 41.6 (36.1) 83 91 5-140.5 

EC da

Emergency Department Visits: Asthma Peel et al., 2005 Atlanta, GA 2.65 (-0.50, 5.89) 8h 3d ave 55.6 127 140 3-152 

AQS 

Wilson et al., 2005 Manchester NH -3.00 (-8.91, 3.29) 8h0d NA 108 121 15-142 

AQS data, s

Wilson et al., 2005 Portland NH 9.40 (10.26, 8.55) 8h0d NA 85 93 5-121 

AQS data, s

Friedman et al., 2001 Atlanta GA (1-16 yo) 30.89 (5.34, 62.64) 1h 0-1d 77.2 (60.7) 85.8 85.8 20-85.8 Tolbert et al., 2000 Atlanta, GA 6.37 (2.53, 10.34) 8h1d 59.3 (60.7) 92.4 112.6 16.2-135.8 AQS, 

USG

Zhu et al., 2003 Atlanta, GA (0-16 yo) 2.41 (-2.39, 7.44) 8h0dJaffe et al., 2003 3 Ohio cities 9.27 (0.13, 19.25) 8h 2-3d (66.1) 104 108 24-124 

all d

Jaffe et al., 2003 Cincinnati 15.76 (-1.01, 35.38) 8h 2d 60 106 116 24-124 

all d

Jaffe et al., 2003 Cleveland 3.03 (-8.52, 16.04) 8h 2d 50 104 107 27-111 

all d

Jaffe et al., 2003 Columbus 15.76 (-2.49, 37.44) 8h 3d 57 98 106 25-117 

all d
Air Quality Data from 

Study * 

Statistics for 8-hr daily max air 

Study; quality data ** 

Location 

Effect Estimate 

(lower CL, upper CL) Ave time;

Lag Mean 98th % 99th % Range 

S

Monito

Cassino et al., 1999 NYC (in heavy smokers) 

-5.42 (-8.38, -2.36) 24h0d 17.5 (32.6) 83.3 88.8 3-114.6 

data fr

Cassino et al., 1999 NYC (in heavy smokers) 

2.74 (-3.00, 8.83) 24h1d 17.5 (32.6) 83.3 88.8 3-114.6 

data fr

Cassino et al., 1999 NYC (in heavy smokers) 

9.69 (3.93, 15.76) 24h2d 17.5 (32.6) 83.3 88.8 3-114.6 

data fro

Cassino et al., 1999 NYC (in heavy smokers) 

-1.62 (-7.01, 4.08) 24h3d 17.5 (32.6) 83.3 88.8 3-114.6 

data fr

Emergency Department Visits: Other respiratory diseases: Peel et al., 2005 Atlanta, GA Pneumonia 

1.80 (-2.27, 6.04) 8h 3d ave 55.6 127 140 3-152 

AQS 

Peel et al., 2005 Atlanta, GA COPD 

3.49 (-2.77,10.15) 8h 3d ave 55.6 127 140 3-152 

AQS 

Peel et al., 2005 Atlanta, GA upper respiratory infection 

3.25 (1.10, 5.44) 8h 3d ave 55.6 127 140 3-152 

AQS 

Cardiovascular outcomes, biomarkers, and physiological changes: 
Air Quality Data from 

Study * 

Statistics for 8-hr daily max air 

Study; quality data ** 

Location 

Effect Estimate 

(lower CL, upper CL) Ave time;

Lag Mean 98th % 99th % Range 

S

Monito

Liao et al., 2004 3 US cities HRV (high frequency power) 

-0.010 (SE 0.016) 8h1d 41 

Liao et al., 2004 3 US cities SD of normal RR intervals 

-0.336 (SE 0.290) 8h1d 41 

Peters et al., 2000 Boston Defibrillator discharge 

OR 0.96 (0.47, 1.98)

(patients with 1+ 

event) 

OR 1.23 (0.53, 2.87) 

(patients with 10+ 

events) 

24h

0d 18.6 75.2 78.1 15.7-102.7

Peters et al., 2001 Boston Myocardial infarction 

 OR 1.31 (0.85, 2.03) 

(2h O3) 

OR 0.94 (0.60, 1.49) 

(24h O3) 

24h and 

2h

1d and 1h

19.9 75.8 81.5 17.7-102.7

Park et al., 2004 Boston HRV (low frequency power) 

-11.5% (-21.3, -0.4) 4h 23 81.8 92 10-122.6

Mass Dept. 

Gold et al., 2000 Boston HRV (r-MSSD) (ms) 

-3.0 (SE 1.9) 

(first rest period) 

-5.8 (SE 2.4) 

(slow breathing period)

1h 34 77.3 92.5 21.8-100

 1 site, MA 
Air Quality Data from 

Study * 

Statistics for 8-hr daily max air 

Study; quality data ** 

Location 

Effect Estimate 

(lower CL, upper CL) Ave time;

Lag Mean 98th % 99th % Range 

S

Monito

Dockery et al., 2005 Boston Ventricular arrhythmia 

OR 1.09 (0.93, 1.29) 

(all events) 48h 22.9 75 82.1 2–102.7

6 sites, Mas

Rich et al., 2005 Boston Ventricular arrhythmia 

OR 1.21 (1.00, 1.45) 

(all events) 24h 22.6 74 81.5 2-102.7

6 sites, Mas

Emergency Department Visits: Cardiovascular Diseases Metzger et al., 2004 Atlanta, GA all CV 

0.96 (-1.59, 3.58) 8h 3dave 53.9 127 140 3-152 

AQS 

Metzger et al., 2004 Atlanta, GA Dysrrhythmia 

0.96 (-3.96, 6.13) 8h 3dave 53.9 127 140 3-152 

AQS 

Metzger et al., 2004 Atlanta, GA CHF 

-4.19 (-9.74, 1.71) 8h 3dave 53.9 127 140 3-152 

AQS 

Metzger et al., 2004 Atlanta, GA IHD 

2.28 (-2.30, 7.09) 8h 3dave 53.9 127 140 3-152 

AQS 

Metzger et al., 2004 Atlanta, GA peripheral vascular 

1.68 (-1.57, 5.05) 8h 3dave 53.9 127 140 3-152 

AQS 

Hospital Admissions: Cardiovascular Diseases 
Air Quality Data from 

Study * 

Statistics for 8-hr daily max air 

Study; quality data ** 

Location 

Effect Estimate 

(lower CL, upper CL) Ave time;

Lag Mean 98th % 99th % Range 

S

Monito

Linn et al., 2000 Los Angeles CA (summer) 

2.02 (-16.14, 24.11) 24h 0d 32.9 (98.7) 175 180 188 Los Angel

Fung et al., 2003 Windsor CV <65 yo 

-0.14 (-11.79, 13.06) 1h0d 39.3 (31.6) 78 85 0-106 

Fung et al., 2003 Windsor CV <65 yo 

5.84 (-10.50, 25.16) 1h 0-2d ave 39.3 (31.6) 78 85 0-106 

Fung et al., 2003 Windsor CV 65+ yo 

-3.57 (-10.35, 3.72) 1h 0d 39.3 (31.6) 78 85 0-106 

Fung et al., 2003 Windsor CV 65+ yo 

1.94 (-8.01, 12.95) 1h 0-2d ave 39.3 (31.6) 78 85 0 -106 

Burnett et al., 1997 Toronto CV 20.47 (9.32, 32.76) 1h 2-4d ave 41.2 (31.6) 62 64 0-79 

 7

Gwynn et al., 2000 Buffalo circulatory 

0.23 (-1.27, 1.74) 24h1d 26.2 (38.7) 92.5 104 4.5-123 

AQS d

Hospital Admissions: Specific Cardiovascular Diseases Koken et al., 2003 Denver CO myocardial infarction 

-32.91 (-47.16, -14.82) 24h 0d 25 (44.2) 64.5 65.5 11-76 

AQS sites in 
Air Quality Data from 

Study * 

Statistics for 8-hr daily max air 

Study; quality data ** 

Location 

Effect Estimate 

(lower CL, upper CL) Ave time;

Lag Mean 98th % 99th % Range 

S

Monito

Koken et al., 2003 Denver Coronary Atheroschlerosis 

27.02 (8.30, 48.98) 24h2d 25 (44.2) 64.5 65.5 11-76 

AQS sites in 

Koken et al., 2003 Denver Pulm Heart Disease 

49.16 (8.35, 105.22) 24h1d 25 (44.2) 64.5 65.5 11-76 

AQS sites 

Ito, 2003 Detroit MI ischemic heart disease 

0.52 (-2.27, 3.39) 24h3d 25 (38.7) 80 85 4.3-101.3 

Ito, 2003 Detroit MI dysrrhythmia 

-1.04 (-5.87, 4.04) 24h3d 25 (38.7) 80 85 4.3-101.3 

Ito, 2003 Detroit MI heart failure 

0.76 (-2.47, 4.09) 24h3d 25 (38.7) 80 85 4.3-101.3 

Ito, 2003 Detroit MI stroke 

0.50 (-3.03, 4.15) 24h3d 25 (38.7) 80 85 4.3-101.3 

Hospital Admissions: Respiratory Diseases Luginaah et al., 2003 Windsor (males) 5.56 (-10.57, 24.59) 1h 0d 39.3 (31.6) 78 85 0-106 Luginaah et al., 2003 Windsor (females) -6.83 (-23.92, 14.09) 1h 0d 39.3 (31.6) 78 85 0-106 
Air Quality Data from 

Study * 

Statistics for 8-hr daily max air 

Study; quality data ** 

Location 

Effect Estimate 

(lower CL, upper CL) Ave time;

Lag Mean 98th % 99th % Range 

S

Monito

Thurston et al., 1992 Buffalo NY 4.94 (-0.23, 10.12) 1h 2d 60 (58.9) 125.5 133 24-133 Delfino et al., 1994 Montreal 4.05 (1.00, 7.11) 8h 4d 32.1 69 73.8 8.6-82.3 

 7 sites in Mo

Burnett et al., 1994 Toronto 3.95 (2.50, 5.43) 1h1d (41.7) 79 81.5 15-104.3 

Ont Min Env

Burnett et al., 1997 16 Canadian city 6.72 (3.52, 10.02) 1h1d 32.9 (25.3) 47.1 51.3 6.2-68.4 

used Apr-Dec 

Burnett et al., 1997 Toronto 17.57 (10.44, 25.15) 1h 1-3d ave 41.2 (31.6) 62 64 0-79 

7

Yang et al., 2003 Vancouver (<3 yo) 50.43 (32.64, 70.61) 24h 4d 13.41 (21.3) 42.7 47.3 1.1-71.9 

25 sites, G

Yang et al., 2003 Vancouver (65+yo) 28.53 (18.47, 39.43) 24h4d 13.41 (21.3) 42.7 47.3 1.1-71.9 

25 sites, G

Schwartz et al., 1996 Cleveland 3.51 (0.88, 6.20) 1h 1-2d ave 56 (55.1) 91 99 5-120.3 

 Cuyahoga c

Moolgavkar et al., 1997 Minneapolis/St. Paul 8.08 (4.47, 11.81) 24h1d 26.2 (45.1) 83.2 87.7 4.6-101.8 

AQS data fro

Gwynn et al., 2001 NYC (white) 1.08 (-0.44, 2.63) 24h1d 22.1 (34.2) 90.6 106 6-125 
Air Quality Data from 

Study * 

Statistics for 8-hr daily max air 

Study; quality data ** 

Location 

Effect Estimate 

(lower CL, upper CL) Ave time;

Lag Mean 98th % 99th % Range 

S

Monito

Gwynn et al., 2001 NYC (nonwhite) 4.01 (2.47, 5.57) 24h1d 22.1 (34.2) 90.6 106 6-125 Gwynn et al., 2001 NYC (uninsured) 4.51 (2.80, 6.25) 24h1d 22.1 (34.2) 90.6 106 6-125 Thurston et al., 1992 NYC 0.42 (0.10, 0.74) 1h 3d 29.1 Gwynn et al., 2000 Buffalo 3.94 (1.78, 6.15) 24h1d 26.2 (38.7) 92.5 104 4.5-123 

AQS d

Schwartz et al., 1996 Spokane 19.08 (0.17, 41.57) 1h2d 79 NA NA NA Thurston et al., 1994 Toronto 15.30 (4.11, 26.50) 1hr 0d 57.47 (45.8) 92 94 8-125 Hospital Admissions: Asthma Sheppard et al., 2003 Seattle, WA 3.44 (0.58, 6.39) 8h2d 30.4 65 73 2-100 

 1 

Nauenberg et al., 1999 Los Angeles (all insurance) 

1.00 (-6.28, 8.84) 24h0d 19.88 (19.1) 46.5 50.5 2-67 

2 SCAQMD 

Burnett et al., 2001 Toronto (<2 yo) 30.25 (16.87, 45.15) 1h 5d ave 45.2 (38.6) 77.7 83.7 9-110.8 Thurston et al., 1992 Buffalo NY 6.59 (1.29, 11.89) 1h 3d 60 (58.9) 125.5 133 24-133 
Air Quality Data from 

Study * 

Statistics for 8-hr daily max air 

Study; quality data ** 

Location 

Effect Estimate 

(lower CL, upper CL) Ave time;

Lag Mean 98th % 99th % Range 

S

Monito

Burnett et al., 1999 Toronto 6.47 (3.68, 9.33) 24h 1-3d ave 19.5 (26.7) 68.4 74.8 0.1-110.8 

7

Lin et al., 2003 Toronto, 6-12 yo 

-7.84 (-22.02, 8.92) 

(female) 

-26.04 (-44.53, -1.39) 

(male) 

1h0d 28.2 68.4 74.8 0.14-110.8

4 

Thurston et al., 1992 New York City 0.95 (0.20, 1.69) 1h 1d 29.1 Schwartz et al., 1994 Detroit 10.81 (5.13, 16.80) 24h1d 21 (37.6) 82.8 88.5 10-122.7 

AQS data 9 s

Hospital Admissions: Other respiratory diseases Moolgavkar et al., 1997 Minneapolis/St. Paul pneumonia 

8.90 (4.62, 13.34) 24h1d 26.2 (45.1) 83.2 87.7 4.6-101.8 

AQS data fro

Ito, 2003 Detroit MI pneumonia 

3.10 (-1.84, 8.28) 24h3d 25 (38.7) 80 85 4.3-101.3 

Ito, 2003 Detroit MI COPD 

1.25 (-3.55, 6.28) 24h3d 25 (38.7) 80 85 4.3-101.3 

Burnett et al., 1999 Toronto COPD 

7.49 (4.00, 11.10) 24h 2-4d ave 19.5 (26.7) 68.4 74.8 0.1-110.8 

7
Air Quality Data from 

Study * 

Statistics for 8-hr daily max air 

Study; quality data ** 

Location 

Effect Estimate 

(lower CL, upper CL) Ave time;

Lag Mean 98th % 99th % Range 

S

Monito

Schwartz et al., 1994 Detroit COPD 

11.68 (2.92, 21.19) 24h1d 21 (37.6) 82.8 88.5 10-122.7 

AQS data 9 s

Moolgavkar et al., 1997 Minneapolis/St. Paul COPD 

6.04 (1.22, 11.10) 24h1d 26.2 (45.1) 83.2 87.7 4.6-101.8 

AQS data fro

Burnett et al., 1999 Toronto Respiratory Infection 

4.52 (2.43, 6.64) 24h 1-2d ave 19.5 68.4 74.8 0.1-110.8 

 7

Mortality: Total nonaccidental Bell et al., 2004 95 U.S. cities (warm) 0.44 (0.14, 0.74) 24h0d 26.84

AQS da

avera

co

Bell et al., 2004 95 U.S. cities (warm) 0.78 (0.26, 1.30) 24h 0-6d dl 26.84

AQS da

avera

co

Schwartz et al., 2004 14 U.S. cities (warm) 1.04 (0.30, 1.79) 1h 0d 45.9 

AQ

Ostro et al., 2003 Coachella Valley CA -1 (-4.42, 2.55) 1h 62 

sites i
Air Quality Data from 

Study * 

Statistics for 8-hr daily max air 

Study; quality data ** 

Location 

Effect Estimate 

(lower CL, upper CL) Ave time;

Lag Mean 98th % 99th % Range 

S

Monito

Ostro et al., 1995 2 Southern CA counties 0.80 (-0.18, 1.78) 1h0d 140

4 site

Riv

Ru

Moolgavkar et al., 1995 Philadelphia (summer) 2.82 (1.33, 4.33) 24h 1d 35.5 Ito, 2003 Detroit MI 0.86 (-0.36, 2.09) 24h 0d 20.9 (34.3) 81.5 88.7 2-123.5 Ito, 2003 Detroit MI 1.88 (-1.69, 5.58) 24h 0d 25 (38.7) 80 85 4.3-101.3 Fairley, 2003 San Jose CA 2.81 (-0.27, 5.99) 8-h0d 29 67 74 2-105 Chock et al., 2000 Pittsburg PA (<75 yo) -1.48 (-5.63, 2.85) 1h0d (35.4) 80 88.9 2.3-92.5 

1 site with 

betwe

Chock et al., 2000 Pittsburg PA (75+ ) -1.82 (-6.03, 2.59) 1h0d (35.4) 80 88.9 2.3-92.5 

1 site with 

betwe

Kinney et al., 1995 Los Angeles 0.00 (-4.90, 5.15) 1h1d 70 (53.4) 115.3 130 5.4-156.1 Gamble et al., 1998 Dallas TX 3.69 (0.85, 6.62) 24h 1-2d 22 (37.9) 81 86.3 2-98.7 

 TNRCC da

Dockery et al., 1992 St. Louis 0.60 (-2.46, 3.750 24h1d 22.5 

Har
Air Quality Data from 

Study * 

Statistics for 8-hr daily max air 

Study; quality data ** 

Location 

Effect Estimate 

(lower CL, upper CL) Ave time;

Lag Mean 98th % 99th % Range 

S

Monito

Dockery et al., 1992 E Tennesse -1.30 (-7.91, 5.78) 24h1d 23 

Harvard site

Ito et al., 1996 Cook County 3.89 (2.21, 5.59) 1h 0-1d 38.1 (31.8) 76 85.6 2.7-124 

AQS sites w

Klemm et al., 2004 Atlanta quartknot ** 

2.40 (-3.39, 8.54) 8h 0-1d 47.03 6.63- 124.41 ARIES d

Klemm et al., 2004 Atlanta monthknot ** 

4.16 (-2.42, 11.19) 8h 0-1d 47.03 6.63- 124.41 ARIES d

Goldberg et al., 2003 Montreal (CHFunderlying) 

4.26 (-5.30, 14.78) 24h 0-2d 29 

Environm

Vedal et al., 2003 Vancouver 16.63 (5.54, 28.88) 1h0d 27.4 (21.4) 53.3 47.3 1.1-58.7 

19 si

Villeneuve et al., 2003 Vancouver 1.31 (-0.78, 3.45) 24h0d 13.4 (21.3) 69.3 47.3 3.1-71.9 Mortality: Cardiovascular or Cardiorespiratory diseases Bell et al., 2004 95 U.S. cities 1.28 (0.61, 1.96) 24h 0-6d dl 26.84

AQS da

avera

co
Air Quality Data from 

Study * 

Statistics for 8-hr daily max air 

Study; quality data ** 

Location 

Effect Estimate 

(lower CL, upper CL) Ave time;

Lag Mean 98th % 99th % Range 

S

Monito

Huang et al., 2004 19 U.S. cities 1.47 (0.54, 2.40) 24h0d 18-56 JunLipfert, et al., 2000 Philadelphia 30.19 (p<0.055) 1h 0-1dave 44.76 (39.7) 88.8 93.6 2.3-116.6 

 1 

Lipfert, et al., 2000 Philadelphia -2.00 (p<0.055) 1h 0-1dave 44.76 (39.7) 88.8 93.6 2.3-116.6 

 1 

Ostro et al., 2003 Coachella Valley -4 (-8.88, 1.14) 1h 62 

sites i

Ito, 2003 Detroit MI 1.45 (-0.29, 3.21) 24h 0d 20.9 (34.3) 81.5 88.7 2-123.5 Ito, 2003 Detroit MI 1.79 (-3.38, 7.24) 24h 0d 25 (38.7) 80 85 4.3-101.3 Fairley, 2003 San Jose CA 2.36 (-2.12, 7.04) 8h 0d 29 67 74 2-105 Gamble et al., 1998 Dallas TX 3.28 (-1.48, 8.27) 24h 1-2d 22 (37.9) 81 86.3 2-98.7 

 TNRCC da

Ito et al., 1996 Cook County 

4.64 (2.07, 7.27) 1h

0-1d

38.1

(31.8) 76 85.6 2.7-124

AQS sites w

Moolgavkar et al., 2003 Cook County 0.30 (0.16, 0.44) 24h0d 18 Villeneuve et al., 2003 Vancouver 0.66 (-2.57, 3.99) 24h0d 13.4 (21.3) 69.3 47.3 3.1-71.9 
Air Quality Data from 

Study * 

Statistics for 8-hr daily max air 

Study; quality data ** 

Location 

Effect Estimate 

(lower CL, upper CL) Ave time;

Lag Mean 98th % 99th % Range 

S

Monito

Goldberg et al., 2001 Montreal 2.81 (1.35, 4.30) 24h 0-2d 29 

Environm

Vedal et al., 2003 Vancouver 16.19 (-0.67, 35.91) 1h0d 27.4 (21.4) 53.3 47.3 1.1-58.7 

19 si

Mortality: Respiratory Diseases Ostro et al., 2003 Coachella Valley 3 (-8.77, 16.29) 1h 62 

sites i

Ito, 2003 Detroit MI 0.07 (-4.34, 4.68) 24h 0d 20.9 (34.3) 81.5 88.7 2-123.5 Ito, 2003 Detroit MI 7.44 (-5.37, 21.99) 24h 0d 25 (38.7) 80 85 4.3-101.3 Vedal et al., 2003 Vancouver 6.01 (-22.53, 45.06) 1h0d 27.4 (21.4) 53.3 47.3 1.1-58.7 

19 si

Villeneuve et al., 2003 Vancouver 1.50 (-4.24, 7.58) 24h0d 13.4 (21.3) 69.3 47.3 3.1-71.9 Moolgavkar et al., 2003 Cook County (COPD) 0.30 (-0.10, 0.71) 24h0d 18 

* Includes ozone averaging period and lag period for effect estimate calculation; for example, 1h represents 1-hour maximu0d represents a 0-day lag period. Mean values taken from study publications, for the ozone averaging period used in the s

Where 8-hour daily max ozone concentrations were used, the mean 8-hour daily max concentration is presented in parenth** Using ozone data obtained for the study period in the location of the study, 8-hour daily maximum concentrations were dcalculated. The 98th and 99th percentile values for the full study period distribution are presented here, along with the range 
of concentrations. Since the time periods of the studies vary in length, from several weeks to over 10 years, the 98th and 9

were selected for presentation here as a high study period concentration that roughly approximates a 4th maximum concen

the study period length. NA= data not available 
Table C-1. Controlled Exposure of Healthy Humans to Ozone for 1 to 2 Hours During Ex

Ozone

Concentrationb Exposure

Duration and

Activity

Exposure

Conditions c

Number and

Gender of

Subjects

Subject

ppm μg/m Characteristics Observed Effect(s) 

3

0.00.4

0

784

2 h IE4 × 15 minon bicycle,V

.

E = 30 L/min

NA 5 M, 4 F

6 M, 7 F

Healthy adults25 ± 2 years oldMild atopicasthmatics 22 ± 0.7 years old

O3-induced reductions in FVC (12%, 10%) and 

(13%, 11%) for asthmatic and healthy subjects. Significant reductions in mid-flows in both asthhealthy subjects. Indomethacin pretreatment sidecreased FVC and FEV1 responses to O3 in he

asthmatic subjects. See Section AX6.3.2 and Taand AX6-13.

0.00.2

0

392

2 h IE 4 × 15 minat V.

E = 20

L/min/m2 BSA

20 °C50% RH

8 M, 5 F Healthy NS

median age 23 years

Median O3-induced decrements of 70 mL, 190 m

400 mL/s in FVC, FEV1, and FEF25-75, respectiv

Spirometric responses not predicted of inflammresponses. See Sections AX6.2.5.2, AX6.5.6, anand Table AX6-12.

0.00.2

0

392

2 h IE 4 × 15 minat V.

E = 20

L/min/m2 BSA

20 °C50% RH

10 M, 12 F Healthy NS

mean age 24 years

Significant O3-induced decrement in FEV1 imm

postexposure but not significantly different from 2 h later. No correlation between Clara cell proand FEV1 decrement. CC16 levels, elevated by 

remained high at 6 h postexposure, but returned by 18 h postexposure. See Table AX6-13.

0.0

0.33

0

647

2 h IE4 × 15 minon bicycleergometer(600 kpm/min)

NA 9 M Healthy NS

26.7 ± 7 years old

O3-induced reductions in FVC (7%). FRC not a

exposure. Post FA, normal gradient in ventilatiincreased from apex to the base of the lung. Po

ventilation shifted away from the lower-lung inand upper-lung regions. The post O3 increase in to mid-lung region was correlated with decrease midmaximal expiratory flow (r = 0.76, p < 0.05

0.0

0.35

0

690

2.2 h IE 2 × 30 minon treadmill(V

.

E . 50 L/min) 

Final 10 min rest

19-23 °C48-55%RH

15 M Healthy NS

25.4 ± 2 years old

Pre- to post-O3, mean FVC and FEV1 decreased 

14%, respectively. Following O3 exposure, the

pronounced slow phase evident in multibreath nwashouts which, on average, represented a 24% in the washout rate relative to pre-O3. 

C-1
Table C-1 (cont’d). Controlled Exposure of Healthy Humans to Ozone for 1 to 2 Hours during 

Ozone

Concentrationb Exposure

Duration and

Activity

Exposure

Conditions c

Number and

Gender of

Subjects

Subject

ppm μg/m Characteristics Observed Effect(s) 

3

0.0

0.120.180.240.300.40

0

235353471589784

2 h rest or IE(4 × 15 minat V.

E = 25 or 35

L/min/m2 BSA)

22 °C40% RH

485 M (eachsubjectexposed at oneactivity levelto one O3concentration) 

Healthy NS 18 to 36 years oldmean age 24 years

Statistical analysis of 8 experimental chamber sconducted between 1980 and 1993 by the U.S. Chapel Hill, NC. Decrement in FEV1 described 

shaped curve as a function of subject age, O3 coV

.

E, and time. Response decreased with age, wa

affected by body size corrections, and was not msensitive to O3 concentration than V.

E. Also see 

AX6.5.

0.4 784 2 h IE

20 min mild-mod.exercise, 10 min rest

NA 4 M, 5 F Healthy NS

30 ± 3 years old

Subjects previously in Nightingale et al. (2000) Placebo-control: Immediately postexposure dein FVC (9%) and FEV1 (14%) relative to pre-ex

values. FEV1 decrement only 9% at 1 hr postex

By 3 h postexposure, recovery in FVC to 97% a

to 98% of preexposure values. Significant incre8-isoprostane at 4 h postexposure. Budesonide 2 wk prior to exposure did not affect responses. 

0.00.2

392 2 h IE 

4 × 15 minat V.

E = 20

L/min/m2 BSA

20 °C50% RH

6 M, 9 F9 M, 6 F

Healthy adults24 years oldMild asthmatics29 years old

O3-induced FEV1 decrement (8%, healthy adult

3% asthmatics) and PMN increase (20.6%, heal15.2% asthmatics). Primary goal was to investirelationship between antioxidant defenses and O

responses in asthmatics and healthy adults. See Tables AX6-3 and AX6-13.

0.4 784 2 h IE

20 min mild-mod.exercise, 10 min rest

NA 6 M, 9 F Healthy NS

mean age ~31 years

Placebo-control: O3 caused significant decreme

(13.5%) and FVC (10%) immediately following a small increase in MCh-reactivity, and increasmyeloperoxidase in induced sputum at 4 h postFEV1 at 96% and FVC at 97% preexposure valu

postexposure. Budesonide for 2 wk prior to expnot affect spirometric responses. See Section ATable AX6-13.

C-2
Table C-1 (cont’d). Controlled Exposure of Healthy Humans to Ozone for 1 to 2 Hours during 

Ozone

Concentrationb Exposure

Duration and

Activity

Exposure

Conditions c

Number and

Gender of

Subjects

Subject

ppm μg/m Characteristics Observed Effect(s) 

3

0.00.4

784 2 h IE 

4 × 15 min at .

VE =18 L/min/m2

BSA2 exposures: 25% subjectsexposed to air-air,75% to O3-O3

21 °C40% RH

Weak

responders

7 M, 13F

Strong

responders

21 M, 21 F

Healthy NS20 to 59 years old

Significant O3-induced decrements in spirometr

function. Young adults (<35 years) were signifresponsive than older individuals (>35 years). a narcotic analgesic, largely abolished symptom and improved FEV1 in strong responders. Nalo

opioid antagonist, did not affect O3 effects in w

responders. See Section AX6.2.5.1.

0.00.4

784 2 h IE 

4 × 15 minat V.

E = 20

L/min/m2 BSA

20 °C40% RH

Placebo group

15 M, 1 F

Antioxidant

group

13 M, 2 F

Healthy NSmean age 27 years

Placebo and antioxidant groups had O3-induced 

in FEV1 (20 and 14%) and FVC (13 and 10%), 

Percent neutrophils and IL-6 levels in BAL flui1 h postexposure were not different in the two tgroups. See Table AX6-13.

0.0

0.25

490 1 h CE

V

.

E = 30 L/min

NAFace maskexposure

32 M, 28 F Healthy NS

22.6 ± 0.6 years old

Mean O3-induced FEV1 decrements of 15.9% in 

9.4% in females (gender differences not signific

decrements ranged from !4 to 56%; decrement

20 subjects and >40% in 4 subjects. Uptake of 

males than females, but uptake not correlated wspirometric responses. 

aSee Appendix A for abbreviations and acronyms.bListed from lowest to highest O3 concentration. cStudies conducted in exposure chamber unless otherwise indicated. 

C-3
Table C-2. Pulmonary Function Effects after Prolonged Exposures to Ozonea

Ozone Concentrationb Exposure

Duration

and Activity

Exposure

Conditions

Number and

Gender of

Subjects

Subject

ppm μg/m Characteristics Observed Effect(s) 

3

Studies with 4 hr Exposures 0.18 353 4 h IE

(4 × 50 min)V

.

E = 35 L/min

23 °C50% RH

2 M, 2 F Adults NS, 21 to

33 years old

FVC decreased 19% and FEV1 decreased 29% in these fo

pre-screened sensitive subjects.

0.00.20

 0392

4 h IE (4 × 50 min cycleergometry ortreadmill running [ V

.

E = 40 L/min])

20 °C50% RH

FA: 11 M, 3F O3: 9 M, 3 F 

Adult NS, 19 to41 years old

Decrease in FVC, FEV1, VT, and SRaw and increase in fB 

O3 exposure compared with FA; total cell count and LDH 

isolated left main bronchus lavage and inflammatory cell occurred with O3 exposure compared to FA exposure.

0.2 392 4 h IE

(4 × 50 min)V

.

E = 25 L/min/m2

BSA

20 °C50% RH

42 M, 24 F Adults NS, 18 to

50 years old

FEV1 decreased by 18.6%; Pre-exposure methacholine re

was weakly correlated with the functional response to O3 

Symptoms were also weakly correlated with the FEV1 res

-0.31 to !0.37)

0.00.24

 0470

4 h IE (4 × 15 min) .

VE = 20 L/min

24 °C40% RH

10 M9 M

Healthy NS,60 to 69 yearsCOPD59 to 71 years 

Healthy: small, 3.3%, decline in FEV1 (p = 0.03 [not rep

paper], paired-t on O3 versus FA pre-post FEV1). COPD

in FEV1 (p = ns, O3 versus FA). Adjusted for exercise, o

did not differ significantly between COPD patients and hsubjects. See Section AX6.5.1. 

Studies with >6 hr Exposures0.00.060.080.04 (mean,peak of 0.05)0.06 (mean,peak of 0.09)0.08 (mean,peak of 0.15)

 0118157 78 118157

6.6 hIE (6 × 50min)V

.

E = 20 L/min/m2

BSA

25 °C40-60% RH

15 M, 15 F Healthy NS 

Males 23.5 ± 3.0yrsFemales22.8 ± 1.2 yrs

FEV1 and symptom responses after 6.6 h exposure to 0.0

0.06 ppm not significantly different from FA. Following 0.08 ppm, O3-induced FEV1 (!6.1%, square-wave; !7.0%

and symptom responses significantly greater than after 0ppm exposures. Triangular exposure to 0.08 ppm caused decrement in FEV1 at 5.6 h of exposure, whereas peak fo

exposure occurred at 6.6 h. 

0.00.040.080.12

 0 78157235

6.6 hIE (6 × 50min)V

.

E = 20 L/min/m2

BSA

23 °C50% RH

15 M, 15 F Healthy NS, 

22.4 ± 2.4 yrsold

FEV1 and total symptoms after 6.6 h exposure to 0.04 pp

significantly different from FA. FEV1 (!6.4%) and total 

significant at 6.6 h exposure to 0.08 ppm. FEV1 (!15.4%

significantly different between chamber and face mask ex0.12 ppm. 

C-4
Table C-2 (cont'd). Pulmonary Function Effects after Prolonged Exposures to Ozone

Ozone Concentrationb

Exposure Duration

and Activity

Exposure

Conditions

Number and

Gender of

Subjects

Subject

ppm μg/m Characteristics Observed Effect(s) 

3

0.12 235 3 day-6.6h/day

IE (6 × 50 min)V

.

E = 17 L/min/m2,

20 L/min/m2 BSA,

and 23 L/min/m2 BSA

23 °C50% RH

15 M, 15 F Healthy NS, 18 to

31 years old

FEV1 at 6.6 h decreased significantly by 9.3%, 11.7%, and 13.9%

three different exercise V

.

E rates, but were not significantly differe

other. Total symptoms at the highest V

.

E protocol were significant

for the lowest V

.

E protocol beginning at 4.6 h. Largest subjects (2

had significantly greater average FEV1 decrement for the three pr

compared to the smallest subjects (1.4 m2 BSA), 6.5%.

(a) 0.08(b) 0.08 (mean)varied from 0.03to 0.15

235235(mean)

6.6 h IE (6 × 50 min)V

.

E = 20 L/min/m2

BSA

23 °C50% RH

15 M15 F

Healthy NS, 18 to25 years old

(a) FEV1 decreased 6.2% after 6.6 h in square-wave exposures. T

significantly increased at 5.6 and 6.6 h.(b) FEV1 decreased 5.6 to 6.2% after 4.6 to 6.6 h, respectively, in 

exposure; total symptoms significantly increased also after 4.6 to No significant difference between face mask and chamber exposu

(a) 0.08(b) 0.30

157588

6.6 h IE (6 × 50 min)V

.

E = 20 L/min/m2

BSA2 hIE (4 × 15 min)V

.

E = 35 L/min/m2

BSA

23 °C50% RH

15 M15 F

Healthy NS, 18 to25 years old

Significantly greater FEV1 decrement (12.4%) for 2-h, 0.30 ppm e

for 6.6-h, 0.08 ppm exposure (3.6%). 

(a) 0.12(b) 0.12 (mean)varied from 0.07to 0.16(c) 0.12 (mean)varied from 0.11to 0.13(d) 0.12

235235

(mean)

235

(mean)

235

6.6 h IE(6 × 50 min)(a,b,c) V

.

E = 20

L/min/m2 BSA

(d) V

.

E = 12 L/min/m2

BSA

23 °C50% RH

6 M, 6 F Healthy NS, 19 to

25 years old

(a) FEV1 decreased 11% at 6.6 h in square-wave exposure. Total 

significant from 4.6 to 6.6 h.(b) FEV1 decreased 13% at 6.6 h; not significantly different from 

exposure. Total symptoms significant from 4.6 to 6.6 h.(c) FEV1 decreased 10.3% at 6.6 h; not significantly different from 

exposure. Total symptoms significant from 4.6 to 6.6 h.(d) FEV1 decreased 3.6% at 6.6 h; significantly less than for 20 L

protocols.

aSee Appendix A for abbreviations and acronyms.bListed from lowest to highest O3 concentration.

C-5
Appendix 4A. Exposure Tables 
Tables Table numbers Pages 

Percent of people with 1 or more 8-hour exposures above 0.06, 

0.07, and 0.08 ppm-8hr for Children, under moderate exertion, for 

the years 2002, 2003, and 2004 

4A-1 to 4A-9 4A-1 to 4A-5 

Percent of people with 1 or more 8-hour exposures above 0.06, 

0.07, and 0.08 ppm-8hr for Asthmatic Children, under moderate 

exertion, for the years 2002, 2003, and 2004 

4A-10 to 4A-18 4A-6 to 4A-10 

Number of people with 1 or more 8-hour exposures above 0.06, 

0.07, and 0.08 ppm-8hr for Children, under moderate exertion, for 

the years 2002, 2003, and 2004 

4A-19 to 4A-27 4A-11 to 4A-15 

Number of people with 1 or more 8-hour exposures above 0.06, 

0.07, and 0.08 ppm-8hr for Asthmatic Children, under moderate 

exertion, for the years 2002, 2003, and 2004 

4A-28 to 4A-36 4A-15 to 4A-19 

Number of person-days (occurrences) with 8-hour exposures 

above 0.06, 0.07, and 0.08 ppm-8hr for Children, under moderate 

exertion, for the years 2002, 2003, and 2004 

4A-37 to 4A-45 4A-20 to 4A-24 

Number of person-days (occurrences) with 8-hour exposures 

above 0.06, 0.07, and 0.08 ppm-8hr for Asthmatic Children, under 

moderate exertion, for the years 2002, 2003, and 2004 

4A-46 to 4A-54 4A-24 to 4A-28 

Number of persons and person-days (occurrences) with 8-hour 

exposures above 0.06, 0.07, and 0.08 ppm-8hr for Asthmatic 

Children and for Children, under moderate exertion, for the years 

2002, 2003, and 2004. 12-City Totals. 

4A-55 to 4A-60 4A-29 to 4A-34 
Numbers are rounded to the nearest percent. 4A-1 

Table 4A-1. Percent of people with 1 or more 8-hour exposures above 0.06 ppm-8hr for Children, 

moderate exertion for the year 2002 

City 

recent 

base 84/4 84/3 80/4 74/5 74/4 74/3 70/4 64/4 

Atlanta 68% 53% 53% 45% 35% 29% 29% 18% 5% 

Boston 66% 54% 48% 47% 44% 35% 29% 25% 11% 

Chicago 69% 53% 48% 44% 37% 28% 23% 17% 3% 

Cleveland 77% 66% 62% 60% 51% 48% 40% 35% 13% 

Detroit 72% 61% 55% 54% 52% 39% 30% 25% 6% 

Houston 58% 27% 21% 19% 11% 9% 7% 5% 1% 

Los Angeles 61% 7% 6% 4% 1% 1% 1% 0% 0% 

New York 74% 50% 46% 41% 23% 25% 21% 15% 3% 

Philadelphia 77% 64% 60% 58% 49% 46% 41% 36% 17% 

Sacramento 66% 33% 29% 24% 15% 12% 10% 6% 1% 

St. Louis 70% 63% 60% 58% 50% 46% 40% 34% 14% 

Washington 73% 59% 52% 51% 43% 38% 30% 28% 10% 

Table 4A-2. Percent of people with 1 or more 8-hour exposures above 0.06 ppm-8hr for Children, 

moderate exertion for the year 2003 

City 

recent 

base 84/4 84/3 80/4 74/5 74/4 74/3 70/4 64/4 

Atlanta 52% 33% . . . 10% . . 1% 

Boston 38% 28% . . . 9% . . 1% 

Chicago 37% 26% . . . 7% . . 0% 

Cleveland 49% 22% . . . 9% . . 0% 

Detroit 56% 26% . . . 10% . . 0% 

Houston 67% 19% . . . 4% . . 0% 

Los Angeles 71% 8% . . . 2% . . 0% 

New York 57% 24% . . . 7% . . 0% 

Philadelphia 58% 33% . . . 11% . . 1% 

Sacramento 59% 15% . . . 3% . . 0% 

St. Louis 54% 39% . . . 15% . . 1% 

Washington 47% 21% . . . 8% . . 1% 
Numbers are rounded to the nearest percent. 4A-2 

Table 4A-3. Percent of people with 1 or more 8-hour exposures above 0.06 ppm-8hr for Children, 

moderate exertion for the year 2004 

City 

recent 

base 84/4 84/3 80/4 74/5 74/4 74/3 70/4 64/4 

Atlanta 48% 26% 25% 18% 11% 8% 8% 3% 0% 

Boston 30% 13% 8% 8% 6% 2% 1% 1% 0% 

Chicago 12% 1% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 

Cleveland 26% 5% 3% 2% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 

Detroit 22% 7% 4% 3% 2% 0% 0% 0% 0% 

Houston 57% 25% 20% 17% 10% 9% 6% 4% 1% 

Los Angeles 69% 5% 4% 3% 1% 1% 1% 0% 0% 

New York 35% 6% 4% 3% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 

Philadelphia 47% 16% 11% 9% 3% 2% 1% 0% 0% 

Sacramento 43% 6% 4% 3% 1% 0% 0% 0% 0% 

St. Louis 22% 8% 5% 3% 1% 0% 0% 0% 0% 

Washington 48% 21% 15% 14% 7% 6% 2% 1% 0% 

Table 4A-4. Percent of people with 1 or more 8-hour exposures above 0.07 ppm-8hr for Children, 

moderate exertion for the year 2002 

City 

recent 

base 84/4 84/3 80/4 74/5 74/4 74/3 70/4 64/4 

Atlanta 42% 21% 19% 12% 7% 5% 5% 1% 0% 

Boston 46% 28% 21% 20% 18% 10% 7% 5% 1% 

Chicago 44% 20% 15% 12% 6% 3% 2% 1% 0% 

Cleveland 63% 38% 29% 27% 12% 9% 3% 2% 0% 

Detroit 51% 29% 20% 17% 15% 4% 1% 0% 0% 

Houston 31% 7% 4% 4% 1% 1% 0% 0% 0% 

Los Angeles 36% 1% 1% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 

New York 54% 16% 13% 9% 2% 3% 2% 1% 0% 

Philadelphia 60% 37% 30% 28% 16% 13% 8% 5% 0% 

Sacramento 39% 7% 5% 4% 2% 1% 1% 0% 0% 

St. Louis 51% 37% 31% 27% 15% 11% 7% 5% 0% 

Washington 53% 29% 21% 20% 12% 8% 4% 3% 0% 
Numbers are rounded to the nearest percent. 4A-3 

Table 4A-5. Percent of people with 1 or more 8-hour exposures above 0.07 ppm-8hr for Children, 

moderate exertion for the year 2003 

City 

recent 

base 84/4 84/3 80/4 74/5 74/4 74/3 70/4 64/4 

Atlanta 17% 7% . . . 1% . . 0% 

Boston 13% 7% . . . 1% . . 0% 

Chicago 10% 4% . . . 0% . . 0% 

Cleveland 25% 8% . . . 1% . . 0% 

Detroit 32% 7% . . . 1% . . 0% 

Houston 42% 3% . . . 0% . . 0% 

Los Angeles 49% 1% . . . 0% . . 0% 

New York 31% 6% . . . 0% . . 0% 

Philadelphia 32% 10% . . . 2% . . 0% 

Sacramento 28% 2% . . . 0% . . 0% 

St. Louis 24% 11% . . . 2% . . 0% 

Washington 22% 8% . . . 2% . . 0% 

Table 4A-6. Percent of people with 1 or more 8-hour exposures above 0.07 ppm-8hr for Children, 

moderate exertion for the year 2004 

City 

recent 

base 84/4 84/3 80/4 74/5 74/4 74/3 70/4 64/4 

Atlanta 17% 6% 5% 3% 1% 1% 1% 0% 0% 

Boston 8% 2% 1% 1% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 

Chicago 1% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 

Cleveland 4% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 

Detroit 3% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 

Houston 30% 7% 4% 3% 1% 1% 0% 0% 0% 

Los Angeles 38% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 

New York 11% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 

Philadelphia 15% 1% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 

Sacramento 10% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 

St. Louis 1% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 

Washington 19% 5% 1% 1% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 
Numbers are rounded to the nearest percent. 4A-4 

Table 4A-7. Percent of people with 1 or more 8-hour exposures above 0.08 ppm-8hr for Children, 

moderate exertion for the year 2002 

City 

recent 

base 84/4 84/3 80/4 74/5 74/4 74/3 70/4 64/4 

Atlanta 15% 4% 4% 2% 1% 0% 0% 0% 0% 

Boston 24% 10% 6% 6% 5% 2% 1% 0% 0% 

Chicago 17% 3% 2% 1% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 

Cleveland 38% 7% 2% 2% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 

Detroit 20% 3% 1% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 

Houston 13% 1% 1% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 

Los Angeles 16% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 

New York 28% 3% 2% 1% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 

Philadelphia 38% 11% 6% 5% 2% 1% 0% 0% 0% 

Sacramento 15% 1% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 

St. Louis 21% 10% 6% 4% 1% 1% 0% 0% 0% 

Washington 29% 7% 4% 3% 1% 1% 0% 0% 0% 

Table 4A-8. Percent of people with 1 or more 8-hour exposures above 0.08 ppm-8hr for Children, 

moderate exertion for the year 2003 

City 

recent 

base 84/4 84/3 80/4 74/5 74/4 74/3 70/4 64/4 

Atlanta 4% 1% . . . 0% . . 0% 

Boston 3% 1% . . . 0% . . 0% 

Chicago 1% 0% . . . 0% . . 0% 

Cleveland 11% 1% . . . 0% . . 0% 

Detroit 16% 1% . . . 0% . . 0% 

Houston 18% 0% . . . 0% . . 0% 

Los Angeles 26% 0% . . . 0% . . 0% 

New York 13% 1% . . . 0% . . 0% 

Philadelphia 14% 3% . . . 0% . . 0% 

Sacramento 8% 0% . . . 0% . . 0% 

St. Louis 8% 2% . . . 0% . . 0% 

Washington 11% 3% . . . 0% . . 0% 
Numbers are rounded to the nearest percent. 4A-5 

Table 4A-9. Percent of people with 1 or more 8-hour exposures above 0.08 ppm-8hr for Children, 

moderate exertion for the year 2004 

City 

recent 

base 84/4 84/3 80/4 74/5 74/4 74/3 70/4 64/4 

Atlanta 4% 1% 1% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 

Boston 2% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 

Chicago 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 

Cleveland 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 

Detroit 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 

Houston 12% 1% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 

Los Angeles 14% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 

New York 2% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 

Philadelphia 2% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 

Sacramento 1% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 

St. Louis 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 

Washington 6% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 
Numbers are rounded to the nearest percent. 4A-6 

