DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

BULLETIN

OF THB

UNITED STATES

GEOLOGICAL SUEVEY

No. 163

WASHINGTON

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 

1900
'

9130
UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SUEVEY

CHARLES D. WALCOTT, DIRECTOR

FLOBA

OF THE

MONTANA FOEMATION

FRANK HALL KNOWLTON

WASHINGTON

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 

1900
4-
CONTENTS.

Pego.

Letter of transmittal ....................................................... ix

Introduction................................................................ 1

Localities in Bitter Creek Valley ............................................ 5

Coalville, Utah, and vicinity.............. ................................. 7

Other localities .............................................................. 9

Belly River flora and its relation to the Montana flora ....................... 9

Description of plants collected by Lester F. Ward on the right bank of the

Missouri River, 7 miles below the Coal Banks, August 24,1883.............. 11

Discussion of the Belly River flora .......................................... 15

Description of the plants of the Montana formation.......................... 17,

Discussion of the Montana flora............................................. 76

Index....................................................................... 117

ILLUSTRATIONS

80

84

Page 

PLATE I, FIGS. 1-3. Tninnfeldia montana Kn ...............................

4. Laurus? sp ......................---..-.--.------- ----

5. Ficus missouriensis n. sp ...............................

6. Liriodendron alatum Newb ............................

7-9. Juglans ? missouriensis n. sp ....................... - -

10. Quercus ? montanensis n. sp........................--: -

II, FIGS. 1-4. Platanus? Wardii n. sp.............................. ---- 82

III, FIGS. 1,2. Asplenium tenellnm n. sp ..............................

3. Woodwardia crenata n. sp .............................

4. Fucus liguitum Lx. ....................................

5-8. Selaginella laciniata Lx ...............................

9. Woodwardia sp........................................

10. Pinus Quenstedti Heer..... ............................

11. Asplenium sp..........................................

12. Asplenium wyomingense n. sp.............-............

IV, F'lGS. 1-4. Sequoia brevifplia Heer ........................ ........

5, 6. Brachyphylluui macrocarpum Newb ...................... \ 86

7-10. Ginkgo laramiensis Ward ...............................

V, FIGS. 1, 2. Geiuitzia formosa Heer.................................

3. Cuuuinghamites? sp ...................................

4. Glyptostrobus? sp .........'............................

5. Ginkgo lararuieusis Ward ..............................

6. Trapa? cuneata n. sp...................................

7. Trapa? microphylla Lx ........................ ........

8. Cyperacites sp.........................................

VI, FIGS. 1-3. Myrica Torreyi Lx......................................

4. Myrica? sp ............................................

5. Sabalites Grayanus Lx.................................

6. Salix Stantoni n. sp....................................

7. Populus Wardii n. sp...................................

VII, FIG. 1. Quercus Lesquereuxiaua Kn ...........................

2. Salix sp ...............................................

3. Populus inutabilis ovalis? Heer........................

4. Populus obovata n. sp.

5. Populus sp ....................

6. Salix augusta Al. Br. ..........

7. Qnercus deutonoides n. sp..... 

VIII, FIG. 1. Dryophyllum falcatum? Ward 

2. Ficus squarrosa n. sp .......... 94 3. Ficus populoides n. sp.

4. Ficus dalniatica Ett ..

IX, FIG. 1. Ficus Wardii n. sp ....

2. Ficus incompleta n. sp

3. Ficus problematica n. sp................................

4. Phyllites sp .............................................

5. Ficus hesperia u. sp........ ...................... ........

VII

90

92

96
VIII ILLUSTRATIONS.

Page. ' 

PLATE X, FIGS. 1-3. Ficus rhamnoides n. sp................................... )

4. Ficus planicostataLx.................................... J

XI, FIG. 1: Ficus rhamnoides n. sp................................... i

2, 3. Ficus montana n. sp ..................................... I 100 '

4. Ficus asarifolia Ett...................................... J

XII, FIG. 1. Ficus montana n. sp...................................... 1

2-4. Ficus planicostata Lx.................................... J

XIII, FIG. 1. Ficus tilisefoliaAl. Br..................................

2. Ficus asarifolia Ett....................................

3-5. Nelumbo intermedia 11. sp ................................ 104

6. Nelumbo? sp..........................................

7. Castalia ? duttoniana n. sp .............. -. ..............

XIV, FIG. 1. Magnolia tenuinorvis Lx...............................

2. Cinnamomum affine Lx ...............~................. -4

3. Asiminaeocenica? Lx..................................

4,5. Malapoenna macrophylloide/s n. sp......................

XV, FIG. 1. Cmnamomurn? Stautoni n. sp.... '.... ..................

2. Menispermites Knightii n. sp.............................

3. Cornus Studeri? Heer.................................. 108

4. Pterospermites Wardii n. sp............................

XVI, FIG. 1. Pterospermites Wardii n. sp....'............... ...'......

- 2. Laurusprtestans Lx...................................... no

3. Pterospermites undulatus u. sp.........................

XVII, FIG. 1. Viburnum Whymperi ? Heer............................

2. Pterospermites undulatus n. sp .........................

XVIII, FIG. 1. Viburnum Whymperi Heer.............................

2. Phyllites triloba n. sp..................................

3. Diospyros brachysepala Al. Br..........................

4. Pterospermites undulatus n. sp.........................

XIX, FIGS. 1-2. Viburnum montanum n. sp.............................

. 3.. Viburnum Whymperi Heer.............................

4. Viburnum? problematicum n. sp........................

5. Phyllites sp ............. ..............................
LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.

v DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR, 

UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY,

Washington, D. C., June 27, 1899.

SIR: I have the honor to transmit herewith the manuscript and 

illustrations of a paper entitled "Flora of the Montana Formation," 

and to request its publication as a bulletin of the Survey. 

Very respectfully, .

F. H. KNOWLTON,

 . Assistant Paleontologist. 

Hon. CHARLES D. WALCOTT,

Director United States Geological Survey.

'*

IX

Bull 163 II

FLORA OF THE MONTANA FORMATION.

By FRANK HALL KNOWLTON.

INTRODUCTION.

The history of the so-called Laramie and allied formations of the 

Rocky Mountain region has been an intricate and interesting one, and 

much literature exists on the subject. As summaries have recently 

been presented 1 it is deemed unnecessary again to go over this ground, 

except in the briefest manner and in so far as it is essential to an 

understanding of the reasons for separating the present paper from my 

contemplated monograph on the Laramie floras.

The series of strata which has in recent years been known as the 

Laramie group or formation, was first called the Lignitic group and 

was believed to contain all the coal of the region in which it occurs. 

The Lignitic also included certain lower Tertiary beds, now known as 

the Fort Union beds, and the whole was at that time regarded as 

Tertiary in age. Later the Laramie was differentiated as a single 

formation, by Mr. Clarence King2 and Dr. F. V. Hayden, and characterized as the uppermost division of the conformable Cretaceous series, 

and the Fort Union was ultimately associated with the lower Tertiary, 

although still regarded by some as belonging to the Laramie series. 

As thus defined, the Laramie was thought to be very sharply circumscribed, but later investigations have shown that this view requires 

modification. Thus it was found that instead of being uniformly underlain by marine Cretaceous, certain of the coal seams were intercalated 

in marine beds, or, in other words, there had been alternations of 

fresh and brackish or salt water before the true Laramie age prevailed. 

The evidence for this phase of the subject will be more fully presented 

in the following pages.

As investigation progressed it became evident that certain beds of 

the upper portion of the Laramie series could not be satisfactorily 

harmonized, and this led to the separation of the Arapahoe and Den-

'Ward, Synopsis of the flora of the Laramie group: Sixth Ann. Kept. d. S. Geol. Survey, 1884^-85, pp. 

399-557, Pis. XX1-LXV (1886).

White, Correlation papers Cretaceous: Bull. TT. S. Geol. Survey No. 82, pp. 140 et seq. (1891). 

"See TJ. S. Geol. Expl. 40th Parallel, Vol. I, p. 331 (1878).

Bull 163 1 1
2 FLORA OF THE MONTANA FORMATION.

ver beds, by Cross and Eldridge, in Colorado, and of the Livingston 

beds, by Weed, in Montana. It thus becomes necessary to readjust the 

lower and upper limits of the so-called Laramie series. For present 

purposes the fixing of the lower limit of the Laramie is of most importance, and will receive prominent attention.

Most of the typical localities in which the complications mentioned 

have arisen are in eastern and central Wyoming, in eastern Utah, and 

at various places in Colorado. Th«se localities have been frequently 

visited and studied by geologists, but not since much of the important 

work of differentiation has been accomplished; and with the view of 

ascertaining the bearing of this newer information on the problems 

in question, Mr. T. W. Stanton and I spent the field season of 1896 in 

a restudy of this general area. The results of our investigations were 

presented in a joint paper entitled Stratigraphy and Paleontology of 

the Laramie and Belated Formations in Wyoming.1 The general 

conclusion is reached, following the example of King, Hay den, and 

others, that the base of the true Laramie in the Eocky Mountain 

region should be placed at the top of the Fox Hills, or in other words 

that nothing below the marine Cretaceous should be regarded as 

Laramie. While this view has some objections, as, for example, the 

difficulty sometimes experienced in locating the exact top of the Fox 

Hills, it seems, on the whole, simple and most logical, since if all the 

Upper Cretaceous coals were included there would be a practical abandonment of the Laramie as a distinct series, and a return to the old 

Lignitic group, which, as already stated, included all the coals of the 

region. The Montana formation or division is thus made to include 

certain intercalated beds carrying important coal veins, a quite extensive land flora, and occasional brackish and fresh-water rnollusks. 

This flora, which embraces at least 80 species, has for many years been 

regarded as a true Laramie flora.

The localities within the Montana formation which have afforded the 

most extensive flora will be first considered. They are-located in 

southwestern Wyoming, along the line of the Union Pacific Eailroad, 

and in northeastern Utah, in the vicinity of Coalville. These localities 

have been often visited by geologists, and have given rise to much 

discussion.

The geologists connected with the exploration along the fortieth parallel appear to have been the first to call attention 2 to the fact that the 

Fox Hills beds, as exposed within this area, embrace numerous coal 

seams and sandstones containing abundant plant remains, as they constantly found above them beds containing characteristic marine invertebrates. This view did not, however, obtain very wide acceptance, or, 

rather, recognition, which was doubtless largely due to the difficulty 

in fixing the upper limit of the Fox Hills beds. In this way the coal

'Bull. Geol. Soc. Am., Vol. VXII, pp. 127-156 (1896).

2 U. S. Gfiol. Expl. 4ftth Parallel, Vol. II, pp. 85 et seq. (1877);. Vol. I, pp. 320 et seq. (1878).
KNOWLTON.] INTRODUCTION. 3

seams of the region came to be regarded as belonging to the Laramie, 

and the flora associated with them was naturally regarded as a true 

Laramie flora. It is this so called "true Laramie flora" that has given 

rise to much misunderstanding and confusion regarding the distribution and geological significance of the fossil plants of the Eocky Mountain region.

After the announcement of the fortieth parallel geologists, as before 

mentioned, the presence of well-defined plant-bearing strata below the 

marine Cretaceous seems not to have attracted much attention until 

it came to the notice of Prof. W. C. Knight, of the University of Wyoming, at Laramie. Professor Knight, as State geologist and mining 

expert, has visited and become intimately acquainted with the geology 

of the entire State, but more particularly with the area known as the 

Laramie Plains. As early as 1894, in a letter to rne, he called particular 

attention to the presence of a well-defined coal and plant horizon below 

typical marine Cretaceous.

In July, 1896, Professor Knight generously guided Mr. Stanton and 

me to a number of localities on the Laramie Plains, at a distance of 25 

to 30 miles northwest of Laramie, in the vicinity of Eock Creek and 

Cooper Creek, where we were abundantly able to confirm his claims. 

One of the first sections visited in which the relations are best exhibited, 

is within a mile or two of Harpers Station, on the Union Pacific Eail 

road, and not far from the old Miser Station, which is frequently referred 

to in the early accounts of the region. One mile northwest of Harpers 

is an exposure of white sandstone and clay, with coal seams, having a 

thickness of about 40 feet. Fossil plants of the following species were 

found near the base of the exposure and in a band some 20 or 25 feet 

higher:

Geinitzia formosa Heer. 

Brachyphyllum macrocarpum Newb.

Cinnamomum affine Lx. 

Quercus Lesquereuxiana Kn.

The beds immediately overlying this coal and plant-bearing series 

are obscured by the disintegration of the beds above, but, fortunately, 

an exposure was found about 200 yards south of the plant locality and at 

least 100 feet higher. From this exposure the following characteristic 

Cretaceous invertebrates were obtained:

Chlamys nebrascensis M. & H. 

luoceramus cripsii var. barabini Morton. 

Baculites ovatus Say.

These species, Mr. Stanton says, ''occur in both the Fort Pierre and 

Fox Hills beds, which are not very clearly differentiated in this region, 

but the fauna of the underlying beds shows that we are here probably 

in the Fox Hills beds." Since our return from the field Professor Knight 

has informed us that he has again visited the locality and found a typical Fox Hills fauna a mile farther south, and probably 1,000 feet higher 

than the coal and plant-bearing beds.
4 FLORA OF THE MONTANA FORMATION.

This same coal and plant horizon is exposed on the west side of the railroad, 

extending westward several miles toward Rock Creek from a-point ahout 1 mile 

west of Harpers. The light-colored sandstones associated with the coal are here 

exposed to a thickness of about 75 feet, dipping 17° south and forming a prominent 

line of cliffs. In the npper part of the exposure, at a locality ahout 5 miles west of 

Harpers, a few fossil plants were collected, including Geinitzia formosa Heer and 

Cinnamomum affine Lx.

The stratigraphic relation of the plant bed to the overlying marine strata was 

again confirmed by finding a fossiliferous horizon in brown and gray sandstone, 

from 500 to 600 feet above the plant zone, and apparently, conformable with it. The 

following Montana species were obtained here:

Ostrea sp.

Avicula nebrascana E. & S.

Baculites compressus Say. 

Scaphites sp. 1

Baculites ovatus Say.

The beds below the coal and plant-bearing horizon are well exposed 

on both sides of the railroad near Harpers, where they outcrop in narrow ridges of hard limestone. There are several highly fossiliferous 

bands, and collections made at points 400 to 500 feet below the coal 

yield over 30 Montana (probably Fort Pierre) species. The horizon, 

probably 300 or 400 feet still lower, yields nearly 50 species, some of 

which are found also in the upper horizon.

Another locality affording a number of fossil plants is at Dunn's 

ranch, on the Laramie Eiver, about 6 miles east of Harpers. The 

plants are preserved in a soft, fine-grained, yellowish sandstone. The 

following species were obtained:

Pinus Quenstedti Heer. 

Myrica Torreyi Lx. 

Quercus Lesquereuxiana Kn.

Celastrus sp. 

Salix sp. 

Spathites sp.

Ficus planicostata Lx.

It was not possible, in the limited time at our disposal, to attempt to 

trace the connection between this locality and the one just discussed, 

and it is doubtful if it can be done, for the exposures are extremely 

limited and the country much obscured by overlying material. There 

is every reason to suppose, however, that the two localities are nearly 

if not quite in the same horizon, a view which finds support in the fact 

that at least two of the species of plants are common to both.

A third locality on the Laramie Plains which has afforded fossil 

plants is near the old overland stage road, on the north fork of Button 

Creek between Rock and Cooper creeks. At this point is a small coal 

vein that has been mined to some extent for local uses. It is probably 

the coal spoken of by the fortieth parallel geologists 2 as the u Cooper 

Creek coal." The shales immediately overlying the coal, as well as a 

light-colored sandstone some 25 feet higher, contain plants as follows:

Dryopteris duttoniana n. sp. 

Woodwardia crenata n. sp. 

Brachyphyllum macrocarpum Newb. 

Geinitzia formosa Heer. 

Trapa ? microphylla Lx.

Ficus sp. 

Castalia sp. 

Asimina eocenica Lx. 

Diospyros ? ficoidea Lx.

1 Stanton and Knowlton, op. cit., p. 138. 

* U. S. Geol. Expl. 40th Parallel, Vol. I.
KNOWLTON.J LOCALITIES IN BITTER CREEK VALLEY. 5

v< There is no satisfactory exposure of the overlying strata near this 

coal, but at a point about 3 miles to the southwest, near the old 

stage crossing of Cooper Creek, and certainly higher in position, the

 beds are very fossiliferous and contain a typical Fox Hills fauna of 

about twenty-five species. It is of course possible that there is a fault

» or other disturbance between these two points, but no evidence of it 

appeared, and the relations before mentioned are probably correct. 

The evidence afforded by the plants, while somewhat conflicting, tends 

to place this plant horizon well down in the series, or approximately 

similar to the plant horizon of Harpers, for at least two of the species 

(Geiniteia formosa and Braehy'phyllum macrocarpum) are common to

» both localities. These are very characteristic species and can not 

well be mistaken. Of the other species two (Trapa f microphylla and

* Diospyros f ficoidea) are found at Black Buttes and at Point of Rocks, 

while the remainder of the forms previously named have a higher 

distribution. These latter, however, rest on single examples and are

* not entitled to the weight that should be allowed the others, which are 

^ represented by numerous specimens. For the present at least it seems

best to regard this flora as belonging to the Montana formation. 

M The remaining coal and plant-bearing horizon that we visited on the 

' Laramie Plains, now known as the " Button Creek mine," is similar

in age to the coal of Carbon, and is regarded as Laramie.

LOCALITIES IN BITTER CREEK VALLEY.

f

The stratigraphy and paleontology of the Bitter Creek Valley and

< immediate vicinity have been much studied and have given rise to 

prolonged discussion. The exposures are in most cases extensive, and 

the fossils, both plant and animal, are very abundant.

Black Buttes Station is one of the most important of these localities, 

and has been frequently visited by geologists. It is introduced into 

the present discussion only on account of the geological and paleontd-

* logical bearing it has on certain other points in the Bitter Creek 

Valley.

The following brief account of the geology at Black Buttes is taken 

from the paper before referred to by Mr. T. W. Stanton and myself 

(p. 143):

The most prominent feature of the section of Black Buttes is the massive hed of

sandstone, somewhat over 100 feet thick at the base of the exposure, forming steep

hills and din's northeast of the railroad opposite the station, and passing heneath

k^> the surface hy its dip of 9 or 10 degrees near the coal mine. The upper portion of it

is also exposed on the south side of Bitter Creek Valley, about a mile from the

station.

All of the Laramie fossils, whether plants, invertebrates, or vertebrates, that have

* hitherto been described or listed as coming from Black Buttes, \vere obtained from 

the overlying beds within about 100 feet of the top of this massive sandstone. The

** original specimen of Agautliaumus sylvestris was found about 20 feet above it, and 

the plants that have been described came from the same horizon and from several 

higher bands up to the bed overlying the principal coal, some 60 or 75 feet higher. 

The invertebrates from this locality have about the same range. Most of the beds
6 FLORA OF THE MONTANA FORMATION.

vary considerably in character and thickness within short distances, but the fossiliferons and overlying portions of the section may be described in general terms as a 

series of variable sandstones, clay, and coal beds, exposed in low hills and ridges, 

with a dip of 9 or 10 degrees eastward at the base, but decreasing in the upper portions to 5 or 6 degrees, which is about the same as the dip of the overlying Wasatch 

beds.

The section at Black Buttes as thus defined is referred without 

hesitation to the Laramie, and the flora is considered a true Laramie 

flora, as now understood. The flora and invertebrate fauna are practically identical with that of the Laramie of Converse County, Wyoming, 1 a locality in which the geological relations are much plainer 

than at Black Buttes, since the section is continuous from the Fort 

Pierre slates to and perhaps above the Fort Union beds.

Point of Eocks, Wyoming, 11 miles northwest of Black Buttes, has 

afforded an extensive fossil flora which has, until recently, been 

regarded as a true Laramie flora. The section is somewhat similar to 

that at Black Buttes, having at the base a massive light-colored sandstone about 100 feet in thickness, the presence of which, together with 

the evidence of certain local faulting between the two points, has 

led several geologists to regard them as representing about the same 

horizon. Powell,in his Geology of the Uinta Mountains, page 48, named 

his "Point of Eocks group" from this section, and drew the line separating it from the Bitter Creek group above at the top of the heavy 

sandstone, where the somewhat uneven surface was regarded as representing an erosive interval. The base of the Point of Eocks group 

as denned by him is observed about 6 miles west from Point of Eocks 

Station, near where the comparatively narrow valley broadens into 

that of the Salt Hills Yalley. The base was placed at the base of the 

massive sandstone, which is quite different lithologically from the 

thinly laminated beds of the summit of the Salt Hills group below. 

The Point of Eocks group of Powell was therefore supposed to correspond more or less closely with the Laramie,2 but this has since been 

shown to be an entirely wrong conception.

The Point of Eocks section had been previously visited and somewhat 

hastily studied by Messrs. Meek and Bannister, of the Hay den survey,3 

and they would place the coal beds several hundred feet lower than 

those at Black Buttes. The observations of Mr. Stantou and myself 

are abundantly confirmatory -of this latter view, for not only did a 

comparative study of the two sections seem to indicate differences, but, 

in addition, we found marine Cretaceous shells above the coal. The 

beds containing this fauna occupy a position near the top of the bluff 

in front of the Point of Eocks Station, and about 260 feet above 

the top of the massive sandstone. The dip of the beds is about 6° 

a little north of east, and almost parallel with a valley that joins that

1 See Stanton and Knowlton, op. cit., pp. 128-137. 

"See White, Bull. "U. S. Geol. Survey No. 82, p. 156. 

»Ann. Kept; TJ. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., 1872, pp. 529 et seq.
KNOWLTON.] COALVILLE, UTAH, AND VICINITY. 7

of Bitter Creek just east of the station. The first fossiliferous horizon in front of the station, clearly belonging to the Fox Hills, is about 

200 yards back from the edge of this bluff. The dip brings this horizon 

down to the level of the valley.a little more than a mile from the station. 

Immediately overlying it is a brown ferruginous sandstone containing 

the following marine Cretaceous forms:

Ostrea glabra M. & H. 

Inoceramus cripsii var. barabini Morton.

Mactra alta M. & H. 

Macfcra warrenana M. & H. 

Dentalium gracile H. & M.

Cardium speciosum M. & H.

About 4 miles eastward a line of cliffs is reached. The exposures 

are somewhat obscured between the two places, but nearly 700 feet 

of strata are passed, and then the characteristic Fox Hills fauna is 

again found near the base of the cliffs, showing that the formation is 

still marine Cretaceous. In other words, it is shown that there are more 

than 700 feet of typically marine Cretaceous above the coal-bearing 

series in the Point of Bocks section.

The Point of Bocks flora is the richest and most important thus far 

discovered xn the Montana formation. It embraces no fewer than 

58 species belonging to 33 genera. The greater part of the plants 

were obtained in lenticular argillaceous masses in the upper portion of 

the massive sandstone, and a few have been found in the shales over 

the coal. Another locality which has afforded a number of species is 

southeast of the station, in strata apparently as low as in the locality 

above mentioned, and possibly even lower.

The plant-bearing localities of Carbon, Bock Springs, Hams Fork, 

and Evanston were also visited by us, and a brief account of them 

is given in the joint paper above referred to. 1 They are all regar/.ed 

as being above the Montana.

COALVILLE, UTAH, AND VICINITY.

The geology in the vicinity of Coalville is somewhat complicated, 

and extensive differences of opinion have prevailed among geologists. 

The following brief historical account is given by Mr. T. W. Stanton: 2

The coal-bearing Cretaceous beds exposed at Coalville, Utah, and on Bear River, 

near the mouth of Sulphur Creek, Wyoming, have been the subject of considerable 

discussion, and various opinions concerning their precise age have been published 

by the several geologists and paleontologists who have visited the localities or examined collections from them. They were referred to the Cretaceous by Messrs. 

Meek and Engelmann 3 in 1860, and were compared with certain Cretaceous beds at 

the mouth of the Judith River, then regarded as belonging to No. 1 (Dakota), but 

afterwards proved to be of Fox Hills age. When Captajn Simpsou's report'' was 

published in 1876, Mr. Engelmanu again expressed the opinion that these beds are 

probably "Lower Cretaceous" [Dakota].

1 Bull. Geol. Soc. Am., Vol. VIII, pp. 148-150.

2 The Colorado Formation: Bull. TJ. S. Geol. Survey No. 100, pp. 37, 38,1893 (1894).

3 Proc. Acacl. Nat. Sci.Phila., Vol. XTI, p. 130 (1860).

« Exploration across tlie Great Basin of Utah in 1859, p. 291(1876).
8 FLORA OF THE MONTANA FORMATION.

They were first regarded as Tertiary by Messrs. Hayden' and Lesquereux. 3 In 

1870 Messrs. Meek aiid Hayden n adopted the view that the Coalville beds are Cretaceous, but that they "occupy a higher horizon in the Cretaceous than even the Fox 

Hills beds of the Upper Missouri Cretaceous series."

Mr. Meek visited Coalville in 1872, and after making larger collections and studying the stratigraphy, he decided that the entire Upper Missouri Cretaceous section, 

with perhaps some older beds, is represented here. The detailed section that he 

published 4 shows correctly the essential features of the stratigraphy. The opinions that he then expressed concerning the correlation of these beds were repeated 

in subsequent publications. ft

Messrs. King and Ernmons ° assigned the Cretaceous strata at Coalville to the Colorado, Fox Hills, and Laramie formations, and so mapped them in the atlas accomp'anying their report. The principal (lower) coal bed is included in the Colorado 

formation and the upper one in the Fox Hills, the line between these two formations being drawn in the second ridge above the lower coal bed. It should be 

remembered that the Colorado formation was then made to include the Fort Pierre 

division.

Dr. White studied the section in 1877, and, after discussing the fossils collected in 

it, he states 7 that it is impracticable to refer the strata to any one or more of the 

established Cretaceous groups with certainty, but he thinks there is no reason to 

doubt, that the greater part of the series at least is referable to the Fox Hills.

Mr. Stantoii spent several -months studying the geology and paleontology of Coalville and vicinity, and observed many new and interesting facts. He carefully prepared a detailed section which shows the 

presence of about 6,000 feet of strata below the recognized Tertiary. 

Of this column about 1,700 feet are assigned to the Colorado, about 

2,800 feet to the Montana, and approximately 1,500 feet to the Laramie, or the nonfossiliferous strata which-occupy the position that should 

be taken by the Laramie if it is present.

None of the investigators previous to Mr. Stanton had noted the 

presence of fossil plants, but he, fortunately, found a rich deposit nearly 

1,000 feet above the base of the Montana, and ov.erlain by fully 1,800 

feet of ofteu richly fossiliferous marine Cretaceous, representing the 

upper portion of the Montana formation. The full details of his section and the lists of invertebrates may be found in his paper above 

cited.8 There can, therefore, be absolutely no doubt as to their strati 

graphic position.

The plants collected by Mr. Stanton were submitted to me for study, 

and a brief report on them is printed on page 42 of his bulletin. In 

that report I stated that the most important of the species " belong 

clearly to the Laramie group," and it should be remembered that this 

statement was in accord with the current conception of the Laramie 

when the Point of Eocks flora was regarded as typical. But, as

1 Ann. Kept. TJ. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., 1869, p. 91 (1870).

8 Ibid., 1873, pp. 366,371 (1874). °

"Ibid., 1870, pp. 168, 291.

«Ibid., 1872, p. 439(1873).

6 U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., Vol. IX, p.xxx; U. S. Geol. Expl. 40th Parallel, Vol. IV, p. 11.

6 TJ. S. Geol. Expl. 40th Parallel, Vol.1, pp. 316-319, 327-330 (1878); Vol. II, pp. 330-337 (1877).

»Ann. Rept. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., 1877, p. 239 (1879).

 Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey No. 106, pp 38-46.
KNOWLTON.] LOCALITIES. 9

already pointed out, it has since been shown that the Point of Eocks 

flora belongs also to the Montana formation, being below some 700 or 

800 feet of marine Cretaceous. In the light of this information a new 

comparison of the plants from the two localities emphasizes their similarity and evident affinity. Thus the plants from Coalville have been 

referred to ten species, of which number two or three are either new to 

science or not specifically deterininable, and of the remainder three or 

four are found at Point of Eocks.

OTHER LOCALITIES.

The Montana formation has an extensive geographical distribution 

beyond the areas before treated, being especially prominent in southern 

and western Colorado and in northern New Mexico; yet within all this 

vast area not a single fossil plant has been reported, with the possible 

exception of the more or less doubtful Halymenites major. Coal beds of 

greater or less extent occur, and plaukbearing horizons have often 

been noted, or there has been at least some hint of their presence. All 

paleobotanical work in this area remains for the future, and the most 

that can be done at present is to indicate a number of localities which 

would seem to promise favorable results when suitably exploited.

The upper portion of the Cretaceous within this area consists of coalbearing sandstones and shales that have been referred to the Fox 

Hills, on the ground that marine Cretaceous invertebrates were found 

above the coal. This condition was noticed by Holmes 1 and Newberry2 

in southwestern Colorado, and by Peale 3 and White 4 in western Colorado observations that have been abundantly confirmed by E. C. 

