Man must rise above the Earth –

to the top of the atmosphere and

beyond – for only thus will 

he fully understand the world 

in which he lives.

Socrates 

500 B.C.

Astronaut Fact Book

National Aeronautics and NP-1998-07-008JSC

Space Administration July 31, 1998

Information Summaries

July 31, 1998

PREFACE

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) selected the first group of

astronauts in 1959. From 500 candidates having the required jet aircraft flight experience

and engineering training as well as height below 5 feet 11 inches, 7 military men became

the Nation’s first astronauts. The second and third groups chosen included civilians who

had extensive flying experience. By 1964, requirements had changed, and emphasis was

placed on academic qualifications; in 1965, 6 scientist astronauts were selected from a

group of 400 applicants who had a doctorate or equivalent experience in the natural

sciences, medicine, or engineering. The group named in 1978 was the first of space

shuttle flight crews and was composed of 15 pilots and 20 mission specialists; 6 of the 35

were women and 4 were members of minorities. Since then, 8 additional groups have

been selected with a mix of pilots and mission specialists.

In total, 293 U.S. astronauts have been selected in the 17 groups from 1959 through 1997;

there are 120 astronauts and 25 candidates currently in the program; 123 astronauts have

retired, resigned or been reassigned; and 25 are deceased.

Several sections are included in this document to provide general information about the

international astronauts who are participating in the U.S. Space Program.

Payload specialists are career scientists or engineers selected by their employer or country

for their expertise in conducting a specific experiment or commercial venture on a space

shuttle mission. Information about them is not included in the Astronaut Fact Book.

The space flights and statistics listed in this publication are those which resulted from the

vertical takeoff of an American space vehicle. Astronauts listed are individuals who

participated in the United States astronaut program including those who are in the 

training program.

NASA accepts applications for the Astronaut Candidate Program on a continuing basis 

and selects candidates as needed.

iii

CONTENTS

Alphabetical List of U.S. Astronauts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Alphabetical List of International Astronauts in U.S. Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Biographical Sketches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Current U.S. Astronauts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Current International Astronauts in the U.S. Space Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

1998 U.S. Astronaut Candidate Class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

1998 International Astronaut Candidates in the U.S. Space Program . . . . . . . 40

Former U.S. Astronauts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

Deceased U.S. Astronauts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

U.S. Astronaut Selection by Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

Congressional Space Medal of Honor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

Educational Institutions From Which U.S. Astronauts Earned Degrees . . . . . . . . . . . 71

United States Service Academies From Which U.S. Astronauts Earned Degrees . . . 75

U.S. Astronauts’ Birthplaces by State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76

Astronauts Born in Other Countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

Astronauts’ Scouting Records . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

Current U.S. Astronauts in Active Military Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80

U.S. Space Program Human Space Flight Log . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

Cover Art 

Astronaut wings.

v

Adamson, James C. 1984 10 2 Former

Akers, Thomas D. 1987 12 4 Former

Aldrin, Buzz 1963 3 2 Former

Allen, Andrew M. 1987 12 3 Former

Allen, Joseph P. 1967 6 2 Former

Altman, Scott D. 1995 15 1 Current

Anders, William A. 1963 3 1 Former

Anderson, Michael P. 1995 15 1 Current

Anderson, Clayton C. 1998 17 0 Candidate

Apt, Jerome 1985 11 4 Former

Archambault, Lee J. 1998 17 0 Candidate 

Armstrong, Neil A. 1962 2 2 Former

Ashby, Jeffrey S. 1995 15 0 Current

Bagian, James P. 1980 9 2 Former

Baker, Ellen S. 1984 10 3 Current

Baker, Michael A. 1985 11 4 Current

Barry, Daniel T. 1992 14 1 Current

Bassett, Charles A., II 1963 3 0 Deceased

Bean, Alan L. 1963 3 2 Former

Blaha, John E. 1980 9 5 Former

Bloomfield, Michael J. 1995 15 1 Current

Bluford, Guion S., Jr. 1978 8 4 Former

Bobko, Karol J. 1969 7 3 Former

Bolden, Charles F., Jr. 1980 9 4 Former

Borman, Frank 1962 2 2 Former

Bowersox, Kenneth D. 1987 12 4 Current

Brady, Charles E., Jr. 1992 14 1 Current

Brand, Vance D. 1966 5 4 Former

Brandenstein, Daniel C. 1978 8 4 Former

Bridges, Roy D., Jr. 1980 9 1 Former

Brown, Curtis L., Jr. 1987 12 4 Current

Brown, David M. 1996 16 0 Current

Brown, Mark N. 1984 10 2 Former

Buchli, James F. 1978 8 4 Former

Bull, John S. 1966 5 0 Former

Burbank, Daniel C. 1996 16 0 Current

Bursch, Daniel W. 1990 13 3 Current

Cabana, Robert D. 1985 11 3 Current

Cagle, Yvonne D. 1996 16 0 Current

Caldeiro, Fernando (Frank) 1996 16 0 Current

Caldwell, Tracy E. 1998 17 0 Candidate 

1

ALPHABETICAL LIST OF U.S. ASTRONAUTS

Astronaut Selection Year Group # Flights Status
Camarda, Charles J. 1996 16 0 Current

Cameron, Kenneth D. 1984 10 3 Former

Carey, Duane G. 1996 16 0 Current

Carpenter, M. Scott 1959 1 1 Former

Carr, Gerald P. 1966 5 1 Former

Carter, Manley Lanier, Jr. 1984 10 1 Deceased

Casper, John H. 1984 10 4 Current

Cernan, Eugene A. 1963 3 3 Former

Chaffee, Roger B. 1963 3 0 Deceased

Chamitoff, Gregory E. 1998 17 0 Candidate 

Chang-Díaz, Franklin R. 1980 9 6 Current

Chapman, Philip K. 1967 6 0 Former

Chawla, Kalpana 1995 15 1 Current 

Chiao, Leroy 1990 13 2 Current

Chilton, Kevin P. 1987 12 3 Former

Clark, Laurel B. 1996 16 0 Current

Cleave, Mary L. 1980 9 2 Former

Clifford, Michael R. 1990 13 3 Former

Coats, Michael L. 1978 8 3 Former

Cockrell, Kenneth D. 1990 13 3 Current

Coleman, Catherine G. 1992 14 1 Current

Collins, Eileen M. 1990 13 2 Current

Collins, Michael 1963 3 2 Former

Conrad, Charles, Jr. 1962 2 4 Former

Cooper, L. Gordon, Jr. 1959 1 2 Former

Covey, Richard O. 1978 8 4 Former

Creamer, Timothy J. 1998 17 0 Candidate 

Creighton, John O. 1978 8 3 Former

Crippen, Robert L. 1969 7 4 Former

Culbertson, Frank L., Jr. 1984 10 2 Current

Cunningham, Walter 1963 3 1 Former

Curbeam, Robert L., Jr. 1995 15 1 Current

Currie, Nancy J. 1990 13 2 Current

Davis, N. Jan 1987 12 3 Current

Duffy, Brian 1985 11 3 Current

Duke, Charles M., Jr. 1966 5 1 Former

Dunbar, Bonnie J. 1980 9 5 Current 

Edwards, Joe F., Jr. 1995 15 1 Current 

Eisele, Donn F. 1963 3 1 Deceased

England, Anthony W. 1967 6 1 Former

Engle, Joe H. 1966 5 2 Former

2

ALPHABETICAL LIST OF U.S. ASTRONAUTS

Astronaut Selection Year Group # Flights Status
Evans, Ronald E. 1966 5 1 Deceased

Fabian, John M. 1978 8 2 Former

Ferguson, Christopher J. 1998 17 0 Candidate 

Fincke, E. Michael 1996 16 0 Current

Fisher, Anna L. 1978 8 1 Current

Fisher, William F. 1980 9 1 Former

Foale, C. Michael 1987 12 4 Current

Foreman, Michael J. 1998 17 0 Candidate 

Forrester, Patrick G. 1996 16 0 Current

Fossum, Michael E. 1998 17 0 Candidate 

Freeman, Theodore C. 1963 3 0 Deceased

Frick, Stephen N. 1996 16 0 Current

Fullerton, Charles G. 1969 7 2 Former

Gardner, Dale A. 1978 8 2 Former

Gardner, Guy S. 1980 9 2 Former

Garriott, Owen K. 1965 4 2 Former

Gemar, Charles D. 1985 11 3 Former

Gernhardt, Michael L. 1992 14 3 Current

Gibson, Edward G. 1965 4 1 Former

Gibson, Robert L. 1978 8 5 Former

Givens, Edward G., Jr. 1966 5 0 Deceased

Glenn, John H., Jr. 1959 1 1 Former

Godwin, Linda M. 1985 11 3 Current

Gordon, Richard F., Jr. 1963 3 2 Former

Gorie, Dominic L. 1995 15 1 Current

Grabe, Ronald J. 1980 9 4 Former

Graveline, Duane E. 1965 4 0 Former

Gregory, Frederick D. 1978 8 3 Former

Gregory, William G. 1990 13 1 Current

Griggs, S. David 1978 8 1 Deceased

Grissom, Virgil I. 1959 1 2 Deceased

Grunsfeld, John M. 1992 14 2 Current

Gutierrez, Sidney M. 1984 10 2 Former

Haise, Fred W., Jr. 1966 5 1 Former

Halsell, James D., Jr. 1990 13 4 Current

Ham, Kenneth T. 1998 17 0 Candidate 

Hammond, L. Blaine, Jr. 1984 10 2 Former

Harbaugh, Gregory J. 1987 12 4 Current

Harris, Bernard A., Jr. 1990 13 2 Former

Hart, Terry J. 1978 8 1 Former

3

ALPHABETICAL LIST OF U.S. ASTRONAUTS

Astronaut Selection Year Group # Flights Status
Hartsfield, Henry W., Jr. 1969 7 3 Former

Hauck, Frederick H. 1978 8 3 Former

Hawley, Steven A. 1978 8 4 Current

Helms, Susan J. 1990 13 3 Current

Henize, Karl G. 1967 6 1 Deceased

Henricks, Terence T. 1985 11 4 Former

Herrington, John B. 1996 16 0 Current

Hieb, Richard J. 1985 11 3 Former

Higginbotham, Joan E. 1996 16 0 Current

Hilliard, Patricia C. 1998 17 0 Candidate 

Hilmers, David C. 1980 9 4 Former

Hire, Kathryn P. 1995 15 1 Current 

Hobaugh, Charles O. 1996 16 0 Current

Hoffman, Jeffrey A. 1978 8 5 Former

Holmquest, Donald L. 1967 6 0 Former

Horowitz, Scott J. 1992 14 2 Current

Husband, Rick D. 1995 15 0 Current

Irwin, James B. 1966 5 1 Deceased

Ivins, Marsha S. 1984 10 4 Current

Jemison, Mae C. 1987 12 1 Former

Jernigan, Tamara E. 1985 11 3 Current

Jett, Brent W. 1992 14 2 Current

Johnson, Gregory C. 1998 17 0 Candidate 

Johnson, Gregory H. 1998 17 0 Candidate 

Jones, Thomas D. 1990 13 3 Current

Kavandi, Janet L. 1995 15 0 Current 

Kelly, James M. 1996 16 0 Current

Kelly, Mark E. 1996 16 0 Current

Kelly, Scott J. 1996 16 0 Current

Kerwin, Joseph P. 1965 4 1 Former

Kregel Kevin R. 1992 14 3 Current

Lawrence, Wendy B. 1992 14 3 Current

Lee, Mark C. 1984 10 4 Current

Leestma, David C. 1980 9 3 Former

Lenoir, William B. 1967 6 1 Former

Lind, Don L. 1966 5 1 Former

Lindsey, Steven W. 1995 15 1 Current 

Linenger, Jerry M. 1992 14 3 Former

Linnehan, Richard M. 1992 14 2 Current

4

ALPHABETICAL LIST OF U.S. ASTRONAUTS

Astronaut Selection Year Group # Flights Status
Llewellyn, John A. 1967 6 0 Former

Lockhart, Paul S. 1996 16 0 Current

Lopez-Alegria, Michael E. 1992 14 1 Current

Loria, Christopher J. 1996 16 0 Current

Lounge, John M. 1980 9 3 Former

Lousma, Jack R. 1966 5 2 Former

Love, Stanley G. 1998 17 0 Candidate 

Lovell, James A., Jr. 1962 2 4 Former

Low, G. David 1984 10 3 Former

Lu, Edward T. 1995 15 1 Current 

Lucid, Shannon W. 1978 8 5 Current

Magnus, Sandra H. 1996 16 0 Current

Massimino, Michael J. 1996 16 0 Current

Mastracchio, Richard A. 1996 16 0 Current

Mattingly, Thomas K., II 1966 5 3 Former

McArthur, William S., Jr. 1990 13 2 Current

McBride, Jon A. 1978 8 1 Former

McCandless, Bruce, II 1966 5 2 Former

McCool, William C. 1996 16 0 Current

McCulley, Michael J. 1984 10 1 Former

McDivitt, James A. 1962 2 2 Former

McMonagle, Donald R. 1987 12 3 Former

McNair, Ronald E. 1978 8 2 Deceased

Meade, Carl J. 1985 11 3 Former

Melnick, Bruce E. 1987 12 2 Former

Melroy, Pamela A. 1995 15 0 Current

Melvin, Leland D. 1998 17 0 Candidate 

Michel, F. Curtis 1965 4 0 Former

Mitchell, Edgar D. 1966 5 1 Former

Morin, Lee M. 1996 16 0 Current

Morgan, Barbara R. 1998 17 0 Candidate

Mullane, Richard M. 1978 8 3 Former

Musgrave, Story 1967 6 6 Former

Nagel, Steven R. 1978 8 4 Former

Nelson, George D. 1978 8 3 Former

Newman, James H. 1990 13 2 Current

Noriega, Carlos I. 1995 15 1 Current

Nowak, Lisa M. 1996 16 0 Current

Ochoa, Ellen 1990 13 2 Current

O’Connor, Bryan D. 1980 9 2 Former

5

ALPHABETICAL LIST OF U.S. ASTRONAUTS

Astronaut Selection Year Group # Flights Status
O’Leary, Brian T. 1967 6 0 Former