Table 4A-10. Percent of people with 1 or more 8-hour exposures above 0.06 ppm-8hr for Asthmatic 

children, moderate exertion for the year 2002 

City 

recent 

base 84/4 84/3 80/4 74/5 74/4 74/3 70/4 64/4 

Atlanta 74% 58% 58% 49% 39% 34% 34% 22% 6% 

Boston 68% 57% 50% 49% 45% 37% 30% 26% 11% 

Chicago 72% 55% 50% 46% 38% 29% 23% 15% 3% 

Cleveland 79% 66% 60% 59% 50% 46% 38% 34% 11% 

Detroit 71% 60% 54% 52% 51% 39% 29% 23% 5% 

Houston 60% 27% 20% 18% 10% 9% 7% 4% 1% 

Los Angeles 63% 7% 6% 4% 2% 1% 1% 0% 0% 

New York 78% 52% 48% 44% 25% 27% 23% 16% 4% 

Philadelphia 80% 69% 65% 63% 53% 51% 46% 41% 19% 

Sacramento 69% 33% 28% 24% 13% 11% 9% 6% 1% 

St. Louis 69% 63% 60% 58% 49% 45% 38% 31% 13% 

Washington 77% 63% 57% 56% 47% 41% 34% 31% 10% 

Table 4A-11. Percent of people with 1 or more 8-hour exposures above 0.06 ppm-8hr for Asthmatic 

children, moderate exertion for the year 2003 

City 

recent 

base 84/4 84/3 80/4 74/5 74/4 74/3 70/4 64/4 

Atlanta 56% 34% . . . 10% . . 1% 

Boston 39% 30% . . . 10% . . 1% 

Chicago 37% 26% . . . 7% . . 0% 

Cleveland 47% 21% . . . 8% . . 0% 

Detroit 56% 25% . . . 8% . . 1% 

Houston 73% 21% . . . 5% . . 0% 

Los Angeles 72% 9% . . . 2% . . 0% 

New York 61% 25% . . . 7% . . 0% 

Philadelphia 64% 38% . . . 14% . . 1% 

Sacramento 61% 16% . . . 3% . . 0% 

St. Louis 54% 38% . . . 14% . . 1% 

Washington 51% 22% . . . 8% . . 1% 
Numbers are rounded to the nearest percent. 4A-7 

Table 4A-12. Percent of people with 1 or more 8-hour exposures above 0.06 ppm-8hr for Asthmatic 

children, moderate exertion for the year 2004 

City 

recent 

base 84/4 84/3 80/4 74/5 74/4 74/3 70/4 64/4 

Atlanta 51% 28% 26% 19% 11% 8% 7% 3% 0% 

Boston 31% 14% 9% 8% 6% 2% 1% 1% 0% 

Chicago 11% 1% 1% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 

Cleveland 26% 5% 2% 2% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 

Detroit 24% 8% 4% 3% 2% 0% 0% 0% 0% 

Houston 61% 27% 21% 19% 11% 9% 6% 3% 1% 

Los Angeles 69% 6% 5% 3% 1% 1% 1% 0% 0% 

New York 38% 6% 4% 3% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 

Philadelphia 51% 19% 14% 10% 3% 3% 1% 1% 0% 

Sacramento 43% 5% 3% 2% 1% 0% 0% 0% 0% 

St. Louis 22% 7% 4% 3% 1% 0% 0% 0% 0% 

Washington 53% 25% 17% 15% 8% 6% 2% 2% 0% 

Table 4A-13. Percent of people with 1 or more 8-hour exposures above 0.07 ppm-8hr for Asthmatic 

children, moderate exertion for the year 2002 

City 

recent 

base 84/4 84/3 80/4 74/5 74/4 74/3 70/4 64/4 

Atlanta 45% 25% 24% 15% 9% 6% 6% 1% 0% 

Boston 49% 30% 20% 20% 17% 11% 7% 6% 1% 

Chicago 46% 20% 14% 11% 6% 2% 2% 0% 0% 

Cleveland 62% 36% 28% 26% 11% 8% 3% 2% 0% 

Detroit 50% 28% 19% 16% 14% 3% 1% 0% 0% 

Houston 31% 7% 4% 3% 1% 1% 0% 0% 0% 

Los Angeles 38% 1% 1% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 

New York 57% 18% 15% 11% 3% 4% 2% 1% 0% 

Philadelphia 66% 41% 34% 31% 17% 14% 9% 6% 0% 

Sacramento 38% 7% 5% 4% 2% 1% 1% 0% 0% 

St. Louis 49% 35% 29% 25% 14% 10% 7% 4% 0% 

Washington 58% 32% 22% 22% 13% 9% 5% 4% 0% 
Numbers are rounded to the nearest percent. 4A-8 

Table 4A-14. Percent of people with 1 or more 8-hour exposures above 0.07 ppm-8hr for Asthmatic 

children, moderate exertion for the year 2003 

City 

recent 

base 84/4 84/3 80/4 74/5 74/4 74/3 70/4 64/4 

Atlanta 17% 7% . . . 1% . . 0% 

Boston 14% 7% . . . 1% . . 0% 

Chicago 10% 4% . . . 0% . . 0% 

Cleveland 23% 7% . . . 1% . . 0% 

Detroit 31% 7% . . . 1% . . 0% 

Houston 45% 3% . . . 0% . . 0% 

Los Angeles 51% 1% . . . 0% . . 0% 

New York 32% 6% . . . 0% . . 0% 

Philadelphia 36% 12% . . . 2% . . 0% 

Sacramento 29% 2% . . . 0% . . 0% 

St. Louis 23% 11% . . . 2% . . 0% 

Washington 23% 8% . . . 1% . . 0% 

Table 4A-15. Percent of people with 1 or more 8-hour exposures above 0.07 ppm-8hr for Asthmatic 

children, moderate exertion for the year 2004 

City 

recent 

base 84/4 84/3 80/4 74/5 74/4 74/3 70/4 64/4 

Atlanta 18% 5% 5% 2% 1% 1% 1% 0% 0% 

Boston 9% 2% 1% 1% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 

Chicago 1% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 

Cleveland 4% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 

Detroit 3% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 

Houston 31% 7% 4% 3% 1% 1% 0% 0% 0% 

Los Angeles 40% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 

New York 12% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 

Philadelphia 18% 1% 1% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 

Sacramento 8% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 

St. Louis 1% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 

Washington 22% 5% 1% 1% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 
Numbers are rounded to the nearest percent. 4A-9 

Table 4A-16. Percent of people with 1 or more 8-hour exposures above 0.08 ppm-8hr for Asthmatic 

children, moderate exertion for the year 2002 

City 

recent 

base 84/4 84/3 80/4 74/5 74/4 74/3 70/4 64/4 

Atlanta 18% 5% 5% 2% 1% 1% 1% 0% 0% 

Boston 25% 11% 7% 7% 6% 2% 1% 0% 0% 

Chicago 17% 2% 1% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 

Cleveland 36% 6% 3% 2% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 

Detroit 19% 2% 1% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 

Houston 12% 1% 1% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 

Los Angeles 17% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 

New York 31% 4% 2% 1% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 

Philadelphia 42% 12% 7% 6% 2% 1% 0% 0% 0% 

Sacramento 14% 1% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 

St. Louis 20% 9% 6% 4% 2% 1% 0% 0% 0% 

Washington 31% 8% 4% 4% 1% 1% 0% 0% 0% 

Table 4A-17. Percent of people with 1 or more 8-hour exposures above 0.08 ppm-8hr for Asthmatic 

children, moderate exertion for the year 2003 

City 

recent 

base 84/4 84/3 80/4 74/5 74/4 74/3 70/4 64/4 

Atlanta 4% 1% . . . 0% . . 0% 

Boston 3% 1% . . . 0% . . 0% 

Chicago 0% 0% . . . 0% . . 0% 

Cleveland 10% 1% . . . 0% . . 0% 

Detroit 14% 1% . . . 0% . . 0% 

Houston 19% 0% . . . 0% . . 0% 

Los Angeles 27% 0% . . . 0% . . 0% 

New York 13% 1% . . . 0% . . 0% 

Philadelphia 16% 4% . . . 0% . . 0% 

Sacramento 8% 0% . . . 0% . . 0% 

St. Louis 8% 2% . . . 0% . . 0% 

Washington 11% 2% . . . 0% . . 0% 
Numbers are rounded to the nearest percent. 4A-10 

Table 4A-18. Percent of people with 1 or more 8-hour exposures above 0.08 ppm-8hr for Asthmatic 

children, moderate exertion for the year 2004 

City 

recent 

base 84/4 84/3 80/4 74/5 74/4 74/3 70/4 64/4 

Atlanta 4% 1% 1% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 

Boston 2% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 

Chicago 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 

Cleveland 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 

Detroit 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 

Houston 13% 1% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 

Los Angeles 16% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 

New York 2% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 

Philadelphia 3% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 

Sacramento 1% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 

St. Louis 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 

Washington 6% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 
Numbers are rounded to 3 significant digits. 4A-11 

Table 4A-19. Number of people with 1 or more 8-hour exposures above 0.06 ppm-8hr, Children, 

moderate exertion, 2002 

City recent base 84/4 84/3 80/4 74/5 74/4 74/3 70/4 64/4

Atlanta 642,000 503,000 497,000 423,000 334,000 276,000 271,000 171,000 49,000

Boston 718,000 592,000 522,000 514,000 481,000 381,000 316,000 278,000 117,000

Chicago 1,350,000 1,030,000 939,000 863,000 716,000 547,000 449,000 334,000 61,300

Cleveland 458,000 393,000 366,000 358,000 302,000 283,000 237,000 208,000 74,200

Detroit 799,000 681,000 616,000 601,000 581,000 438,000 336,000 276,000 61,100

Houston 627,000 292,000 233,000 209,000 115,000 101,000 72,300 50,100 10,100

Los Angeles 2,240,000 258,000 226,000 154,000 49,700 51,000 40,700 15,300 3,270

New York 3,070,000 2,070,000 1,910,000 1,720,000 940,000 1,030,000 856,000 604,000 130,000

Philadelphia 910,000 757,000 711,000 692,000 580,000 550,000 482,000 430,000 203,000

Sacramento 271,000 137,000 120,000 101,000 59,800 50,000 39,400 24,200 5,210

St. Louis 406,000 369,000 351,000 340,000 293,000 269,000 236,000 200,000 83,400

Washington 1,090,000 879,000 767,000 761,000 639,000 570,000 452,000 411,000 148,000

Table 4A-20. Number of people with 1 or more 8-hour exposures above 0.06 ppm-8hr, Children, 

moderate exertion, 2003 

City recent base 84/4 84/3 80/4 74/5 74/4 74/3 70/4 64/4 

Atlanta 491,000 309,000 . . . 94,700 . . 6,220 

Boston 418,000 309,000 . . . 101,000 . . 8,950 

Chicago 726,000 504,000 . . . 135,000 . . 1,710 

Cleveland 292,000 133,000 . . . 51,200 . . 2,060 

Detroit 623,000 293,000 . . . 112,000 . . 4,640 

Houston 733,000 212,000 . . . 48,400 . . 2,730 

Los Angeles 2,620,000 295,000 . . . 75,000 . . 2,460 

New York 2,380,000 987,000 . . . 287,000 . . 11,000 

Philadelphia 692,000 397,000 . . . 136,000 . . 12,700 

Sacramento 242,000 62,600 . . . 14,200 . . 129 

St. Louis 316,000 228,000 . . . 88,600 . . 6,560 

Washington 696,000 312,000 . . . 116,000 . . 8,450 
Numbers are rounded to 3 significant digits. 4A-12 

Table 4A-21. Number of people with 1 or more 8-hour exposures above 0.06 ppm-8hr, Children, 

moderate exertion, 2004 

City recent base 84/4 84/3 80/4 74/5 74/4 74/3 70/4 64/4

Atlanta 452,000 246,000 235,000 168,000 101,000 76,300 71,700 29,200 3,260

Boston 326,000 142,000 90,400 82,400 65,400 24,200 14,200 7,900 0

Chicago 225,000 19,200 9,160 5,740 2,640 931 466 310 0

Cleveland 153,000 30,100 16,000 11,500 1,870 1,230 344 49 0

Detroit 249,000 80,900 41,700 31,100 22,700 3,570 268 89 0

Houston 624,000 273,000 214,000 189,000 112,000 94,800 61,500 43,700 8,830

Los Angeles 2,510,000 182,000 152,000 104,000 31,700 25,600 19,100 5,180 0

New York 1,450,000 246,000 175,000 119,000 6,760 10,300 4,270 1,070 0

Philadelphia 553,000 191,000 129,000 101,000 31,300 23,500 10,200 4,960 97

Sacramento 176,000 25,100 17,000 11,200 2,190 1,640 836 322 0

St. Louis 126,000 47,000 26,900 19,600 3,990 2,570 1,240 229 0

Washington 720,000 319,000 217,000 207,000 108,000 82,800 32,400 20,300 1,770

Table 4A-22. Number of people with 1 or more 8-hour exposures above 0.07 ppm-8hr, Children, 

moderate exertion, 2002 

City recent base 84/4 84/3 80/4 74/5 74/4 74/3 70/4 64/4

Atlanta 393,000 193,000 178,000 114,000 67,800 44,900 44,500 12,600 152

Boston 504,000 312,000 230,000 223,000 192,000 112,000 72,200 56,900 9,900

Chicago 860,000 389,000 300,000 233,000 118,000 53,100 39,300 10,200 776

Cleveland 374,000 226,000 173,000 160,000 71,200 53,900 18,000 11,300 933

Detroit 572,000 322,000 220,000 194,000 166,000 40,500 12,500 5,180 89

Houston 333,000 80,000 48,500 40,300 12,800 9,470 4,810 2,090 160

Los Angeles 1,300,000 28,100 22,400 11,200 1,360 3,000 2,460 1,360 0

New York 2,250,000 675,000 531,000 384,000 77,600 110,000 64,100 29,900 5,340

Philadelphia 716,000 439,000 359,000 330,000 185,000 151,000 96,500 64,400 5,830

Sacramento 159,000 30,200 20,900 16,100 6,400 4,410 2,250 965 32

St. Louis 295,000 214,000 178,000 154,000 88,900 66,900 43,100 26,500 1,290

Washington 792,000 435,000 305,000 300,000 175,000 123,000 64,000 48,800 3,910
Numbers are rounded to 3 significant digits. 4A-13 

Table 4A-23. Number of people with 1 or more 8-hour exposures above 0.07 ppm-8hr, Children, 

moderate exertion, 2003 

City recent base 84/4 84/3 80/4 74/5 74/4 74/3 70/4 64/4 

Atlanta 156,000 63,100 . . . 7,580 . . 0 

Boston 146,000 78,300 . . . 11,500 . . 571 

Chicago 196,000 83,000 . . . 2,480 . . 0 

Cleveland 149,000 46,100 . . . 5,790 . . 0 

Detroit 359,000 82,500 . . . 7,230 . . 0 

Houston 457,000 28,600 . . . 2,410 . . 0 

Los Angeles 1,810,000 50,800 . . . 1,640 . . 0 

New York 1,280,000 250,000 . . . 14,200 . . 0 

Philadelphia 377,000 123,000 . . . 26,000 . . 0 

Sacramento 115,000 9,130 . . . 354 . . 0 

St. Louis 142,000 65,700 . . . 11,100 . . 46 

Washington 329,000 115,000 . . . 22,300 . . 0 

Table 4A-24. Number of people with 1 or more 8-hour exposures above 0.07 ppm-8hr, Children, 

moderate exertion, 2004 

City recent base 84/4 84/3 80/4 74/5 74/4 74/3 70/4 64/4 

Atlanta 161,000 54,100 47,800 24,300 10,300 6,970 6,670 910 0 

Boston 91,000 19,600 8,860 6,380 3,520 190 0 0 0 

Chicago 12,400 1,090 621 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Cleveland 26,600 785 245 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Detroit 31,600 1,430 89 89 0 0 0 0 0 

Houston 322,000 71,500 44,100 36,400 12,100 9,630 2,810 1,360 0 

Los Angeles 1,400,000 14,700 10,900 1,910 0 0 0 0 0 

New York 459,000 10,700 4,630 2,850 0 0 0 0 0 

Philadelphia 181,000 12,300 5,440 3,210 194 0 0 0 0 

Sacramento 41,100 708 515 225 0 0 0 0 0 

St. Louis 7,480 1,510 551 46 0 0 0 0 0 

Washington 289,000 68,400 20,600 20,200 4,670 3,410 1,010 631 0 
Numbers are rounded to 3 significant digits. 4A-14 

Table 4A-25. Number of people with 1 or more 8-hour exposures above 0.08 ppm-8hr, Children, 

moderate exertion, 2002 

City recent base 84/4 84/3 80/4 74/5 74/4 74/3 70/4 64/4

Atlanta 144,000 41,700 38,600 16,700 7,120 3,640 3,940 455 0

Boston 261,000 112,000 70,200 67,600 52,900 17,600 8,000 4,570 571

Chicago 332,000 49,700 33,700 11,000 4,500 1,400 466 310 0

Cleveland 223,000 43,000 14,600 10,900 2,160 1,130 540 295 0

Detroit 220,000 32,100 8,040 5,540 3,390 179 0 0 0

Houston 137,000 12,800 6,420 4,730 160 642 80 0 0

Los Angeles 596,000 2,180 1,910 1,360 0 0 0 0 0

New York 1,150,000 108,000 63,400 36,300 6,050 7,480 3,920 2,140 0

Philadelphia 452,000 129,000 76,800 60,200 19,200 11,500 3,310 1,070 0

Sacramento 59,800 4,340 1,900 1,160 161 64 32 32 0

St. Louis 124,000 58,100 35,000 25,200 8,080 4,270 1,330 275 0

Washington 427,000 111,000 53,300 50,900 18,400 8,830 2,020 883 0

Table 4A-26. Number of people with 1 or more 8-hour exposures above 0.08 ppm-8hr, Children, 

moderate exertion, 2003 

City recent base 84/4 84/3 80/4 74/5 74/4 74/3 70/4 64/4 

Atlanta 37,500 8,570 . . . 227 . . 0 

Boston 36,400 13,700 . . . 1,240 . . 286 

Chicago 18,800 2,950 . . . 0 . . 0 

Cleveland 67,200 7,510 . . . 0 . . 0 

Detroit 173,000 8,040 . . . 0 . . 0 

Houston 192,000 2,730 . . . 0 . . 0 

Los Angeles 965,000 1,360 . . . 0 . . 0 

New York 537,000 24,900 . . . 0 . . 0 

Philadelphia 163,000 40,300 . . . 97 . . 0 

Sacramento 31,900 579 . . . 0 . . 0 

St. Louis 47,700 13,800 . . . 184 . . 0 

Washington 163,000 38,700 . . . 379 . . 0 
Numbers are rounded to 3 significant digits. 4A-15 

Table 4A-27. Number of people with 1 or more 8-hour exposures above 0.08 ppm-8hr, Children, 

moderate exertion, 2004 

City recent base 84/4 84/3 80/4 74/5 74/4 74/3 70/4 64/4 

Atlanta 42,000 7,660 7,500 1,890 152 152 152 0 0 

Boston 18,300 1,330 95 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Chicago 1,090 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Cleveland 1,420 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Detroit 446 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Houston 129,000 12,000 4,980 3,130 80 80 0 0 0 

Los Angeles 517,000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

New York 77,200 356 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Philadelphia 25,100 194 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Sacramento 5,600 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

St. Louis 46 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Washington 88,100 4,540 1,640 1,640 505 126 0 0 0 

Table 4A-28. Number of people with 1 or more 8-hour exposures above 0.06 ppm-8hr, Asthmatic 

children, moderate exertion, 2002 

City recent base 84/4 84/3 80/4 74/5 74/4 74/3 70/4 64/4

Atlanta 86,800 68,200 67,400 57,100 45,600 39,400 39,900 26,200 6,820

Boston 125,000 104,000 90,800 88,900 82,200 67,200 54,600 47,000 20,700

Chicago 200,000 155,000 141,000 130,000 107,000 81,200 63,800 43,300 7,600

Cleveland 69,600 58,200 53,600 52,400 44,000 40,800 33,600 29,800 9,960

Detroit 115,000 97,700 87,500 84,300 82,600 63,300 46,200 37,800 7,680

Houston 80,900 37,000 27,700 24,300 13,500 12,200 9,150 5,860 1,770

Los Angeles 289,000 33,000 29,500 19,900 7,370 6,000 4,910 1,640 273

New York 500,000 337,000 310,000 280,000 161,000 175,000 148,000 105,000 25,300

Philadelphia 154,000 133,000 125,000 122,000 103,000 99,100 87,800 79,300 36,100

Sacramento 35,200 17,100 14,400 12,200 6,850 5,600 4,470 3,090 547

St. Louis 57,100 51,900 49,800 47,700 40,200 36,800 31,600 25,900 11,200

Washington 143,000 118,000 106,000 105,000 87,300 75,600 62,800 57,500 19,600
Numbers are rounded to 3 significant digits. 4A-16 

Table 4A-29. Number of people with 1 or more 8-hour exposures above 0.06 ppm-8hr, Asthmatic 

children, moderate exertion, 2003 

City recent base 84/4 84/3 80/4 74/5 74/4 74/3 70/4 64/4 

Atlanta 65,700 40,200 . . . 12,100 . . 1,060 

Boston 72,000 53,900 . . . 17,500 . . 2,000 

Chicago 104,000 72,900 . . . 19,600 . . 155 

Cleveland 41,900 18,600 . . . 6,730 . . 245 

Detroit 89,900 41,100 . . . 13,700 . . 893 

Houston 98,600 28,200 . . . 6,420 . . 241 

Los Angeles 330,000 39,000 . . . 9,000 . . 273 

New York 390,000 163,000 . . . 43,400 . . 1,780 

Philadelphia 123,000 73,300 . . . 26,100 . . 2,240 

Sacramento 31,200 8,170 . . . 1,770 . . 0 

St. Louis 44,700 31,400 . . . 11,500 . . 1,100 

Washington 95,500 40,500 . . . 14,400 . . 1,010 

Table 4A-30. Number of people with 1 or more 8-hour exposures above 0.06 ppm-8hr, Asthmatic 

children, moderate exertion, 2004 

City recent base 84/4 84/3 80/4 74/5 74/4 74/3 70/4 64/4 

Atlanta 59,900 32,100 30,500 22,300 13,100 9,470 8,720 3,110 303 

Boston 56,700 25,400 16,000 14,700 11,700 4,290 2,670 1,330 0 

Chicago 32,000 3,570 2,020 1,090 310 0 0 0 0 

Cleveland 22,900 4,270 2,160 1,870 295 147 0 0 0 

Detroit 38,300 12,200 6,430 4,460 3,840 625 0 0 0 

Houston 82,500 36,400 28,500 25,800 15,200 12,600 7,540 4,730 802 

Los Angeles 317,000 27,300 24,300 15,800 4,910 4,370 2,460 546 0 

New York 241,000 40,200 26,700 17,100 1,070 1,070 712 356 0 

Philadelphia 98,100 36,600 26,100 19,300 6,420 4,860 2,240 1,070 0 

Sacramento 22,200 2,510 1,700 1,060 257 161 64 32 0 

St. Louis 18,300 5,780 3,170 2,160 459 229 184 0 0 

Washington 98,900 46,100 30,900 28,900 14,400 11,600 4,160 3,150 379 
Numbers are rounded to 3 significant digits. 4A-17 

Table 4A-31. Number of people with 1 or more 8-hour exposures above 0.07 ppm-8hr, Asthmatic 

children, moderate exertion, 2002 

City recent base 84/4 84/3 80/4 74/5 74/4 74/3 70/4 64/4

Atlanta 52,700 28,800 27,400 17,800 10,400 6,750 6,520 1,590 0

Boston 89,200 55,000 37,300 36,900 31,900 19,700 13,000 10,500 2,290

Chicago 130,000 55,200 38,800 30,600 15,700 6,980 4,350 776 155

Cleveland 54,900 32,000 25,200 23,300 9,720 6,920 2,600 1,670 147

Detroit 81,200 45,200 30,500 26,200 22,900 5,270 1,700 446 0

Houston 42,600 10,100 6,100 4,730 1,440 1,520 481 401 0

Los Angeles 174,000 3,550 3,000 1,360 273 273 273 273 0

New York 364,000 119,000 95,400 70,100 16,400 23,100 12,500 7,830 1,780

Philadelphia 126,000 79,500 65,200 59,800 33,400 27,400 17,900 11,500 486

Sacramento 19,700 3,470 2,700 2,030 965 482 322 161 0

St. Louis 40,200 29,000 23,800 20,400 11,800 8,580 5,830 3,720 275

Washington 107,000 59,200 41,400 40,600 23,700 16,700 9,090 7,190 379

Table 4A-32. Number of people with 1 or more 8-hour exposures above 0.07 ppm-8hr, Asthmatic 

children, moderate exertion, 2003 

City recent base 84/4 84/3 80/4 74/5 74/4 74/3 70/4 64/4 

Atlanta 19,600 8,190 . . . 1,360 . . 0 

Boston 26,100 13,600 . . . 2,190 . . 95 

Chicago 27,600 11,200 . . . 155 . . 0 

Cleveland 20,500 5,890 . . . 835 . . 0 

Detroit 51,000 10,500 . . . 1,340 . . 0 

Houston 60,500 3,850 . . . 241 . . 0 

Los Angeles 231,000 6,550 . . . 0 . . 0 

New York 206,000 40,200 . . . 2,490 . . 0 

Philadelphia 69,600 23,800 . . . 3,990 . . 0 

Sacramento 15,100 1,160 . . . 32 . . 0 

St. Louis 18,900 8,720 . . . 1,510 . . 0 

Washington 43,300 14,300 . . . 2,150 . . 0 
Numbers are rounded to 3 significant digits. 4A-18 

Table 4A-33. Number of people with 1 or more 8-hour exposures above 0.07 ppm-8hr, Asthmatic 

children, moderate exertion, 2004 

City recent base 84/4 84/3 80/4 74/5 74/4 74/3 70/4 64/4 

Atlanta 21,100 5,990 5,460 2,650 1,440 910 834 76 0 

Boston 16,600 3,900 1,330 1,140 667 95 0 0 0 

Chicago 2,330 155 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Cleveland 3,680 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Detroit 4,820 357 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Houston 42,400 9,070 4,980 4,090 963 963 321 160 0 

Los Angeles 184,000 2,180 1,360 273 0 0 0 0 0 

New York 79,000 1,420 712 356 0 0 0 0 0 

Philadelphia 34,300 2,720 1,260 875 97 0 0 0 0 

Sacramento 4,340 64 32 32 0 0 0 0 0 

St. Louis 872 184 46 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Washington 41,500 9,840 2,780 2,400 883 757 379 126 0 

Table 4A-34. Number of people with 1 or more 8-hour exposures above 0.08 ppm-8hr, Asthmatic 

children, moderate exertion, 2002 

City recent base 84/4 84/3 80/4 74/5 74/4 74/3 70/4 64/4 

Atlanta 21,500 6,370 5,910 2,050 1,210 606 606 0 0 

Boston 45,400 19,600 12,900 12,100 10,200 3,520 1,520 476 95 

Chicago 47,300 6,360 3,410 931 310 155 155 0 0 

Cleveland 31,900 5,690 2,260 1,520 295 196 98 49 0 

Detroit 30,300 4,020 1,070 536 89 0 0 0 0 

Houston 16,900 2,010 802 642 0 160 0 0 0 

Los Angeles 75,600 273 273 273 0 0 0 0 0 

New York 199,000 22,800 12,800 8,900 2,140 2,490 1,420 712 0 

Philadelphia 81,300 23,400 14,200 11,100 3,310 1,260 486 292 0 

Sacramento 7,010 515 225 161 32 0 0 0 0 

St. Louis 16,200 7,530 4,870 3,400 1,560 872 321 92 0 

Washington 57,700 15,300 7,950 7,950 2,650 1,390 379 0 0 
Numbers are rounded to 3 significant digits. 4A-19 

Table 4A-35. Number of people with 1 or more 8-hour exposures above 0.08 ppm-8hr, Asthmatic 

children, moderate exertion, 2003 

City recent base 84/4 84/3 80/4 74/5 74/4 74/3 70/4 64/4 

Atlanta 5,080 1,520 . . . 0 . . 0 

Boston 5,900 2,480 . . . 286 . . 95 

Chicago 1,240 155 . . . 0 . . 0 

Cleveland 8,840 884 . . . 0 . . 0 

Detroit 22,800 1,430 . . . 0 . . 0 

Houston 25,800 241 . . . 0 . . 0 

Los Angeles 122,000 0 . . . 0 . . 0 

New York 82,200 4,980 . . . 0 . . 0 

Philadelphia 29,900 7,100 . . . 0 . . 0 

Sacramento 4,340 64 . . . 0 . . 0 

St. Louis 6,240 1,790 . . . 46 . . 0 

Washington 20,900 3,910 . . . 0 . . 0 

Table 4A-36. Number of people with 1 or more 8-hour exposures above 0.08 ppm-8hr, Asthmatic 

children, moderate exertion, 2004 

City recent base 84/4 84/3 80/4 74/5 74/4 74/3 70/4 64/4 

Atlanta 4,780 985 985 76 0 0 0 0 0 

Boston 3,520 286 95 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Chicago 155 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Cleveland 295 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Detroit 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Houston 17,600 1,440 642 321 0 0 0 0 0 

Los Angeles 72,600 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

New York 11,000 356 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Philadelphia 5,250 97 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Sacramento 611 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

St. Louis 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Washington 12,000 757 379 379 126 0 0 0 0 
Numbers are rounded to 3 significant digits. 4A-20 

Table 4A-37. Number of person-days with 8-hour exposures above 0.06 ppm-8hr, Children, 

moderate exertion, 2002 

City recent base 84/4 84/3 80/4 74/5 74/4 74/3 70/4 64/4

Atlanta 2,210,000 1,170,000 1,130,000 832,000 571,000 430,000 424,000 229,000 54,200

Boston 2,310,000 1,380,000 1,090,000 1,060,000 940,000 639,000 483,000 403,000 145,000

Chicago 4,160,000 2,070,000 1,720,000 1,490,000 1,140,000 799,000 617,000 432,000 68,300

Cleveland 2,270,000 1,210,000 977,000 928,000 631,000 561,000 417,000 346,000 94,500

Detroit 2,860,000 1,700,000 1,330,000 1,260,000 1,170,000 712,000 484,000 375,000 67,900

Houston 1,470,000 403,000 299,000 263,000 133,000 114,000 80,800 55,100 10,400

Los Angeles 8,260,000 349,000 299,000 194,000 53,800 57,600 45,300 15,800 3,270

New York 12,600,000 4,420,000 3,740,000 3,140,000 1,360,000 1,520,000 1,210,000 787,000 151,000

Philadelphia 4,880,000 2,470,000 2,030,000 1,880,000 1,270,000 1,150,000 906,000 755,000 274,000

Sacramento 1,000,000 263,000 214,000 168,000 85,700 68,800 52,200 30,900 5,850

St. Louis 1,480,000 1,070,000 924,000 844,000 614,000 523,000 419,000 325,000 103,000

Washington 4,500,000 2,270,000 1,710,000 1,680,000 1,210,000 988,000 713,000 620,000 184,000

Table 4A-38. Number of person-days with 8-hour exposures above 0.06 ppm-8hr, Children, 

moderate exertion, 2003 

City recent base 84/4 84/3 80/4 74/5 74/4 74/3 70/4 64/4 

Atlanta 999,000 466,000 . . . 113,000 . . 6,220 

Boston 683,000 427,000 . . . 111,000 . . 9,430 

Chicago 1,190,000 709,000 . . . 153,000 . . 1,860 

Cleveland 602,000 178,000 . . . 57,000 . . 2,110 

Detroit 1,430,000 396,000 . . . 126,000 . . 4,730 

Houston 2,230,000 275,000 . . . 52,400 . . 2,730 

Los Angeles 12,500,000 453,000 . . . 88,400 . . 2,460 

New York 5,450,000 1,350,000 . . . 321,000 . . 11,400 

Philadelphia 1,800,000 626,000 . . . 160,000 . . 12,900 

Sacramento 739,000 95,600 . . . 16,900 . . 129 

St. Louis 721,000 378,000 . . . 106,000 . . 6,790 

Washington 1,310,000 394,000 . . . 127,000 . . 8,580 
Numbers are rounded to 3 significant digits. 4A-21 

Table 4A-39. Number of person-days with 8-hour exposures above 0.06 ppm-8hr, Children, 

moderate exertion, 2004 

City recent base 84/4 84/3 80/4 74/5 74/4 74/3 70/4 64/4

Atlanta 846,000 335,000 315,000 209,000 115,000 84,100 78,900 30,600 3,490

Boston 481,000 170,000 105,000 93,600 74,100 25,900 15,000 8,190 0

Chicago 249,000 19,700 9,160 5,740 2,640 931 466 310 0

Cleveland 221,000 32,800 16,800 11,900 1,870 1,230 344 49 0

Detroit 309,000 85,400 42,700 31,700 23,000 3,570 268 89 0

Houston 1,530,000 403,000 286,000 246,000 132,000 109,000 68,500 47,800 9,230

Los Angeles 10,300,000 236,000 192,000 119,000 33,800 26,500 19,700 5,180 0

New York 2,320,000 272,000 189,000 128,000 6,760 10,300 4,270 1,070 0

Philadelphia 1,140,000 239,000 154,000 119,000 33,500 24,900 10,500 4,960 97

Sacramento 371,000 30,300 20,100 12,700 2,280 1,670 868 322 0

St. Louis 165,000 54,200 29,600 20,800 4,090 2,570 1,240 230 0

Washington 1,380,000 418,000 255,000 241,000 118,000 88,800 33,100 20,800 1,890

Table 4A-40. Number of person-days with 8-hour exposures above 0.07 ppm-8hr, Children, 

moderate exertion, 2002 

City recent base 84/4 84/3 80/4 74/5 74/4 74/3 70/4 64/4

Atlanta 723,000 261,000 237,000 136,000 75,700 48,400 48,000 13,000 152

Boston 978,000 461,000 309,000 297,000 245,000 133,000 81,300 63,000 10,300

Chicago 1,490,000 516,000 371,000 275,000 132,000 57,100 42,100 11,300 776

Cleveland 1,020,000 380,000 259,000 232,000 89,000 64,800 19,900 12,500 1,030

Detroit 1,120,000 458,000 279,000 239,000 200,000 44,400 12,900 5,360 89

Houston 470,000 88,000 51,400 42,100 13,100 9,630 4,820 2,090 161

Los Angeles 2,860,000 30,300 23,700 11,500 1,360 3,000 2,460 1,360 0

New York 5,080,000 880,000 656,000 461,000 86,900 122,000 72,300 34,900 6,050

Philadelphia 2,050,000 768,000 563,000 499,000 240,000 186,000 113,000 71,800 6,030

Sacramento 315,000 38,200 25,300 19,000 6,920 4,730 2,350 965 32

St. Louis 607,000 352,000 267,000 220,000 108,000 78,000 48,700 28,500 1,290

Washington 1,770,000 649,000 413,000 405,000 215,000 147,000 72,200 53,400 3,910
Numbers are rounded to 3 significant digits. 4A-22 

Table 4A-41. Number of person-days with 8-hour exposures above 0.07 ppm-8hr, Children, 

moderate exertion, 2003 

City recent base 84/4 84/3 80/4 74/5 74/4 74/3 70/4 64/4 

Atlanta 195,000 69,800 . . . 7,660 . . 0 

Boston 166,000 83,000 . . . 11,800 . . 571 

Chicago 227,000 91,100 . . . 2,640 . . 0 

Cleveland 203,000 51,100 . . . 5,940 . . 0 

Detroit 521,000 88,600 . . . 7,230 . . 0 

Houston 803,000 30,000 . . . 2,410 . . 0 

Los Angeles 5,020,000 57,300 . . . 1,640 . . 0 

New York 1,880,000 273,000 . . . 14,200 . . 0 

Philadelphia 563,000 137,000 . . . 26,500 . . 0 

Sacramento 200,000 10,100 . . . 354 . . 0 

St. Louis 187,000 73,500 . . . 11,400 . . 46 

Washington 411,000 124,000 . . . 22,700 . . 0 

Table 4A-42. Number of person-days with 8-hour exposures above 0.07 ppm-8hr, Children, 

moderate exertion, 2004 

City recent base 84/4 84/3 80/4 74/5 74/4 74/3 70/4 64/4 

Atlanta 197,000 57,700 50,400 25,300 10,500 7,130 6,750 910 0 

Boston 104,000 21,100 9,330 6,670 3,810 191 0 0 0 

Chicago 12,600 1,090 621 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Cleveland 28,600 785 245 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Detroit 32,200 1,430 89 89 0 0 0 0 0 

Houston 486,000 77,500 47,300 39,100 12,800 10,000 2,810 1,360 0 

Los Angeles 2,990,000 15,000 10,900 1,910 0 0 0 0 0 

New York 527,000 10,700 4,630 2,850 0 0 0 0 0 

Philadelphia 223,000 12,400 5,440 3,210 194 0 0 0 0 

Sacramento 53,100 708 515 225 0 0 0 0 0 

St. Louis 7,620 1,520 551 46 0 0 0 0 0 

Washington 358,000 71,700 21,100 20,400 4,800 3,530 1,010 631 0 
Numbers are rounded to 3 significant digits. 4A-23 

Table 4A-43. Number of person-days with 8-hour exposures above 0.08 ppm-8hr, Children, 

moderate exertion, 2002 

City recent base 84/4 84/3 80/4 74/5 74/4 74/3 70/4 64/4

Atlanta 178,000 43,800 40,600 17,200 7,200 3,640 3,940 455 0

Boston 356,000 130,000 78,100 74,700 57,500 18,900 8,100 4,570 571

Chicago 416,000 53,200 35,500 12,400 4,660 1,400 466 310 0

Cleveland 372,000 49,600 15,900 11,900 2,260 1,230 540 295 0

Detroit 280,000 34,600 8,210 5,710 3,480 179 0 0 0

Houston 156,000 12,900 6,420 4,730 161 642 80 0 0

Los Angeles 902,000 2,180 1,910 1,360 0 0 0 0 0

New York 1,710,000 119,000 70,800 41,300 6,050 8,190 3,920 2,140 0

Philadelphia 794,000 154,000 86,800 66,000 20,400 11,700 3,400 1,170 0

Sacramento 81,700 4,630 1,930 1,160 161 64 32 32 0

St. Louis 163,000 66,500 38,100 27,000 8,310 4,310 1,330 275 0

Washington 627,000 130,000 58,400 55,400 19,100 8,830 2,150 883 0

Table 4A-44. Number of person-days with 8-hour exposures above 0.08 ppm-8hr, Children, 

moderate exertion, 2003 

City recent base 84/4 84/3 80/4 74/5 74/4 74/3 70/4 64/4 

Atlanta 39,600 8,720 . . . 227 . . 0 

Boston 37,600 13,900 . . . 1,240 . . 286 

Chicago 19,600 3,100 . . . 0 . . 0 

Cleveland 76,500 7,710 . . . 0 . . 0 

Detroit 203,000 8,040 . . . 0 . . 0 

Houston 239,000 2,730 . . . 0 . . 0 

Los Angeles 1,810,000 1,360 . . . 0 . . 0 

New York 620,000 24,900 . . . 0 . . 0 

Philadelphia 186,000 41,600 . . . 97 . . 0 

Sacramento 39,200 579 . . . 0 . . 0 

St. Louis 51,700 14,200 . . . 184 . . 0 

Washington 179,000 39,600 . . . 379 . . 0 
Numbers are rounded to 3 significant digits. 4A-24 

Table 4A-45. Number of person-days with 8-hour exposures above 0.08 ppm-8hr, Children, 

moderate exertion, 2004 

City recent base 84/4 84/3 80/4 74/5 74/4 74/3 70/4 64/4 

Atlanta 44,400 7,730 7,580 1,900 152 152 152 0 0 

Boston 19,700 1,330 95 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Chicago 1,090 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Cleveland 1,420 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Detroit 446 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Houston 148,000 12,200 4,980 3,130 80 80 0 0 0 

Los Angeles 759,000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

New York 81,200 356 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Philadelphia 26,200 194 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Sacramento 5,890 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

St. Louis 46 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Washington 93,400 4,670 1,640 1,640 505 126 0 0 0 

Table 4A-46. Number of person-days with 8-hour exposures above 0.06 ppm-8hr, Asthmatic 

children, moderate exertion, 2002 

City recent base 84/4 84/3 80/4 74/5 74/4 74/3 70/4 64/4

Atlanta 310,000 164,000 158,000 115,000 80,400 61,900 62,700 34,900 7,130

Boston 408,000 245,000 192,000 186,000 165,000 115,000 84,600 69,100 27,500

Chicago 613,000 302,000 252,000 220,000 167,000 114,000 87,100 56,800 8,380

Cleveland 325,000 172,000 139,000 131,000 89,500 78,600 57,100 47,500 11,600

Detroit 401,000 240,000 188,000 177,000 165,000 99,000 65,500 51,100 8,120

Houston 189,000 51,500 35,400 31,100 15,500 14,000 10,100 6,580 1,850

Los Angeles 1,050,000 43,700 37,700 24,600 7,370 6,000 4,910 1,640 273

New York 2,110,000 748,000 638,000 544,000 251,000 271,000 221,000 143,000 28,500

Philadelphia 896,000 451,000 370,000 343,000 231,000 212,000 166,000 140,000 48,200

Sacramento 130,000 32,600 25,300 20,100 9,940 7,880 6,020 3,920 611

St. Louis 203,000 146,000 126,000 115,000 82,900 71,100 56,100 42,900 13,500

Washington 627,000 316,000 240,000 236,000 166,000 131,000 97,600 84,800 24,100
Numbers are rounded to 3 significant digits. 4A-25 

Table 4A-47. Number of person-days with 8-hour exposures above 0.06 ppm-8hr, Asthmatic 

children, moderate exertion, 2003 

City recent base 84/4 84/3 80/4 74/5 74/4 74/3 70/4 64/4 

Atlanta 133,000 59,200 . . . 14,100 . . 1,060 

Boston 120,000 76,200 . . . 19,700 . . 2,100 

Chicago 170,000 99,800 . . . 21,400 . . 155 

Cleveland 84,500 24,700 . . . 7,360 . . 245 

Detroit 202,000 55,900 . . . 15,500 . . 893 

Houston 293,000 35,900 . . . 6,980 . . 241 

Los Angeles 1,580,000 56,800 . . . 9,280 . . 273 

New York 884,000 220,000 . . . 47,300 . . 1,780 

Philadelphia 326,000 117,000 . . . 29,900 . . 2,330 

Sacramento 96,300 12,400 . . . 2,120 . . 0 

St. Louis 97,700 51,800 . . . 14,000 . . 1,100 

Washington 179,000 51,400 . . . 15,500 . . 1,010 

Table 4A-48. Number of person-days with 8-hour exposures above 0.06 ppm-8hr, Asthmatic 

children, moderate exertion, 2004 

City recent base 84/4 84/3 80/4 74/5 74/4 74/3 70/4 64/4 

Atlanta 113,000 43,700 40,500 27,700 14,900 10,500 9,630 3,260 303 

Boston 82,500 30,700 18,900 17,100 13,800 4,570 2,760 1,430 0 

Chicago 36,900 3,570 2,020 1,090 310 0 0 0 0 

Cleveland 31,100 4,760 2,310 1,960 295 147 0 0 0 

Detroit 46,800 13,000 6,610 4,550 3,930 625 0 0 0 

Houston 201,000 54,300 38,800 34,100 17,900 14,600 8,190 5,300 802 

Los Angeles 1,310,000 36,300 31,100 18,000 5,180 4,370 2,460 546 0 

New York 392,000 43,800 28,800 18,500 1,070 1,070 712 356 0 

Philadelphia 212,000 48,500 32,400 23,500 6,710 5,150 2,240 1,070 0 

Sacramento 44,400 2,930 2,060 1,190 257 161 64 32 0 

St. Louis 23,200 6,430 3,490 2,250 459 230 184 0 0 

Washington 195,000 62,200 36,900 34,300 16,200 12,500 4,160 3,160 379 
Numbers are rounded to 3 significant digits. 4A-26 

Table 4A-49. Number of person-days with 8-hour exposures above 0.07 ppm-8hr, Asthmatic 

children, moderate exertion, 2002 

City recent base 84/4 84/3 80/4 74/5 74/4 74/3 70/4 64/4

Atlanta 99,100 39,400 36,600 20,900 11,100 6,970 6,590 1,590 0

Boston 177,000 81,400 51,600 50,700 42,400 25,200 15,100 11,700 2,380

Chicago 219,000 71,500 48,600 35,400 16,900 7,450 4,660 776 155

Cleveland 147,000 52,300 35,900 31,600 11,700 7,850 2,800 1,720 147

Detroit 156,000 63,000 38,300 31,800 27,500 5,540 1,700 446 0

Houston 60,100 11,400 6,580 5,060 1,530 1,610 482 401 0

Los Angeles 374,000 3,550 3,000 1,360 273 273 273 273 0

New York 856,000 159,000 119,000 83,300 18,200 25,300 14,200 9,260 1,780

Philadelphia 378,000 143,000 102,000 89,800 43,000 33,900 20,500 12,700 681

Sacramento 39,500 4,410 3,220 2,480 1,060 515 354 161 0

St. Louis 82,000 48,700 35,400 28,500 14,400 10,000 6,700 4,090 275

Washington 244,000 88,300 56,200 55,000 29,000 19,700 10,500 8,080 379

Table 4A-50. Number of person-days with 8-hour exposures above 0.07 ppm-8hr, Asthmatic 

children, moderate exertion, 2003 

City recent base 84/4 84/3 80/4 74/5 74/4 74/3 70/4 64/4 

Atlanta 24,500 8,870 . . . 1,360 . . 0 

Boston 30,200 14,800 . . . 2,290 . . 95 

Chicago 31,400 11,500 . . . 155 . . 0 

Cleveland 28,000 6,430 . . . 884 . . 0 

Detroit 73,500 11,700 . . . 1,340 . . 0 

Houston 105,000 4,090 . . . 241 . . 0 

Los Angeles 632,000 6,550 . . . 0 . . 0 

New York 295,000 43,100 . . . 2,490 . . 0 

Philadelphia 104,000 26,100 . . . 4,080 . . 0 

Sacramento 26,100 1,290 . . . 32 . . 0 

St. Louis 25,500 9,590 . . . 1,520 . . 0 

Washington 55,000 15,300 . . . 2,270 . . 0 
Numbers are rounded to 3 significant digits. 4A-27 

Table 4A-51. Number of person-days with 8-hour exposures above 0.07 ppm-8hr, Asthmatic 

children, moderate exertion, 2004 

City recent base 84/4 84/3 80/4 74/5 74/4 74/3 70/4 64/4 

Atlanta 25,700 6,440 5,760 2,730 1,440 910 834 76 0 

Boston 19,200 4,100 1,430 1,240 762 95 0 0 0 

Chicago 2,330 155 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Cleveland 4,030 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Detroit 4,910 357 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Houston 64,800 9,630 5,300 4,330 1,040 963 321 161 0 

Los Angeles 390,000 2,180 1,360 273 0 0 0 0 0 

New York 90,800 1,420 712 356 0 0 0 0 0 

Philadelphia 44,700 2,720 1,260 875 97 0 0 0 0 

Sacramento 5,440 64 32 32 0 0 0 0 0 

St. Louis 872 184 46 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Washington 53,500 10,400 2,900 2,400 883 757 379 126 0 

Table 4A-52. Number of person-days with 8-hour exposures above 0.08 ppm-8hr, Asthmatic 

children, moderate exertion, 2002 

City recent base 84/4 84/3 80/4 74/5 74/4 74/3 70/4 64/4 

Atlanta 26,900 6,520 6,060 2,050 1,210 606 606 0 0 

Boston 62,800 24,300 14,500 13,500 11,200 3,910 1,520 476 95 

Chicago 58,000 6,830 3,410 931 310 155 155 0 0 

Cleveland 51,700 6,280 2,260 1,520 295 196 98 49 0 

Detroit 38,200 4,200 1,070 536 89 0 0 0 0 

Houston 19,400 2,090 802 642 0 161 0 0 0 

Los Angeles 114,000 273 273 273 0 0 0 0 0 

New York 305,000 24,200 14,200 9,970 2,140 2,490 1,420 712 0 

Philadelphia 147,000 27,800 15,900 12,000 3,600 1,460 583 389 0 

Sacramento 9,840 579 225 161 32 0 0 0 0 

St. Louis 21,400 8,810 5,320 3,670 1,700 872 321 92 0 

Washington 84,800 18,100 8,960 8,830 2,650 1,390 379 0 0 
Numbers are rounded to 3 significant digits. 4A-28 

Table 4A-53. Number of person-days with 8-hour exposures above 0.08 ppm-8hr, Asthmatic 

children, moderate exertion, 2003 

City recent base 84/4 84/3 80/4 74/5 74/4 74/3 70/4 64/4 

Atlanta 5,150 1,520 . . . 0 . . 0 

Boston 6,000 2,570 . . . 286 . . 95 

Chicago 1,240 155 . . . 0 . . 0 

Cleveland 9,970 933 . . . 0 . . 0 

Detroit 27,700 1,430 . . . 0 . . 0 

Houston 31,700 241 . . . 0 . . 0 

Los Angeles 231,000 0 . . . 0 . . 0 

New York 91,800 4,980 . . . 0 . . 0 

Philadelphia 33,500 7,290 . . . 0 . . 0 

Sacramento 5,370 64 . . . 0 . . 0 

St. Louis 6,700 1,790 . . . 46 . . 0 

Washington 23,600 4,290 . . . 0 . . 0 

Table 4A-54. Number of person-days with 8-hour exposures above 0.08 ppm-8hr, Asthmatic 

children, moderate exertion, 2004 

City recent base 84/4 84/3 80/4 74/5 74/4 74/3 70/4 64/4 

Atlanta 5,080 985 985 76 0 0 0 0 0 

Boston 3,910 286 95 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Chicago 155 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Cleveland 295 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Detroit 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Houston 19,900 1,440 642 321 0 0 0 0 0 

Los Angeles 106,000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

New York 11,400 356 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Philadelphia 5,540 97 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Sacramento 643 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

St. Louis 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Washington 12,800 757 379 379 126 0 0 0 0 
Numbers smaller than 5,000 are rounded to the nearest 1,000; larger numbers are rounded to the nearest 10,000. 

