Chapter 26C. Geohydrologic Summary of the Takhar Evaporite 

Area of Interest

By Michael P. Chornack and Thomas J. Mack

26C.1 Introduction

This chapter describes the geohydrology of the Takhar evaporite area of interest (AOI) in 

northeastern Afghanistan identified by Peters and others (2007) (fig. 26C–1a,b). The AOI is in the 

Bangi, Chal, Fakhar, Ishkamish, Kalafgan, and Taluqan (Taloqan) Districts in Takhar Province 

(fig. 26C–1a,b). The AOI covers an area of 6,128 km2 (square kilometers).

Water is needed not only to process mineral resources in Afghanistan, but also to supply existing 

communities and the associated community growth that may accompany a developing mining economy.

Information on the climate, vegetation, topography, and demographics of the AOI is summarized to 

provide information on the seasonal availability of, and seasonal demands for, water. The geohydrology 

of the AOI is described through the use of maps of streams and irrigated areas, generalized 

geohydrology and topography, and well locations. Where these data are available, the depth to water and 

height of static water in wells are documented. The results of lineament analyses are presented to 

identify areas where the rock may be more fractured than in other areas, which may be an indicator of 

high relative water yield and storage in bedrock aquifers. 

Afghanistan’s recent turbulent history has left many of the traditional archival institutions in 

ruins, and most water-resource and meteorological data-collection activities had stopped by 1980.

Recently (2011), nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), foreign government agencies, and the Afghan 

government have begun water-resource investigations; however, these activities and the amount of data 

collected are limited. This report summarizes the satellite imagery and climatic, topographic, geologic, 

surface-water, and groundwater data available. Geohydrologic inferences are made on the basis of an 

integrated analysis of these data and an understanding of conditions in other areas of Afghanistan. 

26C.1.1 Climate and Vegetation

Climate information for the Takhar evaporite AOI is based on data generated for the Afghanistan 

agricultural-meteorological (Agromet) project. Agromet was initiated by the U.S. Agency for 

International Development and the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization in 2003 to 

establish data-collection stations and develop country-wide agrometeorological services. Scientists with 

the Agromet project are assisting the Afghan Government to collect and analyze agricultural and 

meteorological data as they relate to crop production, irrigation, water supply, energy, and aviation. The 

U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) assumed responsibility for the operation of the project in 2005; by the 

end of August 2010, 87 Agromet stations were recording precipitation data and other parameters. 

Additionally, the Agromet project receives data from 18 Afghanistan Meteorological Authority (AMA)

weather stations. The Agromet project has developed a database that includes data collected at the 

Agromet stations over the past 6 years (2005–2011), data collected at the AMA weather stations, and 

historical data collected at weather stations from 1942 to 1993. Data collected as part of the Agromet 

project are compiled annually by water year (September through August) and are reported in the 

Afghanistan Agrometeorological Seasonal Bulletin (Seasonal Bulletin) published by the Ministry of 

Agriculture, Irrigation, and Livestock. Unless otherwise specified, the Agromet data cited in this report 

are from the agricultural season that extends from 1 September, 2009, to 31 August, 2010. 
1796 Summaries of Important Areas for Mineral Investment and Production Opportunities of Nonfuel Minerals in Afghanistan

a 
Chapter 26C. Geohydrologic Summary of the Takhar Evaporite Area of Interest 1797

b 

Figure 26C–1. (a) Landsat image showing the location of, and (b) place names, stream names, and streamgage 

station numbers in, the Takhar evaporite area of interest in Afghanistan.
1798 Summaries of Important Areas for Mineral Investment and Production Opportunities of Nonfuel Minerals in Afghanistan

The observed total precipitation for the AOI in the 2009–2010 water year, as published in the 

Seasonal Bulletin (Ministry of Agriculture, Irrigation, and Livestock, 2010, map 2), was about 

518.5 mm (millimeters).

The Taluqan Agromet station is located in Takhar Province, approximately 18 km (kilometers)

northwest of the center of the AOI, and is the only station that is near the AOI.

The AOI received 61 to 80 mm of precipitation in February 2010, the month 

with the greatest precipitation (Ministry of Agriculture, Irrigation, and Livestock, 2010, map 3). The 

AOI received 34 to 47 mm of precipitation in October 2009, the month with the least precipitation 

(Ministry of Agriculture, Irrigation, and Livestock, 2010, map 4). 