Hills.5 In the Geological Atlas of Colorado, prepared by the Hayden 

survey, the formations are marked "Fox Hills," as above indicated. 

In 1893, Mr. T. W. Stanton 6 found, in Mancos Canyon, characteristic 

Fox Hill invertebrates from 800 to 1,000 feet above the base of the 

coal-bearing sandstones.

Prof. J. J. Stevenson, in his report on the geology of Colorado in 

Wheeler's survey,7 noted the presence of Halymenites major in numerous 

localities in southern Colorado, and also spoke of dicotyledonous leaves 

in the Upper Cretaceous; but it should be remembered that he referred 

the whole of the Eocky Mountain coal beds to the Cretaceous, a contention that was long ago abandoned.

BELLY RIVER FLORA AND ITS RELATION TO THE 

MONTANA FLORA.

It seems necessary, in the present connection, to say something of 

the Belly Eiver flora and its probable relation to the Montana flora.

"Ann. Kept. TJ. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., 1875, pp. 242-267. 

"Kept. Macomb's Expl. Exped., p. 77 (1876). 

'Ibid., 1874, pp. 128-155, 1876, pp. 170-180. 

«Ibid., 1876, pp. 19, 28-34.

 Proc. Colo. Sci. Soc., Vol. Ill, No. Ill,pp. 379 et seq. (1890). 

"Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey, No. 106, p. 32 (1893). 

. 'Kept, on the Geog. and Geol. Expl. and Survey West of the 100th Meridian, pp. 307-488 (1875).
10 FLORA OF THE MONTANA FORMATION.

According to Dr. G. M. Dawson, the discoverer and namer of this 

somewhat anomalous series of coal-bearing beds, the stratigraphic 

position of the Belly Biver series is between the Colorado and Montana 

formations. If this is strictly true, it would obviously be out of place to 

consider the flora of these beds in connection with that of the Montana 

formation, except, perhaps, for purposes of comparison. Other obser. 

vers, however, would regard the Belly Biver series as synchronous, in 

part at least, with the Montana formation, and one geologist, Dr. C. 

A. White, 1 inclines to the opinion that it is completely so, thus passing 

from the top of the Colorado to the base of the Laramie.

The Belly Biver series, which takes its name from the Belly Biver, 

a tributary of the South Saskatchewan, has, according to the Canadian 

geologists, a large areal extent. It is found occupying the surface in 

the Canadian districts of Assiuiboia, Saskatchewan, and Alberta, 

extending for a distance of about 300 miles. It is composed of sandstones, clays, shales, and important coal seams, and has a maximum 

thickness of fully 1,000 feet.

As long ago as 1886 the presence of this formation in the United 

States was suggested by Mr. W. Lindgren,2 who noted the presence of 

strata in the upper part of the valley of the Musselshell Biver in 

Montana which, although referred by him to the Laramie, in all probability belong to the Belly Biver.

In August, 1883, Dr. C. A. White and Prof. Lester F. Ward also noted 

the presence of certain plant-bearing strata on the Missouri Biver, 

about 7 miles below the Coal Banks, below the mouth of Bear Creek, 

which belong, with little doubt, to the Belly Biver series. They made 

at this time a small collection of fossil plants, which I have studied 

and incorporated descriptions of in the following pages.

Mr. T. W. Stanton and Mr. W. H. Weed visited this same locality 

in 1894, and Mr. Stanton has kindly prepared the following notes on 

its stratigraphy and paleontology:

On the Missouri River near Fort Benton the dark shales of the Fort Benton formation are exposed. The same formation is seen for many miles down the river, but as 

there is a slight dip in that direction, higher beds are in turn exposed, and some of 

those that have usually been called Fort Benton are now recognized by the fossils to 

more nearly represent the Niobrara. The beds gradually become more sandy, and 

in the upper portion of the shales forms are found that seem to be intermediate between the Colorado and Montana formations. Immediately above t,his zone is a 

massive light-colored sandstone, 100 feet or more in thickness, associated with coal 

seams and ferruginous bands. This is exposed at Coal Banks and for many miles 

below. The fossil-plant locality on the right bank of the river, 7 miles below Coal 

Banks, must be just above this sandstone. Farther down the Missouri, near the nioutn 

of Arrow River, the dark Fort Pierre shales, with a characteristic fauna, are clearly 

seen to overlie the sandstone, and still above that comes the section near the mouth 

of Judith River, as published by Cross from my notes, 3 which includes the Fox Hills 

or Upper Montana and the Judith River beds, which are true Laramie. We were not

'Bull. T7. S. Geol. Survey No. 82, p. 176 (1891).

"Tenth Census TJ. S., Vol. XV, pp. 743-746.

8 Geology of the Denver Basin: Mon. U. S. Geol. Survey Vol. XX, p. 240.
KNOWLTON.] DESCRIPTION OF SPECIES. 11

able to estimate the thickness of an intermediate portion of the sect-on lying between Arrow and Judith rivers, but there is no doubt as to the relative stratigraphic 

position of the beds studied. It is evident from the stratigraphy and from the 

marine invertebrate fauna of the underlying and overlying strata that the sandstones and associated coal beds and plant-bearing horizons in the neighborhood of 

Coal Banks on the Missouri Eiver are on essentially the same horizon to which the 

Belly Eiver series was assigned by Dr. G. M. Dawson, and to which a part of the 

Canadian beds so named undoubtedly belong. But in Dr. Dawson's full and careful 

description of the Belly River series it is pointed out tbat in certain areas referred 

to that series the stratigraphy is not clear, and the beds may overlie the Montana 

shales instead of underlying them. It happens that most of the Belly River fauna, 

which consists chiefly of Laramie species, was collected in these doubtful areas. I 

suspect that in Canada two distinct formations, separated by marine beds, have 

been confused under the term Belly River series, and that a large part of the fauna, 

and possibly also of the flora, was collected from the upper horizon, which included 

the Laramie and possibly even later beds.

DESCRIPTION OF PLANTS COLLECTED BY LESTER F. 

WARD ON THE RIGHT BANK OF THE MISSOURI RIVER, 

7 MILES BELOW THE COAL BANKS, AUGUST 24, 1883.

THINNFELDIA MONTANA Kn.

PI. I, figs. 1-3.

Thinnfeldia montana Kn., Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey No. 152, p. 227 (1898). 

Salisburiapolymorpha'Lx.., Am. Jour. Sci., 2d ser., Vol. XXVII, p. 362 (1869) [nomen

nudum]; Ann. Rept. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., 1872, p. 404 (1873). 

Thintifeldia polymorplia 1 (Lx.) Kn., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., Vol. VII, p. 153 (1892);

Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey No. 105, p. 47, PI. V, figs. 1-4 (1893).

It is impossible to separate the specimens from below the Coal Banks 

from those found in the Bozeman coal field and figured as already mentioned. They are, perhaps, a little smaller, but have the identical laciniate margin and the same nervation. The Bozeman specimens are from 

the head of Fir Canyon, near the Fort Ellis Eeservation, in true Laramie 

strata.

Habitat. Eight bank of Missouri Eiver, 7 miles below the Coal 

Banks. Collected by Lester F. Ward, August 24; 1883.

QUERCUS? MONTANENSIS 11. Sp. 

PI. I, fig. 10.

Leaf narrowly ovate-lanceolate, broadest at about one-fourth of its 

length above the base,from which point it tapers belowinto an obtusely 

wedge-shaped base; apex long and apparently slender; margin remotely 

and obtusely toothed above the middle; petiole rather stout for the size 

of the leaf; midrib strong; secondaries probably about eight or nine

1 ThiB combination Thinnfeldia polymorpha (Lx.) Kn., 1892 is antedated by T. polymorpha Ett., 

1860, which is a totally different plant. It becomes necessary to rename the Montana species, and I 

have called it, as shown above, Thinnfeldia montana.
12 FLORA OF THE MONTANA FORMATION.

pairs, subopposite, arching upward for some distance; remainder of 

nervation not preserved.

This species is represented by the single specimen figured. Its length 

is about 4 cm. and its width a little more than 1 cm. It is with some 

hesitation that I refer this to Quercus, for it is very fragmentary and 

has little of the nervation preserved. It has, however, a resemblance to 

certain forms that have been so referred, and I therefore venture to 

place it as above indicated. It is hardly possible to make any comparisons between this and known forms that will be of value.

Habitat. Eight bank of Missouri Eiver, 7 miles below the Coal 

Banks. Collected by Lester F. Ward, August 24,1883-

Ficus MISSOURIENSIS n. sp.

PI. 1, fig. 5.

Leaf thick, elliptical in outline, slightly inequilateral, apparently 

broadest at or a little above the middle, rounded rather abruptly below, 

apex not preserved; midrib very thick, straight; secondaries very 

numerous, thin, emerging at an obtuse angle, camptodrome, anastomosing well inside the margins with the secondary next above; intermediate secondaries numerous, passing nearly or quite half the distance 

to the margin, then vanishing; other nervation not preserved.

This leaf is not well preserved, lacking probably the upper third. 

The part remaining is about 6 cm. in length; the complete leaf was 

probably about 8.5 cm. in length. The width is 3.75 cm. This species 

is evidently allied to Ficus glascoeana Lx., 1 from the Dakota group of 

Kansas. The Kansas species is, however, three times the size, is broadest 

below the middle, and has the close parallel secondaries at a more acute 

angle. In general appearance these leaves are very similar, and the 

Montana species may well have been the modified descendant of the 

Dakota group species. It appears to be quite unlike anything heretofore reported from the Belly Kiver or allied beds.

Habitat. Eight bank of Missburi Eiver, 7 miles below the Coal 

Banks. Collected by Lester F. Ward, August 24,1883.

JUGLANS ? MISSOURIENSIS n. sp. 

PI. I, figs. 7-9.

Leaflets membranaceous, broadly elliptical-lanceolate in outline, 

inequilateral, base not preserved, narrowed above into an acuminate 

apex; margin entire or very slightly undulate; midrib very thin, flexuose; secondaries numerous, alternate or subopposite, curved upward, 

camptodrome, anastomosing by a series of small loops with the one 

next above; other nervation not preserved.

The three leaflets referred to this species unfortunately all lack the 

lower portion. They all have the same shape and nervation, and probably are correctly placed together. As nearly as can be made out, they

1 Fl. Dak. Gr., p. 70, PI. XIII, figs. 1, 2.
KNOWLTON.] DESCRIPTION OF SPECIES. 13

are broadly elliptical-lanceolate in outline, and range in size from 4 to 

10 cm. in length and from 2 to 3.5 cm. in width.

It is difficult to settle on the real affinities of these leaves. The fact 

that they are undoubtedly unequal-sided -makes it probable that they 

are leaflets of a large compound leaf. Their general shape and nervation is similar to that in certain species of Juglans, and I have provisionally referred them to that genus. They have, for example, quite a 

strong resemblance to certain leaves from the Laramie that have been 

referred by Lesquereux to his Juglans ruyosa. 1

Habitat. Eight bank of Missouri River 7 miles below the Coal Banks. 

Collected by Lester F. Ward, August 24,1883.

LA.URUS 1 sp.

PI. I, fig. 4.

This form is represented by the single fragment shown in the figure, 

which is obviously too imperfect to permit certain identification. It is, 

for example, scarcely distinguishable from Laurus Knowltoni Lx.,2 from 

the Dakota group of Kansas. It is also somewhat like the upper portion of Persea Hayana from the same place. It is too fragmentary, 

however, to permit further generalizations.

Habitat. Eight bank of Missouri Eiver 7 miles below the Coal Banks. 

Collected by Lester F. Ward, August 24, 1883.

LIRIODENDEON ALATUM Newb., MSS., Hollick.

PI. I, fig. 6.

Liriodendron alatum Newb., MSS., Hollick, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, Vol. XXI, p. 467, 

PI. CCXX (1894).

The collection from below the Coal Banks contains the single example figured, which is, with little hesitation, referred to the Liriodendron alatum of Newberry described from the Laramie of Walsenberg, 

Colorado. It is, unfortunately, not all preserved, lacking the side and 

all of the apex. It is slightly smaller than the figured specimens, but 

it has the same general shape, the thick midrib and the thick, strong 

petiole with its characteristic broad wing. The secondaries are alternate or subopposite, as in dewberry's species. The lowest pair are very 

thin and arise at the very base of the leaf at the top of the petiole. 

The other secondaries are similar, emerging at a low, almost right, 

angle, and occasionally forking near the margin. Not enough of the 

margin is preserved to show the nervation, which in L. alatum is distinctly camptodrome by broad arches well inside the margin. Numerous 

intermediate secondaries are present in dewberry's specimens, but if 

present they are not preserved in the specimen under consideration. As 

the apex is not preserved, it is impossible to know whether it agrees 

in this particular with the Walsenberg specimens.

This specimen was at first thought to represent a new species of

'Tert. M., PI. LVI, fig. ]. »F1. Dak. Gr., p. 94, PI. L, fig. 4.
14 FLORA OF THE MONTANA FORMATION.

Liriophylluin, being in some respects like L. populoides as figured by 

Hollick; 1 but more careful comparison shows it to be more like the form 

to which it is here referred.

Habitat. Eight bank of Missouri River, 7 miles beiow the Coal 

Banks. Collected by Lester F. Ward, August 24, 1883.

PLATANUS ? WARDII n. sp.

PL II, figs. 1-4.

Leaves evidently of firm texture, broadly ovate in general outline, 

slightly three-lobed, truncate or slightly cordate at base, the lobes 

acute, apex not preserved; margin undulate or obscurely and obtusely 

toothed; petiole very thick and strong; midrib strong, straight; secondaries four or five pairs, opposite or subopposite, at an angle of about 

45°, the lowest pair strongest, opposite, arising from the top of the 

petiole, branching outside, entering the lateral lobes; upper secondaries 

simple, or with one or two branches on the lower side, all apparently 

craspedodrome; branches of lower pair of secondaries simple or, rarely, 

once-forked, craspedodrome (?); nervilles strong, percurrent; finer nervation not retained.

This form appears to be the most abundant one in the collection, and 

besides the most perfect specimens, which have been figured, there are 

a great number of fragments, but as not one is preserved entire it is 

impossible to be perfectly certain of the outline. In general, however, 

it may be described as broadly ovate, with a truncate or very slightly 

cordate base and a rather abruptly obtuse apex. There appears to be 

small lateral lobes, one on each side, which are entered by the lowest 

secondaries. The margin is not well preserved above the base, but 

appears to be shallow-toothed or undulate. It is probable that it has 

more pronounced teeth in the upper portion. The petiole, as stated in 

the diagnosis, is very thick, but as only about 2 cm. of its length is 

preserved the complete character can not be ascertained. The nervation is strong and well marked. The lower pair of secondaries 

arise at the very base of the blade, and pass nearly straight to the 

lateral lobes. Below this pair of secondaries, next the lower margin of 

the blade, is a pair of thin nerves, quite as in Populus; they soon 

disappear.

In size these leaves appear to be from 4 to 11 cm. in width, and from 

5 to J2 cm. in length.

When this collection was first brought to public attention by Prof. 

Lester F. Ward,2 he regarded these leaves as "nearly allied to Platanus 

latiloba of Newberry (Sassafras mirabile Lesqx.) and perhaps connecting 

this with Platanus nobilis Newb." An examination of these species 

shows a decided resemblance, yet there are, on close inspection, important points of difference. Take first the case of P. latiloba. As

' Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, Vol. XXI, PI. CCXXI.

zAm. Jour. Sci., 3d ser., Vol. XXVII, pp. 292-303 (1884).
KNOWLTON.] DISCUSSION OF BELLY RIVER FLORA. 15

figured by Newberry l it is seen to be a larger leaf with large lateral 

lobes. It is prominently three-nerved or tri-palmate, the two laterals 

branching freely on both sides. The margin is also different.

From P. nobilis it differs still more, being less than half the size of 

the ordinary leaves of that species.

In some respects these leaves approach certain species of Populites, 

as for example P. litigiosus (Heer) Lx.,2 from the Dakota group of 

Kansas. It was about the same size, configuration of base, and margin, 

but differs in shape and strongly in nervation.

In his account of the plants of the Belly River series Dawson 3 

describes a new species of Populus (P. latidentata) that may be allied 

somewhat to the leaves under consideration. It is not figured, however, 

and is only briefly described. He also speaks of leaves of a Platanus 

that seemed to be close to P. nobills Newb.

It seems best, however, to consider the Missouri specimens as new, 

and I have named the species in honor of Professor Ward, the collector.

Habitat. Rigut bank of Missouri River, 7 miles below the Coal Banks. 

Collected by Lester F. Ward, August 24,1883.

DISCUSSION OF THE BELLY RIVER FLORA.

The plants of the Belly River series from the Canadian localities 

were submitted to Sir William Dawson for study.4 Only about twenty 

forms have been detected, and many of these, as may be seen from 

the following complete list, are more or less unsatisfactory:

List of Canadian Belly River plants.

Pistia corrugata Lx. (leaves).

Pinus or Abies, type of Pityoxylon (wood).

Sequoia, type of S. gigantea [now called S. Washingtonitiua,] (wood).

Sequoia, type of S. sempervirens (wood).

Sequoia Reichenbachi? (Gein.) Heer (leaves aud branches).

Tliuja, type of T. occidentalis (wood)..

Taxites, type of Taxus baccata (wood).

Ginkgo, type of G. biloba (wood).

Ginkgo (Salisburia)? (fruit).

Lemna scutata Dn. (leaves).

Populus acerifolia Newb. ? (leaf).

Populus latidentata Dn. (leaves).

Populus sp. (wood).

Betula sp. (wood).

Ulmus sp. (wood).

Gary a sp. (wood).

Nelumbo Dawsoni Hollick (Brasenia autiqua Du.) (leaves).

Trapa cf. T. borealis Heer (fruit).

Platanus nobilis Newb. (leaves).

Platanus ? sp. (wood).

Acer saskatchewense Dn. (leaf).

> 111. Cret. and Tert. FL, PL II, fig. 4.

2JT1. Dak. Gr., p. 46, PL XLVII, fig. 1.

sirans. Roy. Soc. Canada, Vol. Ill, Sect. IV, p. 16.

«Trans. Roy. Soc. Canada, Vol. Ill, Sect. IV, p. 18 (1885); ibid. Vol. V, Sect. IV, pp. 32, itt (1887).
16 FLORA OF THE MONTANA FORMATION.

The forms that are specifically named, or so designated that it is 

possible to make use of them in determining their bearing on the question of age, are as follows : 

Pistia corrugata Lx.

Sequoia Reichenbachi (Gein.) Heer.

Lemna scutata Dn.

Populus acerifolia Newb.

Populus latidentata Dn. 

Nelumbo Dawsoni Hollick. 

Platanus nobilis Newb. 

Acer saskatchewense Dn.

Of these, three species (Nelumbo Dawsoni, Populus latidentata, Acer 

saskatchewense} were described as new to science, thus leaving only five 

species having an outside distribution. Of these Sequoia Eeichenbachi 

is found from the Jurassic to the top of the Cretaceous. It is, however, 

most abundant and best developed in the Lower Cretaceous. Lemna 

scutata was described by Dawson from the so-called " Lignitic-Tertiary" 

near the forty-ninth parallel. It has since been found by him in the 

Canadian Lower Laramie (true Laramie) of the Bad Lands of Wood 

Mountain and Piucher Creek. It was obtained by Professor Ward in 

Fort Union beds near the mouth of the Yellowstone, and by Lesquereux 

in the Montana formation at Point of Eocks, Wyoming. It has, therefore, considerable range, and it is impossible to fix definitely its most 

characteristic horizon. Pistia corrugata has been found only in the Montana formation at Point of Eocks, Wyoming. The remaining species 

Populus acerifolia and Platanus nobilis are characteristic Fort Union 

or Upper Laramie forms.

The two species of Sequoia (of the types of 8. gigantea and 8. sempervirens), the Ginkgo of the type of G. biloba, and wood of dicotyledons 

of the types of modern genera, would seem to indicate somewhat recent 

age, perhaps not older than Tertiary; but this is more or less a matter 

of conjecture. The affinities of the three species peculiar to the Belly 

Eiver series appear to be with the flora of Upper Laramie or Fort Union 

beds of the United States geologists.

This Canadian Belly River flora has been supposed to be most 

closely allied to that of the Lower or true Laramie, as it logically should 

be if it occupies a position just below the Laramie, but careful examination shows that the evidence of the plants is conflicting. Several of 

the species are found in the Lower Laramie, but only one is confined to 

it and the Belly Eiver series, while perhaps the larger number are 

characteristically Upper Laramie or Fort Union forms. This at least 

suggests the possibility that there may have been a mixture of horizons 

represented in the collections of plants, the more so from the fact that 

the invertebrate fauna seems to point so clearly to Laramie affinities. Whiteaves has the following to say' regarding the bearing of the 

invertebrates:

In conclusion, it may be remarked that the invertebrate fauna of the " Belly River 

series" seems to be essentially the same as that of the "Laramie" of the United 

States and Canada, unless more than one formation has been confounded under the

1 Contributions to Canadian Palaeontology, Vol. I, p. 89 (1885).
KNOWLTON.] DESCRIPTION OF SPECIES. 17

latter name, and that it is at present scarcely possible to separate the " Lower Dark 

Shales" of Dr. Dawsou's Bow and Belly River Report from the " Fort Pierre and 

Fox Hills " groups on purely palseontological grounds.

An examination of the plants that have been identified from the 

supposed Belly Eiver horizon on the Missouri (see pp. 11-15) brings 

out some interesting facts. I have identified seven forms. Of these 

only two have been identified with previously known species. Thinnfeldia montana and Liriodendron alatum, both of which are true Laramie 

species and have never before been found outside of this horizon. The 

remaining species have been described as new. Of these Mcus missouriensis is closely allied to Ficus glascceana Lx., a well-known species 

of the Dakota group. Juglans missouriensis is like certain of the 

leaves of J. rugosa, a Laramie species. Laurus sp. is hardly to be 

separated from L. Knowltoni, a Dakota group form. Platanus Wardii 

has a number of affinities, the strongest being with Dakota group 

forms. The species described as Quercus ? inontanensis is too poor to 

permit comparisons that would have any weight. From this it 

appears clear that not one of the seven forms identified from the 

Missouri Eiver horizon has yet been found in or has particular 

affinity with species from the Fort Union. They appear to be either 

true Laramie, as the term is now understood, or to have unmistakable 

affinity with the Dakota group.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PLANTS OF THE MONTANA 

FORMATION.

FUCUS LIGN1TUM Lx.

PL III, fig. 4.

Fucus lignitum Lx., Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., Vol. I, No. 5, p. 364, 

(1875); Aun. Rept. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., 1876, p. 296 (1878); Tert. 

PI., p. 42, PI. LXI, figs. 24, 24a; Ward, Syn. PI. Laramie Gr., p. 549, PI. XXXI, 

figs. 1, 2 (1886); Types Laramie Flora, p. 13, PI. I, figs. 1, 2 (1887).

The type specimens of this species, together with additional ones 

from the type locality, are preserved in the United States National 

Museum. The recent material adds nothing to our knowledge beyond 

the fact that the new specimens are sometimes a little larger than those 

figured by Lesquereux.

The single specimen obtained by Professor Ward atBurns's ranch on 

the Yellowstone Eiver, below Glendive, Montana, while not a perfect 

example, is with little doubt the same as that from Point of Eocks.

Habitat. Point of Eocks, Wyoming; moderately abundant. Burns's 

ranch, Yellowstone Eiver, near Glendive, Montana 5 apparently rare.

HALYMENITES MAJOR, Lx.

Halymenites major Lx., Ann. Rept. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., 1872, pp. 373, 

390 (1873); ibid., 1873, pp. 379, 384 (1874); ibid, 1876, p. 496 (1878); Tert. PI., p. 

38, PI. I, figs. 7, 8 (1878).

Halymenites minor? F. O., Lesquereux in Ann. Rept. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. 

Terr., 1872, p. 373 (1873); Tert. PL, p. 39, PI. I, fig. 9 (1878). 

Bull 163 2
18 FLORA OP THE MONTANA FORMATION.

This species was first described from the Ra.ton Mountains, Xew 

Mexico, but it has since been found to be the most widely distributed 

and abundant plant fossil of the Upper Cretaceous of the Eocky Mountain region. It has by some been held to characterize the Laramie 

group, but as it has been found from the middle of the Colorado 

formation to the Eocene, it is manifestly worthless for indicating 

exact age.

It was found, in a collection made by Mr. T. W. Stanton in Huerfano 

Park, Colorado, in sandstone between the Fort Bentou shales and the 

Niobrara limestone of the Colorado formation. It was also found by 

Mr. Stanton to be abundant in theDurango coalfield, Colorado, where 

it occurs in a brownish sandstone below the coal and associated with 

numerous marine shells (Inoceramus, Cardium, etc.) of undoubted Fox 

Hills age.

According to Prof. J. J. Stevenson, 1 it characterizes what he identifies as the Fox Hills formation of Colorado, occurring abundantly from 

the bottom to the top of this series as exposed along the South Platte, 

at Greeley, Canyon, and southward near Trinidad. The horizons at 

these places have usually been referred to the base of the Laramie, but 

the correctness of this is not without some question.

This species was obtained by Prof. F. B. Meek at Coalville, Utah, 

and was also found by Mr. Stanton during his later investigations of 

this interesting region. It has been found in abundance at Black 

Buttes, Carbon, Evanston, Fort Steele, and Point of Rocks, in Wyoming, and at Golden (Denver group H), at the mouth of the St. Vrain 

Creek, and at other places in Colorado.

The presence of H. minor Fisch.-Ost., in American strata seems to 

depend entirely on a single fragment less than 1 inch long found associated in the same beds with H, major at Raton Mountains. This 

specimen has never been in the Museum collection and its whereabouts 

is unknown. It is said to differ from H. major by its smaller size and 

flattened tubercles. A comparison of the figures of the two species 

given by Lesquereux in Tertiary Flora (PI. I, figs. 8 and 9) shows 

that H. minor is really larger than one of the types of H. major, and, 

so far as can be made out from the figures, has exactly the same character of tubercles. That it was regarded as extremely doubtful by 

Lesquereux himself is shown both by the question mark placed after it 

and by the following statement in the original mention of the fossil: 2 

"As they are, however, found in connection with the former species 

(H. major), at least in the same beds of sandstone, they may represent 

mere divisions of it." I have therefore deemed it best to include it 

under H. major.

Habitat. As given on page 17.

1 Bull. Geol. Soc. Am., Vol. I, p. 532 (1890).

2 Ann. Kept. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., 1872, p. 374 (1873).
KNOWLTON.] DESCRIPTION OF SPECIES. 19

ASPLENIUM WYOMINGENSE n. Sp. 

PI. Ill, fig. 12.

Asplenium? n. ep. Kn., Bull. Geol. Soc. Am., Vol. VIII, p. 140(1897).

Frond pinnate; rachis delicate, striate; pinnae oblong-lanceolate, 

broadest above the middle, thence tapering above to an obtuse apex 

and below to a wedge-shaped base; margin entire below, rather remotely toothed above, the teeth small, sharp, upward-pointing; midvein thin, striate; veins at an angle of about 40°, moderately close, 

parallel, simple, or mostly once-forking at or very near the mid vein; 

fruit unknown.

The specimen figured is, with the exception of a small fragment, all 

that was found of this species. It consists of a portion of the rachis, 

about 1 cm, in length, and parts of two pinnae, The most perfect

pinna is 5 cm. in length, and 1.5 cm. in width at the broadest point, 

which is just above the middle. This species is evidently closely related to what Lesquerenx called Osmunda affinis. 1 It differs in being 

.sharply serrate, and in having closer veins, which branch near the midvein and usually again near the margin.

It is very similar to certain of the forms that have been referred to 

Pteris subsimplex .Lx.,2 but this latter is only a very small, imperfect 

example of a large, different-appearing fern. It is also suggestive of 

what has been called Pteris erosa Lx.,3 now Asplenium erosum, but this 

latter differs in being twice the size, and in having more numerous 

and blunter teeth and twice-forking veins. It would, therefore, seem 

warrantable to keep them distinct, at least until more material can be 

obtained.

Habitat. Near old stage road, on north fork of Button Creek, between Rock and Cooper creeks, Wyoming. Collected by Knowlton, 

Stanton, and Knight, 1896.

ASPLENIUM TENELLUM n. sp.

PL III, figs. 1, 2.

Fronds slender, of delicate texture, outline unknown; bipinnate; 

rachis slender, slightly flexuose; piume opposite or alternate, lanceolate in outline, pinuatifld, with few coarse, blunt lobes; veins slender, 

forking, about one to each lobe.

The fragments figured represent all that was found of this form. 

It was a slender, delicate fern, at least twice pinnate, but the true 

outline can not now be determined. The pinnules are somewhat 

ovate-lanceolate in outline, with few large, rather blunt lobes.

This species has some resemblance to Asplenium tenerum Lx.,4 from 

the Fort Union beds of Dakota.

' Tert. FI., p. CO, PI. IV, fig. 1. »Ibid., PI. IV, flg. 8.

»Ibid., PI, IV, fig. 6. « Cret. and Tert. Fl., p. 221, PI. XLVI, A, figs. 1-3.
20 FLORA OF THE MONTANA FORMATION.