 4A-29 

Table 4A-55. Exposure level=0.06 (ppm-8hr), Group=Asthmatic children, moderate exertion, 12-

city totals 

Alt 

std Year

Persons

(percent) Persons Person-days

base 2002 72% 1,860,000 7,260,000

base 2003 58% 1,490,000 4,170,000

base 2004 42% 1,090,000 2,690,000

84/4 2002 47% 1,210,000 2,910,000

84/4 2003 24% 610,000 860,000

84/4 2004 11% 270,000 350,000

84/3 2002 43% 1,100,000 2,400,000

84/3 2004 8% 200,000 240,000

80/4 2002 40% 1,020,000 2,140,000

80/4 2004 6% 150,000 180,000

74/5 2002 30% 780,000 1,430,000

74/5 2004 3% 70,000 80,000

74/4 2002 27% 700,000 1,180,000

74/4 2003 7% 180,000 200,000

74/4 2004 2% 50,000 50,000

74/3 2002 23% 590,000 920,000

74/3 2004 1% 30,000 30,000

70/4 2002 18% 460,000 680,000

70/4 2004 1% 10,000 20,000

64/4 2002 6% 150,000 180,000

64/4 2003 0% 10,000 10,000

64/4 2004 0% 0 0
Numbers smaller than 5,000 are rounded to the nearest 1,000; larger numbers are rounded to the nearest 10,000. 

 4A-30 

Table 4A-56. Exposure level=0.06 (ppm-8hr), Group=Children, moderate exertion, 12-city totals 

Alt 

std Year 

Persons

(percent) Persons Person-days

base 2002 69% 12,580,000 48,000,000

base 2003 56% 10,220,000 29,640,000

base 2004 41% 7,570,000 19,300,000

84/4 2002 44% 7,970,000 18,760,000

84/4 2003 22% 4,040,000 5,750,000

84/4 2004 10% 1,800,000 2,300,000

84/3 2002 40% 7,260,000 15,450,000

84/3 2004 7% 1,320,000 1,610,000

80/4 2002 37% 6,730,000 13,730,000

80/4 2004 6% 1,050,000 1,240,000

74/5 2002 28% 5,090,000 9,190,000

74/5 2004 3% 490,000 550,000

74/4 2002 25% 4,550,000 7,560,000

74/4 2003 7% 1,260,000 1,430,000

74/4 2004 2% 350,000 380,000

74/3 2002 21% 3,790,000 5,850,000

74/3 2004 1% 220,000 230,000

70/4 2002 16% 3,000,000 4,370,000

70/4 2004 1% 110,000 120,000

64/4 2002 5% 950,000 1,160,000

64/4 2003 0% 70,000 70,000

64/4 2004 0% 10,000 10,000
Numbers smaller than 5,000 are rounded to the nearest 1,000; larger numbers are rounded to the nearest 10,000. 

 4A-31 

Table 4A-57. Exposure level=0.07 (ppm-8hr), Group=Asthmatic children, moderate exertion, 12-

city totals 

Alt 

std Year

Persons

(percent) Persons Person-days

base 2002 50% 1,280,000 2,830,000

base 2003 31% 790,000 1,430,000

base 2004 17% 440,000 710,000

84/4 2002 20% 520,000 770,000

84/4 2003 6% 150,000 160,000

84/4 2004 1% 40,000 40,000

84/3 2002 15% 400,000 540,000

84/3 2004 1% 20,000 20,000

80/4 2002 13% 330,000 440,000

80/4 2004 0% 10,000 10,000

74/5 2002 7% 180,000 220,000

74/5 2004 0% 0 0

74/4 2002 5% 120,000 140,000

74/4 2003 1% 20,000 20,000

74/4 2004 0% 0 0

74/3 2002 3% 70,000 80,000

74/3 2004 0% 0 0

70/4 2002 2% 50,000 50,000

70/4 2004 0% 0 0

64/4 2002 0% 10,000 10,000

64/4 2003 0% 0 0

64/4 2004 0% 0 0
Numbers smaller than 5,000 are rounded to the nearest 1,000; larger numbers are rounded to the nearest 10,000. 

 4A-32 

Table 4A-58. Exposure level=0.07 (ppm-8hr), Group=Children, moderate exertion, 12-city totals 

Alt 

std Year

Persons

(percent) Persons Person-days

base 2002 47% 8,550,000 18,500,000

base 2003 30% 5,510,000 10,380,000

base 2004 17% 3,020,000 5,020,000

84/4 2002 18% 3,340,000 4,880,000

84/4 2003 5% 1,000,000 1,090,000

84/4 2004 1% 260,000 270,000

84/3 2002 14% 2,570,000 3,450,000

84/3 2004 1% 140,000 150,000

80/4 2002 12% 2,160,000 2,840,000

80/4 2004 1% 100,000 100,000

74/5 2002 6% 1,160,000 1,410,000

74/5 2004 0% 30,000 30,000

74/4 2002 4% 770,000 900,000

74/4 2003 1% 110,000 110,000

74/4 2004 0% 20,000 20,000

74/3 2002 3% 460,000 520,000

74/3 2004 0% 10,000 10,000

70/4 2002 1% 270,000 300,000

70/4 2004 0% 0 0

64/4 2002 0% 30,000 30,000

64/4 2003 0% 0 0

64/4 2004 0% 0 0
Numbers smaller than 5,000 are rounded to the nearest 1,000; larger numbers are rounded to the nearest 10,000. 

 4A-33 

Table 4A-59. Exposure level=0.08 (ppm-8hr), Group=Asthmatic children, moderate exertion, 12-

city totals 

Alt 

std Year

Persons

(percent) Persons Person-days

base 2002 24% 630,000 940,000

base 2003 13% 340,000 470,000

base 2004 5% 130,000 170,000

84/4 2002 4% 110,000 130,000

84/4 2003 1% 20,000 30,000

84/4 2004 0% 0 0

84/3 2002 3% 70,000 70,000

84/3 2004 0% 0 0

80/4 2002 2% 50,000 50,000

80/4 2004 0% 0 0

74/5 2002 1% 20,000 20,000

74/5 2004 0% 0 0

74/4 2002 0% 10,000 10,000

74/4 2003 0% 0 0

74/4 2004 0% 0 0

74/3 2002 0% 0 10,000

74/3 2004 0% 0 0

70/4 2002 0% 0 0

70/4 2004 0% 0 0

64/4 2002 0% 0 0

64/4 2003 0% 0 0

64/4 2004 0% 0 0
Numbers smaller than 5,000 are rounded to the nearest 1,000; larger numbers are rounded to the nearest 10,000. 

 4A-34 

Table 4A-60. Exposure level=0.08 (ppm-8hr), Group=Children, moderate exertion, 12-city totals 

Alt 

std Year

Persons

(percent) Persons Person-days

base 2002 23% 4,130,000 6,030,000

base 2003 13% 2,430,000 3,500,000

base 2004 5% 910,000 1,180,000

84/4 2002 4% 700,000 800,000

84/4 2003 1% 160,000 170,000

84/4 2004 0% 30,000 30,000

84/3 2002 2% 400,000 440,000

84/3 2004 0% 10,000 10,000

80/4 2002 2% 290,000 320,000

80/4 2004 0% 10,000 10,000

74/5 2002 1% 120,000 130,000

74/5 2004 0% 0 0

74/4 2002 0% 60,000 60,000

74/4 2003 0% 0 0

74/4 2004 0% 0 0

74/3 2002 0% 20,000 20,000

74/3 2004 0% 0 0

70/4 2002 0% 10,000 10,000

70/4 2004 0% 0 0

64/4 2002 0% 0 0

64/4 2003 0% 0 0

64/4 2004 0% 0 0
APPENDICES FOR CHAPTER 5 
5A.1. Ozone Air Quality Information for 12 Urban Areas

Table 5A-1. Monitor-Specific O3 Air Quality Information: Atlanta, GA 

2002 2003 2004

1305700011 0.089

1306700031 0.100 0.084 0.073 0.085

1307700021 0.099 0.077 0.083 0.086

1308500012 0.088 0.077 0.068 0.077

1308900021 0.095 0.080 0.084 0.086

1308930011 0.090 0.091 0.088 0.089

1309700041 0.098 0.085 0.080 0.087

1311300011 0.088 0.077 0.084 0.083

1312100551 0.100 0.091 0.089 0.093

1313500021 0.089 0.088 0.092 0.089

1315100021 0.099 0.082 0.085 0.088

1322300031 0.099 0.083 0.073 0.085

1324700011 0.099 0.078 0.087 0.088

Average: 0.095 0.083 0.082

0.093

*The design value is the maximum of the monitor-specific averages of the annual 

 fourth daily maximum 8-hour average over the 3 year period.

Table 5A-2. Monitor-Specific O3 Air Quality Information: Boston, MA 

2002 2003 2004

2500900051 0.088

2500920061 0.100 0.079 0.081 0.086

2500940041 0.094 0.080 0.077 0.083

2501711021 0.096 0.073 0.070 0.079

2502130031 0.107 0.088 0.078 0.091

2502500411 0.102 0.078 0.079 0.086

2502500421 0.074 0.074 0.064 0.07

2502700151 0.091 0.080 0.074 0.081

Average: 0.094 0.079 0.075

0.091

*The design value is the maximum of the monitor-specific averages of the annual 

 fourth daily maximum 8-hour average over the 3 year period.

Design Value*:

AIRS Monitor ID

Fourth Daily Maximum 8-Hour 

Average (ppm)

Average of the 3 

Year-Specific 

Values (ppm)

AIRS Monitor ID

Fourth Daily Maximum 8-Hour 

Average (ppm)

Average of the 3 

Year-Specific 

Values (ppm)

Design Value*:

 5A-1
Table 5A-3. Monitor-Specific O3 Air Quality Information: Chicago, IL 

2002 2003 2004

1703100011 0.094 0.077 0.065 0.078

1703100321 0.096 0.080 0.067 0.081

1703100422 0.103

1703100501 0.084 0.069

1703100641 0.085 0.067 0.054 0.068

1703100721 0.085 0.075 0.060 0.073

1703100761 0.068

1703110032 0.092 0.071 0.067 0.076

1703116011 0.081 0.075 0.067 0.074

1703140021 0.084 0.070 0.059 0.071

1703140071 0.093 0.073 0.064 0.076

1703142011 0.087 0.080 0.067 0.078

1703142012 0.067 0.051

1703170021 0.091 0.082 0.071 0.081

1703180031 0.074

1704360011 0.084 0.066 0.065 0.071

1708900051 0.082 0.076 0.069 0.075

1709710021 0.090 0.074 0.068 0.077

1709710071 0.100 0.078 0.071 0.083

1709730011 0.087

1711100011 0.090 0.079 0.068 0.079

1719710081 0.086 0.077 0.063 0.075

1719710111 0.087 0.073 0.068 0.076

1808900221 0.094 0.076 0.064 0.078

1808900241 0.086 0.081

1808900301 0.064

1808920081 0.101 0.081 0.067 0.083

1809100051 0.107 0.082 0.070 0.086

1809100101 0.100 0.084

1812700202 0.097 0.079

1812700241 0.101 0.077 0.069 0.082

1812700261 0.100 0.082 0.072 0.084

5505900021 0.110 0.085

5505900191 0.116 0.088 0.078 0.094

5505900221 0.096 0.088

Average: 0.092 0.077 0.066

0.094

*The design value is the maximum of the monitor-specific averages of the annual 

 fourth daily maximum 8-hour average over the 3 year period.

Fourth Daily Maximum 8-Hour 

Average (ppm)

Average of the 3 

Year-Specific 

Values (ppm)

AIRS Monitor ID

Design Value*:

 5A-2
Table 5A-4. Monitor-Specific O3 Air Quality Information: Cleveland, OH 

2002 2003 2004

3900710011 0.103 0.099 0.081 0.094

3903500341 0.090 0.076 0.057 0.074

3903500641 0.090 0.079 0.063 0.077

3903550021 0.098 0.089 0.077 0.088

3905500041 0.115 0.097 0.075 0.095

3908500031 0.104 0.092 0.079 0.091

3908530021 0.088 0.080 0.076 0.081

3909300171 0.099 0.085 0.074 0.086

3910300031 0.091 0.086 0.077 0.084

3913310011 0.097 0.091 0.081 0.089

3915300201 0.103 0.089 0.077 0.089

Average: 0.098 0.088 0.074

0.095

*The design value is the maximum of the monitor-specific averages of the annual 

 fourth daily maximum 8-hour average over the 3 year period.

Table 5A-5. Monitor-Specific O3 Air Quality Information: Detroit, MI 

2002 2003 2004

2604900211 0.088 0.087 0.075 0.083

2604920011 0.089 0.091 0.077 0.085

2609900091 0.095 0.102 0.081 0.092

2609910031 0.092 0.101 0.071 0.088

2612500012 0.093 0.090 0.075 0.086

2614700051 0.100 0.086 0.074 0.086

2616100081 0.091 0.091 0.071 0.084

2616300012 0.088 0.085 0.065 0.079

2616300161 0.092 0.084 0.066 0.08

2616300192 0.083 0.098 0.066 0.082

Average: 0.091 0.092 0.072

0.092

*The design value is the maximum of the monitor-specific averages of the annual 

 fourth daily maximum 8-hour average over the 3 year period.

Design Value*:

Design Value*:

Fourth Daily Maximum 8-Hour 

Average (ppm)

Average of the 3 

Year-Specific 

Values (ppm)

AIRS Monitor ID

AIRS Monitor ID

Fourth Daily Maximum 8-Hour 

Average (ppm)

Average of the 3 

Year-Specific 

Values (ppm)

 5A-3
Table 5A-6. Monitor-Specific O3 Air Quality Information: Houston, TX 

2002 2003 2004

4803910032 0.095

4803910041 0.092 0.097 0.103 0.097

4803910161 0.081

4816700141 0.093 0.092 0.088 0.091

4816710022 0.083 0.082

4820100242 0.096 0.095 0.096 0.095

4820100263 0.088 0.098 0.085 0.09

4820100292 0.098 0.096 0.090 0.094

4820100461 0.078 0.093 0.084 0.085

4820100472 0.072 0.082 0.083 0.079

4820100512 0.101 0.103 0.095 0.099

4820100551 0.094 0.107 0.104 0.101

4820100621 0.095 0.094 0.097 0.095

4820100661 0.084 0.081 0.097 0.087

4820100701 0.088 0.100 0.078 0.088

4820100751 0.078 0.096 0.093 0.089

4820110151 0.108 0.093

4820110342 0.093 0.102 0.091 0.095

4820110353 0.092 0.105 0.092 0.096

4820110391 0.095 0.113 0.097 0.101

4820110411 0.090

4820110501 0.094 0.092 0.097 0.094

4833900781 0.082 0.094 0.080 0.085

Average: 0.090 0.097 0.091

0.101

*The design value is the maximum of the monitor-specific averages of the annual 

 fourth daily maximum 8-hour average over the 3 year period.

Fourth Daily Maximum 8-Hour 

Average (ppm)

Average of the 3 

Year-Specific 

Values (ppm)

AIRS Monitor ID

Design Value*:

 5A-4
Table 5A-7. Monitor-Specific O3 Air Quality Information: Los Angeles, CA 

2002 2003 2004

0603700021 0.097 0.104 0.092 0.097

0603700161 0.111 0.123 0.095 0.109

0603701131 0.073 0.083 0.076 0.077

0603710021 0.091 0.096 0.089 0.092

0603711031 0.077 0.082 0.078 0.079

0603712011 0.111 0.119 0.101 0.11

0603713011 0.049 0.057 0.065 0.057

0603716011 0.074 0.082 0.079 0.078

0603717011 0.099 0.109 0.095 0.101

0603720051 0.095 0.101 0.093 0.096

0603740021 0.059 0.063 0.070 0.064

0603750011 0.064 0.070

0603750051 0.085

0603760121 0.131 0.137 0.107 0.125

0603790331 0.102 0.103 0.095 0.1

0605900071 0.069 0.080 0.088 0.079

0605910031 0.066 0.079 0.076 0.073

0605920221 0.081 0.095 0.085 0.087

0605950011 0.071 0.080 0.075 0.075

0606500121 0.113 0.127 0.112 0.117

0606520021 0.097 0.100 0.094 0.097

0606550011 0.109 0.105 0.099 0.104

0606560011 0.107 0.116 0.095 0.106

0606580011 0.109 0.120 0.111 0.113

0606590011 0.104 0.112 0.100 0.105

0606590031 0.060

0607100011 0.092 0.088 0.082 0.087

0607100051 0.131 0.130 0.122 0.127

0607100121 0.115 0.103 0.097 0.105

0607100171 0.087 0.084 0.087 0.086

0607103061 0.106 0.104 0.085 0.098

0607110042 0.105 0.114 0.102 0.107

0607112341 0.089 0.087 0.082 0.086

0607120021 0.114 0.132 0.111 0.119

0607140011 0.113 0.110 0.099 0.107

0607140031 0.117 0.137 0.119 0.124

0607190021 0.101 0.111 0.102 0.104

0607190041 0.105 0.123 0.112 0.113

0611100051 0.076

0611100071 0.080 0.087 0.086 0.084

0611100091 0.087 0.093 0.086 0.088

0611110041 0.097 0.093 0.092 0.094

0611120021 0.092 0.093 0.092 0.092

0611120031 0.064 0.074 0.069 0.069

0611130011 0.064 0.069 0.065 0.066

Average: 0.093 0.099 0.091

0.127

*The design value is the maximum of the monitor-specific averages of the annual 

 fourth daily maximum 8-hour average over the 3 year period.

Fourth Daily Maximum 8-Hour 

Average (ppm)

Average of the 3 

Year-Specific 

Values (ppm)

AIRS Monitor ID

Design Value*:

 5A-5
Table 5A-8. Monitor-Specific O3 Air Quality Information: New York, NY 

2002 2003 2004

3600500831 0.096 0.079 0.074 0.083

3600501101 0.089 0.082 0.069 0.08

3602700071 0.111 0.081 0.076 0.089

3607150011 0.082 0.087 0.078 0.082

3607900051 0.102 0.082 0.082 0.088

3608100981 0.082 0.072 0.064 0.072

3608101241 0.089 0.086 0.075 0.083

3608500671 0.099 0.086 0.083 0.089

3610300021 0.108 0.094 0.081 0.094

3610300041 0.090 0.082

3610300092 0.103 0.102 0.079 0.094

3611110051 0.084 0.082 0.076 0.08

3611920041 0.102 0.091 0.078 0.09

Average: 0.095 0.085 0.076

0.094

*The design value is the maximum of the monitor-specific averages of the annual 

 fourth daily maximum 8-hour average over the 3 year period.

Table 5A-9. Monitor-Specific O3 Air Quality Information: Philadelphia, PA 

2002 2003 2004

4201700121 0.111 0.087 0.082 0.093

4202900501 0.104 0.085

4202901001 0.112 0.085 0.085 0.094

4204500021 0.106 0.080 0.081 0.089

4209100131 0.101 0.085 0.083 0.089

4210100041 0.082 0.069 0.054 0.068

4210100141 0.098 0.083 0.077 0.086

4210100241 0.110 0.082 0.091 0.094

4210101361 0.094 0.070 0.073 0.079

Average: 0.102 0.081 0.078

0.094

*The design value is the maximum of the monitor-specific averages of the annual 

 fourth daily maximum 8-hour average over the 3 year period.

Design Value*:

Design Value*:

Fourth Daily Maximum 8-Hour 

Average (ppm)

Average of the 3 

Year-Specific 

Values (ppm)

AIRS Monitor ID

AIRS Monitor ID

Fourth Daily Maximum 8-Hour 

Average (ppm)

Average of the 3 

Year-Specific 

Values (ppm)

 5A-6
Table 5A-10. Monitor-Specific O3 Air Quality Information: Sacramento, CA 

2002 2003 2004

0601700101 0.098 0.096 0.089 0.094

0601700111 0.067 0.065

0601700121 0.077 0.075 0.073 0.075

0601700201 0.111 0.106 0.089 0.102

0605700051 0.099 0.098 0.093 0.096

0605700071 0.093 0.090 0.085 0.089

0605710011 0.065

0606100021 0.101 0.094 0.092 0.095

0606100041 0.101 0.089 0.087 0.092

0606100061 0.095 0.085 0.082 0.087

0606100071 0.068

0606130011 0.097

0606700021 0.095 0.086 0.076 0.085

0606700061 0.105 0.097 0.083 0.095

0606700101 0.083 0.076 0.067 0.075

0606700111 0.069 0.087 0.077 0.077

0606700121 0.104 0.098 0.087 0.096

0606700131 0.079 0.075 0.067 0.073

0606750031 0.097 0.097 0.089 0.094

0611300041 0.076 0.077 0.071 0.074

0611310031 0.088 0.082 0.069 0.079

Average: 0.090 0.086 0.081

0.102

*The design value is the maximum of the monitor-specific averages of the annual 

 fourth daily maximum 8-hour average over the 3 year period.

Fourth Daily Maximum 8-Hour 

Average (ppm)

Average of the 3 

Year-Specific 

Values (ppm)

AIRS Monitor ID

Design Value*:

 5A-7
Table 5A-11. Monitor-Specific O3 Air Quality Information: St. Louis, MO 

2002 2003 2004

1708310011 0.100 0.083 0.073 0.085

1711700021 0.085 0.077 0.068 0.076

1711900081 0.094 0.089 0.074 0.085

1711910091 0.090 0.088 0.078 0.085

1711920072 0.090 0.082 0.068 0.08

1711930071 0.084 0.083 0.073 0.08

1716300102 0.093 0.079 0.073 0.081

2909900121 0.093 0.082 0.070 0.081

2918310021 0.099 0.091 0.077 0.089

2918310041 0.098 0.090 0.076 0.088

2918900041 0.098 0.088 0.070 0.085

2918900061 0.094 0.086 0.067 0.082

2918930011 0.094 0.082 0.067 0.081

2918950011 0.095 0.088 0.068 0.083

2918970031 0.093 0.088 0.069 0.083

2951000071 0.090 0.084

2951000721 0.081 0.071 0.058 0.07

2951000861 0.098 0.090 0.072 0.086

Average: 0.093 0.085 0.071

0.089

*The design value is the maximum of the monitor-specific averages of the annual 

 fourth daily maximum 8-hour average over the 3 year period.

Table 5A-12. Monitor-Specific O3 Air Quality Information: Washington, D.C. 

2002 2003 2004

1100100251 0.097 0.079 0.080 0.085

1100100411 0.102 0.082 0.070 0.084

1100100431 0.106 0.081 0.081 0.089

Average: 0.102 0.081 0.077

0.089

*The design value is the maximum of the monitor-specific averages of the annual 

 fourth daily maximum 8-hour average over the 3 year period.

Design Value*:

Fourth Daily Maximum 8-Hour 

Average (ppm)

Average of the 3 

Year-Specific 

Values (ppm)

AIRS Monitor ID

AIRS Monitor ID

Fourth Daily Maximum 8-Hour 

Average (ppm)

Average of the 3 

Year-Specific 

Values (ppm)

Design Value*:

 5A-8
Table 5A-13. Composite Monitor Statistics: 2004 

Minimum Mean Maximum Minimum Mean Maximum Minimum Mean Maximum

Atlanta 0.0091 0.0279 0.0504 0.0170 0.0578 0.1267 0.0146 0.0499 0.1103

Boston 1* 0.0060 0.0276 0.0571 0.0185 0.0433 0.1060 0.0128 0.0379 0.0904

Boston 2* 0.0114 0.0310 0.0603 0.0218 0.0450 0.0956 0.0194 0.0411 0.0842

Chicago 0.0110 0.0270 0.0453 0.0152 0.0432 0.0758 0.0119 0.0389 0.0679

Cleveland 0.0080 0.0257 0.0445 0.0123 0.0404 0.0743 0.0090 0.0360 0.0676

Detroit 0.0074 0.0239 0.0459 0.0140 0.0430 0.0793 0.0094 0.0375 0.0730

Houston 0.0075 0.0262 0.0572 0.0155 0.0510 0.1243 0.0137 0.0443 0.1082

Los Angeles 1** 0.0204 0.0338 0.0491 0.0351 0.0634 0.1005 0.0319 0.0555 0.0867

Los Angeles 2** 0.0249 0.0398 0.0568 0.0410 0.0656 0.0992 0.0387 0.0597 0.0888

New York 1*** 0.0055 0.0242 0.0494 0.0128 0.0449 0.0920 0.0085 0.0378 0.0811

New York 2*** 0.0052 0.0241 0.0491 0.0115 0.0447 0.0883 0.0076 0.0378 0.0806

Philadelphia 0.0037 0.0272 0.0486 0.0090 0.0492 0.0915 0.0057 0.0426 0.0775

Sacramento 0.0164 0.0323 0.0462 0.0307 0.0593 0.0953 0.0241 0.0520 0.0806

St. Louis 0.0078 0.0248 0.0425 0.0175 0.0468 0.0890 0.0114 0.0409 0.0688

Washington, D.C. 0.0055 0.0283 0.0526 0.0140 0.0521 0.1020 0.0103 0.0450 0.0916

*"Boston 1" denotes Suffolk County; "Boston 2" denotes Essex, Middlesex, Norfolk, Suffolk, and Worcester Counties. 

**"Los Angeles 1" denotes Los Angeles County; "Los Angeles 2" denotes Los Angeles, Riverside, San Bernardino, and Orange Counties. 

***"New York 1" denotes the 5 boroughs of New York City -- Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, Bronx, and Staten Island. "New York 2" denotes the 5

 boroughs plus Westchester County.

Table 5A-14. Composite Monitor Statistics: 2003 

Minimum Mean Maximum Minimum Mean Maximum Minimum Mean Maximum

Atlanta 0.0035 0.0265 0.0513 0.0083 0.0574 0.1133 0.0042 0.0492 0.1003

Boston 1* 0.0106 0.0305 0.0693 0.0190 0.0469 0.1110 0.0143 0.0407 0.0955

Boston 2* 0.0104 0.0339 0.0693 0.0190 0.0482 0.1089 0.0145 0.0439 0.0958

Chicago 0.0084 0.0287 0.0554 0.0158 0.0458 0.0819 0.0111 0.0410 0.0793

Cleveland 0.0073 0.0298 0.0676 0.0143 0.0483 0.1013 0.0102 0.0427 0.0919

Detroit 0.0074 0.0279 0.0550 0.0163 0.0503 0.1010 0.0150 0.0442 0.0945

Houston 0.0065 0.0270 0.0612 0.0181 0.0534 0.1161 0.0119 0.0455 0.1008

Los Angeles 1** 0.0155 0.0326 0.0537 0.0274 0.0650 0.1099 0.0245 0.0557 0.0952

Los Angeles 2** 0.0266 0.0396 0.0612 0.0390 0.0670 0.1044 0.0361 0.0605 0.0954

New York 1*** 0.0054 0.0251 0.0598 0.0146 0.0458 0.1078 0.0095 0.0386 0.0991

New York 2*** 0.0061 0.0259 0.0593 0.0140 0.0462 0.1057 0.0088 0.0395 0.0985

Philadelphia 0.0052 0.0285 0.0725 0.0155 0.0495 0.1074 0.0085 0.0430 0.0988

Sacramento 0.0217 0.0352 0.0554 0.0343 0.0640 0.1069 0.0319 0.0563 0.0950

St. Louis 0.0050 0.0285 0.0534 0.0117 0.0519 0.1200 0.0093 0.0462 0.1064

Washington, D.C. 0.0053 0.0276 0.0661 0.0110 0.0516 0.1153 0.0078 0.0441 0.1092

*"Boston 1" denotes Suffolk County; "Boston 2" denotes Essex, Middlesex, Norfolk, Suffolk, and Worcester Counties. 

**"Los Angeles 1" denotes Los Angeles County; "Los Angeles 2" denotes Los Angeles, Riverside, San Bernardino, and Orange Counties. 

***"New York 1" denotes the 5 boroughs of New York City -- Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, Bronx, and Staten Island. "New York 2" denotes the 5

 boroughs plus Westchester County.

Urban Area 24-Hour Average (ppm) 1-Hour Maximum (ppm) 8-Hour Maximum (ppm)

Urban Area 24-Hour Average (ppm) 1-Hour Maximum (ppm) 8-Hour Maximum (ppm)

 5A-9
Table 5A-15. Composite Monitor Statistics: 2002 

Minimum Mean Maximum Minimum Mean Maximum Minimum Mean Maximum

Atlanta 0.0102 0.0308 0.0559 0.0193 0.0623 0.1307 0.0157 0.0540 0.1166

Boston 1* 0.0133 0.0314 0.0783 0.0210 0.0503 0.1185 0.0178 0.0434 0.1128

Boston 2* 0.0132 0.0359 0.0852 0.0213 0.0526 0.1213 0.0169 0.0479 0.1162

Chicago 0.0101 0.0295 0.0545 0.0206 0.0488 0.0986 0.0137 0.0437 0.0899

Cleveland 0.0103 0.0338 0.0685 0.0177 0.0548 0.1070 0.0138 0.0488 0.1044

Detroit 0.0085 0.0277 0.0572 0.0170 0.0516 0.0987 0.0151 0.0450 0.0923

Houston 0.0089 0.0258 0.0568 0.0163 0.0492 0.1167 0.0131 0.0427 0.1017

Los Angeles 1** 0.0158 0.0313 0.0492 0.0283 0.0613 0.1009 0.0252 0.0525 0.0842

Los Angeles 2** 0.0192 0.0385 0.0586 0.0292 0.0652 0.0967 0.0247 0.0587 0.0881

New York 1*** 0.0062 0.0280 0.0565 0.0130 0.0529 0.1294 0.0088 0.0448 0.0999

New York 2*** 0.0075 0.0286 0.0576 0.0133 0.0537 0.1333 0.0088 0.0458 0.1032

Philadelphia 0.0069 0.0322 0.0619 0.0133 0.0573 0.1235 0.0091 0.0501 0.0999

Sacramento 0.0182 0.0353 0.0604 0.0242 0.0647 0.1090 0.0212 0.0564 0.0954

St. Louis 0.0058 0.0289 0.0585 0.0157 0.0556 0.1127 0.0087 0.0484 0.1000

Washington, D.C. 0.0095 0.0357 0.0708 0.0193 0.0627 0.1430 0.0164 0.0548 0.1210

*"Boston 1" denotes Suffolk County; "Boston 2" denotes Essex, Middlesex, Norfolk, Suffolk, and Worcester Counties. 

**"Los Angeles 1" denotes Los Angeles County; "Los Angeles 2" denotes Los Angeles, Riverside, San Bernardino, and Orange Counties. 

***"New York 1" denotes the 5 boroughs of New York City -- Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, Bronx, and Staten Island. "New York 2" denotes the 5

 boroughs plus Westchester County.

Urban Area 24-Hour Average (ppm) 1-Hour Maximum (ppm) 8-Hour Maximum (ppm)

 5A-10
5A-10

5A.2 Scatter Plots 

This Appendix provides scatter plots comparing 8-hr daily maximum concentrations at 

the highest monitor with the average of the 24-hr average over all monitors within each 

of the 12 urban areas included in the risk assessment. 
5A-11

Mean Daily 24-hr Average vs. Highest Maximum Daily 8-hr Average, 2002 Rollback Ozone

City Name=Atlanta

Mean Daily 24-hr Average

0.00

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06

0.07

Highest Maximum Daily 8-hr Average

0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.11 0.12

Mean Daily 24-hr Average vs. Highest Maximum Daily 8-hr Average, 2002 Rollback Ozone

City Name=Boston

Mean Daily 24-hr Average

0.00

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06

0.07

Highest Maximum Daily 8-hr Average

0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.11 0.12
 5A-12

Mean Daily 24-hr Average vs. Highest Maximum Daily 8-hr Average, 2002 Rollback Ozone

City Name=Chicago

Mean Daily 24-hr Average

0.00

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06

0.07

Highest Maximum Daily 8-hr Average

0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.11 0.12

Mean Daily 24-hr Average vs. Highest Maximum Daily 8-hr Average, 2002 Rollback Ozone

City Name=Cleveland

Mean Daily 24-hr Average

0.00

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06

0.07

Highest Maximum Daily 8-hr Average

0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.11 0.12
5A-13

Mean Daily 24-hr Average vs. Highest Maximum Daily 8-hr Average, 2002 Rollback Ozone

City Name=Detroit

Mean Daily 24-hr Average

0.00

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06

0.07

Highest Maximum Daily 8-hr Average

0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.11 0.12

Mean Daily 24-hr Average vs. Highest Maximum Daily 8-hr Average, 2002 Rollback Ozone

City Name=Houston

Mean Daily 24-hr Average

0.00

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06

0.07

Highest Maximum Daily 8-hr Average

0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.11 0.12
5A-14

Mean Daily 24-hr Average vs. Highest Maximum Daily 8-hr Average, 2002 Rollback Ozone

City Name=Los Angeles

Mean Daily 24-hr Average

0.00

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06

0.07

Highest Maximum Daily 8-hr Average

0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.11 0.12

Mean Daily 24-hr Average vs. Highest Maximum Daily 8-hr Average, 2002 Rollback Ozone

City Name=New York

Mean Daily 24-hr Average

0.00

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06

0.07

Highest Maximum Daily 8-hr Average

0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.11 0.12
5A-15

Mean Daily 24-hr Average vs. Highest Maximum Daily 8-hr Average, 2002 Rollback Ozone

City Name=Philadelphia

Mean Daily 24-hr Average

0.00

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06

0.07

Highest Maximum Daily 8-hr Average

0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.11 0.12

Mean Daily 24-hr Average vs. Highest Maximum Daily 8-hr Average, 2002 Rollback Ozone

City Name=Sacramento

Mean Daily 24-hr Average

0.00

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06

0.07

Highest Maximum Daily 8-hr Average

0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.11 0.12
 5A-16

Mean Daily 24-hr Average vs. Highest Maximum Daily 8-hr Average, 2002 Rollback Ozone

City Name=St.Louis

Mean Daily 24-hr Average

0.00

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06

0.07

Highest Maximum Daily 8-hr Average

0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.11 0.12

Mean Daily 24-hr Average vs. Highest Maximum Daily 8-hr Average, 2002 Rollback Ozone

City Name=Washington

Mean Daily 24-hr Average

0.00

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06

0.07

Highest Maximum Daily 8-hr Average

0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.11 0.12
5A-17

Mean Daily 24-hr Average vs. Highest Maximum Daily 8-hr Average, 2004 Rollback Ozone

City Name=Atlanta

Mean Daily 24-hr Average

0.00

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06

Highest Maximum Daily 8-hr Average

0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.11

Mean Daily 24-hr Average vs. Highest Maximum Daily 8-hr Average, 2004 Rollback Ozone

City Name=Boston

Mean Daily 24-hr Average

0.00

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06

Highest Maximum Daily 8-hr Average

0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.11
 5A-18

Mean Daily 24-hr Average vs. Highest Maximum Daily 8-hr Average, 2004 Rollback Ozone

City Name=Chicago

Mean Daily 24-hr Average

0.00

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06

Highest Maximum Daily 8-hr Average

0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.11

Mean Daily 24-hr Average vs. Highest Maximum Daily 8-hr Average, 2004 Rollback Ozone

City Name=Cleveland

Mean Daily 24-hr Average

0.00

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06

Highest Maximum Daily 8-hr Average

0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.11
5A-19

Mean Daily 24-hr Average vs. Highest Maximum Daily 8-hr Average, 2004 Rollback Ozone

City Name=Detroit

Mean Daily 24-hr Average

0.00

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06

Highest Maximum Daily 8-hr Average

0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.11

Mean Daily 24-hr Average vs. Highest Maximum Daily 8-hr Average, 2004 Rollback Ozone

City Name=Houston

Mean Daily 24-hr Average

0.00

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06

Highest Maximum Daily 8-hr Average

0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.11
5A-20

Mean Daily 24-hr Average vs. Highest Maximum Daily 8-hr Average, 2004 Rollback Ozone

City Name=Los Angeles

Mean Daily 24-hr Average

0.00

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06

Highest Maximum Daily 8-hr Average

0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.11

Mean Daily 24-hr Average vs. Highest Maximum Daily 8-hr Average, 2004 Rollback Ozone

City Name=New York

Mean Daily 24-hr Average

0.00

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06

Highest Maximum Daily 8-hr Average

0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.11
5A-21

Mean Daily 24-hr Average vs. Highest Maximum Daily 8-hr Average, 2004 Rollback Ozone

City Name=Philadelphia

Mean Daily 24-hr Average

0.00

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06

Highest Maximum Daily 8-hr Average

0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.11

Mean Daily 24-hr Average vs. Highest Maximum Daily 8-hr Average, 2004 Rollback Ozone

City Name=Sacramento

Mean Daily 24-hr Average

0.00

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06

Highest Maximum Daily 8-hr Average

0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.11
5A-22

Mean Daily 24-hr Average vs. Highest Maximum Daily 8-hr Average, 2004 Rollback Ozone

City Name=St.Louis

Mean Daily 24-hr Average

0.00

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06

Highest Maximum Daily 8-hr Average

0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.11

Mean Daily 24-hr Average vs. Highest Maximum Daily 8-hr Average, 2004 Rollback Ozone

City Name=Washington

Mean Daily 24-hr Average

0.00

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06

Highest Maximum Daily 8-hr Average

0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.11
5B.1 Tables of Study-Specific Information

Table 5B-1. Study-Specific Information for O3 Studies in Atlanta, GA

min. max.

Bell et al. (2004) Mortality, non-accidental < 800 all distributed lag 24 hr avg. log-linear none 0 71 0.00020 Bell et al. -- 95 US Cities (2004) Mortality, non-accidental < 800 all distributed lag 24 hr avg. log-linear none NA NA 0.00039 Huang et al. (2004) Mortality, cardiorespiratory 390-448; 490-496; 

487; 480-486; 507. all distributed lag 24 hr avg. log-linear none 0 71 0.00120 

Huang et al. -- 19 US Cities (2004)

Mortality, cardiorespiratory 390-448; 490-496; 

487; 480-486; 507. all distributed lag 24 hr avg. log-linear none NA NA 0.00124 

Huang et al. -- 19 US Cities (2004)

Mortality, cardiorespiratory 390-448; 490-496; 

487; 480-486; 507. all distributed lag 24 hr avg. log-linear PM10 NA NA 0.00074 

Huang et al. -- 19 US Cities (2004)

Mortality, cardiorespiratory 390-448; 490-496; 

487; 480-486; 507. all distributed lag 24 hr avg. log-linear NO2 NA NA 0.00060 

Huang et al. -- 19 US Cities (2004)

Mortality, cardiorespiratory 390-448; 490-496; 

487; 480-486; 507. all distributed lag 24 hr avg. log-linear SO2 NA NA 0.00051 

Huang et al. -- 19 US Cities (2004)

Mortality, cardiorespiratory 390-448; 490-496; 

487; 480-486; 507. all distributed lag 24 hr avg. log-linear CO NA NA 0.00069 

*Health effects are associated with short-term exposures to O3. 

**Rounded to the nearest ppb.NA denotes "not available."

Table 5B-2. Study-Specific Information for O3 Studies in Boston, MA

min. max.

Bell et al. -- 95 US Cities (2004) Mortality, non-accidental < 800 all distributed lag 24 hr avg. log-linear none -3 86 0.00028 Gent et al. (2003) Respiratory symptoms -- 

chest tightness --- 0 - 12 1-day lag 1 hr max. logistic none 27 126 0.00462 

Gent et al. (2003) Respiratory symptoms -- 

chest tightness --- 0 - 12 0-day lag 1 hr max. logistic PM2.5 27 126 0.00771 

Gent et al. (2003) Respiratory symptoms -- 

chest tightness --- 0 - 12 1-day lag 1 hr max. logistic PM2.5 27 126 0.00701 

Gent et al. (2003) Respiratory symptoms -- 

chest tightness --- 0 - 12 1-day lag 8 hr max. logistic none 21 100 0.00570 

Gent et al. (2003) Respiratory symptoms -- 

shortness of breath --- 0 - 12 1-day lag 1 hr max. logistic none 27 126 0.00398 

Gent et al. (2003) Respiratory symptoms -- 

shortness of breath --- 0 - 12 1-day lag 8 hr max. logistic none 21 100 0.00525 

Gent et al. (2003) Respiratory symptoms -- 

wheeze --- 0 - 12 0-day lag 1 hr max. logistic PM2.5 21 100 0.00600 

*Health effects are associated with short-term exposures to O3. 

**Rounded to the nearest ppb.

Observed 

Concentrations** (ppb) O3 Coefficient 

Other 

Pollutants 

in Model

Study Ages Lag Health Effects* Exposure Metric ICD-9 Codes Model

Other 

Pollutants 

in Model

Study Ages Lag Health Effects* Exposure Metric ICD-9 Codes Model

Observed 

Concentrations** (ppb) O3 Coefficient 

 5B-1
Table 5B-3. Study-Specific Information for O3 Studies in Chicago, IL

min. max.

Bell et al. -- 95 US Cities (2004)

Mortality, non-accidental < 800 all distributed lag 24 hr avg. log-linear none NA NA 0.00039 

Schwartz (2004) Mortality, non-accidental < 800 all 0-day lag 1 hr max. logistic none NA NA 0.00099 Schwartz -- 14 US Cities (2004)

Mortality, non-accidental < 800 all 0-day lag 1 hr max. logistic none NA NA 0.00037 

Huang et al. (2004) Mortality, cardiorespiratory 390-448; 490-496; 

487; 480-486; 507. all distributed lag 24 hr avg. log-linear none 0 65 0.00075 

Huang et al. -- 19 US Cities (2004)

Mortality, cardiorespiratory 390-448; 490-496; 

487; 480-486; 507. all distributed lag 24 hr avg. log-linear none NA NA 0.00124 

Huang et al. -- 19 US Cities (2004)

Mortality, cardiorespiratory 390-448; 490-496; 

487; 480-486; 507. all distributed lag 24 hr avg. log-linear PM10 NA NA 0.00074 

Huang et al. -- 19 US Cities (2004)

Mortality, cardiorespiratory 390-448; 490-496; 

487; 480-486; 507. all distributed lag 24 hr avg. log-linear NO2 NA NA 0.00060 

Huang et al. -- 19 US Cities (2004)

Mortality, cardiorespiratory 390-448; 490-496; 

487; 480-486; 507. all distributed lag 24 hr avg. log-linear SO2 NA NA 0.00051 

Huang et al. -- 19 US Cities (2004)

Mortality, cardiorespiratory 390-448; 490-496; 

487; 480-486; 507. all distributed lag 24 hr avg. log-linear CO NA NA 0.00069 

*Health effects are associated with short-term exposures to O3. 

**Rounded to the nearest ppb.NA denotes "not available."

Table 5B-4. Study-Specific Information for O3 Studies in Cleveland, OH

min. max.

Bell et al. (2004) Mortality, non-accidental < 800 all distributed lag 24 hr avg. log-linear none 2 75 0.00061 Bell et al. -- 95 US Cities (2004) Mortality, non-accidental < 800 all distributed lag 24 hr avg. log-linear none NA NA 0.00039 Huang et al. (2004) Mortality, cardiorespiratory 390-448; 490-496; 

487; 480-486; 507. all distributed lag 24 hr avg. log-linear none 2 75 0.00148 

Huang et al. -- 19 US Cities (2004)

Mortality, cardiorespiratory 390-448; 490-496; 

487; 480-486; 507. all distributed lag 24 hr avg. log-linear none NA NA 0.00124 

Huang et al. -- 19 US Cities (2004)

Mortality, cardiorespiratory 390-448; 490-496; 

487; 480-486; 507. all distributed lag 24 hr avg. log-linear PM10 NA NA 0.00074 

Huang et al. -- 19 US Cities (2004)

Mortality, cardiorespiratory 390-448; 490-496; 

487; 480-486; 507. all distributed lag 24 hr avg. log-linear NO2 NA NA 0.00060 

Huang et al. -- 19 US Cities (2004)

Mortality, cardiorespiratory 390-448; 490-496; 

487; 480-486; 507. all distributed lag 24 hr avg. log-linear SO2 NA NA 0.00051 

Huang et al. -- 19 US Cities (2004)

Mortality, cardiorespiratory 390-448; 490-496; 

487; 480-486; 507. all distributed lag 24 hr avg. log-linear CO NA NA 0.00069 

Schwartz et al. (1996) Hospital admissions, 

respiratory illness

460-519 65+ avg of 1-day and 2-day lags 1 hr max. log-linear none NA NA 0.00169 

*Health effects are associated with short-term exposures to O3. 