The 2009–2010 water 

year and the long-term average (LTA) precipitation at this station are more than 500 mm/yr, indicating 

that this is one of the few areas of Afghanistan that is not classified as arid or semi-arid. The 

precipitation data for the Taloqan Agromet station (Ministry of Agriculture, Irrigation, and Livestock, 

2010) are shown in table 26C–1. The total snowfall reported for the 2009–2010 water year at the

Taloqan Agromet station was 74 cm (centimeters). For comparison, snowfall in the 2008–2009 water 

year was 127 cm. 

Table 26C–1. Annual, long-term annual average, and long-term average minimum and maximum precipitation 

and temperature at the Taluqan Agrometeorological (Agromet) station in the Takhar evaporite area of interest,

Afghanistan.

[LTA, long-term average; AOI, area of interest; km, kilometers; m, meters; mm, millimeters; °C, degrees Celsius; nr, not 

reported]

Precipitation Temperature

Long-term average1 Long-term average

Agromet

Station

1

Distance 

from AOI 

center 

(km)

Elevation 

(m)

2009–

2010 

Annual 

(mm)

Annual 

(mm)

Monthly 

minimum 

and month 

(mm)

Monthly

maximum 

and month 

(mm)

Minimum 

and month 

(°

Monthly 

mean

C)

 

(°

Maximum 

and month 

C) (°

Taloqan

C)

18 820 518.5 563 0.1 June 131.1 

0.3 August March

nr nr nr

1 Long-term averages are based on data from 1942 to 1993 and 2005 to 2010 as reported in the Afghanistan 

Agrometeorological Seasonal Bulletin (Ministry of Agriculture, Irrigation, and Livestock, 2010).

The “Potential Natural Vegetation” (PVN) described in Breckle (2007) is the vegetation cover 

that would be present if it had not been modified by human activity. Today, as a result of continued 

exploitation such as grazing, farming, and deforestation, much of the original natural vegetation is found 

only in a few remote areas of Afghanistan. The destruction of the natural vegetation has resulted in the 

degradation and erosion of the soil cover in some areas.

The PNV at the lower elevations in the western part of the AOI as classified by Breckle (2007, 

p. 161) is mostly 

Many areas exhibit signs of long-lasting 

desertification caused by human activity.

Pistacia vera-Woodlands. The PNV in areas above 2,000 m (meters) above sea level 

(asl) is Juniperus-Woodlands. These areas are in the eastern part of the AOI. Much of the upland surface 

of the AOI is bedrock outcrop with thin alluvial cover, particularly in the southeast corner. Azonal 

riverine vegetation likely was present in the stream valleys, but the trees have been harvested for fuel 

and building materials. Most land suitable for farming has been plowed and planted, especially along 

major stream valleys and some of the ephemeral tributary stream valleys. Irrigated fields are present in 

many of the valleys in the AOI (fig. 26C–2).
Chapter 26C. Geohydrologic Summary of the Takhar Evaporite Area of Interest 1799

Figure 26C–2. Historical streamgage locations, digitally generated drainage network, and irrigated areas in the 

Takhar evaporite area of interest in Afghanistan.

26C.1.2 Demographics

The Takhar evaporite AOI ranges from uninhabited to densely populated, with the population 

density in most areas being from 26 to 50 inhabitants per square kilometer as mapped by LandScan 
1800 Summaries of Important Areas for Mineral Investment and Production Opportunities of Nonfuel Minerals in Afghanistan

(Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 2010) (fig. 26C–3). The population is more concentrated along the 

Farkhar and Bangi Rivers (fig. 26C–3), and is most concentrated in the city of Taluqan adjacent to the 

northwest corner of the AOI (fig. 26C–1b), where the population density is greater than 5,000/km2

(fig. 26C–3). The areas surrounding this city have a population density of about 101 to 2,500/km2. These 

areas of concentrated population also have a large amount of irrigation (fig. 26C–2). The mountainous 

areas at the southern boundary of the AOI are mostly uninhabited. The population density shown in 

figure 26C–3 has a pixel resolution of about 1 km2 (Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 2010). 

26C.1.3 Topography and Geomorphology

The topography of the Takhar evaporite AOI transitions from lower elevations (900 m asl) in the 

Farkhar River valley in the northwest corner to mountainous in the remaining areas (Davis, 2006) 

(figs. 26C-1a and b). The two highest peaks in the AOI are in the southeast corner; the higher of the two 

peaks is 3,138 m asl and the lower peak is 2,861 m asl (Bohannon, 2005). The valley bottom of the 

Farkhar River is about 1,200 m asl where the river flows along the eastern border of the AOI. The Bangi 

River valley is about 2,000 m asl where the valley runs through the mountain in the AOI.