Oefelein, William A. 1998 17 0 Candidate 

Olivas, John D. 1998 17 0 Candidate 

Onizuka, Ellison S. 1978 8 2 Deceased

Oswald, Stephen S. 1985 11 3 Current

Overmyer, Robert F. 1969 7 2 Deceased

Parazynski, Scott E. 1992 14 2 Current

Parker, Robert A. R. 1967 6 2 Former

Patrick, Nicholas J. M. 1998 17 0 Candidate 

Peterson, Donald H. 1969 7 1 Former

Pettit, Donald R. 1996 16 0 Current

Phillips, John L. 1996 16 0 Current

Pogue, William R. 1966 5 1 Former

Poindexter, Alan G. 1998 17 0 Candidate 

Polansky, Mark L. 1996 16 0 Current

Precourt, Charles J., Jr. 1990 13 4 Current

Readdy, William F. 1987 12 3 Current

Reightler, Kenneth S., Jr. 1987 12 2 Former

Reilly, James F. 1995 15 1 Current 

Reisman, Garrett E. 1998 17 0 Candidate 

Resnik, Judith A. 1978 8 2 Deceased

Richards, Paul W. 1996 16 0 Current

Richards, Richard N. 1980 9 4 Former

Ride, Sally K. 1978 8 2 Former

Robinson, Stephen K. 1995 15 1 Current 

Rominger, Kent V. 1992 14 3 Current

Roosa, Stuart A. 1966 5 1 Deceased

Ross, Jerry L. 1980 9 5 Current

Runco, Mario, Jr. 1987 12 3 Current

Schirra, Walter M., Jr. 1959 1 3 Former

Schmitt, Harrison H. 1965 4 1 Former

Schweickart, Russell L. 1963 3 1 Former

Scobee, Francis R. 1978 8 2 Deceased

Scott, David R. 1963 3 3 Former

Scott, Winston E. 1992 14 2 Current

Searfoss, Richard A. 1990 13 3 Current

Seddon, Margaret Rhea 1978 8 3 Former

See, Elliot M., Jr. 1962 2 0 Deceased

Sega, Ronald M. 1990 13 2 Former

Sellers, Piers J. 1996 16 0 Current

6

ALPHABETICAL LIST OF U.S. ASTRONAUTS

Astronaut Selection Year Group # Flights Status
Shaw, Brewster H., Jr. 1978 8 3 Former

Shepard, Alan B., Jr. 1959 1 2 Deceased

Shepherd, William M. 1984 10 3 Current

Shriver, Loren J. 1978 8 3 Former

Slayton, Donald K. 1959 1 1 Deceased

Smith, Michael J. 1980 9 1 Deceased

Smith, Steven L. 1992 14 2 Current

Spring, Sherwood C. 1980 9 1 Former

Springer, Robert C. 1980 9 2 Former

Stafford, Thomas P. 1962 2 4 Former

Stefanyshyn-Piper, Heidemarie M. 1996 16 0 Current

Stewart, Robert L. 1978 8 2 Former

Still-Kilrain, Susan L. 1995 15 2 Current 

Sturckow, Frederick W. 1995 15 0 Current

Sullivan, Kathryn D. 1978 8 3 Former

Swanson, Steven R. 1998 17 0 Candidate 

Swigert, John L., Jr. 1966 5 1 Deceased

Tani, Daniel M. 1996 16 0 Current

Tanner, Joseph R. 1992 14 2 Current

Thagard, Norman E. 1978 8 5 Former

Thomas, Andrew S. W. 1992 14 2 Current

Thomas, Donald A. 1990 13 4 Current

Thorne, Stephen D. 1985 11 0 Deceased

Thornton, Kathryn C. 1984 10 4 Former

Thornton, William E. 1967 6 2 Former

Thuot, Pierre J. 1985 11 3 Former

Truly, Richard H. 1969 7 2 Former

van Hoften, James D. A. 1978 8 2 Former

Veach, Charles Lacy 1984 10 2 Deceased

Voss, James S. 1987 12 3 Current

Voss, Janice E. 1990 13 4 Current

Walheim, Rex J. 1996 16 0 Current

Walker, David M. 1978 8 4 Former

Walz, Carl E. 1990 13 3 Current

Weber, Mary E. 1992 14 1 Current

Weitz, Paul J. 1966 5 2 Former

Wetherbee, James D. 1984 10 4 Current

Wheelock, Douglas H. 1998 17 0 Candidate 

White, Edward H., II 1962 2 1 Deceased

Whitson, Peggy A. 1996 16 0 Current

7

ALPHABETICAL LIST OF U.S. ASTRONAUTS

Astronaut Selection Year Group # Flights Status
Wilcutt, Terrence W. 1990 13 3 Current

Williams, Clifton C., Jr. 1963 3 0 Deceased

Williams, Donald E. 1978 8 2 Former

Williams, Jeffrey N. 1996 16 0 Current

Williams, Sunita L. 1998 17 0 Candidate 

Wilson, Stephanie D. 1996 16 0 Current

Wisoff, Peter J. K. 1990 13 3 Current

Wolf, David A. 1990 13 2 Current

Woodward, Neil W., III 1998 17 0 Candidate 

Worden, Alfred M. 1966 5 1 Former

Young, John W. 1962 2 6 Current

Zamka, George D. 1998 17 0 Candidate 

8

ALPHABETICAL LIST OF U.S. ASTRONAUTS

Astronaut Selection Year Group # Flights Status
Cheli, Maurizió 1992 Italy 1 Former

Chrétien, Jean-Loup J.M. 1995 France 1 Current

Clervoy, Jean-François 1992 France 2 Current

Doi, Takao 1995 Japan 1 Current

Duque, Pedro 1996 Spain 0 Current

Eyharts, Leopold 1998 France 0 Candidate

Fuglesang, Christer 1996 Sweden 0 Current

Garneau, Marc 1992 Canada 2 Current

Guidoni, Umberto 1996 Italy 1 Current

Hadfield, Chris A. 1992 Canada 1 Current

Krikalev, Sergei 1992 Russia 1 Former

MacLean, Steve 1996 Canada 1 Current

Mohri, Mamoru 1996 Japan 1 Current

Nespoli, Paolo 1998 Italy 0 Candidate

Nicollier, Claude 1980 Switzerland 3 Current

Noguchi, Soichi 1996 Japan 0 Current

Ockels, Wubbo J. 1980 The Netherlands 1 Former

Payette, Julie 1996 Canada 0 Current

Perrin, Philippe 1996 France 0 Current

Pontes, Marcos 1998 Brazil 0 Candidate

Schlegel, Hans 1998 Germany 0 Candidate

Thiele, Gerhard 1996 Germany 0 Current

Titov, Vladimir 1992 Russia 2 Former

Tognini, Michel 1995 France 0 Current

Tryggvason, Bjarni V. 1998 Canada 0 Candidate

Vittori, Roberto 1998 Italy 0 Candidate

Wakata, Koichi 1992 Japan 1 Current

Williams, Dafydd Rhys 1995 Canada 1 Current

9

ALPHABETICAL LIST OF INTERNATIONAL ASTRONAUTS IN U.S. PROGRAM

Astronaut Selection Country # Flights Status

Year
ALTMAN, Scott D., Commander, U.S. Navy

Pilot.

Born August 15, 1959, in Lincoln, Illinois. Hometown, Pekin, Illinois.

Bachelor of science in aeronautical/astronautical engineering from University of

Illinois; master of science in aeronautical engineering, Naval Postgraduate School.

Flew on STS-90.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 381.

ANDERSON, Michael P., Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Air Force

Mission Specialist.

Born December 25, 1959, in Plattsburgh, New York. Hometown, Spokane,

Washington.

Bachelor of science in physics/astronomy from University of Washington; master of

science in physics from Creighton University.

Flew on STS-89.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 211.

ASHBY, Jeffrey S., Captain, U.S. Navy

Pilot.

Born June 16, 1954, in Dallas, Texas. Hometown, Evergreen, Colorado.

Bachelor of science in mechanical engineering from University of Idaho; master 

of science in aviation systems from University of Tennessee, Knoxville.

BAKER, Ellen S., Civilian

Mission Specialist.

Born April 27, 1953, in Fayetteville, North Carolina. Hometown, New York, New York.

Bachelor of arts in geology from State University of New York at Buffalo; doctorate of

medicine from Cornell University; masters in public health from the University 

of Texas School of Public Health.

Flew on STS-34, STS-50 and STS-71.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 686.

BAKER, Michael A., Captain, U.S. Navy

Pilot.

Born October 27, 1953, in Memphis, Tennessee. Hometown, Lemoore, California.

Bachelor of science in aerospace engineering from University of Texas.

Flew on STS-43, STS-52, STS-68 and STS-81.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 965.

10

CURRENT U.S. ASTRONAUTS
BARRY, Daniel T., Civilian

Mission Specialist.

Born December 30, 1953, in Norwalk, Connecticut. Hometown, South Hadley,

Massachusetts.

Bachelor of science in electrical engineering from Cornell University; master 

of engineering, master of arts and a doctorate of philosophy in electrical engineering and computer science from Princeton University; doctorate of medicine from

the University of Miami.

Flew on STS-72.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 214.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 6 hours.

BLOOMFIELD, Michael J., Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Air Force

Pilot.

Born March 16, 1959, in Flint, Michigan. Hometown, Lake Fenton, Michigan.

Bachelor of science in engineering mechanics from U.S. Air Force Academy; master

of science in engineering management from Old Dominion University.

Flew on STS-86.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 259.

BOWERSOX, Kenneth D., Commander, U.S. Navy

Pilot.

Born November 14, 1956, in Portsmouth, Virginia. Hometown, Bedford, Indiana.

Bachelor of science in aerospace engineering from U.S. Naval Academy; 

master of science in mechanical engineering from Columbia University.

Flew on STS-50, STS-61, STS-73 and STS-82.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 1,212.

BRADY, Charles E., Jr., Captain, U.S. Navy

Mission Specialist.

Born August 12, 1951, in Pinehurst, North Carolina. Hometown, Robbins, 

North Carolina.

Doctorate of medicine from Duke University.

Flew on STS-78.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 405.

BROWN, Curtis L., Jr., Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Air Force

Pilot.

Born March 11, 1956, in Elizabethtown, North Carolina.

Bachelor of science in electrical engineering from U.S. Air Force Academy.

Flew on STS-47, STS-66, STS-77 and STS-85.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 977.

11

CURRENT U.S. ASTRONAUTS
BROWN, David M., Commander, U.S. Navy

Mission Specialist.

Born April 16, 1956, in Arlington, Virginia.

Bachelor of science in biology from the College of William and Mary and a doctorate

of medicine from Eastern Virginia Medical School.

BURBANK, Daniel C., Lieutenant Commander, U.S. Coast Guard

Mission Specialist.

Born July 27, 1961, in Manchester, Connecticut.

Bachelor of science in electrical engineering from the U.S. Coast Guard Academy

and a master of science in aeronautical science from Embry-Riddle Aeronautical

University.

BURSCH, Daniel W., Commander, U.S. Navy

Mission Specialist.

Born July 25, 1957, in Bristol, Pennsylvania. Hometown, Vestal, New York.

Bachelor of science in physics from U.S. Naval Academy; master of science 

in engineering science from Naval Postgraduate School.

Flew on STS-51, STS-68 and STS-77.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 746.

CABANA, Robert D., Colonel, U.S. Marine Corps

Pilot.

Born January 23, 1949, in Minneapolis, Minnesota.

Bachelor of science in mathematics from U.S. Naval Academy.

Flew on STS-41, STS-53 and STS-65.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 627.

CAGLE, Yvonne D., Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Air Force

Mission Specialist.

Born April 24, 1959, in West Point, New York.

Bachelor of science in biochemistry from San Francisco State University and 

a doctorate of medicine from the University of Washington.

CALDEIRO, Fernando (Frank), Civilian

Mission Specialist.

Born June 12, 1958, in Buenos Aires, Argentina.

Bachelor of science in mechanical engineering from the University of Arizona, 

an A.A.S. in aerospace technology from the State University of New York at

Farmingdale and a master of science in engineering management from the

University of Central Florida.

12

CURRENT U.S. ASTRONAUTS
CAMARDA, Charles J., Civilian

Mission Specialist.

Born May 8, 1952, in New York, New York

Bachelor of science in aerospace engineering from the Polytechnic Institute of New

York, a master of science in engineering science from George Washington

University and a doctorate of aerospace engineering from Virginia Polytechnic

Institute and State University.

CAREY, Duane G., Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Air Force

Pilot.

Born April 30, 1957, in St. Paul, Minnesota.

Bachelor of science in aerospace engineering and mechanics and a master 

of science in aerospace engineering, University of Minnesota-Minneapolis.

CASPER, John H., Colonel, U.S. Air Force

Born July 9, 1943, in Greenville, South Carolina. Hometown, Gainesville, Georgia.

Bachelor of science in engineering science from U.S. Air Force Academy; 

master of science in astronautics from Purdue University.

Flew on STS-36, STS-54, STS-62 and STS-77.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 825.

CHANG-DIAZ, Franklin R., Civilian

Mission Specialist.

Born April 5, 1950, in San Jose, Costa Rica.

Bachelor of science in mechanical engineering from University of Connecticut; 

doctorate of philosophy in applied plasma physics from Massachusetts Institute 

of Technology.

Flew on STS 61-C, STS-34, STS-46, STS-60, STS-75 and STS-91.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 1,269.

CHAWLA, Kalpana, Civilian

Mission Specialist.

Born July 1, 1961, in Karnal, India.

Bachelor of science in aeronautical engineering from Punjab Engineering College;

master of science in aerospace engineering from University of Texas; doctorate 

of philosophy in aerospace engineering from University of Colorado.

Flew on STS-87.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 376.

13

CURRENT U.S. ASTRONAUTS
CHIAO, Leroy, Civilian

Mission Specialist.

Born August 28, 1960, in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Hometown, Danville, California.

Bachelor of science in chemical engineering from University of California,

Berkeley; master of science in chemical engineering from University of California,

Berkeley; doctorate of philosophy in chemical engineering from University of

California, Santa Barbara.

Flew on STS-65 and STS-72.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 567.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 13 hours.

CLARK, Laurel B., Commander, U.S. Navy

Mission Specialist.

Born March 10, 1961, in Ames, Iowa.

Bachelor of science in zoology and a doctorate of medicine from the University 

of Wisconsin-Madison.

COCKRELL, Kenneth D., Civilian

Pilot.

Born April 9, 1950, in Austin, Texas. Hometown, Rockdale, Texas.

Bachelor of science in mechanical engineering from University of Texas;

master of science in aeronautical systems from University of West Florida.

Flew on STS-56, STS-69 and STS-80.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 906.

COLEMAN, Catherine G., Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Air Force

Mission Specialist.

Born December 14, 1960, in Charleston, South Carolina.

Bachelor of science in chemistry from Massachusetts Institute of Technology;

doctorate of philosophy in polymer science & engineering from University 

of Massachusetts.

Flew on STS-73.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 381.

COLLINS, Eileen M., Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Air Force

Pilot.

Born November 19, 1956, in Elmira, New York.

Bachelor of arts in math and economics from Syracuse University; master 

of science in operations research from Stanford University; master of arts 

in space systems management from Webster University.

Flew on STS-63 and STS-84.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 419.

14

CURRENT U.S. ASTRONAUTS
CULBERTSON, Frank L., Jr., Captain, U.S. Navy

Pilot.

Born May 15, 1949, in Charleston, South Carolina. Hometown, Holly Hill,

South Carolina.

Bachelor of science in aerospace engineering from U.S. Naval Academy. 

Flew on STS-38 and STS-51.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 354.

CURBEAM, Robert L., Jr., Lieutenant Commander, U.S. Navy

Mission Specialist.

Born March 5, 1962, in Baltimore, Maryland.

Bachelor of science in aerospace engineering from United States Naval Academy;

master of science in aeronautical engineering from Naval Postgraduate

School; degree of aeronautical and astronautical engineering from Naval

Postgraduate School. 

Flew on STS-85.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 284.

CURRIE, Nancy J. (Sherlock), Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Army

Mission Specialist.