Habitat. Goal mine on north fork of Button Creek, near old stage 

road, Laramie Plains, Wyoming. Collected by Knowlton, Stanton, and 

Knight, July, 1896.

ASPLENIUM sp.

Pi. in, fig. 11.

This fragment is so small that it is hardly worthy of notice, yet it 

appears to differ from any form found, either in these beds or in allied 

horizons. It is a fragment, evidently from a large pinnule, only 2 cm. in 

length. The rachis or midvein is very broad and serrate-striate. The 

veins are close; parallel, emerging at a very low angle, and forking 

once at or near the rachis, or, rarely, unforked. Further description it 

is impossible to give.

This form is evidently quite close to Asplenium subsimplex (Lx.) 

Kn., and may be the same. It seems to differ, however, by the closer 

veins emerging at a lower angle and unforked or forking near the 

base.

Habitat. Coal mine on north fork of Button Creek, near old stage 

road, Laramie Plains, Wyoming. Collected by Knowlton, Stanton, 

and Knight, July, 1896.

ANEMIA SUBCRETACEA (Sap.) Gard. and Ett.

Anemia subcretacea (Sap.) Gard. and Ett., Mon. Brit. Eocene Fl., Vol. I, Pt. II, p. 45,

Pis. VIII, IX (1880.) 

Asplenium subcretaceum Sap., Fl. Foss. Se"zanne: Me"m. Soc. G6ol. d. France, 3d ser.,

Vol. VIII, p. 315, PI. XXIII; fig. 4 (1868). 

Gymnogramma Haydenii Lx., Ann. Rept. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., 1871,

p. 295 (1872); Tert. Fl., p. 59, PI. IV, tigs. 1-3 (1878). 

fLathrcea arguta Lx., Am. Jour. Sci., 2d eer., Vol. XLV, p. 207 (1868).

Stipe dichotomous; frond bipinnate or tripinnate; pinnae ovateoblong; pinnules sessile, subdecuri'ent, or sometimes slightly stipitate, 

long-lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, acuminate, pinnately divided to 

near the rachis into oblong-lanceolate, mostly acute, lobes; lower lobes 

distantly, sometimes rather sharply, toothed; upper lobes gradually 

becoming crenulate or sometimes entire; rachis narrow; middle nerve 

thin; lateral veins moderately close, at an acute angle of divergence, 

usually once-forking.

The above description is combined, with slight modifications, from 

the descriptions given by Lesquereux and by Gardner and Ettingshausen, for after a thorough examination of the types Gymnogramma 

Haydenii, together with a number of recently collected specimens, and 

the drawings and descriptions of Anemia subcretacea, I am convinced 

that the English authors are right in uniting them. They have had, 

as they say, abundant and exceptionally well preserved material for 

comparison, and have submitted specimens and drawings to several 

well-known authorities, so that there can be little doubt as to the correctness of their conclusions. Saporta, who first named the species from
KNOWLTON.] DESCRIPTION OF SPECIES. 21

Sezanne, Avas certain that his plant was identical with those from 

Bournemouth (British Eocene), and Lesquereux was unable to " see any 

difference whatever" between the English specimens and his Gymnogramma Haydenii. Dr. Newberry, the only one, so far as I know, who 

has expressed an opinion, while admitting the probable correctness of 

this identification, still inclines to regard the American specimens as 

varietally distinct. In a recent paper on the Laramie group l he writes: 

u Two ferns, Anemia subcretacea Saporta and Lygodium Xaulfusii Heer, 

are considered by Mr. J. Starkie Gardner the same with Lesquereux's 

Gymnogramma Saydenii and Lygodium neuropteroides. This is possible 

and probable, but our plants are more robust than the European and 

may be considered as distinct varieties if specifically identical." Again: 

" So I have what Mr. Gardner would probably regard as fronds of 

Anemia subcretacea from Point of Rocks, Hams Fork, Carbonado, and 

Tschuckernuts, Washington; but most of these are much more r obus 

than the European forms, and constitute at least distinct varieties."

I have not had opportunity to examine the specimens to which Dr. 

Newberry refers, but the specimens in my possession, while in some 

cases slightly larger than the figures of the European specimens, do 

not seem to me to be uniformly large enough to warrant this separation 

even as varieties. Merely slight differences in the size of plants are 

usually of little diagnostic value, since, as is well known, environment 

plays an important part in their development. The English specimens 

are not of a uniform size, as the authors say (op. cit., p. 47): "This fern 

is found more especially to the east of Bournemouth Pier, and appears 

to have attained its greatest luxuriance when growing with Aroids and 

Conifers. It decreases in size and abundance in the beds westward, 

toward Poole Harbor, and at Branksea small pinnae only are met with." 

It is, however, possible that it may eventually be found expedient to 

separate the American specimens under a varietal name.

The presence of this species in the Montana formation rests, as 

pointed out above, on the authority of Dr. Newberry, who reports 

having it from Point of Eocks, Wyoming. I have not seen specimens 

from that locality.

Anemia subcretacea was first described from this country (under the 

name of Gymnogramma Haydenii) from the continental divide between 

the Flat Mountain arm of Yellowstone Lake and what was then 

regarded as the head waters of the Snake Eiver but what is now known 

to be only a small tributary of Snake River. The age of these beds is 

regarded as Laramie by the members of the United States Geological 

Survey Avho have made investigations in the Yellowstone National Park.

It has also been found at a number of other localities, viz, at Golden, 

Colorado; at Potato Hill Gap, on Grand River, near Hot Sulphur 

Springs, Grand County, Colorado; at Hams Fork, Wyoming; and 

at Carbonado and Tschuckernuts, Washington.

1 Bull. Geol. Soc. Am., Vol. J, p. 526 (1890).
22 . FLORA OF THE MONTANA FORMATION.

All of these localities are either in or above the Laramie, Point of 

Eocks forming the only exception.

The generic name has been selected for this fern more on account 

of its general resemblance to the Schizseaceae than from close resemblance to any existing species of Anemia. As no trace of fructification 

has ever been detected, it is inferred that the fertile and sterile portions were distinct and that only the latter have been preserved. This 

circumstance, together with the evident dichotomy of the frond, seems 

to indicate, according to Gardner and Ettingshausen, an affinity with 

the Schizseacese. Saporta and Heer, <on the other hand, do not agree 

with this view. Saporta, who first described this plant under Aspleuium, would now regard it as a new genus allied to Todia. Dr. Stur, 

to whom specimens and drawings were sent, would call it Osmunda. 

In the absence of any additional information, it is probably as well to 

retain the specimen under Anemia, notwithstanding the fact that its 

affinities with this genus are not very marked.

WOODWARDIA CRENATA U. Sp. 

PI. Ill, flg. 3.

Frond?; pinnre opposite (U), probably deltoid in outline, .deeply 

lobed; lobes 2.5 to 3 cm. long, 1 cm. broad, obtuse, round-crenate, the 

crenatures sharply serrate; middle nerve very prominent, even to the 

extremity of the lobes; secondary veins parallel to the rachis and to 

the midvein, branching upward and by anastomosis forming two or 

three rows of rectangular or irregular areolations.

1 have hesitated to describe this, as a new species, for the only specimen known is the fragment figured, but the nervation and outline are 

very perfectly preserved and differ from any known species. It is evidently allied to Woodwardia latiloba Lx., from which it differs in having 

the lobes of the pinnae obtuse and deeply crenate, with the crenatures 

finely and sharply serrate. The secondary nervation forms more 

regularly quadrate or rectangular areoles, but otherwise it is almost 

identical.

The outline of the frond is probably somewhat like that of the sterile 

portion of the living W. areolata Moore ( W. angustifolia Sm.), but from 

the mere fragment it is impossible to be certain of this. It is evidently 

allied to W. areolata, which has the lobes of the pinna} finely, sharply 

serrate, but not crenulate, as in the fossil, though there are quite 

marked indications of crenatures in some specimens. The nervation is 

also quite similar to that of the living species, which differs by having 

the secondary nerves more branched, thus producing more numerous smaller meshes, there being uniformly three and not rarely four 

rows on each side of the middle nerve.

A fossil species with which our form shows some affinity is Woodwardia arctica Heer : from the Miocene of Greenland. The Greenland

 Fl. Foss. Arct., Vol. I, p. 86; PI. I, fig. 16; PI. XLV, fig. 2c; PI. XLVHI, fig. 9; Vol. II, Pt. IV, p. 

462, PI. XL, fig. 6.
UNOWLTON.] DESCRIPTION OF SPECIES. 23

species, however, has the pinnules lobed, rather than crenate, and 

the teeth more obtuse. The secondary nervation is more copiously 

branched, producing more numerous smaller areolations, and thus 

approaching the nervation of W. areolata.

Habitat.- Point of Eocks, Wyoming, base of bluff, northwest of 

station. Collected September 2 and 3, 1881, by Lester F. Ward.

WOODWARDIA Sp. 

PI. Ill, fig. 9.

Outline of frond unknown; pinna oblong, slightly undulate, very 

obtuse at apex; niiduerve very strong, grooved; finer nervation of 

numerous irregularly hexagonal areolse, becoming smaller toward the 

margin.

The single fragment figured is all that was found. It is 4 cm. long 

and about 2.5 cm. wide at the base, where it is broken. As may be 

seen, it is very obtuse at the apex. The nervation is that of Woodwardia, although in the figure it has been somewhat idealized, the 

actual nervation being somewhat less regular than shown.

At first I supposed that this might be related to the preceding species, 

but the two specimens appear so different that it seems best to keep 

them separate, at least until further material can be obtained. I have 

not ventured to name it specifically.

Habitat. Coal mine on north fork of Button Creek, near old stage 

road, Laramie Plains, Wyoming. Collected by Knowlton, Stanton, 

and Knight, July, 1896.

MARSILEA? ATTENUATA (Lx.) Hollick.

Marsilea altenuata (Lx.) Hollick, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, Vol. XXI, p. 256, PI. CCV, fig.

10(1894). 

Salvinia attenuata (Lx.), Ann. Kept. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., 1874, p. 396

(1876); Terc. PI., p. 65, PI. LXIV, figs. 14, 14a (1878).

The type of this species is, unfortunately, lost and no other specimens 

have been obtained. It consists of two small leaves or leaflets joined 

at the base, one of which, the larger, is perfectly circular, 1 cm. in 

diameter, the other "being oblong and measuring 8 mm. in length and 

5 mm. in width. They have, according to Lesquereux 

no trace of a middle nerve or of a separation in the middle, the surface being composed 

of areolai exactly square, formed by veinlets ascending from the base and diverging, 

and from parallel veiulets crossing them in right angle from the borders. These 

secondary veins are indistinct, and the surface of the leaves appears, with the glass, 

like a small checkerboard, with squares marked in the middle by an obscure spot 

apparently formed of round pores, or like a very small wart.

This description would make out a plant which seems to differ from 

any known living species of the genus Salvinia. It is hardly closer to 

Marsilea, yet it is perhaps more like that than Salvinia, and for this
24 FLORA OF THE MONTANA FORMATION.

reason Dr. Hollick proposed its transfer. Its status can hardly be 

better fixed without additional material. 

Habitat. Point of Bocks, Wyoming.

LYCOPODIUM LESQUERETJXIANA n. sp.

Sclaginella falcata Lx., ex p., Bull.U. S. Geol. and. Geog. Surv. Terr., Vol. 1, p. 365 

(1875); Ann. Kept. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., 1874, p. 297 (1876); Tert. 

PL, p. 46, PI. LXIV, figs. 13, 13a [non PL LXI, figs. 12-15] (1878).

Stem thick, 10.5 cm. long, 1 cm. broad, round but flattened by compression, covered with densely imbricate, falcate, linear-lanecolate, acuminate leaves, each with a distinct central nerve.

The single specimen upon which this species is founded was referred 

by Lesquereux to his Selaginella falcata with the folio wing remarks:

Though the stem, PL LXIV, fig. 13, was not found connected with any fragment 

of branches, the leaves which cover it all around, imbricating at the base, but generally directed toward both sides, are so exactly of the same character as those of 

the branches of PL LXI, figa. 12 and 14, that one can but consider these fragments 

as representing the same kind of vegetable, [being] its stem and some of its divisions.

A careful reexamination of the type specimen (No. 91, U.S.N.M.) 

shows clearly that Lesquereux's conclusions can not be sustained. The 

leaves are not especially directed toward both sides, thus becoming 

dichotomous, but are evenly distributed all around the stem, only appearing to be two-ranked because the whole stem is flattened by compression. The leaves are longer, narrower, and provided with a strong 

central or median nerve. A still stronger objection to their representing different parts of the same species lies in the fact that, so far as the 

living species are concerned, it is impossible to have a Selaginella with 

the primary stem bearing multifarious leaves, and the branches having 

the leaves strictly two-ranked.

There are several living species of Selaginella that have multifarious 

leaves, as 8. spinosaP. Br., 8. ruprestris (L.) Spring., S. deflexa Bracken., 

etc., but they are all very small and slender, while the species under 

consideration is large and thick. It is clearly a Lycopodium, as shown 

by the leaves being continuous with the stem and by its general habit. 

It is very similar to-several living species, but especially to L. selago 

L.j from the sterile stems of which it can hardly be.distinguished.

I have named this species in memory of Leo Lesquereux, who has 

done so much to make known the fossil flora of this country.

Habitat. Point of Rocks, Wyoming. Collected by William Cleburn.

SELAGINELLA LACINIATA Lx.

PL III, figs. 5-8.

Selaginella laciniata Lx.t Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., Vol. I, p. 378 

(1875); Ann. Kept. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., 1874. p. 297 (1876); ibid, 

1876, p. 499 (1878); Tert. FL, p. 47, PL LXIV, figs. 12, 12a (1878).
KNOWLTON.] DESCRIPTION OF SPECIES. 25

Branches regularly, pinuately arranged at right angles to the main 

rachis; leaves f 1?) close, two-ranked, deeply laciniate; laciniae linear, 

slightly inflated toward the point, either simple from the base or 

dichotomous.

The type specimens of this species, as well as many better-preserved 

ones, are in the United States National Museum collection. The species 

was well described by Lesquereux, except that the recent specimens 

show it to have been pinnate.

The generic reference of this fossil is by no means satisfactory. It 

appears to have been a weak plant, probably growing in or near water, 

and this is a suggestion that it belongs to the algae. In order to obtain 

the opinion of an authority on algae, specimens and drawings were 

sent .to Mr. F. S. Collins, of Maiden, Massachusetts, the well-known 

algologist, who replied as follows:

I have never made much study of fossil algae, and would hardly feel qualified to 

pronounce on one, but ray impression in this case is rather against the specimen in 

question belonging to the algae. In some respects the appearance reminds one of a 

Ptilota, but the branching is more regularly pinnate than in any species of Ptilota 

with which I am acquainted.

From this it appears unlikely that the specimens are algae, notwithstanding the fact that they much resemble plants of that character. 

Lesquereux was well aware of the doubtful nature of these plants, and 

likened them to certain partly submerged plants in which the submerged leaves differ from the aerial ones, such as Nasturtium lacustre, 

etc. He also suggested the possibility of their being aquatic ferns. 

That they really represent Selaginella seems equally doubtful, but as 

this form may be readily recognized, its name matters little in geology; 

hence the name given by Lesquereux is retained.

Habitat. Point of Kocks, Wyoming.

SELAGINELLA FALCATA Lx., emend.

Selaginella falcata Lx., Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., Vol. I, p. 365 (1875); 

Ann. Kept. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., 1874, p. 297 (1876); Tert. Fl., p. 

46, PL LXI, figs. 12-15 [non PI. LXIV, figs. 13,13a] (1878).

Frond small, dichotomous C?); pinnae, or branches, narrow, linear, 1 

to 4 cin. long, 6 to 7 mm. broad; leaves two ranked, close, sessile, generally covering each other at the borders, falcate upward, entire, 

lanceolate-pointed, suddenly narrowed to the point of attachment, 

membranaceous in texture, without middle nerve.

This description, which is somewhat emended from that given by 

Lesquereux, applies to the typical form with distichous leaves, and is 

represented by numerous but rather obscure specimens. As Lesquereux has pointed out (Tert. FL, p. 47), this plant does not entirely accord with living Selagiuella, and hence it may not be correctly referred 

to this genus; but as it agrees in general habit and appearance with 

Selaginella better than with any other form of vegetation with which
26 FLORA OF THE MONTANA FORMATION.

I am familiar, I have preferred to retain it under that genus until more 

perfectly preserved material may possibly clear up its relationship.

It is also very similar to 8. Berthoudi, from which, however, it differs 

in having apparently two-ranked foliage leaves. It can hardly belong 

to any fern type of vegetation, as Lesquereux has suggested, nor can 

it be a conifer.

Lesquereux has also referred to this species a single specimen (cf. 

Tert. Fl., PI. LXIV, figs. 13,13a), with a thick stem closely covered with 

leaves of the same shape as those of the typical form of 8. falcata, with 

the remark that it probably represented a primary stem of the species. 

As above noted, this has been referred to Lycopodium, under the name 

of L. Lesquereuxiana.

Habitat. Point of Eocks, Wyoming. Originally collected by F. V. 

Hayden and William Cleburn, and later by Lester F. Ward.

PINUS QUENSTEDTI Heer.

PI. Ill, fig. 10.

Pinus QuenstedtiKeeT, Fl. v. Moletein: Neue Denkschr. Schw. Gesel. Naturwiss., Vol. 

XXIII, mem. 2, p. 13, PL II, tigs. 5-9; III, figs. 1-2 (1869); Lesquereux, Bull. U. S. 

Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., Vol. I, p. 392 (1875); Cret. and Tert. FL, p. 33, PL I, 

figs. 3,4 (1883 [1884]).

The specimens which Lesquereux referred to this species were 

obtained from the Dakota sandstones of Fort Haiker and Clay Center, 

Kansas. While they much resemble the specimens described and 

figured by Heer, there are certain differences which render the 

identification more, or less doubtful. The cone in the Moravian 

examples is always straight, while in the Kansas specimens, according 

to Lesquereux, they are always curved. The scales in Heer's specimens 

are rhomboidal, being scarcely wider than they are high, while in the 

American specimens they are decidedly wider than high. The spines 

or tubercles also differ. These are, perhaps, minor differences, but they 

are such as may be observed in closely allied living species.

The single fragment figured is the only one found in the Wyoming 

material. It obviously comes from near the middle of a large cone, but 

there is hardly a sufficient length of it to show whether or not it was 

curved. The form of the scales and, as nearly as can be made out. the 

tubercles or spines, are also the same. There is, therefore, not much 

doubt that it is the same as the American specimens referred to this 

species. It is more than likely, however, that when sufficient material 

is obtained it can be shown beyond reasonable question that the 

American material is not identical with the European.

The specimen figured has been kindly loaned by Prof. W. C. Knight, 

of the University of Wyoming.

Habitat Near Fort Harker and Clay Center, Kansas. Dunn's 

ranch, 6 miles east of Harpers Station, Wyoming.
KNOWLTON.] DESCRIPTION OF SPECIES. 27

SEQUOIA BREVIFOLIA Heer.

PI. IV, figs. 1-4.

Sequoia brevifolia Heer, Fl. FOBS. Arct., Vol. I, p. 93, PI. II, fig. 23 (1868); Vol. 

II, p. 37, PL IV, figs. 2, 3 (1870); Vol. Ill, Pt. 3, p. 5, PL II., figs. 7, 8, 

(1874); Vol. VII, p. 62, PL JLXVI, fig. 8, 8 f (1884); Lesquereux, Bull. U. S. Geol. 

and Geog. Surv. Terr., Arol. I, p. 365 (1875); Aim. Rept. U. S. Geol. and Geog. 

Surv. Terr., 1874, p. 289 (1876); ibid, 1876, p. 500 (1878); Tert. FL, p. 78, PL 

LXI, figs. 25-27 (1878).

The specimens referred to this species and figured by Lesquereux are 

in the United States National Museum (No. 80). It is with a great deal 

of hesitation that they are permitted to stand under this name, but it 

was thought that less confusion would be created by retaining the 

nomenclature of Lesquereux. Scheuk is of the opinion1 that all the 

specimens referred by Lesquereux to Sequoia Irevifolia should properly

be united with S. Langsdorfii, and possibly this should be done, 

for, according to the figures given by Heer of his S. brevifolia, it 

approaches closely to S. Langsdorfii, differing merely by the shorter, 

more wedge-shaped leaves. From notes left by Dr. Newberry it 

appears that he was inclined to refer this species to his Sequoia cuneata 

(Taxodium cuneatum)2 from Nanaimo, Vancouver Island. But Newberry's species is founded on small fragments, which do not clearly 

show the complete character, although it does, so far as can be made 

out, much resemble Lesquereux's specimens. Under these circumstances 

it appears best to keep them separate. 

Habitat. Point of Eocks, Wyoming.

SEQUOIA sp.

Glyptoslrolms europaius? Heer, Knowlton in Stanton's Colorado Form., Bull. U. S. 

Geol. Survey No. 106, p. 42 (1893); Stanton and Knowlton, Bull. Geol. Soc. Am., 

Vol. VIII, p. 150 (1897).

The collection made by Mr. Stanton at Coalville, Utah, contains a 

minute fragment that was questionably referred to (rlyptostrobus 

eiiropceus. A reexamination of the specimen leads to the conclusion 

that this determination was probably incorrect, and that it is much 

more likely it represent a species of Sequoia. It has some resemblance to small branchlets of S. affinis Lx., S. Couttsiw, etc., but it is 

too fragmentary to be of value.

Habitat. Coalville, Utah. (No. 3567, United States National 

Museum.)

1 Zittel, Hanclbuch d. Palreontol, Abth. II, p. 298 (1890).

* Boat. Jour. Nat. Hist., Vol. VII, p. 517 ; 111., PI. XIV, figs. 3, 4, 4a.
28 m FLORA OF THE MONTANA FORMATION.

GEINITZIA FORMOSA Heer.

PL V, figs. 1, 2.

Geinitzia formosa Heer, Kreide Fl. v. Quedlinburg: Neue Denkschr. Schw. GeseL, 

Vol. XXIV, p. 6, PL I, fig. 9; PL II (1871); Newberry, Flora Amboy Clays, 

p. 51, PL IX, fig. 9 (1896).

Sequoia Reichenbachi ? Gein., Stanton and Knowlton, Bull. Geol. Soc. Am., Vol. VIII, 

p. 137 (1897).

We were fortunate in obtaining a large series of this material near 

Harpers, Wyoming, during the season of 1896, and after much study 

and comparison I am unable to separate it satisfactorily from Heer's 

Geinitzia formosa. There is great range in size of branches and 

branchlets, but in all particulars the specimens agree with Heer's 

figures.

These specimens were referred to Sequoia Reichenbachi of Geinitz in 

the preliminary notice, and it is a matter of some difficulty always to 

separate them. In general, S. Reichenbachi may be distinguished by 

more slender branchlets, the leaves of one kind being decurrent, rigid, 

strongly incurved, acuminate at apex, while Geinitzia formosa has 

thicker branchlets, with decurrent, arched, pointed, not very rigid 

leaves, and with smaller intermediate scale-like leaves. When the 

leaves have fallen the scars or bolsters are quite regularly quadrangular. The cones, of course, differ considerably and are easily separated 

when sufficiently well preserved.

The material referred to this species from the Amboy clays of New 

Jersey, by Dr. Newberry, while not extensive, is sufficient for positive 

identification.

Habitat (in the United States.) Amboy clays, New Jersey. Near 

Harper Station, on the Union Pacific Eailroad, Wyoming.

GEINITZIA LONGIFOLIA Lx. sp.

Sequoia longifolia Lx., Ann. Rept. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Snrv. Terr. 1874, p. 298 

(1876); Tert. FL, p. 79, PL VII, figs. 14, 14a; PL LXI, figs. 28, 29 (1878).

The type specimens of this species are preserved in the United States 

National Museum (Nos. 61, 73, 74), as are also a number obtained by 

Professor Ward at Point of Eocks. The specimens were well described 

by Lesquereux, and have simply been transferred to the genus Geinitzia, 

with which they clearly have greater affinity than with Sequoia, as 

already pointed out by Schenk. 1

Habitat. Point of Eocks, Wyoming. Ooalville, Utah. Marshall's 

mine, Boulder County, Colorado.

GEINITZIA BIFORMIS Lx. sp.

Sequoia Uformis Lx., Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., Vol. I, p. 366 (1875); 

Ann. Rept. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., 1874, p. 298 (1876); Tert. FL, 

p. 80, PL LXII, figs. 15-18a (1878); Ward, Syn. FL Lar. Gr., p. 550, PL XXXI, 

figs. 7-12 (1886); Types Lar. FL, p. 16, PL II, figs. 1-6 (1887).

1 Zittel, Handbuch d. Falaeontol., Abtli. II, pp. 301,302.
KNOWLTON.] DESCRIPTION OF SPECIES. 29

All of the type specimens of this species are in the United States 

National Museum (Nos. 75, 76, 77, 78), together Avith several since 

obtained. They are very characteristic, and when sufficiently well 

preserved are readily distinguishable.

This species bears an unmistakable resemblance to Geinitzia cretacea 

Ung., and were it not for the fact that this latter species is still in a 

state of uncertainty as to its nomenclature, the specimens under consideration might perhaps be referred to it. As Schenk has pointed 

out, 1 the S. biformis of Lesquereux is undoubtedly a Geiuitzia, and I 

have therefore assigned it to this genus.

Habitat. Point of .Rocks, Wyoming.

CUNNINGHAMITES? sp. 

PI. V, fig. 3.

The example figured is all of this form that could be found in the 

collections, and, unfortunately, it is so obscure that its character can 

not be satisfactorily made out. It appears to be a relatively thick 

terete branch, rather thickly set with large, lanceolate, acuminate 

leaves. The branch is about 13 cm. in length and 5 cm. in diameter. 

The leaves are a little more than 3 cm. in length and from 4 to 6 mm. in 

width. They are provided with a single central nerve. The bolsters 

or scars left by the fall of leaves can not be made out, if, indeed, they 

are present.

I am very uncertain as to the proper generic reference of this 

specimen. It seems, however, to approach most closely to Cunninghamites elegans as figured by Heer, 2 and I have placed it tentatively in 

this genus. Its exact position must be determined by subsequent 

material.

Habitat. Coal mine on north fork of Dutton Creek, near old stage 

road, Laramie Plains, Wyoming. Collected by Knowlton, Stanton, 

and Knight, July, 1896.

BRACHYPHYLLUM MACRO CARPTJM Newb.

PI. IV, figs. 5, 6.

Brachyphyllum, macrocarpum Newb., Fl. Amboy Clays, p. 51, PI. VII, figs. 1-7 (1895 

[1896]).

BraohypUyllum crassum Lx., Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. X, p. 34 (1887) [as nomen 

nudum]; Fl. Dak. Gr., p. 32, PI. IE, fig. 5 (1891;. [Non B. crassum TenisonWoods, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, Vol. VII, p. 660 (1883)].

TJmites crassus Lx., Cret. and Tert. FL, p. 32 (1883 [1884]).

Brachyphyllum sp., Stanton and Knowlton, Bull. Geol. Soc. Am., Vol. VIII, p. 137,140 

(1897.)

After careful examination I am unable to distinguish this plant satisfactorily from the well-known Brachyphyllum of the Dakota group and

1 Zittel, Handbnch d. Palseontol.. Abtli. II, p. 299.

2 F1. v. Moletein in Miihern: Neue Denkscbr. Scbw. Gesel. Naturwiss., Vol. XXIII, mem. 2, p. 12, 

PI. I, fig. 14 (1869). .
30 FLORA OF THE MONTANA FORMATION.

Amboy clays. The only possible point of difference is in size, the specimens under consideration being somewhat smaller than most of the 

figured examples of this species from Kansas and New Jersey. They are 

at best only fragments which might have come from the tips of small 

branches. In any case the arrangement of branchlets and scale-like 

leaves is the same. It is also possible that the reduction in size may 

be due to the fact that the species was nearing extinction, a view somewhat supported by the fact that the specimens from the Amboy clays 

of New Jersey are in general smaller than the original specimens from 

Kansas.

Habitat. Dakota group, Salina, Kansas. Amboy clays, South 

Amboy, New Jersey. One mile northwest, of Harpers on the Union 

Pacific Eailroad, Wyoming. Coal mine on the north fork of Button 

Creek, between Rock and Cooper creeks, Wyoming.

WlDDRINGTONIA? COMPLANATA Lx.

complanala Lx., Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., Vol. I, 

p. 336 (1875); Ann. Rept. U. S. Geol.'and Geog. Surv. Terr., 1874, p. 299 (1876); 

ibid., 1876, p. 499 (1878); Tert. Fl., p. 72, PL LXII, figs. 13, 14 (1878).

The two figured types of this species are preserved in the United 

States National Museum (Nos. 85, 86). The species is a very clearly 

marked one, and can not possibly be confounded with any known 

American fossil. It is reported as being abundant at Point of Rocks, 

Wyoming, its only known habitat, yet comparatively large recent collections fail to contain it.

