493

Acronyms and Abbreviations

INDEX

A

Abreaction

(through confession, 401

in debriefing, 279

in dramatic metaphor, 402

Abstraction skills

assessment, after traumatic brain injury, 334

Acceptance

absence of, with blindness, 369-370

and captivity adaptation, 425

Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, 89

See also Chemical warfare

Acevedo, Mario H., 114

Achilles, 57

Acker, M., 361

Acute anxiety syndromes, 50-52

Acute combat reactions

after reentry, 298-301

treatment, 483-484

Acute stress disorder, 77-78

diagnostic criteria, 78

in DSM-III, 413, 466

in DSM-IV, 78, 413-414

Adamsite, 92

See also Chemical warfare

Adaptation

and captivity, 434-436

Adjustment

among World War II veterans, 462-463

See also Readjustment; Vietnam-Era Veterans Adjustment

Survey (VEVAS)

Adjustment disorder

among POWs, 441

See also Readjustment

Admissions, 13, 17

Affective disorders

and traumatic brain injury, 335

Afghanistan, 22, 94

Agent BZ, 91, 92

See also Chemical warfare

Aggressive behavior

and traumatic brain injury, 336-337

Agrammatism, 333

Agraphia, 333

AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome), 75, 481

See also HIV (human immunodeficiency virus); Sexually

transmitted diseases

Air defense artillery, 166

Alcohol

ancient use, 125

homemade, 27

and memory loss, 341

and sailors, 215

and traumatic brain injury, 338, 340

Alcoholism

among POWs, 441-442, 446-448

in Vietnam War, 19, 73

See also Substance abuse

Alexander, M.P., 330

Alexander, Samuel E., 150

Alexia, 333

Alexithymia

case study, 419-420

Alprazolam, 447

See also Pharmaceuticals; Pharmacotherapy

American Medical Association (AMA), 99

American Red Cross, 155

See also Joint or combined operations other than war

American Revolution, 153

Amnesia

anterograde, 326-327, 400

differential diagnosis, 400

post-traumatic, 326-327

as reaction to combat, 52

retrograde, 326-327, 400

simulated, 400

transient global amnesia, 400

in traumatic brain injury, 324

See also Memory

Amphetamines, 125, 186

See also Pharmaceuticals; Pharmacotherapy; Substance

abuse

Amputation, 355-359

behavioral effects, 355-356

and phantom limb, 356-358

treatment, 358-359

Amytal Test

for abreaction, 203

and amnesia, 52

and diagnosis, 402-403

and traumatic brain injury, 338

Anderson, Leslie, 292

Anderson, R.C., 390

Anosognosia, 395

for blindness, 368

and brain syndromes, 364-365

for hemianopia, 368

and traumatic brain injury, 327-328, 335-336

See also Denial

Anosognosic attitude, 335

Anton’s syndrome, 368

Anthrax, 95

See also Biological warfare

Anticipation, uncertainty, surprise

as combat stress variable, 142

Antidepressants, 54, 55, 59, 127, 339, 421, 447

See also Pharmaceuticals; Pharmacotherapy; Treatment

Anxiety-depressive syndromes, 53-55

See also Anxiety disorders; Atypical Anxiety/Depressive

Cases

Anxiety disorders

after amputation, 355-356

as combat stress casualty, 38, 47, 48, 53-55

and pharmaceuticals, 126

among POWs, 442

as reentry reaction, 301

and traumatic brain injury, 335

See also Acute anxiety syndromes; Anxiety-depressive

syndromes; Atypical Anxiety/Depressive Cases; Panic
494

War Psychiatry

Aphasia, 333

Appel, J.W., 15, 40-41, 142, 157

Apraxia

and traumatic brain injury, 334

Archibald, H.C., 464, 465

Ardent, 221

Armor, 163-164

Army aviation, 166-167

Arthur, R.J., 475

Artiss, K.L., 9, 202, 479

Askevold, F., 219-220

Astasia-abasia, 396-397

Ativan, 419

See also Pharmaceuticals; Pharmacotherapy

Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission, 99

Atrocity, 56-57

Atropine, 89-90, 91, 92

See also Chemical warfare

Attention

assessment, after traumatic brain injury, 332

Atypical anxiety/depressive cases, 55-57

See also Anxiety-depressive syndromes

Auenbrugger, Leopold, 6

Aum Supreme Truth, 89

AWOL from battle, 57-58

B

Babinski, Joseph, 386, 388

Babinski sign, 389

Bacterial agents, 97

Bailey, A.A., 357

Bailey, P., 10, 38

Baker, S.L., 73

Balance disorders

differential diagnosis, 396-397

Baldwin, Richard W., 2

Bar-on, R., 38, 42

Barton, William P., 214

Basel, Gene, 185

Battle ecologies, 41, 416

Battle fatigue, 37

categorization, 45

military nomenclature, 414

normal signs, 46

prevention, 260

serious signs, 47

treatment, 44, 260

Battle pulses, 42

“Battle shock,” 141

Battle type

as combat stress variable, 141

Battlefield factors

as combat stress variable, 135, 141-142

Battlefield paralysis, 118

Bauden, 8

Beach, E.L., 222-223

Beebe, G.W., 14, 15, 40-41, 142, 157, 439, 443, 461, 462

Beers, Clifford, 9

Behavioral effects

of amputation, 355-356

of spinal cord injuries, 361-362

Behavioral management

of burn injury, 366-367

of traumatic brain injury, 338

Behnke, A.R., 217

Biersner, R.J., 217

Beirut, 20-21, 233

See also Middle East conflicts

Belenky, G.L., 8, 10, 22, 24, 38, 42, 55, 68, 121, 416

Benson, D.F., 330

Benson, H., 79

Benson, J.W., 443

Benzodiazepine receptor studies, 126

Benzodiazepines, 447, 483, 484

antagonists, 482, 483

in Falkland Islands War, 23, 125-126

and functions mediated by, 126

See also Pharmaceuticals; Pharmacotherapy; Substance

abuse

Berserk soldiers, 56, 57, 215

Bettelheim, B., 442

Billings, E.G., 70-72

Biological models

of chronic post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 415-416

Biological warfare, 87, 95-98

allegations of, 88

bacterial agents, 97

and neuropsychiatric casualties, 95-98

and physiological effects, 95

rickettsial, fungal, and toxic agents, 98

viral agents, 97

Biopsychosocial model

of chronic post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 416-417

Bledsoe, C. Warren, 371

Blindisms, 370

Blindness, 367-372

cerebral, 368

early reactions, 369

stresses and coping mechanisms, 369-371

treatment, 371-372

visual phenomenology, 368-369

See also Visual disorders; Visuospatial skills

Bohrod, Aaron, 384

Bonaparte, Napoleon, 6, 67, 199

Bors, Ernest, 360

Borus, J.F., 465

Botulinus toxins, 95

See also Biological warfare

Bourne, P.G., 120, 138

Bowen, Edward J., 64

Bowman, J., 39, 50

Braceland, Francis, 214

Bradley, Omar, 12, 156, 476

Brain syndromes

anosognosia and reduplication, 364-365

delirium, 364

and disfiguring injuries, 364-365

manifestations, delayed, 364

neuropathology, 365

Brainwashing, 422, 438-439

Brando, Marlon, 362

Brandt, T., 394

Breuer, Joseph, 386, 4111

Brevity, 46, 202, 246

Breznitz, S., 142

Brill, N.Q., 461, 462

Briquet, Paul, 386, 387

Briquet’s syndrome, 442

Bromberg, Manuel, 134

Brown-Peterson interference technique, 332

Brumback, R.A., 331
495

Acronyms and Abbreviations

Bureau of Medicine and Surgery (BUMED), 214, 217

Burns, 364-367

See also Disfiguring injuries

Burnside, General, 207

Burtt, D.M., 363

Bushard, B., 116

Bushido, 422

BuSpar, 126, 420, 482

See also Pharmaceuticals; Pharmacotherapy

Buspirone, 126-127, 415, 482

See also Pharmaceuticals; Pharmacotherapy

C

Caffeine, 483

Calculation skills

assessment, after traumatic brain injury, 333-334

Caldwell, J.M., 102

Calhoun, 67

Calley, William, 76-77

Calvert, 120

Cambodia, 94

Camptocormia, 397

Canadian Vietnam veterans, 468-470

Canberra, 221

Cannon, W.B., 415

Capgras, syndrome of, 330

Captivity

adaptation, 424-425, 434-436

coping, 434-436

nature of, 433-434

and psychiatric symptoms, 437-438

sequelae of, 439-443

severity of, as predictor of psychiatric distress, 443

and social isolation, 436-437

stresses of, 435

techniques for handling, 424-426

Carden, N.L., 391

Carraway, Howard E., 219

Case studies

of alexithymia, 419-420

of amnesia, 52

of amputation, 356

of anxiety, severe, 51

of Army support to Air Force base, 254

of atrocity, 56

of battle fatigue, 258

of berserk soldier, 56

of civil disaster relief, 263-264

of cohesion, 226-227

of combat crisis, 3-4

of combat fatigue, 120

of confabulation, 328

of conversion disorders, 390-391, 393, 397, 401-403

of critical event debriefing (CED), 279

of critical incident psychiatric debriefing, 287-288

of CSC staffing, 260-261

of debriefing timing error, 283

of dehydration, 120

of delayed post-trauma debriefing, 284-285, 285-287

of denial of blindness, 368

of denial, 393-394

of depression, severe, 54

of disfiguring injury, 367

of dissociative reaction, 394

of end-of-tour debriefing, 284-285, 285-287

of enjoyment of combat, 58-59

of environmental disorientation, 329

of fugue state, 52

of genital mutilation, 373-374

of “Guadalcanal nerves,” 227-228

of hemorrhagic shock, 49

of inadequate leadership, 168-169

of indiscipline, 75-77

of large group debriefing, 280

of loneliness and frustration disorders, 74

of mass casualties, 254

of multidisciplinary team development, 287-288

of naval psychiatric casualties, 216, 221-223, 224-227, 228-229

of normal reactions to combat, 48-49

of “old sergeant syndrome,” 54-55

of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 3-4, 417-420

of psychiatric casualties in medical personnel, 228-229

of sleep deprivation, 165

of sleepwalking, 51

of stuttering, 51

of tactical restraints on interventions, 255

of traumatic brain injury, 342

of unit cohesion, 224-227

of wry neck, 397

Cassem, N.H., 433

Castration and genital mutilation, 372-374

and behavior, 372-373

treatment, 373-374

Casualties

among great powers, 293

and reactions on reentry, 299-301

Catastrophic reaction, 335

Catch-22, 188

Catecholamine precursors, 121

See also Pharmaceuticals; Pharmacotherapy; Serotonin

Center for Policy Research, 466

Centrality, 202, 246

Chaplains, 281, 309

Charcot, Jean-Martin, 386, 387, 411

Charles Bonnet syndrome, 369

Chemical warfare, 23, 87-95, 116

allegations of, 88

and associated neuropsychiatric syndromes, 93-95

and physiological effects, 89-93

treatment of, 89-92

Chernobyl, 99, 101-102

Chlorine, 87, 388

See also Chemical warfare

Chlorpromazine, 126

See also Pharmaceuticals; Pharmacotherapy

Cholden, L., 370

Churchill, Winston, 195, 224

Cimetidine, 366

Circadian rhythms, 184

disrupted, 121

See also Sleep

Civil disaster relief