**Rounded to the nearest ppb.NA denotes "not available."

Study Ages Lag Health Effects* O3 ICD-9 Codes Coefficient 

Observed 

Concentrations** (ppb)

Other 

Pollutants 

in Model

Exposure 

Metric Model

Study Ages Lag Health Effects* O3 ICD-9 Codes Model Coefficient 

Observed 

Concentrations** (ppb)

Other 

Pollutants 

in Model

Exposure 

Metric

J2006 5B-2
Table 5B-5. Study-Specific Information for O3 Studies in Detroit, MI

min. max.

Bell et al. (2004) Mortality, non-accidental < 800 all distributed lag 24 hr avg. log-linear none 2 75 0.00076 Bell et al. -- 95 US Cities Mortality, non-accidental < 800 all distributed lag 24 hr avg. log-linear none NA NA 0.00039 Schwartz (2004) Mortality, non-accidental < 800 all 0-day lag 1 hr max. logistic none NA NA 0.00068 Schwartz -- 14 US Cities (2004)

Mortality, non-accidental < 800 all 0-day lag 1 hr max. logistic none NA NA 0.00037 

Ito (2003) Mortality, non-accidental < 800 all 0-day lag 24 hr avg. log-linear (GAM str. none NA 55 0.00093 

Ito (2003) Mortality, respiratory 460-519 all 0-day lag 24 hr avg. log-linear none NA 55 0.00359 Huang et al. (2004) Mortality, cardiorespiratory 390-448; 490-496; 

487; 480-486; 507. all distributed lag 24 hr avg. log-linear none 2 75 0.00135 

Huang et al. -- 19 US Cities 

(2004)

Mortality, cardiorespiratory 390-448; 490-496; 

487; 480-486; 507. all distributed lag 24 hr avg. log-linear none NA NA 0.00124 

Huang et al. -- 19 US Cities 

(2004)

Mortality, cardiorespiratory 390-448; 490-496; 

487; 480-486; 507. all distributed lag 24 hr avg. log-linear PM10 NA NA 0.00074 

Huang et al. -- 19 US Cities 

(2004)

Mortality, cardiorespiratory 390-448; 490-496; 

487; 480-486; 507. all distributed lag 24 hr avg. log-linear NO2 NA NA 0.00060 

Huang et al. -- 19 US Cities (2004)

Mortality, cardiorespiratory 390-448; 490-496; 

487; 480-486; 507. all distributed lag 24 hr avg. log-linear SO2 NA NA 0.00051 

Huang et al. -- 19 US Cities 

(2004)

Mortality, cardiorespiratory 390-448; 490-496; 

487; 480-486; 507. all distributed lag 24 hr avg. log-linear CO NA NA 0.00069 

Ito (2003) Hospital admissions 

(unscheduled), pneumonia

480-486

65+ 0-day lag 24 hr avg.

log-linear 

(GAM str. 

estimation)**

none NA 55 -0.00218 

Ito (2003) Hospital admissions 

(unscheduled), pneumonia

480-486

65+ 1-day lag 24 hr avg.

log-linear 

(GAM str. 

estimation)

none NA 55 -0.00054 

Ito (2003) Hospital admissions 

(unscheduled), pneumonia

480-486

65+ 2-day lag 24 hr avg.

log-linear 

(GAM str. 

estimation)

none NA 55 0.00066 

Ito (2003) Hospital admissions 

(unscheduled), pneumonia

480-486

65+ 3-day lag 24 hr avg.

log-linear 

(GAM str. 

estimation)

none NA 55 0.00190 

Ito (2003) Hospital admissions 

(unscheduled), COPD

490-496

65+ 0-day lag 24 hr avg.

log-linear 

(GAM str. 

estimation)

none NA 55 -0.00191 

Ito (2003) Hospital admissions 

(unscheduled), COPD

490-496

65+ 1-day lag 24 hr avg.

log-linear 

(GAM str. 

estimation)

none NA 55 0.00187 

Ito (2003) Hospital admissions 

(unscheduled), COPD

490-496

65+ 2-day lag 24 hr avg.

log-linear 

(GAM str. 

estimation)

none NA 55 -0.00027 

Ito (2003) Hospital admissions 

(unscheduled), COPD

490-496

65+ 3-day lag 24 hr avg.

log-linear 

(GAM str. 

estimation)

none NA 55 0.00011 

*Health effects are associated with short-term exposures to O3. 

**Rounded to the nearest ppb.NA denotes "not available."

O3 

Coefficient

***"GAM str. estimation" denotes that estimation of the log-linear C-R function used a generalized additive model with a stringent convergence criterion. This study also estimated log-linear C-R functmodels (GLM).

ICD-9 Codes

Observed 

Concentrations** (ppb) Model Other Pollutants 

in Model

Exposure 

Metric Study Ages Lag Health Effects*

2006 5B-3
Table 5B-6. Study-Specific Information for O3 Studies in Houston, TX

min. max.

Bell et al. (2004) Mortality, non-accidental < 800 all distributed lag 24 hr avg. log-linear none 1 76 0.00079 Bell et al. -- 95 US Cities Mortality, non-accidental < 800 all distributed lag 24 hr avg. log-linear none NA NA 0.00039 Schwartz (2004) Mortality, non-accidental < 800 all 0-day lag 1 hr max. logistic none NA NA 0.00044 Schwartz -- 14 US Cities (2004) Mortality, non-accidental < 800 all 0-day lag 1 hr max. logistic none NA NA 0.00037 Huang et al. (2004) Mortality, cardiorespiratory 390-448; 490-496; 

487; 480-486; 507. all distributed lag 24 hr avg. log-linear none 1 76 0.00122 

Huang et al. -- 19 US Cities (2004)

Mortality, cardiorespiratory 390-448; 490-496; 

487; 480-486; 507. all distributed lag 24 hr avg. log-linear none NA NA 0.00124 

Huang et al. -- 19 US Cities (2004)

Mortality, cardiorespiratory 390-448; 490-496; 

487; 480-486; 507. all distributed lag 24 hr avg. log-linear PM10 NA NA 0.00074 

Huang et al. -- 19 US Cities (2004)

Mortality, cardiorespiratory 390-448; 490-496; 

487; 480-486; 507. all distributed lag 24 hr avg. log-linear NO2 NA NA 0.00060 

Huang et al. -- 19 US Cities (2004)

Mortality, cardiorespiratory 390-448; 490-496; 

487; 480-486; 507. all distributed lag 24 hr avg. log-linear SO2 NA NA 0.00051 

Huang et al. -- 19 US Cities (2004)

Mortality, cardiorespiratory 390-448; 490-496; 

487; 480-486; 507. all distributed lag 24 hr avg. log-linear CO NA NA 0.00069 

*Health effects are associated with short-term exposures to O3. 

**Rounded to the nearest ppb.NA denotes "not available."

O3 ICD-9 Codes Coefficien

Observed 

Concentrations** (ppb)

Other 

Pollutants 

in Model

Exposure 

Metric Study Ages Lag Health Effects* Model

 5B-4
Table 5B-7. Study-Specific Information for O3 Studies in Los Angeles, CA

min. max.

Bell et al. (2004)*** Mortality, nonaccidental < 800 all distributed lag 24 hr avg. log-linear none 0 68 0.00018 Bell et al. -- 95 US Cities (2004)***

Mortality, nonaccidental < 800 all distributed lag 24 hr avg. log-linear none NA NA 0.00039 

Huang et al. (2004)*** Mortality, 

cardiorespiratory 

390-448; 490-496; 487; 480-486; 507. all distributed lag 24 hr avg. log-linear none 0 68 0.00107 

Huang et al. -- 19 US Cities (2004)***

Mortality, cardiorespiratory

390-448; 490-496; 487; 480-486; 507. all distributed lag 24 hr avg. log-linear none NA NA 0.00124 

Huang et al. -- 19 US Cities (2004)***

Mortality, cardiorespiratory 

390-448; 490-496; 487; 480-486; 507. all distributed lag 24 hr avg. log-linear PM10 NA NA 0.00074 

Huang et al. -- 19 US Cities (2004)***

Mortality, cardiorespiratory 

390-448; 490-496; 487; 480-486; 507. all distributed lag 24 hr avg. log-linear NO2 NA NA 0.00060 

Huang et al. -- 19 US Cities (2004)***

Mortality, cardiorespiratory 

390-448; 490-496; 487; 480-486; 507. all distributed lag 24 hr avg. log-linear SO2 NA NA 0.00051 

Huang et al. -- 19 US Cities (2004)***

Mortality, cardiorespiratory

390-448; 490-496; 487; 480-486; 507. all distributed lag 24 hr avg. log-linear CO NA NA 0.00069 

Linn et al. (2000)  Hospital admissions 

(unscheduled), pulmonary illness -- 

75-101** *** 30+ 0-day lag 24 hr avg. log-linear none 1 70 0.00110 

Linn et al. (2000)  Hospital admissions 

(unscheduled), pulmonary illness -- 

75-101** *** 30+ 0-day lag 24 hr avg. log-linear none 1 70 0.00060 

*Health effects are associated with short-term exposures to O3. 

**Rounded to the nearest ppb.***Los Angeles is defined in this study as Los Angeles County. Los Angeles is defined in this study as Los Angeles, Riverside, San Bernardino, and Orange Counties.** ***Linn et al. (2000) used DRG codes instead of ICD codes.

Study Ages Lag Health Effects* ICD-9 Codes Model O3 Coefficient 

Observed 

Concentrations** (ppb) Other Pollutants 

in Model

Exposure 

Metric

 5B-5
Table 5B-8. Study-Specific Information for O3 Studies in New York, NY

min. max.

Bell et al. -- 95 US Cities (2004)***

Mortality, nonaccidental < 800 all distributed lag 24 hr avg. log-linear none NA NA 0.00039 

Huang et al. (2004)*** Mortality, 

cardiorespiratory 

390-448; 490-496; 487; 480-486; 507. all distributed lag 24 hr avg. log-linear none -2 81 0.00170 

Huang et al. -- 19 US Cities (2004)***

Mortality, cardiorespiratory 

390-448; 490-496; 487; 480-486; 507. all distributed lag 24 hr avg. log-linear none NA NA 0.00124 

Huang et al. -- 19 US Cities (2004)***

Mortality, cardiorespiratory 

390-448; 490-496; 487; 480-486; 507. all distributed lag 24 hr avg. log-linear PM10 NA NA 0.00074 

Huang et al. -- 19 US Cities (2004)***

Mortality, cardiorespiratory 

390-448; 490-496; 487; 480-486; 507. all distributed lag 24 hr avg. log-linear NO2 NA NA 0.00060 

Huang et al. -- 19 US Cities (2004)***

Mortality, cardiorespiratory

390-448; 490-496; 487; 480-486; 507. all distributed lag 24 hr avg. log-linear SO2 NA NA 0.00051 

Huang et al. -- 19 US Cities (2004)***

Mortality, cardiorespiratory 

390-448; 490-496; 487; 480-486; 507. all distributed lag 24 hr avg. log-linear CO NA NA 0.00069 

Thurston et al. (1992)  Hospital admissions 

(unscheduled), 

466, 480-486, 490, 491, 492, 493 all 3-day lag 1 hr max. linear none NA 206 1.370E-08 

Thurston et al. (1992)** ** Hospital admissions 

(unscheduled), asthma

493 all 1-day lag 1 hr max. linear none NA 206 1.170E-08 

*Health effects are associated with short-term exposures to O3. 

**Rounded to the nearest ppb.***New York in this study is defined as the five boroughs of New York City plus Westchester County.****New York in this study is defined as the five boroughs of New York City.NA denotes "not available."

Table 5B-9. Study-Specific Information for O3 Studies in Philadelphia, PA

min. max.

Bell et al. -- 95 US Cities (2004)

Mortality, nonaccidental < 800 all distributed lag 24 hr avg. log-linear none NA NA 0.00039 

Moolgavkar et al. (1995) Mortality, nonaccidental < 800 all 1-day lag 24 hr avg. log-linear none 1 159 0.00140 Moolgavkar et al. (1995) Mortality, nonaccidental < 800 all 1-day lag 24 hr avg. log-linear TSP, SO2 1 159 0.00139 Huang et al. (2004) Mortality, 

cardiorespiratory 

390-448; 490-496; 487; 480-486; 507. all distributed lag 24 hr avg. log-linear none -3 84 0.00151 

Huang et al. -- 19 US Cities (2004)

Mortality, cardiorespiratory 

390-448; 490-496; 487; 480-486; 507. all distributed lag 24 hr avg. log-linear none NA NA 0.00124 

Huang et al. -- 19 US Cities (2004)

Mortality, cardiorespiratory 

390-448; 490-496; 487; 480-486; 507. all distributed lag 24 hr avg. log-linear PM10 NA NA 0.00074 

Huang et al. -- 19 US Cities (2004)

Mortality, cardiorespiratory 

390-448; 490-496; 487; 480-486; 507. all distributed lag 24 hr avg. log-linear NO2 NA NA 0.00060 

Huang et al. -- 19 US Cities (2004)

Mortality, cardiorespiratory 

390-448; 490-496; 487; 480-486; 507. all distributed lag 24 hr avg. log-linear SO2 NA NA 0.00051 

Huang et al. -- 19 US Cities (2004)

Mortality, cardiorespiratory 

390-448; 490-496; 487; 480-486; 507. all distributed lag 24 hr avg. log-linear CO NA NA 0.00069 

*Health effects are associated with short-term exposures to O3. 

**Rounded to the nearest ppb.NA denotes "not available."

Study Ages Lag Health Effects* O3 ICD-9 Codes Coefficient L

Observed 

Concentrations** (ppb) 

Other 

Pollutants 

in Model

Exposure 

Metric Model

L

Observed 

Model Concentrations** (ppb)

Other 

Pollutants 

in Model

Health Effects* O3 Study Ages Lag Coefficient Exposure Metric ICD-9 Codes

 5B-6
Table 5B-10. Study-Specific Information for O3 Studies in Sacramento, CA

min. max.

Bell et al. (2004) Mortality, nonaccidental < 800 all distributed lag 24 hr avg. log-linear none 0 71 0.00026 

Bell et al. -- 95 US Cities (2004)

Mortality, nonaccidental < 800 all distributed lag 24 hr avg. log-linear none NA NA 0.00039 

*Health effects are associated with short-term exposures to O3. 

**Rounded to the nearest ppb.NA denotes "not available."

Table 5B-11. Study-Specific Information for O3 Studies in St. Louis, MO

min. max.

Bell et al. (2004) Mortality, nonaccidental < 800 all distributed lag 24 hr avg. log-linear none 0 118 0.00044 

Bell et al. -- 95 US Cities (2004)

Mortality, nonaccidental < 800 all distributed lag 24 hr avg. log-linear none NA NA 0.00039 

*Health effects are associated with short-term exposures to O3. 

**Rounded to the nearest ppb.NA denotes "not available."

Table 5B-12. Study-Specific Information for O3 Studies in Washington, D.C.

min. max.

Bell et al. -- 95 US Cities (2004)

Mortality, nonaccidental < 800 all distributed lag 24 hr avg. log-linear none NA NA 0.00039 

*Health effects are associated with short-term exposures to O3. 

**Rounded to the nearest ppb.NA denotes "not available."

Observed 

Concentrations** (ppb) O3 Coefficient 

Other 

Pollutants 

in Model

Study Ages Lag Health Effects* Exposure Metric ICD-9 Codes ModelStudy Ages Lag Health Effects* ICD-9 Codes Exposure Metric O3 Model Coefficient 

Other Pollutants in Model Observed Concentrations** (ppb)

O3 ICD-9 Codes Coefficient 

Observed 

Concentrations** (ppb) Model Other Pollutants 

in Model

Exposure 

Metric Study Ages Lag Health Effects*

 5B-7
5B-8 

5B.2 Concentration-Response Functions and Health Impact Functions 

Notation: 

c

c

c

c

x x x

x O levels under control conditions

x O levels under baseline conditions

y y y

y Incidence under control conditions

y Incidence under baseline conditions

∆ = −

=

=

∆ = −

=

=

0

3

0 3

0

0

5B.2.1 Log-linear 

The log-linear concentration-response function is: x y Be β =

The derivation of the corresponding health impact function is as follows: 

( )

( )

( ) x

x x

x x x

x

x

x

x x

x

c

x

x

y y e

y Be e

y Be e

Be

Be

y Be

y Be Be

y Be

y Be

y Be

c

c

c

c

− ∆

− ∆

⋅ −

∆ = ⋅ −

∆ = ⋅ −

⎟

⎠

⎞ ⎜

⎝

⎛ ∆ = ⋅ −

⎟

⎟

⎟

⎠

⎞

⎜

⎜

⎜

⎝

⎛

∆ = ⋅ −

∆ = −

=

=

=

β

β β

β β

β

β

β

β β

β

β

β

1

1

1

1

0

0

0

0 0

0

0

0

0

5B.2.2 Linear 

The linear concentration-response function is: y = α + βx

The derivation of the corresponding health impact function is as follows: 
 5B-9 

y x x x

y y y x x

y x

y x

y x

c

c c

c c

∆ = − = ∆

∆ = − = −

= +

= +

= +

β β

β β

α β

α β

α β

( ) 0

0 0

0 0

5B.2.3 Logistic 

The logistic concentration-response function is: x x

x

e e

e

y β β

β

− + =⎟

⎟

⎠

⎞

⎜

⎜

⎝

⎛

+ = 1

1

1

The derivation of the corresponding health impact function is as follows: 

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

e

e

e odds ratio

e

e

e

e

e odds

e

e

y

y odds

e

y

c

∆

−

−

−

−

−

−

−

= =

= =

⎟

⎟

⎠

⎞

⎜

⎜

⎝

⎛

+

⎟

⎠

⎞ ⎜

⎝

⎛

+ =

⎟

⎠

⎞ ⎜

⎝

⎛

+ −

⎟

⎠

⎞ ⎜

⎝

⎛

+ = − =

+ =

β

β

β

β

β

β

β

β

β

β

β

0

1

1

1

1

1

1 1

1

1

1

1

1

x

c

c

c x

c

e

y

y

y

 y

e

y

y

y

y

− ∆

− ∆

⋅ ⎟

⎟

⎠

⎞

⎜

⎜

⎝

⎛

− = −

=

⎟

⎟

⎠

⎞

⎜

⎜

⎝

⎛

−

⎟

⎟

⎠

⎞

⎜

⎜

⎝

⎛

−

β

β

0

0

0

0

1 1

1

1

( ) x

c c e

y

y

y y − ∆ ⋅ ⎟

⎟

⎠

⎞

⎜

⎜

⎝

⎛

− = − ⋅ β

0

0

1

1
5B-10 

( )

( )

( ) ⎟

⎟

⎠

⎞

⎜

⎜

⎝

⎛

− ⋅ +

∆ = ⋅ −

− ⋅ + − = −

− ⋅ + =

− + ⋅

⋅ =

⋅ ⎟

⎟

⎠

⎞

⎜

⎜

⎝

⎛

− +

⋅ ⎟

⎟

⎠

⎞

⎜

⎜

⎝

⎛

− =

⋅ ⎟

⎟

⎠

⎞

⎜

⎜

⎝

⎛

− ⎥ =

⎦

⎤ ⎢

⎣

⎡ ⋅ ⎟

⎟

⎠

⎞

⎜

⎜

⎝

⎛

− ⋅ +

⋅ ⎟

⎟

⎠

⎞

⎜

⎜

⎝

⎛

− ⋅ = ⎟

⎟

⎠

⎞

⎜

⎜

⎝

⎛

− + ⋅

∆

∆

∆

− ∆

− ∆

− ∆

− ∆

− ∆ − ∆

− ∆ − ∆

0 0

0

0 0

0

0 0

0 0

0

0 0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

1 1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1 1

1

1 1

y e y

y y

y e y

y

y y y

y e y

y

y

y y e

y e

y

e

y

y

e

y

y

y

e

y

y

e

y

y

y

e

y

y

e

y

y

y y

x

c x

c x

x

x

c

x

x

c

x x

c

x x

c c

β

β

β

β

β

β

β

β β

β β
5B-11 

5B.3 The Calculation of “Shrinkage” Estimates from the Location-Specific Estimates 

Reported in Huang et al. (2004) 

“Shrinkage” estimates were calculated from the location-specific estimates reported in 

Table 1 of Huang et al. (2004), using the method described in DuMouchel (1994). Both Huang 

et al. (2004) and DuMouchel (1994) consider a Bayesian hierarchical model. Although they use 

different notation, the models are the same. The notation comparison is given in Table B-13 

below. 

Given a posterior distribution for τ, π(τ | y), a shrinkage estimate for the ith location is 

calculated as: 

θ E θ y θ τ π τ y dτ i i i [ | ] ( ) ( | ) * *

∫ ≡ =

where ( ) [ | , ] ( ) [ ( )] /( ) * * * 2 2 2

i i i i θ τ ≡ E θ y τ = μ τ + y − μ τ τ τ + s , 

where ≡ = ∑

i

i i ( ) E[ | y, ] w ( ) y * μ τ μ τ τ , 

where ∑ − − = + +

j

i i j w s s

2 2 1 2 2 1 (τ ) (τ ) / (τ ) . 

A shrinkage estimate for the ith location is thus defined to be the expected value of the ith 

location-specific parameter, given all the location-specific estimates (see Table 1 for notation 

explanations). The posterior variance of the true ith location-specific parameter, given all the 

location-specific estimates, is given by: 

θ V θ y V θ y τ θ τ θ π τ y dτ i i i i i [ | ] { [ | , ] [ ( ) ] } ( | ) ** * * 2 ≡ = + − ∫ , 

where [ | , ] [ /( )] / ( ) /( ) 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2

i i

j

i i i j V y = s + s + s + s + s −

θ τ τ ∑ τ τ τ . 

A 95 percent credible interval around the ith shrinkage estimate was calculated as 

1.96 * ( ) * ** θ i ± θ i . 
5B-12

Table 5B-13. Notation  Huang et al. (2004) DuMouchel (1Location indicator c i parameter being estimated for location c (or i) 

θc θi

Estimate of parameter for location c (or i)* $θc yivariance in the overall distribution of true θs. τ2 τ2variance of the estimate of θc or (θi)** vc si2The mean of the overall distribution of true θs 

μ μ

The model: 

~ ( , )

ˆ

(1)&(2)

~ ( , ) (2)

~ ( , ) (1)

ˆ

2

2

θ μ τ

θ μ τ

θ θ

⇒ + c c

c

c c c

N v

NN v

(1),(2),(3)&(4) ~ (2) (3) ~ ( 

~ (0, ) 

~ (0, ) 

2

2

i 

i

i i

i

i i

i i i

y 

and N

N s

N

y

⇒ 

⇒

= +

= + +

θ μ 

ε

δ τ

θ μ δ

μ δ ε

*Given in Table 1 of Huang et al. (2004) **Estimated by taking the square of the location-specific standard error, reported in Huang et al. (2004) for each location.
APPENDIX 5C. ADDITIONAL HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT ESTIMATES 
Table 5C-1. Number of All Children (Ages 5-18) Engaged in Moderate Exertion Estimated to Experience At Least One Lung Function 

 Associated with Exposure to O3 Concentrations That Just Meet the Current and Alternative Daily Maximum 8-Hour Stan Location-Specific O3 Seasons: Based on Adjusting 2002 O3 Concentrations* 

0.084/4*** 0.084/3 0.080/4 0.074/5 0.074/4 0.074/3 0.070/4 

94 92 79 69 63 63 53 

(71 - 133) (69 - 131) (58 - 117) (49 - 105) (44 - 98) (44 - 97) (35 - 84) 

123 106 105 98 81 72 68 

(95 - 167) (80 - 150) (79 - 148) (73 - 141) (58 - 121) (50 - 110) (46 - 104) 

186 172 160 141 124 116 104 

(140 - 268) (127 - 252) (116 - 238) (99 - 216) (85 - 195) (78 - 183) (68 - 167) 

73 64 63 51 49 43 41 

(57 - 99) (49 - 90) (48 - 88) (37 - 77) (35 - 74) (30 - 67) (28 - 64) 

121 106 103 99 80 71 67 

(92 - 169) (79 - 154) (76 - 151) (73 - 147) (56 - 124) (49 - 113) (45 - 107) 

70 62 60 48 46 42 38 

(50 - 106) (43 - 96) (41 - 92) (31 - 76) (30 - 73) (27 - 67) (24 - 61) 

120 115 99 70 70 66 52 

(87 - 187) (83 - 180) (71 - 155) (49 - 109) (49 - 108) (46 - 102) (36 - 80) 

382 355 328 248 258 240 218 

(283 - 555) (259 - 524) (236 - 494) (166 - 392) (175 - 406) (160 - 382) (141 - 350) 

149 134 129 106 101 92 85 

(117 - 201) (103 - 185) (99 - 179) (78 - 156) (74 - 150) (65 - 139) (60 - 131) 

27 25 23 18 17 16 14 

(21 - 40) (19 - 37) (18 - 35) (14 - 29) (13 - 27) (12 - 25) (10 - 22) 

72 65 61 52 48 44 40 

(56 - 96) (50 - 89) (47 - 86) (38 - 75) (35 - 71) (31 - 66) (28 - 62) 

168 145 143 122 113 100 96 

(129 - 231) (109 - 207) (108 - 205) (89 - 182) (80 - 171) (69 - 155) (65 - 150) 

36 35 29 23 21 20 16 

(21 - 54) (20 - 52) (15 - 44) (11 - 38) (8 - 34) (8 - 34) (5 - 28) 

52 42 42 38 29 24 22 

(33 - 74) (25 - 62) (24 - 61) (21 - 57) (14 - 45) (11 - 39) (9 - 37) 

71 63 57 47 40 36 31 

(41 - 106) (35 - 96) (29 - 88) (22 - 76) (15 - 66) (12 - 62) (9 - 55) 

30 25 24 18 17 14 13 

(19 - 43) (15 - 37) (15 - 36) (10 - 28) (9 - 27) (6 - 23) (5 - 22) 

47 40 38 36 27 22 21 

(29 - 69) (23 - 60) (21 - 58) (20 - 55) (12 - 43) (9 - 38) (7 - 35) 

24 20 19 14 13 12 10 

(11 - 38) (8 - 34) (7 - 32) (3 - 25) (3 - 24) (2 - 22) (1 - 20) 

35 33 27 18 18 17 13 

(7 - 62) (6 - 59) (4 - 51) (1 - 35) (1 - 35) (1 - 33) (0 - 26) 

Location

Number of All Children (in 1000s) Estimated to Experience at Least One Lung Function Response Associated with O3 Concentra

the Current and Alternative O3 Standards**

Response = Decrease in FEV1 Greater Than or Equal to 10%

AtlantaBostonChicagoClevelandDetroitHoustonLos AngelesNew YorkPhiladelphiaSacramentoSt. LouisWashington, DC

Response = Decrease in FEV1 Greater Than or Equal to 15%

AtlantaBostonChicagoClevelandDetroitHoustonLos Angeles

 5C-1
0.084/4*** 0.084/3 0.080/4 0.074/5 0.074/4 0.074/3 0.070/4 

Location

Number of All Children (in 1000s) Estimated to Experience at Least One Lung Function Response Associated with O3 Concentra

the Current and Alternative O3 Standards**

142 128 114 76 81 73 64 

(79 - 216) (68 - 197) (57 - 181) (26 - 132) (29 - 138) (23 - 127) (16 - 115) 

63 54 51 39 36 31 28 

(41 - 89) (34 - 78) (31 - 75) (21 - 59) (19 - 56) (15 - 50) (13 - 46) 

10 8 8 6 5 5 4 

(5 - 15) (4 - 13) (3 - 12) (2 - 10) (1 - 9) (1 - 8) (1 - 7) 

30 26 24 19 17 15 13 

(20 - 43) (16 - 38) (15 - 35) (11 - 29) (9 - 26) (7 - 24) (6 - 22) 

68 55 55 44 39 32 30 

(42 - 98) (32 - 82) (31 - 82) (22 - 68) (18 - 62) (13 - 54) (12 - 51) 

10 10 7 5 4 4 3 

(3 - 21) (3 - 20) (2 - 16) (1 - 13) (1 - 11) (1 - 11) (0 - 9) 

18 13 13 11 7 5 5 

(8 - 33) (5 - 26) (5 - 25) (4 - 23) (2 - 16) (1 - 14) (1 - 12) 

19 16 13 10 8 7 5 

(6 - 40) (4 - 35) (3 - 31) (1 - 26) (1 - 22) (0 - 20) (0 - 17) 

9774433

(4 - 18) (2 - 14) (2 - 14) (1 - 10) (1 - 9) (0 - 8) (0 - 7) 

13 10 9 9 5 4 4 

(4 - 27) (2 - 22) (2 - 21) (2 - 20) (0 - 14) (0 - 12) (0 - 11) 

6442222

(1 - 14) (1 - 11) (1 - 11) (0 - 8) (0 - 7) (0 - 7) (0 - 6) 

6643322

(0 - 20) (0 - 19) (0 - 16) (0 - 10) (0 - 10) (0 - 10) (0 - 8) 

37 31 26 14 16 13 11 

(11 - 81) (8 - 72) (5 - 64) (1 - 43) (1 - 45) (1 - 41) (0 - 36) 

21 16 15 10 9 7 6 

(9 - 39) (6 - 32) (5 - 30) (2 - 22) (2 - 20) (1 - 17) (1 - 16) 

2221111

(0 - 5) (0 - 5) (0 - 4) (0 - 3) (0 - 3) (0 - 3) (0 - 2) 

10 8 7 5 4 3 3 

(4 - 19) (3 - 15) (2 - 14) (1 - 11) (1 - 9) (0 - 8) (0 - 7) 

21 15 15 10 9 7 6 

(8 - 41) (5 - 32) (5 - 31) (2 - 24) (1 - 21) (1 - 18) (1 - 17) 

*Numbers are median (0.5 fractile) numbers of children. Numbers in parentheses below the median are 95% credible intervals based on statistical uncertainty surrounding the O3 coefficient. **Incidence was quantified down to estimated policy relevant background levels. Incidences are rounded to the nearest 1000.

New YorkPhiladelphiaSacramentoSt. LouisWashington, DC

Response = Decrease in FEV1 Greater Than or Equal to 20%

AtlantaBostonChicagoClevelandDetroitHoustonLos AngelesWashington, DC

***These 8-hr average standards, denoted m/n, are characterized by a concentration of m ppm and an nth daily maximum. So, for example, the current standard is 0.084/4 -- 0.084 ppm, 4hr average. These nth daily maximum standards require that the average of the 3 annual nth daily maxima over a 3-year period be at or below the specified level (e.g., 0.084 ppm).

New YorkPhiladelphiaSacramentoSt. Louis

 5C-2
Table 5C-2. Percent of All Children (Ages 5-18) Engaged in Moderate Exertion Estimated to Experience At Least One Lung Function Res

 Associated with Exposure to O3 Concentrations That Just Meet the Current and Alternative Daily Maximum 8-Hour Standard Location-Specific O3 Seasons: Based on Adjusting 2002 O3 Concentrations*

0.084/4*** 0.084/3 0.080/4 0.074/5 0.074/4 0.074/3 0.070/4 

9.9% 9.7% 8.4% 7.3% 6.7% 6.7% 5.6% 

(7.5% - 14.1%) (7.3% - 13.9%) (6.2% - 12.5%) (5.2% - 11.1%) (4.7% - 10.4%) (4.6% - 10.3%) (3.7% - 8.9%) 

11.2% 9.7% 9.6% 9% 7.4% 6.6% 6.2% 

(8.7% - 15.3%) (7.3% - 13.7%) (7.2% - 13.5%) (6.7% - 12.8%) (5.3% - 11%) (4.6% - 10%) (4.2% - 9.5%) 

9.6% 8.8% 8.2% 7.2% 6.4% 5.9% 5.3% 

(7.2% - 13.7%) (6.5% - 12.9%) (6% - 12.2%) (5.1% - 11.1%) (4.4% - 10%) (4% - 9.4%) (3.5% - 8.6%) 

12.3% 10.8% 10.5% 8.7% 8.2% 7.3% 6.9% 

(9.6% - 16.7%) (8.3% - 15.2%) (8% - 14.9%) (6.3% - 12.9%) (5.9% - 12.4%) (5.1% - 11.3%) (4.7% - 10.8%) 

10.9% 9.6% 9.3% 9% 7.2% 6.4% 6% 

(8.3% - 15.2%) (7.1% - 13.9%) (6.9% - 13.6%) (6.6% - 13.2%) (5.1% - 11.2%) (4.4% - 10.2%) (4% - 9.6%) 

6.5% 5.7% 5.5% 4.4% 4.2% 3.9% 3.5% 

(4.6% - 9.7%) (4% - 8.8%) (3.8% - 8.5%) (2.9% - 7%) (2.7% - 6.7%) (2.4% - 6.2%) (2.2% - 5.6%) 

3.3% 3.1% 2.7% 1.9% 1.9% 1.8% 1.4% 

(2.4% - 5.1%) (2.3% - 4.9%) (1.9% - 4.2%) (1.3% - 3%) (1.3% - 2.9%) (1.3% - 2.8%) (1% - 2.2%) 

9.2% 8.6% 7.9% 6% 6.2% 5.8% 5.3% 

(6.8% - 13.4%) (6.2% - 12.6%) (5.7% - 11.9%) (4% - 9.4%) (4.2% - 9.8%) (3.8% - 9.2%) (3.4% - 8.4%) 

12.6% 11.3% 10.9% 9% 8.5% 7.7% 7.2% 

(9.9% - 16.9%) (8.7% - 15.6%) (8.3% - 15.1%) (6.6% - 13.1%) (6.2% - 12.6%) (5.5% - 11.7%) (5% - 11.1%) 

6.5% 6% 5.5% 4.5% 4.2% 3.9% 3.4% 

(5.1% - 9.7%) (4.7% - 9.1%) (4.3% - 8.4%) (3.4% - 7%) (3.2% - 6.6%) (2.9% - 6.1%) (2.5% - 5.4%) 

12.3% 11.2% 10.5% 8.9% 8.2% 7.5% 6.9% 

(9.7% - 16.5%) (8.6% - 15.4%) (8.1% - 14.7%) (6.6% - 12.9%) (6% - 12.2%) (5.4% - 11.4%) (4.8% - 10.6%) 

11.3% 9.7% 9.7% 8.2% 7.6% 6.7% 6.4% 

(8.7% - 15.6%) (7.3% - 13.9%) (7.2% - 13.8%) (6% - 12.3%) (5.4% - 11.5%) (4.6% - 10.4%) (4.4% - 10.1%) 

3.8% 3.7% 3% 2.5% 2.2% 2.2% 1.7% 

(2.2% - 5.7%) (2.2% - 5.5%) (1.6% - 4.7%) (1.1% - 4%) (0.9% - 3.6%) (0.9% - 3.6%) (0.5% - 3%) 

4.7% 3.9% 3.8% 3.5% 2.6% 2.2% 2% 

(3% - 6.8%) (2.3% - 5.7%) (2.2% - 5.6%) (2% - 5.2%) (1.3% - 4.1%) (1% - 3.6%) (0.8% - 3.3%) 

3.6% 3.2% 2.9% 2.4% 2% 1.8% 1.6% 

(2.1% - 5.4%) (1.8% - 4.9%) (1.5% - 4.5%) (1.1% - 3.9%) (0.8% - 3.4%) (0.6% - 3.2%) (0.4% - 2.8%) 

5.1% 4.3% 4.1% 3.1% 2.9% 2.4% 2.2% 

(3.3% - 7.2%) (2.6% - 6.2%) (2.5% - 6%) (1.7% - 4.8%) (1.5% - 4.5%) (1.1% - 3.9%) (0.9% - 3.7%) 

4.3% 3.6% 3.4% 3.2% 2.4% 2% 1.8% 

(2.6% - 6.3%) (2% - 5.4%) (1.9% - 5.2%) (1.8% - 5%) (1.1% - 3.9%) (0.8% - 3.4%) (0.6% - 3.2%) 

2.2% 1.9% 1.7% 1.3% 1.2% 1.1% 0.9% 

(1% - 3.5%) (0.7% - 3.1%) (0.6% - 2.9%) (0.3% - 2.3%) (0.3% - 2.2%) (0.2% - 2%) (0.1% - 1.8%) 

0.9% 0.9% 0.7% 0.5% 0.5% 0.5% 0.3% 

(0.2% - 1.7%) (0.2% - 1.6%) (0.1% - 1.4%) (0% - 1%) (0% - 1%) (0% - 0.9%) (0% - 0.7%) 

Location

Percent of All Children Estimated to Experience at Least One Lung Function Response Associated with O3 Concentrations that Just M

and Alternative O3 Standards**

Response = Decrease in FEV1 Greater Than or Equal to 10%

AtlantaBostonChicagoClevelandDetroitHoustonLos AngelesNew YorkPhiladelphiaSacramentoSt. LouisWashington, DC

Response = Decrease in FEV1 Greater Than or Equal to 15%

AtlantaBostonChicagoClevelandDetroitHoustonLos Angeles

 5C-3
0.084/4*** 0.084/3 0.080/4 0.074/5 0.074/4 0.074/3 0.070/4 

Location

Percent of All Children Estimated to Experience at Least One Lung Function Response Associated with O3 Concentrations that Just M

and Alternative O3 Standards**

3.4% 3.1% 2.8% 1.8% 2% 1.8% 1.5% 

(1.9% - 5.2%) (1.6% - 4.8%) (1.4% - 4.4%) (0.6% - 3.2%) (0.7% - 3.3%) (0.6% - 3.1%) (0.4% - 2.8%) 

5.4% 4.6% 4.3% 3.3% 3% 2.6% 2.4% 

(3.5% - 7.5%) (2.8% - 6.6%) (2.6% - 6.3%) (1.8% - 5%) (1.6% - 4.7%) (1.3% - 4.2%) (1.1% - 3.9%) 

2.3% 2% 1.8% 1.4% 1.3% 1.1% 1% 

(1.1% - 3.5%) (0.9% - 3.2%) (0.7% - 2.9%) (0.4% - 2.3%) (0.3% - 2.2%) (0.3% - 2%) (0.2% - 1.7%) 

5.2% 4.5% 4.2% 3.3% 2.9% 2.6% 2.3% 

(3.4% - 7.4%) (2.8% - 6.5%) (2.5% - 6.1%) (1.8% - 5%) (1.5% - 4.5%) (1.2% - 4.1%) (1% - 3.7%) 

4.6% 3.7% 3.7% 2.9% 2.6% 2.2% 2.1% 

(2.9% - 6.6%) (2.1% - 5.6%) (2.1% - 5.5%) (1.5% - 4.6%) (1.2% - 4.2%) (0.9% - 3.6%) (0.8% - 3.4%) 

1.1% 1% 0.7% 0.6% 0.5% 0.4% 0.3% 

(0.4% - 2.2%) (0.3% - 2.2%) (0.2% - 1.7%) (0.1% - 1.4%) (0.1% - 1.2%) (0.1% - 1.2%) (0% - 0.9%) 

1.6% 1.2% 1.1% 1% 0.6% 0.5% 0.4% 

(0.7% - 3%) (0.5% - 2.3%) (0.4% - 2.3%) (0.4% - 2.1%) (0.2% - 1.5%) (0.1% - 1.2%) (0.1% - 1.1%) 

1% 0.8% 0.7% 0.5% 0.4% 0.3% 0.3% 

(0.3% - 2.1%) (0.2% - 1.8%) (0.1% - 1.6%) (0.1% - 1.3%) (0% - 1.1%) (0% - 1%) (0% - 0.9%) 

1.6% 1.2% 1.1% 0.7% 0.6% 0.5% 0.4% 

(0.6% - 3%) (0.4% - 2.4%) (0.3% - 2.3%) (0.1% - 1.7%) (0.1% - 1.6%) (0% - 1.3%) (0% - 1.2%) 

1.2% 0.9% 0.8% 0.8% 0.5% 0.4% 0.3% 

(0.4% - 2.4%) (0.2% - 2%) (0.2% - 1.9%) (0.2% - 1.8%) (0% - 1.3%) (0% - 1.1%) (0% - 1%) 

0.5% 0.4% 0.4% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.1% 

(0.1% - 1.3%) (0.1% - 1%) (0.1% - 1%) (0% - 0.7%) (0% - 0.7%) (0% - 0.6%) (0% - 0.5%) 

0.2% 0.2% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0% 

(0% - 0.5%) (0% - 0.5%) (0% - 0.4%) (0% - 0.3%) (0% - 0.3%) (0% - 0.3%) (0% - 0.2%) 

0.9% 0.8% 0.6% 0.3% 0.4% 0.3% 0.3% 

(0.3% - 2%) (0.2% - 1.7%) (0.1% - 1.5%) (0% - 1%) (0% - 1.1%) (0% - 1%) (0% - 0.9%) 

1.8% 1.4% 1.3% 0.8% 0.7% 0.6% 0.5% 

(0.8% - 3.3%) (0.5% - 2.7%) (0.4% - 2.5%) (0.2% - 1.8%) (0.2% - 1.7%) (0.1% - 1.5%) (0.1% - 1.3%) 

0.5% 0.4% 0.4% 0.3% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 

(0.1% - 1.3%) (0.1% - 1.1%) (0% - 1%) (0% - 0.8%) (0% - 0.7%) (0% - 0.6%) (0% - 0.5%) 

1.7% 1.4% 1.2% 0.8% 0.7% 0.6% 0.5% 

(0.7% - 3.2%) (0.5% - 2.7%) (0.4% - 2.4%) (0.2% - 1.8%) (0.1% - 1.6%) (0.1% - 1.4%) (0% - 1.2%) 

1.4% 1% 1% 0.7% 0.6% 0.4% 0.4% 

(0.6% - 2.8%) (0.3% - 2.1%) (0.3% - 2.1%) (0.2% - 1.6%) (0.1% - 1.4%) (0% - 1.2%) (0% - 1.1%) 

*Percents are median (0.5 fractile) percents of children. Percents in parentheses below the median are 95% credible intervals based on statistical uncertainty surrounding the O3 coefficient. **Incidence was quantified down to estimated policy relevant background levels. Percents are rounded to the nearest tenth.

New YorkPhiladelphiaSacramentoSt. LouisWashington, DC

Response = Decrease in FEV1 Greater Than or Equal to 20%

AtlantaBostonChicagoClevelandDetroitHoustonLos AngelesWashington, DC

***These 8-hr average standards, denoted m/n, are characterized by a concentration of m ppm and an nth daily maximum. So, for example, the current standard is 0.084/4 -- 0.084 ppm, 4th daily average. These nth daily maximum standards require that the average of the 3 annual nth daily maxima over a 3-year period be at or below the specified level (e.g., 0.084 ppm).

New YorkPhiladelphiaSacramentoSt. Louis

 5C-4
Table 5C-3. Estimated Number of Occurrences of Lung Function Response Associated with Exposure to O3 Concentrations That Ju

 the Current and Alternative Daily Maximum 8-Hour Standards Among All Children (Ages 5-18) Engaged in Moderate Exe Location-Specific O3 Seasons: Based on Adjusting 2002 O3 Concentrations* 

0.084/4*** 0.084/3 0.080/4 0.074/5 0.074/4 0.074/3 0.070/4 

782 770 693 621 580 577 510 

(312 - 1365) (304 - 1348) (254 - 1230) (210 - 1115) (185 - 1050) (184 - 1045) (145 - 935) 

795 718 711 679 594 550 527 

(326 - 1379) (273 - 1267) (268 - 1256) (247 - 1208) (193 - 1079) (166 - 1008) (152 - 972) 

1286 1202 1140 1038 946 895 827 

(521 - 2239) (465 - 2111) (424 - 2018) (360 - 1858) (303 - 1711) (273 - 1629) (233 - 1517) 

564 513 502 433 417 383 367 

(254 - 962) (217 - 889) (209 - 872) (162 - 770) (151 - 744) (129 - 692) (119 - 666) 

864 782 764 743 633 578 553 

(374 - 1490) (317 - 1369) (304 - 1342) (291 - 1311) (218 - 1140) (184 - 1052) (169 - 1012) 

404 362 346 278 264 239 209 

(153 - 679) (131 - 610) (124 - 583) (91 - 467) (85 - 443) (74 - 398) (64 - 343) 

1504 1447 1266 863 851 796 575 

(336 - 2792) (314 - 2692) (255 - 2364) (149 - 1613) (146 - 1590) (134 - 1486) (90 - 1058) 

3053 2879 2730 2237 2304 2189 2044 

(1184 - 5374) (1070 - 5107) (971 - 4878) (663 - 4097) (700 - 4205) (633 - 4019) (548 - 3783) 

1232 1132 1100 958 925 860 818 

(565 - 2082) (493 - 1939) (470 - 1891) (371 - 1680) (349 - 1631) (306 - 1529) (279 - 1464) 

315 296 279 238 229 216 199 

(106 - 566) (95 - 534) (86 - 506) (65 - 439) (60 - 423) (54 - 402) (46 - 371) 

515 476 455 396 374 350 326 

(235 - 869) (208 - 814) (193 - 782) (154 - 695) (139 - 661) (124 - 623) (109 - 586) 

1327 1190 1183 1055 994 908 882 

(560 - 2293) (465 - 2090) (460 - 2078) (377 - 1884) (338 - 1788) (285 - 1651) (269 - 1610) 

196 192 166 143 131 130 111 

(39 - 442) (37 - 435) (25 - 392) (16 - 352) (12 - 330) (12 - 328) (6 - 291) 

210 181 179 167 139 124 117 

(56 - 458) (40 - 412) (39 - 408) (34 - 389) (20 - 341) (14 - 316) (12 - 304) 

325 297 276 243 215 200 180 

(68 - 727) (54 - 679) (45 - 644) (31 - 588) (21 - 537) (16 - 510) (11 - 472) 

153 133 129 105 99 88 83 

(43 - 320) (32 - 290) (30 - 284) (18 - 245) (15 - 236) (11 - 217) (9 - 208) 

226 197 190 183 147 130 123 

(56 - 488) (41 - 441) (38 - 431) (34 - 420) (18 - 359) (12 - 328) (9 - 315) 

99 87 82 64 61 55 48 

(13 - 223) (9 - 199) (8 - 191) (4 - 153) (3 - 145) (2 - 131) (1 - 114) 

315 302 261 175 173 161 117 

(9 - 869) (8 - 837) (5 - 735) (1 - 502) (1 - 496) (1 - 463) (0 - 333) 

Location

Number of Occurrences (in 1000s) of Lung Function Response Associated with O3 Concentrations that Just Meet the Current a

Standards**

Response = Decrease in FEV1 Greater Than or Equal to 10%

AtlantaBostonChicagoClevelandDetroitHoustonLos AngelesNew YorkPhiladelphiaSacramentoSt. LouisWashington, DC

Response = Decrease in FEV1 Greater Than or Equal to 15%

AtlantaBostonChicagoClevelandDetroitHoustonLos Angeles

 5C-5
0.084/4*** 0.084/3 0.080/4 0.074/5 0.074/4 0.074/3 0.070/4 

Location

Number of Occurrences (in 1000s) of Lung Function Response Associated with O3 Concentrations that Just Meet the Current a

Standards**

753 695 646 494 513 480 439 

(140 - 1727) (113 - 1630) (91 - 1547) (35 - 1277) (40 - 1314) (31 - 1252) (20 - 1174) 

335 297 284 234 223 202 189 

(92 - 696) (71 - 638) (64 - 619) (39 - 539) (34 - 521) (25 - 485) (20 - 462) 

72 67 62 51 49 46 41 

(8 - 179) (6 - 168) (5 - 159) (2 - 137) (2 - 132) (1 - 125) (1 - 115) 

141 126 118 98 91 83 75 

(40 - 292) (32 - 269) (28 - 257) (18 - 224) (15 - 211) (11 - 198) (9 - 185) 

345 296 293 250 231 205 197 

(82 - 752) (57 - 674) (55 - 670) (36 - 599) (28 - 564) (19 - 517) (16 - 503) 

30 29 23 18 16 16 12 

(4 - 118) (4 - 116) (2 - 101) (1 - 88) (1 - 81) (1 - 80) (0 - 69) 

39 30 29 26 19 15 14 

(10 - 130) (6 - 111) (6 - 110) (4 - 103) (2 - 85) (1 - 77) (1 - 73) 

51 44 38 31 26 23 20 

(7 - 195) (5 - 179) (3 - 166) (1 - 148) (1 - 132) (0 - 123) (0 - 112) 

27 22 20 15 13 11 10 

(5 - 91) (3 - 79) (3 - 77) (1 - 63) (1 - 60) (0 - 54) (0 - 51) 

37 30 28 26 18 15 14 

(5 - 134) (3 - 117) (2 - 114) (2 - 110) (0 - 89) (0 - 80) (0 - 76) 

14 11 10 7 7 6 5 

(1 - 60) (1 - 52) (1 - 50) (0 - 39) (0 - 37) (0 - 33) (0 - 29) 

31 29 24 15 15 14 10 

(0 - 199) (0 - 191) (0 - 166) (0 - 112) (0 - 110) (0 - 103) (0 - 75) 

112 98 86 56 59 53 46 

(13 - 455) (9 - 421) (6 - 392) (1 - 306) (1 - 317) (1 - 298) (0 - 275) 

61 50 46 33 31 26 23 

(13 - 201) (8 - 177) (7 - 170) (3 - 141) (2 - 134) (1 - 123) (1 - 115) 

9875554

(1 - 44) (0 - 41) (0 - 38) (0 - 32) (0 - 31) (0 - 29) (0 - 26) 

26 22 19 14 13 11 9 

(6 - 84) (4 - 75) (3 - 71) (1 - 59) (1 - 55) (1 - 50) (0 - 46) 

58 45 44 34 30 24 23 

(11 - 208) (6 - 179) (6 - 177) (3 - 152) (2 - 141) (1 - 126) (1 - 122) 

*Numbers are median (0.5 fractile) numbers of occurrences. Numbers in parentheses below the median are 95% credible intervals based on statistical uncertainty surrounding the O3 coefficient. **Incidence was quantified down to estimated policy relevant background levels. Incidences are rounded to the nearest 1000.