The question as to generic relationship is still an open one. The 

specimen was doubtfully referred by Lesquereux to Widdringtonia, 

but as he supposed it to be related to W. antiqua Sap., 1 he provisionally 

placed it in this genus. Saporta, to whom specimens were evidently 

sent, was inclined to regard it either as a new type or as possibly 

belonging to Arthrotaxis or even Dacrydium. Schenk,2 judging from 

the figures alone, was of the opinion that it could not properly be 

referred to Widdringtonia, and concluded that the smaller specimens 

(figs. 13,13a) should be referred to Moriconia. The figures seem to be 

very unlike, but when they are compared with the specimen, fig. 13 is 

found to be wrong. It is not regularly marked, as indicated in the 

figure, but has more the appearance of fig. 13a. The leaves are more 

pointed and less regular, and not so closely appressed, thus removing 

much of its resemblance to Moriconia. Even then it seems quite unlike 

fig. 14, but the latter is the reverse, and it was only by removing a piece 

of the covering of a small branch that the general similarity to the 

other could be made out.

In the absence of new material, and hence of conclusive evidence, I 

have preferred to retain the species as indicated by Lesquereux;

Habitat. Point of Rocks, Wyoming.

 Etude, 2, p. 09, PL I, fig. 4.

8 Zittel, Handbuch d. Palteoiitol., Abth. II, p. 313 (1890).
KNOWLTON.] DESCRIPTION OF SPECIES. 31

G-LYPTOSTROBUS? Sp. 

PI. V, fig. 4.

The material from the Button Creek coal mine contained the single 

small branch figured. Unfortunately, since the drawing was made the 

specimen has been lost, having been thrown away by an attendant. 

In view of the uncertainty, I have not attempted specific identification, 

and simply present this note and the drawing, which was fairly accurate, 

as an indication that a Glyptostrobus, or possibly a Spheuolepidium, 

was present at this locality. Its proper identification must remain 

for subsequent investigators.

Habitat. Coal mine on north fork of Button Creek, near old stage 

road, Laramie Plains, Wyoming. (Specimen lost.) Collected by 

Knowlton, Stanton, and Knight, July, 1896.

GiNKGO LARAMIENSIS Ward. 

PI. IV, figs. 7-10; PI. V, fig. 5.

Ginkgo laramiensis Ward, Science, Vol. V, June 19, 1885, p. 496, fig. 7. (1885); Syn. 

Fl. Lar. Gr., p. 549, PI. XXXI, fig. 4 (1886); Types Lar. Fl., p. 15, PI. I, fig. 4

(1887).

This species, as Professor Ward has pointed out, is undoubtedly 

very closely related to Ginkgo adiantoides (Ung.) Heer, the main difference being in size, the leaves of G. laramiensis ranging from 30-40 

mm. to GO-70 mm. in width and those of G. adiantoides from 75 mm. 

to 90 ram. They are, moreover, not so abruptly narrowed to the petiole, being more nearly wedge-shaped than G. adiantoides. In outline 

the leaves of this species differ among themselves, as do the leaves 

of the living Gr. biloba. Thus, fig. 5 of PI. V is wedge-shaped at base 

and is simply lobed, while fig. 10, from the same place, is reniform, with 

undulate or merely crenate borders.

Habitat. Point of Books, Wyoming.

PlSTlA CORRUGATA Lx.

Pistia corrugata Lx., Ann. Kept. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr. 1874, p. 299 

(1876); Tert. Fl., p. 103, PI. LXI, figs. 1, 3, 4, 6, 7 (1878).

The recent collections contain a few fragments of this plant, but do 

not add anything to our knowledge of its life history, which has already 

been well characterized by Lesquereux.

The two leaves referred by Lesquereux (Tert. Fl., p. 102) to Lemna 

scutata Bu., have been carefully reexamined. The smaller one (PI. LXI, 

fig. 5) is undoubtedly nothing but a small leaf of Pistia corrugata, as 

Schenk has already suggested,1 while the larger petiolate leaf (op. cit., 

fig. 2) is clearly a Nelumbo, and is described and illustrated in its proper 

systematic position (ante, p. 53). It is clearly similar to Brasenia

1 Zittel, Handbuch A. Palceontol., Abth. II, p. 378 (1890).
32 FLORA OF THE MONTANA FOEMATION.

antiqua Dn., or Neluiribo Dawsoni Hollick, as it is now called, from the 

South Sasketchewan Eiver,- British Columbia. 

Habitat. Point of Rocks, Wyoming.

OTTELIA AMERICANA Lx.

Ottelia amcricana Lx., Ann. Kept. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr. 1873, p. 300 

(1874); ibid, for 1876, p. 501 (1878); Tert. Fl., p. 98, PI. LXI, fig. 8 (1878).

The type of this species, and the only specimen ever obtained, is preserved in the United States National Museum (No. 549). It has been 

satisfactorily described by Lesquereux, but the drawing is not so full 

as it should be. The outline and wrinkled appearance of the wing are 

well shown, but the fine'longitudinal striation is omitted.

Schenk ! is of the opinion that this species should be united with 

Pistia corrugata Lx. and Lemna scutata Dn. Judging from the figures 

alone, this view may seem probable, but an examination of the specimen shows at once that it is quite distinct from these species. The 

spathe is oval, thick, narrowed to a striate petiole, and is surrounded 

by an undulate wrinkled wing, which is provided, as indeed is the spathe, 

with numerous fine longitudinal strise. There is no trace of the areolation so characteristic of Pistia corrugata.

Habitat. Point of Eocks, Wyoming.

CYPEBACITES sp.

PI. V, fig. 8.

The specimen figured is a mere fragment that appears to belong to 

this so-called genus. It is preserved for a length of 3.5 cm., is about 

1 cm. wide, and, as may be observed from the drawing, is strongly 

keeled. The veins are obscure and can hardly be made out with 

certainty, It is too fragmentary for further characterization,

Habitat. Point of Eocks, Wyoming.

SABALITES GEAYANUS Lx.

PI. VI, fig. 5.

SdbaUtes Grayanus Lx., Tert. Fl., p. 112, PI. XII, figs. 1, 2 (1878); Ann. Rept. U. S.

Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., 1876, p. 502 (1878). 

Sabal Grayana Lx., Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., Vol. XIII, p. 412, PI. XIV, figs. 4-6 (1869);

Ann. Rept. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., 1870, p. 381 (1871); ibid., 1873,

p. 380 (1874); ibid., 1874, p. 301 (1876).

This species has been reported by Lesquereux from a large number 

of localities, and most of the specimens are in the United States 

National Museum. These determinations are based on fragments of 

greater or less size, and in most cases must be regarded as open to 

grave doubt. The specimens upon which the species is founded came

"Zittel, Handbuch d. Palseontol., Abth. II, p. 378 (1890); Die Fossilen Pflanzenreste, p. 203, (1888).
KNOWLTON.] DESCRIPTION OF SPECIES. 33

from the soft, white clay of the Eocene of Mississippi, and represent 

specimens apparently hardly half the size of the large ones usually 

referred to it. Fragments supposed by Lesquereux to belong to this 

species have been found on Vancouver Island, but this identification 

is not at all satisfactory, and it is more than likely that they belong to 

another species. More complete material is necessary before the exact 

status of the Vancouver specimens can be made out.

This species is also reported from Point of Bocks, Wyoming, and the 

fine large specimen that is the original of Lesquereux's figure in the 

Tertiary Flora (PI. XII, fig. 1) is in the collection of the United States 

National Museum (No. 108). During the season of 1896, Mr. T. W. 

Stauton and I fortunately secured a second example from the same 

locality. It was found at the base of the cliff, in the vicinity of coal 

mines northeast of the station, and is hardly to be distinguished from 

the specimen figured by Lesquereux. It is even larger than Lesquereux's specimen, yet hardly adds to our knowledge, as it simply 

exhibits a little more of the blade of the leaf.

The other figured type is said to be from the "hard sandstone between 

coal banks " at Golden, Colorado, and the National Museum fortunately 

contains this type (No. 109), which is the original of PL XII, fig. 2, in 

the Tertiary Flora. This specimen of a large petiole is, as the matrix 

clearly shows, not from the sandstone but from the andesitic material, 

and must have come from South Table Mountain in the Denver formation. It is the one specimen on which the presence of this species in 

the Denver depends, for no leaves have been found there that could be 

referred to that formation. That the specimen under discussion is the 

petiole of a palm is clear, but beyond that it is impossible to go. It 

might as well belong to any of the other large palms as to Sabalites 

Grayanus, and as a factor in the distribution of this species it must 

be dismissed.

Specimens have been found, however, in the hard white sandstone 

near Golden. The recent collection obtained by Eev. Arthur Lakes 

from Hoyt's coal mine, 1 mile south of Golden, contains several specimens which I have referred to this species with little hesitation. Among 

the material collected by Professor Ward in 1881 is a fine large leaf 

(fig. 5) that seems to belong here. It was collected one fourth of a 

mile west of Golden, in the characteristic white sandstone.

From this it appears that Sabalites Grayanus has never, in the Colorado region, been found in other than true Laramie strata. It may be 

distinguished by its large size, its broad, thick rachis, which is taperpointed and long acuminate, and by its very numerous rays. The 

intermediate veinlets are from 1 to 4 or even 10 in number.

Habitat: Point of Eocks, Wyoming. Golden, Colorado (white sandstone). Hoyt's coal mine, near Golden, Colorado. Mississippi (Eocene 1?). 

Vancouver Island. Golden, Colorado (Denver beds'?). Pleasant Park, 

Colorado.?

Bulll63 3
34 FLORA OF THE MONTANA FORMATION.

MYRICA TORREYI Lx.

PI. VI, figs. 1-3.

Myrica Torreyi Lx., Ann. Eept. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., 1872, p. 392 (1873); 

ibid., 1873, p. 399 (1874); ibid., 1876, p. 503 (1878); Tert. Fl., p. 129, PI. XVI, 

'figs. 3-10 (1878).

All but two of the figured types of this species are in the United 

States National Museum (Nos. 138,139,140,141,142). The species has 

been well described by Lesquereux, and none of the material since 

obtained adds to our knowledge of it.

The collections made by Professor Ward at Point of Kocks, Wyoming, 

in 1881, contain a number of leaves that undoubtedly belong to this 

species. They have the same size, shape, and nervation, but differ 

slightly in having more numerous and finer teeth. Figs. 1 and 2 

are undoubtedly M. Torreyi, but fig. 3 has finely serrate margins and 

may possibly represent a new species. Leaves of this species were 

also obtained by Mr. Stanton and myself in 1896, on.the Laramie Plains, 

near Dunn's ranch, 30 miles north of Laramie, Wyoming. The nervation in these specimens is not well preserved, but otherwise there seems 

to be no difference.

Habitat. Black Buttes, Wyoming (type locality). Point of Eocks, 

Wyoming (figs. 1 to 3), north of station and midway of cliff; collected 

by Lester F. Ward, September 3, 1881. Dunn's ranch, 30 miles north 

of Laramie, Wyoming, and 6 miles east of Harpers Station; collected 

by Knowlton, Stautou, and Knight, July 24, 1896.

MYRICA? sp.

PL VI, fig. 4.

The small fragment figured was all of this form that could be found 

in the collection. It represents a part of the base of a leaf, only 3.5 cm. 

being preserved. The midrib is very thick for the size of the leaf, and 

there are numerous close, slender, parallel secondaries arising at an 

angle of about 45°. Their termination can not be made out nor can 

any of the finer nervation be seen.

It seems probable that this specimen belongs to Myrica, but it is so 

fragmentary and obscure that it obviously can have little value.

Habitat. Coal mine on north fork of Dutton Creek, near old stage 

road, Laramie Plains, Wyoming. Collected by Knowlton, Stanton, and 

Knight, July 28, 1896.

POPULUS OBOVATA n. Sp. 

PI. VII, fig. 4.

Leaf of firm texture, obovate or nearly elliptical in general outline, 

abruptly wedge-shaped at base, obtuse at apex; margin entire; nervation nearly equally 4-palmate from the base, middle rib straight, second
KNOWLTON.I DESCRIPTION OF SPECIES. 35

pair arching around and passing toward the apex, other pair dividing 

the distance between the second pair and the margin, all apparently 

craspedodrome and forking; finer nervation not preserved.

This fine leaf is the only specimen found. It is, fortunately, nearly 

all preserved, lacking only the apex and a portion of the margin of one 

side. In outline it is obovate 6r nearly elliptical, being 7.5 cm. in length 

and 4.5 cm. in width, without the petiole, which is not preserved. It is 

rather abruptly wed ue- shaped. The nervation consists of four palmately 

arranged, occasionally forked, ribs.

I have been somewhat iu doubt as to the proper generic reference of 

this leaf. It has, for example, some affinity with certain Dakota 

group species of Hedera, but on the whole seems more like Populus, 

being in shape quite like P. nervosa elongata Newb., but differing much 

from that species in nervation..

This is of the more ancient type of the genus, that having the 

palmate nervation.

The specimen was found by Prof. W. 0. Knight, of the University 

of Wyoming, and is now preserved in the museum of the university. 

It comes from the lowest fossiliferous horizon at Harpers, being associated with numerous Fort Pierre invertebrates. It occurred in a 

nodule, and was the only plant observed.

Habitat. Harpers Station, Union Pacific Railroad, Wyoming. Collected by W. C. Knight.

POPULUS MELANARIOIDES Lx.

Populus melanarioides Lx., Bull. U. S. Geol. aud Geog. Surv. Terr., Vol. I, p. 379 (1875);

Ann. Kept. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., 1874, p. 302 (1876); ibid., 1876, p. 507

(1878); Tert. FL, p. 147, PI. LXII, fig. 5 (1878). 

Populus melanaria Heer, Fl. Tert. Helv., Vol. II, p. 16, PI. LIV, fig. 7; PI. LVII,

fig. 1; Lesquereux, Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., Vol. I, p. 370 (1875);

Ann. Kept. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., 1874, p. 302 (1876); ibid., 1876,

p. 507 (1878); Tert. FL, p. 173, PI. LXIV, fig. 5, (1878).

The leaf described and figured by Professor Lesquereux under the 

name of Populus melanaria Heer is preserved in the United States 

National Museum. The type of P. melanarioides Lx. does not appear 

to have ever been in the National Museum, and its present location is 

unknown. The species, however, is represented by several fragments, 

one of which was obtained by Professor Ward from the type locality.

The type and only American specimen of P. melanaria Heer, as 

shown by the figure of it in Tertiary Flora (PI. LXIV, fig. 5), is a mere 

fragment, showing only the lower part of the leaf with the petiole. 

The margir~of this fragment is to be made out in one place only, and 

even here with some question. If what appears to be the margin is 

really such, it is provided with small teeth, and this would seem to 

relegate it to the European species; but the presence of teeth is so much 

iu doubt that this feature can not be entitled to much consideration. 

The nervation, so far as can be made out, agrees well enough with that
36 FLORA OF THE MONTANA FORMATION.

of P. melanaria, but it is also exactly the same as P. melanarioides, the 

only difference being the more or less hypothetical teeth. If other 

specimens should be found which possess teeth, the retention of P. 

mctanaria would of course be rendered necessary, but as no other 

examples have ever been obtained, I have decided to refer the specimen to P. melanarioides.

The fragment agrees in every particular, so far as can be made out, 

with Lesquereux's type, and there can be no doubt of their identity.

This species, as Lesquereux has pointed out (Tert. Fl., p. 147), is 

evidently related to P. tremulcefolia Sap., 1 from which it differs in 

having an entire or slightly undulate margin, and in having all the 

branches of the secondaries enter the margin. Its suggested resemblance to P. Massiliensis Sap.2 is less plain than its resemblance to the 

former species. The nervation and shape are quite different. P. obtrita 

Du.,3 from the Similkameen Valley, British Columbia, is thought by its 

author to be allied to the species under discussion, but while, this may 

be true, it differs in so many important particulars that it can not be 

regarded as at all closely related. Some of the leaves described as P. 

arctica possess not a little resemblance to P. melanarioides, but this can 

not be regarded as specific.

Habitat. Point of Eocks, Wyoming.

POPULTJS WARDII n. sp. 

PL vi, fig. 7.

Leaf of firm texture, approximately circular in general outline, truncate at base (apex destroyed); margin regularly, rather coarsely dentate, the teeth obtuse; nervation strong, coarse, palmately five-nerved; 

the middle nerve or midrib slightly stronger than the others, straight, 

with two pairs of remote, opposite secondaries, these flexuose and

anastomosing; second pair of basal nerves nearly as strong, straight, 

tiexuose, and freely anastomosing with the lower pair of secondaries 

on 'the midrib, and branching on the lower side and joining with the 

lower pair by basal nerves, which are small and become lost before 

reaching half the distance to the margin; other nervation coarse, irregular, and forming large areolse.

The specimen figured appears to be all that was obtained of this 

species. As may be seen from the drawing, it lacks the apex and much 

of the side. It would seem to be approximately circular in outline, 

being about a cm. in length and the same in width. The nervation is 

very prominent, appearing on the stone in strong raised lines. It has 

the palmate nervation, with the smaller basal nerves of the well-known 

ancient type of Populus.

' Etudes sur la V6g. d. Sud. Este France, Vol. Ill, p. 158, PI. Ill, fig. 4 (1867).

2 Ibid., p. 162, PI. Il.flgs. 6-8; PI. Ill, fig. 1 (1807).

s Trails. Hoy. Soc. Cauada, Vol. VIII, Sec. IV, p. 82 (1890).
KNOWLTON.] DESCRIPTION OF SPECIES. 37

This species has strong affinities with several well-known forms, as, 

for example, Populus nervosa Newb., from the Fort Union beds of 

Montana. The shape, size, dentation, and strong, coarse nervation are 

practically the same in both, P. nervosa differing, however, in being 

only three-nerved and in a tendency to be slightly three-lobed. Populus nebrascensis Newb., from the same beds, is apparently quite similar, but differs in having the first pair of basal nerves arching around 

and ascending to near the summit of the leaf. In the leaf under discussion they appear to be lost long before reaching the margin.

I take pleasure in naming this species in honor of Prof. Lester F. 

Ward, by whom it was collected.

Habitat. Point of Eocks, Wyoming, base of bluff northeast of station. Collected September 2, 3,1883.

POPULUS MUTABILIS ovALis? Heer.

PI. VII, fig. 3.

Populus mutaUlis ovalis Heer, Fl. Tert. Helv., Vol. II, p. 22, PI. LXI, figs. 1, 3, 6, 9; 

PI. LXIII, fig. 4; Lesquereux, Ann. Kept. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., 1871, 

pp. 292, 401, 405; 1873, p. 397; Tert. FL, p. 177, PL XXIV, figs. 3, 4.

The leaves referred by Heer to this form of this polymorphous species 

vary considerably, and as Lesquereux has said, "it is extremely hazardous to identify single leaves" with either of the forms. We are therefore 

permitted a certain degree of latitude in admitting forms under this 

name. They are all so connected by intermediate links that it may 

sometimes be difficult to decide to which form a particular specimen 

shall be relegated. The example here figured, from Point of Rocks, is 

with hesitation referred to this form. With more than one specimen in 

hand a more definite conclusion could undoubtedly be reached.

Habitat. Point of Eocks, Wyoming.?

POPULUS sp. 

Pi. VII, fig. 5.

As stated under Glyptostrobus ? sp. and under Phyllites sp., a specimen was obtained from the coal mine on Button Creek which had three 

plants preserved on it the one here figured and the specimens above 

referred to. As the piece of matrix in which these three forms was 

preserved is now lost, the figure is given simply to call attention to the 

fact that such a plant existed at that place, and to impress subsequent 

collectors with the desirability of obtaining further material.

Habitat. Coal mine on the north fork of Button Creek, near old stage 

road, Larauiie Plains,Wyoming. Collected by Knowlton, Stantori, and 

Knight, July, 1896.
38 FLORA OF THE MONTANA FORMATION.

SALIX ANGUSTA Al. Br.

PL VII, fig. 6.

Salix angusta Al. Br. Cf. Heer, Fl. Tert. Helv., Vol. II, p. 30, PL LXIX, figs. 1-11 

(1856); Lesquereux, Ann. Rept. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr. 1871, SuppL, 

p. 6 (1872); ibid., 1872, p. 405 (1873); ibid., 1873, p. 384 (1874); ibid., 1876, p. 506 

(1878); Tert. Fl.,p. 168, PL XXII, figs. 4, 5 (1878); Cret. and Tert. FL, pp. 157, 

247, PL LV, fig, 6 (1884); Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XI, p. 13 (1888).

In its European distribution this species is mainly Miocene. It has 

been identified by Lesquereux from a number of localities in the 

United States, ranging in age from the Montana formation and the 

true Laramie to the Eocene or possibly the Miocene. It was first 

detected in the Green Eiver group, occurring near the town of Greenriver above the so-called " fish beds." Fragmentary specimens referred 

to this species were also obtained from the locality known as "6 miles 

above Spring Canon, Montana," now called the Bozeinan coal field. 

The recent collections from the latter place contain a large number of 

more or less fragmentary examples in which the nervation is mainly 

obsolete, and which are consequently referred to this species with some 

hesitation. There can be no doubt, however, that they are the same as 

the specimens regarded by Lesquereux as belonging to 8. angusta, but 

their absolute identity with the European forms is by no means so 

clear.

This species is also reported by Lesquereux from Wickliffe, Ballard 

County, Kentucky, in the so-called Eo-Lignitic or Lower Eocene. This 

identification depends upon a single imperfect leaf, and must also be 

open to more or less question.

This species was found at Point of Eocks, Wyoming, by Professor 

Ward. The example figured lacks both base and apex, yet it agrees as 

closely as do others that have been referred to this form. In fact, it 

may be said that the leaves of this willow are so often poorly preserved 

and without positive characters that its value as a stratigraphic mark 

is of little importance.

Habitat. Coalville, Utah, and Point of Eocks, Wyoming (north of 

station and midway of cliff); collected by Lester F. Ward, September 

3, 1881. Bozeman coal field, Montana, both in true Laramie and 

Livingston formations. Greenriver, Wyoming (above the fish beds). 

Wickliffe, Ballard County, Kentucky.

SALIX STANTONI n. sp.

PL VI, fig. 6.

Leaf evidently .of firm texture, elliptical-lanceolate in outline, rather 

abruptly narrowed to a rounded, obtuse base, and narrowed above to 

an obtuse apex; margin entire; petiole not preserved; midrib rather 

thick, straight; secondaries about eight pairs, alternate or subopposite,
KNOWLTON.] DESCRIPTION OF SPECIES. . 39

arising at an angle of from 25° to 45°, curving upward, camptodrome; 

finer nervation not preserved.

The leaf figured is the only specimen obtained of this species. With 

the exception of the petiole it is preserved entire, being 7.5 ctn. in 

length and 2.5 cm. in width at the broadest portion, which is about the 

middle.

I take pleasure in naming this species in honor of Mr. T. W. Stanton, 

by whom it was collected.

Habitat. Coalville, Utah.

SAJLIX sp.

PL VII, fig. 2.

Salix elongata, 0. Web.. Knowlton, Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey No. 106, p. 42 (1893); 

Bull. Geol. Soc. Am., Vol. VIII, p. 150 (1897).

In the papers above mentioned these forms were doubtfully referred 

to Salix elongata, but a reexamination shows that this determination is 

not satisfactory enough to warrant retaining them under this name. 

Hardly more than the outline is preserved, and it is impossible to go 

with certainty beyond the statement that .they are probably leaves of 

Salix.

Habitat. Ooalville, Utah.

QUERCUS LESQUEREUXIANA Kn.

PI. VII, fig. 1.

Quercus Lesquereuxiana Kn., Bull. U..S. Geol. Survey No. 152, p. 194 (1898). 

 Quercus acrodon Lx., [non Massalongo 18531, Atn. Jour. Sci., 2d ser., Vol. XLV, p. 205 

(1868); Tert. Fl., p. 158, PI. XIX, figs. 11-13 (1878).

This species was originally described by Lesquereux in 1868 from 

specimens obtained by Dr. F. V. Hayden from " Eock Creek on the 

Laramie Plains." Of the three figured specimens (Tert. Fl., 1. c.), only 

two, the original of PI. XIX, fig. 13^ and what appears to be the counterpart of fig. 12, are preserved in the United States National Museum, 

both bearing the number 178. The matrix is a hard grayish shale.

In the annual report of the United States Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories for 1872, page 389, Lesquereux describes 

another leaf of this species from Carbon, Wyoming, but this specimen 

is not now, arid appears never to have been in the collection of the 

National Museum. It is described as follows: "The ovate pointed leaf, 

wedge-shaped to the petiole, has the borders deeply cut into large, 

sharp teeth, with straight, mostly simple, secondary veins, passing 

at an acute angle to the point of the teeth. In this new specimen, 

the upper secondary veinsare slightly curved in ascending to the borders." This agrees in the essential characters with the original description, but in tbe absence of that specimen or of any since found at this 

locality, it is more or less open 'to question. The collections made at
40 . FLORA OF THE MONTANA FOEMATTON.

this time were often poorly labeled, and without a particular specimen 

in hand it is hazardous to assign it to a definite locality or horizon.

A single example from Bridge Creek, Oregon, was referred to Quercus 

acrodon by Lesquereux, but this reference is undoubtedly incorrect, it 

being a species well known from those beds, viz, a sharp toothed form 

of Q. pseudo-alnus.

The locality known as "Near Rock Creek on the Laramie Plains" has 

long been a puzzle to paleobotanists. A number of plants were re 

corded from a place thus described, and hence it was a matter of importance to fix their horizon. Investigation has shown that there is no 

locality in the vicinity of Rock Creek Station on the Laramie Plains 

that could have afforded these plants, and they came to be regarded 

as practically worthless, because unidentifiable. To Prof. W. C. 

Knight, of the University of Wyoming, is due the honor of solving 

this question. He is perhaps the best-informed geologist on the history of early exploration in this locality, for, by going over every part 

of the country with the early reports in hand, he has been able to fix 

nearly all of the old localities and sections. He informs me that when 

the explorations were first begun by Hay den and his assistants, the 

Laramie Plains was almost entirely unsettled and without local names, 

and the specimens were labeled with the name of the nearest known 

locality. As the old stage crossing of Rock Creek was then well 

established, the material collected at the various coal seams, near what 

is now known as Button Creek, was labeled "Near Rock Creek on the 

Laramie Plains." The locality has, therefore, no connection with Rock 

Creek Station or vicinity.

Professor Knight discovered a locality for fossil plants near Bunn's 

ranch on the Laramie River, 6 miles east of Harpers Station on the 

Union Pacific Railroad. This locality afforded a number of fairly wellpreserved examples of Quercus Lesquereuxiana, and once more this species 'becomes a known stratigraphic mark. The matrix in which the 

specimens are preserved is a friable yellowish sandstone.

Habitat. Carbon, Wyoming. ? " Near Rock Creek, Laramie Plains." 

Buun's ranch, 6 miles east of Harpers Station, Wyoming.

QUERCUS DENTONOIDES n. sp.

PI. VII, fig. 7.

Quercus Dentoni Ward, non Lx., Syn. Fl. Lar. Gr., p. 551, PI. XXXVII, fig. 2 (1886); 

Types Lar. FL, p. 26, PI. X, fig. 1 (1887).

After some hesitation I have decided to describe this leaf under 

another name. At first sight it does have a strong resemblance to 

Lesquereux's species from the Bad Lands (Fort Union) of Bakota. As 

Professor Ward has pointed out, this leaf differs in several particulars. 

It is, for instance, more narrowed upward, and was evidently acute
KNOWLTON.] DESCRIPTION OF SPECIES. 41

instead of decidedly obtuse. It has also a much thicker petiole, and, 

moreover, is a much larger leaf and'has secondaries at a greater angle. 

But these forms are undoubtedly closely related, and were it not for 

their widely separate geographic and geologic positions they might 

possibly be considered as identical. 

Habitat. Point of Eocks, Wyoming.

DRYOPHYLLUM: SUBFALCATUM Lx.

Dryophyllum subfalcatum Lx., Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., Vol. I, p. 379 

(1875); Ann. Kept. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., 1874, p. 301 (1876); ibid., 

1876, p. 506 (1878); Tert. Fl., p. 163, PI. LXIII, fig. 10 (1878).

Dryophyllum JBruneri Ward, Syn. Fl. Lar. Gr., p. 551, PI. XXXVII, figs. 6-9 (1886); 

Types Lar. FL, p. 27, PI. X, figs. 5-8 (1887).

The type specimen of Lesquereux's Dryophyllum subfalcatum should 

be the property of the United States National Museum, but the records 

do not show that it has ever been there, and its present location, even if it 

is in existence, is unknown. We have, therefore, to depend entirely upon 

the. figure given by Lesquereux in the Tertiary Flora, which represents 

only the upper portion of a small leaf. It is linear-lanceolate in shape, 

with a narrowly taper pointed apex, and has the borders regularly serrate 

with short blunt teeth which are turned outward. The nervation was 

well preserved, and shows the lateral nerves to be oblique, close, 

parallel, and running straight to the teeth. An upper branch from 

near the apex of the secondaries passes under the sinuses and, closely 

following the borders, anastomoses with the fibrill;je. The nervilles are 

numerous, close, percurreut, and form nearly regular rectangular areas.