Born December 29, 1958, in Wilmington, Delaware. Hometown, Troy, Ohio.

Bachelor of arts in biological science from Ohio State; master of science

in safety engineering from University of Southern California; doctorate 

of philosophy in industrial engineering from the University of Houston.

Flew on STS-57 and STS-70.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 454.

DAVIS, N. Jan, Civilian

Mission Specialist.

Born November 1, 1953, in Cocoa Beach, Florida. Hometown, Huntsville, Alabama.

Bachelor of science in applied biology from Georgia Institute of Technology, and

in mechanical engineering from Auburn University; master of science and 

doctorate of philosophy in mechanical engineering from University of Alabama

in Huntsville.

Flew on STS-47, STS-60 and STS-85.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 673.

DUFFY, Brian, Colonel, U.S. Air Force

Pilot.

Born June 20, 1953, in Boston, Massachusetts.

Bachelor of science in mathematics from U.S. Air Force Academy; master 

of science in systems management from University of Southern California.

Flew on STS-45, STS-57 and STS-72.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 667.

15

CURRENT U.S. ASTRONAUTS
DUNBAR, Bonnie J., Civilian

Mission Specialist.

Born March 3, 1949, in Sunnyside, Washington.

Bachelor and master of science in ceramic engineering from University of

Washington; doctorate of philosophy in biomedical engineering from University

of Houston.

Flew on STS 61-A, STS-32, STS-50, STS-71 and STS-89. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 1,208.

EDWARDS, Joe F., Jr., Commander, U.S. Navy

Pilot.

Born February 3, 1958, in Richmond, Virginia. Hometowns, Roanoke and

Lineville, Alabama.

Bachelor of science in aerospace engineering from United States Naval

Academy; master of science in aviation systems from University of Tennessee,

Knoxville. 

Flew on STS-89.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 211.

FINCKE, Edward Michael “Mike,” Major, U.S. Air Force

Mission Specialist.

Born March 14, 1967, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

Bachelor of science in aeronautics and astronautics as well as earth atmospheric,

and planetary sciences from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and a

master of science in aeronautics and astronautics from Stanford University.

FISHER, Anna L., Civilian

Mission Specialist.

Born August 24, 1949, in St. Albans, New York. Hometown, San Pedro, California.

Bachelor of science in chemistry; doctorate of medicine; master of science in

chemistry from University of California at Los Angeles.

Flew on STS 51-A.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 191.

FOALE, C. Michael, Civilian

Mission Specialist.

Born January 6, 1957, in Louth, England. Hometown, Cambridge, England.

Bachelor of arts in physics from Cambridge University; doctorate of philosophy 

in laboratory astrophysics from Cambridge University.

Flew on STS-45, STS-56, STS-63, STS-84/Mir and Mir/STS-86.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 3,840.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 10 hours.

16

CURRENT U.S. ASTRONAUTS
FORRESTER, Patrick G., Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Army

Mission Specialist.

Born March 31, 1957, in El Paso, Texas.

Bachelor of science in applied sciences and engineering from the U.S. Military

Academy and a master of science in mechanical and aerospace engineering

from the University of Virginia.

FRICK, Stephen N., Lieutenant Commander, U.S. Navy

Pilot.

Born September 30, 1964, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

Bachelor of science in aerospace engineering from the U.S. Naval Academy and

a master of science in aeronautical engineering from the U.S. Naval

Postgraduate School.

GERNHARDT, Michael L., Civilian

Mission Specialist.

Born May 4, 1956, in Mansfield, Ohio.

Bachelor of science in physics from Vanderbilt University; master of science and

doctorate of philosophy in bioengineering from the University of Pennsylvania.

Flew on STS-69, STS-83 and STS-94.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 731.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 6 hours.

GODWIN, Linda M., Civilian

Mission Specialist.

Born July 2, 1952, in Cape Girardeau, Missouri. Hometown, Jackson, Missouri.

Bachelor of science in mathematics and physics from Southeast Missouri State;

master of science and doctorate of philosophy in physics from University 

of Missouri.

Flew on STS-37, STS-59 and STS-76.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 634.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 6 hours.

GORIE, Dominic L., Commander, U.S. Navy

Pilot.

Born May 2, 1957, in Lake Charles, Louisiana.

Bachelor of science in ocean engineering from United States Naval Academy;

master of science in aviation systems from University of Tennessee, Knoxville.

Flew on STS-91.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 235.

17

CURRENT U.S. ASTRONAUTS
GREGORY, William G., Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Air Force

Pilot.

Born May 14, 1957, in Lockport, New York.

Bachelor of science in engineering science from U.S. Air Force Academy;

master of science in engineering mechanics from Columbia University; master 

of science in management from Troy State University.

Flew on STS-67.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 399.

GRUNSFELD, John M., Civilian

Mission Specialist.

Born October 10, 1958, in Chicago, Illinois.

Bachelor of science in physics from Massachusetts Institute of Technology; master

of science and doctorate of philosophy in physics from University of Chicago.

Flew on STS-67 and STS-81.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 644.

HALSELL, James D., Jr., Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Air Force

Pilot.

Born September 29, 1956, in Monroe, Louisiana.

Bachelor of science in engineering from U.S. Air Force Academy; master 

of science in management from Troy State University; master of science 

in space operations from Air Force Institute of Technology.

Flew on STS-65, STS-74, STS-83 and STS-94.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 1021.

HARBAUGH, Gregory J., Civilian

Mission Specialist.

Born April 15, 1956, in Cleveland, Ohio. Hometown, Willoughby, Ohio.

Bachelor of science in aeronautical and astronautical engineering from Purdue

University; master of science in physical science from University of HoustonClear Lake.

Flew on STS-39, STS-54, STS-71 and STS-82.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 817.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 11 hours.

HAWLEY, Steven A., Civilian 

Mission Specialist.

Born December 12, 1951, in Ottawa, Kansas. 

Bachelor of arts in physics and astronomy from University of Kansas; doctorate

of philosophy in astronomy and astrophysics from University of California 

at Santa Cruz.

Flew on STS 41-D, STS 61-C, STS-31 and STS-82.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 651.

18

CURRENT U.S. ASTRONAUTS
HELMS, Susan J., Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Air Force

Mission Specialist.

Born February 26, 1958, in Charlotte, North Carolina. Hometown, Portland,

Oregon.

Bachelor of science in aeronautical engineering from U.S. Air Force Academy;

master of science in aeronautics and astronautics from Stanford University.

Flew on STS-54, STS-64 and STS-78.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 812.

HERRINGTON, John B., Lieutenant Commander, U.S. Navy

Mission Specialist.

Born September 14, 1958, in Wetumka, Oklahoma.

Bachelor of science in applied mathematics from the University of Colorado

at Colorado Springs and a master of science in aeronautical engineering 

from the U.S. Naval Postgraduate School.

HIGGINBOTHAM, Joan E., Civilian

Mission Specialist.

Born August 3, 1964, in Chicago, Illinois.

Bachelor of science in electrical engineering from Southern Illinois University 

at Carbondale; a master of science in management from Florida Institute 

of Technology and a master of science in space systems from Florida Institute

of Technology.

HIRE, Kathryn P., Commander, U.S. Naval Reserve

Mission Specialist.

Born August 26, 1959, in Mobile, Alabama.

Bachelor of science in engineering and management from U.S. Naval Academy;

master of science in space technology from Florida Institute of Technology.

Flew on STS-90.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 381.

HOBAUGH, Charles O., Major, U.S. Marine Corps

Pilot.

Born November 5, 1961, in Bar Harbor, Maine.

Bachelor of science in aerospace engineering from the U.S. Naval Academy.

19

CURRENT U.S. ASTRONAUTS
HOROWITZ, Scott J., Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Air Force

Pilot.

Born March 24, 1957, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Hometown, Thousand

Oaks, California.

Bachelor of science in engineering from California State University at Northridge;

master of science and doctorate of philosophy in aerospace engineering from

Georgia Institute of Technology.

Flew on STS-75 and STS-82.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 617.

HUSBAND, Rick D., Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Air Force

Pilot.

Born July 12, 1957, in Amarillo, Texas.

Bachelor of science in mechanical engineering from Texas Tech University; 

master of science in mechanical engineering from California State University.

IVINS, Marsha S., Civilian

Mission Specialist.

Born April 15, 1951, in Baltimore, Maryland.

Bachelor of science in aerospace engineering from University of Colorado.

Flew on STS-32, STS-46, STS-62 and STS-81.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 1,032.

JERNIGAN, Tamara E., Civilian

Mission Specialist.

Born May 7, 1959, in Chattanooga, Tennessee.

Bachelor of science in physics and master of science in engineering science from

Stanford University; master of science in astronomy from University of California

at Berkeley; doctorate in space physics and astronomy from Rice University.

Flew on STS-40, STS-52, STS-67 and STS-80.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 1,278.

JETT, Brent W., Commander, U.S. Navy

Pilot.

Born October 5, 1958, in Pontiac, Michigan. Hometown, Ft. Lauderdale, Florida.

Bachelor of science in aerospace engineering from U.S. Naval Academy; master

of science in aeronautical engineering from U.S. Naval Postgraduate School.

Flew on STS-72 and STS-81.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 458.

20

CURRENT U.S. ASTRONAUTS
JONES, Thomas D., Civilian

Mission Specialist.

Born January 22, 1955, in Baltimore, Maryland. Hometown, Essex, Maryland.

Bachelor of science in basic sciences from U.S. Air Force Academy; doctorate 

of philosophy in planetary science from University of Arizona.

Flew on STS-59, STS-68 and STS-80.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 963.

KAVANDI, Janet L., Civilian

Mission Specialist.

Born July 17, 1959, in Springfield, Missouri.

Bachelor of science in chemistry from Missouri Southern State College; master 

of science in chemistry from University of Missouri; doctorate of philosophy 

in chemistry from University of Washington.

Flew on STS-91.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 235.

KELLY, James M., Major, U.S. Air Force

Pilot.

Born May 14, 1964, in Burlington, Iowa.

Bachelor of science in astronautical engineering from the U.S. Air Force Academy;

master of science in Aerospace Engineering from the University of Alabama.

KELLY, Mark E., Lieutenant Commander, U.S. Navy

Pilot.

Born February 21, 1964, in Orange, New Jersey.

Bachelor of science in marine engineering and nautical science from the U.S.

Merchant Marine Academy and a master of science in aeronautical engineering

from the U.S. Naval Postgraduate School.

KELLY, Scott J., Lieutenant Commander, U.S. Navy

Pilot

Born February 21, 1964, in Orange, New Jersey.

Bachelor of engineering in electrical engineering from the State University 

of New York Maritime College and a master of science in aviation systems 

from the University of Tennessee, Knoxville.

KREGEL, Kevin R., Civilian

Pilot.

Born September 16, 1956, in New York, New York. Hometown, Amityville,

New York.

Bachelor of science in astronautical engineering from U.S. Air Force Academy;

master of public administration from Troy State University.

Flew on STS-70, STS-78 and STS-87.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 996.

21

CURRENT U.S. ASTRONAUTS
LAWRENCE, Wendy B., Commander, U.S. Navy

Mission Specialist.

Born July 2, 1959, in Jacksonville, Florida.

Bachelor of science in ocean engineering from U. S. Naval Academy; master 

of science in ocean engineering from Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Flew on STS-67, STS-86 and STS-91.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 894.

LEE, Mark C., Colonel, U.S. Air Force

Mission Specialist.

Born August 14, 1952, in Viroqua, Wisconsin.

Bachelor of science in civil engineering from U.S. Air Force Academy; master 

of science in mechanical engineering from Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Flew on STS-30, STS-47, STS-64 and STS-82.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 789.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 25 hours.

LINDSEY, Steven W., Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Air Force

Pilot.

Born August 24, 1960, in Arcadia, California. Hometown, Temple City, California.

Bachelor of science in engineering sciences from U.S. Air Force Academy; 

master of science in aeronautical engineering from Air Force Institute 

of Technology.

Flew on STS-87.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 376.

LINNEHAN, Richard M., Civilian

Mission Specialist.

Born September 19, 1957, in Lowell, Massachusetts.

Bachelor of science in animal sciences/microbiology from University of New

Hampshire; doctorate of veterinary medicine from the Ohio State University,

College of Veterinary Medicine.

Flew on STS-78 and STS-90.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 787.

LOCKHART, Paul S., Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Air Force

Pilot.

Born April 28, 1956, in Amarillo, Texas.

Bachelor of arts in mathematics from Texas Tech University and a master 

of science in aerospace engineering from the University of Texas.

22

CURRENT U.S. ASTRONAUTS
LOPEZ-ALEGRIA, Michael E., Commander, U.S. Navy

Mission Specialist.

Born May 30, 1958, in Madrid, Spain. Hometowns, Madrid, Spain, and Mission

Viejo, California.

Bachelor of science in systems engineering from U.S. Naval Academy; master 

of science in aeronautical engineering from U.S. Naval Postgraduate School.

Flew on STS-73.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 381.

LORIA, Christopher J., Major, U.S. Marine Corps

Pilot.

Born July 9, 1960, in Newton, Massachusetts.

Bachelor of science in general engineering from the U.S. Naval Academy.

LU, Edward T., Civilian

Mission Specialist.

Born July 1, 1963, Springfield, Massachusetts. Hometowns, Honolulu, Hawaii,

and Webster, New York.

Bachelor of science in electrical engineering from Cornell University; doctorate 

of philosophy in applied physics from Stanford University.

Flew on STS-84.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 221.

LUCID, Shannon W., Civilian

Mission Specialist.

Born January 14, 1943, in Shanghai, China. Hometown, Bethany, Oklahoma.

Bachelor of science in chemistry; master of science and doctorate of philosophy

in biochemistry from University of Oklahoma.

Flew on STS 51-G, STS-34, STS-43, STS-58, STS-76/Mir and Mir/STS-79.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 5,354.

MAGNUS, Sandra H., Civilian

Mission Specialist.

Born October 30, 1964, in Belleville, Illinois.

Bachelor of science in physics and a master of science in electrical engineering

from the University of Missouri-Rolla, and a doctorate of materials science and

engineering from the Georgia Institute of Technology.

MASSIMINO, Michael J., Civilian

Mission Specialist.

Born August 19, 1962, in Oceanside, New York.

Bachelor of science in industrial engineering from Columbia University and a

master of science in mechanical engineering, a master of science in technology

and policy, a degree of mechanical engineer and doctorate of mechanical 

engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

23

CURRENT U.S. ASTRONAUTS
MASTRACCHIO, Richard A., Civilian

Mission Specialist.

Born February 11, 1960, in Waterbury, Connecticut.

Bachelor of science in electrical engineering and computer science from the

University of Connecticut, a master of science in electrical engineering from

Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute and a master of science in physical sciences,

University of Houston-Clear Lake.

McARTHUR, William S., Jr., Colonel, U.S. Army

Mission Specialist.

Born July 26, 1951, in Laurinburg, North Carolina. Hometown, Wakulla, 

North Carolina.

Bachelor of science in applied science and engineering from U.S. Military

Academy; master of science in aerospace engineering from Georgia Institute

of Technology.

Flew on STS-58 and STS-74.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 532.