as joint operations, 263-264

Civil disturbance response

as joint operations, 263-264

Clark, W.R., 103, 364

Clark Report, 103

Clinton, Bill, 477

Closed-head injury (CHI), 321-324

and diffuse axonal injury (DAI), 322

and focal injury, 321-322
496

War Psychiatry

hypoxia - ischemia, 322

microvascular change, 322-323

and oxygen free radicals and lipid peroxidation, 323-324

and secondary tissue injury, 323

Cocaine, 124

See also Pharmaceuticals; Pharmacotherapy; Substance

abuse

Code of Conduct, 422, 423, 435

Cognitive changes

and traumatic brain injury, 335

Cohen, B.M. 439

Cohesion

as combat stress variable, 139

impediments to, 477-478

and reentry issues, 302-303

See also Unit cohesion

COHORT (cohesion, operational readiness, training) Program, 123

Collaboration, 439

Collazo, C., 23

Combat enjoyment, 58-59

Combat environments

Army: combat support/combat service support troops,

167-169

Army: combat troops, 162-167

Navy: marines: amphibious warriors, 224-231

Navy: merchant mariners, 218-220

Navy: naval air warriors and carrier battle groups, 222-224

Navy: submarine warriors, 216-218

Navy: surface warriors, 220-222

Combat exhaustion, 10, 12, 17, 141

Combat experience

as combat stress variable, 137-138

Combat fatigue, 10, 72, 141, 218

case study, 229

as psychophysiological disorder, 120

and U.S. Air Force psychiatric support, 182-183

See also Exhaustion

Combat length and intensity

as combat stress variable, 41-43, 141-142

Combat psychiatry

in future warfare, 122-127, 482-484

principles of, 8-28, 43, 245-246, 476, 477

of U.S. Air Force, 177-210

of U.S. Army, 149-175

of U.S. Navy, 211-242

Combat reactions, acute

after reentry, 298-301

Combat role

as combat stress variable, 138-139

Combat stress: a psychological model, 133-148

antecedent variables, 135, 136-142

appraisal process, 135, 136, 143-144

background, 135-136

coping modes, 135-136, 144-145

mediating variables, 135, 143

response modes, 135-136, 144

Combat stress behaviors, 66

See also Combat stress casualties

Combat stress casualties

and combat intensity, 41-43

definition, 37

etiopathogenesis, 40-43

from low-intensity warfare, compared with traditional, 65-

66, 479-480, 481

manifestations, 37-40

prediction of psychiatric, 43

prevention and treatment, 37, 43-59, 79, 123, 479-480, 481,

482-484

research on, 120-122

symptoms, 39, 40

treatment, 43-59

See also Combat stress control; Loneliness and frustration

casualties; Nostalgia

Combat stress centers, 250

Combat stress company of Army, 171-173

Combat stress control (CSC) in joint operations, 243-270

in efforts other than war, 259-267

inherent problems, 245

limitations of and need for, 247

mission functions, 246-247

participating military branches, 248-259

preventive methods, 247

recommendations, 267-269

Combat stress control mission of Army, 151-153

Combat stress factors, 4-6

Combat stress reaction, 4-6

See also Reactions to combat

Combat support/combat service support troops, 167-169

Combat troops, 162-167

air defense artillery, 166

armor, 163-164

army aviation, 166-167

field artillery, 164-166

infantry, 162-163

Command action

consultation by mental health professionals, 308-310

Command behavior

and reentry issues, 303

Commitment, 116

See also Ideology, values, and commitment

Committee on Veterans Medical Problems, 461

Compazine, 126

See also Pharmaceuticals; Pharmacotherapy

Compliance

and captivity adaptation, 424-425

and postcaptivity recovery, 425

Compton, A., 396

“Concentration camp syndrome, “ 440

Concurrence, 116, 307

Concussion, 325

See also Mild head injury

Confabulation

and traumatic brain injury, 328-329

Confidence

in commanders, 139-140

as soldiers, 140

See also Self-reliance

“Constipation,” 8

Constructional skills

assessment, after traumatic brain injury, 334

Consultant’s stance, 235, 236

Consultation-liaison, 246

Conversion disorders

during Civil War, 385-386

after Civil War, 386-387

differential diagnosis, 396-401

during Korean conflict, 391

during Vietnam War, 391

during World War I, 387-389

during World War II, 389-391

and post-World War II developments, 392-396
497

Acronyms and Abbreviations

treatment, 401-403

Convoy fatigue, 218

Cooper, M.Z., 439

Cope, D.N., 361

Copen, Estes G., 39, 158

Coping mechanisms

and blindness, 369-371

and captivity, 434-436

and combat stress, 135-136, 144-145

and disfiguring injuries, 365-366

Cornell Medical Health Index, 440

Cortical blindness, 368

Crane, Stephen, 67

Critical Incident Stress Foundation, 276, 283

Crocq, L., 69

Cullen, William, 10

Cyanide, 89

physiological effects, 92

See also Chemical warfare

D

DaCosta, 8, 48, 153

Dana, 215

Darwin, Charles, 415

Datel, W.E., 17, 19, 20

Datura stramonium, 92

Davenport, R.C., 369

Davidson, J.T., 421

Davidson, S., 444

Davis, R., 228

De Bakey, M.E., 14

de Goza, S., S., 364

De Meyserey, 67

De Wolfe, 229

Debriefing after combat, 237-239, 271-290, 309, 310-313

after-action debriefing (AAD), 206, 275

and critical leader actions, 276

after-action review (AAR), 274-275

of armored division, 164

civilian critical incident stress debriefing (CISD), 237, 238,

276, 278

critical event debriefing (CED), 276-279

end-of-tour debriefing, 280, 284-285, 285-287, 310

historical group debriefing, 276, 277

history, 273-274

large group debriefing, 280

psychiatric debriefing, 279-280, 281-288

Decompression, 310

Dehydration

case study, 120

Dejerine-Roussy, thalamic pain syndrome of, 395

Delirium

and brain syndromes, 364

Deller, J.J., 75

Dementia pugilistica, 322

Denial

after amputation, 356

of blindness, 369-370

and conversion disorders, 393-394

and postcaptivity recovery, 426

after spinal cord injury, 361-362

and traumatic brain injury, 335-336

See also Anosognosia; Coping mechanisms; Disbelief

Dependency, debility, and dread (DDD), 435, 439

Depression

in Alaska and Aleutians, 68-69

after amputation, 355-356

and blindness, 370-371

and captivity adaptation, 425

as combat stress casualty, 47

followed by euphoria, 365

after genital mutilation, 373

among POWs, 441

after spinal cord injury, 361

and traumatic brain injury, 336

See also Anxiety-depressive syndromes; Atypical Anxiety/

Depressive Cases

Dercum, Francis X., 387

Desert Rock I, IV, V, 102-103

Deutsch, A., 67

DeVinney, L.C., 120

Dexedrine, 125

See also Pharmaceuticals; Pharmacotherapy

Diagnosis

See Differential diagnosis; Misdiagnosis

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-I),

215, 411

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-II), 411

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-III)

and conversion disorder, 385

and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 413, 466

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IIIR), 413

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV), 78

and acute stress disorder, 77-78

and combat stress casualties, 37

and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 413

Diazepam, 125, 419

See also Pharmaceuticals; Pharmacotherapy; Substance

abuse

Diet, 121

See also Nutrition

Differential diagnosis

of amnesia, 400

of balance disorders, 396-397

of gait disorders, 396-397

of Ganser syndrome, 400-401

of hearing loss, 398

of involuntary movements, 397

of motor disorders, 396

of pseudodementia, 400-401

of pseudoseizures, 399-400

of sensory disorders, 397-398

of simulated amnesia, 400

of speech disorders, 398-399

of stance disorders, 396-397

of visual disorders, 398

Diffuse axonal injury (DAI)

in closed-head injury, 322

Disabling injuries

See Amputation; Blindness; Castration and genital

mutilation; Spinal cord injuries

Disaffection, 75

Disbelief

and captivity adaptation, 424

See also Denial

Disfiguring injuries, 364-367

and brain syndromes, 364-365

and coping mechanisms, 365-366

and recovery stresses, 365

treatment, 366-367
498

War Psychiatry

Disorientation

and traumatic brain injury, 329-330

Disposition of troops, options, 205-206

Dissociation

of conversion disorders, 394

Dix, Dorothea, 153

Doolittle, James, 295

Downed pilots

and joint operations, 253, 257

Doxepin, 419-420

Drayer, C.S., 38, 57

Drugs

See also Pharmaceuticals; Pharmacotherapy; Substance

abuse

“Dutch courage,” 125

Dystonia, 397

E

Eberly, R.E., 442

Eby, Kerr, 86

Echelon treatment system, 44, 46

first-echelon measures, 196-200

second-echelon measures, 200-206

See also Joint military operations; U.S. Air Force combat

psychiatry

Economic adjustment

among World War II veterans, 462

Eder, M.D., 387

Eisenhower, Dwight D., 422

Eitinger, L., 391, 440, 447

El Sudany El Rayes, M., 21

Electroconvulsive therapy, 339-340

Electromagnetic pulse (EMP) effects, 98-99

Ellenhorn, L., 465

Ellsworth, P.D., 204

Emergency War Surgery, 103

Endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF), 323

Enjoyment of combat, 58-59

Enoch, D., 203-204

Environmental conditions

as combat stress variable, 142

Epidemiology

of conversion disorders, 395-396

Epileptic seizures

diagnostic criteria, 399-400

Epstein, S., 137

Erikson, E.H., 3-4

Erikson, K.T., 273

Ethics

and pharmaceuticals, 124-125

and treatment of radiation casualties, 99-100, 105

Etiology

of chronic post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 414-417

Euphoria

and postcaptivity recovery, 425

Euthanasia, 100

Evacuation, forward, 50

“Evacuation syndrome,” 10, 37-38, 70, 123

Executive functions

assessment, after traumatic brain injury, 334

“Exhausted heart,” 4, 8

Exhaustion, 12, 38, 156, 476

Expectancy, 9, 22, 46, 51, 202, 246

Experience

See Combat experience

“Explosion blow,” 23

F

“Facial vision,” 371

Fagan, Joe, 224

Fairrington, David N., 410

Falkland Islands War, 23, 297

Family adjustment

among World War II veterans, 463

Family issues

among POWs, 448

and reentry issues, 304-305

See also Social supports

Famous Faces Test, 332-333

Faradization, 388, 389

Farrar, C.B., 9

Fatigue

See Combat fatigue; Exhaustion; Rest; Sleep

“Fear of flying”