The perennial and ephemeral stream valleys are deeply incised in the mountainous parts of the 

AOI.

Relief between 

the peaks and valleys in the AOI averages 800 m. 

There is a conspicuous northeast-trending valley in the middle of the AOI.

26C.2 Geohydrology

The wide valley in the 

northwest corner of the AOI was probably formed by the Farkhar River. 

The geohydrology of Afghanistan has been described in general terms by Abdullah and 

Chmyriov (1977, book 2). As defined in their “Geology and mineral resources of Afghanistan,” the 

Takhar evaporite AOI is in the North Afghanistan Artesian Region. The North Afghanistan Artesian 

Region is located in the northern part of the country. The outcrops and near-surface rocks in the AOI can 

be grouped according to their physical and hydraulic properties. The generalized geohydrology of the 

AOI is shown in figure 26C–4 with the underlying topography to allow examination of the 

geohydrology in the context of relief. Figure 26C–5 shows the generalized geohydrology without 

topography for a clearer depiction of the geohydrologic units and mapped faults. Generalized 

geohydrologic groups were created from a country-wide geologic coverage (Doebrich and Wahl, 2006) 

by combining sediments and rocks into major sediment- or rock-type groups of similar hydrologic 

characteristics. The geohydrologic groups in the AOI, ranked from high to low relative hydraulic 

conductivity (Freeze and Cherry, 1979, table 2.3), are “sands, undifferentiated; loess and fine sediments; 

conglomerate sediments and rocks; limestones and dolostones; sedimentary rocks; and intrusive rocks 

and lavas” (figs. 26C–4, 26C–5).

26C.2.1 Surface Water

Doebrich and Wahl (2006) used geologic maps at a scale of 1:250,000, 

modified from Russian and Afghan Geological Survey (AGS) mapping, to generate the country-wide 

geologic coverage. The 1:250,000-scale geologic map that cover this AOI is provided by Fridrich and 

others (2005). 

A network of major, mostly perennial streams, modified from AIMS (Afghanistan Information 

Management Services, 1997) and VMAP1 (National Imagery and Mapping Agency, 1995), in the 

Takhar evaporite AOI is shown in figure 26C–2. A network representing likely ephemeral streams, 

generated with a digital elevation model (DEM), also is shown in figure 26C–2. Names of major streams 

and identification numbers for any streamgages and ungaged streamflow estimation sites in the AOI are 

shown in figure 26C–1b. 
Chapter 26C. Geohydrologic Summary of the Takhar Evaporite Area of Interest 1801

Figure 26C–3. Population density of the Takhar evaporite area of interest in Afghanistan.
1802 Summaries of Important Areas for Mineral Investment and Production Opportunities of Nonfuel Minerals in Afghanistan

Figure 26C–4. Topography and generalized geohydrology of the Takhar evaporite area of interest in Afghanistan.
Chapter 26C. Geohydrologic Summary of the Takhar Evaporite Area of Interest 1803

Figure 26C–5.

The Farkhar River near Taloqan streamgage station (Afghan identification number 14-1.R00-5A) 

is near the center of the AOI (figs. 26C–1

Generalized geohydrology and mapped faults in the Takhar evaporite area of interest in 

Afghanistan.

b, 26C–2). This station is at an elevation of 991 m asl, has a 

drainage area of 4,110 km2, and has a period of record that extends from 22 November, 1966, to 
1804 Summaries of Important Areas for Mineral Investment and Production Opportunities of Nonfuel Minerals in Afghanistan

30 September, 1978 (Olson and Williams-Sether, 2010). The annual mean streamflow per unit area for 

this station is 0.01 m3/s/km2 (cubic meters per second per square kilometer). High flows generally occur 

in the early to mid summer and low flows occur in winter. A statistical summary of monthly and annual 

mean streamflows for this station is presented in table 26C–2. Statistical summaries of streamflow data 

for all available historical gages in Afghanistan can be accessed at 

http://afghanistan.cr.usgs.gov/water.php. 

Table 26C–2.