McCOOL, William C., Lieutenant Commander, U.S. Navy

Pilot.

Born September 23, 1961, in San Diego, California.

Bachelor of science in applied science from the U.S. Naval Academy, a master 

of science in computer science from the University of Maryland and a master 

of science in aeronautical engineering from the U.S. Naval Postgraduate School.

MELROY, Pamela A., Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Air Force

Pilot.

Born September, 17, 1961, in Palo Alto, California. Hometown, Pittsford, 

New York.

Bachelor of science in physics and astronomy from Wellesley College; master 

of science in earth and planetary sciences from Massachusetts Institute 

of Technology.

MORIN, Lee M., Captain, U.S. Navy

Mission Specialist.

Born September 9, 1952, in Manchester, New Hampshire.

Bachelor of science in mathematics/electrical science from the University of New

Hampshire; a master of science in biochemistry, a doctorate of medicine and a

doctorate in microbiology from New York University, and a master of public

health from the University of Alabama at Birmingham.

24

CURRENT U.S. ASTRONAUTS
NEWMAN, James H., Civilian

Mission Specialist.

Born October 16, 1956, in Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands. Hometown, 

San Diego, California.

Bachelor of arts in physics from Dartmouth College; master of arts and a 

doctorate of philosophy in physics from Rice University.

Flew on STS-51 and STS-69.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 496.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 7 hours.

NORIEGA, Carlos I., Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Marine Corps

Mission Specialist.

Born October 8, 1959, in Lima, Peru. Hometown, Santa Clara, California.

Bachelor of science in computer science from University of Southern California;

master of science in computer science from Naval Postgraduate School; 

master of science in space systems operations from Naval Postgraduate School.

Flew on STS-84.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 221.

NOWAK, Lisa M., Lieutenant Commander, U.S. Navy

Mission Specialist.

Born May 10, 1963, in Washington, D. C. 

Bachelor of science in aerospace engineering from the U.S. Naval Academy and

a master of science in aeronautical engineering and a degree of aeronautical

and astronautical engineer from the U.S. Naval Postgraduate School.

OCHOA, Ellen, Civilian

Mission Specialist.

Born May 10, 1958, in Los Angeles, California. Hometown, La Mesa, California.

Bachelor of science in physics from San Diego State; master of science and 

doctorate of philosophy in electrical engineering from Stanford University.

Flew on STS-56 and STS-66.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 484.

OSWALD, Stephen S., Civilian

Pilot.

Born June 30, 1951, in Seattle, Washington. Hometown, Bellingham, Washington.

Bachelor of science in aerospace engineering from U.S. Naval Academy.

Flew on STS-42, STS-56 and STS-67.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 814.

25

CURRENT U.S. ASTRONAUTS
PARAZYNSKI, Scott E., Civilian

Mission Specialist.

Born July 28, 1961, in Little Rock, Arkansas. Hometowns, Palo Alto, California,

and Evergreen, Colorado.

Bachelor of science in biology and doctorate in medicine from Stanford University.

Flew on STS-66 and STS-86.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 521.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 5 hours.

PETTIT, Donald R., Civilian

Mission Specialist.

Born April 20, 1955, in Silverton, Oregon.

Bachelor of science in chemical engineering from Oregon State University and a

doctorate in chemical engineering from the University of Arizona.

PHILLIPS, John L., Civilian

Mission Specialist.

Born April 15, 1951, in Fort Belvoir, Virginia.

Bachelor of science in mathematics and Russian from the U.S. Naval Academy;

a master of science in aeronautical systems from the University of West

Florida; and a master of science in geophysics and space physics, and a 

doctorate in geophysics and space physics from the University of CaliforniaLos Angeles.

POLANSKY, Mark L., Civilian

Pilot.

Born June 2, 1956, in Paterson, New Jersey.

Bachelor of science in aeronautical and astronautical engineering and a master

of science in aeronautics and astronautics from Purdue University.

PRECOURT, Charles J., Colonel, U.S. Air Force

Pilot.

Born June 29, 1955, in Waltham, Massachusetts. Hometown, Hudson,

Massachusetts.

Bachelor of science in aeronautical engineering from U.S. Air Force Academy;

master of science in engineering management from Golden Gate University.

Flew on STS-55, STS-71, STS-84 and STS-91.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 932.

26

CURRENT U.S. ASTRONAUTS
READDY, William F., Captain, U.S. Naval Reserve

Pilot.

Born January 24, 1952, in Quonset Point, Rhode Island. Hometown,

McLean, Virginia.

Bachelor of science in aeronautical engineering from U.S. Naval Academy.

Flew on STS-42, STS-51 and STS-79.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 672.

REILLY, James F., Civilian

Mission Specialist.

Born March 18, 1954, Mountain Home Air Force Base, Idaho. Hometown,

Mesquite, Texas.

Bachelor of science in geosciences from University of Texas-Dallas; master 

of science in geosciences from University of Texas-Dallas; doctorate 

of philosophy in geosciences from University of Texas-Dallas.

Flew on STS-89.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 211.

RICHARDS, Paul W., Civilian

Mission Specialist.

Born May 20, 1964, in Scranton, Pennsylvania.

Bachelor of science in mechanical engineering from Drexel University and a 

master of science in mechanical engineering from the University of Maryland.

ROBINSON, Stephen K., Civilian

Mission Specialist.

Born October 26, 1955, in Sacramento, California.

Bachelor of science in mechanical/aeronautical engineering from University 

of California; master of science in mechanical engineering from Stanford

University; doctorate of philosophy in mechanical engineering

from Stanford University.

Flew on STS-85.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 284.

ROMINGER, Kent V., Commander, U.S. Navy

Pilot.

Born August 7, 1956, in Del Norte, Colorado.

Bachelor of science in civil engineering from Colorado State University; master 

of science in aeronautical engineering from U.S. Naval Postgraduate School.

Flew on STS-73, STS-80 and STS-85.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 1,090.

27

CURRENT U.S. ASTRONAUTS
ROSS, Jerry L., Colonel, U.S. Air Force

Mission Specialist.

Born January 20, 1948, in Crown Point, Indiana.

Bachelor and master of science in mechanical engineering from Purdue University.

Flew on STS 61-B, STS-27, STS-37, STS-55 and STS-74.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 849.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 23 hours.

RUNCO, Mario, Jr., Lieutenant Commander, U.S. Navy (Retired)

Mission Specialist.

Born January 26, 1952, in Bronx, New York. Hometown, Yonkers, New York.

Bachelor of science in meteorology and physical oceanography from City College

of New York; master of science in meteorology from Rutgers University.

Flew on STS-44, STS-54 and STS-77.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 551.

SCOTT, Winston E., Captain, U.S. Navy

Mission Specialist.

Born August 6, 1950, in Miami, Florida.

Bachelor of arts in music from Florida State University; master of science 

in aeronautical engineering from U.S. Naval Postgraduate School.

Flew on STS-72 and STS-87.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 590.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 19 hours.

SEARFOSS, Richard A., Colonel, U.S. Air Force

Pilot.

Born June 5, 1956, in Mount Clemens, Michigan. Hometown, Portsmouth, 

New Hampshire.

Bachelor of science in aeronautical engineering from U.S. Air Force Academy;

master in aeronautics from California Institute of Technology.

Flew on STS-58, STS-76 and STS-90.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 938.

SELLERS, Piers J., Civilian

Mission Specialist.

Born April 11, 1955, in Crowborough, Sussex, United Kingdom.

Bachelor of science in ecological science from the University of Edinburgh

(Scotland), and a doctorate in biometeorology from Leeds University 

(United Kingdom).

28

CURRENT U.S. ASTRONAUTS
SHEPHERD, William M., Captain, U.S. Navy

Mission Specialist.

Born July 26, 1949, in Oak Ridge, Tennessee. Hometown, Babylon, New York.

Bachelor of science in aerospace engineering from U.S. Naval Academy; 

degree in ocean engineering and master of science in mechanical engineering

from Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Flew on STS-27, STS-41, and STS-52.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 440.

SMITH, Steven L., Civilian

Mission Specialist.

Born December 30, 1958, in Phoenix, Arizona. Hometown, San Jose, California.

Bachelor and master of science in electrical engineering and master of arts 

in business administration from Stanford University.

Flew on STS-68 and STS-82.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 509.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 19 hours.

STEFANYSHYN-PIPER, Heidemarie M., Lieutenant Commander, U.S. Navy

Mission Specialist.

Born February 7, 1963, in St. Paul, Minnesota.

Bachelor and a master of science in mechanical engineering from the

Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

STILL-KILRAIN, Susan L., Lieutenant Commander, U.S. Navy

Pilot.

Born October 24, 1961, in Augusta, Georgia.

Bachelor of science in aeronautical engineering from Embry-Riddle University;

master of science in aerospace engineering from Georgia Institute 

of Technology.

Flew on STS-83 and STS-94.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 471.

STURCKOW, Frederick W., Major, U.S. Marine Corps

Pilot.

Born August 11, 1961, in La Mesa, California.

Bachelor of science in mechanical engineering from California Polytechnic 

State University.

TANI, Daniel M., Civilian

Mission Specialist.

Born February 1, 1961, in Ridley Park, Pennsylvania.

Bachelor and a master of science in mechanical engineering from the Massachusetts

Institute of Technology.

29

CURRENT U.S. ASTRONAUTS
TANNER, Joseph R., Civilian

Mission Specialist.

Born January 21, 1950, in Danville, Illinois.

Bachelor of science in mechanical engineering from University of Illinois.

Flew on STS-66 and STS-82.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 502.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 11 hours.

THOMAS, Andrew S. W., Civilian

Mission Specialist.

Born December 18, 1951, in Adelaide, Australia.

Bachelor of engineering and doctorate of philosophy in mechanical engineering

from University of Adelaide (Australia).

Flew on STS-77, STS-89/Mir and Mir/STS-91.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 3,615.

THOMAS, Donald A., Civilian

Mission Specialist.

Born May 6, 1955, in Cleveland, Ohio.

Bachelor of science in physics from Case Western University; master of science

in materials science from Cornell University; doctorate of philosophy in materials

science from Cornell University.

Flew on STS-65, STS-70, STS-83 and STS-94.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 1040.

VOSS, James S., Colonel, U.S. Army

Mission Specialist.

Born March 3, 1949, in Cordova, Alabama. Hometown, Opelika, Alabama.

Bachelor of science in aerospace engineering from Auburn University; master 

of science in aerospace engineering sciences from University of Colorado.

Flew on STS-44, STS-53 and STS-69.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 602.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 6 hours.

VOSS, Janice E., Civilian

Mission Specialist.

Born October 8, 1956, in South Bend, Indiana. Hometown, Rockford, Illinois.

Bachelor of science in engineering science from Purdue University; master 

of science in electrical engineering from Massachusetts Institute 

of Technology; doctorate of philosophy in aeronautics and astronautics 

from Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Flew on STS-57, STS-63, STS-83 and STS-94.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 909.

30

CURRENT U.S. ASTRONAUTS
WALHEIM, Rex J., Major, U.S. Air Force

Mission Specialist.

Born October 10, 1962, in Redwood City, California.

Bachelor of science in mechanical engineering from the University of CaliforniaBerkeley and a master of science in industrial engineering from the University

of Houston.

WALZ, Carl E., Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Air Force

Mission Specialist.

Born September 6, 1955, in Cleveland, Ohio.

Bachelor of science in physics from Kent State University; master of science 

in solid state physics from John Carroll University.

Flew on STS-51, STS-65 and STS-79.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 833.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 7 hours.

WEBER, Mary E., Civilian

Mission Specialist.

Born August 24, 1962, in Cleveland, Ohio. Hometown, Bedford Heights, Ohio.

Bachelor of science in chemical engineering from Purdue University; doctorate 

of philosophy in physical chemistry from University of California at Berkeley.

Flew on STS-70.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 214.

WETHERBEE, James D., Captain, U.S. Navy

Pilot.

Born November 27, 1952, in Flushing, New York.

Bachelor of science in aerospace engineering from University of Notre Dame.

Flew on STS-32, STS-52, STS-63 and STS-86.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 955.

WHITSON, Peggy A., Civilian

Mission Specialist.

Born February 9, 1960, in Mt. Ayr, Iowa.

Bachelor of science in biology/chemistry from Iowa Wesleyan College and 

a doctorate of biochemistry from Rice University.

WILCUTT, Terrence W., Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Marine Corps

Pilot.

Born October 31, 1949, in Russellville, Kentucky. Hometown, Louisville, Kentucky.

Bachelor of arts in math from Western Kentucky University.

Flew on STS-68, STS-79 and STS-89.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 724.

31

CURRENT U.S. ASTRONAUTS
WILLIAMS, Jeffrey N., Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Army

Mission Specialist.

Born January 18, 1958, in Superior, Wisconsin.

Bachelor of science in applied sciences/engineering from the U.S. Military

Academy and a master of science in aeronautical engineering and a degree

of aeronautical engineer from the U.S. Naval Postgraduate School.

WILSON, Stephanie D., Civilian

Mission Specialist.

Born September 27, 1966, in Boston, Massachusetts.

Bachelor of science in engineering science from Harvard University and a master

of science in aerospace engineering from the University of Texas.

WISOFF, Peter J. K., Civilian

Mission Specialist.

Born August 16, 1958, in Norfolk, Virginia.

Bachelor of science in physics from University of Virginia; master of science and

doctorate of philosophy in applied physics from Stanford University.

Flew on STS-57, STS-68 and STS-81.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 754.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 5 hours.

WOLF, David A., Civilian

Mission Specialist.

Born August 23, 1956, in Indianapolis, Indiana.

Bachelor of science in electrical engineering from Purdue University; doctorate 

of medicine from Indiana University.

Flew on STS-58, STS-86/Mir and Mir/STS-89.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 3,408.

YOUNG, John W., Captain, U.S. Navy (Retired)

Pilot.

Born September 24, 1930, in San Francisco, California.

Bachelor of science in aeronautical engineering from Georgia Institute of Technology.

Flew on Gemini 3, Gemini 10, Apollo 10, Apollo 16, STS-1 and STS-9. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 835.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 20 hours (On the moon.)

32

CURRENT U.S. ASTRONAUTS
CHRÉTIEN, Jean-Loup J.M., French Space Agency

Mission Specialist.

Born August 20, 1938, in La Rochelle, France.

Educated at L’Ecole communale a Ploujean, the Collège Saint-Charles a SaintBrieuc, and the Lycee de Morlaix. He received a masterís degree 

in aeronautical engineering from the French Air Force Academy.

Flew on STS-86.

CLERVOY, Jean-François, European Space Agency

Mission Specialist.

Born November 19, 1958, in Longeville-les-Metz, France. Hometown, Toulouse,

France.

Baccalauréat from Collège Militaire de Saint Cyr l’Ecole; passed Math. Sup. and

Math Spé. M’ at Prytanée Militaire, La Flèche. Graduated from Ecole

Polytechnique, Paris; Ecole Nationale Supérieure de l’Aéronautique et de

l’Espace, Toulouse; and Ecole du Personnel Navigant d’Essais et de

Reception, Istres, as a Flight Test Engineer.

Flew on STS-66 and STS-84.

DOI, Takao, Japanese Space Agency

Mission Specialist.