and U.S. Air Force psychiatric support, 182-183

Fenton, N., 68, 459, 461, 463

Field artillery, 164-166

Fighting Spirit, 198

Figley, C.R., 465

“Final Straw,” 54

Fisher, Michael, 185-186

Fliers in combat

support for, 179-194

See also Pilots

Flight Surgeon’s role, 188-194

combat flying, 188-189

ventilation, observation, early intervention, 189-194

Flumazenil, 126, 482, 483

See also Pharmaceuticals; Pharmacotherapy

Focal injury

in closed-head injury, 321-322

Follow-up research on veterans, 457-472

of Korean conflict, 464-465

of Vietnam Conflict, 465-470

of World War I, 459-461

of World War II, 461-464

Ford, C.V., 435

Forward treatment

See Treatment, forward

“Fratricide,” 94

Fragging, 70, 75, 76, 141, 159

French, J., 186

Freud, Sigmund, 10, 58, 77, 386, 387, 411, 415, 417

Friendly fire casualties, 94

Froede, R.C., 73

Frostbite, 16, 43, 479

Frustration

See Loneliness and frustration casualties

Fugue state, 52, 327

Fullerton, T., 24

Fungal agents, 98

Futterman, S., 464, 469

Future combat, 482-484

and pharmaceutical use, 126-127

research: current and future, 482

and stress research, 121-122

Future warfare

and Army combat psychiatry, 173

characteristics of, 115-118

and principles of combat psychiatry, 122-127
499

Acronyms and Abbreviations

G

Gabriel, R.A., 141

Gait disorders

differential diagnosis, 396-397

Gal, R., 120, 137, 139, 140

Galveston Orientation and Amnesia Test (GOAT), 331-332

Ganser, Sigbert J., 400

Ganser syndrome

differential diagnosis, 400-401

“Garrison casualties,” 16-17, 43, 65, 70

“Gas hysteria,” 38, 93, 94

Gas mask phobia, 94

“Gas neurosis,” 93, 388

Gas warfare, 94

Gassner, Father, 415

Gaupp, R., 387

Genender, E., 424, 425

Geneva Convention, 170

Genital injuries

See Castration and genital mutilation

Geva, Eli, 77

Ginsberg, E., 155

Ginsberg, M.G., 363

Glasgow Coma Scale, 324, 326

Glass, Albert J., 12, 16, 38, 41, 46, 55, 57, 58, 104, 137, 139, 158,

202, 475-476, 479

Glasser, W., 421

Goiania, 101-102

“Goldbricking,” 53

Golden wound, 50

Goldstein, Kurt, 335

Gonorrhea, 75

See also Sexually transmitted diseases; Venereal diseases

Goodwin, J., 417

Gorgas, General, 154

Graves Registration, 169

Greenfield, Sidney, 158

Greenson, R.R., 434

Greenwood, Marion, 458

Grenada invasion, 24, 233

Grief, 298, 299, 300

Grinker, R.R., 143, 187, 195, 391

Group therapy, 215

“Guerrilla neurosis,” 65

Guilt, 298, 299

survivor, 24, 28, 233, 234, 299

Guttmann, Ludwig, 360, 361, 362

H

Hackett, T.P., 433

Halcion, 24, 126

See also Pharmaceuticals; Pharmacotherapy

Hales, R.E., 340

Haley, S., 465

Hall, K.M., 361

Hall, R.C.W., 441

Halsey, Admiral, 226

Hamburg, B., 364

Hamburg, D.A., 364

Hammond, William A., 7-8, 385

Hanson, Fred, 12, 14-15, 38, 156, 476

Hara kiri, 422

Hartman, B.O., 184

Hayes, F.W., 19, 20

Head, Henry, 330

Head injury

closed-head injury (CHI), 321-324

mild, 325-326

penetrating, 324

Hearing loss

differential diagnosis, 398

Hector, 57

Heilporn, A., 360

Helweg, Hans H., 244

Hemineglect, 332, 334, 395

Henderson, W.R., 357

Heroin abuse, 19, 73

See also Substance abuse

High-intensity warfare

and battlefield treatment, 123-124

characteristics of, 117

and combat psychiatry principles, 122

and combat stress casualties, 37

in the future, 117-118

Hiroshima, 99, 101

Historical event reconstruction debriefing (HERD), 276

See also Historical group debriefing

Hitler, Adolf, 388

HIV (human immunodeficiency virus), 75, 481

See also AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome);