New YorkPhiladelphiaSacramentoSt. LouisWashington, DC

Response = Decrease in FEV1 Greater Than or Equal to 20%

AtlantaBostonChicagoClevelandDetroitHoustonLos AngelesWashington, DC

***These 8-hr average standards, denoted m/n, are characterized by a concentration of m ppm and an nth daily maximum. So, for example, the current standard is 0.084/4 -- 0.084 ppm, 4hr average. These nth daily maximum standards require that the average of the 3 annual nth daily maxima over a 3-year period be at or below the specified level (e.g., 0.084 ppm).

New YorkPhiladelphiaSacramentoSt. Louis

 5C-6
Table 5C-4. Number of Asthmatic Children (Ages 5-18) Engaged in Moderate Exertion Estimated to Experien

 Least One Lung Function Response (Change in FEV1>=10%) Associated with Exposure to O3  Concentrations That Just Meet the Current and Two Alternative Daily Maximum 8-Hour Standard Five Location-Specific O3 Seasons, Based on 2002, 2003, and 2004 O3 Concentrations*

A Recent Year of Air Quality 0.084/4*** 0.074/4 0.064/4

18 13 9 5

(14 - 23) (10 - 18) (6 - 13) (3 - 9)

40 27 18 11

(32 - 53) (20 - 39) (12 - 29) (7 - 19)

17 9 6 4

(13 - 23) (6 - 14) (4 - 9) (2 - 6)

61 16 9 4

(51 - 79) (11 - 24) (6 - 14) (2 - 6)

118 63 43 27

(97 - 147) (47 - 91) (29 - 67) (16 - 44)

12 9 6 4

(9 - 17) (6 - 13) (4 - 10) (2 - 6)

21 18 12 7

(15 - 32) (12 - 28) (7 - 19) (4 - 12)

20 8 5 3

(17 - 26) (5 - 12) (3 - 8) (2 - 5)

77 16 9 3

(65 - 95) (12 - 25) (6 - 14) (2 - 5)

81 42 27 17

(64 - 109) (29 - 64) (17 - 44) (9 - 27)

12 8 5 3

(9 - 17) (6 - 12) (3 - 9) (2 - 5)

14 9 6 3

(9 - 22) (5 - 14) (3 - 9) (1 - 6)

17 9 6 4

(14 - 23) (6 - 14) (4 - 10) (2 - 6)

62 16 9 4

(52 - 81) (11 - 25) (6 - 14) (2 - 6)

51 26 17 11

(37 - 76) (16 - 42) (9 - 28) (4 - 17)

*Numbers are median (0.5 fractile) numbers of children. Numbers in parentheses below the median are 95% credible intervals based on statistical uncertasurrounding the O3 coefficient. **Incidence was quantified down to estimated policy relevant background levels. Incidences are rounded to the nearest 1000.

Location

Number of Asthmatic Children (in 1000s) Estimated to Experience at Least One Lung Function Resp

Associated with O3 Concentrations that Just Meet the Current and Alternative O3 Standards**

Based on 2002 Air Quality Data

AtlantaChicagoHoustonLos AngelesNew York

Based on 2003 Air Quality Data

AtlantaChicagoHoustonLos AngelesNew York

Based on 2004 Air Quality Data

Atlanta

***These 8-hr average standards, denoted m/n, are characterized by a concentration of m ppm and an nth daily maximum. So, for example, the current stis 0.084/4 -- 0.084 ppm, 4th daily maximum 8-hr average. These nth daily maximum standards require that the average of the 3 annual nth daily maxima oyear period be at or below the specified level (e.g., 0.084 ppm).

ChicagoHoustonLos AngelesNew York

 5C-7
Table 5C-5. Percent of Asthmatic Children (Ages 5-18) Engaged in Moderate Exertion Estimated to Experience 

 Least One Lung Function Response (Change in FEV1>=10%) Associated with Exposure to O3  Concentrations That Just Meet the Current and Two Alternative Daily Maximum 8-Hour Standards,  Five Location-Specific 

O3 Seasons, Based on 2002, 2003, and 2004 O3 Concentrations*

A Recent Year of Air Quality 0.084/4*** 0.074/4 0.064/4

15.2% 10.9% 7.3% 4.6%

(12.2% - 19.8%) (8.3% - 15.3%) (5.1% - 11.2%) (2.9% - 7.4%

14.5% 9.8% 6.5% 4.1%

(11.6% - 18.9%) (7.3% - 14%) (4.5% - 10.2%) (2.5% - 6.7%

12.5% 6.7% 4.4% 2.7%

(9.9% - 16.7%) (4.8% - 10.1%) (2.8% - 7%) (1.5% - 4.2%

13.3% 3.4% 2% 0.8%

(11.1% - 17.2%) (2.5% - 5.3%) (1.4% - 3%) (0.5% - 1.2%

18.3% 9.8% 6.6% 4.2%

(15.1% - 22.9%) (7.3% - 14.1%) (4.5% - 10.3%) (2.6% - 6.8%

10.1% 7.5% 5.1% 3.2%

(7.6% - 14.5%) (5.4% - 11.5%) (3.3% - 8.2%) (1.8% - 5.2%

7.6% 6.3% 4.2% 2.6%

(5.5% - 11.5%) (4.3% - 9.8%) (2.6% - 6.8%) (1.4% - 4.2%

15.1% 5.9% 3.9% 2.2%

(12.3% - 19.5%) (4% - 9.2%) (2.4% - 6.2%) (1.1% - 3.4%

16.8% 3.5% 1.9% 0.7%

(14.3% - 20.9%) (2.6% - 5.4%) (1.4% - 3%) (0.5% - 1.2%

12.7% 6.5% 4.2% 2.6%

(10% - 17%) (4.5% - 10%) (2.6% - 6.9%) (1.3% - 4.2%

9.9% 6.9% 4.6% 2.9%

(7.4% - 14.2%) (4.8% - 10.6%) (2.9% - 7.4%) (1.6% - 4.7%

4.9% 3.2% 2.1% 1.2%

(3.1% - 7.8%) (1.8% - 5.1%) (1% - 3.4%) (0.3% - 2%

12.6% 6.7% 4.4% 2.6%

(10% - 16.8%) (4.7% - 10.1%) (2.9% - 7%) (1.5% - 4.2%

13.6% 3.5% 2% 0.8%

(11.4% - 17.7%) (2.5% - 5.5%) (1.4% - 3.1%) (0.5% - 1.2%

8% 4.1% 2.7% 1.6%

(5.8% - 11.8%) (2.5% - 6.6%) (1.4% - 4.3%) (0.6% - 2.7%

*Percents are median (0.5 fractile) percents of children. Percents in parentheses below the median are 95% credible intervals based on statistical uncertainty surrounding the O3 coefficient. **Incidence was quantified down to estimated policy relevant background levels. Percents are rounded to the nearest tenth.

Location

Percent of Asthmatic Children Estimated to Experience at Least One Lung Function Response Associate

O3 Concentrations that Just Meet the Current and Alternative O3 Standards**

Based on 2002 Air Quality Data

AtlantaChicagoHoustonLos AngelesNew York

Based on 2003 Air Quality Data

AtlantaChicagoHoustonLos AngelesNew York

Based on 2004 Air Quality Data

Atlanta

***These 8-hr average standards, denoted m/n, are characterized by a concentration of m ppm and an nth daily maximum. So, for example, the current stand0.084/4 -- 0.084 ppm, 4th daily maximum 8-hr average. These nth daily maximum standards require that the average of the 3 annual nth daily maxima over a period be at or below the specified level (e.g., 0.084 ppm).

ChicagoHoustonLos AngelesNew York

 5C-8
Table 5C-6. Estimated Number of Occurrences of Lung Function Response (Change in FEV1>=10%) Associ

 Exposure to O3 Concentrations That Just Meet the Current and Two Alternative Daily Maximum 

 Standards Among Asthmatic Children (Ages 5-18) Engaged in Moderate Exertion, for Five Loca Specific 

O3 Seasons, Based on 2002, 2003, and 2004 O3 Concentrations*

A Recent Year of Air Quality 0.084/4*** 0.074/4 0.064

145 109 81 58

(68 - 244) (44 - 190) (26 - 146) (13 - 1

257 186 137 97

(125 - 427) (75 - 324) (44 - 247) (22 - 1

96 52 34 14

(45 - 158) (20 - 88) (11 - 57) (5 - 1

561 182 102 25

(255 - 942) (42 - 335) (18 - 189) (4 - 3

834 509 385 275

(435 - 1356) (200 - 894) (119 - 700) (59 - 5

106 83 61 43

(40 - 187) (26 - 150) (14 - 114) (7 - 8

163 137 100 69

(56 - 291) (42 - 250) (22 - 187) (9 - 13

131 55 32 7

(64 - 213) (19 - 95) (9 - 55) (3 - 6

690 177 86 11

(352 - 1119) (45 - 320) (18 - 153) (4 - 8

506 304 227 158

(215 - 868) (88 - 557) (47 - 431) (19 - 3

109 82 61 44

(38 - 196) (22 - 151) (12 - 116) (5 - 8

114 80 57 38

(27 - 214) (12 - 154) (5 - 113) (1 - 7

110 61 40 18

(51 - 181) (22 - 103) (12 - 68) (5 - 2

660 219 134 46

(308 - 1108) (49 - 405) (21 - 253) (4 - 8

399 240 179 124

(131 - 720) (46 - 458) (21 - 353) (6 - 25

*Numbers are median (0.5 fractile) numbers of occurrences. Numbers in parentheses below the median are 95% credible intervals based on statistical unsurrounding the O3 coefficient. **Incidence was quantified down to estimated policy relevant background levels. Incidences are rounded to the nearest 1000.

Location

Number of Occurrences (in 1000s) of Lung Function Response Associated with O3 Concentrations th

the Current and Alternative O3 Standards**

Based on 2002 Air Quality Data

AtlantaChicagoHoustonLos AngelesNew York

Based on 2003 Air Quality Data

AtlantaChicagoHoustonLos AngelesNew York

Based on 2004 Air Quality Data

Atlanta

***These 8-hr average standards, denoted m/n, are characterized by a concentration of m ppm and an nth daily maximum. So, for example, the current s0.084/4 -- 0.084 ppm, 4th daily maximum 8-hr average. These nth daily maximum standards require that the average of the 3 annual nth daily maxima oveperiod be at or below the specified level (e.g., 0.084 ppm).

ChicagoHoustonLos AngelesNew York

 5C-9
Table 5C-7. Estimated Incidence of Health Risks Associated with O3 Concentrations that Just Meet the Current and 

 Daily Maximum Standards: Boston, MA, April - September, Based on 2004 O3 Concentrations

Respiratory 

Symptoms* Study Ages Lag Exposure Metric Other Pollutants in Model

0.084/4*** 0.084/3 0.080/4**** 0.074/5 0.074/4 0.074/3 

0 - 12 1-day lag 1 hr max. none 45 42 42 41 38 36 

(7 - 79) (7 - 75) (7 - 74) (7 - 73) (6 - 67) (6 - 64) 

0 - 12 0-day lag 1 hr max. PM2.5 72 68 67 66 61 58 

(32 - 107) (30 - 102) (30 - 101) (29 - 99) (27 - 92) (26 - 88) 

0 - 12 1-day lag 1 hr max. PM2.5 66 62 62 61 56 53 

(25 - 102) (24 - 97) (24 - 96) (23 - 94) (21 - 87) (20 - 83) 

0 - 12 1-day lag 8 hr max. none 46 44 43 42 39 37 

(15 - 75) (14 - 71) (14 - 70) (13 - 69) (12 - 63) (12 - 61) 

0 - 12 1-day lag 1 hr max. none 48 46 45 44 41 39 

(6 - 87) (6 - 83) (5 - 82) (5 - 80) (5 - 74) (5 - 71) 

0 - 12 1-day lag 8 hr max. none 53 50 50 49 45 43 

(10 - 92) (10 - 87) (10 - 87) (9 - 85) (9 - 78) (8 - 75) 

0 - 12 0-day lag 1 hr max. PM2.5 132 124 123 121 111 106 

(47 - 208) (44 - 197) (44 - 196) (43 - 192) (39 - 177) (37 - 169) 

*Respiratory symptoms among asthmatic medication-users associated with short-term exposures to O3. 

****This alternative 8-hr standard assumes an alternative rounding convention where the standard is specified to the third decimal place.Note: Numbers in parentheses are 95% confidence or credible intervals based on statistical uncertainty surrounding the O3 coefficient.

Wheeze Gent et al. (2003)Chest tightness

Gent et al. (2003)

Shortness of breath 

Gent et al. (2003)

Shortness of breath ***An 8-hr average standard, denoted m/n is characterized by a concentration of m ppm and an nth daily maximum. So, for example, the current standard is 0.084/4 maximum 8-hr average using the current rounding convention. 

Incidence of Respiratory Symptom-Days (in 100s) Associated with O3 Concentrati

Current and Alternative O3 Standards**

Chest tightness

Gent et al. (2003)

Chest tightness

Gent et al. (2003)

**Incidence was quantified down to estimated policy relevant background levels. Incidences of respiratory symptom-days are rounded to the nearest 100.

Gent et al. (2003)

Chest tightness

Gent et al. (2003)

 5C -10
Table 5C-8. Estimated Percent of Total Incidence of Health Risks Associated with O3 Concentrations that Just Meet the Cur

 Daily Maximum Standards: Boston, MA, April - September, Based on 2004 O3 Concentrations

Respiratory 

Symptoms* Study Ages Lag Exposure Metric Other Pollutants in Model

0.084/4*** 0.084/3 0.080/4**** 0.074/5 0.074/4 0.074/3 

0 - 12 1-day lag 1 hr max. none 8% 7.6% 7.5% 7.4% 6.8% 6.5% 

(1.3% - 14.2%) (1.2% - 13.4%) (1.2% - 13.3%) (1.2% - 13.1%) (1.1% - 12%) (1% - 11.5

0 - 12 0-day lag 1 hr max. PM2.5 12.9% 12.2% 12.1% 11.9% 11% 10.5% 

(5.8% - 19.3%) (5.5% - 18.3%) (5.4% - 18.2%) (5.3% - 17.8%) (4.9% - 16.5%) (4.6% - 15.

0 - 12 1-day lag 1 hr max. PM2.5 11.9% 11.2% 11.1% 10.9% 10% 9.6% 

(4.6% - 18.4%) (4.3% - 17.4%) (4.3% - 17.3%) (4.2% - 17%) (3.8% - 15.7%) (3.7% - 15

0 - 12 1-day lag 8 hr max. none 8.3% 7.8% 7.8% 7.6% 7% 6.7% 

(2.6% - 13.4%) (2.5% - 12.7%) (2.5% - 12.6%) (2.4% - 12.4%) (2.2% - 11.4%) (2.1% - 10.

0 - 12 1-day lag 1 hr max. none 7% 6.6% 6.5% 6.4% 5.9% 5.6% 

(0.8% - 12.6%) (0.8% - 11.9%) (0.8% - 11.8%) (0.8% - 11.6%) (0.7% - 10.6%) (0.7% - 10.

0 - 12 1-day lag 8 hr max. none 7.6% 7.2% 7.2% 7% 6.4% 6.1% 

(1.5% - 13.2%) (1.4% - 12.5%) (1.4% - 12.4%) (1.4% - 12.2%) (1.2% - 11.2%) (1.2% - 10.

0 - 12 0-day lag 1 hr max. PM2.5 10.1% 9.6% 9.5% 9.3% 8.6% 8.2% 

(3.6% - 16%) (3.4% - 15.2%) (3.4% - 15.1%) (3.3% - 14.8%) (3% - 13.7%) (2.9% - 13

*Respiratory symptoms among asthmatic medication-users associated with short-term exposures to O3. 

****This alternative 8-hr standard assumes an alternative rounding convention where the standard is specified to the third decimal place.Note: Numbers in parentheses are 95% confidence or credible intervals based on statistical uncertainty surrounding the O3 coefficient.

Gent et al. (2003)

Chest tightness Gent et al. 

(2003)

Shortness of breath

Gent et al. (2003)

Shortness of breath

Gent et al. (2003)

***An 8-hr average standard, denoted m/n is characterized by a concentration of m ppm and an nth daily maximum. So, for example, the current standard is 0.084/4 -- 0.084 ppmthe current rounding convention. 

Percent of Total Incidence of Respiratory Symptom-Days Associated with O3 Concentratio

Alternative O3 Standards**

Chest tightness Gent et al. 

(2003)

Chest tightness Gent et al. 

(2003)

Chest tightness Gent et al. 

(2003)

Wheeze**Incidence was quantified down to estimated policy relevant background levels. Percents are rounded to the nearest tenth.

 5C -11
Table 5C-9. Estimated Incidence of Health Risks Associated with O3 Concentrations that Just Meet the Current and Al

 Daily Maximum Standards: Boston, MA, April - September, Based on 2002 O3 Concentrations

0.084/4*** 0.084/3 0.080/4**** 0.074/5 0.074/4 0.074/3 

0 - 12 1-day lag 1 hr max. none 61 58 58 57 53 52 

(10 - 105) (9 - 101) (9 - 1) (9 - 99) (9 - 93) (8 - 90) 

0 - 12 0-day lag 1 hr max. PM2.5 96 93 92 90 85 82 

(44 - 141) (42 - 136) (42 - 135) (41 - 133) (38 - 126) (37 - 122) 

0 - 12 1-day lag 1 hr max. PM2.5 89 85 85 83 78 76 

(35 - 135) (33 - 130) (33 - 129) (32 - 127) (30 - 120) (29 - 116) 

0 - 12 1-day lag 8 hr max. none 64 61 60 59 56 54 

(21 - 101) (20 - 97) (20 - 97) (19 - 95) (18 - 90) (17 - 87) 

0 - 12 1-day lag 1 hr max. none 66 63 63 61 58 56 

(8 - 117) (8 - 113) (8 - 112) (8 - 110) (7 - 103) (7 - 1) 

0 - 12 1-day lag 8 hr max. none 73 70 70 68 64 62 

(15 - 125) (14 - 120) (14 - 119) (13 - 117) (13 - 110) (12 - 107) 

0 - 12 0-day lag 1 hr max. PM2.5 178 171 169 166 156 151 

(65 - 277) (62 - 266) (61 - 264) (60 - 259) (56 - 245) (54 - 238) 

*Respiratory symptoms among asthmatic medication-users associated with short-term exposures to O3. 

****This alternative 8-hr standard assumes an alternative rounding convention where the standard is specified to the third decimal place.Note: Numbers in parentheses are 95% confidence or credible intervals based on statistical uncertainty surrounding the O3 coefficient.

Ages Lag

Gent et al. (2003)

Shortness of breath Chest tightness

Gent et al. (2003)

Chest tightness Gent et al. 

(2003)

Wheeze Gent et al. 

(2003)

Chest tightnessShortness of breath 

Gent et al. (2003)

***An 8-hr average standard, denoted m/n is characterized by a concentration of m ppm and an nth daily maximum. So, for example, the current standard is 0.084/4 -- 0hr average using the current rounding convention. 

Incidence of Respiratory Symptom-Days (in 100s) Associated with O3 Concen

Current and Alternative O3 Standards** Other Pollutants 

in Model

Respiratory 

Symptoms*

Chest tightness Gent et al. 

(2003)

Exposure 

Metric Study

**Incidence was quantified down to estimated policy relevant background levels. Incidences of respiratory symptom-days are rounded to the nearest 100.

Gent et al. (2003)

 5C -12
Table 5C-10. Estimated Percent of Total Incidence of Health Risks Associated with O3 Concentrations that Just Meet the Cur

 Daily Maximum Standards: Boston, MA, April - September, Based on 2002 O3 Concentrations

0.084/4*** 0.084/3 0.080/4**** 0.074/5 0.074/4 0.074/

0 - 12 1-day lag 1 hr max. none 11% 10.5% 10.4% 10.2% 9.6% 9.3% 

(1.8% - 18.9%) (1.7% - 18.2%) (1.7% - 18.1%) (1.6% - 17.7%) (1.5% - 16.7%) (1.5% - 16

0 - 12 0-day lag 1 hr max. PM2.5 17.3% 16.6% 16.5% 16.2% 15.3% 14.8% 

(7.9% - 25.4%) (7.6% - 24.5%) (7.5% - 24.3%) (7.3% - 23.9%) (6.9% - 22.6%) (6.7% - 21

0 - 12 1-day lag 1 hr max. PM2.5 16% 15.3% 15.2% 14.9% 14% 13.6% 

(6.3% - 24.3%) (6% - 23.3%) (6% - 23.2%) (5.8% - 22.7%) (5.5% - 21.5%) (5.3% - 20

0 - 12 1-day lag 8 hr max. none 11.4% 10.9% 10.9% 10.6% 10% 9.7% 

(3.7% - 18.2%) (3.5% - 17.5%) (3.5% - 17.4%) (3.4% - 17%) (3.2% - 16.1%) (3.1% - 15

0 - 12 1-day lag 1 hr max. none 9.5% 9.1% 9% 8.8% 8.3% 8% 

(1.2% - 16.9%) (1.1% - 16.2%) (1.1% - 16.1%) (1.1% - 15.8%) (1% - 14.9%) (1% - 14.

0 - 12 1-day lag 8 hr max. none 10.6% 10.1% 10% 9.8% 9.2% 8.9% 

(2.1% - 17.9%) (2% - 17.2%) (2% - 17.1%) (1.9% - 16.8%) (1.8% - 15.8%) (1.8% - 15

0 - 12 0-day lag 1 hr max. PM2.5 13.7% 13.1% 13% 12.8% 12% 11.6% 

(5% - 21.3%) (4.8% - 20.5%) (4.7% - 20.4%) (4.6% - 20%) (4.3% - 18.9%) (4.2% - 18

*Respiratory symptoms among asthmatic medication-users associated with short-term exposures to O3. 

****This alternative 8-hr standard assumes an alternative rounding convention where the standard is specified to the third decimal place.Note: Numbers in parentheses are 95% confidence or credible intervals based on statistical uncertainty surrounding the O3 coefficient.

**Incidence was quantified down to estimated policy relevant background levels. Percents are rounded to the nearest tenth.Wheeze Gent et al. 

(2003)

Chest tightness Gent et al. 

(2003)

Shortness of breath 

Gent et al. (2003)

Shortness of breath 

Gent et al. (2003)

Chest tightness Gent et al. 

(2003)

Chest tightness Gent et al. 

(2003)

Exposure 

Metric

***An 8-hr average standard, denoted m/n is characterized by a concentration of m ppm and an nth daily maximum. So, for example, the current standard is 0.084/4 -- 0.084 ppmthe current rounding convention. 

Percent of Total Incidence of Respiratory Symptom-Days Associated with O3 Concentrati

Alternative O3 Standards** Other Pollutants 

in Model

Respiratory 

Symptoms* Study Ages Lag

Chest tightness Gent et al. 

(2003)

 5C -13
Table 5C-11. Estimated Incidence, Incidence per 100,000 Relevant Population, and Percent of Total Incidence 

 Admissions Associated with O3 Concentrations that Just Meet the Current and Alternative 8-Hou

 Standards: New York, NY, April - September, Based on 2004 O3 Concentrations*

0.084/4*** 0.084/3 0.080/4  0.074/5 0.074/4 0.074/3 0.07

3-day lag 366 334 341 314 304 279 

(89 - 644) (81 - 588) (82 - 599) (76 - 551) (73 - 534) (67 - 490) (67 

1-day lag 313 286 291 268 259 238 

(66 - 559) (61 - 510) (62 - 520) (57 - 479) (55 - 464) (51 - 425) (51 

0.084/4** * 0.084/3 0.080/4**** 0.074/5 0.074/4 0.074/3 0.07

3-day lag 4.6 4.2 4.3 3.9 3.8 3.5 

(1.1 - 8) (1 - 7.3) (1 - 7.5) (0.9 - 6.9) (0.9 - 6.7) (0.8 - 6.1) (0.

1-day lag 3.9 3.6 3.6 3.3 3.2 3 

(0.8 - 7) (0.8 - 6.4) (0.8 - 6.5) (0.7 - 6) (0.7 - 5.8) (0.6 - 5.3) (0.

0.084/4*** 0.084/3 0.080/4  0.074/5 0.074/4 0.074/3 0.07

3-day lag 1% 0.9% 1% 0.9% 0.9% 0.8% 0

(0.3% - 1.8%) (0.2% - 1.7%) (0.2% - 1.7%) (0.2% - 1.6%) (0.2% - 1.5%) (0.2% - 1.4%) (0.2% 

1-day lag 2.4% 2.2% 2.2% 2% 2% 1.8% 1

(0.5% - 4.3%) (0.5% - 3.9%) (0.5% - 4%) (0.4% - 3.6%) (0.4% - 3.5%) (0.4% - 3.2%) (0.4% 

** **This alternative 8-hr standard assumes an alternative rounding convention where the standard is specified to the third decimal place.Note: Numbers in parentheses are 95% confidence or credible intervals based on statistical uncertainty surrounding the O 3 coefficient.

Incidence of Health Effects Associated with O3 Concentrations that Just Meet the Current and Alter

*Based on single-pollutant models from Thurston et al. (1992) relating daily hospital admissions among all ages to daily 1-hr maximum O 3 exposures. New 

defined as the five boroughs of New York City.

Incidence of Health Effects per 100,000 Relevant Population Associated with O3 Concentrations that J

Alternative O3 Standards

Percent of Total Incidence of Health Effects Associated with O3 Concentrations that Just Meet the Cu

Standards

Hospital AdmissionsHospital Admissions Lag

Asthma (unscheduled) 

Hospital Admissions

Respiratory illness (unscheduled)***An 8-hr average standard, denoted m/n is characterized by a concentration of m ppm and an nth daily maximum. So, for example, the current standard is 4th daily maximum 8-hr average using the current rounding convention. Respiratory illness (unscheduled)Asthma (unscheduled) 

Lag

Respiratory illness (unscheduled)Asthma (unscheduled) **Incidence was quantified down to estimated policy relevant background levels. Incidences are rounded to the nearest whole number; incidences per 100,0and percent of total incidence are rounded to the nearest tenth. 

Lag

 5C-14 
Table 5C-12. Estimated Incidence, Incidence per 100,000 Relevant Population, and Percent of Total Incidence 

 Admissions Associated with O3 Concentrations that Just Meet the Current and Alternative 8-Hou

 Standards: New York, NY, April - September, Based on 2002 O3 Concentrations*

0.084/4*** 0.084/3 0.080/4  0.074/5 0.074/4 0.074/3 0.07

3-day lag 513 472 483 452 439 404 

(124 - 902) (114 - 830) (117 - 850) (109 - 795) (106 - 772) (98 - 710) (99 

1-day lag 438 403 413 386 375 345 

(93 - 783) (86 - 720) (88 - 738) (82 - 690) (80 - 670) (73 - 617) (75 

0.084/4** * 0.084/3 0.080/4**** 0.074/5 0.074/4 0.074/3 0.07

3-day lag 6.4 5.9 6 5.6 5.5 5 

(1.5 - 11.3) (1.4 - 10.4) (1.5 - 10.6) (1.4 - 9.9) (1.3 - 9.6) (1.2 - 8.9) (1

1-day lag 5.5 5 5.2 4.8 4.7 4.3 

(1.2 - 9.8) (1.1 - 9) (1.1 - 9.2) (1 - 8.6) (1 - 8.4) (0.9 - 7.7) (0.

0.084/4*** 0.084/3 0.080/4  0.074/5 0.074/4 0.074/3 0.07

3-day lag 1.5% 1.3% 1.4% 1.3% 1.2% 1.1% 1

(0.4% - 2.6%) (0.3% - 2.3%) (0.3% - 2.4%) (0.3% - 2.2%) (0.3% - 2.2%) (0.3% - 2%) (0.3

1-day lag 3.3% 3.1% 3.1% 2.9% 2.9% 2.6% 2

(0.7% - 6%) (0.7% - 5.5%) (0.7% - 5.6%) (0.6% - 5.3%) (0.6% - 5.1%) (0.6% - 4.7%) (0.6% 

** **This alternative 8-hr standard assumes an alternative rounding convention where the standard is specified to the third decimal place.

Note: Numbers in parentheses are 95% confidence or credible intervals based on statistical uncertainty surrounding the O 3 coefficient.

Incidence of Health Effects Associated with O3 Concentrations that Just Meet the Current and Alter

*Based on single-pollutant models from Thurston et al. (1992) relating daily hospital admissions among all ages to daily 1-hr maximum O 3 exposures. New 

defined as the five boroughs of New York City.

Incidence of Health Effects per 100,000 Relevant Population Associated with O3 Concentrations that J

Alternative O3 Standards

Percent of Total Incidence of Health Effects Associated with O3 Concentrations that Just Meet the Cu

Standards

Asthma (unscheduled) 

Hospital Admissions Lag

Asthma (unscheduled) 

Hospital Admissions

***An 8-hr average standard, denoted m/n is characterized by a concentration of m ppm and an nth daily maximum. So, for example, the current standard is 4th daily maximum 8-hr average using the current rounding convention. Respiratory illness (unscheduled)Asthma (unscheduled) **Incidence was quantified down to estimated policy relevant background levels. Incidences are rounded to the nearest whole number; incidences per 100,0and percent of total incidence are rounded to the nearest tenth. Respiratory illness (unscheduled)

Lag

Hospital Admissions

Respiratory illness (unscheduled)

Lag

 5C-15
Table 5C-13. Estimated Incidence of Non-Accidental Mortality Associated with O3 Concentrations that Just Meet th

 Alternative 8-Hour Daily Maximum Standards: April - September, Based on 2004 

O3 Concentrations* 

Location Study Lag Exposure Metric

0.084/4*** 0.084/3 0.080/4  0.074/5 0.074/4 0.074/3 0

distributed lag 24 hr avg. 5 5 4 4 4 4 

(-20 - 29) (-20 - 29) (-18 - 26) (-16 - 23) (-15 - 22) (-15 - 22) 

distributed lag 24 hr avg. 9 9 8 7 7 7 

(3 - 15) (3 - 15) (3 - 14) (2 - 12) (2 - 12) (2 - 12) 

distributed lag 24 hr avg. 6 5 5 5 4 4 

(2 - 9) (2 - 9) (2 - 9) (2 - 8) (1 - 7) (1 - 7) 

distributed lag 24 hr avg. 33 31 29 26 23 22 

(11 - 55) (10 - 52) (10 - 48) (9 - 43) (8 - 39) (7 - 36) 

0-day lag 1 hr max. 314 300 288 268 249 238 

(99 - 525) (95 - 501) (91 - 482) (85 - 448) (79 - 417) (75 - 399) 

0-day lag 1 hr max. 118 113 108 101 93 89 

(37 - 199) (35 - 190) (34 - 182) (31 - 170) (29 - 157) (28 - 151) 

distributed lag 24 hr avg. 19 18 17 15 14 14 

(-12 - 49) (-11 - 46) (-11 - 44) (-9 - 39) (-9 - 37) (-9 - 36) 

distributed lag 24 hr avg. 12 11 11 9 9 9 

(4 - 20) (4 - 19) (4 - 18) (3 - 16) (3 - 15) (3 - 14) 

Bell et al. (2004) distributed lag 24 hr avg. 24 22 21 21 17 16 

(-8 - 56) (-7 - 51) (-7 - 49) (-7 - 48) (-6 - 40) (-5 - 38) 

distributed lag 24 hr avg. 12 11 11 11 9 8 

(4 - 20) (4 - 19) (4 - 18) (4 - 18) (3 - 15) (3 - 14) 

Schwartz (2004) 0-day lag 1 hr max. 107 102 99 97 87 83 

(-17 - 229) (-17 - 218) (-16 - 212) (-16 - 209) (-14 - 186) (-13 - 178) 

0-day lag 1 hr max. 58 55 54 53 47 45 

(18 - 98) (17 - 93) (17 - 91) (17 - 89) (15 - 79) (14 - 76) 

Ito (2003) 0-day lag 24 hr avg. 29 27 26 25 21 20 

(-27 - 85) (-25 - 78) (-24 - 75) (-23 - 73) (-20 - 62) (-18 - 57) 

Bell et al. (2004) distributed lag 24 hr avg. 22 20 19 17 16 15 

(1 - 42) (1 - 39) (1 - 37) (1 - 32) (1 - 30) (1 - 28) 

distributed lag 24 hr avg. 11 10 10 8 8 7 

(4 - 18) (3 - 16) (3 - 16) (3 - 13) (3 - 13) (2 - 12) 

Schwartz (2004) 0-day lag 1 hr max. 70 66 65 59 57 55 

(6 - 132) (6 - 126) (6 - 123) (5 - 112) (5 - 109) (5 - 104) 

0-day lag 1 hr max. 58 55 54 49 48 46 

(18 - 98) (17 - 93) (17 - 91) (15 - 83) (15 - 81) (14 - 77) 

Incidence of Non-Accidental Mortality Associated with O3 Concentrations that Jus

Alternative O3 Standards** 

Atlanta

Boston

Chicago

Cleveland

Houston

Schwartz -- 14 US Cities (2004)

Detroit

Schwartz -- 14 US Cities (2004)Bell et al. -- 95 US Cities (2004)Bell et al. -- 95 US Cities (2004)Bell et al. (2004)Bell et al. -- 95 US Cities (2004)Schwartz -- 14 US Cities (2004)Schwartz (2004)Bell et al. -- 95 US Cities (2004)Bell et al. (2004)Bell et al. -- 95 US Cities (2004)Bell et al. -- 95 US Cities (2004)

 5C-16
Location Study Lag Exposure Metric

0.084/4*** 0.084/3 0.080/4  0.074/5 0.074/4 0.074/3 0

Incidence of Non-Accidental Mortality Associated with O3 Concentrations that Jus

Alternative O3 Standards** 

Bell et al. (2004) distributed lag 24 hr avg. 31 30 27 22 20 19 

(-74 - 135) (-72 - 131) (-66 - 120) (-52 - 95) (-49 - 90) (-46 - 83) 

distributed lag 24 hr avg. 67 64 59 47 44 41 

(22 - 111) (22 - 107) (20 - 98) (16 - 78) (15 - 74) (14 - 68) 

distributed lag 24 hr avg. 43 38 39 35 33 29 

(15 - 72) (13 - 63) (13 - 65) (12 - 58) (11 - 55) (10 - 48) 

distributed lag 24 hr avg. 17 15 15 13 13 12 

(6 - 28) (5 - 25) (5 - 25) (4 - 22) (4 - 21) (4 - 20) 

1-day lag 24 hr avg. 59 54 54 47 46 42 

(37 - 81) (34 - 75) (34 - 74) (30 - 65) (29 - 63) (27 - 58) 

Bell et al. (2004) distributed lag 24 hr avg. 8 8 8 7 7 7 

(-25 - 42) (-25 - 41) (-23 - 39) (-21 - 35) (-21 - 34) (-20 - 34) 

distributed lag 24 hr avg. 12 12 11 10 10 10 

(4 - 21) (4 - 20) (4 - 19) (4 - 17) (3 - 17) (3 - 17) 

Bell et al. (2004) distributed lag 24 hr avg. 3 2 2 2 2 1 

(-4 - 9) (-4 - 8) (-4 - 8) (-3 - 6) (-3 - 6) (-2 - 5) 

distributed lag 24 hr avg. 2 2 2 2 1 1 

(1 - 4) (1 - 3) (1 - 3) (1 - 3) (0 - 2) (0 - 2) 

distributed lag 24 hr avg. 7 6 6 6 6 5 

(2 - 12) (2 - 10) (2 - 11) (2 - 9) (2 - 9) (2 - 8) 

*All results are for mortality (among all ages) associated with short-term exposures to O3. All results are based on single-pollutant models. 

**Incidence was quantified down to estimated policy relevant background levels. Incidences are rounded to the nearest whole number.Note: Numbers in parentheses are 95% confidence or credible intervals based on statistical uncertainty surrounding the O3 coefficient.

g y pp y p 

8-hr average. 

St Louis

Sacramento

Washington

Philadelphia

New York

Los Angeles Bell et al. -- 95 US 

Cities (2004)Bell et al. -- 95 US Cities (2004)Bell et al. -- 95 US Cities (2004)Bell et al. -- 95 US Cities (2004)Moolgavkar et al. (1995)Bell et al. -- 95 US Cities (2004)Bell et al. -- 95 US Cities (2004)

 5C-17
Table 5C-14. Estimated Percent of Total Incidence of Non-Accidental Mortality Associated with O3 Concentrations that Ju

 Alternative 8-Hour Daily Maximum Standards: April - September, Based on 2004 

O3 Concentrations* 

Location Study Lag Exposure Metric

0.084/4*** 0.084/3 0.080/4  0.074/5 0.074/4 0.074/3 

24 hr avg. 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 

(-0.4% -0.6%) (-0.4% -0.6%) (-0.4% -0.6%) (-0.3% -0.5%) (-0.3% -0.5%) (-0.3% -0.5%) 

24 hr avg. 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 

(0.1% -0.3%) (0.1% -0.3%) (0.1% -0.3%) (0.1% -0.3%) (0.1% -0.3%) (0.1% -0.3%) 

24 hr avg. 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 

(0.1% -0.4%) (0.1% -0.3%) (0.1% -0.3%) (0.1% -0.3%) (0.1% -0.3%) (0.1% -0.3%) 

24 hr avg. 0.2% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 

(0.1% -0.3%) (0% -0.2%) (0% -0.2%) (0% -0.2%) (0% -0.2%) (0% -0.2%) 

0-day lag 1 hr max. 1.5% 1.4% 1.4% 1.3% 1.2% 1.1% 

(0.5% -2.5%) (0.5% -2.4%) (0.4% -2.3%) (0.4% -2.1%) (0.4% -2%) (0.4% -1.9%) 

0-day lag 1 hr max. 0.6% 0.5% 0.5% 0.5% 0.4% 0.4% 

(0.2% -0.9%) (0.2% -0.9%) (0.2% -0.9%) (0.1% -0.8%) (0.1% -0.7%) (0.1% -0.7%) 

24 hr avg. 0.3% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 

(-0.2% -0.7%) (-0.1% -0.6%) (-0.1% -0.6%) (-0.1% -0.5%) (-0.1% -0.5%) (-0.1% -0.5%) 

24 hr avg. 0.2% 0.2% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 

(0.1% -0.3%) (0.1% -0.3%) (0% -0.2%) (0% -0.2%) (0% -0.2%) (0% -0.2%) 

Bell et al. (2004) 24 hr avg. 0.3% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 

(-0.1% -0.6%) (-0.1% -0.5%) (-0.1% -0.5%) (-0.1% -0.5%) (-0.1% -0.4%) (-0.1% -0.4%) 

24 hr avg. 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 

(0% -0.2%) (0% -0.2%) (0% -0.2%) (0% -0.2%) (0% -0.2%) (0% -0.1%) 

Schwartz (2004) 0-day lag 1 hr max. 1.1% 1.1% 1.1% 1% 0.9% 0.9% 

(-0.2% -2.4%) (-0.2% -2.3%) (-0.2% -2.3%) (-0.2% -2.2%) (-0.1% -2%) (-0.1% -1.9%) 

0-day lag 1 hr max. 0.6% 0.6% 0.6% 0.6% 0.5% 0.5% 

(0.2% -1%) (0.2% -1%) (0.2% -1%) (0.2% -0.9%) (0.2% -0.8%) (0.1% -0.8%) 

Ito (2003) 0-day lag 24 hr avg. 0.3% 0.3% 0.3% 0.3% 0.2% 0.2% 

(-0.3% -0.9%) (-0.3% -0.8%) (-0.3% -0.8%) (-0.2% -0.8%) (-0.2% -0.7%) (-0.2% -0.6%) 

Bell et al. (2004) 24 hr avg. 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 

(0% -0.5%) (0% -0.4%) (0% -0.4%) (0% -0.4%) (0% -0.3%) (0% -0.3%) 

24 hr avg. 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 

(0% -0.2%) (0% -0.2%) (0% -0.2%) (0% -0.1%) (0% -0.1%) (0% -0.1%) 

Schwartz (2004) 0-day lag 1 hr max. 0.8% 0.7% 0.7% 0.6% 0.6% 0.6% 

(0.1% -1.5%) (0.1% -1.4%) (0.1% -1.4%) (0.1% -1.2%) (0.1% -1.2%) (0.1% -1.1%) 

0-day lag 1 hr max. 0.6% 0.6% 0.6% 0.5% 0.5% 0.5% 

(0.2% -1.1%) (0.2% -1%) (0.2% -1%) (0.2% -0.9%) (0.2% -0.9%) (0.2% -0.8%) 

distributed 

lag

distributed 

lag

distributed 

lag

distributed 

lag

distributed 

lag

distributed 

lag

distributed 

lag

distributed 

lag

distributed 

lag

Houston

Percent of Total Incidence of Non-Accidental Mortality Associated with O3 Concentrations tha

Alternative O3 Standards** 

Atlanta

Boston

Chicago

distributed 

lag

Bell et al. -- 95 US Cities (2004)

Cleveland

Bell et al. -- 95 US Cities (2004)Schwartz -- 14 US Cities (2004)

Detroit

Schwartz -- 14 US Cities (2004)Bell et al. -- 95 US Cities (2004)Bell et al. (2004)Bell et al. -- 95 US Cities (2004)Schwartz -- 14 US Cities (2004)Schwartz (2004)Bell et al. -- 95 US Cities (2004)Bell et al. (2004)Bell et al. -- 95 US Cities (2004)

 5C-18
Location Study Lag Exposure Metric

0.084/4*** 0.084/3 0.080/4  0.074/5 0.074/4 0.074/3 

Percent of Total Incidence of Non-Accidental Mortality Associated with O3 Concentrations tha

Alternative O3 Standards** 

Bell et al. (2004) 24 hr avg. 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 

(-0.3% -0.5%) (-0.3% -0.5%) (-0.2% -0.4%) (-0.2% -0.3%) (-0.2% -0.3%) (-0.2% -0.3%) 

24 hr avg. 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 

(0.1% -0.4%) (0.1% -0.4%) (0.1% -0.4%) (0.1% -0.3%) (0.1% -0.3%) (0.1% -0.3%) 

24 hr avg. 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 

(0% -0.2%) (0% -0.2%) (0% -0.2%) (0% -0.2%) (0% -0.2%) (0% -0.2%) 

24 hr avg. 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.1% 

(0.1% -0.3%) (0.1% -0.3%) (0.1% -0.3%) (0.1% -0.3%) (0.1% -0.3%) (0% -0.2%) 

1-day lag 24 hr avg. 0.7% 0.7% 0.7% 0.6% 0.6% 0.5% 

(0.5% -1%) (0.4% -0.9%) (0.4% -0.9%) (0.4% -0.8%) (0.4% -0.8%) (0.3% -0.7%) 

Bell et al. (2004) 24 hr avg. 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 

(-0.6% -1%) (-0.6% -1%) (-0.6% -0.9%) (-0.5% -0.8%) (-0.5% -0.8%) (-0.5% -0.8%) 

24 hr avg. 0.3% 0.3% 0.3% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 

(0.1% -0.5%) (0.1% -0.5%) (0.1% -0.5%) (0.1% -0.4%) (0.1% -0.4%) (0.1% -0.4%) 

Bell et al. (2004) 24 hr avg. 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 

(-0.2% -0.5%) (-0.2% -0.4%) (-0.2% -0.4%) (-0.1% -0.3%) (-0.1% -0.3%) (-0.1% -0.3%) 

24 hr avg. 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 

(0% -0.2%) (0% -0.2%) (0% -0.2%) (0% -0.1%) (0% -0.1%) (0% -0.1%) 

24 hr avg. 0.3% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 

(0.1% -0.4%) (0.1% -0.4%) (0.1% -0.4%) (0.1% -0.3%) (0.1% -0.3%) (0.1% -0.3%) 

*All results are for mortality (among all ages) associated with short-term exposures to O3. All results are based on single-pollutant models. 

Note: Numbers in parentheses are 95% confidence or credible intervals based on statistical uncertainty surrounding the O3 coefficient.

distributed 

lag

***An 8-hr average standard, denoted m/n is characterized by a concentration of m ppb and an nth daily maximum. So, for example, the current standard is 84/4 -- 84 ppb, 4

distributed 

lag

distributed 

lag

distributed 

lag

**Incidence was quantified down to estimated policy relevant background levels. Percents are rounded to the nearest tenth.