I have united with this the Dryophyllum Bruneri of Ward, probably 

obtained in part from the same locality that afforded Lesquereux's 

specimen of I), subfalcatum. This is represented by a large number of 

very perfectly preserved specimens, four of which have been figured by 

Professor Ward (op. cit., PI. X, figs. 5-8). Of these, fig. 7 agrees perfectly with Lesquereux's figure, and there can be no doubt of the 

identity of the forms. These later specimens are much better preserved, and from them we are able to make out the form of the base. 

D. Bruneri was described as follows by Professor Ward:

Leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolete, pointed, abruptly narrowed to a short 

thick petiole, coarsely and obscurely sinuate-toothed except near the entire base; 

nervation craspedodrome; midrib strong, straight, or a little curved; secondary 

nerves numerous (fifteen to twenty on each side) and close together, proceeding 

from the midrib at an angle varying from 35° to 80°, slightly curving upward, 

rarely forking or forming arches, the ultimate ramifications entering the teeth; 

nervilles faint, slender and wavy, percurrent, joining the secondaries only.

This elaborate description agrees perfectly with that of D. subfalcatum so far as this species can be made out, and supplies the deficiencies 

of our knowledge concerning it.

Habitat. Point of Eocks, Wyoming. Hodges Pass, Wyoming.
42 FLORA OF THE MONTANA FOEMATION.

DRYOPHYLLUM FALCATUM 1? Ward.

PL VIII, fig. 1. 

Dryophyllum falcatum Ward, Types Lar. FL, p. 27, PL XI, fig. 1.

The specimen here figured agrees, except in one particular, with the 

figured type specimen of this species, the difference being that the margin is sinuate-toothed nearly or quite to the base instead of to some 

distance above it. The teeth are also a little more prominent, but otherwise the specimen scarcely differs. It is much narrower and more 

acuminate than D. subfalcatum Lx., yet it is evidently allied, to it.

Habitat. Point of Rocks, Wyoming, opposite the station and midway 

of the bluff. Collected by Lester F. Ward, 1881. Also Hodges Pass, 

Wyoming.

DEYOPHYLLUM CEENATUM Lx.

Dryophyllum crenalum Lx., Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., Vol. I, p. 371 

(1875); Ann. Kept. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., 1874, p. 301 (1876); ibid., 

1876, p. 506 (1878); Tert. FL, p. 162, PL LXII, figs. 10, 11 (1878).

The type specimens of this species, and so far as known all that have 

been found, are in the United States National Museum (Nos. 195, 196). 

They are somewhat fragmentary, and their reference to this genus is 

not without doubt.

Habitat. Point of Rocks, Wyoming.

FlCUS TRINEBVIS n. Sp.

Cinnamomum affine Lx. ex. p., Tert. FL, p. 219, PL XXXVII, fig. 5 [non figs. 1-4,7] 

(1878); Ward, Types Lar. FL, p. 50, PL XXIV, figs. 3-5.

Much confusion exists in regard to what has been known as Cinnamomum affine Lx. It was first described' from Marshall's mine, near 

Denver, Colorado, but unfortunately the specimen or specimens can 

not now be found and it has not since been collected there. It was 

also said to be present at Eaton Pass, New Mexico, but there is only 

a single fragment in the United States National Museum collection 

(No. 843), which is evidently the same specimen referred to by 

Lesquereux 2 as Cinnamomum mississippiense. It was next reported 3 

from Golden, Colorado, and the specimens upon which, presumably, 

this determination was made are in the National Museum (No. 312). 

There are two specimens, the originals of figs. 5 and 7 of PI. XXXVI [ 

in Tertiary Flora. They are preserved in hard, whitish sandstone, and 

are rather obscure, yet show the essential characters. In the following year it was again reported 4 from Golden, and it is possible that 

these specimens were the originals of figs. 1-3, but they are not in the

' Am. Jour. Sci., 2d ser., Vol. XLV, p. 206 (1868).

* Ann. Kept. "U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., 1871, Suppl., p. 14 (1872).

»Ibid., 1872, p. 383 (1873).

«Ibid., 1873, p. 401 (1874).
KNOWLTON.] DESCRIPTION OF SPECIES. 43

National Museum and their location is unknown, unless possibly they 

are in the Museum of Princeton College, New Jersey. I found there 

a small slab on which six or eight fine leaves are preserved, the back 

of the slab bearing the label " La. South Park, Col." The matrix is 

the same as that of the Golden specimens mentioned above, and they 

may all belong together. In any case much uncertainty exists as to 

the actual type locality of this species.

Professor Ward obtained some very fine material from Black Buttes, 

Wyoming, which he referred to G. affine. The specimens agree perfectly with the fig. 5 mentioned above, except that they are somewhat 

larger; they are quite unlike what may be called typical C. affine as 

depicted in figs. 1-4, 7.

I have long been of the opinion that there were two well-marked 

species included under Cinnamomum affine as figured in the Tertiary

Flora, PI. XXXVII. The joining of the secondaries to the midrib at

some distance above the base is distinctly a character of Cinnamomum, and all known species possess it. The form represented in fig. 5, 

together with those of Professor Ward already mentioned, do not possess 

this character. The secondaries pass to extreme base of the blade and 

arise with and at the same point as the midrib.

In a letter to Professor Ward, commenting on his Types of the Laramie Flora, Lesquereux distinctly objects to the reference of the Black 

Buttes leaves to his Cinnamomum affine, saying that they could not 

belong to the genus Cinnamomum as above characterized, but should 

probably be allied to Ficus of the type of F. planicostata.

The National Museum contains several rather poor specimens (Nos. 

312a, b, c) of what is apparently this species from Point of Eocks, 

Wyoming.

Ficus MULTINERVIS Heer.

Ficus multinervis Heer, Fl. Tert. Helv., Vol. II, p. 63, PI. LXXXI, figs. 6-10 (1856); Lesquereux, Ann. Kept. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., 1871, p. 300 (1872) j Tert. 

FL, p. 194, PI. XXVIII, figs. 7,8 (1878).

Ficus irref/ularis? Lx., Knowlton, Bull. Geol. Soc. Am., Vol. VIII, p. 150 (1897).

Ficus lanceolaia? Lx., Knowlton, Bull. Geol. Soc. Am., Vol. VIII, p. 150 (1897).

The first American specimens referred to this species were mentioned by Lesquereux in Hayden's Annual Eeport for 1871 (p. 300), 

having probably been collected the previous year. He wrote as follows of the collection of which they form a part: " Hard, shaly, finegrained whitish sandstone. About the same consistence and color as 

the specimens from Carbon Station. The precise locality is unknown, the 

labels having been lost or forgotten." They are tlius shown to be from 

an unknown locality, yet in all subsequent mention of the species they 

are said to have come from the Green Elver group. The nature of the 

matrix entirely precludes the probability of this, and this view is further confirmed by the accompanying species, none of which are Green 

Eiver group species.
44 FLORA OF THE MONTANA FORMATION.

This species does not appear to have been since collected with certainty until found by Mr. Stanton at Coalville. The collections from . 

the coal mine on Coal Creek, Boulder County, Colorado, obtained by 

Lakes in 1890, contain a number of fragments that seem to -belong here, 

but they are more or less doubtful. They are similar in shape to F. 

lanceolata, but have more numerous secondaries at a more acute angle 

of divergence.

The specimens from Coalville, Utah, are fairly well preserved in 

regard to outline, but not so well preserved in regard to nervation. 

Enough can be made out, however, to make it reasonably certain that 

they belong to this species.

The reference of these same leaves to Ficus irregularis in the Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, Vol. VIII, page 150, is lapsus 

pennre for F. multinervis, and the mention in the same place of F. 

lanceolata is not borne out by more careful study. The close, parallel 

nerves are made out with difficulty, but under strong light they are 

ascertained to be present.

Habitat. Coalville, Utah. Coal Creek, Boulder County, Colorado. 1?

Ficus POPULOIDES n. sp.

PI. VIII, tig. 3.

Leaf thick, broadly ovate in outline, rounded at base, regularly 

rounded to a short obtuse apex above; margin undulate; palmately 

five-nerved from the base; midnerve or midrib somewhat flexuose, with 

about three alternate pairs of slender secondary branches well above 

the middle of the leaf; lowest pair of nerves smallest, forking, anastomosing with branches from the second pair, camptodrome; second 

pair strongest, passing to near the apex, dividing the distance between 

the midrib and margin about equally, flexuose above, then there are 

three or four strong branches which arch and anastomose near the 

margin; nervilles well defined, mainly percurrent.

The beautiful leaf upon which this species is based is nearly perfect, 

lacking only a portion of the base and one side. It is very broadly 

ovate in outline, being 9.5 cm. in length and 7.75 cm. in width.

This species is evidently closely allied to F. incompletq (ante p. 46), 

and it is possible that if the latter were preserved entire they might 

be found to be the same. The one described as F. incompleta is a larger 

leaf, but the arrangement of the secondaries in the apex is very similar 

to that in the leaf under discussion. The finer nervation is also 

similar in both, but F. populoides has no lobes.

There is a general resemblance of this species to F. squarrosa. The 

latter hasslijght lobes and differs somewhat in the number and arrangement of the secondaries. The finer nervation is also a little different.

Ficus populoides has at first sight a striking resemblance to certain 

forms of Populus arctica Heer, such, for example, as PL V, figs. 1, 3, 

and 8, in Heer's Flora Fossilis Arctica, Vol. I, and PI. XXIII, figs. 1 

and 3, in Lesquereux's Tertiary Flora. The size, shape, and general
KNOWLTON.1 DESCRIPTION OF SPECIES. 45

nervation are nearly identical, but the large pair of secondaries is much 

more flexuose, and the finer nervation is that of Ficus rather than that 

of Populus. 

Habitat. Point of Rocks, Wyoming.

FlCUS HESPERIA n. Sp.

PI. IX, fig. 5. 

MOILS sp. Kn., Stanton and Knowlton, Bull. Geol. Soc. Am., Vol. VIII, p. 140 (1897).

Leaf rather broadly elliptical, about equally rounded from the broade.st point at the middle of the leaf to both base and apex; base wedgeshaped, apex very obtuse; margin perfectly entire; midrib very thick, 

slightly undulate; secondaries, about ten pairs, alternate, emerging at 

a very low angle, camptodrome, arching far inside the margin and joining by a broad regular bow to the one next above; apparently with a 

series of bows outside the secondary arches; ultimate nervation not 

preserved.

The Button Creek material contains of this form the single example 

figured. It is 6 cm. in length and 3 cm. in width. It is broadly elliptical in outline, broadly wedge-shaped at base, and obtuse and rounded 

at apex. The midrib is very thick, with about ten pairs of regular 

parallel secondaries, which join well inside the margin.

Habitat. Coal mine on north fork of Dutton Creek, near old stage 

road, Laramie Plains, Wyoming. Collected by Knowlton, Stanton, and 

Knight, July 28,1896.

FlOUS SQUAREOSA n. Sp 

PI. VIII, fig. 2.

Leaf of medium size, thick, irregularly quadrangular in outline, 

broadly rounded at base, truncate at apex with short obtuse point, 

leaf three-lobed, with very small, obtuse lateral lobes; palmately threenerved; secondaries, about seven pairs, alternate, at an angle of about 

45°, all camptodrome, the lowest pair passing into the lateral lobes, 

provided with six or eight camptodrome branches on the outside; 

second pair of secondaries forked just above the middle; all secondaries above the lowest pair much arched toward the apex; nervilles 

strong, percurrent or forked, approximately at right angles to the 

secondaries.

This species is characterized by its nearly square outline, small 

obtuse lateral lobes, rounded base, and short, obtuse apex. It is 8.5 

cm. long and about 7.5 cm. broad. The upper secondaries arch very 

strongly in the upper portion of the leaf, each joining by a series of 

short bows the secondary next above.

This leat'is the only one observed in the collection. It is not quite 

perfect, lacking the central portion of the base and a portion of one
46 FLORA OF THE MONTANA FORMATION.

side. It was, with little doubt, strongly palmately three-nerved as well 

as three-lobed. It appears unlike any form before reported from these 

beds.

Habitat. Point of Rocks, Wyoming, north of station and midway of 

cliff. Collected by Lester F. Ward, September 3,1881.

FlCUS INCOMPLETA n. Sp. 

PI. IX, fig. 2.

Leaf large, thick, palmately three-lobed (?), lateral lobes small, obtuse; terminal lobe large, rounded; base j£; midrib thickish, straight; 

palmately three-nerved (?), lateral secondaries (?); secondaries in upper 

portion of leaf distant, alternate, camptodrome, arching up and joining ones next above, producing large, irreglarly quadrangular areas; 

arching in small loops inside the margin; nervilles irregular, mostly 

broken.

The small fragment figured is all that was obtained of this form. 

It is really insufficient for proper characterization, but it appears unlike any form before reported, unless it be the upper portion of a leaf 

of Dombeyopsis trivialis'Lx.,1 and is perhaps best described tentatively 

as new. If the whole leaf were preserved, it might be shown to belong 

to some known species.

Habitat. Poiut of Eocks, Wyoming, north of station and midway of 

cliff. Collected by Lester F. Ward, September 3, 1881.

FlCUS PROBLEMATICA n. Sp. 

PI. IX, fig. 3.

Leaf large, thick, palmately five-nerved, heart-shaped at base; margin with scattered obtuse teeth; central nerve or midrib straight, very 

thick; next pair of nerves also very thick, arching around; outer pair 

thinner, emerging at right angles to the midrib, curving slightly upward and each entering a lobe; midrib with scattered thick secondaries 

at right angles; inner pair of nerves with secondaries on the outside at 

right angles to the midrib, and again branching near the margin, some 

of the branches entering the lobes; nervilles numerous, thin, broken; 

finer nervation irregular, producing peculiar irregular areolation.

The fragment figured is the only portion of this leaf preserved, and 

could hardly be sufficient for characterization if it were not particularly well marked. It must have been a large leaf, at least 12 cm. 

broad. It has a broad, heart-shaped base and a few remote, obtuse 

teeth. It is strongly three-nerved, with the lowest pair of secondaries 

coming out at a point so near the petiole as to become practically fivenerved. The three middle nerves are very strong, with branches at 

right angles to the midrib.

i Tert. Fl., p. 255, PI. XLVII, fig. 3 (1878).
KNOWLTON.] DESCRIPTION OP SPECIES. 47

This leaf is entirely different from any heretofore reported from the 

American Cretaceous. It is remotely suggestive of F. latifolia in shape, 

but differs in being lobed or toothed, and in having secondaries at 

right angles to the midrib, as well as in the finer nervation. It may 

not even belong to the genus Ficus. It is, for example, somewhat like 

Dombeyopsis islandica Heer, 1 D. obtusa Lx.,2 Sterculia variabilis Heer,;t 

etc., yet is not close enough to warrant putting it in any of these genera.

Habitat. Point of Bocks, Wyoming, north of station and midway of 

cliff. Collected by Lester F. Ward, September 3, 1881.

FlCUS RHAMNOIDKS n. Sp.

PI. X, figs. 1-3; PI. XI, fig. 1.

Leaves thickish, oblong-lanceolate in outline, about equally narrowed 

to base and apex; margin perfectly entire; petiole thick; midrid thick - 

ish, straight; secondaries about 12 pairs, alternate, at an angle of 

45° to 50°, camptodrome, arching just inside the margin and joining the 

one next above; nervilles very numerous, at right angles to the secondaries, mainly broken, although many are percurrent.

These leaves are from 9 to 11 cm. long and from 3.5 to 5 cm. broad. 

The secondaries are at an angle of about 45°, and camptodrome by 

means of a few small, simple loops.

At first sight these leaves appear to be referable to Rhamnus Gleburni 

Lx., 4 a species very abundant in the Denver beds at Golden, Colorado. 

They have exactly the same size, shape, and .arrangement, the main 

difference being in the uervilles. In Rhamnus Cleburni they are very 

fine and close together, mainly percurrent, and in general at right 

angles to the midrib, while in Mcus rhamnoides they are coarser, mainly 

broken, and at right angles to the secondaries. These are characters 

hardly sufficient for generic separation were it not for the fact that it 

is more than probable that the Rhamnus Cleburni and R. (joldianus of 

Lesquereux really belong to the genus Ficus. Lesquereux says 5 that 

the European authors, presumably Saporta and Heer, to whom he had 

submitted specimens, were inclined to regard them as belonging to the 

Urticacese. They have also some resemblance to Cornus.

It is with regret that I am obliged to describe this as a supposed 

new species of Ficus, but if they belong to this genus they are certainly 

new, at least in this flora. It is to be hoped that specimens will some 

time be found that will settle more clearly the proper generic position 

of these interesting leaves.

Habitat. Point of Rocks, Wyoming, north of station and midway 

of cliff. Collected by Lester F. Ward, September 3,1881.

'Fl. Foss. Arct., Vol. I, PI. XXVII, fig. 10 (1868). 

"Tort. Fl., p. 255, PI. XLVII, fig. 5 (1878). 

"Fl. Foss. Arot., Vol. VII, PI. LVII, fig. 7 (1884). 

4 Tert. Fl., p. 280, PI. LIII, figs. 1-3 (1878). 

8 Ibid., p. 280.
48 FLORA OF THE MONTANA FORMATION.

FlCUS MONTANA II. Sp. 

PI. XI, figs. 2, 3; PI. XII, fig. 1.

Leaves thick in texture, broadly ovate, entire, slightly decurrent onto 

the petiole; palmately three-nerved from a little above the base of the 

lamina; midrib thick, flexuous; lateral nerves as thick as midrib, at an 

angle of 50°, with numerous irregular camptodrome branches on the 

outside, which arch just inside the margin or join one another, or again 

branch on the lower or outer side; occasionally with a strong secondary so low as to make the leaf appear four- or five-nerved; upper 

secondaries*, three, or four pairs, alternate, at the same angle as the lateral nerves, frequently branched; nervilles strong, approximately at 

right angles to the secondaries, some percurreut, but many are branched 

or broken; finer nervation produced by branches between and at right 

angles to the nervilles.

None of the specimens referred to this species are preserved entire. 

They appear to be broadly ovate in outline, with perfectly entire margins. They must have been at least 10 cm. long and from 5 to 6 cm. 

wide. The petiole is preserved in two specimens, the longest being 

1 em. in length.

This species appears to be allied to Mcus planicostata Lx., 1 which differs from it in being rounded at base, and with the three principal 

nerves arising at the base of the lamina, instead of above. The secondaries, especially the upper ones, are not so much branched as in the 

one under discussion.

Habitat. Point of Bocks, Wyoming, north of station and midway of 

cliff. Collected by Lester F. Ward, September 3, 1881.

Ficus WARDII n. sp.

PI. IX, fig. 1.

Leaf of firm texture, gracefully oval in outline, perfectly entire, 

slightly heart-shaped at base; palmately five-nerved from the base, 

camptodrome; lateral nerve with about eight secondaries on the outside, all arching inside the border and joining; next pair of nerves 

with few strong secondaries in the upper portion, on the outside; 

central nerve or midrib, so far as can be made out, without secondaries; 

nervilles mainly forking.

This fine leaf, which unfortunately is the only one observed, is 6.5 

cm. broad and must have been about 8 or 10 cm. long, the upper portion being destroyed. It was probably oval, or possibly more nearly 

round, in outline, with a slightly heart-shaped base. It is equally fivenerved from the base, the lateral, or outside nerves, with eight or 

more secondaries on the outside, the next or inner pair with several

' Tert. FL, p. 201, PI. XXXI, figs. 1-8, 10-12 (1878).
KNOWLTON.] DESCRIPTION OF SPECIES. 49

larger secondaries above, and the central nerve or midrib apparently 

unbranched. Nervilles mostly forking and only preserved within the 

outside pair of nerves.

This species is suggestive of Ficus planicostata Lx., 1 but differs 

from it markedly in having five instead of three palmately arranged 

nerves. It approaches in shape to Ficus planicostata var. latifolia Lx.,2 

[now F. latifolia (Lx.) Kn.] the main difference being the number of 

nerves. The two lower secondaries on the outside are much stronger, 

but they are true secondaries and arise from the lateral nerves some 

distance above the base. The finer nervation is the same in both.

This species resembles a number of other fossil leaves, as, for example, Smilax grandifolia-crctacea Lx.,3 from the Dakota group of Kansas; 

but the resemblance is only superficial. It is perhaps much closer to 

Dombeyopsis Herberti Wat.,4 which has the same shape and base, as 

well as the five nerves, but differs in not having the outer pair with

numerous secondaries, and also in the finer nervation.

It is possible that this may be only a small leaf of Ficus speciosissima Ward,5 which comes from the same beds. This latter species is 

about five times the size of F. Wardii, and is probably only a slight 

form of F. planicostata latifolia. It differs, however, from F. Wardii 

in being really three-nerved, although appearing five-nerved. The 

lowest pair of secondaries on the outside are copiously branched, but 

not so in F. Wardii.

Habitat. Point of Rocks, Wyoming, north of station and midway 

of cliff. Collected by Lester F. Ward, September 3, 1881.

FlCUS A SARI FOLIA Ett.

PI. XI, fig. 4; PI. XIII, fig. 2.

Ficus asarifolia Ett., Foss. Fl. v. Bilin, Pt. I, p. 80, PI. XXV, figs. 2, 3 (1867); Lesquerenx, Ann. Eept. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Snrv. Terr., 1872, p. 378 (1873); ibid., 

1874, p. 303 (1875); Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Snrv. Terr., Vol. I, p. 366 (1875); 

Tert. Fl., p. 207, PI. LXI, tigs. 18-21 (1878).

This species was first identified by Lesquereux from specimens 

obtained at Golden, Colorado, presumably from the tuffaceous deposits 

of Table Mountain, but as these specimens can not be found in the 

United States National Museum collections, it is impossible to be certain 

of this. Not one of the recent collections contains even a fragment 

of it, but a single example is reported by Lesquereux6 in the large collection made by Rev. Arthur Lakes for the Cambridge Museum.

There is also in the United States National Museum collection from

'Tert. Fl.,p. 201, PI. XXXI, figs. 1-8, 10-12 (1878).

2Ibid., PL XXXI, fig. 0 (1878).

3F1. Dak! Gr., p. 40, PL XLVI, fig. 3 (1892).

* PL Foss. Paris Basin, PL LV, fig. 3 (I860).

r- Types Lar. FL. PL XXL fig. 3 (1887).

"Bull. Mns.Couip.. Zool. Cambridge,.Vol. XWI, p. 50 (1888).

Bull 163 4.
50 FLORA OF THE MONTANA FORMATION.

Black Buttes, Wyoming, a single badly preserved example that appears 

to belong to this species, which seems to have escaped observation 

until now. This leaf has the same cordate shape and areolate nervation as those from the American type locality. It has a short petiole, 

which seems to be attached to it. The impression of this specimen is 

nearly effaced from the stone, but so far as can be made out it is 

clearly this species. None of the other collections from Black Buttes 

contains specimens.

. The question as to the correctness of the generic determination of 

this species is still an open one, as is also the question of the exact 

identity of the American material with the type of F. asarifolia from 

Bilin. The leaves figured by Ettiugshausen (op. cit.) are nearly circular or broadly oval in outline, while ours are much broader than long, 

being reniform. The base is approximately the same shape in both. 

The Bilin specimens have a finely crenulate border, while the American specimens have from five to seven quite marked rounded lobes, 

especially the larger leaves. Some of the smaller leaves, spoken of by 

Lesquereux' as variety minor, are usually entire, without either lobes' 

or crenations. The primate nervation is practically the same in the 

European and American specimens, although there are slight minor 

differences. The ultimate nervation, however, is quite different, there 

being in the Bilin specimens well-marked free veuules within the quadrangular meshes, as in the Drymaria 2 type of ferns. These differences 

seem strong enough to exclude the probability of the European and 

American specimens being specifically identical, but for the present I 

have decided to retain them as established by Lesquereux.

These leaves seem to have a strong resemblance to the genus Menispermuin, some of the larger leaves being especially like M. canadense 

of the eastern United States. This living species has the same form 

and lobed outline, and the same primary and finer quadrate nervation. 

It has the free venules, however, like the Biliu specimens, thus differing from the American, and, further, the quadrate nervation, while 

being much the same shape, is not raised, as in the American specimens. 

It may possibly represent an allied species of Menispernmm.

. It has been suggested that the American leaves resemble and are 

possibly related to leaves of Bowlesia, a small delicate umbellifer from 

southwestern United States, but careful examination fails to reveal 

more than a superficial resemblance between them. The leaves of 

Bowlesia are smaller, more markedly lobed, and with a coarser nervation, which is not at all raised, as in the Point of Bocks specimens. The 

leaf of Bowlesia is ihin and delicate, while the fossil leaves under discussion were evidently thick.

Habitat. Point of Rocks, Wyoming. Black Buttes, Wyoming (single 

obscure specimen). Golden, Colorado?

'Bull. IT. S. Geol. aiid Geog. Surv. Terr., Vol. I, p. 367 (1875). 

*Cf. Gard. and Ett., Brit. Eoc. M., Vol. I, p. 25 (1880).
KNOWLTON.] DESCRIPTION OF SPECIES. 51

FlCUS DALMATICA Ett. 

PL VIII, fig. 4.

Ficus dalmatica Ett., Eoc. Fl. Mt. Proinina, p. 29, PL VII, fig. 11 (1855); Lesquereux, 

Ann. Kept. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., 1874, p. 303 (1875); Tert. FL, p. 

199, PL LXIII, figs. 3-5 (1878).

This European species was identified by Lesquereux with specimens 

from Point ot Rocks, Wyoming. One of these specimens (No. 294, original of PI. LXIII, fig. 4) is in the United States National Museum, 

and agrees exactly with the figures of this species in Ettiugshausen's 

paper (loc. cit.). A single specimen is contained in Professor Ward's 

material from Point of Eocks.

In the recent collection from the true Laramie at the coal mine on 

Coal Creek, Boulder County, Colorado, I find a single leaf that is 

almost the exact counterpart of figs. 3 and 4 of Lesquereux's plate (op. 

cit.). There can be no doubt of the correctness of this determination.

Habitat. Point of Eocks, Wyoming. Coal Creek, Boulder County, 

Colorado.

FlCUS LliREGULARIS Lx.

Ficm irregularis Lx., Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., Vol. I, p. 368 (1875);

Tert. FL, p. 196, PL XXXIV, figs 4-7; PL LXIII. fig. 9 Q878). [Non Ward.

Types Lar. Fl., p. 38, PL XX, fig. 4 (1887).] 

Ulmus? irregularis Lx., Ann. Eept. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., 1872, p. 378

(1873).

This species was originally described from specimens obtained at 

Golden, Colorado, and as.the type specimens are preserved in the 

United States National Museum (Nos. 296, 297), it is seen that they 

came from the Denver formation, probably of South Table Mountain. 

The species is also reported by Lesquereux in numerous well-identified 

specimens from Point of Eocks, Wyoming, but of these specimens 

only a single one (No. 295a, the original of PI. LXIII, fig. 9J is now 

to be found in the Museum collection. This example represents only 

 ' the petiole and a small portion of the base of the leaf, but as nearly as 

:. can be made out it really belongs to this species. So far as I know, 

i; no other specimens have been obtained from Point of Eocks, although 

i ] Professor Ward and others have made quite extensive collections from

that place.

i Lesquereux also reports this species from Black Butter, Wyoming, 

; but the specimen or specimens from which his determination was

made can not now be found in the Museum collection, and in fact does ii :| * not appear to have ever been there; and as no other specimens have

been collected in that locality, the determination is more or less open 

to question. 

^ The leaf referred to Ficus irregularis by Ward 1 is, with little doubt,

| ' ' Types Lar. Fl., p. 38, PI. XX, fig. 5.
52 FLORA OF THE MONTANA FORMATION.

Rhamnus goldianus Lx. ] It has a slightly heart-shaped base, with a 

number of short tertiaries going out from the lower side of the first 

pair of secondaries, exactly as Lesquereux describes for jR. goldianus, 

and quite unlike typical Ficus irregularis. The latter has a narrowed 

or wedge-shaped base, with no tertiaries on the lower side of the first 

pair of secondaries.

Habitat. Point of Eocks, Wyoming. Black Buttes, Wyoming.? 

Golden, Colorado.

Ficus TILIYEFOLIA Al. Br.

PI. XIII, fig. 1.

This species is reported by Lesquereux from a large number of localities, including in age the Montana formation, true Laramie, Denver, 

and Eocene or Miocene, audit can not therefore be regarded diagnostic 

of any formation.

The recent collections contain a somewhat fragmentary leaf from 

Point of Rocks, Wyoming, which I refer with some hesitation to this 

species. It is very similar to a figure of Ficus tilicefolia given by Heer,2 

except that it has slenderer intermediate secondaries and more irregular areolation. It may represent a new species, but as it is quite imperfect I have preferred to keep it under F. tilicefolia rather than make 

it a supposed new species.

Habitat. Point of Eocks, Wyoming. 1? Golden, Colorado. Burns's 

ranch, Montana.

FlOUS PLANICOSTATA 1? Lx.

PI. X, fig. 4; PI. XII, figs. 2-4.

Ficus planicostata Lx., Arm. Kept. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., 1872, p. 393 (1873); 

Tert. Fl., p. 201, PI. XXXI, figs. 1-8, 11, 12 (1878).