Sexually transmitted diseases

Hocking, W.C., 197

Hofer, 67

Hoffman, K., 199

Hogan, Bart W., 223

Hohmann, G.W., 361

“Hollow army,” 159

Holloway, H.C., 19, 215

Holmes-Johnson, E., 24

Homecoming guidance, 311, 312

Homer (Iliad), 57

Homesickness, 67, 68

Homosexuality, 180, 477-478

Hoover, Richard E. “Dick,” 371

Hoover light cane, 370, 371

Horizontal cohesion, 302

See also Cohesion

Horror, 300

Hospital ship operations, history, 231-232

Hostage repatriation

as joint operations, 263

Huffman, R.E., 18, 72, 73

Hunter, E.J., 437, 438

Hurd, Peter, 178

Hurst, A.F., 387

Hyperarousal

and postcaptivity recovery, 425

Hypervigilance

and captivity adaptation, 424

Hypnosis, 327, 389, 401

Hypoxia - ischemia

in closed-head injury, 322

Hysteria, 385-388, 411

See also Conversion disorders

I

Ideology, values, and commitment, 140-141

See also Morale

Iliad, 57
500

War Psychiatry

Immediacy, 9, 46, 51, 202, 246

Incapacitants, 91, 92

Incident, 75

“Incubation of threat,” 142

Indiscipline

as loneliness and frustration disorder, 75-77

Individual factors

as combat stress variable, 135, 136-139, 478

See also Personality

Infantry, 162-163

Ingraham, L.H., 198

Inouye, Dean A., 419

Insubordination, 75

Interventions

critical incident psychiatric debriefing, 287-288

Inventum Novum, 6

Involuntary movements

differential diagnosis, 397

Iraq

use of chemical warfare, 23, 88, 89

Irritability

as reentry reaction, 301

Ischemia

See Hypoxia - ischemia

Isolation, 299, 436-437

J

Jacobson, S.A., 360

Jamais vu experience, 327

James, William, 102

Janet, Pierre, 386

Japan, 89

See also Hiroshima and Nagasaki

Jimson Weed, 92

Joint or combined operations other than war, 245, 259-267

civil disaster relief, 263-264

civil disturbance response, 263-264

CSC mission priorities, 260

CSC staffing, 260-261

inherent problems, 245

lessons recently learned, 261-262

mass casualty disasters, 264

POW or hostage repatriation, 263

recovery of dead human bodies, 264-267

special operations, 262-263

See also Combat stress control (CSC) in joint operations

Joint military operations, 248-259

U.S. Air Force MH/CSC capability, 248-249

U.S. Air Force - U.S. Army: CSC cooperative situations,

252-257

U.S. Army MH/CSC capability, 251-252

U.S. Army, U.S. Navy, and U.S. Marine Corps: CSC

cooperative situations, 257-259

U.S. Marine Corps and Navy MH/CSC capability, 249-251

See also Combat stress control (CSC) in joint operations

Johnson, A.W., Jr., 19, 20 126

Johnson, L.C., 121

Jones, F.D., 8, 10, 14, 17, 19, 20, 38, 39, 65, 66, 72, 75, 120-121,

142, 194, 202, 391, 396, 435

K

Kahn, R.L., 50

Kalay, E., 139

Katz, J., 358

Kaufman, L.W., 68

Kawabe, General, 225

Keehn, R.J., 439

Keen, W.W., 8, 385

Killing

and distress on reentry, 298-299

Kirkland, F., 58

Kjaer, G.C., 366

Kluznik, J.C., 441-442

“KO Team,” 158

Kolb, L., 357

Komora, P.O., 10, 38

Konuma, M., 101

Korean conflict

and Army neuropsychiatry, 158

and brainwashing, 438-439

and combat stress casualties, 69

and conversion disorders, 391

and follow-up research on veterans, 464-465

and reentry issues, 296

Kral, V.A., 391

Krasner, L., 417

Kubler-Ross, E., 50

Kubo, 101

Kucala, T., 465

KZ syndrome, 440, 447

L

L-tryptophan, 121

See also Serotonin

La Salpetriere, school of, 386

Lai, S.K., 357

Language skills

assessment, after traumatic brain injury, 333

Larrey, Baron, 6, 7, 20, 67

Laser radiation, 103

Laterality, 328

and conversion disorders, 395

Laughlin, H.P., 54

Law of Land Warfare, 57

Lawson, N., 361

Lazarus, R.S., 143

Le Tourneau, R.L., 96

Lea, Tom, 36

Leadership, 198-199

Lebanon War, 70

Lee, Robert E., 207

LeFebvre, 69

Lejeune, John A., 224

Lessons of war, 1-33, 475-478

case study of combat crisis, 3-4

combat psychiatry: 20th century principles, 8-28

application of, 11

development of, 8-11

discovery of mediating, 12-16, 477

limitations of, 16-28

rediscovery and extensive application of, 11-12, 476

validation of, 16-28

impediments to cohesion, 477-478

personal factors in combat stress, 478

personnel: selection, 475-476

personnel: training, 476

psychiatric casualties: early conceptions, 6-8

psychiatric casualties: prevention, 477

role of military, 475

stress inoculation, 478
501

Acronyms and Abbreviations

Levav, I., 138

Levin, R., 363

Levin, W.A., 363

Levy, N.A., 192-193

Levy, R., 202

Lewisite, 93

See also Chemical warfare

Liaison

as CSC function, 246

Limited wars

and casualties, 293

dates and participants, 296

and reentry issues, 295-297

Lincoln, Abraham, 215

Linden, E., 76

Lipid peroxidation and oxygen free radicals

in closed-head injury, 323-324

Lipper, S.L., 421

Lloyd, Hendrie, 387

Loneliness and frustration casualties

precipitants, 70-72

presentations, 72-79

See also Nostalgia

Long, Perrin, 12, 156

Long, D.M., 464

Lorazepam, 419

See also Pharmaceuticals; Pharmacotherapy

Lovell, Joseph, 153

Low-intensity warfare

and combat stress casualties, 37

in the future, 116-117

Lyons, T.J., 186

M

Madigan, Patrick, 155

Mahan, 221

Mail, 226

Major wars

and reentry issues, 294-295

“Mal de corazon,” 67

“Maladie du pays,” 67

Malek, I., 95, 97, 98

Malingering, 8, 48

Malone, P.T., 441

Manning, F.J., 79, 198

Marchand, F., 14, 123

Marchand, W.E., 141

Margolin, S., 219

Marijuana

and loneliness and frustration disorder, 74

in Vietnam War, 19, 73

See also Substance abuse

Marines: amphibious warriors, 224-231

Marital adjustment

among World War II veterans, 462-463

Maritime psychiatry, history, 214-215

Marlowe, D.H., 8, 41, 70, 416

Marquez, L., 196

Marren, J.J., 69

Marshall, S.L.A., 15, 16, 24, 120, 140, 237, 273-274, 276, 277,

288, 414, 425

Martin, J.A., 28

Mason, J.W., 120, 138

Mass casualty disasters

as joint operations, 264

Masserman, J.H., 478

Match Sellers, 86

Mateczun, J., 24

Maudlin, Bill, 162

McCarroll, J.E., 264-267

McCoy, A.W., 73

McCubbin, H.I., 448

McNamara, Robert, 476

“McNamara’s 100,000,” 68

MEDIC, 218

Medical combat health support troops, 169-170

Medical disorders

as sequelae of captivity, 439-440

treatment of, after repatriation, 446-447

Medical/psychiatric organization of Army, 171-173

Meguro, K., 464

Melzack, R., 358

Membership, 15, 157

Memorial services, 237, 309

Memory, 335

and alcohol, 341

assessment, after traumatic brain injury, 332-333

See also Amnesia