Born September 18, 1954 in Minamitama-gun, Tokyo, Japan.

Bachelor of engineering from University of Tokyo; master of engineering 

from University of Tokyo; doctorate in aerospace engineering 

from University of Tokyo.

Flew on STS-87.

DUQUE, Pedro, European Space Agency

Mission Specialist

Born March 14, 1963, in Madrid, Spain.

Escuela Tecnica Superior de Ingenieros Aeronauticos, Universidad Politecnica,

Madrid, Spain.

FUGLESANG, Christer, European Space Agency

Mission Specialist

Born March 18, 1957, in Stockholm, Sweden.

Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), masters of science degree in engineering

physics from the University of Stockholm, doctorate in experimental particle

physics and docent in particle physics.

33

CURRENT INTERNATIONAL ASTRONAUTS IN THE U.S. SPACE PROGAM
GARNEAU, Marc, Canadian Space Agency

Mission Specialist.

Born February 23, 1949, in Quebec City, Canada.

Bachelor of science in engineering physics from the Royal Military College 

of Kingston, Ontario, Canada, and a doctorate in electrical engineering from

the Imperial College of Science and Technology, London, England. Attended

the Canadian Forces Command and Staff College of Toronto.

Flew on STS-41G and STS-77.

GUIDONI, Umberto, Italian Space Agency

Mission Specialist

Born August 18, 1954, in Rome, Italy.

Doctorate in astrophysics and a bachelor of science in physics, from the

University 

of Rome.

HADFIELD, Chris A., Canadian Space Agency, Colonel, Canadian Air Force

Mission Specialist.

Born August 29, 1959, in Sarnia, Ontario, Canada.

Bachelor degree in mechanical engineering, Royal Military College, Kingston,

Ontario, Canada; post-graduate research at University of Waterloo, Ontario,

Canada; master of science degree in aviation systems, University 

of Tennessee.

Flew on STS-74.

MACLEAN, Steve, Canadian Space Agency

Mission Specialist

Born December 14, 1954, in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.

Bachelor of science, honors physics, and doctorate in physics from 

York University, Toronto, Canada.

MOHRI, Mamoru, Japanese Space Agency

Mission Specialist

Born January 28, 1948, in Hokkaido, Japan.

Master of science in physical science from Hokkaido University, doctorate 

in physical science from South Australia State Flinders University.

NICOLLIER, Claude, European Space Agency

Mission Specialist.

Born September 2, 1944, in Vevey, Switzerland.

Bachelor of Science in physics from University of Lausanne, Switzerland; master

of science in astrophysics from University of Geneva. 

Flew on STS-46, STS-61 and STS-75.

34

CURRENT INTERNATIONAL ASTRONAUTS IN THE U.S. SPACE PROGAM
NOGUCHI, Soichi, Japanese Space Agency

Mission Specialist

Born April 15, 1965, in Yokohama, Japan.

Master of aeronautical engineering and bachelor of aeronautical engineering 

from the University of Tokyo, Japan.

PAYETTE, Julie, Canadian Space Agency

Mission Specialist

Born October 20, 1963 in Montreal, Quebec, Canada.

Bachelor of engineering from McGill University, masters of applied science 

from the University of Toronto, international baccalaureate, United World

International College of the Atlantic, South Wales, UK.

PERRIN, Philippe, Lt. Colonel, French Air Force

Mission Specialist

Born January 6, 1963, in Meknes, Morocco.

Degree as Ingenieur Polytechnicien from the Ecole Polytechnique, Palaiseau, France.

THIELE, Gerhard P.J., German Space Agency

Mission Specialist

Born September 2, 1953, in Heidenhelm/Brenz, Germany.

Studied physics at Ludwig-Maximilians Universitat, Munich and Ruprecht-KarlsUniversitat in Heidelberg. Doctoral thesis at the Institute for Environmental

Physics of Heidelberg Universitat.

TOGNINI, Michel, French Space Agency

Mission Specialist.

Born September 30, 1949, in Vincennes, France.

Educated at Lycee de Cachan, Paris. Received an advanced mathematics degree

from Epa Grenoble and an engineering degree from the French Air Force Academy.

WAKATA, Koichi, Japanese Space Agency

Mission Specialist.

Born August 1, 1963, in Omiya, Saitama, Japan.

Bachelor of science in aeronautical engineering and master of science 

in applied mechanics degrees from Kyushu University.

Flew on STS-72.

WILLIAMS, Dafydd (David) Rhys, Canadian Space Agency

Mission Specialist.

Born May 16, 1954 in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.

Bachelor of science in biology from McGill University, Montreal; master of science

physiology department, doctorate of medicine, and master of surgery 

from McGill University, Montreal.

35

CURRENT INTERNATIONAL ASTRONAUTS IN THE U.S. SPACE PROGAM
ANDERSON, Clayton C., Civilian

Mission Specialist.

Born February 23, 1959, in Omaha, Nebraska. 

Bachelor of science in physics from Hastings College, Nebraska, master 

of science in aerospace engineering from Iowa State University.

ARCHAMBAULT, Lee J., Major, U.S. Air Force

Pilot.

Born August 25, 1960, in Oak Park, Illinois. 

Bachelor and master of science in aerospace/aeronautical engineering 

from University of Illinois-Urbana.

CALDWELL, Tracy E., Ph.D.

Mission Specialist.

Born August 14, 1969, in Arcadia, California.

Bachelor of science in chemistry from California State University-Fullerton; 

Ph.D. in Physical chemistry from the University of California-Davis.

CHAMITOFF, Gregory E., Ph.D.

Mission Specialist.

Born August 6, 1962, in Montreal, Canada.

Bachelor of science in electrical engineering from California Polytechnic State

University; master of science in aeronautical engineering from California

Institute of Technology; Ph.D. in aeronautics/astronautics from the

Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

CREAMER, Timothy J., Major, U. S. Army

Mission Specialist.

Born November 15, 1959, in Ft. Huachuca, Arizona.

Bachelor of science in chemistry from Loyola College in Baltimore, Maryland;

master of science in physics from Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

FERGUSON, Christopher J., Lt. Commander, U.S. Navy

Pilot.

Born September 1, 1961, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Bachelor of science in mechanical engineering from Drexel University; master 

of science in aeronautical engineering from the Naval Postgraduate School.

FOREMAN, Michael J., Commander, U.S. Navy

Mission Specialist.

Born March 29, 1957, in Columbus, Ohio.

Bachelor of science in aerospace engineering from the U.S. Naval Academy;

master of science in aeronautical engineering from the Naval Postgraduate

School.

36

1998 U.S. ASTRONAUT CANDIDATE CLASS
FOSSUM, Michael E., Civilian

Mission Specialist.

Born December 19, 1957, in Sioux Falls, South Dakota.

Bachelor of science in mechanical engineering from Texas A&M University; 

master of science in systems engineering from the Air Force Institute 

of Technology; master of science in physical science and space science 

from the University of Houston-Clear Lake.

HAM, Kenneth T., Lt. Commander, U.S. Navy

Pilot.

Born December 12, 1964, in Plainfield, New Jersey.

Bachelor of science aerospace engineering from the U.S. Naval Academy;

master of science in aeronautical engineering from the Naval Postgraduate

School.

HILLIARD, Patricia C., M.D.

Mission Specialist.

Born March 12, 1963, in Indiana, Pennsylvania. 

Bachelor of science in biology from Indiana University of Pennsylvania; 

M.D. from the Medical College of Pennsylvania.

JOHNSON, Gregory C., Civilian

Pilot.

Born July 30, 1954, in Seattle, Washington.

Bachelor of science in aerospace engineering from the University of Washington.

JOHNSON, Gregory H., Major, U.S. Air Force

Pilot.

Born May 12, 1962, in Upper Ruislip, Middlesex, United Kingdom.

Bachelor of science in aeronautical engineering from the U.S. Air Force Academy;

master of science in flight structure engineering from Columbia University.

LOVE, Stanley G., Ph.D.

Mission Specialist.

Born June 8, 1965, in San Diego, California.

Bachelor of science in physics from Harvey Mudd College; master of science and

a Ph.D. in astronomy from the University of Washington.

MELVIN, Leland D., Civilian

Mission Specialist.

Born February 15, 1964, in Lynchburg, Virginia.

Bachelor of science in chemistry from the University of Richmond; 

master of science in materials science from the University of Virginia.

37

1998 U.S. ASTRONAUT CANDIDATE CLASS
MORGAN, Barbara R., Civilian

Mission Specialist.

Born November 28, 1951, in McCall, Idaho.

Bachelor of arts in human biology from Stanford University; teaching credentials

from the College of Notre Dame in Belmont, California.

OEFELEIN, William A., Lieutenant, U.S. Navy

Pilot.

Born March 29, 1965, in Ft. Belvoir, Virginia.

Bachelor of science in electrical/electronics engineering from Oregon State

University; Master of science in aviation systems from the University 

of Tennessee Space Institute.

OLIVAS, John D., Ph.D.

Mission Specialist.

Born May 25, 1966, in North Hollywood, California.

Bachelor of science in mechanical engineering from the University of TexasEl Paso; master of science in mechanical engineering from the University 

of Houston; Ph.D. in mechanical engineering & materials science

from Rice University.

PATRICK, Nicholas J.M., Ph.D.

Mission Specialist.

Born March 22, 1964, in Saltburn, North Yorkshire, United Kingdom.

Bachelor of arts and a master of arts in engineering from the University 

of Cambridge, England; master of science and Ph.D. in mechanical engineering

from Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

POINDEXTER, Alan G., Lt. Commander, U.S. Navy

Pilot.

Born November 5, 1961, in Pasadena, California.

Bachelor of aerospace engineering from Georgia Institute of Technology; master

of science in aeronautical engineering from the Naval Postgraduate School.

REISMAN, Garrett E., Ph.D.

Mission Specialist.

Born February 10, 1968, in Morristown, New Jersey.

Bachelor of science in economics and in mechanical engineering from the

University of Pennsylvania; master of science and Ph.D. in mechanical 

engineering from the California Institute of Technology.

38

1998 U.S. ASTRONAUT CANDIDATE CLASS
SWANSON, Steven R., Civilian

Mission Specialist.

Born December 3, 1960, in Syracuse, New York.

Bachelor of science in engineering physics from the University of ColoradoBoulder; master of applied science in computer systems from Florida Atlantic

University; Ph.D. in computer science from Texas A&M University.

WHEELOCK, Douglas H., Major, U.S. Army

Mission Specialist.

Born May 5, 1960, in Binghamton, New York.

Bachelor of science in applied science from the U.S. Military Academy; master 

of science in aerospace engineering from Georgia Institute of Technology.

WILLIAMS, Sunita L., Lt. Commander, U.S. Navy

Mission Specialist.

Born September 19, 1965, in Euclid, Ohio.

Bachelor of science in physical science from the U.S. Naval Academy; master 

of science in engineering management from the Florida institute of Technology.

WOODWARD, Neil W., III, Lieutenant, U.S. Navy

Mission Specialist.

Born July 26, 1962, in Chicago, Illinois.

Bachelor of arts in physics from the Massachusetts institute of Technology; 

master of science in physics from the University of Texas-Austin.

ZAMKA, George D., Major, U.S. Marine Corp.

Pilot.

Born June 29, 1962, in Jersey City, New Jersey.

Bachelor of science in mathematics from the U.S. Naval Academy; master 

of science in engineering management from the Florida Institute of Technology.

39

1998 U.S. ASTRONAUT CANDIDATE CLASS
EYHARTS, Léopold, European Space Agency

Born April 28, 1957, in Biarritz, France.

Graduated as engineer from the Salon de Provence Air Force Academy.

NESPOLI, Paolo, European Space Agency

Born April 6, 1957, in Milan, Italy.

Bachelor of science in aerospace engineering and an master of science 

in aeronautics and astronautics from Polytechnic University of New York.

Laurea in Ingegneria Meccanica, Universita degli Studi di Firenze.

PONTES, Marcos, Brazilian Space Agency

Born March 11, 1963 in Bauru, Brazil.

Graduated with a bachelor of science degree in aeronautical engineering 

from the Instituto Technologico de Aeronautica University, and a masters

degree in systems engineering from the Navy Post Graduate School 

in Monterey, California.

SCHLEGEL, Hans, European Space Agency

Born August 3, 1951, in Überlingen, Germany.

Graduated in Physics from Aachen University.

TRYGGVASON, Bjarni V., Canadian Space Agency

Born September 21, 1945, in Reykjavik, Iceland.

Bachelor of Applied Science in Engineering Physics from the University of British

Columbia, and postgraduate work in engineering with a specialization 

in applied mathematics and fluid dynamics at the University of Western

Ontario. 

Flew as a payload specialist on STS-85.

VITTORI, Roberto, European Space Agency.

Born October 15, 1964, in Viterbo, Italy.

Graduate of the Italian Airforce Academy. Currently attending the IV year of a

Physics degree at the University of Perugia.

40

1998 INTERNATIONAL ASTRONAUT CANDIDATES IN THE U.S. SPACE PROGRAM
ADAMSON, James C., Colonel, U.S. Army (Retired)

Born March 3, 1946, in Warsaw, New York. 

Bachelor of science in engineering from U.S. Military Academy; master of science

in aerospace engineering from Princeton University. Graduate of the U.S.

Navy Test Pilot School.

Flew on STS-28 and STS-43.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 334.

AKERS, Thomas D., Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Air Force

Born May 20, 1951, in St. Louis, Missouri. Hometown, Eminence, Missouri.

Bachelor and master of science in applied mathematics from University 

of Missouri-Rolla.

Flew on STS-41, STS-49, STS-61 and STS-79.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 814.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 29 hours.

ALDRIN, Buzz, Colonel, U.S. Air Force (Retired)

Born January 20, 1930, in Montclair, New Jersey.

Bachelor of science in mechanical engineering from U.S. Military Academy; 

doctorate of science in astronautics from Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Flew on Gemini 12 and Apollo 11.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 289.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 2 hours.

ALLEN, Andrew M., Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Marine Corps

Born August 4, 1955, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Bachelor of science in mechanical engineering from Villanova University. 

Flew on STS-46, STS-62 and STS-75.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 904.

ALLEN, Joseph P., Civilian

Born June 27, 1937, in Crawfordsville, Indiana.

Bachelor of arts in mathematics and physics from DePauw University; 

master of science and doctorate of philosophy in physics from Yale University.

Flew on STS-5 and STS 51-A.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 313.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 12 hours.

ANDERS, William A., Major General, U.S. Air Force Reserve (Retired)

Born October 17, 1933, in Hong Kong.

Bachelor of science in nuclear engineering from U.S. Naval Academy; master 

of science in nuclear engineering from Air Force Institute of Technology.

Flew on Apollo 8.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 147.

41

FORMER U.S. ASTRONAUTS
APT, Jerome, Civilian

Born April 28, 1949, in Springfield, Massachusetts. Hometown, Pittsburgh,

Pennsylvania.

Bachelor of arts in physics from Harvard College; doctorate of philosophy 

in physics from Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Flew on STS-37, STS-47, STS-59 and STS-79.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 847.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 10 hours.

ARMSTRONG, Neil A., Civilian

Born August 5, 1930, in Wapakoneta, Ohio.