The collections from various localities contain a number of specimens 

that are referred with more or less hesitation to this species. They 

differ considerably in size, yet on the whole it seems best to place them 

under this species, at least until more complete material can be obtained.

Habitat. Coalville, Utah; collected by T. W. Stanton. Point of 

Rocks, Wyoming; collected by Lester F. Ward. Duun's ranch, Wyoming; collected by Knowlton, Stauton, and Knight.

Ficus SPECIOSISSIMA Ward.

Ficus specio8i88ima Ward, Types Lar. Fl., p. 39, PI. XXI, fig. 3 (1887).

Habitat. Point of Eocks, Wyoming, gray sandstone bed north of 

station. Collected by Lester F. Ward, September, 1881.

i Tert. FL, p. 281, PI. LIII, figs. 4-8 (1878).

*F1. Tort. Helv., Vol. II, PI. LXXXIII, fig. 7 (1856).
KNOWI/TON.] DESCRIPTION OF SPECIES. 53

NELUMBO INTERMEDIA n. sp.

PI. XIII, tigs. 3-5. 

Lemna scutala Dn., Lesquerenx,Tert. Fl., p. 102, PI. LXI, fig. 2 [non fig. 5] (1878).

Leaf thinnish, nearly circular, slightly undulate on the margin; centrally peltate, nerves about twelve or thirteen, regularly radiating, rather 

weak and tortuous, forking near or below the middle and again near 

the margin, where they form an irregular polygonal network of large 

areoles; finer or cross nervation not well preserved.

This species is represented in the collections by some five or six more 

or less fragmentary examples. They vary in diameter from about 26 mm. 

to 34 mm. and are almost regularly circular, with slightly undulate 

margins. The point at which the petiole was attached is at or very near 

the center, from which point the twelve or thirteen veins radiate in a 

regular manner. They fork near or below the middle.

Much interest attaches to this species. Fig. 5 of PL XIII is redrawn 

from Lesquereux's original specimen (No. 540, United States National 

Museum), which was identified with the Lemna scutata of Dawson in 

the Tertiary Flora, page 102, and figured on PI. LXI, fig. 2. In his discussion of Pistia corrugata on page 104 of the same work Lesquereux 

says:

This [the peltate character] is remarked especially in the two specimens which 

I have described as representing Lemna scutata Daws., but which seem positively 

referable to this species.

And again:

It is not so easy to explain the central appearance of the pedicel or base of the leaf 

of fig. 2 [the one here redrawn] just in the central part of an exactly round outline, 

if this specimen represents a leaf of the same kind. This could be done only by 

supposing that the lower part of the leaf with its pedicel has been folded up, compressed, and effaced by maceration, leaving only the space marked in the upper part 

of the leaf as trace of i ts existence.

It is therefore clear that Lesquereux recognized its anomalous character, and while referring it to Lemna scutata he argued strongly as to 

its affinity with his Pistia corrugata. It clearly belongs to neither, 

but is undoubtedly a ISTelumbo.

In seeking for affinities among fossil forms of Nelumbo, the N. Dawsoni of Hollick, 1 which was originally named Brasenia antiqua by Dawson,2 but was preoccupied by the earlier B. antiquaof Newberry,3 is immediately suggested. Dawson's species comes from the Belly Eiver series 

of the Canadian Geological Survey, near Medicine Hat, British Columbia. 

In order to obtain Dawson's opinion as to the probable relationship

1 Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, Vol. XXI, p. 309 (1894).

8 Trans. Eoy. Soc. Canada, Vol. Ill, Sec. IV, p. 15, fig. in text (1885).

s Proc. tT. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, Vol. V, p. 514 (1883).
54, FLORA OF THE MONTANA FORMATION.

between them, the original specimen was sent to him, and his reply is 

as follows:

Ou comparing your species with B. antiqua, there seems no characteristic difference except in the venation. That, however, in your specimen is different not only 

in the fewer nerves, but in their feebler and more tortuous development. It is 

just possible that your leaf may be a young depauperated or bleached leaf of B. 

antiqua; but if the others are like it in their characters this would not be likely.

An examination of the material shows that the specimens all agree 

perfectly among themselves as to number and character of the nerves, 

aucl it is on this character alone that the species are separated. They 

are certainly very closely allied, and it is possible that more extensive 

material would show a variation sufficient to unite them.

The differences may be briefly stated as follows: JV. Dawsoni has 

eighteen rather strong nerves, while N. intermedia has only twelve 

or thirteen relatively weak, tortuous nerves. Dawson has described, 

but not figured, another leaf under the name of Nelumbium saskatchuense, 1 which is about the same size as those under discussion, but 

which has only seven nerves.

The age of this last species is not stated positively, but it appears to 

belong to the Fort Union or the Upper Laramie of the Canadian geologists. He has described still another species (2V. pygmceum?) from the 

Tertiary of the Siinilkameen Eiver, British Columbia, which is not 

widely different.

This genus appears to have been introduced in ^Torth America in the 

lower part of the Upper Cretaceous and to have continued until the 

present time. Following is a list of the North American species with 

the horizon of each:

Nelumbium arcticum Heer, Atane beds, Greenland. 

Nelumbo Dawsoni Hollick, Belly River series.

Nelumbo intermedia n. sp., Montana formation, Point of Rocks, Wyoming. 

Nelumbo laramiensis Hollick, Laramie formation, Florence, Colorado. 

Nelumbium tenuifolium Lx., Laramie formation, Sand Creek, Colorado. 

Nelumbium Lakesianum Lx., Denver group, Golden and Sedalia, Colorado. 

Nelumbium saskatchuense Dn., Canadian Upper Laramie?, Saskatchewan. 

Nelumbium pygmseum Dn., Miocene, Similkameen River.

Habitat. Point of Eocks, Wyoming. Original Hay den collection, 

and also found by Lester F. Ward in 1882.

FELUMBO? sp.

PI. XIII, fig. 6. 

Casialia sp. Kn., Staiiton and Knowlton, Bull. Geol. Soc. Am., Vol. VIII, p. 140 (1897).

Leaf nearly circular in outline; peltate but not quite centrally so; ribs 

radiating, apparently numerous, and forking. 

The fragment figured is the only one of this form obtained. It appears

1 Trans. Eoy. Soc. Canada, Vol. V, Sec. IV, p. 35 (1887).

2 Ibid., Vol. Vm, Sec. IV, p. 87, fig, 22 (1890).
KNOWLTON.] DESCRIPTION OF SPECIES. 55

to have been approximately circular in outline, being about 17 mm. in 

diameter. It is peltate, but not quite centrally so, and appears to have 

had numerous radiating ribs, which apparently forked near the middle. 

They are so faintly preserved that it is quite impossible to count them. 

The finer nervation can not be made out.

This little leaf belongs without much doubt to Nelumbo, but it is so 

poorly preserved that I have hesitated to give it a specific name. It is 

smaller and seems to have had a greater number ot ribs than N. intermedia, but this is obscure. They may possibly be the same.

Habitat. Point of Rocks, Wyoming.

OAST ALIA? DUTTONIANA n. gp.

PL XIII, fig. 7. 

Castalia n. sp. Kn., Bull. Geol. Soc. Am., Vol. VIII, p. 140 (1897).

Leaf of firm texture, nearly circular in outline, slightly heart-shaped 

at base, ronnded above ; midrib thin, irregular, flexuous, with several 

forks or branches above; secondaries palmate, about three pairs on each 

side, of equal strength, arising at the apex of the petiole, two or three 

times forked, the ultimate branches uniting to form irregularly polygonal meshes or areas of various sizes, the outer series or row apparently 

entering the margin; finer nervation obscure, but apparently reticuated.

Besides the leaf figured, with its counterpart, there is only one other 

fragment that can be referred to this form. The leaf is nearly circular, being about 4.75 cm. in length and 5 cm. in width. It is very 

obtuse and rounded at the apex, and is slightly but plainly heartshaped at the base. The margin is perfectly entire. The petiole is long 

and slender.

Habitat. Near old stage road on north fork of Button Creek, between 

Rock and Cooper creeks, Wyoming. Collected by Knowlton, Knight, 

and Stanton, July, 1896.

MAGNOLIA TENUINERVIS Lx.

PI. XIV, fig. 1.

Magnolia tenuinervis Lx., Am. Jour. Sci., 2d ser.,Vol. XLV, p. 207 (1868); Ann. Kept.

U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr. 1869, p. 96 (1869) [Eeprint 1873, p. 196]; ibid.,

1870, p. 383 (1872); ibid., 1876, p. 518 (1878); Tert. FL, p. 249, PI. XLIV, figs.

5, 6; PI. XLV, figs, 1-5 (1878); Cret. and Tert.Fl., p. 124, PI. XIX, fig. 6 (1884);

Bull. Mus. Comp. Zocil., Vol. XVI, p. 53 (1888). 

Maf/noHa Inglefeldi Heer, Lesquereux, Ann. Kept. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv.

Terr., 1872, p. 196 (1873).

All but two of the type specimens of this species as figured in the 

Tertiary Flora are preserved in the United States National Museum; 

but there appears to have been some confusion as to the localities from 

which some of them came. Thus, the original of fig. 3 (Tert. Fl., PI. 

XLV) is recorded in the Museum catalogue as coming from Golden,
56 FLORA OF THE MONTANA FORMATION.

Colorado, but the matrix proves beyond doubt that it came from 

Black Buttes, Wyoming. The same is the case with another duplicate 

specimen of this species (No. 366).

The original of fig. 2 (loc. cit.) is undoubtedly from Golden, Colorado, 

and that of fig. 5 from Hodges Pass, Wyoming, although this latter 

locality has been erased from the Museum catalogue. The originals of 

figs. 1 and 4 can not be found, nor can that of fig. 6, PI. XIX, in the 

Cretaceous and Tertiary Flora, which is said to be in the National 

Museum.

This species is also represented in the collection of leaves obtained 

by Mr. T. W. Stanton at Coalville, Utah. This determination rests 

upon the single specimen here figured. It is a very perfect leaf, more 

perfect in fact than any heretofore referred to this species. It is 

regularly and broadly ovate in shape, rounded abruptly to a slightly 

wedge-shaped base, and tapering above into a rather acute apex. The 

midrib is very thick and prominent, and the whole leaf evidently 

coriaceous and thick. The secondaries are alternate, parallel, and 

curve along the borders in simple bows. They do not appear to be 

branched as described for M. tenuinervis, and on this account may 

possibly represent another species.

This Coalville leaf is undoubtedly very similar to fig. 5 of PI. XLV 

of the Tertiary Flora, which is said to have come from Bridger Pass, 

Wyoming. The secondaries can not all be made out, but none appear 

to branch as shown in the leaf from Bridger Pass. The Coalville 

specimen is also suggestive of M. pseudoacuminata Lx., from the 

Dakota group of Kansas. 1 The outline and apparent thickness of 

midrib are the same, yet the Dakota leaf has the secondaries at a 

more open angle, and they are often forked in the upper portion. M. 

pseudoacuminata is undoubtedly related to M. tenuinervis. Tertiary 

Flora, PI. XLV, fig. 5, and intermediate in some particulars stands the 

leaf from Coalville. It is altogether likely that this may represent a 

case of direct descent. If this supposition be correct, our knowledge 

of the development may stand as follows:

Magnolia pseudoacuminata Lx., Dakota group.

M. tenuinervis? Lx., Montana formation.

M- tenuinervis Lx., Laramie and Denver groups.

M. Inglefeldi Heer, Tertiary.

M. acuminata L. ; living.

This species is apparently rare at Golden, Colorado, for so far as 

known only three specimens, including one of the figured types, have 

been found there. Only one appears to have come from Bridger Pass, 

Wyoming, while the most abundant distribution is at Black Buttes, 

Wyoming.

Habitat. Coalville, Utah. Black Buttes and Hodges Pass, Wyoming. 

Golden, Colorado (Denver beds).

»F1. Dak. Gr., p. 199, PI. XXIV, fig. 2 (1891).
KNOWLTON.] DESCRIPTION OF SPECIES. 57

MAGNOLIA PULCHRA Ward.

Magnolia pulohra Ward, Syn. PI. Lar. Gr., p. 556, PI. LX, figs. 2,3 (1886); Types 

Lar. FL, p. 103, PI. XLVIII, figs. 3,4 (1887).

Habitat, Point of Rocks, Wyoming.

LlRIODENDRON LARAMIENSE Ward.

Liriodendron. Jaramiense Ward, Syn. Fl. Lar. Gr., p. 556, PL LX, fig. 1 (1886); Types 

Lar. FL, p. 102, PL XLVIII, fig. 2 (1887).

The specimen figured is the only one thus far obtained. It lacks the 

upper portion of the leaf, but the portion preserved has the nervation 

of Liriodendron, and it is therefore reasonably safe to consider it as 

belonging to this genus.

Habitat. Point of Rocks, Wyoming, gray sandstone cliff north of 

station. Collected by Lester P. Ward, September, 188L.

ASIMINA EOCENICA? Lx.

PL XIV, fig. 3.

Asimina eooenica Lx., Tert. FL, p. 251, PL XLIII, figs. 5-8 (1878); Stanton and Knowlton, Bull. Geol. Soc. Am., Vol. VIII, p. 140,1897.

The collection contains a single specimen that with little doubt 

belongs to this species. It has, as may be seen, the same shape, the 

same very thick.petiole and midrib diminishing in size above, and 

approximately the same nervation. The secondaries are at a little 

more acute angle of divergence, and perhaps pass up along the margin 

for a greater, distance; the difference is slight, and I have placed it 

under this species. The finer nervation is not retained.

Habitat. Coal mine on north fork of Button Creek, near old stage 

road, Laramie Plains, Wyoming. Collected by Knowlton, Stantou, and 

Knight, July 28,1896. The species has also been found in the Denver 

beds at Golden, Colorado, and at Black Buttes, Wyoming.

MALAPOENNA MACROPHYLLOIDES n. sp.

PL XIV, figs. 4, 5.

Leaf large, firm in texture, oblong in outline, entire, slightly inequilateral at base; petiole short, thick; midrib thick in the lower part, 

becoming thinner above; secondaries about eight pairs, opposite or 

rarely alternate; intermediate secondaries thin, extending half the distance to the margin; lower secondaries at an acute angle, those in the 

upper part of the leaf at a broader, all catnptodroine, arching in a series 

of large regular bows, from the outside of which proceed frequently a 

series of smaller bows nearly or quite filling the space between the secondaries and the margin; nervilles broken, producing a very peculiar 

irregularly rectangular areolation.
58 FLORA OF THE MONTANA FOEMATION.

This species is based on the two specimens figured. These are 

undoubtedly the same species, and they are well characterized by the 

peculiar irregular quadrangular areolation, as well as by the peculiar 

manner of the looping of the secondaries.

Not one of these leaves is preserved entire. The best-preserved, fig. 

5, must have been fully 10 cm. long and 4 cm. broad. The upper 

portion of this leaf is almost all preserved; it is rather abruptly acuminate. The other leaf, fig. 4, has only about 5 cm. in length of the 

basal portion preserved. It has a thick petiole nearly 1 cm. long, and 

shows the base to be slightly inequilateral. The midrib is also quite 

thick, but its most marked character is the peculiar looping of the 

secondaries.

This species is so strikingly similar in outline-and nervation to Litsea 

macropliylla as figured by Ettingshausen 1 that I can but regard them 

as related. The living leaf has the same thick petiole, the secondaries 

alternate below and at an acute angle. The peculiar looping of the 

secondaries may also be observed in the living leaf.

There are also a number of well-known fossil leaves of various genera 

to which their species has more or less resemblance. For example, it 

resembles in one or more important particulars Magnolia Inglefeldi 

Heer,2 M. primigenia Heer, 3 M. tenuinervis Lx.,4 etc. It has also been 

likened to Ficus, but as it seems closer to the above mentioned Litsea, 

I have preferred to place it in this genus.

Habitat. Point of Rocks, Wyoming, north of station and midway 

of cliff. Collected by Lester F. Ward, September 3, 1881.

LAURUS PRIMIGENIA Ung.

Laurus primigenia Ung.: Lesquereux, Tert. Fl., p. 214, PI. XXXVI, figs. 5,6, 8; Ward, 

Syn. Fl. Lar. Gr., p. 553, PI. XLVI, figs. 8-10; Types Lar. Fl., p. 48, PI. XXIII, figs. 

8-10.

The Specimens referred to this species from the type locality for L. 

socialis can not now be found in the National Museum collections, if 

they have ever been there. They differ very slightly from that species, 

being "more narrowly lanceolate, more distinctly acuminate, and narrowly cuneate," characters which are of little weight. The nervation 

and areolation are said by Lesquereux to be of the same character.

This species is reported by Lesquereux 5 from the Denver beds of 

Golden, Colorado, and by Professor Ward'1 from Carbon and Point 

of Bocks, Wyoming. The specimen from Golden I have not seen, nor 

have I been able to detect the species among the recent material from 

there. The example from Carbon is of the same shape as many leaves

1 Blatt-Sketlete, d. Dikotyledonen, PI. XIII, fig. 2 (1861).

2 Fl. Fosa. Arct., Vol. II, Abtb. IV, PI. LI, figs. 4-7. 

s Ibid., Vol. VII, PI. LXXXVI, fig. 8. 

« Tert. FL, p. 249, PI. LIV, fig. 2. 

"Bull. Mus. Corap. Zool., Vol. XVI, p. 50. 

«Types Lar. FL, p. 47, PL XXIII, figs. 8-10.
KNOWLTON.] DESCRIPTION OF SPECIES. 59

referred to L. primigenia, and has much the same nervation. It appears 

to have been correctly determined. Of the two fragments from Point 

of Kocks, probably only one (the original of fig. 10) can be, correctly 

referred to this species. With Ettingshausen, 1 I must regard fig. 9 

as more like L. ocotecefolia Ett., and quite unlike typical forms of L. 

primigenia.

Habitat. Point of Bocks and Carbon, Wyoming. Golden, Colorado. 

Evaustou, Wyoming.

LATJRTJS PK^ESTANS Lx.

PL XVI, fig. 2.

Laurus prcestans Lx., Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., Vol. I, p. 368 (1875); 

Ann. Kept. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., 1874, p. 305 (1875); ibid., 1876, p. 

510 (1878); Tert. Fl., p. 215, PI. LXIII, fig. 7 (1878).

The type specimen of this species is preserved in the United States 

National Museum (No. 311). It represents a large, finely preserved leaf 

that is broadly elliptical-lanceolate in shape, being narrowed in about the 

same degree upward to a sharp-pointed, slightly scythe-shaped apex, 

and downward to the prominent petiole. The midrib is very thick, and 

the strong, equidistant parallel secondaries emerge at an angle of 

about 40°.

This leaf is very suggestive generically of Ficus, yet, as Lesquereux 

has pointed out, it is evidently quite closely connected with various 

Lauraceae, as Persea speciosa Heer, Laurus princeps Heer, Laurus 

Canariensis Web., etc.

I have referred to this species the single small specimen obtained by 

Professor Ward at Point of Eocks, which, although fragmentary, seems 

to belong to it.

Habitat. Point of Eocks, Wyoming.

CINNAMOMUM AFFiNE Lx. emend.

PI. XIV, fig. 2. 

Cinnamomum affine Lx., Tert. Fl., p. 219, PI. XXXVII, figs. 1-4 [non fig. 5], 7 (1878).

The discussion of much that relates to the early history of this species 

has been given under Ficus trinerms, page 42. It was there shown 

that two species appeared to have been confused under the name of 

0. affine, and an attempt was made to remove the forms showing so 

marked differences from the typeThe original locality whence came what maybe called typical C. affine 

(Tert. FL, PI. XXXVII, figs. 1-4) is unknown, as is also the location of 

the type specimens. The Priuceton Museum contains a slab bearing 

several finely preserved leaves, which has a label attached reading as 

follows: "La. South Park, Col." The matrix is a hard white sandstone 

unlike anything with which I am familiar from South Park, but quite

' Ward: Types Lar. M., p. 48.
60 FLOE A OF THE MONTANA FORMATION.

like certain material from the.true Laramie of the vicinity of Golden, 

Colorado. Moreover, Lesquereux, in speaking of this species in the 

Tertiary Flora (p. 220), says:

Golden, Colorado, where the fine large specimen was discovered and communicated 

by Capt. E. Berthoud. A specimen, also, with a number of leaves of the same character, has been lately sent by Rev. A. Lakes.

The "La." of the Princeton slab obviously stands for li Lakes," but 

the remainder of it is quite unintelligible. The single example from 

Golden is in a hard sandstone, but whether this and the Princeton 

specimen are from the same locality can never be known, and therefore 

new lines must be adopted for it.

In no authenticated instance has this species been reported from a 

younger horizon than the true Laramie, except when what was called 

C. mississippiense has been united to it. The type specimens of this 

latter species are in the museum of the State University at Oxford, 

Mississippi, and not a single example has become the property of the 

National Museum. Lesquereux appears to have been inclined to put 

these two forms together, but in absence of material for comparison I 

have hesitated to do so. Judging from the figures of the two species 

they are close, if not actually identical.

The collection made by Mr. Stanton at Coalville, Utah, contains 

numerous finely preserved examples of G. affine, of the types shown in 

figs. 1-4 op. cit. They are entirely different from the form separated 

under the name of Ficus.

Habitat. Coalville, Utah.

ClNNAMOMUM 1 STANTONI n. gp.

PL XV, fig. 1.

Leaf elongated, elliptical in outline, narrowed from about the 

middle of the leaf to a wedge-shaped base and in the same manner 

above to an acuminate apex; petiole short, rather slender; midrib thick 

below, becoming slender above, straight; secondaries, four pairs, the 

lowest pair strongest, opposite, arising high above the base at an angle 

of about 45°, camptodrome, running well inside the margin for onethird the length of the blade and joining the secondaries next above; 

upper secondaries thin, alternate, also arching inside the margin and 

joining; finer nervation not preserved.

The leaf figured is the only one observed. It is absolutely perfect 

so far as outline goes, being 5.5 cm. in length, including the petiole, 

which is about 3 mm. long and 2.5 cm. in width. It is elliptical in 

shape and about equally narrowed below to the rather long, wedgeshaped base and above to the acuminate apex.

This leaf is associated with large numbers of very perfectly preserved leaves of Ginnamomum affine, but clearly differs from them in 

shape and nervation.
KNOWLTON.] DESCRIPTION OF SPECIES. 61

Among fossil species a number may be mentioned that have more or 

less resemblance to the one under consideration. Thus Ginnamomum 

polymorphum Heer 1 may be mentioned. This species has much the 

same shape as the Coalville example, but differs in having the lower pair 

of secondaries at a sharper angle. They branch on the outside, and also 

ascend higher toward the point of the blade. Perhaps the closest 

species is C. ellipsoideum Sap. and Mar., as figured by Lesquereux2 

from the Dakota group of Fort Barker, Kansas. This leaf is very 

much like C. Stantoni, being, however, more nearly ovate in outline, 

with a thicker, much larger petiole, and with the lower pair of secondaries nearer the base of the blade and passing up for a longer distance. 

It is certainly very suggestive of the Montana species.

The species is named in honor of the collector of the specimen, 

Mr. T. W. Stanton.

Habitat. Coalville, Utah.

EHUS MEMBRANACEA Lx.

Ehus membranacea Lx., Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr.,Vol. I, p. 369 (1875); 

Ann. Kept. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv: Terr., 1874, p. 306 (1876); ibid., 1876 

(1878), p. 518; Tert. FL, p. 292, PI. LXIV, figs. 6, 7 (1878).

The only specimens ever obtained of this species are the two figured 

in the Tertiary Flora, both of which are preserved in the United States 

National Museum (Nos. 530, 531). They were well described and their 

affinities pointed out by Lesquereux, to which there is nothing to add.

Habitat. Point of Eocks, Wyoming.

G-REWIOPSIS CLEBURNI Lx.

Greiviopsis Cleburni Lx., Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., Vol.1, p. 380 (1875); 

Ann. Kept. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., 187.4, p. 306 (1876); ibid., 1876, 

p. 514 (1878); Tert. FL, p. 259, PL LXII, fig. 12 (1878).

The type of this species is not now, and according to the records lias 

never been, the property of the United States National Museum. It 

appears to have been carefully described and figured, and as no additional material has. been obtained from the type locality, its present 

status must remain.

Habitat. Point of Eocks, Wyoming.

MENISPERMITES KNIGHTII n. sp.

PL XV, fig. 2.

Leaf evidently thick in texture, broadly cordate, with rounded base 

and very deep sinuses, rounded, truncate at apex; margin undulate 

lobed, the lobes very short, obtuse, and entire or erose; nervation palmate, with about seven primary nerves of equal strength which appar-

»F1. Tert. Helv., Vol. II, PI. XCIV, figs. 1-26 (1856). 

*F1. Dak. Gr., p. 105, PL LI, fig. 8 (1892).
62 FLORA OF THE MONTANA FORMATION.

ently pass to the rounded lobes or are once or twice forked, the branches 

passing to the lobes; finer nervation not preserved.

This fine leaf was the only dicotyledon found in these beds after much 

search. It is much broader than long, being 6.5 cm. broad and about 

4 cm. long. The base is regularly rounded to a very deep, sharp sinus, 

appearing almost peltate. The apex is very obtuse, even truncate. The 

margin has about six or seven broad, short, obtuse, entire or erose lobes, 

separated by very shallow sinuses. The palmate nervation apparently 

passes directly, or once forking, to the lobes. The nervation is very 

obscure and none of the finer details can be made out.

It is with some hesitation that this leaf is referred to the genus 

Menispermites, but it appears to resemble that genus more closely than 

any other with which I am familiar. It is, for example, in gen eral appear 

auce not greatly unlike M. grandis Lx., 1 from the Dakota group of Kansas. 

This latter species differs, however, in being more rounded and distinctly 

peltate. The nervation is quite similar.

1 take pleasure in naming this species in honor of Prof. W. 0. Knight, 

of the University of Wyoming, who indicated the locality at which the 

specimen was found and assisted in making the collection.

Habitat. Near Harpers Station, on the Union Pacific Railroad, 

Wyoming.

TRAPA ? MICROPHYLLA Lx.

PI. V, fig. 7.

Trapa? microphyllaLx.., Bull. U. S. Geol. andGeog. Surv. Terr., Vol. I, p. 369 (1875);

Ann. Kept. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., 1874, p. 304 (1876); ibid., 1876,

p. 518 (1878); Tert. Fl., p. 295, PI. LXI, figs. 16,17, 17a; Newberry, Traus. N. Y.

Aoad. Sci., Vol. IX, p. 30 (1889); Bull. Geol. Soc. Am., Vol. I, p. 525 (1890); 

' Dawson, Trans. Roy. Soc. Canada, 1886, p. 31 (1886). 

fNeuropteris angulata Newb., Rept. Colorado Exploring Exped., under Lieut. J. C.

Ives, p. 131, PI. Ill, fig. 5'(1861).

Only one of the figured specimens, the original of fig. 17 of PI. LXI, 

Tertiary Flora, is now found in the collection of the United States 

National Museum. The other figured type has never been there, and 

inasmuch as Lesquereux speaks of having seen specimens belonging 

to Mr. William Cleburn, it is more than probable that it was in his 

collection, the whereabouts of which is unknown. A number of fairly 

good specimens were obtained by Professor Ward at the type locality.

The original specimens came from Point of Bocks, Wyoming. After 

describing them carefully, Lesquereux writes ( Tert. Fl., p. 295) as 

follows:

These leaves, represented in numerous specimens, vary in size from a little more 

than one centimeter long, and nearly as large, to about two and a half centimeters 

long and nearly two broad. They are generally oval, very obtuse and somewhat 

enlarged upward; the borders are minutely dentate, except at or near the base, 

rounded to a comparatively long and slender petiole, the only one of the leaves

1 Oet. and Tert. Fl., p. 80, PI. XV, figs. 1, 2.
KNOWLTON.I DESCRIPTION OF SPECIES. 63

where it is preserved, not even to its base, being eighteen millimeters long and the 

petiole nine millimeters. The areolation is clearly defined ill very small square or 

polygonal meshes, formed by close, thick nervilles anastomosing with veinlets 

parallel to the nerves and their divisions, the parietes being as thick as the veins. 

The same kind of nervation is observable upon the lower surface of the leaves of 

the living Trapa natans L., which, though comparable to these fossil ones, have the 

borders deeply toothed and are of much thicker texture. In this species the leaves 

appear as membranaceous and pellucid, for the nervation and areolation seem drawn 

in black on the yellowish substratum of the lamina}.

On comparing the fossil leaves with the living T. natans many points 

of resemblance are found. They have apparently the same habit, and, 

with certain limitations, the nervation is quite similar. Strong confirmatory evidence is supplied by the fact that this plant is always associated 

with undoubted aquatic plants, such as Leinna, Pistia, Equisetum, 

etc., and in. Canada Sir William Dawson has found the leaves associated 

in the same beds with fruits of Trapa. He speaks of them as follows: 1

These fruits and leaves are all from the Lower Laramie, with the exception of 

one doubtful example from the Upper Laramie of Great Valley. The localities are 

Bad Lands, Eed Deer and Rosebud rivers, and Pincher Creek. In some of these localities they are associated with Lemna scutata and Phragmites.