Men Against Fire, 15

Men, The, 362

Menninger, W.C., 48, 156, 200, 215, 204-205, 475

Mental health professionals

roles of, after reentry, 308-315

training, 281

Mental health program of Army, 171-173

“Mental-hygiene approach,” 116

Merchant mariners, 218-220

Merzenich, M.M., 358

Mesmer, Anton, 414-415

Meyer, Adolf, 337, 413

Microvascular change

in closed-head injury, 322-323

Microwave radiation, 103

Middle East conflicts, 21

Mild head injury

and traumatic brain injury, 325-326

Milgram, N.A., 135

Military bearing, maintaining, 435

Military Psychiatry: Preparing in Peace for War, 281

Military, role of, 475

Miller, Barse, 354

Miller, C., 464

Miller, R.G., 138

Mira, E., 11

“Misconduct combat stress reactions,” 72

“Misconduct stress behaviors,” 37, 65

prevention, 260

Misdiagnosis

and Amytal Test, 402-403

Mitchell, J.T., 237, 276, 277

Mitchell, S. Weir, 8, 385, 386

Mobile aeromedical staging facility (MASF), 255-256

Moersch, F.P., 357

Montgomery, Field Marshall, 141, 199

Mood disorders

and traumatic brain injury, 331

Mood stabilizers, 340

See also Pharmaceuticals; Pharmacotherapy; Treatment

Moody, Burdell, 272

Morale

as combat stress variable, 139
502

War Psychiatry

essentials, 225-227

See also Ideology, values, and commitment

Morehouse, G.R., 8, 385

Mortality

mass murders at Air Force base, 254

from nuclear warfare, 105

and traumatic brain injury, 321

among women soldiers, 28

among World War II veterans, 462

Mortuary Affairs units, 169

See also Recovery, of dead human bodies

Motor disorders

differential diagnosis, 396

Mott, Frederic W., 387

Mukherjee, A., 357

Multiple personality, 52

Munro, Donald, 360

Murphy, Audie, 459

Mustard gas, 87, 388

physiological effects, 92-93

See also Chemical warfare

Mutiny, 75

My Lai, 76-77

Mycotoxins, 87, 89

physiological effects, 93

See also Chemical warfare

Myoclonus, 397

N

“N.Y.D. (nervous),” 10, 38, 155

Nagasaki, 99, 101

Nagona, Admiral, 224

Naitoh, P., 121

Napoleon

See Bonaparte, Napoleon

Nardini, J.E., 435

National Vietnam Veterans Readjustment Study (NVVRS), 467

Naval air warriors and carrier battle groups, 222-224

Naval Health Research Center, 121

Naval Undersea Medical Institute (NUMI), 218

Neel, S., 17

Nefzger, M.D., 439

Nelson, Admiral Lord, 356

Nerve agents, 89-92

Neumann, M., 139, 140

Neurofibrillary tangles (NFT), 322

Neuroleptics, 339, 340

See also Pharmaceuticals; Pharmacotherapy; Treatment

Neurological aspects

of spinal cord injuries, 360-361

Neurophysiological aspects

of phantom limb, 357-358

Neuropsychiatric casualties

See Biological warfare; Chemical warfare; Nuclear warfare

and disasters

Neuropsychiatry in World War II, 16, 157

Neuropsychiatry in combat, history, 153

Neuropsychological assessment after traumatic brain injury,

331-334

of abstraction, 334

of attention, 332

of calculation, 333-334

of constructional skills, 334

of executive functions, 334

of language, 333

of memory, 332-333

of praxis, 334

of visuospatial skills, 334

Newton, Isaac, 414

Nightingale, Florence, 8

Nightmares

as reentry reaction, 301

1984, 116

Nixon, Richard, 70

Noel, G., 360

Nonne, M., 387

Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), 339

Norbury, F.B., 69

Noriega, Manuel, 24, 297, 298

Nostalgia, 4, 6-8, 65, 66, 67-70

See also Loneliness and frustration casualties

Nostalgic casualties, 42

See also Loneliness and frustration casualties; Nostalgia

Noy, S., 15, 137, 138, 139

Nuclear warfare and disasters, 87, 98-105

electromagnetic pulse effects, 98-99

laser and microwave radiation, 103

neuropsychiatric casualties, 101-103

physical effects, 98

physiological casualties, 99-100

treatment of casualties, 104-105

Nurses

volunteer, 231

See also Vietnam veteran nurses

Nutrition

and Guadalcanal campaign, 225

and POWs, 447

supplements, 124

See also Diet

O

Occupational adjustment

among World War II veterans, 462

O’Connell, M.R., 222

“Old sergeant syndrome,” 14, 53-54, 54-55, 478, 479

“OM Team,” 159

Opium, 73

See also Substance abuse

Oppenheim, H., 8, 411

Oppenheimer, B., 138

Organicity

in conversion disorders, 394-395

Orientation and mobilization (O & N0, 371

Orwell, George, 116

Overt Aggression Scale, 337

Oxygen free radicals and lipid peroxidation

in closed-head injury, 323-324

P

Page, Herbert, 387

Page, W., 440, 441, 443, 445

Pak Six, 185

Pala, Michael, 474

Panama invasion, 24-26, 297, 298, 306

and Army neuropsychiatry, 160

Panic

and captivity adaptation, 424

See also Anxiety disorders

Paranoid behavior

and traumatic brain injury, 336-337

Parrish, Matthew D., 15, 157
503

Acronyms and Abbreviations

Paykel, E., 441

Penetrating brain injury, 321, 324

“Persian Gulf Syndrome,” 89

Persian Gulf War, 26, 27-28

and Army neuropsychiatry, 160-161

and biological warfare, 95

and chemical warfare, 89

Personality

as combat stress variable, 137

and spinal cord injuries, 362

See also Individual factors

Personality changes

as sequelae of captivity, 442-443

Personality development

and trauma as organizer, 445

Personnel

for joint CSC operations, 260-261

psychiatric casualties among, 228-229

selection, 475-476

support for nonflying combat, 195-207

training, 476

for debriefing, 281

Peterson, Donald, 158

Phantom limb, 356-358

Phantoms

of genitals, 373

of vision, 369

Pharmaceuticals

and ethical and practical issues, 124-125

and “no-sweat” pill, 74

as second-echelon measure, 203

use of

in combat, 123-124, 125-127

in future combat, 126-127, 482, 483, 484

See also Amytal Test; Pharmacotherapy

Pharmacological management

and traumatic brain injury, 338-339

See also Pharmaceuticals; Pharmacotherapy; Treatment

Pharmacotherapy

for burn injury, 366

after castration, 372

for chronic post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 421

and conversion disorders, 391

for mood and behavior disorders of traumatic brain injury,

339

for pain of traumatic brain injury, 339

See also Case studies; Pharmaceuticals; Treatment

Phelan, J.D., 438

Phenothiazines, 91

See also Chemical warfare

Phenoxybenzamine, 339

Phosgene, 87, 93

See also Chemical warfare

Physostigmine, 91, 92

See also Chemical warfare

Piaget, Jean, 331

Pick, Arnold, 330

Pilots

downed, and joint operations, 253, 257

See also Fliers in combat; U.S. Air Force combat psychiatry;