[m

Statistical summary of monthly and annual mean streamflows for the Farkhar River near Taloqan 

streamgage station (Olson and Williams-Sether, 2010). 3

14-1.R00-5A

/s, cubic meters per second]

Month

FARKHAR RIVER NEAR TALOQAN

Maximum Minimum Mean

Streamflow

(m3

Water year of

/s) occurrence

Streamflow

(m3

Water year of

/s) occurrence

Streamflow

(m3

Standard

deviation

(m /s) 3

Coefficient of

variation /s)

Percentage

of annual

streamflow

October 24.5 1970 15.9 1972 20.1 2.74 0.14 3.95

Novembe

r

18.2 1970 12.6 1975 15.7 1.74 0.11 3.08

December 18.4 1969 11.6 1972 13.4 1.88 0.14 2.63

January 14.7 1969 10.2 1971 11.7 1.56 0.13 2.30

February 14.1 1973 8.83 1971 11.1 1.67 0.15 2.18

March 20.4 1969 9.49 1967 12.8 3.32 0.26 2.51

April 82.0 1969 14.0 1977 29.0 17.9 0.62 5.70

May 123 1969 35.4 1974 59.8 22.1 0.37 11.8

June 184 1969 85.0 1974 124 30.5 0.25 24.4

July 182 1969 56.1 1971 113 38.8 0.34 22.3

August 110 1969 47.2 1974 65.1 17.9 0.28 12.8

Septembe

r

48.7 1970 24.0 1973 32.5 7.36 0.23 6.39

Annual 69.5 1969 33.4 1974 43.1 10.0 0.23 100

26C.2.2 Groundwater

No NGO-installed community groundwater-supply wells in the Takhar evaporite AOI are found 

in a database maintained by DACAAR (Danish Committee for Aid to Afghan Refugees, 2011); 

however, shallow dug wells likely are present in alluvial sediments, particularly near perennial or 

ephemeral streams. Such wells are likely to be installed 1 m or less below the water surface and may be 

vulnerable to seasonal water-level fluctuations.

The hydraulic properties of the unconsolidated sediments in the AOI are likely to be favorable 

for groundwater availability. Sands are mapped in most of the lower elevation areas, particularly in the 

Farkhar River valley (fig. 26C–4). There is no information on the thickness of this unit but, in areas 

where the river valley is wide, the unit could be tens of meters thick. Where this unit is thick, especially 

near perennial streams, it has the potential to supply limited quantities of groundwater. This unit is 

probably being used at least to supply groundwater to the population of the AOI for domestic 

consumption. The loess and fine sediments geohydrologic group is present in the upland valley in the 

midwestern part of the AOI. This unit probably consists of wind-blown sediments that form a thin 

deposit on the underlying units with little or no groundwater storage. The conglomerate sediments and 

rocks geohydrologic group is fairly extensive in the AOI. Outcrops of the group appear to overlie the 

sedimentary rocks and possibly the intrusive rocks and lavas group. No information is available about 

the thickness of the conglomerate sediments and rocks geohydrologic group, but most outcrops of this 

group appear to be in mountainous areas (fig. 26C–4).

The outcrops of the consolidated rocks in the AOI form the higher elevations areas.

These rocks and sediments could be a source of 

groundwater, but it is unlikely that the quantities would be large.

The outcrops 

of the sedimentary rocks geohydrologic group are limited in the AOI. If this group underlies the 
Chapter 26C. Geohydrologic Summary of the Takhar Evaporite Area of Interest 1805

conglomerate sediments and rocks group, it could be a potential source of groundwater. The limited area 

and the location of the limestones and dolostones geohydrologic group in the AOI make it an unlikely 

target for groundwater exploration. With the exception of an area of closely spaced faults (fig. 26C–5), 

the presence of substantial groundwater resources in the intrusive rocks and lavas geohydrologic group 

is also unlikely. No information is available about potential groundwater resources in bedrock aquifers 

of the AOI; however, groundwater is likely to be available in fracture zones. Field investigations 

including geologic mapping, geophysical surveys, and hydraulic well testing are needed to adequately 

characterize the extent and availability of groundwater resources in the AOI. 

26C.2.3 Lineament Analyses

Lineaments are photolinear features that could be the result of underlying zones of high-angle 

bedrock fractures, fracture zones, faults, or bedding-plane weaknesses. Lineament analyses of the 

Takhar evaporite AOI (B.E. Hubbard, T.J. Mack, and A.L. Thompson, unpub. data, 2011) were 

conducted using DEM and natural-color satellite imagery (fig. 26C–6) and Advanced Spaceborne 

Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometry (ASTER) satellite imagery (fig. 26C–7a,b). Lineament 

identification and analysis have long been used as a reconnaissance tool for identifying areas in 

carbonate bedrock environments where groundwater resources are likely to be found (Lattman and 

