#### Emma A. Payne, as Administratrix, etc., of James W. Payne, Deceased, Appellant, *v.*New York, Susquehanna and Western Railroad Company, Respondent.

Second Department,

May 29, 1913.

Courts—jurisdiction—action by non-resident against foreign corporation for personal injuries caused in foreign State — Code of Civil Procedure, section 1780, construed—said section constitutional — practice—objection to jurisdiction.

The court is without jurisdiction to entertain an action against a foreign railroad company to recover damages for personal injuries where the injury occurred in a foreign State and the plaintiff is a resident thereof. Section 1780 of the Code of Civil Procedure, depriving the Supreme Court of jurisdiction under the circumstances aforesaid, is not unconstitutional.

Section 1780 of the Code of Civil Procedure, stating the circumstances under which a foreign corporation may be sued here, relates not to the legal capacity of a non-resident to sue in our courts, but to the nature of the subject-matter of the action. Hence, the defendant may take advantage of the lack of jurisdiction at any stage of the action, although such objection has not been raised by answer.

Appeal by the plaintiff, • Emma A. Payne, as administratrix, etc., from a judgment of the Supreme Court in favor of the defendant, entered in the office of the clerk of the county of Orange on the 10th day of November, 1911, upon the dismissal of the complaint by direction of the court after a trial at the Orange Trial Term, the verdict of a jury in favor of the *303plaintiff for $12,000 having been set aside, and also from an order entered in said clerk’s office on the same day setting aside the said verdict and dismissing the plaintiff’s complaint.

*Abram F. Servin [Rosslyn M. Cox*with him on the brief], for the appellant.

*John Bright,*for the respondent.

Carr, J.:

This is an appeal from an order made at Trial Term in Orange county setting aside a verdict rendered in favor of the plaintiff, and a judgment dismissing the complaint on the ground that the court was without jurisdiction to entertain the action. The action was brought to recover damages for a personal injury. The complaint set forth a cause of action arising within the State of New Jersey and under a statute thereof which was pleaded, and alleged also that the defendant was a corporation organized and existing under the laws of the State of New York. There was no allegation in the complaint as to the residence of the plaintiff. The answer denied the allegation that the defendant was a- domestic corporation, and pleaded expressly that it was a corporation organized and existing under the laws of the State of New Jersey. The cause of action set forth in the complaint was alleged to have arisen from one or both of two causes, *i. e.,*defective appliances' on a railroad train on which the plaintiff (plaintiff’s intestate) was a brakeman, and the negligence of the engineer in charge of the train in its management. When the action came to trial, it appeared that the defendant was a foreign corporation, and that the plaintiff (plaintiff’s intestate) at the time when the action was brought and tried was a resident of the State of New Jersey. The trial court eliminated from the case under the proofs therein, as a ground of liability, the question of the defective appliances, and properly so, and sent the case to the jury solely on the question of the alleged negligence of the engineer. At the close of all the testimony the defendants moved to dismiss the complaint on the ground that the court had no jurisdiction of the cause of action under the provisions of section 1780 of the Code of Civil Procedure. Decision was *304reserved on this motion, and the defendant excepted. After the coming in of the verdict a motion was made under section 999 of the Code for a new trial, and the court thereupon after consideration granted the motion which had been made by the defendant at the close of the whole case to dismiss on the ground of want of jurisdiction. It is urged by the plaintiff appellant that, as this action was brought in the Supreme Court which has a general jurisdiction in law and equity, if section 1780 of the Code be interpreted as depriving the court of jurisdiction over the subject-matter of the action, then such section must be held to be unconstitutional. It is urged, however, that the section in question should be so construed as simply to deprive the plaintiff of the legal capacity to sue, in which event, the defendant having failed to raise by answer that question, such objection must be deemed to have been waived. (Code Civ. Proc. §§ 498, 499.) Section 1780 of the Code of Civil Procedure has been the subject of considerable interpretation, and in every case in which it has come up for consideration it has been treated as relating to the jurisdiction of the subject-matter of the action. This is the first time, so far as I have been able to ascertain; that any claim has been made that it related only to a lack of legal capacity on the part of a nonresident plaintiff. On the general question, among the most recent decisions is that of *Jones*v. *Burr Brothers, Incorporated*(142 App. Div. 640), in which a number of the preceding cases on the question are collated. So far as the cause of action set forth in the complaint was based on the New Jersey statute, the Supreme Court of this State had no obligation to assume jurisdiction thereof, unless the party plaintiff was a resident of the State, and in which event it should assume jurisdiction under proper conditions for the protection of its own citizens and residents. *(Zeikus*v. *Florida East Coast Railway Co.,*153 App. Div. 345.) In *McCormick*v. *Pennsylvania Central R. R. Co.*(49 N. Y. 303) it was held that a nonresident plaintiff might maintain a cause of action in this State against a foreign corporation for a cause of action arising in another State where the court had acquired- jurisdiction of the person of the defendant. This holding was on the theory that the Supreme Court, being a court of general juris*305diction, had jurisdiction of the subject-matter of that action. In that case, however, the action was for a conversion, and as the action was at common law and transitory, the Supreme Court then had jurisdiction of the subject-matter, and might veiy well entertain such action where it acquired jurisdiction of the defendant, regardless of the place of residence of the plaintiff. It was said in *Robinson*v. *Oceanic Steam Nav. Co.*(112 N. Y. 315) that section 1780 of the Code was enacted in its present form for the purpose of changing the rule in the *McCormick*case.