U.S. Army combat psychiatry; U.S. Naval combat

psychiatry

Pinel, Philippe, 153

Point system, 477

Ponteva, M., 464

Post, R.M., 421

Postconcussion syndrome, 322

Post-trauma debriefing

history, 273-274

Post-traumatic amnesia, 326-327

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), chronic, 77-79, 409-430

biological etiologic models, 415-416

biopsychosocial etiologic model, 416-417

and depression, 441

diagnostic criteria, 412

in DSM-III, 466

in DSM-IV, 273

etiology, 414-417

history, 411-414

military nomenclature, proposed, 414

among POWs, 421-426, 440-441

presentations, 417-420

prevalence, 469

prevention, as CSC mission priority, 260

as psychiatric syndrome, 480-481

and traumatic brain injury, 325

treatment, 420-421

among Vietnam veterans, 466-470

See also Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), delayed

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), delayed, 77-79

and depression, 441

diagnostic criteria, 412

in DSM-III, 466

among POWs, 440-441

See also Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), chronic

POW repatriation

as joint operations, 263

Pratt, D., 12, 475

Praxis

assessment, after traumatic brain injury, 334

Precaptivity training, 424

“Precombat syndrome,” 8, 47, 52-53, 142

Predictability and predisposition

and traumatic brain injury, 341-343

See also Predisposition

Predisposition

as predictor of psychiatric distress, 443-444

see also Predictability and predisposition

Prevention

of battle fatigue, 260

of combat stress casualties, 123, 247, 482-483

of low-intensity combat stress casualties, 79, 481

of misconduct stress behaviors, 260

of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 260, 483-484

of psychiatric casualties, 477

using rest for, 183-188

of venereal disease, 75

Prisoners of war (POWs), 421-426, 431-455

and chronic post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 421-426

and coping mechanisms, 436

and experience of captivity, 433-438

and family issues, 448

and predictors of psychiatric distress, 443-444

readjustment of, 444-446

repatriation, 263

resistance of, 438-439

and sequelae of captivity, 439-443

treatment of, after repatriation, 446-448

Prostaglandins, 323, 324

Prosthesis, 359

Protopam, 90

See also Chemical warfare

Proximity, 9, 46, 51, 202-203, 246

Prozac, 420
504

War Psychiatry

See also Pharmaceuticals; Pharmacotherapy

Pseudodementia

differential diagnosis, 400-401

Pseudopsychotic reactions, 55

Pseudoseizures

differential diagnosis, 399-400

See also Seizures

Pseudospeciation, 299

Psychiatric casualties

early conceptions, 6-8

prevention of, 477

Psychiatric debriefing, 279-280, 281-288

case studies, 280, 283, 284-288

debriefing tasks, 281-282

implementation, 284-288

issues and pitfalls, 282-283

postdebriefing tasks, 282

predebriefing tasks, 281

Psychiatric disability

among World War II veterans, 463

Psychiatric disorders

during captivity, 437-438

predictors of, among POWs, 443-444

as sequelae of captivity, 440-442

treatment of, after repatriation, 447-448

among World War II POWs, 446

Psychiatric symptoms, 437-438

prevalence among World War II veterans, 462

Psychiatric syndromes, 480-481

Psychiatry in a Troubled World, 200

Psychogenic seizures, 399-400

“Psychological fallout,” 99

Psychoneurosis, 38

Psychoses

and traumatic brain injury, 337

among Vietnam soldiers, 19

Psychotherapy

for chronic post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 420-421

group therapy, 215

Puerto Rican Syndrome, 396

Pumpian-Mindlin, E., 464, 469

Putnam, James J., 387

R

“R and R,” 16, 477, 478, 479

Rachman, S., 197

Radiation, ionizing

clinical effects, 100

See also Nuclear warfare and disasters

Rage, 298

Rahe, R.H., 424, 425

Raines, George, 215

Ranson, S.W., 14-15, 49, 50

Ranson, W.W., 102

Rapid deployments, 294

and joint operations, 254-255

and reentry issues, 297

Raphael, B., 288

Rayman, R.B., 184

Reactions to combat

atypical, 55-59

normal, 48-50

pathological, 50-55

Readjustment

and postcaptivity recovery, 426

among POWs, 444-446

See also Adjustment disorder

Reconditioning, 246-247

Reconstitution, 246

Recovery

and captivity adaptation, 425-426

of dead human bodies, 264-267

among POWs, 445, 446

stresses, after disfigurement, 365

by units, and mental health professionals, 310-313

See also Mortuary Affairs units

Red Badge of Courage, 67

Red glass test, 398

Red Rover, 231

Redeployment home

and joint operations, 257, 259

Reduplication

and brain syndromes, 364-365

and traumatic brain injury, 330-331

Reentry after combat, 291-317

and acute combat reactions, 298-301

after limited wars, 295-297

after major wars, 294-295

after rapid deployments, 297

and reintegration to peacetime life, 301-305

and roles of mental health professionals, 308-315

and validation, 305-308

Rehm, Captain, 193-194

Reintegration to peacetime life

among POWs, 444-445

and reentry issues, 301-305

Relaxation response, 421

Renner, J.A., 18-19, 141

Reorganization/reconstitution, 246

Repatriation

of POWs or hostages, 263, 444-445

Repatriation

among POWs, 444-445

Research

atomic bomb burst simulation studies, 102-103

current and future targets, 482

extrapolation studies of trauma, 102

Vineberg Report, 103

See also Follow-up research on veterans

Residual stress, 465

Resistance

during captivity, 424-425

and postcaptivity recovery, 425

among POWs, 438-439

Rest, 183-188

crew, 183-187

interval between missions, 187

and recreation, 187

tour length, 187-188

See also Combat fatigue; Sleep

Restitution

and postcaptivity recovery, 426

Restoration, 246

Restoril, 24, 126, 185

See also Pharmaceuticals; Pharmacotherapy

Retraining, 246-247

Revisualization of trauma, 401-402

Reynolds, John Russell, 386

Ribot’s law, 327

Richardson, F.W., 198

Richardson’s Tranquility House, 202
505

Acronyms and Abbreviations

Rickettsial agents, 98

Rickover, H., 217

Riddoch, G., 357

Ridenour, Dick, 231

Ripley, H.S., 463

Ritalin, 125

See also Pharmaceuticals; Pharmacotherapy

Roberts, A., 362

Roffman, R.A., 73

Romazicon, 126, 482

See also Pharmaceuticals; Pharmacotherapy

Rommel, 199

Rose, E., 75

Rose, R.M., 120, 138

Rosen, G., 67, 480

Roy, A., 394

Rumbaugh, James H., 401

Rush, Benjamin, 153

Rwanda relief mission, 267

S

Sacks, J.G., 102

Salmon, T.W., 9, 11, 40, 46, 135, 154, 155, 156, 202, 459, 461, 463

Salvesen, George, 219

Sample, Paul, 212

Sampson, J.B., 115

Sapol, E., 73

Sarin, 89

See also Chemical warfare

Sauvages, 67

Savage, P.L., 141

Schein, E.H., 422, 438

Schizophrenia, 19, 20, 337

See also Psychoses

Schneider, R.J., 28, 390

Schramel, D.J., 391

Schwartz, H.J., 288

Schwartzkopf, H. Norman, 478

Scopolamine, 90

See also Chemical warfare

Screening, psychiatric, 11, 12, 18

Scurvy, 215

