## United States Court of Appeals FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT

___________ No. 05-2169

___________ United States of America, *
* Plaintiff - Appellee, * * On remand for reconsideration v. * from the United States Supreme Court * David Tabor, also known as Country, * also known as Big Country, *
* Defendant - Appellant. *

___________ Submitted: February 20, 2008 Filed: July 10, 2008

___________ Before RILEY, JOHN R. GIBSON, and COLLOTON, Circuit Judges.

___________ JOHN R. GIBSON, Circuit Judge.

This case was vacated and remanded to us by the United States Supreme Court for reconsideration in light of Kimbrough v. United States , 128 S. Ct. 558 (2007). Tabor v. United States , 128 S. Ct. 1060 (2008). After reconsideration of Tabor’s appeal as directed by the Supreme Court, we affirm his conviction for conspiracy to distribute and possess with inte nt to distribute fifty grams or more of a mixture or substance containing cocaine base (crack cocaine) in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1), 841(b)(1), and 846. Consequently, we reinstate Parts I, II, and III of our prior panel opinion as unaffected by Kimbrough . United States v. Tabor , 439 F.3d 826 (8th Cir. 2006). We do not reinstate Part IV of the panel opinion affirming-2- Tabor’s sentence because we conclude thathis sentence should be reversed and the case remanded to the district court for re-s entencing in light of the Supreme Court’s holding in Kimbrough

. On appeal, Tabor argues that the districtcourt erred when it refused to consider that the crack cocaine Guidelines were “irrational” and resulted in “unfair and disparate sentences as co mpared to sentences fo r powder cocaine.” Tabor , 439 F.3d at 830. Specifically, he urged the district court to vary from the advisory Guidelines range and impose a lower sentence. Instead , the district court imposed a sentence of 200 months in a written order filed April 18, 2005. Unite d States v. Tabor , 365 F. Supp. 2d 1052, 1062 (D. Neb. 2005). This sentence was near the bottom of the advisory sentencing range of 188 to 235 months.

I.

Like all versions prior to the recent am endments, the Guidelines in effect at Tabor’s sentencing advised that “a drug tra fficker dealing in cr ack cocaine is subject to the same sentence as one dealing in 100 times more powder cocaine.” Kimbrough v. United States , 128 S. Ct. 558, 564 (2007); USSG § 2D1.1(c) (drug quantity table) The crack/powder cocaine disparity was l ong criticized, but an attempt in 1995 by the Sentencing Commission to eliminate the disparity was blocked by Congress. Kimbrough , 128 S. Ct. at 569. Despite conti nued urging by the Commission to lessen the disparity, Congress took no action except to direct the Commission to propose revisions of the drug quantity ratio. Id. Finally, last year the Commission adopted “modest” changes to the Guidelines that re duced “the base offense level associated with each quantity of crack by two levels.” Id. ; Amendments to the Sentencing Guidelines for United States Courts , 72 Fed. Reg. 28558, 28572-574 (May 21, 2007). This time, however, Congress did not exerciseits power to block the amendments, and the changes became effective on November 1, 2007. Kimbrough , 128 S. Ct. at 564. There still exists a disparity between cr ack and powder cocaine ranges, but the-3- disparity is no longer based on th e 100-to-1 quantity ratio. Id. at 573 (explaining that the quantity disparity is now variable a nd ranges between 25-to-1 and 80-to-1); id. at 569 n.10 (explaining that the 100-to-1 ratio still exists when the amount of cocaine base is either five or fifty grams becau se those amounts trigger mandatory minimum sentences effected by Congress, which were derived using the 100-to-1 ratio).

These facts set the stage for Kimbrough , and in late 2007 the Supreme Court held that a district court may vary from the advisory sentenci ng range solely on the basis of its disagreement with the extent of the crack/powder disparity if it concludes that the “disparity yields a sentence ‘gr eater than necessary’ to achieve § 3553(a)'s purposes, even in a mine-run case.” Id. at 575 (quoting 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)). Tabor’s sentencing occurred much earlier, however , on April 18, 2005. United States v. Tabor , 365 F. Supp. 2d 1052, 1052 (D. Neb. 2005) . It followed by only a few months the Supreme Court’s landmark deci sion in United States v. Booker , 543 U.S. 220 (Jan. 12, 2005), which rendered the Guidelin es “effectively advisory,” id. at 245, and instructed appellate courts to revi ew a sentence for reasonableness, id. at 261. With very little guidance in the way of post-Bookerjurisprudence, the district court was called upon by Tabor to vary fro m his advisory sentencing range on the basis of the crack/powder disparity. Tabor , 365 F. Supp. 2d at 1054. The sentencing judge declined the invitation in a thoughtful written order. He explained that he had two reasons for not varying from the crack co caine Guidelines despite his personal disagreement with them. Id. at 1059 n.9. His principal reason was deference to Congress’s intent; he wrote, “As a judge, I should defer to the choice of penalties that Congress has made for crack cocaine ev en though I would quickly do something different if it were within my proper role to choose.” Id. at 1060. His second reason was based on the fear that without the crack cocaine Guidelines there was no rational basis by which a sentencing judge could choos e which alternative sentencing structure to apply. Id. at 1060-61 (noting that at various times several diffe rent reforms have been proposed, including setting the Guidelines based on a ratio at 1-to-1, 10-to-1, and 20-to-1). On that point, he wrote that if sentencing judges were free to vary from the-4- crack cocaine Guidelines simply on the ba sis of the disparity, “a bunch of different standards for crack sentencing” would em erge despite his opinion that “judges lack the institutional capacity (and frankly, th e personal competence) to set and then enforce one new, well-chosen, theoretically coherent, national standard.” Id. at 1061. Consequently, the district court found that its disagreement with the extent of the crack/powder disparity was not an appropriate basis for a variance.