Bachelor of science in aeronautical engineering from Purdue University; master

of science in aerospace engineering from University of Southern California.

Flew on Gemini 8 and Apollo 11.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 205.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 2 hours.

BAGIAN, James P., Civilian

Mission Specialist.

Born February 22, 1952, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. 

Bachelor of science in mechanical engineering from Drexel University; doctorate

of medicine from Thomas Jefferson University. 

Flew on STS-29 and STS-40.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 337.

BEAN, Alan L., Captain, U.S. Navy (Retired)

Born March 15, 1932, in Wheeler, Texas.

Bachelor of science in aeronautical engineering from University of Texas.

Flew on Apollo 12 and Skylab 3.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 1,671.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 10 hours.

BLAHA, John E., Colonel, U.S. Air Force (Retired)

Born August 26, 1942, in San Antonio, Texas.

Bachelor of science in engineering science from U.S. Air Force Academy; 

master of science in astronautical engineering from Purdue University. 

Flew on STS-29, STS-33, STS-43, STS-58, STS-79/Mir and Mir/STS-81.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 3,864.

BLUFORD, Guion S., Jr., Colonel, U.S. Air Force (Retired)

Born November 22, 1942, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Bachelor of science in aerospace engineering from Pennsylvania State University;

master of science and doctorate of philosophy in aerospace engineering 

from Air Force Institute of Technology; master in business administration 

from the University of Houston-Clear Lake.

Flew on STS-8, STS 61-A, STS-39, and STS-53.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 688.

42

FORMER U.S. ASTRONAUTS
BOBKO, Karol J., Colonel, U.S. Air Force (Retired)

Born December 23, 1937, in New York, New York.

Bachelor of science from U.S. Air Force Academy; master of science 

in aerospace engineering from University of Southern California.

Flew on STS-6, STS 51-D, and STS-51-J.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 386.

BOLDEN, Charles F., Jr., Brigadier General, U.S. Marine Corps

Born August 19, 1946, in Columbia, South Carolina.

Bachelor of science in electrical science from U.S. Naval Academy; master 

of science in systems management from University of Southern California.

Flew on STS-61C, STS-31, STS-45, and STS-60.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 680.

BORMAN, Frank, Colonel, U.S. Air Force (Retired)

Born March 14, 1928, in Gary, Indiana.

Bachelor of science from U.S. Military Academy; master of science in aeronautical

engineering from California Institute of Technology.

Flew on Gemini 7 and Apollo 8.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 477.

BRAND, Vance D., Civilian

Born May 9, 1931, in Longmont, Colorado.

Bachelor of science in business and aeronautical engineering 

from University of Colorado; master of science in business administration from

University of California at Los Angeles.

Flew on Apollo-Soyuz Test Project, STS-5, STS 41-B, and STS-35.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 746.

BRANDENSTEIN, Daniel C., Captain, U.S. Navy (Retired)

Born January 17, 1943, in Watertown, Wisconsin.

Bachelor of science in mathematics and physics from University of Wisconsin,

River Falls, Wisconsin.

Flew on STS-8, STS 51-G, STS-32, and STS-49.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 788.

BRIDGES, Roy D., Jr., Major General, U.S. Air Force (Retired)

Born July 19, 1943, in Atlanta, Georgia.

Bachelor of science in engineering science from U.S. Air Force Academy; 

master of science in astronautics from Purdue University.

Flew on STS 51-F.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 190.

43

FORMER U.S. ASTRONAUTS
BROWN, Mark N., Colonel, U.S. Air Force (Retired)

Born November 18, 1951, in Valparaiso, Indiana.

Bachelor of science in aeronautical and astronautical engineering from Purdue

University; master of science in astronautical engineering 

from U.S. Air Force Institute of Technology.

Flew on STS-28 and STS-48.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 249.

BUCHLI, James F., Colonel, U.S. Marine Corps (Retired)

Born June 20, 1945, in New Rockford, North Dakota. Hometown, Fargo, 

North Dakota.

Bachelor of science in aeronautical engineering from U.S. Naval Academy; master

of science in aeronautical engineering systems from University of West Florida.

Flew on STS 51-C, STS 61-A, STS-29, and STS-48.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 490.

BULL, John S., Civilian

Born September 25, 1934, in Memphis, Tennessee.

Bachelor of science in mechanical engineering from Rice University; 

master of science and doctorate of philosophy in aeronautical engineering

from Stanford University.

CAMERON, Kenneth D., Colonel, U.S. Marine Corps (Retired)

Born November 29, 1949, in Cleveland, Ohio.

Bachelor and master of science in aeronautics and astronautics 

from Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Flew on STS-37, STS-56 and STS-74.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 562.

CARPENTER, M. Scott, Commander, U.S. Navy (Retired)

Born May 1, 1925, in Boulder, Colorado.

Bachelor of science in aeronautical engineering from University of Colorado.

Flew on Mercury 7.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 4.

CARR, Gerald P., Colonel, U.S. Marine Corps (Retired)

Born August 22, 1932, in Denver, Colorado.

Bachelor of science in mechanical engineering from University of Southern

California; bachelor of science in aeronautical engineering from U.S. Naval

Postgraduate School; master of science in aeronautical engineering from

Princeton University; honorary doctor of science in aeronautical engineering

from Parks College, St. Louis University.

Flew on Skylab 4.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 2,017.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 15 hours.

44

FORMER U.S. ASTRONAUTS
CERNAN, Eugene A., Captain, U.S. Navy (Retired)

Born March 14, 1934, in Chicago, Illinois.

Bachelor of science in electrical engineering from Purdue University; master 

of science in aeronautical engineering from U.S. Navy Postgraduate School.

Flew on Gemini 9, Apollo 10, and Apollo 17.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 566.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 24 hours.

CHAPMAN, Philip K., Civilian

Born March 5, 1935, in Melbourne, Australia.

Bachelor of science in physics and mathematics from University of Sydney; 

master of science in aeronautics and astronautics and doctorate of science 

in instrumentation from Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 

CHILTON, Kevin P., Brigadier General, U.S. Air Force

Born November 3, 1954, in Los Angeles, California.

Bachelor of science in engineering sciences from U.S. Air Force Academy;

master of science in mechanical engineering from Columbia University.

Flew on STS-49, STS-59 and STS-76.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 704.

CLEAVE, Mary L., Civilian

Born February 5, 1947, in Southampton, New York.

Bachelor of science in biological sciences from Colorado State University; 

master of science in microbial ecology and doctorate of philosophy in civil and

environmental engineering from Utah State University.

Flew on STS 61-B and STS-30.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 262.

CLIFFORD, Michael R., Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Army (Retired)

Born October 13, 1952, in San Bernardino, California. Hometown, Ogden, Utah.

Bachelor of science from U.S. Military Academy; master of science in aerospace

engineering from Georgia Institute of Technology.

Flew on STS-53, STS-59 and STS-76.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 666.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 6 hours.

COATS, Michael L., Captain, U.S. Navy (Retired)

Born January 16, 1946, in Sacramento, California. 

Bachelor of science from U.S. Naval Academy; master of science in administration

of science and technology from George Washington University; master 

of science in aeronautical engineering from U.S. Naval Postgraduate School.

Flew on STS 41-D, STS-29, and STS-39.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 463.

45

FORMER U.S. ASTRONAUTS
COLLINS, Michael, Major General, U.S. Air Force Reserve (Retired)

Born October 31, 1930, in Rome, Italy.

Bachelor of science from U.S. Military Academy.

Flew on Gemini 10 and Apollo 11.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 265.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 1 hour.

CONRAD, Charles, Jr., Captain, U.S. Navy (Retired)

Born June 2, 1930, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Bachelor of science in aeronautical engineering from Princeton University.

Flew on Gemini 5, Gemini 11, Apollo 12, and Skylab 2.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 1,179.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 13 hours.

COOPER, L. Gordon, Jr., Colonel, U.S. Air Force (Retired)

Born March 6, 1927, in Shawnee, Oklahoma.

Bachelor of science from U.S. Air Force Institute of Technology; doctorate 

of science in aeronautical engineering from Oklahoma City University.

Flew on Mercury 9 and Gemini 5.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 225.

COVEY, Richard O., Colonel, U.S. Air Force (Retired)

Born August 1, 1946, in Fayetteville, Arkansas. Hometown, Fort Walton Beach,

Florida.

Bachelor of science in engineering sciences from U.S. Air Force Academy; 

master of science in aeronautics and astronautics from Purdue University.

Flew on STS 51-I, STS-26, STS-38, and STS-61.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 645.

CREIGHTON, John O., Captain, U.S. Navy (Retired)

Born April 28, 1943, in Orange, Texas. 

Bachelor of science from U.S. Naval Academy; master of science in administration

of science and technology from George Washington University.

Flew on STS 51-G, STS-36, and STS-48.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 404.

CRIPPEN, Robert L., Captain, U.S. Navy (Retired)

Born September 11, 1937, in Beaumont, Texas.

Bachelor of science in aerospace engineering from University of Texas.

Flew on STS-1, STS-7, STS 41-C, and STS 41-G.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 565.

46

FORMER U.S. ASTRONAUTS
CUNNINGHAM, Walter, Colonel, U.S. Marine Corps Reserve (Retired)

Born March 16, 1932, in Creston, Iowa.

Bachelor and master of arts in physics from University of California 

at Los Angeles. Advanced management program, Harvard Graduate 

School of Business.

Flew on Apollo 7.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 263.

DUKE, Charles M., Jr., Brigadier General, U.S. Air Force (Retired)

Born October 3, 1935, in Charlotte, North Carolina.

Bachelor of science in naval sciences from U.S. Naval Academy; master of science

in aeronautics from Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Flew on Apollo 16.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 265.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 20 hours.

ENGLAND, Anthony W., Civilian

Born May 15, 1942, in Indianapolis, Indiana.

Bachelor and master of science in Earth sciences from Massachusetts Institute 

of Technology; doctorate of philosophy in geophysics from Massachusetts

Institute of Technology.

Flew on STS 51-F.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 190.

ENGLE, Joe H., Major General, Air National Guard/U.S. Air Force

Born August 26, 1932, in Dickinson County, Kansas.

Bachelor of science in aeronautical engineering from University of Kansas.

Flew 16 flights in USAF/NASA X-15 - 3 flights into space; flew on Space 

Shuttle approach and landing tests 2 and 4, STS-2, and STS 51-I.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 224.

FABIAN, John M., Colonel, U.S. Air Force (Retired)

Born January 28, 1939, in Goosecreek, Texas.

Bachelor of science in mechanical engineering from Washington State 

University; master of science in aerospace engineering from U.S. Air Force

Institute of Technology; doctorate of philosophy in aeronautics and astronautics

from University of Washington.

Flew on STS-7 and STS 51-G.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 316.

47

FORMER U.S. ASTRONAUTS
FISHER, William F., Civilian

Born April 1, 1946, in Dallas, Texas.

Bachelor of arts from Stanford University; master of science in engineering 

from University of Houston; doctorate of medicine from University of Florida.

Flew on STS 51-I.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 170.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 11 hours.

FULLERTON, Charles G., Colonel, U.S. Air Force (Retired)

Born October 11, 1936, in Rochester, New York. 

Bachelor and master of science in mechanical engineering from California 

Institute of Technology.

Flew Space Shuttle approach and landing tests 1, 3 and 5; STS-3 and STS 51-F.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 382.

GARDNER, Dale A., Captain, U.S. Navy (Retired)

Born November 8, 1948, in Fairmont, Minnesota.

Bachelor of science in engineering physics from University of Illinois.

Flew on STS-8 and STS 51-A.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 336.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 11 hours.

GARDNER, Guy S., Colonel, U.S. Air Force (Retired)

Born January 6, 1948, in Altavista, Virginia.

Bachelor of science in engineering sciences, astronautics and mathematics from

U.S. Air Force Academy; master of science in astronautics from Purdue University.

Flew on STS-27 and STS-35.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 320.

GARRIOTT, Owen K., Civilian

Born November 22, 1930, in Enid, Oklahoma.

Bachelor of science in electrical engineering from University of Oklahoma; 

master of science and doctorate of philosophy in electrical engineering 

from Stanford University.

Flew on Skylab 3 and STS-9.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 1674.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 13 hours.

GEMAR, Charles D., Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Army

Born August 4, 1955, in Yankton, South Dakota. Hometown, Scotland, 

South Dakota.

Bachelor of science in engineering from U.S. Military Academy.

Flew on STS-38, STS-48 and STS-62.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 581.

48

FORMER U.S. ASTRONAUTS
GIBSON, Edward G., Civilian

Born November 8, 1936, in Buffalo, New York.

Bachelor of science in engineering from University of Rochester; master of science

in engineering from California Institute of Technology; doctorate of philosophy

in engineering and physics from California Institute of Technology.

Flew on Skylab 4.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 2,017.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 15 hours.

GIBSON, Robert L., Captain, U.S. Navy

Born October 30, 1946, in Cooperstown, New York. Hometown, 

Lakewood, California.

Bachelor of science in aeronautical engineering from California Polytechnic Institute.

Flew on STS 41-B, STS 61-C, STS-27, STS-47 and STS-71. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 868.

GLENN, John H., Jr., Colonel, U.S. Marine Corps (Retired)

Born July 18, 1921, in Cambridge, Ohio.

Bachelor of science in engineering from Muskingum College.

Flew on Mercury 6.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 4.

GORDON, Richard F., Jr., Captain, U.S. Navy (Retired)

Born October 5, 1929, in Seattle, Washington.

Bachelor of science in chemistry from University of Washington; honorary 

doctorate of science from Niagara University.

Flew on Gemini 11 and Apollo 12.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 315.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 1 hour.

GRABE, Ronald J., Colonel, U.S. Air Force (Retired)

Born June 13, 1945, in New York, New York.

Bachelor of science in engineering science from U.S. Air Force Academy.

Flew on STS 51-J, STS-30, STS-42, and STS-57.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 627.

GRAVELINE, Duane F., Civilian

Born March 2, 1931, in Newport, Vermont.

Bachelor of science and doctorate of medicine from University of Vermont; 

master of science in public health from Johns Hopkins University.

49

FORMER U.S. ASTRONAUTS
GREGORY, Frederick D., Colonel, U.S. Air Force (Retired)

Born January 7, 1941, in Washington, D.C.

Bachelor of science from U.S. Air Force Academy; master of science in information

systems from George Washington University.

Flew on STS 51-B, STS-33, and STS-44.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 455.

GUTIERREZ, Sidney M., Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Air Force (Retired)

Born June 27, 1951, Albuquerque, New Mexico.

Bachelor of science in aeronautical engineering from U.S. Air Force Academy;

master of arts in management from Webster College.

Flew on STS-40 and STS-59.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 488.

HAISE, Fred W., Jr., Civilian

Born November 14, 1933, in Biloxi, Mississippi.

Bachelor of science in aeronautical engineering from University of Oklahoma.

Flew on Apollo 13 and Space Shuttle approach and landing tests 1, 3, and 5.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 142.

HAMMOND, L. Blaine, Jr., Colonel, U.S. Air Force 

Born January 16, 1952, in Savannah, Georgia. Hometown, St. Louis, Missouri.