The leaves seem to be very variable in form and dimensions, and in Mr. Tyrrell's 

collection there are fragments of much larger leaves than any figured by Lesquereux.

In another place he says:

111 Mr. Tyrrell's collections from Red Deer and Rosebud rivers there are fruits 

similar to Heer's species (Trapa borealis} and leaves not distinguishable from those 

described and figured by Lesquereux. We have thus a probability that the fruits 

and leaves belong to the same species.

From the above statement it appears that this species has been found 

in Wyoming and in various Canadian localities under practically similar 

conditions that is, associated with aquatic plants and, in one, with 

fruits of Trapa. The presumption of their identity is thus strengthened, and also their reference to the genus Trapa.

n

During the reason of 1896 large numbers of leaves in a very perfect 

state of preservation were found by Mr. T. W. Stanton and myself in 

Converse County, Wyoming, in clay beds in the lower portions of the 

true Laramie.

In 1883 Professor Ward obtained at Burns's ranch, on the Lower 

Yellowstone fiiver, Montana, a large number of finely preserved leaves 

which he referred to Lesquereux's Trapa $ microphylla.2 In describing 

them he said:

The size, shape, and nervation of these leaves are substantially identical with 

those of Point of Rocks, and until fruit is found for both it will bo necessary to 

regard them as the same species.

I have examined all of Professor Ward's material and have reached 

results somewhat opposed to this determination. The size and shape

'Foas. Fl. of Lar. Form, of Canada, Trims. Hoy. Soo. Canada, Vol. IV, p. 31. (1886). 

2 Types Lar. Fl., p. 64, PI. XXVIII, figs. 2-5 (1887).
64 FLORA OF THE MONTANA FORMATION.

are, as he has pointed out, in agreement with the Point of Eocks specimens, but in nervation there are quite important differences. In the 

Point of Eocks specimens the finer nervation consists of fine quadrangular areolations, whereas the Montana specimens have a more open 

nervation with no evidence of the quadrangular arrangement. But the 

most important point of difference is in the leaf character of the Montana examples, which precludes absolutely their reference to the genus 

Trapa that is, the leaves are compound, being trifoliolate, while the 

original specimens from Point of Eocks are simple so far as now known. 

It is of course possible that these latter examples represent detached 

leaflets, but against this supposition we have the fact that among 

numerous specimens, both from Point of Eocks and from the Canadian 

localities, not one has been found that showed any indication of being 

compound. On the other hand, few detached leaflets are found in the 

Montana material, most of them indicating in one way or another the 

fact that they are compound.

In the living Trapa the leaves are arranged in the form of a rosette, 

similar in appearance to what must have been the habit of the Montana 

specimens, but in no case are they compound. The Montana specimens 

are not only trifoliolate, but are compound in a very peculiar manner. 

The normal or typical form appears to consist simply of three similar 

leaflets, but in some exceptional instances both lateral leaflets have 

been again divided into two perfect leaflets, thus possessing five leaflets 

but still retaining the trifoliolate character. This is incompatible 

with Trapa, and it would seem that Professor Ward's specimens from 

Montana must receive a new name. Just what their affinities are is 

difficult to say.

Since the above was written a number of specimens referable to the 

Montana form have been obtained in Wolverine Creek, in the Yellowstone National Park. They formed the characteristic rosette, and 

thus differ from the true Trapa f tnicrophylla^

Habitat. Point of Eocks, Wyoming. Bad Lands, Eed Deer and 

Eosebud rivers, and Pincher Creek, Canada. Lance Creek, Converse 

County, Wyoming, base of "Ceratops beds."

TRAPA? CUNEATA n. sp.

PL V, fig. 6.

Leaf obovate-cuneate, regularly rounded above, wedge-shaped below; 

margin entire for lower two-thirds of leaf, coarsely crenate-toothed at 

apex; midrib slender, somewhat flexuose, with several very slender, 

flexuose, often forking, branches; finer nervation, consisting of very 

numerous small quadranglar areolse.

This form is represented only by the example figured. It is obovatecuneate in outline, being 2 cm. in length and a little more than 1 cm. 

iii width at the broadest point, which is far above the middle of the
KNOWLTON.] DESCRIPTION OF SPECIES. 65

blade, from which point it is regularly wedge shaped to the apparently 

sessile base. The nervation consists of a thin, somewhat flexuose midrib, which has some three or four very thin, often forking, branches, a 

copious fine nervation of minute quadrangular areolaj.

It is with some hesitation that I venture to describe this as a new 

species, but it appears to differ in essential characters from the wellknown T. ? microphylla. The latter is always rounded to the truncate 

base, and has very minute denticulations above. The one under consideration is strongly wedge-shaped at base and has large obtuse or very 

obtusely pointed teeth. I have seen nothing intermediate between 

these two forms, and have therefore described it as new. It is obviously very closely related to T. ? inicrophylla, particularly in the finer 

nervation.

Habitat. Point of Kocks, Wyoming.

PODOG-ONIUM AMERICANUM Lx.

Podogonium americanum Lx., Tert. Fl., p. 208, PI. LIX, fig. 5; PI. LXIII, fig. 2; PI.

LXV, fig. 6 (1878); Cret. and Tert. Fl., p. 202 (1884); Ann. Kept. U. S. Geol. «,ud

Geog. Surv. Terr., 1876, p. 519 (1878). 

Podogonium sp. Lx., Ann. Kept. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., 1873, p. 417 (1874).

Two of the type specimens of this species as figured by Lesquereux 

are preserved in the United States National Museum (No. 485, original 

of PI. LIX, fig. 5, and No. 581, original of PI. LX11I, fig. 2). The original of PI. LXV, fig. 0, is not and, so far as the records show, has never 

been in the Museum collection.

The first of the above-mentioned specimens (No. 485) is said to have 

come from Black Buttes, Wyoming, and is so recorded in the Museum 

register. As it is preserved on the hard, red, baked shale well known 

to be characteristic of a certain horizon at this locality, this statement 

is undoubtedly correct. The other example (No. 581) is recorded in the 

Tertiary Flora (p. 299) a's having come from Middle Park, Colorado, 

while in the Museum register it is recorded as coming from Point of 

Kocks, Wyoming. A glance at the matrix is sufficient to show that it 

could not have come from any recognized locality in Middle Park, 

while on the other hand it is similar to material from Point of Kocks. 

The surmise that it must have come from Point of Kocks is still further 

strengthened by the fact that preserved on the same stone with it is 

one of the figured specimens of Ficus dal.matica Ett., a species that is 

only recorded by Lesquereux 1 from Point of Rocks. It is, therefore, 

without doubt safe to assume that it came from this locality and not 

from Middle Park.

As already stated, the other figured specimen can not now be found, 

and it is altogether probable, judging from the figure, that it does not 

belong to this species. It has, it is true, the same shape, but appears 

to have been a thicker leaf with a quite diiferent nervation. It has

1 Tert. !<'!., \t. 199 (1878).

Bull 1G3 5
66 FLORA OF THE MONTANA FORMATION.

more resemblance to certain leaves of Eucalyptus than to the genus 

rodogonium. It is proper, however, to dismiss it from present consideration.

In the Cretaceous and Tertiary Floras (p. 202) this species, from all 

the localities recorded in the Tertiary Flora, is referred to the Green 

Eiver group, seemingly on the statement that they had come from 

Middle Park, White Eiver, etc. No additional information is given on 

this point, and it may safely be set down as an error.

In the Annual Eeport of the United States Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories for 1873 (p. 417), Lesquereux 

described a fruit and a leaflet from Middle Park and Florissaut, Colorado. The first was not figured and is now lost, and the leaf referred 

to is probably one of those before mentioned.

Habitat. Point of Rocks and Black Buttes, Wyoming.

PTEROSPERMITES WARDII n. sp.

PI. XV, fig.~4; PI. XVI, fig. 1.

Leaf oblong-oval, rounded at base, abruptly acuminate at apex, 

margin serrate above the base, teeth numerous, sharp or obtuse, pointing 

upward; petiole long; midrib flexuose or nearly straight; secondaries 

alternate, six to eight pairs, at an angle of 40° or 45°, camptodrome, 

each joining the one next above by a seriesof small loops, from the outside 

of which slender branches enter the teeth; at the base there is frequently 

a slender nerve starting below the lowest pair of secondaries, follow the 

margin in a series of short loops, and ultimately join the lowest pair of 

secondaries; nervilles prominent, mostly percurrent and at right angles 

to the secondaries; finer nervation not preserved.

These leaves vary in length from 8.5 cm. and in width from 4.5 cm. 

to nearly 6 cm. The longest petiole is 3.5 cm. They appear to have 

been serrate only at some distance above the base, which is regularly

rounded. The secondaries are all camptodrome, joiiiing'by arches from 

the outside of which short branches enter the teeth.

The leaves referred to this species are somewhat anomalous, and it is 

with much uncertainty that they are referred to this genus. They have 

some resemblance to Pterospermites minor Ward 1 from the Fort Union 

group near the mouth of the Yellowstone River. This is excluded, however, by the heart-shaped base and coarser teeth.

Certain of these leaves have some resemblance to Cratcegus antiqua 

Heer 2 and also to Euonymus Proserpinea Engelhardt,3 but the resemblance is only superficial.

Habitat. Point of Rocks, Wyoming (north of station and midway of 

cliff), and Black Buttes, Wyoming. Collected by Lester F. Ward, 

September, 1881.

1 Types Lar. Fl., PI. XLII-, figs 1-3. 

Z F1. Foss. Arct., Vol. VI, Abth.II, PI. VI, flg.11.

3 F1. Brannkohlen Tertiarsch. v. Dux., Nova ActuKaisl. Leop. Caro. Deutsch. Akad. d. Naturf.,Vol. 

LVII,lSro.3,Pl. XIV, fig.4 (1891),
KNOWLTON.] DESCRIPTION OF SPECIES. 67

PTEROSPERMITES UNDULATUS n. sp.

PI. XVI, fig. 3; PI. XVII, fig. 2; PI. XVIII, fig. 4.

Leaf large, oblotig-oval, wedge-shaped at base, margin undulate; 

midrib thick, straight, or slightly flexuose; secondaries seven or eight 

pairs, opposite (or alternate in middle of leaf), at an angle of 50°, camptodrome; lowest pair of secondaries with about seven camptodrome 

branches on the outside; upper secondaries sometimes branching; 

nervilles strong, at right angles to the secondaries, often forking.

Neither of the three leaves referred to this species is perfect. The 

larger one, which represents the upper portion of a leaf, is 8 cm. broad 

and has 11 cm. in length preserved. The smaller and more perfect one 

(fig. 3, PL XVI) is nearly 6 cm. broad and must have been 12 or 13 

cm. long. In fig. 2 the secondaries above the lowest pair are branched. 

Both have the undulate margiu and similar nervation.

This species differs from the preceding, P. Wardii, in being much 

larger, in having an undulate instead of a serrate margin, a wedgeshaped instead of a rounded base, and the lowest pair of secondaries 

with numerous branches on the outside.

Habitat. Point of Kocks, Wyoming, north of station and midway of 

cliff. Collected by Lester F. Ward, September, 1881.

CORNIJS RHAMNIFOLIA O. Web.

Coruus rhamnifolia 0. Web.: Lesquereux, Ann. Kept. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. 

Terr., 1871, Suppl., p. 9 (1872); ibid., 1873, p. 387 (1874); ibid., 1876, p. 513 (1878); 

Tert. Fl., p. 244, PL XLII, fig. 6; McBride, Pop. Sci. Mo., Vol. XXIII, p. 641, fig. 

12 (1883).

This common European Miocene species is represented in American 

strata by a small number of more or less imperfect leaves. The speci-. 

men figured by Lesquereux in the Tertiary Flora is preserved in the 

United States National Museum (No. 357), together with a single additional specimen from the Bozernan (Montana) coal field. The type 

specimen is recorded as having come from Camp Station, near Point of 

Eocks, Wyoming, but judging from the matrix the specimen seems 

much more likely to have come from Evauston. This matrix is unfamiliar from any Point of Eocks locality, yet in absence of further proof 

it must remain, nominally at least, a Point of Eocks species.

The specimen from the Bozeman coal field (No. 933) is in the hard 

whitish sandstone of the true Larainie beds. It is similar to a number 

of doubtful specimens obtained in recent years at the mouth of Fir 

Canyon, 3 mles southeast of Bozeman, Montana.

The specimens referred to this species by McBride (loc. cit.), from the 

Bad Lands of the Little Missouri, are doubtful. The exact locality is 

not stated, although it is probably in Fort Union strata. The upper 

portion of the leaf figured is destroyed, and it is not possible to be 

certain that it is a Cornus.
68 FLORA OF THE MONTANA FORMATION.

It is extremely doubtful if this is the true Cornus rhamnifolia. The 

European leaves differ in size, also slightly in nervation, and, moreover, it is doubtful if much value should be attached to the identification of specimens so widely separated geographically and geologically as 

are these.

Habitat. Point of Rocks, Wyoming. ? Fir Canyon, near Bozeman, 

Montana. 

CORNUS JMPRESSA Lx.

Cornus impressa Lx., Ann. Rept. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., 1873, pp. 385, 

408 (1874); ibid., 1876, p. 513 (1878); Tert. Fl., p. 243, PI. XLII, fig. 3 (1878).

Cornus Emmortsii Ward, Syn. Fl. Lar. Gr., p. 553, PL XLVIII, tigs. 2, 3 (1886); Types 

Lar. FL, p. 55, PL XXVI, figs. 2, 3 (1887).

Leaves coriaceous, oblong-oval, entire, rounded to a very short, 

scarcely distinct acumen, regularly rounded to a short petiole; nervation pinnate, camptodrorae, and aerodrome.

The original type of this fine species is preserved in the United 

States National Museum (No. 354). It came from Mount Bross, Middle Park, Colorado, and is the only example yet obtained from that 

locality. The figure given of it by Lesquereux (loc. cit.) is good, except 

that the lower left-hand side is really preserved, and has a faint 

marginal vein.

The Cornus Emmonsii of Ward rests upon two specimens, both of 

which are again figured on PI. XXVI of his work. The first of these, 

fig. 2, is from North Denver, Colorado, in a ravine in front of 

St. Luke's Hospital, ] and the other, fig. 3, is from one of the upper 

beds at Point of Eocks, Wyoming. At first sight, these two leaves 

appear to differ from the type specimen, but a careful study shows that 

they do not differ from it essentially. The larger one, fig. 3, has the 

two lower pairs of secondaries springing from near the base of the leaf, 

but they arch in the same manner as in the type specimen. In the other 

smaller leaf from Denver, the lower pair of secondaries branch on the 

lower side, forming a series of short bows. Both of these characters 

are observable in living species of Cornus.

The near affinities of G. impressa are undoubtedly with 0. orbifera 

Heer,2 as Lesquereux long ago pointed out.

Habitat. Mount Bross, Middle Park, and North Denver, Colorado. 

Point of Eocks, Wyoming.

CORNUS STUDERI? Heer.

PL XV, fig. 3.

Cornus Studeri Heer, Lesquereux, Ann. Rept. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr*, 1871, 

p. 293 (1872); ibid., 1873, pp. 382, 385 (1874); ibid., 1876, p. 513 (1878); Tert. FL, 

p. 244, PL XLII, figs. 4, 5 (1878); Bull. Mus. Couip. ZooL, Vol. XVI, p. 52 (1888); 

Ward, Syu. Fl. Lar. Gr., p. 553, PL XLVIII, fig. 1; Types Lar. FL, p. 55, 

PL XXVI, fig. 1 (1887).

 Wrongly stated by Professor Ward (Types Lar. FL, p. 55) to be from Golden, Colorado. 

2 Fll Tert. Helv., Vol. Ill, PL CV, fig. 15 (1859).
KNOWLTON.] DESCRIPTION OF SPECIES. 69

Both of the specimens figured by Lesquerenx ns the American types 

of this species are preserved in the United States National Museum 

(Nos. 355, 350). They are both somewhat fragmentary, yet are sufficiently preserved to show their general character. Both come from 

the anclesitic beds at Golden, Colorado, and are like a number of more 

or less fragmentary specimens obtained at the same place in recent 

years.

The specimen obtained at Point of Eocks, Wyoming, by Professor 

Ward, is fortunate in having the base and petiole preserved. It appears 

to agree closely with the specimen figured by Lesquereux, except that 

it has a thicker petiole, and the nervilles are not strictly at right 

angles to the midrib.

As Lesquereux has pointed out, and as further emphasized by the 

question mark placed by him after the species, there is some doubt as 

to the correctness of the specific determination. They are much larger 

than the European specimens, and differ in having the nerves branched 

near the borders. According to Schenk ' there is also doubt as to the 

generic reference of certain of the leaves described as Cornus, especially 

C. iStuderi. The American specimens appear to be closely allied to 

leaves from the same beds that have been called Ficus. Thus they may 

be compared with certain leaves of F. spectabilits Lx.,2 F. irregularis Lx.,:i 

F. uncata Lx.,4 and F. artocarpoides Lx.5 From the latter they differ, 

however, in being wedge-shaped instead of heart-shaped at base. The 

nervation and outside branching of the nerves Hear the margin are 

quite similar in both.

The thick petiole mentioned above in connection with the Point of 

Rocks specimen is a further argument for referring them to Ficus. 

The leaves from Golden are also suggestive of certain, large examples 

of Rhamnus Gleburni Lx.,b which, however, may possibly have to be 

referred to Ficus also.

Taking everything into consideration, it would probably be best to 

abandon Cornus Studeri as an American plant, and either refer the 

various specimens to some known species of Ficus, or possibly create 

a new species for them. But I have hesitated to make this change, 

as nothing certain has been discovered since the original work of 

Lesquereux.

Professor Ward's collection from Point of Rocks contains also 

another fine leaf which I refer to this species. It is narrower than the 

one shown in fig. 3, but has the same arrangement of secondaries as 

Lesquereux's.

Habitat. Golden, Colorado. Point of Rocks, Wyoming.

1 Die Possilen Pflanzenrcste, p. 236.

2 Tert. PL, PI. XXXII, fig. 4.

8 Ibid., PI. XXXIV, fig. 4.

< Ibid., PL XXXIV, fig. 2.

5 Cret. and Tert. Fl., p. 227, PI. XLVII, figs. 1-5.

«Tert. FL, PI. LlII, flgs. 1-3.
70 FLORA OF THE MONTANA FORMATION.

EHAMNUS SALIOIFOLIUS Lx.

Rhamnus salicifolius Lx., Am. Jour. Sci., 2d ser., Vol. XLI, p. 206 (1868); Ann. Kept. 

U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., 1869, p. 196 (1869); ibid., 1872, p. 400 

(1873); ibid., 1873, p. 382 (1874); ibid., 1876., p. 517 (1878); Tert. PI., p. 282, PI. 

LIII, figs. 9,10 (1878).

This species was first described from specimens obtained from Marshall's coal mine, Boulder County, Colorado. This type specimen is 

the original of fig. 9, PI. LIII, of the Tertiary Flora. It is No. 446 

of the United States National Museum collection, but, unfortunately, it 

can not be found at the present time. There is in its place another 

specimen with the same number, which may have been the counterpart 

of the one figured, although, as it is very fragmentary, it is impossible 

to be sure of this. It is exactly like fig. 9 (loc. cit.) in its characters, so 

far as can be made out, and is preserved in the whitish* sandstone 

characteristic of the locality.

The other figured type (Tert. Fl., PI; LIII, fig. 10) is said by Lesquereux to have come from Black Buttes, Wyoming, at which place it 

was obtained by Professor Meek (Ann. Kept. 1872, p. 400), but as the 

Museum catalogue, made up by Lesquereux,. does not record this 

species from Black Buttes, this is probably an error. But as the type 

of this figure can not be found among specimens of this species from 

any other locality, it is impossible to do anything but ignore it until it 

is found or is again collected from-the locality mentioned.

The Museum catalogue records a specimen from Golden, Colorado, 

which is evidently the one referred to by Lesquereux in the Annual 

Report for 1873, page 382. It is No. 837a, and is preserved 011 the same 

stone with Salix Integra Gopp. (No. 837). The matrix is a hard, finegrained, whitish sandstone, not unlike that from Marshall's coal mine, 

and undoubtedly belongs to the true Laramie. A specimen is also 

recorded from the roof of a coal mine on Sand Creek, Colorado (now 

known as Coal Creek). This example (No. 935) bears the impression 

of two leaves which are very much larger than the figured specimens, 

being 11 or 12 cm. long and 4 or 5 cm. wide, whereas the largest type 

(as figured) is 9.5 cm. long and only 2 cm. wide. The base is also different, being broader and less wedge-shaped. It is doubtful whether 

they really belong to this species.

The only other specimen recorded in the Museum catalogue (No. 936) 

is said to have come from " Basaltic rocks, Yellowstone." This specimen is missing, and is disregarded in the present discussion, especially 

as abundant recent collections from Yellowstone Park'do not contain it.

The material obtained by Lakes in Colorado fortunately contains a 

number of fairly well-preserved fragments of this species from the 

coal mine on Coal Creek, Boulder County, Colorado, not far, it is conjectured, from the type locality, as they agree most closely with the 

figured specimen from that place.

The material collected by Mr. T. W. Stanton and myself near Har-
KNOWLTON.] DESCRIPTION OF SPECIES. 71

pers, Wyoming, contains a single example that appears to belong to 

this species. It is not well preserved, and the finer nervation can not 

be made out with satisfaction, but it resembles this more closely than 

any other. It may, however, represent an undescribed species, but it 

must remain for subsequent material to settle this point.

Habitat. Near Harpers, Wyoming. Black Buttes, Wyoming.? 

Boulder County, Colorado. Golden, Colorado (Laramie).

VIBURNUM 1? PBOBLEMATICUM n. sp. 

PI. XIX, fig. 4.

Viburnum marc/matum Lx., Tert. Fl., p. 223, PI. XXXVIII, fig. 2 [non figs. 1, 3-5]. 

Platanus viarginata (Lx.) Heer, Fl. Foss. Arct., Vol. VII, p. 97, PI. XCVI1I, fig. 3 

[non fig. 4, 5; PL XCIX, figs. 2, 3; Pl/CI, fig. 5].

Leaves broadly ovate, rounded and wedge-shaped at base, similarly 

narrowed above to an abruptly acuminate apex; margin for the upper 

two-thirds of blade remotely shallow-toothed; petiole slender; midrib 

thin, straight; secondaries four or five pairs, the lowest pair opposite, 

arising at an angle of about 45° a short distance above the base of the 

blade, with three or four branches on the outside which enter the 

teeth; upper secondaries alternate, simple or once-forked, entering the 

teeth; nervilles very prominent, mainly percurrent at right angles to 

the secondaries or their branches; finer nervation not preserved.

The leaf figured here is 6 cm. in length and 4.5 cm. in width, while 

the one figured by Lesquereux in the Tertiary Flora (PI. XXXVIII, 

fig. 2) is about 7 cm. in length and 3.5 cm. in width. They are very 

similar in shape, margin, and general arrangement of nervation, the 

most important difference being the simple upper secondaries in the 

former leaf, as compared with the forked secondaries in the latter. It 

seems hardly justifiable to keep them distinct on this character.

These leaves are undoubtedly very closely allied to Viburnum? montanum, as j list described. The latter differs somewhat in shape and in 

the number of secondaries and their origin, but in spite of these minor 

differences it is possible that they should properly be placed together.

Viburnum marginatum of Lesquereux has long been considered a 

composite species. It is, of course, well recognized that a single tree 

may have considerable variety in size and shape of leaves, but it is 

hardly probable that specific variation in an individual will be as great 

as these drawings would indicate. The larger, broader form (PI. 

XXXVIII, fig. 1) was evidently the one taken by Heer as the basis of 

his transfer of the species to the genus Platanus, but the forking of 

the secondaries is one prominent reason against that reference. This 

is not a Platanus character, and on the whole the leaves do not suggest that genus. The question of the propriety of referring these 

leaves to Viburnum is also brought up. They may not properly belong there, bat they are clearly not Platanus, and are not Viburnum 

marginatum, as originally defined.

Habitat. Coalville, Utah. Black Buttes, Wyoming.
72 FLORA OF THE MONTANA FORMATION.

VIBURNUM ANOMALUM n. sp.

Viburnum rotundifolium Lx, Tert. FL, p. 225, PI. LXI, fig. 22 (1878). [Non PI. XXXVII, 

fig. 12, and PI. XXXVIII, fig. 10.J

Leaf nearly round in outline, the margin slightly toothed; midrib 

strong, slightly flexuose; secondaries about five pairs, arising at an 

angle of about 45°, the lower branching on the outside, the branches 

entering the teeth; nervilles strongly marked, percurrent or often 

broken.

This leaf is 3.5 cm. in length and 3 cm. in width, being nearly circular. The marginal teeth are faint. They are entered by the secondaries 

or their branches. The nervation is strongly marked, and is well shown 

in Lesquereux's figure.

This species, as shown by the synonomy, was described as Viburnum 

rotundifolium, but even the author was a little in doubt as to its 

belonging with the leaves from Black Buttes. A careful examination of all the specimens leads me to the belief that they are not the 

same. The two leaves from Black Buttes are slightly heart-shaped 

and decidedly unequal-sided at base, while the leaf from Point of Eocks 

is rounded and equal at base. .

It does not appear that any additional specimens of this form have 

been collected.

Habitat. Point of Eocks, Wyoming.

VIBURNUM WHYMPERI Heer.

PI. XVII, fig. 1; PI. XVIII, fig. 1; PI. XIX,°fig. 3.

Viburnum Whymperi Heer, Fl. Foss. Tert., Vol. II, Abth. 4, p. 475, PI. XLVI, fig. lb; 

Lesquerenx, Tert. FL, p. 225, PI. XXXVIII, fig. 7 (1878).

It is with some doubt that the specimens here figured are referred to

Viburnum Wkymperi, and by this species is meant the V. Whymperi as 

defined and illustrated by Lesquereux and not the original of Heer. 

It is more than doubtful whether the leaf from Black Buttes referred 

to V. Whymperi by Lesquereux is correct. It is much more likely to 

prove a new species.

The example from Point of Eocks is twice the size of the Black 

Buttes specimen, and, moreover, differs slightly in nervation; but rather 

than make a new species on insufficient material, I have decided to keep 

them together, at least for the present. Among the material obtained 

during the season of 1896 in Converse County, Wyoming, from the 

so called Ceratops beds, were numerous leaves that are evidently the 

same as the leaf from Black Buttes mentioned above. They are decidedly different from the original species of Heer, and when they come 

to be thoroughly worked up it will probably be found best to separate 

them.

The leaf shown in fig. 1, PI. XVIII, is slightly anomalous, being more
KNOWLTON.] DESCRIPTION OF SPECIES. 73

obtuse and not having the lower pair of secondaries opposite and so 

strongly branched. They are probably the same, however.

The leaf depicted in fig. 3, PI. XIX, is also anomalous, and may not 

be the same. It is incomplete, but has practically the same nervation, 

the main difference being in the outline, this one being more acuminate 

than the typical form.

Habitat. Point of Rocks, and Black Buttes, Wyoming.

VIBURNUM MONTANUM n. sp.

PI. XIX, figs. 1, 2.

Leaves broadly ovate in general outline, wedge shaped at base, obtuse 

at apex; margin with numerous shallow teeth; petiole short, thick; 

midrib rather thin, straight or slightly flexuose; secondaries five or six 

pairs, the lower pair strongest, springing from near the base of the 

blade, much branched on the outside, the branches all entering the 

teeth; upper secondaries alternate, flexuose, forked, the branches entering the teeth; nervilles prominent, mainly percurrent, approximately ut 

right angles to the secondaries; finer nervation not preserved.

The two examples figured appear to be all that were obtained of t"iis 

species. Neither of them is perfect, yet they are sufficiently well 

preserved to permit the character to be made out. They are about 

10 cm. in length and 6 cm. in width, are broadly ovate in general outline, with numerous shallow teeth above the base. In nervation they 

have the appearance of being palmately three-nerved, but the lowest pair of secondaries is simply the largest, and they are copiously 

branched on the outside, the branches entering the teeth. The upper 

secondaries are alternate and forked, the branches passing to the 

teeth.

These leaves were at first referred to Viburnum marginatum Lx., 1 

with which they undoubtedly have considerable affinity, but inasmuch 

as they differ in important particulars it seemed best to regard them 

as distinct, at least until further material could be obtained. Viburnum 

marginatum or Platanus marc/inata, as it is called by Heer, is undoubtedly a composite species, and should be divided.

This species is also quite similar to Platanus Newberryana Heer 2 from 

the Dakota group of Nebraska, which differs in not being palmately 

three-nerved. The secondaries are all of nearly equal size, and the 

branches end in the small teeth. Its facies is more distinctly Platanoid 

than the one under discussion.

Habitat. Point of Rocks, Wyoming.

'Tert. Fl., PI. XXXVITI, ligs. 1-5 (1878).

a Lx., Cret. and Tert. Fl., p. 72, Fl. IX, fi{{. 'A (1874).
74 FLORA OF THE MONTANA FORMATION.

DlOSPYROS BRACKYSEPALA Al. Br.

PI. XVIII, fig. 3.