Parizek, 1964; Siddiqui and Parizek, 1971). Lineament analysis is increasingly used to identify areas of 

high relative well yields in other bedrock settings, including crystalline bedrock (Mabee, 1999; Moore 

and others, 2002). There are many northeast-, and conjugate northwest-, trending lineaments and 

mapped faults (fig 26C–5) in the AOI. The lineaments shown in figure 26C–6 were delineated visually, 

whereas those in figure 26C–7 were delineated using an automated process and on the basis of the 

multispectral characteristics of the land surface (B.E. Hubbard, T.J. Mack, and A.L. Thompson, unpub. 

data, 2011). Water wells in bedrock aquifers generally are most productive where boreholes are located 

in areas of highly fractured bedrock. Areas where lineament density is high (figs. 26C–6, 26C–7a, 

26C–7b) potentially are areas where bedrock fractures are more prevalent than in other areas of the AOI. 

Lineaments provide an indication of areas that warrant further investigation for optimal bedrock 

water-well placement. Lineaments may also indicate areas of preferential flow and storage of 

groundwater, and areas with a high density of lineaments may indicate high secondary porosity. Any 

lineament analyses, including those presented in this investigation, need to be corroborated by field 

investigations and additional data to confirm the nature of the lineaments and their relation to 

water-filled bedrock fracture zones.
1806 Summaries of Important Areas for Mineral Investment and Production Opportunities of Nonfuel Minerals in Afghanistan

Figure 26C–6. Lineaments and lineament density based on 30-meter digital-elevation-model data and 

natural-color Landsat imagery in the Takhar evaporate area of interest in Afghanistan. 
Chapter 26C. Geohydrologic Summary of the Takhar Evaporite Area of Interest 1807

a 
1808 Summaries of Important Areas for Mineral Investment and Production Opportunities of Nonfuel Minerals in Afghanistan

b 

Figure 26C–7. (a) Lineaments and lineament density based on 30-meter multispectral Landsat imagery and 

(b) lineaments and lineament density based on 15-meter multispectral Landsat imagery in the Takhar evaporite 

area of interest in Afghanistan.
Chapter 26C. Geohydrologic Summary of the Takhar Evaporite Area of Interest 1809

26C.3 Summary and Conclusions

The availability of water resources for mining and other uses is likely to be greater in the Takhar 

evaporite area of interest (AOI) than in other areas in Afghanistan. The AOI receives more precipitation

and has a higher streamflow per unit area than most areas of Afghanistan, which indicates that the AOI 

may receive considerable groundwater recharge. Water resources in the AOI and surrounding area 

appear to consist mainly of surface water, although no information on groundwater resources is 

available. The mean monthly streamflow in the Farkhar River is reported to be greater than 11 cubic 

meters per second. The amount of irrigated land along the Farkhar River indicates that the river is highly 

utilized by local farmers. Most smaller streams also likely are highly utilized by the local population and 

represent the primary source of water for irrigation. It is likely there are shallow alluvial aquifers in the 

valley bottoms of the AOI that are a highly utilized groundwater resource.

No subsurface hydraulic information is available for bedrock aquifers in the AOI or adjacent 

areas, but bedrock aquifers may be a source of considerable groundwater.

The diversion of water from 

the rivers to support mining activities would need to be closely monitored, particularly during low-flow 

periods, if the quantity and quality of the water resource are to be preserved so that surface-water flow 

remains sufficient to supply water for irrigation and to provide recharge to the aquifers that supply 

groundwater to the shallow wells for domestic consumption. 

Some areas of the AOI, as 

indicated by generalized geohydrologic maps and lineament analyses, are likely areas for further 

exploration for groundwater resources. The quality and sustainability of water resources in the AOI 

remain to be determined, however. Close monitoring and careful management of potential new 

surface-water or groundwater withdrawals would help to protect the quantity and quality of the existing 

supply for current local water uses. Field investigations including geologic mapping, geophysical 

surveys, and hydraulic well testing are needed to adequately characterize the extent and availability of 

groundwater resources in the AOI.

26C.4 References Cited

Abdullah, Sh., and Chmyriov, V.M., eds. in chief, 1977, Geology and mineral resources of Afghanistan, 

book 2: Afghanistan Ministry of Mines and Industries, Afghanistan Geological Survey, reprinted 

2008, British Geological Survey Occasional Publications No. 15, 292 p. 

Afghanistan Information Management Service, 1997, Irrigated areas, 1:250,000 scale Afghanistan 

Information Management Service Afghanistan Shape Files, accessed October 15, 2010, at 

http://www.aims.org.af/.