Bell et al. -- 95 US Cities (2004) Washington

New York

Los Angeles

distributed 

lag

distributed 

lag

St Louis

Sacramento

Bell et al. -- 95 US Cities (2004)

Philadelphia

Bell et al. -- 95 US Cities (2004)Bell et al. -- 95 US Cities (2004)

distributed 

lag

distributed 

lag

distributed 

lag

Bell et al. -- 95 US Cities (2004)Moolgavkar et al. (1995)Bell et al. -- 95 US Cities (2004)

 5C-19
Table 5C-15. Estimated Incidence of Non-Accidental Mortality Associated with O3 Concentrations that Just Meet th

 Alternative 8-Hour Daily Maximum Standards: April - September, Based on 2002 

O3 Concentrations* 

Location Study Lag Exposure Metric

0.084/4*** 0.084/3 0.080/4  0.074/5 0.074/4 0.074/3 0

distributed lag 24 hr avg. 7 7 6 6 6 6 

(-30 - 43) (-30 - 43) (-28 - 40) (-26 - 38) (-24 - 35) (-24 - 35) 

distributed lag 24 hr avg. 14 14 13 12 11 11 

(5 - 23) (5 - 23) (4 - 21) (4 - 20) (4 - 19) (4 - 19) 

distributed lag 24 hr avg. 9 8 8 8 7 7 

(3 - 15) (3 - 14) (3 - 14) (3 - 13) (3 - 12) (2 - 12) 

distributed lag 24 hr avg. 55 52 50 47 44 43 

(18 - 91) (18 - 87) (17 - 84) (16 - 79) (15 - 74) (14 - 71) 

0-day lag 1 hr max. 427 412 401 381 361 350 

(136 - 712) (131 - 687) (127 - 669) (121 - 636) (115 - 603) (111 - 585) 

0-day lag 1 hr max. 161 156 151 144 136 132 

(51 - 271) (49 - 261) (47 - 254) (45 - 242) (43 - 229) (41 - 222) 

distributed lag 24 hr avg. 49 47 46 43 42 40 

(-31 - 128) (-30 - 123) (-29 - 120) (-27 - 112) (-26 - 109) (-25 - 105) 

distributed lag 24 hr avg. 31 30 29 27 27 26 

(10 - 52) (10 - 50) (10 - 49) (9 - 45) (9 - 44) (9 - 43) 

Bell et al. (2004) distributed lag 24 hr avg. 46 43 43 42 38 35 

(-15 - 106) (-14 - 100) (-14 - 98) (-14 - 97) (-12 - 87) (-11 - 81) 

distributed lag 24 hr avg. 24 22 22 22 19 18 

(8 - 39) (7 - 37) (7 - 36) (7 - 36) (6 - 32) (6 - 30) 

Schwartz (2004) 0-day lag 1 hr max. 158 150 148 147 134 128 

(-26 - 336) (-24 - 320) (-24 - 316) (-24 - 313) (-22 - 287) (-21 - 274) 

0-day lag 1 hr max. 86 82 81 80 73 70 

(27 - 144) (26 - 137) (25 - 136) (25 - 134) (23 - 123) (22 - 117) 

Ito (2003) 0-day lag 24 hr avg. 56 53 52 51 46 43 

(-52 - 162) (-49 - 151) (-48 - 150) (-48 - 147) (-42 - 132) (-40 - 124) 

Bell et al. (2004) distributed lag 24 hr avg. 18 16 16 13 13 12 

(1 - 34) (1 - 32) (1 - 31) (1 - 26) (1 - 25) (1 - 23) 

distributed lag 24 hr avg. 9 8 8 7 6 6 

(3 - 15) (3 - 13) (3 - 13) (2 - 11) (2 - 10) (2 - 10) 

Schwartz (2004) 0-day lag 1 hr max. 63 59 58 53 51 48 

(6 - 119) (5 - 113) (5 - 110) (5 - 100) (5 - 97) (4 - 92) 

0-day lag 1 hr max. 53 50 49 44 43 40 

(16 - 88) (16 - 84) (15 - 82) (14 - 74) (13 - 72) (13 - 68) 

Incidence of Non-Accidental Mortality Associated with O3 Concentrations that Jus

Alternative O3 Standards** 

Atlanta

Boston

Chicago

Cleveland

Houston

Schwartz -- 14 US Cities (2004)

Detroit

Schwartz -- 14 US Cities (2004)Bell et al. -- 95 US Cities (2004)Bell et al. -- 95 US Cities (2004)Bell et al. (2004)Bell et al. -- 95 US Cities (2004)Schwartz -- 14 US Cities (2004)Schwartz (2004)Bell et al. -- 95 US Cities (2004)Bell et al. (2004)Bell et al. -- 95 US Cities (2004)Bell et al. -- 95 US Cities (2004)

 5C-20
Location Study Lag Exposure Metric

0.084/4*** 0.084/3 0.080/4  0.074/5 0.074/4 0.074/3 0

Incidence of Non-Accidental Mortality Associated with O3 Concentrations that Jus

Alternative O3 Standards** 

Bell et al. (2004) distributed lag 24 hr avg. 24 23 21 15 15 13 

(-58 - 105) (-55 - 100) (-50 - 91) (-36 - 66) (-35 - 64) (-32 - 59) 

distributed lag 24 hr avg. 52 49 45 33 32 29 

(17 - 86) (17 - 82) (15 - 74) (11 - 54) (11 - 53) (10 - 48) 

distributed lag 24 hr avg. 84 76 78 73 70 64 

(28 - 139) (25 - 126) (26 - 130) (24 - 121) (23 - 116) (21 - 106) 

distributed lag 24 hr avg. 30 28 28 26 26 24 

(10 - 50) (10 - 47) (9 - 47) (9 - 43) (9 - 42) (8 - 40) 

1-day lag 24 hr avg. 107 101 101 93 91 86 

(67 - 146) (63 - 138) (63 - 137) (58 - 127) (57 - 124) (54 - 117) 

Bell et al. (2004) distributed lag 24 hr avg. 12 12 11 11 10 10 

(-37 - 60) (-36 - 58) (-35 - 57) (-32 - 53) (-32 - 52) (-31 - 50) 

distributed lag 24 hr avg. 18 17 17 16 15 15 

(6 - 30) (6 - 29) (6 - 28) (5 - 26) (5 - 26) (5 - 25) 

Bell et al. (2004) distributed lag 24 hr avg. 5 5 5 4 4 4 

(-9 - 20) (-9 - 19) (-8 - 18) (-8 - 16) (-7 - 15) (-7 - 15) 

distributed lag 24 hr avg. 5 5 4 4 4 4 

(2 - 8) (2 - 8) (1 - 7) (1 - 7) (1 - 6) (1 - 6) 

distributed lag 24 hr avg. 14 12 13 12 12 10 

(5 - 23) (4 - 20) (4 - 21) (4 - 19) (4 - 19) (3 - 17) 

*All results are for mortality (among all ages) associated with short-term exposures to O3. All results are based on single-pollutant models. 

**Incidence was quantified down to estimated policy relevant background levels. Incidences are rounded to the nearest whole number.Note: Numbers in parentheses are 95% confidence or credible intervals based on statistical uncertainty surrounding the O3 coefficient.

***An 8-hr average standard, denoted m/n is characterized by a concentration of m ppb and an nth daily maximum. So, for example, the current standard is 84/4 -- 8-hr average. 

St Louis

Sacramento

Washington

Philadelphia

New York

Los Angeles Bell et al. -- 95 US 

Cities (2004)Bell et al. -- 95 US Cities (2004)Bell et al. -- 95 US Cities (2004)Bell et al. -- 95 US Cities (2004)Moolgavkar et al. (1995)Bell et al. -- 95 US Cities (2004)Bell et al. -- 95 US Cities (2004)

 5C-21
Table 5C-16. Estimated Percent of Total Incidence of Non-Accidental Mortality Associated with O3 Concentrations that Ju

 Alternative 8-Hour Daily Maximum Standards: April - September, Based on 2002 

O3 Concentrations* 

Location Study Lag Exposure Metric

0.084/4*** 0.084/3 0.080/4  0.074/5 0.074/4 0.074/3 

24 hr avg. 0.2% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 

(-0.7% -0.9%) (-0.6% -0.9%) (-0.6% -0.9%) (-0.6% -0.8%) (-0.5% -0.8%) (-0.5% -0.8%) 

24 hr avg. 0.3% 0.3% 0.3% 0.3% 0.2% 0.2% 

(0.1% -0.5%) (0.1% -0.5%) (0.1% -0.5%) (0.1% -0.4%) (0.1% -0.4%) (0.1% -0.4%) 

24 hr avg. 0.3% 0.3% 0.3% 0.3% 0.3% 0.3% 

(0.1% -0.6%) (0.1% -0.5%) (0.1% -0.5%) (0.1% -0.5%) (0.1% -0.5%) (0.1% -0.5%) 

24 hr avg. 0.3% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 

(0.1% -0.4%) (0.1% -0.4%) (0.1% -0.4%) (0.1% -0.4%) (0.1% -0.3%) (0.1% -0.3%) 

1 hr max. 2% 2% 1.9% 1.8% 1.7% 1.7% 

(0.6% -3.4%) (0.6% -3.3%) (0.6% -3.2%) (0.6% -3%) (0.5% -2.9%) (0.5% -2.8%) 

1 hr max. 0.8% 0.7% 0.7% 0.7% 0.6% 0.6% 

(0.2% -1.3%) (0.2% -1.2%) (0.2% -1.2%) (0.2% -1.1%) (0.2% -1.1%) (0.2% -1.1%) 

24 hr avg. 0.7% 0.6% 0.6% 0.6% 0.6% 0.5% 

(-0.4% -1.7%) (-0.4% -1.7%) (-0.4% -1.6%) (-0.4% -1.5%) (-0.4% -1.5%) (-0.3% -1.4%) 

24 hr avg. 0.4% 0.4% 0.4% 0.4% 0.4% 0.3% 

(0.1% -0.7%) (0.1% -0.7%) (0.1% -0.7%) (0.1% -0.6%) (0.1% -0.6%) (0.1% -0.6%) 

Bell et al. (2004) 24 hr avg. 0.5% 0.5% 0.5% 0.4% 0.4% 0.4% 

(-0.2% -1.1%) (-0.1% -1.1%) (-0.1% -1%) (-0.1% -1%) (-0.1% -0.9%) (-0.1% -0.9%) 

24 hr avg. 0.3% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 

(0.1% -0.4%) (0.1% -0.4%) (0.1% -0.4%) (0.1% -0.4%) (0.1% -0.3%) (0.1% -0.3%) 

Schwartz (2004) 1 hr max. 1.7% 1.6% 1.6% 1.6% 1.4% 1.4% 

(-0.3% -3.6%) (-0.3% -3.4%) (-0.3% -3.4%) (-0.3% -3.3%) (-0.2% -3%) (-0.2% -2.9%) 

1 hr max. 0.9% 0.9% 0.9% 0.8% 0.8% 0.7% 

(0.3% -1.5%) (0.3% -1.5%) (0.3% -1.4%) (0.3% -1.4%) (0.2% -1.3%) (0.2% -1.2%) 

Ito (2003) 24 hr avg. 0.6% 0.6% 0.6% 0.5% 0.5% 0.5% 

(-0.6% -1.7%) (-0.5% -1.6%) (-0.5% -1.6%) (-0.5% -1.6%) (-0.5% -1.4%) (-0.4% -1.3%) 

Bell et al. (2004) 24 hr avg. 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 

(0% -0.4%) (0% -0.3%) (0% -0.3%) (0% -0.3%) (0% -0.3%) (0% -0.2%) 

24 hr avg. 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 

(0% -0.2%) (0% -0.1%) (0% -0.1%) (0% -0.1%) (0% -0.1%) (0% -0.1%) 

Schwartz (2004) 1 hr max. 0.7% 0.7% 0.6% 0.6% 0.6% 0.5% 

(0.1% -1.3%) (0.1% -1.2%) (0.1% -1.2%) (0.1% -1.1%) (0.1% -1.1%) (0% -1%) 

1 hr max. 0.6% 0.5% 0.5% 0.5% 0.5% 0.4% 

(0.2% -1%) (0.2% -0.9%) (0.2% -0.9%) (0.2% -0.8%) (0.1% -0.8%) (0.1% -0.7%) 

distributed 

lag

distributed 

lag

0-day lag0-day lag

distributed 

lag

0-day lag0-day lag0-day lag

distributed 

lag

distributed 

lag

distributed 

lag

distributed 

lag

0-day lag0-day lag

distributed 

lag

distributed 

lag

distributed 

lag

Percent of Total Incidence of Non-Accidental Mortality Associated with O3 Concentrations tha

Alternative O3 Standards** 

Atlanta

Boston

Chicago

Cleveland

Houston

Schwartz -- 14 US Cities (2004)

Detroit

Schwartz -- 14 US Cities (2004)Bell et al. -- 95 US Cities (2004)Bell et al. -- 95 US Cities (2004)Bell et al. (2004)Bell et al. -- 95 US Cities (2004)Schwartz -- 14 US Cities (2004)Schwartz (2004)Bell et al. -- 95 US Cities (2004)Bell et al. (2004)Bell et al. -- 95 US Cities (2004)Bell et al. -- 95 US Cities (2004)

 5C-22
Location Study Lag Exposure Metric

0.084/4*** 0.084/3 0.080/4  0.074/5 0.074/4 0.074/3 

Percent of Total Incidence of Non-Accidental Mortality Associated with O3 Concentrations tha

Alternative O3 Standards** 

Bell et al. (2004) 24 hr avg. 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0% 

(-0.2% -0.4%) (-0.2% -0.4%) (-0.2% -0.3%) (-0.1% -0.2%) (-0.1% -0.2%) (-0.1% -0.2%) 

24 hr avg. 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 

(0.1% -0.3%) (0.1% -0.3%) (0.1% -0.3%) (0% -0.2%) (0% -0.2%) (0% -0.2%) 

24 hr avg. 0.3% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 

(0.1% -0.4%) (0.1% -0.4%) (0.1% -0.4%) (0.1% -0.4%) (0.1% -0.4%) (0.1% -0.3%) 

24 hr avg. 0.4% 0.4% 0.4% 0.3% 0.3% 0.3% 

(0.1% -0.6%) (0.1% -0.6%) (0.1% -0.6%) (0.1% -0.5%) (0.1% -0.5%) (0.1% -0.5%) 

24 hr avg. 1.3% 1.3% 1.3% 1.2% 1.1% 1.1% 

(0.8% -1.8%) (0.8% -1.7%) (0.8% -1.7%) (0.7% -1.6%) (0.7% -1.5%) (0.7% -1.5%) 

Bell et al. (2004) 24 hr avg. 0.3% 0.3% 0.3% 0.3% 0.2% 0.2% 

(-0.9% -1.4%) (-0.8% -1.4%) (-0.8% -1.3%) (-0.8% -1.3%) (-0.8% -1.2%) (-0.7% -1.2%) 

24 hr avg. 0.4% 0.4% 0.4% 0.4% 0.4% 0.4% 

(0.1% -0.7%) (0.1% -0.7%) (0.1% -0.7%) (0.1% -0.6%) (0.1% -0.6%) (0.1% -0.6%) 

Bell et al. (2004) 24 hr avg. 0.3% 0.3% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 

(-0.5% -1%) (-0.4% -0.9%) (-0.4% -0.9%) (-0.4% -0.8%) (-0.4% -0.8%) (-0.3% -0.7%) 

24 hr avg. 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 

(0.1% -0.4%) (0.1% -0.4%) (0.1% -0.4%) (0.1% -0.3%) (0.1% -0.3%) (0.1% -0.3%) 

24 hr avg. 0.5% 0.4% 0.5% 0.4% 0.4% 0.4% 

(0.2% -0.8%) (0.1% -0.7%) (0.2% -0.8%) (0.1% -0.7%) (0.1% -0.7%) (0.1% -0.6%) 

*All results are for mortality (among all ages) associated with short-term exposures to O3. All results are based on single-pollutant models. 

Note: Numbers in parentheses are 95% confidence or credible intervals based on statistical uncertainty surrounding the O3 coefficient.

distributed 

lag

distributed 

lag

distributed 

lag

distributed 

lag

distributed 

lag

distributed 

lag

***An 8-hr average standard, denoted m/n is characterized by a concentration of m ppb and an nth daily maximum. So, for example, the current standard is 84/4 -- 84 ppb, 4

St Louis

Sacramento

Washington

Philadelphia

New York

Los Angeles Bell et al. -- 95 US 

Cities (2004)Bell et al. -- 95 US Cities (2004)

**Incidence was quantified down to estimated policy relevant background levels. Percents are rounded to the nearest tenth.

Bell et al. -- 95 US Cities (2004)Bell et al. -- 95 US Cities (2004)Moolgavkar et al. (1995)Bell et al. -- 95 US Cities (2004)Bell et al. -- 95 US Cities (2004)

1-day lag

distributed 

lag

distributed 

lag

distributed 

lag

 5C-23
Table 5C-17. Sensitivity Analysis: Impact of Alternative Estimates of Policy Relevant Background (PRB) on Estimated Numbe

 Engaged in Moderate Exertion Estimated to Experience At Least One Lung Function Response (Change in FEV1>=1

 with Exposure to O3 Concentrations That Just Meet the Current and Alternative Daily Maximum 8-Hour Standards, 

O3 Seasons*

2004 Air Quality 0.084/4*** 0.074/4 0.064/4 2002 Air Quality 0.084/4*** 

34 20 12 6 59 36 

(19 - 51) (8 - 34) (2 - 22) (0 - 14) (40 - 81) (21 - 54) 

35 21 12 7 60 37 

(19 - 54) (8 - 36) (2 - 25) (0 - 16) (40 - 84) (21 - 56) 

33 19 11 5 58 35 

(19 - 48) (8 - 31) (2 - 19) (0 - 11) (40 - 79) (21 - 51) 

220 34 17 6 220 35 

(149 - 298) (5 - 62) (1 - 36) (0 - 14) (150 - 297) (7 - 62) 

225 38 22 11 225 39 

(149 - 312) (5 - 75) (1 - 49) (0 - 27) (150 - 311) (7 - 75) 

218 32 16 4 218 33 

(149 - 293) (5 - 57) (1 - 31) (0 - 9) (150 - 292) (7 - 57) 

112 43 25 14 346 142 

(55 - 176) (6 - 84) (0 - 56) (0 - 35) (244 - 462) (79 - 216) (

114 45 27 16 348 144 

(55 - 183) (6 - 92) (0 - 63) (0 - 43) (244 - 469) (79 - 222) (

110 41 23 12 343 140 

(55 - 169) (6 - 78) (0 - 49) (0 - 29) (244 - 455) (79 - 208) (

*Numbers are median (0.5 fractile) numbers of children. Numbers in parentheses below the median are 95% credible intervals based on statistical uncertainty surrounding the O3 coefficient. 

**Incidence was quantified down to estimated policy relevant background levels. Incidences are rounded to the nearest 1000.***These 8-hr average standards, denoted m/n, are characterized by a concentration of m ppm and an nth daily maximum. So, for example, the current standard is 0.084/4 -- 0.084 

average. These nth daily maximum standards require that the average of the 3 annual nth daily maxima over a 3-year period be at or below the specified level (e.g., 0.084 ppm).

Los Angeles - with higher PRBNew YorkNew York - with lower PRBNew York - with higher PRBAtlanta - with lower PRBAtlanta - with higher PRBLos AngelesLos Angeles - with lower PRB

Location

Atlanta

Number of All Children (in 1000s) with at Least One Response, 

Based on Adjusting 2004 O3 Concentrations**

Number of All Children (in 1000s) wi

Based on Adjusting 2002 O3 

 5C-24
Table 5C-18. Sensitivity Analysis: Impact of Alternative Estimates of Policy Relevant Background (PRB) on Estimated

Incidence of Non-Accidental Mortality Associated with O3 Concentrations that Just Meet the Current

Standard (0.084 ppm, 4th Daily Maximum): April - September, 2002*

Estimates of PRB

Concentrations

Estimates of PRB

Concentrations Minus

5 ppb***

Estimates of PRB

Concentrations Plus 5

ppb

distributed lag 24 hr avg. 7 15 4

(-30 - 43) (-63 - 90) (-18 - 26)

distributed lag 24 hr avg. 14 29 8

(5 - 23) (10 - 48) (3 - 14)

distributed lag 24 hr avg. 9 13 6

(3 - 15) (4 - 21) (2 - 9)

distributed lag 24 hr avg. 55 88 31

(18 - 91) (29 - 146) (10 - 51)

0-day lag 1 hr max. 427 526 333

(136 - 712) (167 - 876) (106 - 556)

0-day lag 1 hr max. 161 199 126

(51 - 271) (62 - 334) (39 - 212)

distributed lag 24 hr avg. 49 69 33

(-31 - 128) (-44 - 180) (-21 - 87)

distributed lag 24 hr avg. 31 44 21

(10 - 52) (15 - 73) (7 - 35)

Bell et al. (2004) distributed lag 24 hr avg. 46 73 27

(-15 - 106) (-24 - 169) (-9 - 63)

distributed lag 24 hr avg. 24 38 14

(8 - 39) (13 - 62) (5 - 23)

Schwartz (2004) 0-day lag 1 hr max. 158 189 128

(-26 - 336) (-31 - 403) (-21 - 273)

0-day lag 1 hr max. 86 103 70

(27 - 144) (32 - 173) (22 - 117)

Ito (2003) 0-day lag 24 hr avg. 56 89 33

(-52 - 162) (-83 - 256) (-31 - 95)

Bell et al. (2004) distributed lag 24 hr avg. 18 34 8

(1 - 34) (2 - 65) (1 - 16)

distributed lag 24 hr avg. 9 17 4

(3 - 15) (6 - 28) (1 - 7)

Schwartz (2004) 0-day lag 1 hr max. 63 80 48

(6 - 119) (7 - 151) (4 - 92)

0-day lag 1 hr max. 53 66 40

(16 - 88) (21 - 112) (13 - 68)

Bell et al. (2004) distributed lag 24 hr avg. 24 44 9

(-58 - 105) (-106 - 192) (-22 - 41)

distributed lag 24 hr avg. 52 95 20

(17 - 86) (32 - 157) (7 - 33)

distributed lag 24 hr avg. 84 121 45

(28 - 139) (41 - 202) (15 - 74)

distributed lag 24 hr avg. 30 43 19

(10 - 50) (14 - 71) (6 - 32)

1-day lag 24 hr avg. 107 152 68

(67 - 146) (96 - 208) (43 - 94)

Bell et al. (2004) distributed lag 24 hr avg. 12 17 8

(-37 - 60) (-51 - 83) (-24 - 40)

distributed lag 24 hr avg. 18 25 12

(6 - 30) (8 - 41) (4 - 20)

Bell et al. (2004) distributed lag 24 hr avg. 5 9 3

(-9 - 20) (-15 - 31) (-5 - 11)

distributed lag 24 hr avg. 5 8 3

(2 - 8) (3 - 13) (1 - 4)

distributed lag 24 hr avg. 14 17 9

(5 - 23) (6 - 28) (3 - 14)

*All results are for mortality (among all ages) associated with short-term exposures to O3. All results are based on single-pollutant models.

***In Atlanta, 10 ppb were subtracted from estimated PRB concentrations; in all other locations, 5 ppb were subtracted.

Note: Numbers in parentheses are 95% confidence or credible intervals based on statistical uncertainty surrounding the O3 coefficient.

Bell et al. -- 95 US Cities (2004)

New York

Bell et al. -- 95 US Cities (2004)

Bell et al. -- 95 US Cities (2004)

Moolgavkar et al. (1995)

Bell et al. -- 95 US Cities (2004)

Bell et al. -- 95 US Cities (2004)

Washington

Bell et al. -- 95 US Cities (2004)

Bell et al. -- 95 US Cities (2004)

Schwartz -- 14 US Cities (2004)

Schwartz (2004)

Bell et al. -- 95 US Cities (2004)

**Incidences are rounded to the nearest whole number; incidences per 100,000 relevant population and percents are rounded to the nearest tenth.

Los Angeles

Philadelphia

Sacramento

St Louis

Schwartz -- 14 US Cities (2004)

Schwartz -- 14 US Cities (2004)

Bell et al. -- 95 US Cities (2004)

Bell et al. -- 95 US Cities (2004)

Detroit

Houston

Bell et al. (2004)

Bell et al. -- 95 US Cities (2004) Atlanta

Boston

Chicago

Cleveland

Bell et al. (2004)

Bell et al. -- 95 US Cities (2004)

Incidence of Non-Accidental Mortality Associated with O3 Above:**

Location Study Lag Exposure

Metric
5C-26

Figure 5C-1. Percent of All Children (Ages 5-18) Engaged in Moderate Exertion Estimated to Experience 

Function Response (Decrement in FEV1 ≥ 15%) Associated with Exposure to O3 Concentration

the Current and Alternative Average 4th Daily Maximum 8-Hour Standards, for Location-Spec

(Based on Adjusting 2004 Air Quality) 

*95% confidence intervals associated with these risk estimates are provided in Table 5C-2 of this Appendix. An 8-hr average sta

characterized by a concentration of m ppm and an nth daily maximum. So, for example, the current standard is 0.084/4 – 0.084 p

maximum 8-hr average. The 4th daily maximum standards, denoted m/4, require that the average of the 3 annual nth daily maximperiod be at or below the specified level 

Recent (2004)8480

74

70

64

AtlantaBoston Chicago ClevelandDetroit Houston Los Angeles New York Philadelphia Sacramento St. Louis Washington, D.C.

0%

1%

2%

3%

4%

5%

6%

7%

8%

9%

10%

Percent All Children Responding

Ozone 

Concentration/

Standards (ppb)

Urban Areas
5C-27 

Figure 5C-2.Percent of All Children (Ages 5-18) Engaged in Moderate Exertion Estimated to Experience At 

Least One Lung Function Response (Decrement in FEV1 ≥ 15 %) Associated with Recent Air 

Quality (2004) and Exposure to O3 Concentrations That Just Meet the Current and Alternative 

Average 4th Daily Maximum 8-Hour Standards, for Location-Specific O3 Seasons (Based on 

Adjusting 2004 Air Quality)* 

Atlanta 

0%

2%

4%

6%

8%

10%

12%

Recent (2004)

0.084/4

0.084/3

0.080/4

0.074/5

0.074/4

0.074/3

0.070/4

0.064/4

Ozone Concentrations/Standards

Percent All Children 

Responding (and 95% CI)

Boston 

0%

2%

4%

6%

8%

10%

12%

Recent (2004)

0.084/4

0.084/3

0.080/4

0.074/5

0.074/4

0.074/3

0.070/4

0.064/4

Ozone Concentrations/Standards

Percent of All Children 

Responding (and 95% CI)

Chicago 

0%

2%

4%

6%

8%

10%

12%

Recent (2004)

0.084/4

0.084/30.080/4

0.074/5

0.074/40.074/3

0.070/4

0.064/4

Ozone Concentrations/Standards

Percent All Children 

Responding (and 95% CI)

Cleveland 

0%

2%

4%

6%

8%

10%

12%

Recent (2004)

0.084/40.084/30.080/4

0.074/5

0.074/4

0.074/3

0.070/40.064/4

Ozone Concentrations/Standards

Percent All Children 

Responding (and 95% CI)

Detroit 

0%

2%

4%

6%

8%

10%

12%

Recent (2004)

0.084/40.084/3

0.080/4

0.074/50.074/4

0.074/3

0.070/4

0.064/4

Ozone Concentrations/Standards

Percent All Children 

Responding (and 95% CI)

Houston 

0%

2%

4%

6%

8%

10%

12%

Recent (2004)

0.084/4

0.084/3

0.080/4

0.074/50.074/4

0.074/3

0.070/4

0.064/4

Ozone Concentrations/Standards

Percent All Children 

Responding (and 95% CI)
5C-28 

Figure 5C-2. (Continued) 

Los Angeles 

0%

2%

4%

6%

8%

10%

12%

Recent (2004)

0.084/4

0.084/30.080/4

0.074/5

0.074/40.074/3

0.070/4

0.064/4

Ozone Concentrations/Standards

Percent All Children Responding 

(and 95% CI)

New York 

0%

2%

4%

6%

8%

10%

12%

Recent (2004)

0.084/4

0.084/3

0.080/4

0.074/5

0.074/4

0.074/3

0.070/4

0.064/4

Ozone Concentrations/Standards

Percent All Children Responding 

(and 95% CI)

Philadelphia 

0%

2%

4%

6%

8%

10%

12%

Recent (2004)

0.084/4

0.084/30.080/4

0.074/50.074/4

0.074/3

0.070/40.064/4

Ozone Concentrations/Standards

Percent All Children Respondin

g

(and 95% CI)

Sacramento 

0%

2%

4%

6%

8%

10%

12%

Recent (2004)

0.084/4

0.084/30.080/4

0.074/50.074/4

0.074/30.070/4

0.064/4

Ozone Concentrations/Standards

Percent All Children Respondin

g

(and 95% CI)

St. Louis 

0%

2%

4%

6%

8%

10%

12%

Recent (2004)

0.084/4

0.084/3

0.080/4

0.074/5

0.074/4

0.074/3

0.070/4

0.064/4

Ozone Concentrations/Standards

Percent All Children Respondin

g

(and 95% CI)

Washington, D.C. 

0%

2%

4%

6%

8%

10%

12%

Recent (2004)

0.084/4

0.084/3

0.080/4

0.074/5

0.074/4

0.074/3

0.070/4

0.064/4

Ozone Concentrations/Standards

Percent All Children Respondin

g

(and 95% CI)

* An 8-hr average standard, denoted m/n is characterized by a concentration of m ppm and an nth daily maximum. So, for 

example, the current standard is 0.084/4 – 0.084 ppm, 4th daily maximum 8-hr average. The 4th daily maximum standards, 

denoted m/4, require that the average of the 3 annual nth daily maxima over a 3-year period be at or below the specified level..
5C-29 

Figure 5C-3. Percent of Asthmatic Children (Ages 5-18) Engaged in Moderate Exertion Estimated 

to Experience At Least One Lung Function Response (Decrement in FEV1 ≥ 10%) 

Associated with Exposure to O3 Concentrations That Just Meet the Current and 

Alternative Average 4th Daily Maximum 8-Hour Standards, for Location-Specific O3

Seasons (Based on Adjusting 2004 Air Quality) 

*95% confidence intervals associated with these risk estimates are provided in Table 5C-5 of this Appendix. An 8-

hr average standard, denoted m/n is characterized by a concentration of m ppm and an nth daily maximum. So, for 

example, the current standard is 0.084/4 – 0.084 ppm, 4th daily maximum 8-hr average. The 4th daily maximum 

standards, denoted m/4, require that the average of the 3 annual nth daily maxima over a 3-year period be at or 

below the specified level 

Recent (2004)

84

74

64

Atlanta Chicago Houston Los Angeles New York

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

Percent Asthmatic Children Responding

Ozone Conc./

Standards (ppb)

Urban Areas
5C-30 

Figure 5C-4. Percent of Asthmatic Children (Ages 5-18) Engaged in Moderate Exertion Estimated to 

Experience At Least One Lung Function Response (Decrement in FEV1 ≥ 10 %) Associated with 

Recent Air Quality (2004) and Exposure to O3 Concentrations That Just Meet the Current and 

Alternative 8-Hour Standards, for Location-Specific O3 Seasons: Based on Adjusting 2004 O3

Concentrations* 

Atlanta 

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

Recent (2004)

0.084/4

0.074/4

0.064/4

0.084/12

0.074/12

0.064/12

Ozone Concentrations/Standards

Percent Asthmatic Children

Responding (and 95% CI)

Chicago 

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

Recent (2004)

0.084/4

0.074/4

0.064/4

0.084/12

0.074/12

0.064/12

Ozone Concentrations/Standards

Percent Asthmatic Children

Responding (and 95% CI)

Houston 

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

Recent (2004)

0.084/4

0.074/4

0.064/4

0.084/120.074/12

0.064/12

Ozone Concentrations/Standards

Percent Asthmatic Children

Responding (and 95% CI)

Los Angeles 

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

Recent (2004)

0.084/40.074/4

0.064/4

0.084/12

0.074/12

0.064/12

Ozone Concentrations/Standards

Percent Asthmatic Children

Responding (and 95% CI)

New York 

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

Recent (2004)

0.084/4

0.074/4

0.064/4

0.084/12

0.074/12

0.064/12

Ozone Concentrations/Standards

Percent Asthmatic Children

Responding (and 95% CI)

* An 8-hr average standard, denoted m/n is characterized by a 

concentration of m ppm and an nth daily maximum. So, for 

example, the current standard is 0.084/4 – 0.084 ppm, 4th daily 

maximum 8-hr average. The 4th daily maximum standards, 

denoted m/4, require that the average of the 3 annual nth daily 

maxima over a 3-year period be at or below the specified level 

(e.g., 0.084 ppm). 
5C-31

Figure 5C-5. Estimated Symptom-Days for Chest Tightness Among Moderate/Severe 

Asthmatic Children (Ages 0 – 12) in Boston Associated with Recent (AprilSeptember 2004) O3 Levels and with Levels Just Meeting Alternative Average 

4th-HighestDaily Maximum 8-Hour Ozone Standards* 

 Based on Gent et al., 2003) 

 

*95% confidence intervals associated with these risk estimates are provided in Table 5C-5 of this Appendix. An 8-

hr average standard, denoted m/n is characterized by a concentration of m ppm and an nth-highest daily maximum. 

So, for example, the current standard is 0.084/4 – 0.084 ppm, 4th-highest daily maximum 8-hr average. The 4th–

highest daily maximum standards, denoted m/4, require that the average of the 3 annual nth-highest daily maxima 

over a 3-year period be at or below the specified level 

Recent (2004)

84

80

74

70

64

1-day lag/ 1 hr

max./ no other

pollutants

0-day lag/ 1 hr

max./ PM2.5

1-day lag/ 1 hr

max./ PM2.5

1-day lag/ 8 hr

max./ no other

pollutants

0

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000

7,000

8,000

9,000

10,000

11,000

Estimated Symptom-Days

Ozone 

Concentrations/

 Standard 

Levels (ppb)

Concentration-Response Model
5C-32

Figure 5C-6. Estimated Incidence of (Unscheduled) Respiratory Hospital Admissions per 

100,000 Relevant Population in New York Associated with Recent (April – 

September, 2004) O3 Levels and with O3 Levels Just Meeting Alternative 

Average 4th-Highest Daily Maximum 8-Hour Standards 

 (based on Thurston et al., 1992) 

*95% confidence intervals associated with these risk estimates are provided in Table 5C-7 of this Appendix. An 8-

hr average standard, denoted m/n is characterized by a concentration of m ppm and an nth-highest daily maximum. 

So, for example, the current standard is 0.084/4 – 0.084 ppm, 4th-highest daily maximum 8-hr average. The 4thhighest daily maximum standards, denoted m/4, require that the average of the 3 annual nth-highest daily maxima 

over a 3-year period be at or below the specified level 

Recent

(2004) 84

80

74

70

64 Repiratory

Illness

Asthma

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

7.0

8.0

Incidence per 100,000 

Relevant Population

Ozone Concentrations/

Standard Levels (ppb)

Diagnosis Category
5C-33

Figure 5C-7. Estimated Incidence of Non-Accidental Mortality per 100,000 Relevant 

Population Associated with Recent Air Quality (2004) and with Just Meeting 

Alternative Average 4th-Highest Daily Maximum 8-Hour O3 Standards 

(Using Bell et al., 2004 – 95 U.S. Cities Function), Based on 2004 Ozone 

Concentrations 

*95% confidence intervals associated with these risk estimates are provided in Table 5C-13 of this Appendix. An 8-

hr average standard, denoted m/n is characterized by a concentration of m ppm and an nth daily maximum. So, for 

example, the current standard is 0.084/4 – 0.084 ppm, 4th-highest daily maximum 8-hr average. The 4th-highest 

daily maximum standards, denoted m/4, require that the average of the 3 annual nth-highest daily maxima over a 3-

year period be at or below the specified level 

Recent (2004)84807470

64

Atlanta

Boston

Chicago

Cleveland

Detroit

Houston

Los Angeles

New York

Philadelphia

Sacramento

St. Louis

Washington, D.C.

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

Incidence per 100,000 Relevant Population

Ozone

Concentrations/

Standard Levels (ppb)

Urban Areas
5C-34

Figure 5C-8. Annual Warm Season (April to September) Estimated O3-Related NonAccidental Mortality Associated with Recent (2004) O3 Levels and Levels Just Meeting 

Alternative 8-hr O3 Standards (Using Bell et al., 2004 – 95 U.S. Cities Function) 

Atlanta 

0.0

0.6

1.2

1.8

2.4

3.0

3.6

4.2

4.8

Recent (2004)

0.084/4

0.084/3

0.080/4

0.074/5

0.074/4

0.074/3

0.070/4

0.064/4

Ozone Concentrations/Standards

Mortality per 100,000 Relevant 

Population (and 95% CI)

Boston 

0.0

0.6

1.2

1.8

2.4

3.0

3.6

4.2

4.8

Recent (2004)

0.084/4

0.084/3

0.080/4

0.074/5

0.074/4

0.074/3

0.070/4

0.064/4

Ozone Concentrations/Standards

Mortality per 100,000 Relevant 

Population (and 95% CI)

Chicago 

0.0

0.6

1.2

1.8

2.4

3.0

3.6

4.2

4.8

Recent (2004)

0.084/4

0.084/3

0.080/4

0.074/5

0.074/4

0.074/3

0.070/4

0.064/4

Ozone Concentrations/Standards

Mortality per 100,000 Relevant 

Population (and 95% CI)

Cleveland 

0.0

0.6

1.2

1.8

2.4

3.0

3.6

4.2

4.8

Recent (2004)

0.084/4

0.084/3

0.080/4

0.074/5

0.074/4

0.074/3

0.070/4

0.064/4

Ozone Concentrations/Standards

Mortality per 100,000 Relevant 

Population (and 95% CI)

Detroit 

0.0

0.6

1.2

1.8

2.4

3.0

3.6

4.2

4.8

Recent (2004)

0.084/4

0.084/3

0.080/4

0.074/5

0.074/4

0.074/3

0.070/4

0.064/4

Ozone Concentrations/Standards

Mortality per 100,000 Relevant 

Population (and 95% CI)

Houston 

0.0

0.6

1.2

1.8

2.4

3.0

3.6

4.2

4.8

Recent (2004)

0.084/4

0.084/3

0.080/4

0.074/5

0.074/4

0.074/3

0.070/4

0.064/4

Ozone Concentrations/Standards

Mortality per 100,000 Relevant 

Population (and 95% CI)
5C-35

Figure 5C-8 (continued) 

Los Angeles 

0.0

0.6

1.2

1.8

2.4

3.0

3.6

4.2

4.8

Recent (2004)

0.084/4

0.084/3

0.080/4

0.074/5

0.074/4

0.074/3

0.070/4

0.064/4

Ozone Concentrations/Standards

Mortality per 100,000 Relevant 

Population (and 95% CI)

New York 

0.0

0.6

1.2

1.8

2.4

3.0

3.6

4.2

4.8

Recent (2004)

0.084/4

0.084/3

0.080/4

0.074/5

0.074/4

0.074/3

0.070/4

0.064/4

Ozone Concentrations/Standards

Mortality per 100,000 Relevant 

Population (and 95% CI)

Philadelphia 

0.0

0.6

1.2

1.8

2.4

3.0

3.6

4.2

4.8

Recent (2004)

0.084/4

0.084/3

0.080/4

0.074/5

0.074/4

0.074/3

0.070/4

0.064/4

Ozone Concentrations/Standards

Mortality per 100,000 Relevant 

Population (and 95% CI)

Sacramento 

0.0

0.6

1.2

1.8

2.4

3.0

3.6

4.2

4.8

Recent (2004)

0.084/4

0.084/3

0.080/4

0.074/5

0.074/4

0.074/3

0.070/4

0.064/4

Ozone Concentrations/Standards

Mortality per 100,000 Relevant 

Population (and 95% CI)

St. Louis 

0.0

0.6

1.2

1.8

2.4

3.0

3.6

4.2

4.8

Recent (2004)

0.084/4

0.084/3

0.080/4

0.074/5

0.074/4

0.074/3

0.070/4

0.064/4

Ozone Concentrations/Standards

Mortality per 100,000 Relevant 

Population (and 95% CI)

Washington, D.C. 

0.0

0.6

1.2

1.8

2.4

3.0

3.6

4.2

4.8

Recent (2004)

0.084/4

0.084/3

0.080/4

0.074/5

0.074/4

0.074/3

0.070/4

0.064/4

Ozone Concentrations/Standards

Mortality per 100,000 Relevant 

Population (and 95% CI)

*An 8-hr average standard, denoted m/n is characterized by a concentration of m ppm and an nth-highest daily 

maximum. So, for example, the current standard is 0.084/4 – 0.084 ppm, 4th-highest daily maximum 8-hr average. 

The 4th-highest daily maximum standards, denoted m/4, require that the average of the 3 annual nth-highest daily 

maxima over a 3-year period be at or below the specified level 
Total counties (population) Northeast Southeast

Industrial 

Midwest

Upper 

Midwest Southwest North

No. of counties with monitors 

(Population) 641 (189,802,858) 122 187 187 29 23 7

0.085 4th max 31 (49) 52 22 35 0 22 10.085 3rd max 40 (58) 66 30 48 0 22 20.080 4th max 48 (66) 74 39 57 3 30 20.074 5th max 69 (78) 89 67 78 14 52 40.074 4th max 74 (81) 95 74 84 21 61 40.074 3rd max 79 (86) 97 81 88 28 65 40.070 4th max 86 (90) 98 88 95 34 87 50.064 4th max 95 (96) 99 99 100 62 91 8**"Outside Regions" include Alaska and Hawaii.*Based on 2002-2004 data for sites that are at least 75% complete for the ozone season. As such, these estimates are not based othat would be used to determine whether an area would attain a given standard or set of standards. These are estimates can onlcounties that are likely not to attain the given standards and should be interpreted with caution. 

Predicted percent of counties with monitors (and percent of population in counties with monitoralternative ozone standards.

Alternative Standards and 

Levels (ppm)

Percent of counties, total and by region, (and total percent population) not likely to meet st

3 year daily 8-hr max:
APPENDICES FOR CHAPTER 7
APPENDIX 7A: BIOLOGICALLY RELEVANT FORMS OF 

AIR QUALITY INDICES APPROPRIATE FOR 

CHARACTERIZING VEGETATION EXPOSURES AND 

ASSOCIATED LEVELS 
7A-2 

APPENDIX 7A.

This appendix provides a general overview of several biologically relevant forms 

considered appropriate for characterizing exposures relevant to vegetation and currently 

in use or considered for use in a management context. 

 

CUMULATIVE, CONCENTRATION WEIGHTED FORMS: SUM06, W126, 

AOT40 

In an analysis done by Lee, et al., 1989, a group of cumulative, concentrationweighted forms performed equally well in predicting crop yield loss using data from the 

NCLAN studies. All three indices were evaluated in the 1996 Staff Paper. In some cases 

such O3 exposure indices have been shown to explain O3 effects as well or better than 

calculated internal O3 dose (Grulke, et al. 2002; Hanson et al., 1994). Additional 

research needs to be done to better evaluate the performance of these indices under a 

wide range of exposure scenarios. 

In the interim between the 1996 proposal notice and the 1997 final rule, the 

results of a consensus-building workshop on the need for a long-term cumulative 

secondary O3 standard were published. At this workshop, expert scientists expressed 

their judgments on what standard form(s) and level(s) would provide vegetation with 

adequate protection from O3-related adverse effects. After agreeing that some form of a 

cumulative standard would be most appropriate for a secondary standard, consensus was 

achieved that the SUM06 and W126 forms would give very similar protection against O3

effects on vegetation. It was agreed that SUM06 was an acceptable form of a secondary 

standard with the caveat that the acceptance of the SUM06 should not be interpreted as 

an acceptance of a threshold (Heck and Cowling, 1997). 

Consensus was also reached with respect to selecting appropriate levels in terms 

of a 3-month, 12-hr SUM06 standard. Below are the 3-month, 12-hr SUM06 ranges 

participants agreed should be considered for a number of endpoints. For foliar injury to 

natural ecosystems – a SUM06 range of 8 to 12 ppm-hr; for growth effects to tree 

seedlings in natural forest stands – a range of 10 to 15 ppm-hr; for growth effects to tree 

seedlings and saplings in plantations – a range of 12 to 16 ppm-hr; and for yield 

reductions in agricultural crops – a range of 15 to 20 ppm-hr (Heck and Cowling, 1997). 

Staff note that the AOT40 is another cumulative, concentration weighted form that is 

currently in use in Europe. This form cumulates the area over the 40 ppb threshold by 

subtracting 40 ppb from the value of the measured O3 level. See the Critical Level 

discussion below for levels of the AOT40 identified with protection for various 

vegetation effects endpoints. 
7A-3 

FLUX-BASED INDICES 

 As discussed in Chapter 7 above, a measure or prediction of plant O3 uptake is 

intuitively a better predictor of plant response to O3 exposure in the field than a measure 

of ambient exposure because it accounts for the plant’s integration of environmental 

factors that influence stomatal conductance. In practice, however, there are a number of 

complicating factors that are not easily accounted for in predictive uptake models. These 

include: 

 (1) The potential disconnect between the timing of two diunal patterns: 1) of 

maximum stomatal conductance and 2) the timing of peak exposure events. In the 

absence of synchronicity between these patterns, maximal stomatal conductance of O3 

will not occur and the predicted O3 effect for that species/individual on the basis of flux 

will be an overestimation. This concern is especially apparent when assessing the impact 

of O3 across all the varied climatic regions and species occurring within the United 

States. 

 (2) Not all O3 stomatal uptake results in a reduction in yield. This nonlinear 

relationship between O3 uptake and plant injury (not growth alteration) response depends 

to some degree on the amount of internal detoxification occurring with each particular 

species; species having high amounts of detoxification potential may show less of a 

relationship between O3 stomatal uptake and plant response. Because detoxification 

potential is genetically determined, it cannot be generalized across species. Scientific 

understanding of the detoxification mechanisms is not yet complete, so that much more 

needs to be learned about the detoxification processes available to plants and to what 

extent they modify the potentially phytotoxic dose in the leaf interior before this factor 

can be meaningfully considered in a biologically-relevant index. 

(3) The varying significance of nocturnal stomatal conductance. Musselman and 

Minnick (2000) performed an extensive review of the literature and reported that a large 

number of species had varying degrees of nocturnal stomatal conductance (Musselman 

and Minnick, 2000). Although stomatal conductance was lower at night than during the 

day for most plants, nocturnal conductance could result in some measurable O3 flux into 

the plants. In addition, it was suggested that plants might be more susceptible to O3

exposure at night than during the daytime, because of possibly lower plant defenses at 

night (Musselman and Minnick, 2000). Nocturnal O3 flux also depends on the level of 
7A-4 

turbulence that intermittently occurs at night. Thus, it would appear that the importance 

of nocturnal conductance and its contribution to total diurnal flux is species and site 

specific. For additional information on nocturnal conductance see Chapter 9 and AX9 of 

CD (EPA, 2006). 

 As is evident from the above discussion, multiple meteorological, species- and 

site-specific factors influence O3 uptake. In order to integrate those factors that drive the 

patterns of stomatal conductance and exposure, the use of O3 flux models is required. 

Though significant new research into flux model development has occurred since the last 

review, at this point in time these models remain species and site specific which limits 

their usefulness in national or regional scale risk assessments. However, in some 

countries, efforts are under way to incorporate flux into the policy context (see Critical 

Level discussion below). 