Diosj)yro8 brachysepala Al. Br., Leon and Bronn, Jahrb. f. Mineral, 1845, p. 170 (1845); 

Heer, Fl. Tert. Helv., Vol. Ill, p. 11, PI. C1I, figs. 1-14 (1859); Lesquereux, Ann. 

Rept. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., 1872, p. 394 (1873); ibid., 1873, pp. 387,401 

(1874); ibid., 1874, p. 306 (1876); ibid., 1876, p. 511 (1878); Bull. U. S. Geol. and 

Geog. Surv. Terr., Vol. I, p. 367 (1875); Tert. Fl., p. 232, PI. XL, figs. 7-10; PL 

LX1II, fig. 6 (1878); Cret. and Tert. Fl., p. 174, PI. XXXIV, figs. 1-2 (1884); Proc. 

U.S. Nat. Mus., Vol. X, p. 41(1887); Ward, Syn. Fl. Lar. Gr., p. 556, PL LX, figs. 4,5 

(1886); Types Lar. FL, p. 104, PL XLIX, figs. 1, 2 (1887).

This species is very widely distributed, being especially abundant in 

the European Miocene. The specimens upon which its presence in 

American strata rests are preserved in the United States National 

Museum (Nos. 339, 340, 792, etc.), and, although not present in the 

numbers that apparently characterize certain European formations, 

they agree fairly well with many that have been referred to this 

species.

In America, however, this species can not be used as a strati graphic 

mark, for specimens referred to it have been found in the Montana 

formation, lower or true Laramie, Denver beds, Fort Union, Green 

Eiver group, and Miocene. It seems probable, therefore, that if we 

could have a representative series of specimens from each of the above 

horizons we should be able to separate them into more than one 

species. It is a noticable fact, however, that although found in several 

horizons it is most abundant in the Laramie, and the specimens about 

which there is the most doubt occur in the overlying formations.

Habitat. Point of Eocks, Wyoming, and many other localities, as 

indicated in the above diagnosis.

CARPITES TRIANGTJLOSUS Lx.

Carpites triangulosus Lx., Tert. Fl., p. 302, PI. LX, fig. 4; PL LX1I, figs. 19,20 (1878).

Only one of the figured types of this species, the original of PI. LX, 

fig. 4, appears to be in the United States National Museum collection 

(No. 496). This specimen is recorded in the Museum register as having 

come from Carbon, Wyoming, and in the Tertiary Flora (p. 303) as 

having come from Golden, Colorado. The matrix proves that it came 

from the latter locality.

The other specimens are said to have come from Point of Eocks, 

Wyoming, but as they can not be found there can be no certainty as to 

their habitat.

Habitat. Golden, Colorado (Denver formation). Carbon, Wyoming.? 

Point of Eocks, Wyoming. 1

PHYLLITES TRILOBA n. sp.

PL XVIII, fig. 2.

Leaf of very thin texture, broadly ovate in general outline, threelobed, the lateral lobes short, rounded, separated from the larger ovate
KNOWLTON.] DESCRIPTION OF SPECIES. 75

middle lobe by broad, rounded sinuses; margin perfectly entire; petiole 

short, rather thick; nervation palmate, three or four-branched, the 

middle branch straight, apparently passing directly to the apex of the 

middle lobe (broken), the other lateral nerves straight, ending below 

the obtuse apex of the lateral lobes; middle nerve with several pairs 

of opposite secondaries in the upper lobe, these curving upward and 

probably camptodrome; nervilles rather strong, percurrent.

This little leaf as preserved is 2.5 cm. in length, and was probably 

fully 3 cm. long when perfect. It is a little more than 2 cm. in width 

between the lobes, which are about 7 mm. in length, The petiole is 

about 4 mm. long and has the appearance of being entirely preserved.

This leaf is very thin and delicate, and is made out with great difficulty, being of the same color as the matrix. The nervation, which appears strong in the figure, is in reality very delicate.

At first sight this little leaf appears identical with certain of the

regularly three-lobed leaves of the common Sassafras sassafras (L.) 

Karst., but a closer inspection shows that it can hardly belong to that 

genus. The lobes of the sassafras are always acute, and the nerves 

which pass to them are never basal, but arise at some distance above 

the petiole.

On the same piece of matrix with this leaf are numerous aquatic 

rootlets, but this may be only chance association.

Habitat. Point of Eocks, Wyoming. Collected by Lester E. Ward, 

September 2 and 3, 1881.

PHYLLITES sp.

PI. IX, fig. 4.

Leaf elliptical-oblong, rounded regularly below (apex destroyed); 

margin entire, petiole strong, straight, passing evenly iuto-the straight 

midrib; secondaries opposite below, alternate above, curving slightly 

upward, apparently craspedodrome; nervilles strong, percurrent; finer 

nervation not preserved.

This leaf is too fragmentary to permit of satisfactory diagnosis and 

disposition. It is <> cm. in length, including the petiole, which is 2 cm. 

long, and a little more than 3 cm. in width.

Habitat. Point of Eocks, Wyoming. Collected by Lester F. Ward, 

September 2 and 3, 188L.

PHYLLITES sp.

PI. XIX, fig. 5.

Among the material from the Button Creek coal mine was a single 

piece of matrix in which three distinct plants were preserved the 

one here figured, a Glyptostrobus, and a doubtful leaf of Populus. 

Since the drawings were made this specimen was thrown away by an 

attendant. Without the specimen before me for study, and depending, 

therefore, entirely on the drawing, I do not care to express an opinion
76 FLORA OF THE MONTANA FORMATION.

regarding its affinities. The drawing is probably accurate, but without the specimen I am unwilling to venture an opinion. The drawing is given in this place simply to call attention to the fact that a 

curiously lobed leaf was present at this place, in the hope that later 

collectors may look for it. Until then it can have no proper status.

Habitat. Coal mine on north fork of Button Green, near old stage 

road, Laramie Plains, Wyoming. Collected by Knowlton, Stantou, 

and Knight, July, 1896. (Specimen lost.)

DISCUSSION OF THE MONTANA FLORA.

In the introductory chapter the extent and distribution of the 

Montana flora was stated and a brief account was given of the early 

more or less conflicting views concerning it. The reasons for separating this account of the plants from that in my proposed monograph on 

tlie Laramie and related formations were also given. The systematic 

enumeration of the plants themselves has been given in the immediately preceding pages, and it now remains to discuss briefly the 

apparent affinities of the Montana flora and the conclusions that may 

be drawn.

The flora of the Montana formation, as at present known, embraces 

89 forms, distributed among the plant groups as follows: Algae, 2 

species; Pteridophytes, 10 species; conifers, 10 species; monocotyledons, 

4 species; dicotyledons, 63 species. These plants have been afforded 

by five localities, among which they are distributed as follows: Point 

of Rocks, Wyoming, 58 forms; coal mine on north fork of Button 

Creek, Laramie Plains, Wyoming, 14 species; Harpers Station, on 

the Union Pacific Railroad, Wyoming, 6 species; Bunn's ranch, 6 

miles east of Harpers Station, 3 forms; Cdalville, Utah, 10 forms. 

Of the 89 species or forms comprising this flora, 28 are described as 

new to science, and 10 forms have not been named or identified specifically, leaving 51 forms previously named. It appears that 29 of these 

51 species are found outside the limits of the Montana formation, 

leaving, therefore, 22 forms as peculiar.

Turning now to the 29 species enjoying an outside distribution, we 

find that 2 (Pinus Quenstedti and Brachyphyllum macrocarpum) have 

been found also in theBakota group; 2 (Geinitzia formosa and B.rachyphyllum macrocarpum} in the Amboy clays of New Jersey; 1 (Salixangusta) in the Livingston beds of Montana and the Green River group at 

Fairmont, Colorado; 1 (Sabalites Grayanus) in the Eo Lignitic of Mississippi; 8 (Ficus asarifolia, Ficus irregularis?, Magnolia tenuinervis, 

Podogonium americanum, Pterospermites Wardii, Rhammis salicifolius, 

and Viburnum? problematicum). at Black Buttes, Wyoming; L (Quercus 

Lesquereuxiana) at Carbon, Wyoming; 1 (Fucus lignitum) in the lowest 

Fort Union beds, near the mouth of the Yellowstone River, in Montana; 4 (Magnolia tenuinervis, Cornus impressa, G. Studeri, and Garpites 

triangulosus) in the Benver beds; L (Halymenites major) common from
KNOWLTON.] DISCUSSION OF THE FLOUA. 77

the middle of the Colorado formation to the Eocene; and 1 (Ficus 

tilicefolia) from the Laramie to the Miocene.

From this it appears that the species found beyond the present limits of the Montana formation are rather widely scattered, varying from 

the Dakota group to the Miocene, and suggesting the possibility that 

they may not all have been correctly identified, either within the Montana flora or in the horizon outside. As might perhaps be expected, 

the greatest affinity is shown to be with the Black Buttes locality, 

this being nearest to Point of Eocks, the principal plant-bearing 

locality in the Montana formation. Of the eight species mentioned 

above as common to the two locaMties, several are open to more or less 

question, as they depend on ,one or two fragments. That is, species 

have to be admitted as common to the two that may be represented 

at one or the other place by one or, at most, few aud often insufficient, 

specimens.

Among the five plant bearing localities within the Montana formation, there appears to be little in common. This is, perhaps, to be explained by the fact that the places are mostly quite widely separated, 

and only one, namely, Point of Rocks, has thus far afforded a large 

flora. Coalville, Utah, which is over 100 miles from Point of Rocks, 

has a flora of about ten species, of which number only two or three 

have been found at Point of Rocks. Several, however, have been 

found in strata of supposed Laramie age.

Among the localities on the Laramie Plains there is naturally more 

agreement, although the affinity is not so close as it undoubtedly 

would be if these localities had been more fully exploited.

PLATE I.
PLATE I.

rage. 

FiGS. 1-3. Thinnfeldia montana Kn......... ................................. 11

FIG. 4. Laurus ? sp........................................................... 13

FIG. 5. Ficus missouriensis n. sp.............................................. 12

FIG. 6. Liriodendron alatum Newb .......... .._............................. 13

FIGS. 7-9. Juglans? inissouriensis n. sp. ...................................... 12

FIG. 10. Quercus ? moutanensis n. sp......................................... 11

80
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN NO. 163 PL. I

FLORA OF THE BELLY RIVER SERIES.
PLATE II

Bull 163 C 81
PLATE II.

Page. 

FlGS. 1-4. Platanns? Wardii n. sp........................................... 14

82
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN NO. 163 PL It

FLORA OF THE BELLY RIVER SERIES.
PLATE III

83
X. 

fr

/ 

PLATE III.

Page.

FIGS. 1, 2. Asplenium tenellum n. sp......................................... 19

FIG. 3. Woodwardia crenata n. sp........................................... 22 l_J

FIG. 4. Fucus lignitum Lx ............................ ..................... 17

FIGS. 5-8. Selaginella laciniata Lx.......................................... 24

FIG. 9. Woodwardia sp.................. ...... ................ ...... ........ 23

FIG. 10. Pinus Queustedti Heer.......... .................................... 26

FIG. 11. Aspleuium sp....................................................... .20

FIG. 12. Aspleuium wyomingense 11. sp...................................... 19

84 . ''
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN NO. 163 PL. Ill

12

FLORA OF THE MONTANA FORMATION.
PLATE IV.

85
PLATE IV.

Page. 

FIGS. 1-4. Sequoia brevifolia Heer........................................... 27

FIGS. 5, 6. Brachyphylliuu macrocarpnra Newb............................... 29

FIGS. 7-10. Ginkgo laramiensis Ward ....................................... 31

86
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN NO, 163 PL. IV

FLORA OF THE MONTANA FORMATION.
87
PLATE V.

Page.

FlGS. 1, 2. Geinitzia formosa Jleer ........................................... 28

FIG. 3. Cuuniiigliainites? sp................................................. 29

FlG. 4. Glyptostrobus ? sp...... ........ .... ....... .... ................ ....... 31

FIG. 5. 'Ginkgo laramiensis Ward..................... ....................... 31

FIG. 6. Trapa? cnueata n. sp ................................................ 64

FIG. 7. Trapa? micropliylla Lx ................... ...... ..................... 62

FIG. 8. Cyperacites sp............................'........................... 32

n
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN NO. 163 PL. '

FLORA OF THE MONTANA FORMATION.
PLATE VI
PLATE VI.

Pa-rc. 

FlGS. 1-3. Myrica Torreyi Lx................. ............................... 34

FlG. 4. Myrica ? sp......................................................... 34

FIG. 5. Sabalites Grayamis Lx............................................... 32

FIG. 6. Salix Stantoni n. sp................................................. 38

FIG. 7. Populus Wardii n. sp................................................ 36

90
U- S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN NO. 163 PL. VI

FLORA OF THE MONTANA FORMATION.
PLATE VII.

91
PLATE YII.

Page. 

FIG. 1. Quercns Lesquereuxiana Kn...... .................................... 39

FIG. 2. Salix sp ............................................................ 39

FIG. 3. Populus mutabilis ovalis? Heer.................................... 37

FIG. 4. Populus obovata n. sp............................................... 34

FIG. 5. Populus sp...--..-......--....--....--............-...-.-.......-..- 37

FIG. 6. Salix angusta Al. Br ........... .................................... 38

FIG. 7. Quercns dentonoides n. sp.l....... .................................. 40

92 I
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN NO. 163 PL. VII

FLORA OF THE MONTANA FORMATION.
PLATE VIII.

93
PLATE VIII.

Tage. 

FIG. 1. Dryophyllnm falcatum? Ward...... ................................. 42

FIG. 2. Ficus squarrosa u. sp.................. .............................. 45

FIG. 3. Ficus populoides n. sp................................................ 44

FIG. 4. Ficus dalmatica Ett....................... .......................... 51

94 .
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN NO. 163 PL. VIII

FLORA OF THE MONTANA FORMATION.
PLATE IX
PLATE IX.

Page. 

FIG. 1. Ficus Wardii n. sp......... ...... .................................... 48

FIG. 2. Ficus incompleta n. sp ................ ............................... 46

FIG. 3. Ficus problernatica n. sp............................................. 46

FIG. 4. Phyllites sp .................................. ...................... 75

FIG. 5. Ficus hesperia n. sp.................................................. 45

96
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN NO_ 163 PL. IX

FLORA OF THE MONTANA FORMATION.
PLATE X

Bnll 163 7 97
PLATE X.

Page. 

FIGS. 1-3. Ficus rhamnoides n. ap... ........................................ 47

FIG. 4. Ficus planicostata? Lx.............................................. 52

98
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN NO. 163 PL. X

FLORA OF THE MONTANA FORMATION,
PLATE XI.

99
PLATE XI.

PAge. 

FIG. 1. Ficus rhamnoides n, sp.............................................. 47

FIGS. 2,3. Ficus montana n. sp.............................................. 48

FIG. 4. Ficus asarifolia Ett ................................................. 49

100

V 

t.
FLORA OF THE MONTANA FORMATION.
PLATE XII.

101
PLATE XII.

Page. 

FIG. 1. Ficus montana n. sp................ .-..'.............................. 48

FIG. 2-4. Ficns planicostata? Lx............................................. 52

102
FLORA OF THE MONTANA FORMATION.
PLATE XIII

103
L

PLATE XIII.

FIG. 1. Ficus tiliaefolia Al. Br.......

FIG. 2. Ficus asarifolia Ett ..........

FIGS. 3-5. Nelumbo intermedia n. sp. 

FIG. 6. Nelnmbo? sp.................

FIG. 7. Castalia? duttoniana n. sp ... 

104

Page. 

52 

49

53

54

55
FLORA OF THE MONTANA FORMATION.
PLATE XIV

105
PLATE XIY.

Page. 

FIG. 1. Magnolia tenuinervis Lx..................:......................... 55

FIG. 2. Cinuamomuin affine Lx. ex. p ...........'............................. 59

FIG. 3. Asimina eocenica? Lx............................................... 57

FIGS. 4, 5. Malapoenna macrophylloides n. sp ............................... 57

106 .
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN NO. 163 PL. XIV

FLORA OF THE MONTANA FORMATION.
PLATE XV.

107
PLATE XV.

Page. 

FIG. 1. Cinnamomum ? Stantoni n. sp ....................................... 60

FIG. 2. Menispermites Knightii n. sp......................... ............... 61

FIG. 3. Cornus Studeri? Heer............................................... 68

FIG. 4. Pterospermites Wardii n. sp ......................................... 66

108
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN NO. 163 PL. XV

FLORA OF THE MONTANA FORMATION.
PLATE XVI.

109
PLATE XVI.

Page. 

FIG. 1. Pterospermites Wardii.n. sp......................................... 66

FIG 2. Laurus praestans Lx................................................. 59

FIG. 3. Pterospermites undulatus n. sp...................................... 67

110
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEV BULLETIN NO. 163 PL. XVI

FLORA OF THE MONTANA FORMATION.
PLATE XVII.

in
PLATE XVII.

Page. 

FIG. 1. Viburnum Whymperi? Heer......................................... 72

FIG. 2. Pterospermites undulatus n. sp ...................................... 67

112
FLORA OF THE MONTANA FORMATION.
PLATE XVIII

Bull 163 8 . 113
PLATE XVIII.

Page. 

FIG. 1. Virburnum Whymperi Heer .......................................... 72

FIG. 2. Phyllites triloba n. sp............ ............ ...................... 74

FIG. 3. Diospyros brachysepala Al. Br....................................... 74 '

FIG. 4. Pterospermites undulatus n. sp............ ......................... 67 ,

114 - h
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN NO. 163 PL. XVIII

FLORA OF THE MONTANA FORMATION.
PLATE XIX

115
PLATE XIX.

Page. 

FlGS. 1,2. Viburnum montanum n. sp........................................ 73

FIG. 3. Viburnum Whymperi Heer.......................................... 72

FIG. 4. Viburnum? problematicum n. sp...........................:......... 71

FIG. 5. Phyllitessp ........................................................ 75

116
FLORA OF THE MONTANA FORMATION.
INDEX.

[Heavy-faced figures refer to pages on which descriptions are given, or to pages on which the 

species appear in their proper systematic position. Synonyms in italics.]

Page. 

. 45 

. 40 

. 51

43 

. 43

49 

. 12

Abies, type of pityoxylon..... ........

Acer saskatchewense Dn. _ ............

Anemia subcretacea (Sap. ) Gard. & Ett. 

Asimina eocenica? Lx., PI. XIV, fig. 3 ... 

Asplenium sp., PI. Ill, fig. 11..............

subcretaceum Sap...... ................

tenellum n. sp., PL III, figs. 1,2... .....

tenerum Lx.... ........ ....... .

wyomingense n. sp., PI. Ill, fig. 12... 

Belly River flora, discussion of...........

and its relation to the Montana flora. 

Betulasp. ....... _ ............. ........

Bitter Creek Valley, localities in .........

Black Buttes, brief account of geology of . 

Brnchyphyllum sp., Kn. ............. 

crosswwLx....... ...... . ............

macrocarpum Newb., PI. IV, figs. 5, 6. . 

BraseniaantiquaDn...... ........... .....

Carpites triangulosus Lx . ............

Caryasp ...................................

? duttoniana n. sp., PL XIII, fig. 7..... 

Cinnamomum affineLx.ex p.............

affine Lx., emend, PI. XIV, fig. 2......

ellipsoideum Sap. & Mar.......... 

mississippiense Lx _ ................

polymorphum Heer . ..................

? Stantoni n. sp., PL XV, flg. 1 -..--... 

Coalville, Utah, and vicinity ..............

Collins, F. S. , quoted on fossil alga ........

Colorado, Montana formation in ..........

Cornua Smmonsit Ward. ..................

impressaLx ...........................

orbifera Heer..........................

rhamnif olia 0. Web...................

StuderiJHeer ..........................

Cunninghamites? sp.,Pl. V., fig. 3........ .

Cyperacitessp., PI. V, fig. 8...............

Diospyros brachycephala Al. Br., PI. 

XVIII, fig. 3.......................

Dombeyopsis islandica Heer ..............

obtusa Lx.. ...... ...................

trivialis Lx ............. _ ...........

Dryophyllum Bruneri Ward ...... _ .....

crenatum Lx . _ ...... ...............

f alcatum ? Ward, PI. VIII, fig. 1 .......

subfalcatumLx..... ............... ....

Euonymus Proserpinea Engl .............

Ficus artocarpoides Lx ........ ..........

asarifolia Ett., PI. XI, fig. 4; PL XIII, 

fig. 2.............................. .

4almatica Ett. , PI. VIII. fig. 4. ........

15

15,16 

20 

57 

20 

20' 

ID 

19 

19

15-17

9-11

15

5-7

5-6

29

39

29

31

74

15

54

55

42

59

60 

42 

60 

60 

7-9 

25 

9 

68 

68 

08

67

68

29

32

74

47 

47 

46 

41 

43 

42 

41 

C6 

69

49

61

Ficus hesperia n. sp., PI. IX,fig.5........

incompleta n.sp.,Pl.IX,fig.2 .........

irregularis Lx....... .............

irregularis? Lx.. .................

lanceolata? Lx .____.._.......

latifolia (Lx.) Kn.....................

missouriensis n. sp., PI. I, flg. 5 .......

montana n. sp., PI. XI, figs. 2,3; PI.

Xll.flg.l........................... 48

multinervisHeer...... _............. 43

planicoslataLx.,Pl. X,flg.4; PI.XII,

figs. 2-4.............................48,62

populoides n. sp., PI. VIII, flg. 3........ 44

problematica n. sp., PI. IX, flg. 3....... 40

rhamnoidesn. sp., Pl.X, figs. 1-3; PI.

Xl.flg. 1............................ 47

speciosissima Ward................... 52

squarrosa n. sp., PI. VIII, fig. 2......... 46

tilitefolia Al.Br.,Pl.XIII,fig.l........ 62

trinervisn. sp ......................... 42,57

uncataLx............................. 69

Wardiln.sp.,Pl. IX, flg. 1............ 48

Fucuslignitum Lx., PL III, flg. 4......... 17

Geinitzia bif ormis (Lx.) Kn ............... 28

cretaceaUng.......................... 29

formosa Heer, PL V, figs. 1,2 ......... 28

longifolia (Lx.) Kn.................... 28

Ginkgo, fruits of .......................... 15

adiantoides (Ung.) Heer.. _ _...... 31

laramiensis Ward, PL IV, figs. 7-10;

PL V, flg. 5....^.................... 31

type of G. biloba ...................... 15

Glyptostrobus? sp., PL V, flg. 4 .......... 31

europoeusf Heer........................ 27

Grewiopsis Cleburni Lx ........ _ _.. 61

Gym nogramma Haydenii Lx...... _. __ 20

Halymenitesmajor Lx.................... 17

minor ?F.O............................ 17

Juglansf missouriensis n. sp.. PL I, flgs.

7-9.................................. 12

Laramie, summary of history of ......... 1-9

Lathrceaarguta Lx................_..... 20

Laurussp., PL I, flg.4..................... 13

canariensis Web....................... 59

prfflstansLx., PL XVI, flg. 2.......... 69

primigeniaUng......................... 68

princepsHeer ......................... £9

socialisLx. ............................ 58

LemnascutataDn................... 15,16,31,53

Liriodendron alatum Newb., PL I, flg. 6.. 13 

laramiense Ward........_.......... 67

Litsea macrophylla ..._................. 58

117
118 INDEX.

Lycopodinm ? esquereuxiana n. sp........ 24

Lygodium Kaulfusii Heer ................ 21

neuropteroides Lx.................... 21

Magnolia acuminataL,--.-... . .--. 56 

Inglefeldi TELeer...................i.... 55

primigeniaHeer............. ....... 58

pseudoacuminata Lx.......... .... 56

pulchra Ward.....-----.-------.--.--- 57

tenuinervis Lx., PI. XIV, fig. 1....... 55

Malapoenna macrophylloides n. sp., PL

XIV, figs. 4,5..... ............... 57

Marsilea ? attenuata (Lx.) Hollick........ 23

Menispermites grandis Lx............ 62

Knightii n. sp., PL XV, fig. 2.......... 61

Montana flora, discussion of..........'.... 76-77

formation, description of plants of... 17-76 

Myricasp., PI. VI, fig. 4........ .......... 84

Torreyi Lx., PL VI, figs. 1-3 .......... 34

Kelumbium arcticum Heer.. -.. 54 

LakesianumLx... ................. 54

pygmseumDn . ... ........... 54

saskatchuenseDn ...... ......... 54

tenuifolium Lx_. ................. 54

Nelumbo? sp., PL XIII, fig. 6.............. 54

Dawsoni Hollick................. 15,16,32,54

intermedia n. sp., PL XIII, figs. 3-5.. 63,54 

laramiensisHollick ..............._ 54

Neuropteria angulatal Newb............ 62

New Mexico, Montana formation in ..... 9

Ottelia americanaLx ........ ._...:.. 82

Persea speciosa Heer.....__.._.... 59

Phyllites sp., PI. IX, figs. 4,5.............. 75

triloban. sp., PL XVIII, fig. 2......... 74

Pinus Quenstedti Heer, PI. Ill, fig. 10.... 26

type of Pityoxylon .__........... 15

Pistia corrugata Lx ................ 15,16,81,53

Plants from right bank of Missouri Eiver,

7 miles below the Coal Banks. -... 11-17 

Platanussp ........_..._....__.._ 15

marginata (Lx.) Heer......._..._ 71

Newberayana Heer .............___ 73

nobilis Newb........................... 15,16

Wardii n. sp., PI. II, figs. 1-4.......... 14

Podogonium americanum Lx..._.__.. 65 

Point of Rocks, Wyoming, account of geology of ............................ 6-7

Populussp........__---...._.....__ 15-37

acerifolia Newb...-.-._..._...... 15,16

arctica Heer.........__.. ......... 44

latidentata Dn.__.................... 15,16

melanaria Heer.._........____ 35

melanarioides Lx..._........_.... 35

mutabilis ovalis ? Heer, PI. VII, fig. 3.. 37 

nebrascensisNewb......_..._.... 37

nervosa Newb........._.._.._ 37

obovatan. sp., PL VII, fig. 4.......... 34

tremulaefoliaSap...__........._ 36

Wardii n. sp., PL VI, fig. 7 ............ 36

Pterospermites minor Ward ..... _.... 66

undulatus n. sp., PL XVI, fig. 3; PL

XVII, fig. 2; PI. XVIII, fig. 4...... 67

Page. 

Pterospermites Wardii n. sp., PI. XV, fig.

4; PL XVI, fig. 1-.................. 66

Quercus acrodon Lx._.......-.-.......... 39

Dentoni Ward......................... 40

dentonoides n. sp., PL VII, fig. 7...... 40

Lesquereuxiana n. sp., PL VII, fig. 1. 89

?montanensis n. sp.,PL I, fig. 10... 11

pseudo-alnus........................... 40

Rhamnus CleburniLx ........... .... 47

goldianusLx....:.....-................ 47,52

salicifoliusLx ............;............ 70

Rhus membranacia Lx.............. 61

Sabal Grayana Lx..._.._.. ...... 32

Sabalites Grayanus Lx, PL VI, fig. 5...... 82

Salisburia polymorpha Lx................. 11

Salix sp., PL VII, fig. 2 .................... 89

angusta Al. Br., PL VII, fig. 6......... 88

elongataO. Web............... .... 39

integraGopp .......................... 70

Stantoni n. sp., PL VI, fig. 6........... 88

Salviniaattenuata'Lx..- ................... 23

Selaginellafalcata Lx., emend............ 25

falcata Lx, ex. p............ ... 24

laciniataLx. ............ ... 24

Sequoia sp............. ................ 27

afanisLx.............................. 27

fct/ormisLx.................. ....... 28

brevifolia Heer, PL IV, figs. 1-4 ....... 27

Couttsise Heer......................... 27

Langsdorfii Heer ................... 27

longifoliaiiX. .. ... ...... .... 28

 Reichenbachi (Gein) Heer . ........ 28

Reichenbachi (Gein.) Heer ........... 15,16

type of S.gigantea .................... 15

type of S.sempervirens... .-,...... 15

Sterculia variabilisHeer ... ... .. 47

Taxites, type of Taxus baccata ........... 15

Thinnfeldia montana Kn., PL I, figs.

1-3................................. 11

polymorpha (Lx.) Kn.................. 11

Thuites crassus Lx ... ..... ........ 29

Thuja, type of T. occidentalis............ 15

Trapa, cf. T. borealis:..................... 15

f cuneatan. sp., PL V, fig. 6........... 64

? microphylla Lx., PL V, fig. 7........ 62

Ulmussp...... .... ............ .. 15

Viburnum anomalumn. sp ............... 72

marginatumLx....................... 71

montanum n. sp., PL XIX, figs. 1, 2 .. 73 

? problematicum n. sp., PL XIX,

fig.4................................ 71

rotundifolium Lx ..................... 72

Whymperi Heer, PL XVII, fig. 1; PL

XVIII, fig. 1; PL XIX, fig. 3....... 72

Widdringtonia antiqua Sap............... 30

?complanata Lx ...................... 80

Woodwardiasp., PL III,flg. 9............. 23

angustifolia Sm... ................. 22

arctica Heer........................... 22

areolataMoore........................ 22

crenata n. sp., PL III, fig. 3........... 22

O