It seems clear that the purpose of section 1780, as aforesaid, was not in relation to the legal capacity of a non-resident to sue a foreign corporation in the courts of this State, but rather was directed towards the subject-matter of the action which he might maintain in this State. The plaintiff (plaintiff’s intestate) was under no personal legal disability, such as infancy, insanity, or like causes. Whatever cause of action he had was vested in him personally. A want of legal capacity to sue is disconnected from the nature of the alleged cause of action. As was said by Vann, J., in *Ward*v. *Petrie*(157 N. Y. 301, 311): “ There is a difference between capacity to sue, which is the right to come into court, and a cause of action, which is the right to relief in court. Incapacity to sue exists when there is some legal disability, such as infancy or lunacy or a want of title in the plaintiff to the character in which he sues.” Now, if the plaintiff (plaintiff’s intestate) may not sue in this State on his cause of action it is because of the nature of the subject-matter of that action, that is, a cause of action not arising within this State, based upon a foreign statute and not relating to property within this State, and in which the defendant is a foreign corporation and the plaintiff a non-resident. The prohibition against the maintenance of such an action rests exclusively on the nature of its subject-matter. Where the lack of jurisdiction arises from the subject-matter of the action then the objection may be raised at any stage thereof, according to well-settled law, Nor do we think that section 1780, as aforesaid, so far as it regulates the exercise of the general jurisdiction of the Supreme Court, may be challenged properly as an attempt to deprive said *306court of some part of its general jurisdiction conferred upon it by the Constitution (Art. 6, § 1). The courts of this State are not bound generally to assume jurisdiction of causes of action arising outside the State, which exist only between parties not residents of this State. *(Collard*v. *Beach,*81 App. Div. 582, and cases cited.) The provisions of section 1780, as aforesaid, declare the public policy of this State as to actions by nonresidents against foreign corporations, and in making the declaration the Legislature did not exceed its power. Apart from this statute, the courts have frequently applied a rule of public policy against the maintenance of similar actions, for, as was said in *Pietraroia*v. *N. J. & H. R. R. & F. Co.*(197 N. Y. 434, 439): “Asa question of policy, it is intolerable that our courts should be impeded in their administration of justice, and that the people of the State should be burdened with expense, in redressing wrongs committed in another State, for the benefit, solely, of its citizens, and where the remedy is in the enforcement of its statutes.”

It follows that the judgment and order should be affirmed, with costs.

Present — Jenks, P. J., Thomas, Carr, Stapleton and Putnam, JJ.

Judgment and order unanimously affirmed, with costs.