Bachelor of science in engineering science and mechanics from U.S. Air Force

Academy; master of science in engineering science and mechanics 

from Georgia Institute of Technology.

Flew on STS-39 and STS-64.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 462.

HARRIS, Bernard A., Jr., Civilian

Born June 26, 1956, in Temple, Texas. 

Bachelor of science in biology from University of Houston; doctorate of medicine

from Texas Tech University.

Flew on STS-55 and STS-63.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 438.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 4 hours.

HART, Terry J., Civilian

Born October 27, 1946, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

Bachelor of science from Lehigh University; master of science in mechanical

engineering from Massachusetts Institute of Technology; master of science 

in electrical engineering from Rutgers University; honorary doctorate 

of engineering from Lehigh University.

Flew on STS 41-C.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 167.

50

FORMER U.S. ASTRONAUTS
HARTSFIELD, Henry W., Jr., Colonel, U.S. Air Force (Retired)

Born November 21, 1933, in Birmingham, Alabama.

Bachelor of science in physics from Auburn University; master of science 

in engineering science from University of Tennessee.

Flew on STS-4, STS 41-D, and STS 61-A.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 482.

HAUCK, Frederick H., Captain, U.S. Navy (Retired)

Born April 11, 1941, in Long Beach, California.

Bachelor of science in physics from Tufts University; master of science in nuclear

engineering from Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Flew on STS-7, STS 51-A, and STS-26.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 435.

HENRICKS, Terence T. “Tom”, Colonel, U.S. Air Force

Born July 5, 1952, in Bryan, Ohio. Hometown, Woodville, Ohio.

Bachelor of science in civil engineering from U.S. Air Force Academy; master 

of arts in public administration from Golden Gate University.

Flew on STS-44, STS-55, STS-70 and STS-78.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 1,026.

HIEB, Richard J., Civilian

Born September 21, 1955, in Jamestown, North Dakota.

Bachelor of arts in mathematics and physics from Northwest Nazarene 

College; master of science in aerospace engineering from University 

of Colorado.

Flew on STS-39, STS-49, and STS-65.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 766.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 17 hours.

HILMERS, David C., Colonel, U.S. Marine Corps (Retired)

Born January 28, 1950, in Clinton, Iowa. 

Bachelor of arts in mathematics from Cornell University; master of science 

in electrical engineering from U.S. Naval Postgraduate School. 

Flew on STS 51-J, STS-26, STS-36, and STS-42.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 494.

HOFFMAN, Jeffrey A., Civilian

Born November 2, 1944, in Brooklyn, New York. Hometown, Scarsdale, New York.

Bachelor of arts in astronomy from Amherst College; masters degree in materials

science from Rice University; doctorate of philosophy in astrophysics from

Harvard University. 

Flew on STS 51-D, STS-35, STS-46, STS-61 and STS-75.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 1,211.

51

FORMER U.S. ASTRONAUTS
HOLMQUEST, Donald L., Civilian

Born April 7, 1939, in Dallas, Texas.

Bachelor of science in electrical engineering from Southern Methodist 

University; doctorate of philosophy in physiology and doctorate of medicine 

from Baylor University; juris doctor from University of Houston.

JEMISON, Mae C., Civilian

Born October 17, 1956, in Decatur, Alabama. 

Bachelor of science in chemical engineering from Stanford University; doctorate

of medicine from Cornell University.

Flew on STS-47.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 190.

KERWIN, Joseph P., Captain, Medical Corps, U.S. Navy (Retired)

Born February 19, 1932, in Oak Park, Illinois.

Bachelor of arts in philosophy from College of the Holy Cross; doctorate

of medicine from Northwestern University Medical School. Naval Aviator.

Flew on Skylab 2.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 672.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 3 hours.

LEESTMA, David C., Captain, U.S. Navy (Retired)

Born May 6, 1949, in Muskegon, Michigan.

Bachelor of science in aeronautical engineering from U.S. Naval Academy;

master of science in aeronautical engineering from U.S. Naval Postgraduate

School.

Flew on STS 41-G, STS-28, and STS-45.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 532.

LENOIR, William B., Civilian

Born March 14, 1939, in Miami, Florida.

Bachelor of science, master of science and doctorate of philosophy in electrical

engineering from Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Flew on STS-5.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 122.

LIND, Don L., Civilian

Born May 18, 1930, in Midvale, Utah.

Bachelor of science in physics from University of Utah; doctorate of philosophy 

in high energy nuclear physics from University of California at Berkeley.

Flew on STS 51-B.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 168.

52

FORMER U.S. ASTRONAUTS
LINENGER, Jerry M., Captain, U.S. Navy

Born January 16, 1955, in Mount Clemens, Michigan. Hometowns, Eastpointe,

Michigan, and Coronado, California.

Bachelor of science in bioscience from the U.S. Naval Academy; master of science

in systems management from University of Southern California; doctorate 

of medicine from Wayne State University; master of public health in health policy

from University of North Carolina; doctorate of philosophy in epidemiology 

from University of North Carolina.

Flew on STS-64, STS-81/Mir and Mir/STS-84.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 3,435.

LLEWELLYN, John A., Civilian

Born April 22, 1933, in Cardiff, Wales, UK.

Bachelor of science and doctorate of philosophy in chemistry 

from University College at Cardiff.

LOUNGE, John M., “Mike,” Civilian

Born June 28, 1946, in Denver, Colorado.

Bachelor of science in physics and mathematics from U.S. Naval Academy; 

master of science in astrogeophysics from University of Colorado. 

Flew on STS 51-I, STS-26, and STS-35.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 482.

LOUSMA, Jack R., Colonel, U.S. Marine Corps (Retired)

Born February 29, 1936, in Grand Rapids, Michigan.

Bachelor of science in aeronautical engineering from University of Michigan; 

degree of aeronautical engineer from U.S. Naval Postgraduate School.

Flew on Skylab 3 and STS-3.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 1,619.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 11 hours.

LOVELL, James A., Jr., Captain, U.S. Navy (Retired)

Born March 25, 1928, in Cleveland, Ohio.

Bachelor of science from U.S. Naval Academy; Advanced Management 

Program, Harvard Business School.

Flew on Gemini 7, Gemini 12, Apollo 8, and Apollo 13.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 715.

LOW, G. David, Civilian

Born February 19, 1956, in Cleveland, Ohio.

Bachelor of science in physics-engineering from Washington and Lee 

University, and in mechanical engineering from Cornell University; master 

of science in aeronautics and astronautics from Stanford University.

Flew on STS-32, STS-43 and STS-57.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 714.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 6 hours.

53

FORMER U.S. ASTRONAUTS
MATTINGLY, Thomas K., II, Rear Admiral, U.S. Navy

Born March 17, 1936, in Chicago, Illinois.

Bachelor of science in aeronautical engineering from Auburn University.

Flew on Apollo 16, STS-4, and STS 51-C.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 508.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 1 hour.

McBRIDE, Jon A., Captain, U.S. Navy (Retired)

Born August 14, 1943, in Charleston, West Virginia.

Bachelor of science in aeronautical engineering from U.S. Naval 

Postgraduate School.

Flew on STS 41-G.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 197.

McCANDLESS, Bruce, II, Captain, U.S. Navy (Retired)

Born June 8, 1937, in Boston, Massachusetts.

Bachelor of science from U.S. Naval Academy; master of science 

in electrical engineering from Stanford University; master of science 

in business administration from University of Houston Clear Lake.

Flew on STS 41-B and STS-31.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 312.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 11 hours.

McCULLEY, Michael J., Captain, U.S. Navy (Retired)

Born August 4, 1943, in San Diego, California. 

Bachelor and master of science in metallurgical engineering from Purdue University.

Flew on STS-34.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 119.

McDIVITT, James A., Brigadier General, U.S. Air Force (Retired)

Born June 10, 1929, in Chicago, Illinois.

Bachelor of science in aeronautical engineering from University of Michigan.

Flew on Gemini 4 and Apollo 9, and was the Apollo Spacecraft Program Manager.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 338.

McMONAGLE, Donald R., Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Air Force 

Born May 14, 1952, in Flint, Michigan.

Bachelor of science in astronautical engineering from U.S. Air Force Academy;

master of science in mechanical engineering from California State University 

at Fresno.

Flew on STS-39, STS-54 and STS-66.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 605.

54

FORMER U.S. ASTRONAUTS
MEADE, Carl J., Colonel, U.S. Air Force

Born November 16, 1950, at Chanute Air Force Base, Illinois.

Bachelor of science in electronics engineering from University of Texas; master 

of science in electronics engineering from California Institute of Technology.

Flew on STS-38, STS-50 and STS-64.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 712.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 6 hours.

MELNICK, Bruce E., Commander, U.S. Coast Guard (Retired)

Born December 5, 1949, in New York, New York. 

Bachelor of science in engineering from U.S. Coast Guard Academy; master 

of science in aeronautical systems from West Florida University.

Flew on STS-41 and STS-49.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 311.

MICHEL, F. Curtis, Civilian

Born June 5, 1934, in LaCrosse, Wisconsin.

Bachelor of science and doctorate of philosophy in physics from California 

Institute of Technology.

MITCHELL, Edgar D., Captain, U.S. Navy (Retired)

Born September 17, 1930, in Hereford, Texas.

Bachelor of science in industrial management from Carnegie Institute of Technology

(now Carnegie-Mellon University); bachelor of science in aeronautical 

engineering from U.S. Naval Postgraduate School; doctorate of science 

in aeronautics and astronautics from Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Flew on Apollo 14.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 216.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 9 hours.

MULLANE, Richard M., Colonel, U.S. Air Force (Retired)

Born September 10, 1945, in Wichita Falls, Texas.

Bachelor of science in military engineering from U.S. Military Academy; master 

of science in aeronautical engineering from U.S. Air Force Institute of Technology.

Flew on STS 41-D, STS-27, and STS-36.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 356.

55

FORMER U.S. ASTRONAUTS
MUSGRAVE, Story, Civilian

Born August 19, 1935, in Boston, Massachusetts. Hometown, Lexington, Kentucky.

Bachelor of science in mathematics and statistics from Syracuse University;

bachelor of arts in chemistry from Marietta College; master of business 

administration in operations analysis and computer programming from

University of California at Los Angeles; master of science in physiology 

and biophysics from University of Kentucky; master of arts in literature 

from University of Houston; doctorate of medicine from Columbia University.

Flew on STS-6, STS 51-F, STS-33, STS-44, STS-61 and STS-80.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 1,166.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 26 hours.

NAGEL, Steven R., Colonel, U.S. Air Force (Retired)

Born October 27, 1946, in Canton, Illinois.

Bachelor of science in aeronautical and astronautical engineering 

from University of Illinois; master of science in mechanical engineering 

from California State University at Fresno.

Flew on STS 51-G, STS 61-A, STS-37, and STS-55.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 721.

NELSON, George D., Civilian

Born July 13, 1950, in Charles City, Iowa.

Bachelor of science in physics from Harvey Mudd College; 

master of science and doctorate of philosophy in astronomy 

from University of Washington.

Flew on STS 41-C, STS 61-C, and STS-26.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 410.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 10 hours.

O’CONNOR, Bryan D., Colonel, U.S. Marine Corps (Retired)

Born September 6, 1946, in Orange, California. 

Bachelor of science in engineering from U.S. Naval Academy; 

master of science in aeronautical systems from West Florida University.

Flew on STS 61-B and STS-40.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 383.

O’LEARY, Brian T., Civilian

Born January 27, 1940, in Boston, Massachusetts.

Bachelor of arts in physics from Williams College; master of arts 

in astronomy from Georgetown University; doctorate of philosophy 

in astronomy from University of California at Berkeley.

56

FORMER U.S. ASTRONAUTS
PARKER, Robert A. R., Civilian

Born December 14, 1936, in New York City, New York.

Bachelor of arts in astronomy and physics from Amherst College; doctorate 

of philosophy in astronomy from California Institute of Technology. 

Flew on STS-9 and STS-35.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 462.

PETERSON, Donald H., Colonel, U.S. Air Force (Retired)

Born October 22, 1933, in Winona, Mississippi.

Bachelor of science from U.S. Military Academy; master of science in nuclear

engineering from U.S. Air Force Institute of Technology. Graduate of Air Force

Test Pilot School and War College.

Flew on STS-6.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 120.

POGUE, William R., Colonel, U.S. Air Force (Retired)

Born January 23, 1930, in Okemah, Oklahoma.

Bachelor of science in education from Oklahoma Baptist University; 

master of science in mathematics from Oklahoma State University.

Flew on Skylab 4.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 2,017.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 13 hours.

REIGHTLER, Kenneth S., Jr., Captain, U.S. Navy

Born March 24, 1951, in Patuxent River, Maryland. Hometown, Virginia Beach,

Virginia.

Bachelor of science in aerospace engineering from U.S. Naval Academy; master

of science in aeronautical engineering from U.S. Naval Postgraduate School;

master of science in systems management from University of Southern California.

Flew on STS-48 and STS-60.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 327.

RICHARDS, Richard N., Captain, U.S. Navy

Born August 24, 1946, in Key West, Florida. Hometown, St. Louis, Missouri.

Bachelor of science in chemical engineering from University of Missouri; master

of science in aeronautical systems from University of West Florida.

Flew on STS-28, STS-41, STS-50 and STS-64.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 813.

57

FORMER U.S. ASTRONAUTS
RIDE, Sally K., Civilian

Born May 26, 1951, in Los Angeles, California.

Bachelor of science in physics; bachelor of arts in English; master of science and

doctorate of philosophy in physics from Stanford University.

Flew on STS-7 and STS 41-G.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 343.

SCHIRRA, Walter M., Jr., Captain, U.S. Navy (Retired)

Born March 12, 1923, in Hackensack, New Jersey.

Bachelor of science from U.S. Naval Academy; graduate of U.S. Naval Test

Pilot School.

Flew on Mercury 8, Gemini 6, and Apollo 7.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 295.

SCHMITT, Harrison H., Civilian

Born July 3, 1935, in Santa Rita, New Mexico. 

Bachelor of science in geology from California Institute of Technology; doctorate

of philosophy in geology from Harvard University.

Flew on Apollo 17.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 301.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 22 hours.

SCHWEICKART, Russell L., Civilian

Born October 25, 1935 in Neptune, New Jersey.

Bachelor of science in aeronautical engineering from Massachusetts Institute 

of Technology; master of science in aeronautics and astronautics from

Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Flew on Apollo 9.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 241.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 1 hour.

SCOTT, David R., Colonel, U.S. Air Force (Retired)

Born June 6, 1932, in San Antonio, Texas.

Bachelor of science from U.S. Military Academy; master of science in aeronautics

and astronautics and engineer in aeronautics and astronautics from

Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Flew on Gemini 8, Apollo 9, and Apollo 15.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 546.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 20 hours.

SEDDON, Margaret Rhea, Civilian

Born November 8, 1947, in Murfreesboro, Tennessee.

Bachelor of arts in physiology from University of California at Berkeley; 

doctorate of medicine from University of Tennessee.

Flew on STS 51-D, STS-40 and STS-58.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 722.