Bohannon, R.G., 2005, Topographic map of quadrangle 3768 and 3668, Imam-Saheb (215), Rustaq 

(216), Baghlan (221), and Taloqan (222) quadrangles, Afghanistan:

Breckle, S.W., 2007, Flora and vegetation of Afghanistan:

U.S. Geological Survey Open-File 

Report 2005–1094-B. 

Central Statistics Organization, Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, 2010, Afghanistan statistical yearbook 

2009–2010, issue no. 31, p. 247. 

Basic and Applied Dryland Research, v. 1, 

no. 2, p. 155–194. 

Danish Committee for Aid to Afghan Refugees, 2011, Update on “National groundwater monitoring 

wells network activities in Afghanistan” from July 2007 to December 2010: Kabul, Afghanistan, 

Danish Committee for Aid to Afghan Refugees (DACAAR), 23 p. 

Davis, P.A., 2006, Calibrated Landsat ETM+ mosaics of Afghanistan: U.S. Geological Survey 

Open-File Report 2006-1345, 18 p., also at http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1345/. 

Doebrich, J.L., and Wahl, R.L., 2006, Geologic and mineral resource map of Afghanistan: 

U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2006–1038, 1 sheet, scale 1:850,000. 

Freeze, R.A., and Cherry, J.A., 1979, Groundwater: Englewood Cliffs, N.J., Prentice-Hall, 604 p. 
1810 Summaries of Important Areas for Mineral Investment and Production Opportunities of Nonfuel Minerals in Afghanistan

Fridrich, C.J., Lindsay, C.R., and Snee, L.W., 2005, Geologic map of quadrangle 3768 and 3668, 

Imam-Saheb (215), Rustaq (216), Baughman (221), and Taloqan (222) quadrangles, Afghanistan:

Lattman, L.H., and Parizek, R.R., 1964, Relationship between fracture traces and the occurrence of 

ground water in carbonate rocks: Journal of Hydrology, v. 2, p. 73–91.

U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2005–1094-A.

Mabee, S.B., 1999, Factors influencing well productivity in glaciated metamorphic rocks: Groundwater, 

v. 37, no. 1, p. 88–97.

Ministry of Agriculture, Irrigation and Livestock and the Afghan Meteorological Authority of the 

Ministry of Transport, 2010,The Afghanistan Agrometeorological Seasonal Bulletin, issue no. 7, 

2009–2010, 26 p., accessed July 6, 2011, at http://afghanistan.cr.usgs.gov/documents.php

Moore, R.B., Schwarz, G.E., Clark, S.F., Jr., Walsh, G.J., and Degnan, J.R., 2002, Factors related to 

well yield in the fractured-bedrock aquifer of New Hampshire: U.S. Geological Survey Professional 

Paper 1660, 51 p., 2 pl.

.

National Imagery and Mapping Agency, 1995, Vector map (VMAP1): National Imagery and Mapping 

Agency database, available at 

http://geoengine.nga.mil/geospatial/SW_TOOLS/NIMAMUSE/webinter/rast_roam.html

Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 2010, LandScan global population database 2009: Oak Ridge National 

Laboratory database, accessed February 1, 2011, at 

.

http://www.ornl.gov/sci/landscan/

Olson, S.A., and Williams-Sether, T., 2010, Streamflow characteristics of streamgages in northern 

Afghanistan and selected locations: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 529, 512 p.

.

Peters, S.G., Ludington, S.D., Orris, G.J., Sutphin, D.M., Bliss, J.D., and Rytuba, J.J., eds., and the 

U.S. Geological Survey-Afghanistan Ministry of Mines Joint Mineral Resource Assessment Team, 

2007, Preliminary non-fuel mineral resource assessment of Afghanistan: U.S. Geological Survey 

Open-File Report 2007–1214, 810 p., 1 CD–ROM. (Also available at 

http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1214/.

Ruleman, C.A., Crone, A.J., Machette, M.N., Haller, K.M., and Rukstales, K.S., 2007, Map and 

database of probable and possible Quaternary faults in Afghanistan: U.S. Geological Survey 

Open-File Report 2007–1103, 39 p., 1 pl.

)

Siddiqui, S.H., and Parizek, R.R., 1971, Hydrogeologic factors influencing well yields in folded and 

faulted carbonate rocks in central Pennsylvania: Water Resources Research, v. 7, no. 5, p. 1295–1312.