Sears, H. James T., 232

Segal, J., 439

Seizures

diagnostic criteria, 399-400

Self-care

by soldier, and effectiveness, 92

Self-help groups, 421

Self-inflicted wounds, 57

Self-neglect, 361

Self-reliance

and combat stress, 120-121

See also Confidence, as soldiers

Sensory disorders

differential diagnosis, 397-398

Serotonin

agonist, 482

and depression, 336

and diet, 121

excess, 335

selective, reuptake inhibitors, 127, 419

See also Pharmaceuticals; Pharmacotherapy; Treatment

Sexual problems

after genital mutilation, 373

as loneliness and frustration disorder, 74-75

and recovery stresses, 365

and spinal cord injury, 362

Sexually transmitted diseases, 74-75, 481

See also AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome);

Sexual problems; Venereal diseases

Shalev, A., 276

Shaw, J.A., 135, 478

Shay, J., 57, 169

Shea, Frances T., 232

“Shell shock,” 8, 9, 38, 123, 154, 411

“Short-timer’s syndrome,” 42, 157, 194, 203

Silver, M., 340

Simplicity, 203, 246

Simulated amnesia

differential diagnosis, 400

Singer, M.T., 437, 438

Sledge, W.H., 444

Sleep

and chemical warfare, 94

and combat role, 121

deprivation, 165, 483

discipline, as first-echelon measure, 199

and high-intensity warfare, 117

need for, 121-122

and recovery stresses, 365

slow wave, 186

and symptom differences, 233

See also Circadian rhythms, disrupted

Sleepwalking, 10, 51

Smallpox, 95

See also Biological warfare

Smythe, G.E., 357

Sobel, R., 14, 53, 54-55

Social and community adjustment

among World War II veterans, 463

Social isolation, 436-437

after genital mutilation, 373

Social supports

as predictor of psychiatric distress, 444

See also Family issues

Sodetz, 55

“Soldier’s disease,” 73

“Soldier’s heart,” 48, 153, 385

Solomon, Z., 138

Somalia deployment, 261, 276-277

Soman, 89

See also Chemical warfare

Somatoform disorders

among POWs, 442

Somatosensory memories, 357

and pain, 358

Somnambulism, 51

See also Sleepwalking

Southerly, W.T., 465

Soviet Union, former, 22

Chernobyl, 99, 101-102

Sverdlovsk, 95

Spanish Civil War, 11

Spaulding, R.C., 435

Special operations forces, 262

contact, with conventional MH/CSC, 262-263

and mental health capability, 262

Speech disorders

differential diagnosis, 398-399

See also Stuttering
506

War Psychiatry

Speed, N., 440

Spiegel, D., 401

Spiegel, H., 401

Spiegel, J.P., 143, 187, 195, 391

Spinal cord injuries, 359-363

behavioral effects, 361-362

neurological aspects, 360-361

and personality, 362

treatment, 362-363

Spitz, Renee, 445

SPRINT (special psychiatric rapid intervention team), 234-239

history, 234

intervention techniques, 234-239

joint operations, 259

organization and mission, 234

St. Vincent, Lord, 356

St. Vitus’ Dance, 93

Stabilization, 246

Stafford-Clark, D., 191

Stahl, C.J., 73

Stance disorders

differential diagnosis, 396-397

Stanton, M.D., 73

Star, S.A., 120

Stark, 222, 274

Startle

and captivity adaptation, 424

reaction, 54

See also Anticipation, uncertainty, surprise

Staton, R.D., 331, 337

Steiner, H., 364

Steiner, M., 139, 140

Stelazine, 224

See also Pharmaceuticals; Pharmacotherapy

Stenger test, 398

Steroids

anabolic, 124

excretion, and combat stress, 120-121, 138

Stewart, T.D., 363

Steyn, Rolf, 214-215

Stimson, Henry L., 221

“Stockholm Syndrome,” 425

Stokes, J., 24, 25-27

Stouffer, S.A., 14, 120, 157

Strange, R.E., 231, 232

Strassman, A.D., 434

Strayer, R., 465

Strecker, E.A., 40

Stress disorders, 77-79

and captivity, 435

See also Acute stress disorder; Post-traumatic stress

disorder (PTSD), chronic; Post-traumatic stress disorder

(PTSD), delayed

Stress evaporation, 465

Stress inoculation, 478

Stress reactions, persistent

and reentry issues, 304

Stretch, R., 420, 468

Strike, 75

Stroop interference procedure, 332

Studies in Hysteria, 411

Stuss, D.T., 330

Stuttering, 51

See also Speech disorders

Submarine warriors, 216-218

Substance abuse

after genital mutilation, 373

as loneliness and frustration disorder, 73-74

and Persian Gulf War, 27

among POWs, 441-442, 447-448

and Vietnam Conflict, 19, 70

See also Alcoholism; Marijuana; Pharmaceuticals;

Pharmacotherapy

Suicide

by another’s hand, 56

and blindness, 369

hara kiri, 422

and self-neglect, 361

See also Coping mechanisms

Sullivan, Harry Stack, 12, 155

Superoxide dismutase, 323, 324

Surface warriors, 220-222

Surprise, 118

See also Anticipation, uncertainty, surprise; Startle

Survivor guilt, 24, 28, 233, 234, 299

Sutker, P.B., 442

Sverdlovsk, 95

Swank, R.L., 14, 123, 141, 390

Swann, S.W., 100

“Swiss disease,” 6, 67

Symonds, C.P., 190-191

Syphilis, 75, 215

See also Venereal diseases

T

Tabun, 89

See also Chemical warfare

Taft, W.H., 221

Tagamet, 366

See also Pharmaceuticals; Pharmacotherapy

“Tarantism,” 93

Telescoping, 357, 360

Temazepam, 24, 126, 185, 186

See also Pharmaceuticals; Pharmacotherapy; Restoril

Tennant, C.C., 439

Thanatos, 58

Thienes-Hontos, P., 465

Thom, A., 361

Thorazine, 126

See also Pharmaceuticals; Pharmacotherapy

Tissue injury, secondary

in closed-head injury, 323

Tokyo, Japan, 89

Torticollis, 397

Toxic agents, 98

Tranquilizers

See Benzodiazepines; Pharmaceuticals; Pharmacotherapy

Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS), 359

Trauma

revisualization of, 401-402

“Trauma membrane,” 236, 283

Traumatic brain injury (TBI), 319-351

and anosognosia, 327-328

and confabulation, 328-329

and disorientation, 329-330

and long-term sequelae, 334-337

and mild head injury, 325-326

and mood disorders, 331

and neuropsychological assessment, 331-334

and outcome, 341

pathogenesis, 321-324

and post-traumatic amnesia, 326-327

and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 325
507

Acronyms and Abbreviations

predictability and predisposition, 341-343

and reduplication, 330-331

treatment, 337-340

“Traumatic neurosis,” 77

Treatment

of acute combat stress, 483-484

of amputation, 358-359

of biological warfare, 95

of blindness, 371-372

of castration and genital mutilation, 373-374

of chronic post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 420-421

of combat stress casualties, 37, 43-59

of conversion disorders, 388-389, 401-403

of disfiguring injuries, 366-367

of low-intensity combat stress casualties, 79, 479-480, 481

of nerve agent exposure, 89-92

of nuclear warfare casualties, 104-105

of postrepatriation illness, 446-448

of psychiatric casualties, 479-480

of reactions to combat stress, 43-59

after reentry, 313

of spinal cord injuries, 362-363

of substance abuse, 73

of traditional combat stress, 479

of traumatic brain injury, 337-340

using rest for, 183-188

and World War II veterans, 463-464

See also Case studies; Phaarmacotherapy; U.S. Air Force

combat psychiatry; U.S. Army combat psychiatry; U.S.