In our original review of Tabor’s app eal, we did not address the correctness of this conclusion. Rather, we concluded that a sentence within the crack cocaine Guidelines was not inherently unreasonable. Tabor , 439 F.3d at 831 (although we did say that the district court did not neglect to consider a relevant factor). A few months later, however, our court did consider whether the disparity could form the basis of a variance from the Guidelines. United States v. Spears 469 F.3d 1166 (8th Cir. 2006) (en banc), vacatedand remanded by 128 S. Ct. 858 (2007), reinstated and aff’d in part and rev’d in part on remand by , --- F.3d ----, Nos. 05-4468 & 06-1354, 2008 WL 2485329 (8th Cir. June 23, 2008) (en banc). We answered that question in the negative, stating, “Congress has elected not to revise the 100:1 quantity disparity between powder cocaine and crack cocaine” and we “must defer to Congress” on the issue. Id. at 1178. In Spears , we identified the same concerns that troubled the sentencing judge in this case: judicial contravention of Congr essional intent, id. at 1177-78, and the likelihood that different sentencing judges w ould adopt different crack/powder cocaine ratios, id. at 1176.

In the intervening year, the Supreme C ourt has rejected the view that these concerns prohibit a district court from granting a downward variance on the basis of the crack/powder disparity. First, Kimbroughrejected the argument that Congress intended the 100-to-1 crack/powder ratio to form the basis for the crack cocaine Guidelines. 128 S. Ct. at 571 (rejecting th e argument that Congress’s use of the same ratio as the basis for its mandatory mini mums evidenced such an intent); id. at 572-73 (rejecting the argument that Congress approve d of the 100-to-1 ratio when it rejected-5- prior efforts by the Sentencing Commission to revise the ratio). And second, it dismissed the concern that different sentencing judges would adopt disparate approaches to the crack cocai ne Guidelines, stating that “possible variations among district courts are constrained by the mandatory minimums” and that “ongoing revision of the Guidelines in response to sentencing practices will help to avoid excessive sentencing disparities.” Id. at 574 (internal quotation marks omitted). Further, it noted that appellate review of whether a sentence is reasonable will help achieve a broad uniformity, even if it ca nnot replicate the more exact uniformity sought by the Guidelines. Id. at 573. The Supreme Court in Kimbroughsquarely considered the two concerns the sentenci ng judge found crucial in this case, and it held that they did not preclude a varian ce based on disagreement with the 100-to-1 ratio.

II.

With this history in mind, we now turn to considering Tabor’s appeal within the framework of appellate sent encing review. We review a defendant’s sentence for “both the procedural soundne ss of the district court's decision and the substantive reasonableness of the sentence impos ed.” United States v. Merrival , 521 F.3d 889, 890 (8th Cir. 2008). Procedural sentencing act s are those acts the district court must take to aid it in crafting an appropriate sentence, Gall v. United States , 128 S. Ct. 586, 597 (2007) (such as giving the parties an opportunity to argue for the appropriate sentence, properly calculating the Guidelines , treating the Guidelines as advisory, considering each of the § 3553(a) factors, and selecting facts that are not clearly erroneous), or those acts the district court takes to aid appellate re view of its sentence, id. (a district court must “adequately e xplain the chosen sentence”). Substantive sentencing acts include, most importantly, how a district court balances the § 3553(a) sentencing factors to derive its sentence. Id. (instructing appellatecourts to give “due deference to the district court's decision th at the § 3553(a) factors, on a whole, justify” a sentence). We review the district c ourt’s balancing of these factors when we-6- consider whether the sentence imposed is reasonable. SeeUnited States v. Kowal , 527 F.3d 741, 749 (8th Cir. 2008) (explaining that a district court abuses its discretion if it “. . .considers only the appropriate f actors but commits a clear error of judgment in weighing those factors”). But we do not consider whether a sentence is reasonable until we “first ensure that the district c ourt committed no significant procedural error.” Gall , 128 S. Ct. at 597.