The Critical Level Approach 

 Both the concentration-based and flux-based exposure index forms can be used to 

establish a “critical level” for plant exposure to O3. One definition of a critical level is 

“the concentration of pollutant in the atmosphere above which direct adverse effects on 

receptors, such as plants, ecosystems, or materials may occur according to present 

knowledge” (UNECE, 1988). As used by the United Nations Economic Commission for 

Europe International Cooperative Programme (UNECE ICP), the critical levels are not air 

quality regulatory standards in the U.S. sense, but rather planning targets for reductions in 

pollutant emissions to protect ecological resources. Critical levels for O3 are intended to 

prevent long-term deleterious effects on the most sensitive plant species under the most 

sensitive environmental conditions, but not to quantify O3 effects. The nature of the 

“adverse effects” was not specified in the original definition, which provided for different 

levels for different types of harmful effect (e.g., visible injury or loss of crop yield). 

There are also different levels for crops, forests, and seminatural vegetation. The caveat, 

“according to present knowledge,” is important because critical levels are not rigid; they 

are revised periodically as new scientific information becomes available. To date, critical 

levels (Level I) have been set for agricultural crops, for foliar injury symptoms in the 

field and for forest trees in terms of the AOT40 index (see section 7.2.5 and U.S. EPA, 

2006). Specifically, critical levels of a 3 month, 3 ppm-hr and a 6 month, 10 ppm-hr 

AOT40 have been established for crops and tree seedlings, respectively. An additional 

provisional level of 7 ppm-hr over 6 months for herbaceous perennials has been 

recommended. Level I critical levels are currently used to map and identify areas in 
7A-5 

Europe in which the levels are exceeded, and that information is then used to plan 

optimized and effects-based abatement strategies. 

 In the 1990s, however, many exposure studies demonstrated that the simple, 

exposure-based approach led to the overestimation of effects in some regions and 

underestimation in others (Fuhrer et al., 1997; Kärenlampi and Skärby, 1996) because it 

did not differentiate between plant species, and it did not include modifying site and 

micrometeorological factors of O3 uptake such vapor pressure deficit (VPD), water stress, 

temperature, and light and variation in canopy height. At that time, a decision was made 

by the UNECE ICP to work towards a flux-based approach for the critical levels (“Level 

II”), with the goal of modeling O3 flux-effect relationships for three vegetation types: 

crops, forests, and seminatural vegetation (Grünhage and Jäger, 2003). Progress has been 

made in modeling flux (Ashmore et al., 2004a,b) and the Mapping Manual is being 

revised (Ashmore et al., 2004a,b; Grennfelt, 2004; Karlsson et al., 2003). The revisions 

may include a flux-based approach for three crops: wheat, potatoes, and cotton. 

However, because of a lack of flux-response data, a cumulative, cutoff concentrationbased (e.g., AOT40) exposure index will remain in use for the near future for most crops 

and for forests and seminatural herbaceous vegetation (Ashmore et al., 2004a). 

Summary 

 Flux-based models are currently limited by the species-specific information 

required and by the observed nonlinearity between total flux and plant response. Better 

understanding of the detoxification and compensation processes would be required to 

account for this nonlinearity in future models. Other relevant information that should be 

evaluated include the extent to which: (1) nighttime exposures represent a significant 

percentage of total diurnal exposures, and whether their impact on growth or foliar injury 

effects are proportional; (2) the degree to which elevation and nocturnal turbulence alter 

actual nocturnal uptake; and (3) differences in plant defense mechanisms and other 

processes at night. 

 Until such research can be done, the current CD (U.S. EPA, 2006) concludes that, 

at this time, based on the current state of knowledge, exposure indices that differentially 

weight the higher hourly average O3 concentrations but include the mid-level values still 

represent the best approach for relating vegetation effects to O3 exposure in the U.S.. 

This is due in part to the existence of a large database that has been used for establishing 

exposure-response relationships. Such a database does not yet exist for relating O3 flux 

to growth response. 
7A-6 

 Staff anticipate that, as the overlapping mathematical relationships of 

conductance, concentration, and defense mechanisms are better defined, O3-flux-based 

models may be able to predict vegetation injury and/or damage at least for some 

categories of canopy-types with more accuracy than the currently available exposureresponse models. The results of these studies and reviews indicate the need to continue 

to develop indices that are more physiologically and meteorologically connected to the 

actual dose of O3 the plant receives. The flux approach should provide an opportunity to 

improve upon the concentration-based exposure index in the future, recognizing that a 

concerted research effort is needed to develop the necessary experimental data and 

modeling tools that will provide the scientific basis for such critical levels for O3 

(Dämmgen et al., 1994; Fuhrer et al., 1997; Grünhage et al., 2004). 

References 

Ashmore, M.; Emberson, L.; Karlsson, P. E.; Pleijel, H. (2004a) New directions: a new generation of ozone 

critical levels for the protection of vegetation in Europe (correspondence). Atmos. Environ. 38: 

2213-2214. 

Ashmore, M. E.; Karlsson, P. E.; Pleijel, H. (2004b) Introduction for ozone deposition special issue. 

Atmos. Environ. 38: 2211-2212. 

Dämmgen, U.; Grünhage, L.; Kusters, A.; Jäger, H. J. (1994) Response of a grassland ecosystem to air 

pollutants:--II the chemical climate: fluxes of sedimenting airborne matter. Environ. Pollut. 85: 

35-42. 

Fuhrer, J.; Skärby, L.; Ashmore, M. R. (1997) Critical levels for ozone effects on vegetation in Europe. 

Environ. Pollution 97: 91-106. 

Grennfelt, P. (2004) New directions: recent research findings may change ozone control policies. Atmos. 

Environ. 38: 2215-2216. 

Grulke, N. E.; Preisler, H. K.; Rose, C.; Kirsch, J.; Balduman, L. (2002) O3 uptake and drought stress 

effects on carbon acquisition of ponderosa pine in natural stands. New Phytol. 154: 621-631. 

Grünhage, L.; Jäger, H. J. (2003) From critical levels to critical loads for ozone: a discussion of a new 

experimental and modelling approach for establishing flux-response relationships for agricultural 

crops and native plant species. Environ. Pollut. 125: 99-110. 

Grünhage, L.; Krupa, S. V.; Legge, A. H.; Jäger, H. J. (2004) Ambient flux-based critical values of ozone 

for protecting vegetation: differing spatial scales and uncertainties in risk assessment. Atmos. 

Environ. 38: 2433-2437. 

Hanson, P., Samuelson, L., Wullschleger, S., Tabberer, T. and Edwards, G. (1994) “Seasonal patterns of 

light-saturated photosynthesis and leaf conductance for mature and seedling Quercus rubra L. 

foliage: differential sensitivity to ozone exposure.” Tree Physiology 14:1351-1366 

Heck, W. W.; Cowling, E. B. (1997) The need for a long term cumulative secondary ozone standard - an 

ecological perspective. EM (January): 23-33 
7A-7 

Kärenlampi, L.; Skärby, L. (1996) Critical levels for ozone in Europe: testing and finalizing the concepts 

UN-ECE workshop report. In: Proceedings of UN-ECE convention on long-range transboundary 

air pollution workshop; April; Kuopio, Finland. Kupio, Finland: University of Kuopio, 

Department of Ecology and Environmental Science. 

Karlsson, P. E.; Selldén, G.; Pleijel, H. (2003) Establishing ozone critical levels II. Gothenburg, Sweden: 

IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute; IVL Report B 1523. 

Lee, E. H.; Tingey, D. T.; Hogsett, W. E. (1989) Interrelation of experimental exposure and ambient air 

quality data for comparison of ozone exposure indices and estimating agricultural losses. 

Corvallis, OR: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Research Laboratory; EPA 

report no. EPA-600/3-89-047. Available from: NTIS, Springfield, VA; PB89-195036. 

Musselman, R. C.; Minnick, T. J. (2000) Nocturnal stomatal conductance and ambient air quality standards 

for ozone. Atmos. Environ. 34: 719-733. 

United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE). (1988) ECE Critical Levels Workshop; Bad 

Harzburg, Germany [final report]. Geneva, Switzerland: United Nations Economic Commission 

for Europe. 

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (2006) Air Quality Criteria for Ozone and Related Photochemical 

Oxidants (Final). Office of Research and Development, National Center for Environmental 

Assessment, Research Triangle Park, NC. EPA/600/R-05/004aF-cF, 2006. 
APPENDIX 7B: Comparisons between Ozone Metrics 
7B-2

Calculation of Approximate Equivalent 12-hr SUM06 and 12-hr W126 

Despite various metrics reported in the vegetation effects literature, there is no standard 

method for calculating equivalent levels between metrics. The maximum 3-month 12-hr 

SUM06 of 25 ppm-hr secondary standard that was proposed in the last review (62 FR 

38877) was based on a yield loss prevention of approximately 10% in 50% of crop cases 

studied in the National Crop Loss Analysis Network (NCLAN) experiments. For 

consistency, staff judged it appropriate to use the NCLAN experiments to derive 

equivalents between the 12-hr SUM06 and W126. For example, below are the 12-hr 

SUM06 and W126 NCLAN equations to protect 50% of crop cases from a specified 

percent yield loss (Lee and Hogsett 1996): 

Metric Weibull Equation 

12-hr SUM06 Predicted Relative Yield Loss = 1- exp(-[SUM06/87.42]^1.82) 

12-hr W126 Predicted Relative Yield Loss = 1- exp(-[W126/96.05]^1.48) 

In the first equation, solving for a SUM06 of 25 ppm-hr equals a predicted relative yield 

loss of 10%. Solving the second equation for a 10% yield loss equals a W126 of 21 ppmhr. Thus, staff considers a 12-hr SUM06 of 25 ppm-hr and a 12-hr W126 of 21 ppm-hr 

approximately equivalent. 

References 

Lee, E. H.; Hogsett, W. E. (1996) Methodology for calculating inputs for ozone secondary standard 

benefits analysis: part II. Report prepared for Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Air 

Quality Strategies and Standards Division, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research 

Triangle Park, N.C., March. 
7B-3

Yearly plots of 8-hr versus 12-hr W126 metrics 
7B-4 

Figure 7B-1. The 2001 4th highest maximum 8-hr average versus the highest 3-month 12-hr W126, by county 

Highest 3-month 12-hr W126 (ppm-hrs)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

4th Highest Max. 8-hr Average (ppm) 

0.000.020.040.060.080.100.120.14

12-hr W126 options analyzed

Current standard

Alternative standard
7B-5 

Figure 7B-2. The 2004 4th highest maximum 8-hr average versus the highest 3-month 12-hr W126, by county 

Highest 3-month 12-hr W126 (ppm-hrs)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

4th Highest Max. 8-hr Average (ppm) 

0.000.020.040.060.080.100.120.14

12-hr W126 options analyzed

Current standard

Alternative standard
APPENDIX 7C: CMAQ EXPOSURE MODEL 
7C-2

APPENDIX 7C. 

 Staff investigated the appropriateness of using the spatial scaling from the 

EPA/NOAA Community Multi-scale Air Quality (CMAQ) model system 

(http://www.epa.gov/asmdnerl/CMAQ, Byun and Ching, 1999; Arnold et al. 2003, Eder 

and Yu, 2005) O3 outputs to improve spatial interpolations based on a regionally limited 

and unevenly distributed O3 monitoring network in the western U.S. (see section 7.5.3). 

The CMAQ model is a multi-pollutant, multiscale air quality model that contains stateof-science techniques for simulating all atmospheric and land processes that affect the 

transport, transformation, and deposition of atmospheric pollutants and/or their 

precursors on both regional and urban scales. It is designed as a science-based modeling 

tool for handling many major pollutants (including photochemical oxidants/O3, 

particulate matter, and nutrient deposition) holistically. The CMAQ model can generate 

estimates of hourly O3 concentrations for the contiguous U.S., making it possible to 

express model outputs in terms of a variety of exposure indices (e.g., SUM06, 8-hr 

average). Due to the significant resources required to run CMAQ, however, model 

outputs are only available for a limited number of years. For this review, 2001 outputs 

from CMAQ version 4.5 were the most recent data available. This version of CMAQ 

utilizes the more refined 12 km x 12 km grid for the eastern U.S., while using the 36 km 

x 36 km grid for the western U.S. The 12 km x 12 km domain covers an area from 

roughly central Texas, north to North Dakota, east to Maine, and south to central Florida. 

The CMAQ modeling system has undergone two external peer reviews through 

the Community Modeling and Analysis System (CMAS) based at the University of North 

Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC) Carolina Environmental Program (Amar et al. 2005, 

2004). In addition, EPA/NOAA recently conducted an initial evaluation of the eastern 

U.S. domain of CMAQ version 4.5 (Appel et al., 2005; 

http://www.cmascenter.org/docs/CMAQ/v4.5/CMAQv4.5_EvaluationDocumentFinal2005.pdf). Based on this evaluation, hourly O3 patterns are predicted well during 

the daytime. The prediction of daily maximum 8-hr average O3 was relatively good, 

showing a slight positive normalized mean bias of 1.62% and a normalized mean error of 

17.4%. Overall, CMAQ predictions of daily maximum 8-hr O3 averages were improved 

in the 12 km x 12 km grid size when compared to the 36 km x 36 km grid size. However, 

the CMAQ consistently over-predicted hourly O3 at night. Since many of the 

assessments outlined below rely daytime O3 accumulated in the 12-hr SUM06 (8 am-8 

pm), the night-time over-prediction is less of an issue. 
7C-3

 The results of the CMAQ version 4.5 evaluation should be used with caution for 

several reasons. First, this evaluation ignores the mismatch of spatial resolution and 

treats CMAQ output as a point-value, a concern raised by Fuentes and Rafterty 2005. 

The problem is well known, but is often ignored since there are not standard operational 

methods that can be applied to the CMAQ model output to deal with this problem. 

Secondly, the size of the grid being used is unable to capture the rapidly changing O3

gradients that often occur in complex terrain, across urban/rural gradients and along 

coastal areas. In these cases significant differences in O3 concentration could occur with 

a 12x12km cell and the uncertainties associated with these areas are unknown. Many 

such features occur in rural areas of importance in this assessment and it is recognized 

that any estimates of O3 exposure in complex terrain are very uncertain. Unfortunately, 

complex terrain is of greater significance in the west, where the CMAQ grid is even 

larger and the monitoring network is for the most part, sparse. These limitations proved 

to be determinant in selecting an interpolation technique for the west. 

The CMAQ model incorporates output fields from emissions and meteorological 

modeling systems and several other data sources through special interface processors into 

the CMAQ Chemical Transport Model (CCTM). Currently, the Sparse Matrix Operator 

Kernel Emissions (SMOKE) System produces the emissions factors and the Fifth 

Generation Penn State University/ National Center for Atmospheric Research Mesoscale 

Model (MM5) provides the meteorological fields. CCTM then performs chemical 

transport modeling for multiple pollutants on multiple scales. Emission inventories of 

SO2, CO, NOx, and VOCs are based on EPA’s 2001 National Emission Inventory (NEI) 

and are consistent with inventories used for the analysis of the Clean Air Interstate Rule 

(CAIR) rule (EPA, 2005b). Biogenic emissions, from natural sources, were processed 

using the Biogenic Emissions Inventory System (BEIS) version 3.13. The staff 

recognizes that O3 exposures vary between years depending on meteorology and other 

factors. 

 Recently EPA/NOAA conducted an initial evaluation of the eastern U.S. domain 

of CMAQ version 4.5 (Appel et al., 2005; 

http://www.cmascenter.org/docs/CMAQ/v4.5/CMAQv4.5_EvaluationDocumentFinal2005.pdf). This evaluation used the same metrics published by Eder and Yu (2005) 

for the CMAQ version 4.4 model release. For the modeled summer months of June, July 

and August of 2001, CMAQ version 4.5 predictions were compared to AQS monitor 

sites. The prediction of daily maximum 8-hr average O3 was relatively good, showing a 

slight positive normalized mean bias of 1.62% and a normalized mean error of 17.4%. 

Hourly ozone patterns are predicted well during the daytime. However, the CMAQ 
7C-4

consistently over-predicted hourly O3 at night. Nighttime over-predictions in O3 have 

been improved over CMAQ version 4.4 by modifications to the minimum Kz

approximation in CMAQ version 4.5, but additional investigations are needed. Again, 

since many of the assessments outlined below rely daytime O3 accumulated in the 12-hr 

SUM06 (8 am to 8 pm), the night-time over-prediction is less of an issue. Overall, 

CMAQ predictions of daily 8hr O3 averages were improved in the 12km x 12km grid size 

when compared to the 36km x 36km grid size. Since CMAQ output is averaged over 

large square blocks and monitor observations are effectively averages over much smaller 

regions, CMAQ output and monitor observations have a mismatch in spatial resolution. 

(Fuentes and Rafterty 2005). The problem is well known, but is often ignored since there 

are not standard operational methods that can be applied to the CMAQ model output to 

deal with this problem. The CMAQ version 4.5 evaluation described above ignores the 

mismatch of spatial resolution and treats CMAQ output as a point-value. The staff 

believes this simplification is reasonable in flat rural areas where many important crops 

and vegetation grow, because O3 is a secondary pollutant and its concentration generally 

varies fairly smoothly across those areas. However, O3 is notably more variable in 

complex terrain, across urban/rural gradients and along coastal areas. In these cases 

significant differences in O3 concentration could occur with a 12x12km cell and the 

uncertainties associated with these areas are unknown. The current assessment is most 

concerned with rural areas and it is recognized that any estimates of O3 exposure in 

complex terrain are very uncertain. Unfortunately, complex terrain is of greater 

significance in the west, where the CMAQ grid is larger and the monitoring network is 

for the most part, sparse. These limitations proved to be determinant in selecting an 

interpolation technique for the west. 

References 

Amar, P., D. Chock, A. Hansen, M. Moran, A. Russell, D. Steyn, and W. Stockwell, (2005): Final Report: 

Second Peer Review of the CMAQ Model. Report submitted to Community Modeling and 

Analysis System Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, May, 28 pp. 

(http://www.cmascenter.org/PDF/CMAQ_Scd_Peer_Rev_July_5.pdf) 

Amar, P., R. Bornstein, H. Feldman, H. Jeffries, D. Steyn, R. Yamartino, and Y. Zhang, (2004): Final 

Report: December 2003 Peer Review of the CMAQ Model. Report submitted to Community 

Modeling and Analysis System Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, July, 24 pp. 

Appel, K.W.; A. Gilliland; B. Eder (2005) An Operational Evaluation of the 2005 Release of Models-3 

CMAQ Version 4.5. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration – Air Resources 
7C-5

Laboratory, Atmospheric Sciences Modeling Division; In partnership with the National Exposure 

Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 

Arnold J.R.; R. L. Dennis; G. S. Tonnesen, (2003) Diagnostic evaluation of numerical air quality models 

with specialized ambient observations: testing the Community Multiscale Air Quality modeling 

system (CMAQ) at selected SOS 95 ground sites, Atmospheric Environment 37: 1185-1198. 

Byun, D.W., Ching, J.K.S. (Eds.), 1999. Science Algorithms of the EPA Models-3 Community Multiscale 

Air Quality Model (CMAQ) Modeling System. EPA/600/R-99/030, US Environmental Protection 

Agency, Office of Research and Development, Washington, DC 20460. 

Eder, B. and S. Yu, 2005: A performance evaluation of the 2004 release of Models-3 CMAQ, Atmos. 

Environ., in press 

Fuentes, M and Raftery, AE (2005). Model evaluation and spatial interpolation by Bayesian combination of 

observations with outputs from numerical models. Biometrics, 61, 36-45.
APPENDIX 7D. INTERPOLATED 3-MONTH, 12-HR SUM06 

EXPOSURES 
7D-2

Figure 7D-1. Estimated 12-Hr SUM06 Ozone Exposure – Max 3-months for 2001 “As Is” scenario 
APPENDIX 7E. NCLAN C-R ANALYSIS USING THE 8-HR 

AVERAGE AND SUM06 METRIC
7E-2

Figure 7E-1. Median crop yield loss from NCLAN crops characterized the annual 4th

highest maximum 8-hr average (the current standard form). 

Distribution of biomass loss predictions from Weibull exposure-response models that relate yield to O3

exposure characterized with the 4th highest max. 8-hr average statistic using data from 31 crop studies from 

National Crop Loss Assessment Network (NCLAN). Separate regressions were calculated for studies with 

multiple harvests or cultivars, resulting in a total of 54 individual equations from the 31 NCLAN studies. 

Each equation was used to calculate the predicted relative yield or biomass loss at 0.02, 0.04, 0.06, 0.10 and 

0.12 ppm, and the distributions of the resulting loss were plotted.

4th highest maximum daily 8-h average (ppm)

Predicted Relative Yield Loss (%)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12

a. current standard form

75th Percentile

50th Percentile

25th Percentile
7E-3

Figure E-2. Median crop yield loss from NCLAN crops characterized with the 12-hr 

SUM06

Distribution of yield loss predictions from Weibull exposure-response models that relate yield to O3

exposure characterized with the 12-hr SUM06 statistic using data from 31 crop studies from National Crop 

Loss Assessment Network (NCLAN). Separate regressions were calculated for studies with multiple 

harvests or cultivars, resulting in a total of 54 individual equations from the 31 NCLAN studies. Each 

equation was used to calculate the predicted relative yield or biomass loss at 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 

ppm-h, and the distributions of the resulting loss were plotted. Source: EPA, 1996a; Lee and Hogsett 1995. 

12-hr SUM06 (ppm-h)

Predicted Relative Yield Loss (%)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

10 20 30 40 50 60

a. 12-hr SUM06

75th Percentile

50th Percentile

25th Percentile
7E-4

Figure 7E-2 (A-D). Median soybean (A), wheat (B), cotton (C) and corn (D) yield loss 

from NCLAN crops characterized with the 12hr SUM06 

Distribution of yield loss predictions from Weibull exposure-response models that relate yield to O3

exposure characterized with the 12-hr SUM06 statistic using data from 22 soybean, 7 wheat, 9 cotton and 2 

corn studies from National Crop Loss Assessment Network (NCLAN). Separate regressions were 

calculated for studies with multiple harvests or cultivars. Each equation was used to calculate the predicted 

relative yield loss at a 12-h SUM06 of 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 ppm-h, and the distributions of the 

resulting loss were plotted. Source: EPA, 1996a; Lee and Hogsett 1995. 

12-hr SUM06 (ppm-h)

Predicted Relative Yield Loss (%)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

10 20 30 40 50 60

B. Wheat 75th Percentile

50th Percentile

25th Percentile

12-hr SUM06 (ppm-h)

Predicted Relative Yield Loss (%)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

10 20 30 40 50 60

A. Soybean

75th Percentile

50th Percentile

25th Percentile

12-hr SUM06 (ppm-h)

Predicted Relative Yield Loss (%)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

10 20 30 40 50 60

D. Corn

12-hr SUM06 (ppm-h)

Predicted Relative Yield Loss (%)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

10 20 30 40 50 60

C. Cotton

75th Percentile

50th Percentile

25th Percentile
APPENDIX 7F. C-R FUNCTIONS USED IN CROP AND TREE 

SEEDLING ANALYSES
7F-2

Table 7F-1. Ozone Exposure-Response Functions for Selected NCLAN Crops

Ozone Index Quantity Crop Function

W126 Max Cotton 1-exp(-(index/74.6)^1.068)

W126 Min Cotton 1-exp(-(index/113.3)^1.397)

W126 Median Cotton 1-exp(-(index/96.1)^1.482)

W126 Max Field Corn 1-exp(-(index/92.7)^2.585)

W126 Min Field Corn 1-exp(-(index/94.2)^4.167)

W126 Median Field Corn 1-exp(-(index/97.9)^2.966)

W126 Median Grain Sorghum* 1-exp(-(index/205.9)^1.963)

W126 Median Peanut* 1-exp(-(index/96.8)^1.890)

W126 Max Soybean 1-exp(-(index/130.1)^1)

W126 Min Soybean 1-exp(-(index/476.7)^1.113)

W126 Median Soybean 1-exp(-(index/110.2)^1.359)

W126 Max Winter Wheat 1-exp(-(index/24.7)^1.0)

W126 Min Winter Wheat 1-exp(-(index/76.8)^2.031)

W126 Median Winter Wheat 1-exp(-(index/53.4)^2.367)

W126 Median Lettuce* 1-exp(-(index/54.6)^4.917)

W126 Median Kidney Bean* 1-exp(-(index/43.1)^2.219)

W126 Min Potato 1-exp(-(index/113.8)^1.299)

W126 Max Potato 1-exp(-(index/96.3)^1)

W126 Median Potato 1-exp(-(index/99.5)^1.242)

Source: Lee and Hogsett (1996) table 10. *Peanuts, Grain Soghum, Lettuce and Kidney Bean only have one C-R function and 

therefore do not have a max and min. 
7F-3

Table 7F-2. Ozone Exposure-Response Functions for Selected Fruits and Vegetable Crops

Ozone Index Quantity Fruit/Vegetable Function

12-hr Median Onion* 1-(5034-(10941*12hr))/(5034-

(10941*base12))

7-hr Median Rice* 1-(exp(-((7hr/0.2016)^2.474)))/ 

(exp(-((base7/0.2016)^2.474)))

12-hr Median Valencia Oranges* 1-(53.7-(261.1*12hr))/(53.7-

(261.1*base12))

7-hr Median Cantaloupes* 1-(35.8-(280.8*7hr))/(35.8-

(280.8*base7))

12-hr Min Grapes 1-(1.121-(6.63*12hr))/(1.121-

(6.63*base12))

12-hr Max Grapes 1-(9315-(64700*12hr))/(9315-

(64700*base12))

12-hr Median Grapes 1-(357.254-(2300*12hr))/(357.254-

(2300*base12))

12-hr Max TomatoesProcessing 1-(8590-(41277*12hr))/(8590-

(41277*base12))

12-hr Min TomatoesProcessing 1-(6315-(21070*12hr))/(6315-

(21070*base12))

12-hr Median TomatoesProcessing 1-(9055-(32367*12hr))/(9055-

(32367*base12)) 

Source: Abt (1995) Exhibit 11. *Onions, Rice, Oranges, and Cantaloupes only have one C-R function and therefore do not have a 

max and min. base7 = 0.027 and base12 = 0.025 which are equal to the concentrations in the charcoal-filtered treatments. 
7F-4

Table 7F-3. Median Composite Ozone Exposure-Response Functions* for Tree Seedlings 

Ozone Index Quantity Crop Function

W126 Median Ponderosa Pine 1-exp(-(index/159.63)^1.190)

W126 Median Red Alder 1-exp(-(index/179.06)^1.2377)

W126 Median Black Cherry 1-exp(-(index/38.92)^0.9921)

W126 Median Tulip Poplar 1-exp(-(index/51.38)^2..0889)

W126 Median Sugar Maple 1-exp(-(index/36.35)^5.7785)

W126 Median E. White Pine 1-exp(-(index/63.23)^1.6582)

W126 Median Red Maple 1-exp(-(index/318.12)^1.3756)

W126 Median Douglas Fir 1-exp(-(index/106.83)^5.9631)

W126 Median Aspen 1-exp(-(index/109.81)^1.2198)

W126 Median Virginia Pine 1-exp(-(index/1714.64)^1)

Source: Lee and Hogsett (1996) table 14. *Individual exposure-response curves are reported using the 12-hr-SUM06 index adjusted to 

a 92-day exposure duration. 
7F-5

Table 7F-4. Maximum county-level percent relative yield loss* for crops using 

median C-R functions and 2001 exposures. The range of yield loss represents 

calculations from exposures with hourly O3 concentrations reduced by 10% and 

without an adjustment. 

Air Quality Scenarios 

Crops As Is (2001) 8-hr, 84 ppb SUM06 25 8-hr, 70 ppb SUM06 15 

Kidney Bean 4-9% 2-5% 0-1% 0-1% 0-0.5% 

Grapes 23-28% 21-25% 17-21% 17-21% 15-19% 

Lettuce 0-0% 0-0% 0-0% 0-0% 0-0% 

Potato 13-20% 9-15% 3-7% 3-7% 2-5% 

Grain Sorghum 1-2% 0.5-1% 0-0.5% 0-0.5% 0-0% 

Cantaloupe 24-29% 19-24% 15-20% 15-20% 13-17% 

Corn 0-0.5% 0-0% 0-0% 0-0% 0-0% 

Cotton 8-14% 5-10% 1-3% 1-4% 1-2% 

Onion 8-10% 7-8% 6-7% 6-7% 5-6% 

Peanut 5-11% 3-8% 1-3% 1-2% 0-1% 

Soybean 3-6% 2-4% 2-4% 1-2% 1-2% 

Valencia 

Orange 

17-20% 15-18% 12-15% 12-15% 11-14% 

Tomato 

Processing 

14-16% 12-14% 10-12% 10-12% 9-11% 

Winter Wheat 1-4% 0.5-2% 0-0.5% 0-0.5% 0-0% 

* Modified from Figures for Yield Loss (G-1) and Yield Gain (G-2 to G-6) in the 

Environmental Assessment TSD (Abt, 2007) 
7F-6

Table 7F-5. Maximum percent relative biomass loss* for tree seedlings using 

median C-R functions and 2001 12-hr W126 exposures. The range of biomass loss 

represents calculations from exposures with hourly O3 concentrations reduced by 

10% and without an adjustment. 

Air Quality Scenarios 

Tree Species As Is (2001) 8-hr, 84 ppb SUM06 25 8-hr, 70 ppb SUM06 15 

Aspen 12-18% 6-12% 6-12% 2-8% 3-9% 

Black Cherry 41-53% 24-36% 26-37% 12-24% 16-28% 

Douglas Fir 0-0% 0-0% 0-0% 0-0% 0-0% 

Ponderosa Pine 20-28% 11-18% 3-11% 4-12% 2-10% 

Red Alder 0.5-1% 0.5-1% 0.5-1% 0.5-1% 0.5-1% 

Red Maple 2-4% 1-2% 1-3% 0-2% 0.5-2% 

Sugar Maple 3-25% 0-22% 0-22% 0-22% 0-22% 

Tulip Poplar 14-26% 4-17% 5-18% 1-14% 1-14% 

Virginia Pine 1-2% 1-1% 1-1% 0-1% 0-1% 

Eastern White 

Pine 

14-24% 6-16% 6-16% 2-13% 2-13% 

* Modified from Figures for Tree Seedling Biomass Loss (H-1) and Biomass Gain (H-2 

to H-6) in the Environmental Assessment TSD (Abt, 2007) 
APPENDIX 7G. PREDICTED YIELD LOSS FOR SELECTED 

MAJOR COMMODITY CROPS BASED ON PLANTING AREAS 

AND PREDICTIONS OF 2001 O3 EXPOSURE USING THE 12-HR 

W126 INDEX.
7G-2 

Figure 7G-1. Estimated soybean yield loss based on interpolated 2001 3-month 12-hr W126. (Without a 10% r
7G-3 

Figure 7G-2. Estimated corn yield loss based on interpolated 2001 3-month 12-hr W126. (With and without a 1

exposure.) 
7G-4 

Figure 7G-3. Estimated cotton yield loss based on interpolated 2001 3-month 12-hr W126. (With a 10% reduct
7G-5 

Figure 7G-4. Estimated cotton yield loss based on interpolated 2001 3-month 12-hr W126. (Without a 10% red
7G-6 

Figure 7G-5. Estimated winter wheat yield loss based on interpolated 2001 3-month 12-hr W126. (With a 10% exposure.) 
7G-7 

Figure 7G-6. Estimated winter wheat yield loss based on interpolated 2001 3-month 12-hr W126. (Without a 1

exposure.) 
APPENDIX 7H. TREE SEEDLING BIOMASS LOSS MAPS UNDER 

VARYING AIR QUALITY SCENARIOS 
7H-2 

Figure 7H-1. Estimated quaking aspen seedling annual biomass loss based on interpolated 2001 maximum 3-m

without a 10% downward adjustment of hourly O3 concentrations. This map indicates the geographic range for 

(Populus tremoloides), but it does not necessarily indicate that quaking aspen will be found at every point within 
7H-3 

Figure 7H-2. . Estimated black cherry annual biomass loss based on interpolated 2001 maximum 3-month 12-h

downward adjustment of hourly O3 concentrations. This map indicates the geographic range for black cherry (Prdoes not necessarily indicate that black cherry will be found at every point within its range.
7H-4 

Figure 7H-3. Estimated black cherry annual biomass loss based on interpolated 2001 maximum 3-month 12-hr 

downward adjustment of hourly O3 concentrations. This map indicates the geographic range for black cherry (Prdoes not necessarily indicate that black cherry will be found at every point within its range.

.
7H-5 

Figure 7H-4. Estimated ponderosa pine annual biomass loss based on interpolated 2001 maximum 3-month 12-

downward adjustment of hourly O3 concentrations. This map indicates the geographic range for ponderosa pine 

but it does not necessarily indicate that ponderosa pine will be found at every point within its range.
7H-6 

Figure 7H-5 Estimated ponderosa pine annual biomass loss based on interpolated 2001 maximum 3-month 12-h

10% downward adjustment of hourly O3 concentrations. This map indicates the geographic range for ponderosa 

ponderosa), but it does not necessarily indicate that ponderosa pine will be found at every point within its range.
APPENDIX 7I. COUNTY-LEVEL INCIDENCE OF FOLIAR 

INJURY 
7I-2 

Figure 7I-1. 2002 County-level incidence of visible foliar injury in the eastern and western U.S. as measured by Service FIA program 
APPENDIX 7J. OZONE SENSITIVE PLANTS IN CLASS I AREAS 

AND BY STATE 
7J-2 

Table 7J-1 

Ozone Sensitive Plant Species in National Parks and Class I Areas 

Modified from: 

http://www2.nature.nps.gov/air/Pubs/pdf/flag/NPSozonesensppFLAG06.pdf 

Alaska 

Denali NP

Saskatoon serviceberry Amelanchier alnifolia

Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides

Thimbleberry Rubus parviflorus

Scouler’s willow Salix scouleriana

Red elderberry Sambucus racemosa

Arizona 

Chiricahua NM

Dogbane, Indian hemp Apocynum cannibinum

Silver wormwood Artemisia ludoviciana

Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia

Arizona pine Pinus ponderosa

Black cherry Prunus serotina

Choke cherry Prunus virginiana

Skunkbush Rhus trilobata

Cutleaf coneflower Rudbeckia laciniata

Gooding’s willow Salix goodingii

Scouler’s willow Salix scouleriana

Goldenrod Solidago altissima

Grand Canyon NP

Tree-of-heaven Ailanthus altissima

Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium

Dogbane, Indian hemp Apocynum cannibinum

Silver wormwood Artemisia ludoviciana

Ponderosa pine Pinus ponderosa

Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides

Skunkbush Rhus trilobata

Gooding’s willow Salix goodingii

Scouler’s willow Salix scouleriana

Goldenrod Solidago altissima
7J-3 

Petrified Forest NP

Tree-of-heaven Ailanthus altissima

Silver wormwood Artemisia ludoviciana

Skunkbush Rhus trilobata

Gooding’s willow Salix goodingii

Saguaro NP

Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium

Dogbane, Indian hemp Apocynum cannibinum

Silver wormwood Artemisia ludoviciana

Evening primrose Oenothera elata

Ponderosa pine Pinus ponderosa

Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides

Skunkbush Rhus trilobata

Cutleaf coneflower Rudbeckia laciniata

Gooding’s willow Salix goodingii

Scouler’s willow Salix scouleriana

Blue elderberry Sambucus mexicana

Goldenrod Solidago altissima

California 

Joshua Tree NP

Dogbane, Indian hemp Apocynum cannibinum

Silver wormwood Artemisia ludoviciana

Skunkbush Rhus trilobata

Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia

Gooding’s willow Salix goodingii

Blue elderberry Sambucus mexicana

Kings Canyon NP

Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium

Dogbane, Indian hemp Apocynum cannibinum

Mugwort Artemisia douglasiana

Ninebark Physocarpus capitatus

Jeffrey pine Pinus jeffreyi

Ponderosa pine Pinus ponderosa

Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides

California black oak Quercus kelloggii

Skunkbush Rhus trilobata

Thimbleberry Rubus parviflorus

Scouler’s willow Salix scouleriana

Blue elderberry Sambucus mexicana
7J-4 

Lassen Volcanic NP

Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium

Mugwort Artemisia douglasiana

Jeffrey pine Pinus jeffreyi

Ponderosa pine Pinus ponderosa

Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides

California black oak Quercus kelloggii

Skunkbush Rhus trilobata

Thimbleberry Rubus parviflorus

Scouler’s willow Salix scouleriana

Blue elderberry Sambucus mexicana

Lava Beds NM

Jeffrey pine Pinus jeffreyi

Ponderosa pine Pinus ponderosa

Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides

Choke cherry Prunus virginiana

Scouler’s willow Salix scouleriana

Pinnacles NM

Tree-of-heaven Ailanthus altissima

Dogbane, Indian hemp Apocynum cannibinum

Mugwort Artemisia douglasiana

Blue elderberry Sambucus mexicana

Point Reyes National Seashore

Red alder Alnus rubra

Mugwort Artemisia douglasiana

Ninebark Physocarpus capitatus

Monterey pine Pinus radiata

Virginia pine Pinus virginiana

Thimbleberry Rubus parviflorus

Blue elderberry Sambucus mexicana

Redwood NP

Red alder Alnus rubra

Saskatoon serviceberry Amelanchier alnifolia

Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium

Dogbane, Indian hemp Apocynum cannibinum

Mugwort Artemisia douglasiana

Yellow-poplar Liriodendron tulipifera

Evening primrose Oenothera elata
7J-5 

Ninebark Physocarpus capitatus

Jeffrey pine Pinus jeffreyi

Monterey pine Pinus radiata

Chokecherry Prunus virginiana

California black oak Quercus kelloggii

Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia

Thimbleberry Rubus parviflorus

Scouler’s willow Salix scouleriana

Blue elderberry Sambucus mexicana

Red elderberry Sambucus racemosa

Sequoia NP

Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium 

Dogbane, Indian hemp Apocynum cannibinum

Mugwort Artemisia douglasiana

Ninebark Physocarpus capitatus

Jeffrey pine Pinus jeffreyi

Ponderosa pine Pinus ponderosa

Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides

California black oak Quercus kelloggii

Skunkbush Rhus trilobata

Thimbleberry Rubus parviflorus

Scouler’s willow Salix scouleriana

Blue elderberry Sambucus mexicana

Yosemite NP

Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium

Dogbane, Indian hemp Apocynum cannibinum

Mugwort Artemisia douglasiana

Ninebark Physocarpus capitatus

Jeffrey pine Pinus jeffreyi

Ponderosa pine Pinus ponderosa

Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides

California black oak Quercus kelloggii

Skunkbush Rhus trilobata

Thimbleberry Rubus parviflorus

Scouler’s willow Salix scouleriana

Blue elderberry Sambucus mexicana

Colorado 

Arches NP

Dogbane, Indian hemp Apocynum cannibinum
7J-6 

Silver wormwood Artemisia ludoviciana

Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia

Black Canyon of the Gunnison NP

Serviceberry Amelanchier alnifolia

Pinus ponderosa Pinus ponderosa

Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides

Great Sand Dunes NM

Serviceberry Amelanchier alnifolia

Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium

Dogbane, Indian hemp Apocynum cannibinum

Silver wormwood Artemisia ludoviciana

Evening primrose Oenothera elata

Ponderosa pine Pinus ponderosa

Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides

Virginia pine Prunus virginiana

Skunkbush Rhus trilobata

Cutleaf coneflower Rudbeckia laciniata

Scouler’s willow Salix scouleriana

Red elderberry Sambucus racemosa

Mesa Verde NP

Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium

Dogbane, Indian hemp Apocynum cannibinum

Silver wormwood Artemisia ludoviciana

Ponderosa pine Pinus ponderosa

Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides

Choke cherry Prunus virginiana

Skunkbush Rhus trilobata

Rocky Mountain NP

Saskatoon serviceberry Amelanchier alnifolia

Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium

Dogbane, Indian hemp Apocynum cannibinum

Silver wormwood Artemisia ludoviciana

Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides

Cutleaf coneflower Rudbeckia laciniata

Scouler’s willow Salix scouleriana

Florida 

Everglades NP
7J-7 

Groundnut Apios americana

Swamp milkweed Asclepias incarnata

Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia

American elder Sambucus canadensis

Smooth cordgrass Spartina alterniflora

Hawaii 

Haleakala NP

Jack pine Pinus banksiana

Jeffrey pine Pinus jeffreyi

Ponderosa pine Pinus ponderosa

Monterey pine Pinus radiata

Hawaii Volcanoes NP

White ash Fraxinus americana

Sweetgum Liquidambar styraciflua

Monterey pine Pinus radiata

Loblolly pine Pinus taeda

Blue elderberry Sambucus mexicana

Idaho 

Craters of the Moon NM

Saskatoon serviceberry Amelanchier alnifolia

Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium

Silver wormwood Artemisia ludoviciana

Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides

Choke cherry Prunus virginiana

Thimbleberry Rubus parviflorus

Scouler’s willow Salix scouleriana

Kentucky 

Mammoth Cave NP

Tree-of-heaven Ailanthus altissima

Groundnut Apios americana

Dogbane, Indian hemp Apocynum cannibinum

Silver wormwood Artemisia ludoviciana

Poke milkweed Asclepias exaltata

Swamp milkweed Asclepias incarnata

Common milkweed Asclepias syriaca

Big-leaf aster Aster macrophyllus
7J-8 

Redbud Cercis canadensis

Virgin’s bower Clematis virginiana

American hazelnut Corylus americana

White snakeroot Eupatorium rugosum

White ash Fraxinus americana

Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica

Black huckleberry Gaylussacia baccata

Sweetgum Liquidambar styraciflua

Yellow-poplar Liriodendron tulipifera

Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia

Loblolly pine Pinus taeda

Virginia pine Pinus virginiana

American sycamore Platanus occidentalis

Black cherry Prunus serotina

Winged sumac Rhus copallina

Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia

Cutleaf coneflower Rudbeckia laciniata

American elder Sambucus canadensis

Sassafras Sassafras Sassafras albidum

Goldenrod Solidago altissima

Crownbeard Verbesina occidentalis

Maine 

Acadia NP

Groundnut Apios americana

Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium

Dogbane, Indian hemp Apocynum cannibinum

Common milkweed Asclepias syriaca

Big-leaf aster Aster macrophyllus

Virgin’s bower Clematis virginiana

White ash Fraxinus americana

Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica

Black huckleberry Gaylussacia baccata

Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia

Jack pine Pinus banksiana

Pitch pine Pinus rigida

Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides

Black cherry Prunus serotina

Choke cherry Prunus virginiana

Allegheny blackberry Rubus allegheniensis

Thornless blackberry Rubus canadensis

American elder Sambucus canadensis
7J-9 

Smooth cordgrass Spartina alterniflora

Common snowberry Symphoricarpos albus

Michigan 

Isle Royale NP

Speckled alder Alnus rugosa

Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium

Common milkweed Asclepias syriaca

Big-leaf aster Aster macrophyllus

Virgin’s bower Clematis virginiana

White ash Fraxinus americana

Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica

Black huckleberry Gaylussacia baccata

Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia

Jack pine Pinus banksiana

Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides

Black cherry Prunus serotina

Chokecherry Prunus virginiana

Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia

Thornless blackberry Rubus canadensis

Thimbleberry Rubus parviflorus

Red elderberry Sambucus racemosa

Goldenrod Solidago altissima

Common snowberry Symphoricarpos albus

Huckleberry Vaccinium membranaceum

Minnesota 

Voyageurs NP

Saskatoon serviceberry Amelanchier alnifolia

Groundnut Apios americana

Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium

Dogbane, Indian hemp Apocynum cannibinum

Silver wormwood Artemisia ludoviciana

Swamp milkweed Asclepias incarnata

Common milkweed Asclepias syriaca

Virgin’s bower Clematis virginiana

American hazelnut Corylus americana

Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica

Black huckleberry Gaylussacia baccata

Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia

Jack pine Pinus banksiana
7J-10 

Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides

Black cherry Prunus serotina

Chokecherry Prunus virginiana

Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia

Allegheny blackberry Rubus allegheniensis

Thornless blackberry Rubus canadensis

Thimbleberry Rubus parviflorus

Cutleaf coneflower Rudbeckia laciniata

American elder Sambucus canadensis

Snowberry Symphoricarpos albus

Montana 

Glacier NP

Saskatoon serviceberry Amelanchier alnifolia

Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium

Dogbane, Indian hemp Apocynum cannibinum

Pacific ninebark Physocarpus malvaceum

Ponderosa pine Pinus ponderosa

Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides

Thimbleberry Rubus parviflorus

Scouler’s willow Salix scouleriana

Red elderberry Sambucus racemosa

Snowberry Symphoricarpos albus

Huckleberry Vaccinium membranaceum

New Mexico 

Bandelier NM

Tree-of-heaven Ailanthus altissima

Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium

Dogbane, Indian hemp Apocynum cannibinum

Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia

Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides

Skunkbush Rhus trilobata

Thimbleberry Rubus parviflorus

Cutleaf coneflower Rudbeckia laciniata

Goldenrod Solidago altissima

Carlsbad Caverns NP

Silver wormwood Artemisia ludoviciana

Ponderosa pine Pinus ponderosa

Skunkbush Rhus trilobata
7J-11 

North Carolina/Tennessee 

Great Smoky Mountains NP

Tree-of-heaven Ailanthus altissima

Groundnut Apios americana

Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium

Dogbane, Indian hemp Apocynum cannibinum

Silver wormwood Artemisia ludoviciana

Tall milkweed Asclepias exaltata

Swamp milkweed Asclepias incarnata

Common milkweed Asclepias syriaca

Whorled aster Aster acuminatus

Big-leaf aster Aster macrophyllus

Redbud Cercis canadensis

Virgin’s bower Clematis virginiana

American hazelnut Corylus americana

White ash Fraxinus americana

Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica

Black huckleberry Gaylussacia baccata

Mountain dandelion Krigia montana

Sweetgum Liquidambar styraciflua

Yellow-poplar Liriodendron tulipifera

Maleberry Lyonia ligustrina

Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia

Table-mountain pine Pinus pungens

Pitch pine Pinus rigida

Loblolly pine Pinus taeda

Virginia pine Pinus virginiana

American sycamore Platanus occidentalis

Black cherry Prunus serotina

Choke cherry Prunus virginiana

Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia

Allegheny blackberry Rubus allegheniensis

Thornless blackberry Rubus canadensis

Cutleaf coneflower Rudbeckia laciniata

American elder Sambucus canadensis

Sassafras Sassafras albidum

Goldenrod Solidago altissima

Crown-beard Verbesina occidentalis

Northern fox grape Vitis labrusca
7J-12 

North Dakota 

Theodore Roosevelt NP

Saskatoon serviceberry Amelanchier alnifolia

Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium

Dogbane, Indian hemp Apocynum cannibinum

Silver wormwood Artemisia ludoviciana

Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica

Ponderosa pine Pinus ponderosa

Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides

Chokecherry Prunus virginiana

Skunkbush Rhus trilobata

Common snowberry Symphoricarpos albus

Oregon 

Crater Lake NP

Saskatoon serviceberry Amelanchier alnifolia

Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium

Ponderosa pine Pinus ponderosa

Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides

Thimbleberry Rubus parviflorus

Scouler’s willow Salix scouleriana

Red elderberry Sambucus racemosa

Common snowberry Symphoricarpos albus

Huckleberry Vaccinium membranaceum

South Dakota 

Badlands NP

Dogbane, Indian hemp Apocynum cannibinum

Silver wormwood Artemisia ludoviciana

Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica

Ponderosa pine Pinus ponderosa

Chokecherry Prunus virginiana

Skunkbush Rhus trilobata

Snowberry Symphoricarpos albus

Wind Cave NP

Saskatoon serviceberry Amelanchier alnifolia

Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium

Dogbane, Indian hemp Apocynum cannibinum

Silver wormwood Artemisia ludoviciana

Swamp milkweed Asclepias incarnata
7J-13 

Common milkweed Asclepias syriaca

Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica

Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia

Ponderosa pine Pinus ponderosa

Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides

Chokecherry Prunus virginiana

Skunkbush Rhus trilobata

Red elderberry Sambucus racemosa

Common snowberry Symphoricarpos albus

Texas 

Big Bend NP

Silver wormwood Artemisia ludoviciana

Swamp milkweed Asclepias incarnata

Ponderosa pine Pinus ponderosa

Skunkbush Rhus trilobata 

Guadalupe Mountains NP

Silver wormwood Artemisia ludoviciana

Ponderosa pine Pinus ponderosa

Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides

Chokecherry Prunus virginiana

Utah 

Arches NP

Cottonwood Populus fremontii

Single-leaf ash Fraxinus anomala

Skunkbush Rhus trilobata

White stem blazingstar Mentzelia albicaulis

Bryce Canyon NP

Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium

Silver wormwood Artemisia ludoviciana

Ponderosa pine Pinus ponderosa

Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides 

Choke cherry Prunus virginiana

Skunkbush Rhus trilobata

Canyonlands NP

Serviceberry Amelanchier alnifolia

Dogbane, Indian hemp Apocynum cannibinum
7J-14 

Silver wormwood Artemisia ludoviciana

Ponderosa pine Pinus ponderosa

Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides

Choke cherry Prunus virginiana

Gooding’s willow Salix goodingii

Capitol Reef NP

Tree-of-heaven Ailanthus altissima

Saskatoon serviceberry Amelanchier alnifolia

Dogbane, Indian hemp Apocynum cannibinum

Silver wormwood Artemisia ludoviciana

White ash Fraxinus americana

Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica

Ponderosa pine Pinus ponderosa

Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides

Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia

Gooding’s willow Salix goodingii

Northern fox grape Vitis labrusca

Zion NP

Tree-of-heaven Ailanthus altissima

Saskatoon serviceberry Amelanchier alnifolia

Dogbane, Indian hemp Apocynum cannibinum

Ponderosa pine Pinus ponderosa

American sycamore Platanus occidentalis

Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides

Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia

Gooding’s willow Salix goodingii

Scouler’s willow Salix scouleriana

Red elderberry Sambucus racemosa

Virginia 

Shenandoah NP

Tree-of-heaven Ailanthus altissima

Speckled alder Alnus rugosa

Groundnut Apios americana

Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium

Dogbane, Indian hemp Apocynum cannibinum

Tall milkweed Asclepias exaltata

Swamp milkweed Asclepias incarnata

Common milkweed Asclepias syriaca

Whorled aster Aster acuminatus
7J-15 

Big-leaf aster Aster macrophyllus

Redbud Cercis canadensis

Virgin’s bower Clematis virginiana

American hazelnut Corylus americana

White snakeroot Eupatorium rugosum

White ash Fraxinus americana

Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica

Black huckleberry Gaylussacia baccata

Sweetgum Liquidambar styraciflua

Yellow-poplar Liriodendron tulipifera

Maleberry Lyonia ligustrina

Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia

Sweet mock orange Philadelphus coronarius

Table-mountain pine Pinus pungens

Pitch pine Pinus rigida

Loblolly pine Pinus taeda

Virginia pine Pinus virginiana

American sycamore Platanus occidentalis

Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides

Black cherry Prunus serotina

Choke cherry Prunus virginiana

Winged sumac Rhus copallina

Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia

Allegheny blackberry Rubus allegheniensis

Sand blackberry Rubus cuneifolius

Cutleaf coneflower Rudbeckia laciniata

American elder Sambucus canadensis

Red elderberry Sambucus racemosa

Sassafras Sassafras albidum

Goldenrod Solidago altissima

Common snowberry Symphoricarpos albus

Crownbeard Verbesina occidentalis

Northern fox grape Vitis labrusca

Washington 

Mount Rainier NP

Red alder Alnus rubra

Serviceberry Amelanchier alnifolia

Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium

Dogbane, Indian hemp Apocynum cannibinum

Mugwort Artemisia douglasiana

Silver wormwood Artemisia ludoviciana
7J-16 

Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia

Ninebark Physocarpus capitatus

Ponderosa pine Pinus ponderosa

Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides

Thimbleberry Rubus parviflorus

Cutleaf coneflower Rudbeckia laciniata

Scouler’s willow Salix scouleriana

Snowberry Symphoricarpos albus

Huckleberry Vaccinium membranaceum

North Cascades NP

Ponderosa pine Pinus ponderosa

Black poplar Populus balsamifera trichocarpa

Paper birch Betula papyrifera

Box elder Acer negundo

Twinberry Lonicera involucrata

Serviceberry Amelanchier alnifolia

Snowberry Symphoricarpos albus

Olympic NP

Red alder Alnus rubra

Ninebark Physocarpus capitatus

Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides

Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia

Scouler’s willow Salix scouleriana

Huckleberry Vaccinium membranaceum

Wyoming 

Grand Teton NP

Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium

Pacific ninebark Physocarpus malvaceum

Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides

Scouler’s willow Salix scouleriana

Yellowstone NP

Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium

Dogbane, Indian hemp Apocynum cannibinum

Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica

Pacific ninebark Physocarpus malvaceum

Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides

Skunkbush Rhus trilobata

Thimbleberry Rubus parviflorus
7J-17 

Scouler’s willow Salix scouleriana

Huckleberry Vaccinium membranaceum
7J-18 

Table 7J-2. Ozone sensitive plants by state 

This table lists the O3 sensitive plant species and important crops that occur in each of the 

50 states. Ozone sensitive plant species were identified by the National Park Service in 

the 2003 report entitled “Ozone Sensitive Plant Species on National Park Service and 

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Lands”1. Important sensitive crops were identified in the 

National Crop Loss Assessment2. Current distrubution information of the O3 sensitive 

plant species is from the USDA PLANTS database3. 