Naval combat psychiatry

Treatment, battlefield

in high-intensity warfare, 123-124

pharmaceutical use, in combat, 125-127

Treatment, forward, 9, 11, 22

and breakdown, 138

and challenges to principles, 118-120

development of principles, 43-59

essential elements, 118

and negation of principles, 119

Tremor, 397

Triage, 100, 119

proximate neuropsychiatric, 246

by SPRINT unit, 236

Triazolam, 24, 126, 483

See also Pharmaceuticals; Pharmacotherapy

Trigger, 214

Troubador, 219

Tuddenham, R.D., 464, 465

Tureen, Major, 12, 156

Two Years Before the Mast, 215

Tyhurst, J.S., 102, 104

Tyner, 55

U

Ullmann, L.P., 417

Uncertainty

See Anticipation, uncertainty, surprise

Uniform Code of Military Justice, 57, 77, 477-478

Unit cohesion, 12, 15, 19, 68, 197-198

impediments to, 477-478

Unit factors

as combat stress variable, 135, 139-141

Unit recovery

and participation by mental health professionals, 310-313

Unrest, 75

Ur-defenses, 478

Ursano, R.J., 215, 264-267, 433, 434, 437, 438, 441, 442, 443,

444, 445

U.S. Air Force Combat Psychiatry, 248

U.S. Air Force combat psychiatry, 177-210

support for fliers in combat, 179-194

support for nonflying combat personnel, 195-207

See also Combat stress control (CSC) in joint operations;

Joint military operations

U.S. Air Force MH/CSC capability, 248-249

U.S. Air Force Echelon II CSC, 248

U.S. Air Force Echelon III CSC, 248-249

U.S. Air Force Echelon IV CSC, 249

U.S. Air Force - U.S. Army: CSC cooperative situations, 252-257

Air Force liaison personnel in Army units, 253

with Army units stationed near Air Force bases, 253

with downed Air Force pilots, 253

forward Air Force bases under attack, 253-254

initial rapid deployment contingency operations, 254-255

during major buildup, 256-257

ongoing combat operations, 255-256

during redeployment home, 257

U.S. Army

medical department mission, 151, 152

mission, 151

U.S. Army combat psychiatry, 149-175

combat environments, 162-170

future, 173

history of neuropsychiatry in combat, 153

medical/psychiatric organization and combat stress

company, 171-173

mental health/combat stress control mission, 151-153

See also Combat stress control (CSC) in joint operations;

Joint military operations

U.S. Army MH/CSC capability, 251-252

U.S. Army CSC in Medical Command/Control Headquarters, 252

U.S. Army Echelon II MH Sections, 251

U.S. Army Echelon II/III CSC, 251-252

U.S. Army Echelon III Corps-Level Hospitals, 252

U.S. Army Echelon IV General and Field Hospitals, 252

U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, 121

U.S. Army, U.S. Navy, and U.S. Marine Corps: CSC cooperative situations, 257-259

with cross-attached units, 258

with downed pilots, 257

in joint SPRINT operations, 259

during major buildup, 259

Navy/Marine Corps liaison personnel in Army units, 257

with neighboring units, 257-258

during redeployment home, 259

U.S. Civil War

and Army neuropsychiatry, 153-154

and conversion disorders, 385-386, 386-387

and nostalgic casualties, 7-8

U.S. Marine Corps and Navy MH/CSC capability, 249-251

combat stress centers, 250

U.S. Marine Echelon II Medical Battalion Assets, 249-250

U.S. Navy CSC capability in peacetime disasters, 250-251

U.S. Navy Echelon III/IV Afloat - Hospital Ship, 250

U.S. Navy Echelon III/IV Ashore - Fleet Hospital, 250

U.S. Naval combat psychiatry, 211-242

care of casualties, 231-233

combat environments, 216-231

history of maritime psychiatry, 214-215

medicine and psychiatry, 214

mission and organization, 213-214

SPRINT (special psychiatric rapid intervention team), 234-239
508

War Psychiatry

See also Combat stress control (CSC) in joint operations;

Joint military operations

USNS Comfort, 26, 232

USNS Mercy, 232

USS Pueblo, 423-424, 435, 436, 438

USS Bonefish, 239

USS Iowa, 239

USS Lexington, 239

USS Repose, 231, 232

USS Sanctuary, 231

USS Wasp, 223

V

Validation

of losses, 306-307

of principles of combat psychiatry, 16-28

substantive, 307-308

symbolic, 305-306

Valium, 125, 419

See also Pharmaceuticals; Pharmacotherapy

Values

See Ideology, values, and commitment

Van Drebbel, Cornelius, 216

Vandegrift, General, 226, 227

Vandre, R.H., 98, 99

Varna, S.K., 357

Vedder, James, 228-229

Venereal diseases

rates of, by war, 74

See also Sexually transmitted diseases

Vernon, Edward, 215

Vertical cohesion, 302-303

See also Cohesion

Veterans

See Follow-up research on veterans

Vietnam-Era Veterans Adjustment Survey (VEVAS), 468-470

Vietnam Head Injuries Study, 324, 325, 341

Vietnam veteran nurses, 468-470

Vietnam Conflict

and Army neuropsychiatry, 158-159

causes of admission, 17

and conversion disorders, 391

and follow-up research on veterans, 465-470

and genital mutilation, 372

and My Lai, 76-77

and nostalgic casualties, 69-70

POWs, 423

psychiatric phases, 17

and reentry issues, 296

stress symptoms, 40

Vietnamization, 70

Villa, Pancho, 154

Vincennes, 173

Vineberg Report, 103

Violence

role of, in conversion disorders, 392-393

in traumatic brain injury, 336-337

Viral agents, 97

Virtual reality, 476

Visual disorders

and conversion disorders, 390

differential diagnosis, 398

See also Blindness; Visuospatial skills

Visuospatial skills

assessment, after traumatic brain injury, 334

Voluntary casualties, 42

Volunteer service

in submarines, 217-218

Von Salzen, C.F., 361

Vorbeireden, 400

W

War neurosis, 8, 9, 10

Washington, George, 153

Watson, C.G., 465

Wayne, John, 459

Webber, Dr., 229

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, 334

Wehrle, John O., 320

Weinstein, E.A., 38, 50, 55, 394

Well-being, of individual

as combat stress variable, 137

Wellington, 199

Wheatley, R.D., 443, 445

White, James C., 358

White, N.S., 440

Whitlock, F.A., 394

Williams, F.E., 10, 38

Williams, Russell C., 371

Williams, R.M., 120

Wilmot, C.B., 361

Wilson, H., 331

Wilson, J.P., 465

Wisconsin Card Sort Test, 335

Wittkower, E., 369

Wolf, S., 463

Women soldiers

mortality, 28

as POWs, 445

as therapists, 233

World War I

and Army neuropsychiatry, 153-155

and biologic agents, 95

and chemical warfare, 87-88, 92, 93, 94

and conversion disorders, 387-389

and follow-up research on veterans, 459-461

World War II

and Army neuropsychiatry, 155-158

and biological warfare, 95

and chemical warfare, 87-89

and conversion disorders, 389-391

and follow-up research on veterans, 461-464

and psychiatric disorders among POWs, 446

and reentry, 295

Worthington, E.R., 465

Wounds

admissions for, 13, 17

golden, 50

and psychiatric care, 232-233

rates of, in U.S. wars, 41

self-inflicted, 57

Wry neck

case study, 397

Y

“Yellow rain,” 87

See also Chemical warfare; Mycotoxins

Yerke, Sandra, 207

Yom Kippur War, 21, 42, 115-116, 122

York, Alvin, 459

Yudofsky, S.C., 340