Such significant procedural error occurs if the district court fails to understand the scope of its authority and discretion at sentencing. SeeUnited States v. Roberson , 517 F.3d 990, 995 (8th Cir. 2008) (stating that remand is appropriate when “a district court does not consider an argument because it is unaware of its power to do so”); United States v. Marston , 517 F.3d 996, 1004 (8th Cir. 2008) (holding that district court committed significant procedural error by applying a presumption of reasonableness to a Guidelines sentence); United States v. Thorpe , 447 F.3d 565, 569 (8th Cir. 2006) (remanding case where distri ct court failed to recognize its authority to find sentencing facts based on a pr eponderance of the evidence); see also United States v. Moore , 518 F.3d 577, 579-80 (8th Cir. 2008) (finding no procedural error where the district court was presumed to be aware of its power to vary downward on the basis of the crack/powder di sparity), petition for cert. filed , No. 07-10689 (Apr. 25, 2008). A significant procedural error re quires that we reverse a sentence unless the error is harmless or the defendant forfe ited the error by failing to object in the court below. Marston , 517 F.3d at 1004 (8th Cir. 2008) (holding that a forfeited error was not reversible where defe ndant failed to show prejudi ce). An error is harmless only if we are convinced that the error did not affect the district court’s sentencing conclusion. Thorpe , 447 F.3d at 569 (stating that the be neficiary of a preserved error bears the burden of proving it was harmless).

We previously vacated the senten ce in another case involving the same sentencing judge based on his statement th at he did not havethe power to vary downward on the basis of his disagreemen t with the 100-to-1 crack/powder cocaine-7- ratio. See United States v. Lee , 521 F.3d 911, 914 (8th Cir. 2008). We have also reversed and remanded cases for re-sentencing where the record was merely unclear whether the district court understood th at it had the power to vary. See United States v. Thomas , 524 F.3d 855, 860 (8th Cir. 2008) (rema nding where the district court was silent about its power to vary downward); Roberson , 517 F.3d at 995 (remanding where the district court was silent on its authority to vary downward, but existing Circuit precedent established that sucha variance was impermissible); cf. Moore , 518 F.3d at 580 (affirming where the district c ourt was silent on its authority to vary downward where sentencing predated Circ uit precedent establishing that such a variance was impermissible). Consistent w ith these opinions, we conclude that the district court committed a significant pro cedural error by finding that it was without the authority to vary downward on the basis of its disagreement with the crack/powder cocaine disparity. See United States v. Tabor , 365 F. Supp. 2d 1052, 1060-61 (D. Neb. 2005). Tabor preserved this claim of error by objecting in the court below, and the error was not harmless because we are unconvinced that the district court would have imposed the same sentence if it had understood a variance was permissible. Therefore, remand is appropriate so that the district court may re-sentence the defendant in light of Kimbroughand with the knowledge that a variance is not precluded on the grounds that it disagrees with the crack/powder cocaine ratio.

III.

Since we are remanding this case due to a procedural error, we need not consider the effect of the now-enacted retroactive Guideline amendments on Tabor’s advisory sentencing range. See USSG app. C, amend. 713 (Supp. 2008); Sentencing Guidelines for United States Courts, 73 Fe d. Reg. 217 (Jan. 2, 2008). Moreover, the propriety of such a remand is the subject of some disagreement in our circuit. Compare United States v. Coleman , 525 F.3d 665, 667 (8th Cir. 2008 (“As Coleman did not raise this issue [regarding the recen t retroactive amendments] in the district court, it is more appropriate ly addressed in a motion to that court under 18 U.S.C. §-8- 3582(c)(2).”); United States v. King , 518 F.3d 571, 576 (8th Cir. 2008) (“King’s request for reduction of sentence in light of Amendment 706 must be decided by the district court in the first instance.”) withUnited States v. Whiting , 522 F.3d 845, 852- 53 (8th Cir. 2008) (remanding case “to the district court for consideration of whether Whiting's sentence should be modified in light of these retroactiv e amendments to the guidelines affecting crack.”). Rather than we igh in on this debate, it is sufficient for us to say that in the course of correcting the procedural error, the district court may also properly consider the impact of the amended Guidelines. SeeUSSG § 1B1.10(a)(1) (Supp. 2008).

Of course, we are not suggesting that the district court must impose a sentence lower than 151 months or even that the district court must impose a lower sentence at all. The core legal rulein Part IV of our prior panel opinion remains valid even in light of Kimbrough : A sentence is not unreasonable si mply because the district court refuses to vary from the advisory senten cing range on the basis of the crack/powder disparity. United States v. Moore , 518 F.3d 577, 580 (8th Cir. 2008); United States v. Roberson , 517 F.3d 990, 995 (8th Cir. 2008). In this regard, the decision to vary or not to vary belongs to the district court in its exercise of the § 3553(a) balancing test. Should an appeal follow, we would revi ew the district court’s balancing of the § 3553(a) factors for substantive reasonableness.

IV.

For the reasons stated above, Tabor's conviction is AFFIRMED pursuant to Parts I, II and III of our prior pane l opinion, United States v. Tabor , 439 F.3d 826 (8th Cir. 2006), and his sentence is VACA TED and REMANDED to the district court for re-sentencing consistent with this opinion. Consequen tly, we deny as moot Tabor’s motion for appointment of counsel.

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