1

National Park Service Ozone Sensitive (2003) Ozone Sensitive Plant Species on 

National Park Service and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Lands: Results of a June 24-25, 

2003 Workshop Baltimore, Maryland. Natural Resource Report NPS/NRARD/NRR2003/01. http://www2.nature.nps.gov/air/Pubs/pdf/BaltFinalReport1.pdf 

2

 Heck, W. W.; Taylor, O. C.; Tingey, D. T., eds. (1988) Assessment of crop loss from air 

pollutants: proceedings of an international conference; October 1987; Raleigh, NC. New 

York, NY: Elsevier Applied Science. 

3

USDA, NRCS (2006) The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov, December 2006). 

National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. 

Alaska 

Saskatoon serviceberry Amelanchier alnifolia

Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides

Thimbleberry Rubus parviflorus

Scouler’s willow Salix scouleriana

Red elderberry Sambucus racemosa

Choke cherry Prunus virginiana

Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium

Alabama 

Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia

Black cherry Prunus serotina

Cutleaf coneflower Rudbeckia laciniata

Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium

Sweetgum Liquidambar styraciflua
7J-19 

Yellow-poplar Liriodendron tulipifera

Loblolly pine Pinus taeda

Tall milkweed Asclepias exaltata

Goldenrod Solidago altissima

Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia

Allegheny blackberry Rubus allegheniensis

Redbud Cercis Canadensis 

White ash Fraxinus americana

Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica 

American elder Sambucus canadensis

Virginia pine Pinus virginiana

Sensitive Crops

Winter Wheat 

Peanuts 

Soybeans 

Cotton 

Potatoes 

Arkansas 

Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia

Black cherry Prunus serotina

Cutleaf coneflower Rudbeckia laciniata

Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium

Sweetgum Liquidambar styraciflua

Yellow-poplar Liriodendron tulipifera

Loblolly pine Pinus taeda

Goldenrod Solidago altissima

Common milkweed Asclepias syriaca

Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia

Choke cherry Prunus virginiana

Allegheny blackberry Rubus allegheniensis

Redbud Cercis Canadensis 

White ash Fraxinus americana

Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica 

American elder Sambucus canadensis

Sensitive Crops

Winter Wheat 

Soybeans 

Cotton 
7J-20 

Arizona 

Dogbane, Indian hemp Apocynum cannibinum

Silver wormwood Artemisia ludoviciana

Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia

Black cherry Prunus serotina

Choke cherry Prunus virginiana

Cutleaf coneflower Rudbeckia laciniata

Gooding’s willow Salix goodingii

Tree-of-heaven Ailanthus altissima

Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium

Ponderosa pine Pinus ponderosa

Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides

Skunkbush Rhus trilobata

Scouler’s willow Salix scouleriana

Goldenrod Solidago altissima

Evening primrose Oenothera elata

Blue elderberry Sambucus mexicana

Thimbleberry Rubus parviflorus

Red elderberry Sambucus racemosa

Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia

American elder Sambucus canadensis

Sensitive Crops

Winter Wheat 

Cotton 

Potatoes 

California 

Dogbane, Indian hemp Apocynum cannibinum

Silver wormwood Artemisia ludoviciana

Skunkbush Rhus trilobata

Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia

Gooding’s willow Salix goodingii

Blue elderberry Sambucus mexicana

Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium

Mugwort Artemisia douglasiana

Ninebark Physocarpus capitatus

Jeffrey pine Pinus jeffreyi

Ponderosa pine Pinus ponderosa

Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides

California black oak Quercus kelloggii

Thimbleberry Rubus parviflorus
7J-21 

Scouler’s willow Salix scouleriana

Choke cherry Prunus virginiana

Tree-of-heaven Ailanthus altissima

Red alder Alnus rubra

Monterey pine Pinus radiata

Virginia pine Pinus virginiana

Saskatoon serviceberry Amelanchier alnifolia

Yellow-poplar Liriodendron tulipifera

Evening primrose Oenothera elata

Ninebark Physocarpus capitatus

Red elderberry Sambucus racemosa

Skunkbush Rhus trilobata

Sweetgum Liquidambar styraciflua

Goldenrod Solidago altissima

Allegheny blackberry Rubus allegheniensis

Sensitive Crops

Winter Wheat 

Cotton 

Potatoes 

Colorado 

Dogbane, Indian hemp Apocynum cannibinum

Silver wormwood Artemisia ludoviciana

Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia

Serviceberry Amelanchier alnifolia

Pinus ponderosa Pinus ponderosa

Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides

Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium

Evening primrose Oenothera elata

Virginia pine Prunus virginiana

Skunkbush Rhus trilobata

Cutleaf coneflower Rudbeckia laciniata

Scouler’s willow Salix scouleriana

Red elderberry Sambucus racemosa

Choke cherry Prunus virginiana

Saskatoon serviceberry Amelanchier alnifolia

Thimbleberry Rubus parviflorus

Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia 

Goldenrod Solidago altissima

White ash Fraxinus americana

Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica 
7J-22 

American elder Sambucus canadensis

Sensitive Crops

Winter Wheat 

Potatoes 

Connecticut 

Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia

Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides

Red elderberry Sambucus racemosa

Black cherry Prunus serotina

Cutleaf coneflower Rudbeckia laciniata

Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium

Sweetgum Liquidambar styraciflua

Yellow-poplar Liriodendron tulipifera

Tall milkweed Asclepias exaltata

Goldenrod Solidago altissima

Common milkweed Asclepias syriaca

Thornless blackberry Rubus canadensis

Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia

Choke cherry Prunus virginiana

Allegheny blackberry Rubus allegheniensis

Speckled alder Alnus rugosa

Whorled aster Aster acuminatus

Big-leaf aster Aster macrophyllus

Redbud Cercis Canadensis 

White ash Fraxinus americana

Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica 

American elder Sambucus canadensis

Sensitive Crops

Tobacco 

Delaware 

Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia

Black cherry Prunus serotina

Cutleaf coneflower Rudbeckia laciniata

Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium

Sweetgum Liquidambar styraciflua

Yellow-poplar Liriodendron tulipifera

Loblolly pine Pinus taeda
7J-23 

Tall milkweed Asclepias exaltata

Goldenrod Solidago altissima

Common milkweed Asclepias syriaca

Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia

Choke cherry Prunus virginiana

Allegheny blackberry Rubus allegheniensis

Redbud Cercis Canadensis 

White ash Fraxinus americana

Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica 

American elder Sambucus canadensis

Virginia pine Pinus virginiana

Sensitive Crops

Winter Wheat 

Soybeans 

Potatoes 

Florida 

Groundnut Apios americana

Swamp milkweed Asclepias incarnata

Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia

American elder Sambucus canadensis

Smooth cordgrass Spartina alterniflora

Black cherry Prunus serotina

Cutleaf coneflower Rudbeckia laciniata

Sweetgum Liquidambar styraciflua

Yellow-poplar Liriodendron tulipifera

Loblolly pine Pinus taeda

Goldenrod Solidago altissima

Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia

Redbud Cercis Canadensis 

White ash Fraxinus americana

Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica 

Sensitive Crops

Winter Wheat 

Peanuts 

Soybeans 

Cotton 

Tobacco 

Potatoes 
7J-24 

Georigia

Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia

Red elderberry Sambucus racemosa

Black cherry Prunus serotina

Cutleaf coneflower Rudbeckia laciniata

Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium

Sweetgum Liquidambar styraciflua

Yellow-poplar Liriodendron tulipifera

Loblolly pine Pinus taeda

Tall milkweed Asclepias exaltata

Goldenrod Solidago altissima

Thornless blackberry Rubus canadensis

Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia

Choke cherry Prunus virginiana

Allegheny blackberry Rubus allegheniensis

Whorled aster Aster acuminatus

Big-leaf aster Aster macrophyllus

Redbud Cercis Canadensis 

White ash Fraxinus americana

Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica 

American elder Sambucus canadensis

Virginia pine Pinus virginiana

Sensitive Crops

Winter Wheat 

Peanuts 

Soybeans 

Cotton 

Tobacco 

Hawaii 

Jack pine Pinus banksiana

Jeffrey pine Pinus jeffreyi

Ponderosa pine Pinus ponderosa

Monterey pine Pinus radiata

White ash Fraxinus americana

Sweetgum Liquidambar styraciflua

Loblolly pine Pinus taeda

Blue elderberry Sambucus mexicana

White ash Fraxinus americana
7J-25 

Iowa 

Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia

Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides

Red elderberry Sambucus racemosa 

Black cherry Prunus serotina

Cutleaf coneflower Rudbeckia laciniata

Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium

Goldenrod Solidago altissima

Common milkweed Asclepias syriaca

Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia

Choke cherry Prunus virginiana

Allegheny blackberry Rubus allegheniensis

Speckled alder Alnus rugosa

Big-leaf aster Aster macrophyllus

Redbud Cercis Canadensis 

White ash Fraxinus americana

Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica 

American elder Sambucus canadensis

Sensitive Crops

Winter Wheat 

Soybeans 

Idaho 

Saskatoon serviceberry Amelanchier alnifolia

Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium

Silver wormwood Artemisia ludoviciana

Choke cherry Prunus virginiana

Thimbleberry Rubus parviflorus

Scouler’s willow Salix scouleriana

Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides

Red elderberry Sambucus racemosa

Ponderosa pine Pinus ponderosa

Cutleaf coneflower Rudbeckia laciniata

Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia

Evening primrose Oenothera elata

Sensitive Crops

Winter Wheat 

Potatoes 
7J-26 

Illinois 

Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia

Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides

Red elderberry Sambucus racemosa 

Black cherry Prunus serotina

Cutleaf coneflower Rudbeckia laciniata

Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium

Sweetgum Liquidambar styraciflua

Yellow-poplar Liriodendron tulipifera

Loblolly pine Pinus taeda

Tall milkweed Asclepias exaltata

Goldenrod Solidago altissima

Common milkweed Asclepias syriaca

Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia

Choke cherry Prunus virginiana

Allegheny blackberry Rubus allegheniensis

Speckled alder Alnus rugosa

Big-leaf aster Aster macrophyllus

Redbud Cercis Canadensis 

White ash Fraxinus americana

Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica 

American elder Sambucus canadensis

Virginia pine Pinus virginiana

Sensitive Crops

Winter Wheat 

Soybeans 

Potatoes 

Indiana 

Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia

Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides

Red elderberry Sambucus racemosa

Black cherry Prunus serotina

Cutleaf coneflower Rudbeckia laciniata

Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium

Sweetgum Liquidambar styraciflua

Yellow-poplar Liriodendron tulipifera

Tall milkweed Asclepias exaltata

Goldenrod Solidago altissima

Common milkweed Asclepias syriaca
7J-27 

Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia

Choke cherry Prunus virginiana

Allegheny blackberry Rubus allegheniensis

Speckled alder Alnus rugosa

Big-leaf aster Aster macrophyllus

Redbud Cercis Canadensis 

White ash Fraxinus americana

Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica 

American elder Sambucus canadensis

Virginia pine Pinus virginiana

Sensitive Crops

Winter Wheat 

Soybeans 

Kansas 

Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia

Black cherry Prunus serotina

Cutleaf coneflower Rudbeckia laciniata

Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium

Goldenrod Solidago altissima

Common milkweed Asclepias syriaca

Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia

Choke cherry Prunus virginiana

Allegheny blackberry Rubus allegheniensis

Redbud Cercis Canadensis 

White ash Fraxinus americana

Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica 

American elder Sambucus canadensis

Sensitive Crops

Winter Wheat 

Soybeans 

Cotton 

Potatoes 

Kentucky 

Tree-of-heaven Ailanthus altissima

Groundnut Apios americana

Dogbane, Indian hemp Apocynum cannibinum

Silver wormwood Artemisia ludoviciana
7J-28 

Poke milkweed Asclepias exaltata

Swamp milkweed Asclepias incarnata

Common milkweed Asclepias syriaca

Big-leaf aster Aster macrophyllus

Redbud Cercis canadensis

Virgin’s bower Clematis virginiana

American hazelnut Corylus americana

White snakeroot Eupatorium rugosum 

White ash Fraxinus americana

Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica

Black huckleberry Gaylussacia baccata

Sweetgum Liquidambar styraciflua

Yellow-poplar Liriodendron tulipifera

Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia

Loblolly pine Pinus taeda

Virginia pine Pinus virginiana

American sycamore Platanus occidentalis

Black cherry Prunus serotina

Winged sumac Rhus copallina

Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia

Cutleaf coneflower Rudbeckia laciniata

American elder Sambucus canadensis

Sassafras Sassafras Sassafras albidum 

Goldenrod Solidago altissima

Crownbeard Verbesina occidentalis

Allegheny blackberry Rubus allegheniensis

Red elderberry Sambucus racemosa

Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium

Tall milkweed Asclepias exaltata

Thornless blackberry Rubus canadensis

Choke cherry Prunus virginiana

Whorled aster Aster acuminatus

Sensitive Crops

Winter Wheat 

Soybeans 

Tobacco 

Louisiana 

Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia

Black cherry Prunus serotina

Cutleaf coneflower Rudbeckia laciniata
7J-29 

Sweetgum Liquidambar styraciflua

Yellow-poplar Liriodendron tulipifera

Loblolly pine Pinus taeda

Goldenrod Solidago altissima

Common milkweed Asclepias syriaca

Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia

Redbud Cercis Canadensis 

White ash Fraxinus americana

Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica 

American elder Sambucus canadensis

Sensitive Crops

Winter Wheat 

Soybeans 

Cotton 

Maryland 

Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia

Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides

Red elderberry Sambucus racemosa

Black cherry Prunus serotina

Cutleaf coneflower Rudbeckia laciniata

Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium

Sweetgum Liquidambar styraciflua

Yellow-poplar Liriodendron tulipifera

Tall milkweed Asclepias exaltata

Goldenrod Solidago altissima

Common milkweed Asclepias syriaca

Thornless blackberry Rubus canadensis

Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia

Choke cherry Prunus virginiana

Allegheny blackberry Rubus allegheniensis

Loblolly pine Pinus taeda 

Speckled alder Alnus rugosa

Whorled aster Aster acuminatus

Big-leaf aster Aster macrophyllus

Redbud Cercis Canadensis 

White ash Fraxinus americana

Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica 

American elder Sambucus canadensis

Virginia pine Pinus virginiana
7J-30 

Sensitive Crops

Winter Wheat 

Soybeans 

Potatoes 

Massachussets 

Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia

Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides

Red elderberry Sambucus racemosa

Black cherry Prunus serotina

Cutleaf coneflower Rudbeckia laciniata

Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium

Yellow-poplar Liriodendron tulipifera

Tall milkweed Asclepias exaltata

Goldenrod Solidago altissima

Common milkweed Asclepias syriaca

Thornless blackberry Rubus canadensis

Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia

Choke cherry Prunus virginiana

Allegheny blackberry Rubus allegheniensis

Speckled alder Alnus rugosa

Whorled aster Aster acuminatus

Big-leaf aster Aster macrophyllus

Redbud Cercis Canadensis 

White ash Fraxinus americana

Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica 

American elder Sambucus canadensis

Sensitive Crops

Tobacco 

Potatoes 

Maine 

Groundnut Apios americana

Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium

Dogbane, Indian hemp Apocynum cannibinum

Common milkweed Asclepias syriaca

Big-leaf aster Aster macrophyllus

Virgin’s bower Clematis virginiana 

White ash Fraxinus americana

Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica
7J-31 

Black huckleberry Gaylussacia baccata

Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia

Jack pine Pinus banksiana

Pitch pine Pinus rigida

Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides

Black cherry Prunus serotina

Allegheny blackberry Rubus allegheniensis

Thornless blackberry Rubus canadensis

American elder Sambucus canadensis

Smooth cordgrass Spartina alterniflora

Common snowberry Symphoricarpos albus 

Choke cherry Prunus virginiana

Speckled alder Alnus rugosa

Whorled aster Aster acuminatus

Red elderberry Sambucus racemosa

Cutleaf coneflower Rudbeckia laciniata

Tall milkweed Asclepias exaltata

Goldenrod Solidago altissima

Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia

Sensitive Crops

Potatoes 

Michigan 

Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium

Common milkweed Asclepias syriaca

Big-leaf aster Aster macrophyllus

Virgin’s bower Clematis virginiana

White ash Fraxinus americana

Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica

Black huckleberry Gaylussacia baccata

Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia

Jack pine Pinus banksiana

Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides

Black cherry Prunus serotina

Chokecherry Prunus virginiana

Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia

Thornless blackberry Rubus canadensis

Thimbleberry Rubus parviflorus

Red elderberry Sambucus racemosa

Goldenrod Solidago altissima

Common snowberry Symphoricarpos albus

Huckleberry Vaccinium membranaceum
7J-32 

Speckled alder Alnus rugosa

Cutleaf coneflower Rudbeckia laciniata

Yellow-poplar Liriodendron tulipifera

Tall milkweed Asclepias exaltata

Allegheny blackberry Rubus allegheniensis

Redbud Cercis Canadensis 

American elder Sambucus canadensis

Sensitive Crops

Winter Wheat 

Soybeans 

Potatoes 

Minnesota 

Saskatoon serviceberry Amelanchier alnifolia

Groundnut Apios americana

Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium

Dogbane, Indian hemp Apocynum cannibinum

Silver wormwood Artemisia ludoviciana

Swamp milkweed Asclepias incarnata

Common milkweed Asclepias syriaca

Virgin’s bower Clematis virginiana

American hazelnut Corylus americana

Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica

Black huckleberry Gaylussacia baccata

Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia

Jack pine Pinus banksiana

Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides

Black cherry Prunus serotina

Chokecherry Prunus virginiana

Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia

Allegheny blackberry Rubus allegheniensis

Thornless blackberry Rubus canadensis

Thimbleberry Rubus parviflorus

Cutleaf coneflower Rudbeckia laciniata

American elder Sambucus canadensis

Snowberry Symphoricarpos albus 

Red elderberry Sambucus racemosa

Tall milkweed Asclepias exaltata

Goldenrod Solidago altissima

Speckled alder Alnus rugosa

Big-leaf aster Aster macrophyllus
7J-33 

White ash Fraxinus americana

Sensitive Crops

Winter Wheat 

Soybeans 

Potatoes 

Missouri

Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia

Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides

Red elderberry Sambucus racemosa 

Black cherry Prunus serotina

Cutleaf coneflower Rudbeckia laciniata

Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium

Sweetgum Liquidambar styraciflua

Yellow-poplar Liriodendron tulipifera

Loblolly pine Pinus taeda

Goldenrod Solidago altissima

Common milkweed Asclepias syriaca

Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia

Choke cherry Prunus virginiana

Allegheny blackberry Rubus allegheniensis

Big-leaf aster Aster macrophyllus

Redbud Cercis Canadensis 

White ash Fraxinus americana

Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica 

American elder Sambucus canadensis

Virginia pine Pinus virginiana

Sensitive Crops

Winter Wheat 

Soybeans 

Cotton 

Tobacco 

Potatoes 

Mississippi 

Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia

Black cherry Prunus serotina

Cutleaf coneflower Rudbeckia laciniata

Sweetgum Liquidambar styraciflua
7J-34 

Yellow-poplar Liriodendron tulipifera

Loblolly pine Pinus taeda

Goldenrod Solidago altissima

Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia

Redbud Cercis Canadensis 

White ash Fraxinus americana

Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica 

American elder Sambucus canadensis

Virginia pine Pinus virginiana

Sensitive Crops

Winter Wheat 

Peanuts 

Soybeans 

Cotton 

Montana 

Saskatoon serviceberry Amelanchier alnifolia

Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium

Dogbane, Indian hemp Apocynum cannibinum

Pacific ninebark Physocarpus malvaceum

Ponderosa pine Pinus ponderosa

Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides

Thimbleberry Rubus parviflorus

Scouler’s willow Salix scouleriana

Red elderberry Sambucus racemosa

Snowberry Symphoricarpos albus

Huckleberry Vaccinium membranaceum

Choke cherry Prunus virginiana

Cutleaf coneflower Rudbeckia laciniata

Goldenrod Solidago altissima

Common milkweed Asclepias syriaca

Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica 

Evening primrose Oenothera elata

American elder Sambucus canadensis

Sensitive Crops

Winter Wheat 

Potatoes 

Nebraska 
7J-35 

Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia

Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides

Saskatoon serviceberry Amelanchier alnifolia

Ponderosa pine Pinus ponderosa

Black cherry Prunus serotina

Cutleaf coneflower Rudbeckia laciniata

Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium

Goldenrod Solidago altissima

Common milkweed Asclepias syriaca

Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia

Choke cherry Prunus virginiana

Allegheny blackberry Rubus allegheniensis

Redbud Cercis Canadensis 

White ash Fraxinus americana

Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica 

American elder Sambucus canadensis

Sensitive Crops

Winter Wheat 

Soybeans 

Potatoes 

Nevada 

Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides

Saskatoon serviceberry Amelanchier alnifolia

Thimbleberry Rubus parviflorus

Scouler’s willow Salix scouleriana

Red elderberry Sambucus racemosa

Ponderosa pine Pinus ponderosa

Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium

Jeffrey pine Pinus jeffreyi

Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia

Choke cherry Prunus virginiana

Evening primrose Oenothera elata

Sensitive Crops

Winter Wheat 

Potatoes 

New Mexico 

Tree-of-heaven Ailanthus altissima
7J-36 

Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium

Dogbane, Indian hemp Apocynum cannibinum

Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia

Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides

Skunkbush Rhus trilobata

Thimbleberry Rubus parviflorus

Cutleaf coneflower Rudbeckia laciniata

Goldenrod Solidago altissima

Silver wormwood Artemisia ludoviciana

Ponderosa pine Pinus ponderosa

Scouler’s willow Salix scouleriana

Red elderberry Sambucus racemosa

Black cherry Prunus serotina

Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium

Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia

Choke cherry Prunus virginiana

Redbud Cercis Canadensis 

Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica 

Evening primrose Oenothera elata

American elder Sambucus canadensis

Sensitive Crops

Winter Wheat 

Peanuts 

Cotton 

Potatoes 

New Hampshire 

Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia

Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides

Red elderberry Sambucus racemosa

Black cherry Prunus serotina

Cutleaf coneflower Rudbeckia laciniata

Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium

Tall milkweed Asclepias exaltata

Goldenrod Solidago altissima

Common milkweed Asclepias syriaca

Thornless blackberry Rubus canadensis

Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia

Choke cherry Prunus virginiana

Allegheny blackberry Rubus allegheniensis

Speckled alder Alnus rugosa
7J-37 

Whorled aster Aster acuminatus

Big-leaf aster Aster macrophyllus

White ash Fraxinus americana

Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica 

American elder Sambucus canadensis

New Jersey 

Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia

Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides

Red elderberry Sambucus racemosa

Black cherry Prunus serotina

Cutleaf coneflower Rudbeckia laciniata

Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium

Sweetgum Liquidambar styraciflua

Yellow-poplar Liriodendron tulipifera

Loblolly pine Pinus taeda

Tall milkweed Asclepias exaltata

Goldenrod Solidago altissima

Common milkweed Asclepias syriaca

Thornless blackberry Rubus canadensis

Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia

Choke cherry Prunus virginiana

Allegheny blackberry Rubus allegheniensis

Speckled alder Alnus rugosa

Whorled aster Aster acuminatus

Big-leaf aster Aster macrophyllus

Redbud Cercis Canadensis 

White ash Fraxinus americana

Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica 

American elder Sambucus canadensis

Virginia pine Pinus virginiana

Sensitive Crops

Winter Wheat 

Soybeans 

Potatoes 

New York 

Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia

Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides

Red elderberry Sambucus racemosa
7J-38 

Black cherry Prunus serotina

Cutleaf coneflower Rudbeckia laciniata

Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium

Sweetgum Liquidambar styraciflua

Yellow-poplar Liriodendron tulipifera

Tall milkweed Asclepias exaltata

Goldenrod Solidago altissima

Common milkweed Asclepias syriaca

Thornless blackberry Rubus canadensis

Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia

Choke cherry Prunus virginiana

Allegheny blackberry Rubus allegheniensis

Speckled alder Alnus rugosa

Whorled aster Aster acuminatus

Big-leaf aster Aster macrophyllus

Redbud Cercis Canadensis 

White ash Fraxinus americana

Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica 

American elder Sambucus canadensis

Virginia pine Pinus virginiana

Sensitive Crops

Winter Wheat 

Soybeans 

Potatoes 

North Carolina

Tree-of-heaven Ailanthus altissima

Groundnut Apios americana

Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium

Dogbane, Indian hemp Apocynum cannibinum

Silver wormwood Artemisia ludoviciana

Tall milkweed Asclepias exaltata

Swamp milkweed Asclepias incarnata

Common milkweed Asclepias syriaca

Whorled aster Aster acuminatus

Big-leaf aster Aster macrophyllus

Redbud Cercis canadensis

Virgin’s bower Clematis virginiana

American hazelnut Corylus americana

White ash Fraxinus americana 

Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica
7J-39 

Black huckleberry Gaylussacia baccata

Mountain dandelion Krigia montana

Sweetgum Liquidambar styraciflua

Yellow-poplar Liriodendron tulipifera

Maleberry Lyonia ligustrina

Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia

Table-mountain pine Pinus pungens

Pitch pine Pinus rigida

Loblolly pine Pinus taeda

Virginia pine Pinus virginiana

American sycamore Platanus occidentalis

Black cherry Prunus serotina

Choke cherry Prunus virginiana

Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia

Allegheny blackberry Rubus allegheniensis

Thornless blackberry Rubus canadensis

Cutleaf coneflower Rudbeckia laciniata

American elder Sambucus canadensis

Sassafras Sassafras albidum

Goldenrod Solidago altissima

Crown-beard Verbesina occidentalis

Northern fox grape Vitis labrusca

Red elderberry Sambucus racemosa

Sensitive Crops

Winter Wheat 

Peanuts 

Soybeans 

Cotton 

Tobacco 

Potatoes 

North Dakota 

Saskatoon serviceberry Amelanchier alnifolia

Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium

Dogbane, Indian hemp Apocynum cannibinum

Silver wormwood Artemisia ludoviciana

Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica

Ponderosa pine Pinus ponderosa

Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides

Chokecherry Prunus virginiana

Skunkbush Rhus trilobata
7J-40 

Common snowberry Symphoricarpos albus

Red elderberry Sambucus racemosa

Black cherry Prunus serotina

Cutleaf coneflower Rudbeckia laciniata

Goldenrod Solidago altissima

Common milkweed Asclepias syriaca

Speckled alder Alnus rugosa

American elder Sambucus canadensis

Sensitive Crops

Soybeans 

Potatoes 

Ohio 

Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia

Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides

Red elderberry Sambucus racemosa 

Black cherry Prunus serotina

Cutleaf coneflower Rudbeckia laciniata

Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium

Sweetgum Liquidambar styraciflua

Yellow-poplar Liriodendron tulipifera

Tall milkweed Asclepias exaltata

Goldenrod Solidago altissima

Common milkweed Asclepias syriaca

Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia

Choke cherry Prunus virginiana

Allegheny blackberry Rubus allegheniensis

Speckled alder Alnus rugosa

Whorled aster Aster acuminatus

Big-leaf aster Aster macrophyllus

Redbud Cercis Canadensis 

White ash Fraxinus americana

Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica 

American elder Sambucus canadensis

Virginia pine Pinus virginiana

Sensitive Crops

Winter Wheat 

Soybeans 

Tobacco 

Potatoes 
7J-41 

Oklahoma 

Black Cherry Prunus serotina 

Cottonwood Populus deltoids

Sweetgum Liquadambar styraciflua

Loblolly Pine Pinus taeda

Ohio Buckeye, Horse chestnut Aesculus glabra

Basswood Tilia Americana

Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia

Ponderosa pine Pinus ponderosa

Cutleaf coneflower Rudbeckia laciniata

Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium

Goldenrod Solidago altissima

Common milkweed Asclepias syriaca

Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia

Choke cherry Prunus virginiana

Allegheny blackberry Rubus allegheniensis

Redbud Cercis Canadensis 

White ash Fraxinus americana

Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica 

Evening primrose Oenothera elata

American elder Sambucus canadensis

Sensitive Crops

Winter Wheat 

Peanuts 

Soybeans 

Cotton 

Oregon 

Saskatoon serviceberry Amelanchier alnifolia

Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium

Ponderosa pine Pinus ponderosa

Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides

Thimbleberry Rubus parviflorus

Scouler’s willow Salix scouleriana

Red elderberry Sambucus racemosa

Common snowberry Symphoricarpos albus

Huckleberry Vaccinium membranaceum

Common milkweed Asclepias syriaca
7J-42 

Jeffrey pine Pinus jeffreyi

Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia

Choke cherry Prunus virginiana

Evening primrose Oenothera elata

Sensitive Crops

Winter Wheat 

Potatoes 

Pennsylvania 

Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia

Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides

Red elderberry Sambucus racemosa

Black cherry Prunus serotina

Cutleaf coneflower Rudbeckia laciniata

Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium

Sweetgum Liquidambar styraciflua

Yellow-poplar Liriodendron tulipifera

Tall milkweed Asclepias exaltata

Goldenrod Solidago altissima

Common milkweed Asclepias syriaca

Thornless blackberry Rubus canadensis

Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia

Choke cherry Prunus virginiana

Allegheny blackberry Rubus allegheniensis

Speckled alder Alnus rugosa

Whorled aster Aster acuminatus

Big-leaf aster Aster macrophyllus

Redbud Cercis Canadensis 

White ash Fraxinus americana

Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica 

American elder Sambucus canadensis

Virginia pine Pinus virginiana

Sensitive Crops

Winter Wheat 

Soybeans 

Tobacco 

Potatoes 

Rhode Island 
7J-43 

Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia

Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides

Red elderberry Sambucus racemosa

Black cherry Prunus serotina

Cutleaf coneflower Rudbeckia laciniata

Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium

Sweetgum Liquidambar styraciflua

Yellow-poplar Liriodendron tulipifera

Tall milkweed Asclepias exaltata

Goldenrod Solidago altissima

Common milkweed Asclepias syriaca

Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia

Choke cherry Prunus virginiana

Speckled alder Alnus rugosa

Whorled aster Aster acuminatus

Big-leaf aster Aster macrophyllus

White ash Fraxinus americana

Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica 

American elder Sambucus canadensis

Sensitive Crops

Potatoes 

South Carolina 

Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia

Black cherry Prunus serotina

Cutleaf coneflower Rudbeckia laciniata

Sweetgum Liquidambar styraciflua

Yellow-poplar Liriodendron tulipifera

Loblolly pine Pinus taeda

Tall milkweed Asclepias exaltata

Goldenrod Solidago altissima

Common milkweed Asclepias syriaca

Thornless blackberry Rubus canadensis

Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia

Allegheny blackberry Rubus allegheniensis

Big-leaf aster Aster macrophyllus

Redbud Cercis Canadensis 

White ash Fraxinus americana

Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica 

American elder Sambucus canadensis

Virginia pine Pinus virginiana
7J-44 

Sensitive Crops

Winter Wheat 

Peanuts 

Soybeans 

Cotton 

Tobacco 

South Dakota 

Dogbane, Indian hemp Apocynum cannibinum

Silver wormwood Artemisia ludoviciana

Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica

Ponderosa pine Pinus ponderosa

Chokecherry Prunus virginiana

Skunkbush Rhus trilobata

Snowberry Symphoricarpos albus

Saskatoon serviceberry Amelanchier alnifolia

Swamp milkweed Asclepias incarnata

Common milkweed Asclepias syriaca

Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia

Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides

Red elderberry Sambucus racemosa

Common snowberry Symphoricarpos albus

Thimbleberry Rubus parviflorus

Scouler’s willow Salix scouleriana

Cutleaf coneflower Rudbeckia laciniata

Goldenrod Solidago altissima

Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia

American elder Sambucus canadensis

Sensitive Crops

Winter Wheat 

Soybeans 

Potatoes 

Tennessee 

Tree-of-heaven Ailanthus altissima

Groundnut Apios americana

Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium

Dogbane, Indian hemp Apocynum cannibinum

Silver wormwood Artemisia ludoviciana
7J-45 

Tall milkweed Asclepias exaltata

Swamp milkweed Asclepias incarnata

Common milkweed Asclepias syriaca 

Whorled aster Aster acuminatus

Big-leaf aster Aster macrophyllus

Redbud Cercis canadensis

Virgin’s bower Clematis virginiana

American hazelnut Corylus americana

White ash Fraxinus americana

Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica 

Black huckleberry Gaylussacia baccata

Mountain dandelion Krigia montana

Sweetgum Liquidambar styraciflua

Yellow-poplar Liriodendron tulipifera

Maleberry Lyonia ligustrina

Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia

Table-mountain pine Pinus pungens

Pitch pine Pinus rigida

Loblolly pine Pinus taeda

Virginia pine Pinus virginiana

American sycamore Platanus occidentalis

Black cherry Prunus serotina

Choke cherry Prunus virginiana

Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia

Allegheny blackberry Rubus allegheniensis

Thornless blackberry Rubus canadensis

Cutleaf coneflower Rudbeckia laciniata

American elder Sambucus canadensis

Sassafras Sassafras albidum 

Goldenrod Solidago altissima

Crown-beard Verbesina occidentalis

Northern fox grape Vitis labrusca

Red elderberry Sambucus racemosa

Sensitive Crops

Winter Wheat 

Soybeans 

Cotton 

Tobacco 

Texas 

Silver wormwood Artemisia ludoviciana
7J-46 

Swamp milkweed Asclepias incarnata

Ponderosa pine Pinus ponderosa

Skunkbush Rhus trilobata

Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides

Chokecherry Prunus virginiana

Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia 

Black cherry Prunus serotina

Cutleaf coneflower Rudbeckia laciniata

Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium

Sweetgum Liquidambar styraciflua

Yellow-poplar Liriodendron tulipifera

Loblolly pine Pinus taeda

Goldenrod Solidago altissima

Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia

Redbud Cercis Canadensis 

White ash Fraxinus americana

Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica 

Evening primrose Oenothera elata

American elder Sambucus canadensis

Sensitive Crops

Winter Wheat 

Peanuts 

Soybeans 

Cotton 

Potatoes 

Utah 

Cottonwood Populus fremontii

Single-leaf ash Fraxinus anomala

Skunkbush Rhus trilobata

White stem blazingstar Mentzelia albicaulis

Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium

Silver wormwood Artemisia ludoviciana

Ponderosa pine Pinus ponderosa

Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides

Choke cherry Prunus virginiana

Skunkbush Rhus trilobata

Dogbane, Indian hemp Apocynum cannibinum

Gooding’s willow Salix goodingii

Tree-of-heaven Ailanthus altissima

Saskatoon serviceberry Amelanchier alnifolia
7J-47 

White ash Fraxinus americana

Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica

Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia

Northern fox grape Vitis labrusca

American sycamore Platanus occidentalis

Scouler’s willow Salix scouleriana

Red elderberry Sambucus racemosa

Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia

Thimbleberry Rubus parviflorus

Cutleaf coneflower Rudbeckia laciniata

Evening primrose Oenothera elata

Sensitive Crops

Winter Wheat 

Potatoes 

Vermont 

Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia

Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides

Red elderberry Sambucus racemosa

Black cherry Prunus serotina

Cutleaf coneflower Rudbeckia laciniata

Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium

Yellow-poplar Liriodendron tulipifera

Tall milkweed Asclepias exaltata

Goldenrod Solidago altissima

Common milkweed Asclepias syriaca

Thornless blackberry Rubus canadensis

Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia

Choke cherry Prunus virginiana

Allegheny blackberry Rubus allegheniensis

Speckled alder Alnus rugosa

Whorled aster Aster acuminatus

Big-leaf aster Aster macrophyllus

White ash Fraxinus americana

Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica 

American elder Sambucus canadensis

Virginia 

Tree-of-heaven Ailanthus altissima

Speckled alder Alnus rugosa
7J-48 

Groundnut Apios americana

Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium

Dogbane, Indian hemp Apocynum cannibinum

Tall milkweed Asclepias exaltata

Swamp milkweed Asclepias incarnata

Common milkweed Asclepias syriaca

Whorled aster Aster acuminatus

Big-leaf aster Aster macrophyllus

Redbud Cercis canadensis

Virgin’s bower Clematis virginiana

American hazelnut Corylus americana

White snakeroot Eupatorium rugosum

White ash Fraxinus americana

Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica

Black huckleberry Gaylussacia baccata

Sweetgum Liquidambar styraciflua

Yellow-poplar Liriodendron tulipifera

Maleberry Lyonia ligustrina

Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia

Sweet mock orange Philadelphus coronarius

Table-mountain pine Pinus pungens

Pitch pine Pinus rigida

Loblolly pine Pinus taeda

Virginia pine Pinus virginiana

American sycamore Platanus occidentalis

Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides

Black cherry Prunus serotina

Choke cherry Prunus virginiana

Winged sumac Rhus copallina

Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia

Allegheny blackberry Rubus allegheniensis

Sand blackberry Rubus cuneifolius

Cutleaf coneflower Rudbeckia laciniata

American elder Sambucus canadensis

Red elderberry Sambucus racemosa

Sassafras Sassafras albidum

Goldenrod Solidago altissima

Common snowberry Symphoricarpos albus

Crownbeard Verbesina occidentalis

Northern fox grape Vitis labrusca

Thornless blackberry Rubus canadensis

Sensitive Crops
7J-49 

Winter Wheat 

Peanuts 

Soybeans 

Cotton 

Tobacco 

Potatoes 

Washington 

Red alder Alnus rubra

Serviceberry Amelanchier alnifolia

Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium

Dogbane, Indian hemp Apocynum cannibinum

Mugwort Artemisia douglasiana

Silver wormwood Artemisia ludoviciana

Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia

Ninebark Physocarpus capitatus

Ponderosa pine Pinus ponderosa

Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides

Thimbleberry Rubus parviflorus

Cutleaf coneflower Rudbeckia laciniata

Scouler’s willow Salix scouleriana

Snowberry Symphoricarpos albus

Huckleberry Vaccinium membranaceum

Black poplar Populus balsamifera trichocarpa

Paper birch Betula papyrifera

Box elder Acer negundo

Twinberry Lonicera involucrata

Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia 

Red elderberry Sambucus racemosa

Choke cherry Prunus virginiana

Evening primrose Oenothera elata

Sensitive Crops

Winter Wheat 

Potatoes 

Wisconsin 

Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia

Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides

Thimbleberry Rubus parviflorus

Red elderberry Sambucus racemosa
7J-50 

Black cherry Prunus serotina

Cutleaf coneflower Rudbeckia laciniata

Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium

Tall milkweed Asclepias exaltata

Goldenrod Solidago altissima

Common milkweed Asclepias syriaca

Thornless blackberry Rubus canadensis

Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia

Choke cherry Prunus virginiana

Allegheny blackberry Rubus allegheniensis

Speckled alder Alnus rugosa

Big-leaf aster Aster macrophyllus

Redbud Cercis Canadensis 

White ash Fraxinus americana

Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica 

American elder Sambucus canadensis

Sensitive Crops

Winter Wheat 

Soybeans 

Potatoes 

West Virginia 

Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia

Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides

Red elderberry Sambucus racemosa

Black cherry Prunus serotina

Cutleaf coneflower Rudbeckia laciniata

Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium

Sweetgum Liquidambar styraciflua

Yellow-poplar Liriodendron tulipifera

Tall milkweed Asclepias exaltata

Goldenrod Solidago altissima

Common milkweed Asclepias syriaca

Thornless blackberry Rubus canadensis

Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia

Choke cherry Prunus virginiana

Allegheny blackberry Rubus allegheniensis

Speckled alder Alnus rugosa

Whorled aster Aster acuminatus

Big-leaf aster Aster macrophyllus

Redbud Cercis Canadensis 
7J-51 

White ash Fraxinus americana

Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica 

American elder Sambucus canadensis

Virginia pine Pinus virginiana

Sensitive Crops

Winter Wheat 

Soybeans 

Tobacco 

Wyoming 

Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium

Pacific ninebark Physocarpus malvaceum

Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides

Scouler’s willow Salix scouleriana

Dogbane, Indian hemp Apocynum cannibinum

Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica

Skunkbush Rhus trilobata

Thimbleberry Rubus parviflorus

Huckleberry Vaccinium membranaceum

Choke cherry Prunus virginiana

Saskatoon serviceberry Amelanchier alnifolia

Red elderberry Sambucus racemosa

Ponderosa pine Pinus ponderosa

Cutleaf coneflower Rudbeckia laciniata

Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia

Evening primrose Oenothera elata

American elder Sambucus canadensis

Sensitive Crops

Winter Wheat 
United States 

Environmental Protection Agency 

Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards 

Air Quality Strategies and Standards Division 

Research Triangle Park, NC 

Publication N