58

FORMER U.S. ASTRONAUTS
SEGA, Ronald M., Colonel, U.S. Air Force Reserve

Born December 4, 1952, in Cleveland, Ohio. Hometowns, Northfield, Ohio, 

and Colorado Springs, Colorado.

Bachelor of science in physics and math from U.S. Air Force Academy; 

master of science in physics from Ohio State; doctorate of philosophy 

in electrical engineering from University of Colorado.

Flew on STS-60 and STS-76.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 420.

SHAW, Brewster H., Jr., Colonel, U.S. Air Force (Retired)

Born May 16, 1945, in Cass City, Michigan.

Bachelor and master of science in engineering mechanics 

from University of Wisconsin.

Flew on STS-9, STS 61-B, and STS-28.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 533.

SHRIVER, Loren J., Colonel, U.S. Air Force (Retired)

Born September 23, 1944, in Jefferson, Iowa. 

Bachelor of science in aeronautical engineering from U.S. Air Force Academy;

master of science in astronautical engineering from Purdue University.

Flew on STS 51-C, STS-31, and STS-46.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 386.

SPRING, Sherwood C., Colonel, U.S. Army (Retired)

Born September 3, 1944, in Hartford, Connecticut.

Bachelor of science in general engineering from U.S. Military Academy; 

master of science in aerospace engineering from University of Arizona.

Flew on STS 61-B.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 165.

SPRINGER, Robert C., Colonel, U.S. Marine Corps (Retired)

Born May 21, 1942, in St. Louis, Missouri.

Bachelor of science in naval science from U.S. Naval Academy; 

master of science in operations research and systems analysis 

from U.S. Naval Postgraduate School.

Flew on STS-29 and STS-38.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 237.

STAFFORD, Thomas P., Lieutenant General, U.S. Air Force (Retired)

Born September 17, 1930, in Weatherford, Oklahoma.

Bachelor of science from U.S. Naval Academy.

Flew on Gemini 6, Gemini 9, Apollo 10, and Apollo-Soyuz Test Project. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 507.

59

FORMER U.S. ASTRONAUTS
STEWART, Robert L., Brigadier General, U.S. Army (Retired)

Born August 13, 1942, in Washington, D.C.

Bachelor of science in mathematics from Southern Mississippi University; master 

of science in aerospace engineering from University of Texas at Arlington.

Flew on STS 41-B and STS 51-J.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 289.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 12 hours.

SULLIVAN, Kathryn D., Civilian

Born October 3, 1951, in Paterson, New Jersey.

Bachelor of science in Earth sciences from University of California at Santa Cruz;

doctorate of philosophy in geology from Dalhousie University, Halifax, 

Nova Scotia.

Flew on STS 41-G, STS-31, and STS-45.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 532.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 3 hours.

THAGARD, Norman E., Civilian

Born July 3, 1943, in Marianna, Florida. Hometown, Jacksonville, Florida.

Bachelor and master of science in engineering science from Florida State 

University; doctorate of medicine from University of Texas.

Flew on STS-7, STS 51-B, STS-30, STS-42 and Mir/STS-71.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 3,360 including time on Mir.

THORNTON, Kathryn C., Civilian

Born August 17, 1952, in Montgomery, Alabama.

Bachelor of science in physics from Auburn University; master of science 

and doctorate of philosophy in physics from University of Virginia.

Flew on STS-33, STS-49, STS-61 and STS-73.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 975.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 21 hours.

THORNTON, William E., Civilian

Born April 14, 1929, in Faison, North Carolina.

Bachelor of science in physics and doctorate of medicine from University 

of North Carolina.

Flew on STS-8 and STS-51B.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 313.

THUOT, Pierre J., Commander, U.S. Navy

Born May 19, 1955, in Groton, Connecticut. Hometowns, Fairfax, Virginia

and New Bedford, Massachusetts.

Bachelor of science in physics from U.S. Naval Academy; master of science

in systems management from University of Southern California.

Flew on STS-36, STS-49 and STS-62.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 654.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 17 hours.

60

FORMER U.S. ASTRONAUTS
TRULY, Richard H., Vice Admiral, U.S. Navy (Retired)

Born November 12, 1937, in Fayette, Mississippi.

Bachelor of aeronautical engineering from Georgia Institute of Technology. 

Flew on Space Shuttle approach and landing tests 2 and 4, STS-2, and STS-8.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 199.

van HOFTEN, James D. A., Civilian

Born June 11, 1944, in Fresno, California.

Bachelor of science in civil engineering from University of California at Berkeley;

master of science in hydraulic engineering and doctorate of philosophy in fluid

mechanics from Colorado State University.

Flew on STS 41-C and STS 51-I.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 337.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 21 hours.

WALKER, David M., Captain, U.S. Navy

Born May 20, 1944, in Columbus, Georgia. Hometown, Eustis, Florida.

Bachelor of science from U.S. Naval Academy.

Flew on STS 51-A, STS-30, STS-53 And STS-69.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 724.

WEITZ, Paul J., Captain, U.S. Navy (Retired)

Born July 25, 1932, in Erie, Pennsylvania.

Bachelor of science in aeronautical engineering from Pennsylvania State

University; master of science in aeronautical engineering from U.S. Naval

Postgraduate School.

Flew on Skylab 2 and STS-6.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 793.

WILLIAMS, Donald E., Captain, U.S. Navy (Retired)

Born February 13, 1942, in Lafayette, Indiana.

Bachelor of science in mechanical engineering from Purdue University. 

Flew on STS 51-D and STS-34.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 287.

WORDEN, Alfred M., Colonel, U.S. Air Force (Retired)

Born February 7, 1932, in Jackson, Michigan.

Bachelor of science in military science from U.S. Military Academy; master 

of science in astronautical and aeronautical engineering and instrumentation

engineering from University of Michigan.

Flew on Apollo 15.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 295.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 39 minutes.

61

FORMER U.S. ASTRONAUTS
BASSETT, Charles A., II, Captain, U.S. Air Force

Born December 30, 1931, in Dayton, Ohio.

Bachelor of science in electrical engineering from Texas Technological College.

Died February 28, 1966, in St. Louis, Missouri, in the crash of a T-38 jet. 

CARTER, Manley Lanier, Jr., “Sonny,” Captain, U.S. Navy

Born August 15, 1947, in Macon, Georgia.

Bachelor of arts in chemistry and doctorate of medicine from Emory University.

Flew on STS-33.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 120.

Died April 5, 1991, near New Brunswick, Georgia, in the crash of a commercial

airliner while on NASA business travel.

CHAFFEE, Roger B., Lieutenant Commander, U.S. Navy

Born February 15, 1935, in Grand Rapids, Michigan.

Bachelor of science in aeronautical engineering from Purdue University. 

Died January 27, 1967, at NASA John F. Kennedy Space Center, Florida, in the

Apollo spacecraft fire.

EISELE, Donn F., Colonel, U.S. Air Force (Retired)

Born June 23, 1930, in Columbus, Ohio.

Bachelor of science in astronautics from U.S. Naval Academy; master of science

in astronautics from U.S. Air Force Institute of Technology.

Flew on Apollo 7.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 260.

Died December 2, 1987, in Tokyo, Japan, of a heart attack.

EVANS, Ronald E., Captain, U.S. Navy (Retired)

Born November 10, 1933, in St. Francis, Kansas.

Bachelor of science in electrical engineering from University of Kansas; master 

of science in aeronautical engineering from U.S. Naval Postgraduate School.

Flew on Apollo 17.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 301.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 1 hour.

Died April 6, 1990, in Scottsdale, Arizona, of a heart attack.

FREEMAN, Theodore C., Captain, U.S. Air Force

Born February 18, 1930, in Haverford, Pennsylvania.

Bachelor of science from U.S. Naval Academy; master of science in aeronautical

engineering from University of Michigan.

Died October 31, 1964, at Ellington Air Force Base, Houston, Texas, in the

crash of a T-38 jet. 

62

DECEASED ASTRONAUTS
GIVENS, Edward G., Jr., Major, U.S. Air Force

Born January 5, 1930, in Quanah, Texas.

Bachelor of science in naval sciences from U.S. Naval Academy.

Died June 6, 1967, near Houston, Texas, in an automobile accident.

GRIGGS, S. David, Civilian

Born September 7, 1939, in Portland, Oregon.

Bachelor of science from U.S. Naval Academy; master of science in administration

from George Washington University.

Flew on STS 51-D.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 167.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 3 hours.

Died June 17, 1989, near Earle, Arkansas, in the crash of a World War II era

training plane.

GRISSOM, Virgil I., Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Air Force

Born April 3, 1926, in Mitchell, Indiana.

Bachelor of science in mechanical engineering from Purdue University.

Flew on Mercury 4 and Gemini 3.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 5.

Died January 27, 1967, at NASA John F. Kennedy Space Center, Florida, in the

Apollo spacecraft fire.

HENIZE, Karl G., Civilian

Born October 17, 1926, in Cincinnati, Ohio.

Bachelor of arts in mathematics from University of Virginia; master of arts 

in astronomy from University of Virginia; doctorate of philosophy in astronomy

from University of Michigan.

Flew on STS 51-F.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 190.

Died October 5, 1993, of respiratory and heart failure during a climb of Mount

Everest.

IRWIN, James B., Colonel, U.S. Air Force (Retired)

Born March 17, 1930, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

Bachelor of science in naval science from U.S. Naval Academy; master of science

in aeronautical engineering and instrumentation engineering from University of

Michigan.

Flew on Apollo 15.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 2,952.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 18 hours.

Died August 8, 1991, of a heart attack.

63

DECEASED ASTRONAUTS
McNAIR, Ronald E., Civilian

Born October 21, 1950, in Lake City, South Carolina.

Bachelor of science in physics from North Carolina A&T State College; doctorate

of philosophy in physics from Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Flew on STS 41-B.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 191.

Died January 28, 1986, in the STS 51-L accident.

ONIZUKA, Ellison S., Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Air Force

Born June 24, 1946, in Kealakekua, Kona, Hawaii.

Bachelor and master of science in aerospace engineering from University 

of Colorado.

Flew on STS 51-C.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 73.

Died January 28, 1986, in the STS 51-L accident.

OVERMYER, Robert F., Colonel, U.S. Marine Corps (Retired)

Born July 14, 1936, in Lorain, Ohio.

Bachelor of science in physics from Baldwin Wallace College; master of science

in aeronautics from U.S. Naval Postgraduate School.

Flew on STS-5 and STS 51-B.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 290.

Died March 22, 1996, in the crash of a light aircraft he was testing.

RESNIK, Judith A., Civilian

Born April 5, 1949, in Akron, Ohio.

Bachelor of science in electrical engineering from Carnegie-Mellon University;

doctorate of philosophy in electrical engineering from University of Maryland. 

Flew on STS 41-D.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 144.

Died January 28, 1986, in the STS 51-L accident. 

ROOSA, Stuart A., Colonel, U.S. Air Force (Retired)

Born August 16, 1933, in Durango, Colorado.

Bachelor of science in aeronautical engineering from University of Colorado.

Flew on Apollo 14.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 216.

Died December 12, 1994, due to complications of pancreatitis.

SCOBEE, Francis R., Major, U.S. Air Force (Retired)

Born May 19, 1939, in Cle Elum, Washington.

Bachelor of science in aerospace engineering from University of Arizona.

Flew on STS 41-C.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 167.

Died January 28, 1986, in the STS 51-L accident.

64

DECEASED ASTRONAUTS
SEE, Elliot M., Jr., Civilian

Born July 23, 1927, in Dallas, Texas.

Bachelor of science from U.S. Merchant Marine Academy; master of science 

in engineering from University of California at Los Angeles. 

Died February 28, 1966, in St. Louis, Missouri, in the crash of a T-38 jet.

SHEPARD, Alan B., Jr., Rear Admiral, U.S. Navy (Retired)

Born November 18, 1923, in East Derry, New Hampshire.

Bachelor of science from U.S. Naval Academy.

Flew on Mercury 3 and Apollo 14.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 216.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 9 hours.

Died July 21, 1998, after a lengthy illness.

SLAYTON, Donald K., Major, U.S. Air Force Reserve

Born March 1, 1924, in Sparta, Wisconsin.

Bachelor of science in aeronautical engineering from University of Minnesota.

Flew on Apollo-Soyuz Test Project.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 217.

Died June 13, 1993, in League City, Texas, from complications of a brain tumor.

SMITH, Michael J., Captain, U.S. Navy

Born April 30, 1945, in Beaufort, North Carolina.

Bachelor of science in naval science from U.S. Naval Academy; master of science

in aeronautical engineering from U.S. Naval Postgraduate School.

Died January 28, 1986, in the STS 51-L accident.

SWIGERT, John L., Jr., Civilian

Born August 30, 1931, in Denver, Colorado.

Bachelor of science in mechanical engineering from University of Colorado; 

master of science in aerospace science from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute;

master of business administration from Hartford College.

Flew on Apollo 13.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 142.

Died December 27, 1982, of cancer.

THORNE, Stephen D., Lieutenant Commander, U.S. Navy

Born February 11, 1953, in Frankfurt-am-Main, West Germany.

Bachelor of science in engineering from U.S. Naval Academy.

Died May 24, 1986, in Alta Loma, Texas, in an airplane crash.

VEACH, Charles Lacy, Civilian

Born September 18, 1944, in Chicago, Illinois. Hometown, Honolulu, Hawaii.

Bachelor of science in engineering management from U.S. Air Force Academy.

Flew on STS-39 and STS-52.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 436.

Died October 3, 1995, following a lengthy illness.

65

DECEASED ASTRONAUTS
WHITE, Edward H., II, Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Air Force

Born November 14, 1930, in San Antonio, Texas.

Bachelor of science from U.S. Military Academy; master of science in aeronautical

engineering from University of Michigan.

Flew on Gemini 4.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 97.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 23 minutes.

Died January 27, 1967, at NASA John F. Kennedy Space Center, Florida, in the

Apollo spacecraft fire.

WILLIAMS, Clifton C., Jr., Major, U.S. Marine Corps

Born September 26, 1932, in Mobile, Alabama.

Bachelor of science in mechanical engineering from Auburn University.

Died October 5, 1967, near Tallahassee, Florida, in the crash of a T-38 jet. 

66

DECEASED ASTRONAUTS
GROUP 1 — Mercury Astronauts, April 1959: Carpenter, Cooper, Glenn, Grissom,

Schirra, Shepard, Slayton (7)

GROUP 2 — Pilot Astronauts, September 1962: Armstrong, Borman, Conrad, Lovell,

McDivitt, See, Stafford, White, Young (9)

GROUP 3 — Pilot Astronauts, October 1963: Aldrin, Anders, Bassett, Bean, Cernan,

Chaffee, M. Collins, Cunningham, Eisele, Freeman, Gordon, Schweickart, D. Scott, 

C. Williams (14)

GROUP 4 — Scientist Astronauts, June 1965: Garriott, E. Gibson, Graveline, Kerwin,

Michel, Schmitt (6)

GROUP 5 — Pilot Astronauts, April 1966: Brand, Bull, Carr, Duke, Engle, Evans, Givens,

Haise, Irwin, Lind, Lousma, Mattingly, McCandless, Mitchell, Pogue, Roosa, Swigert,

Weitz, Worden (19)

GROUP 6 — Scientist Astronauts, August 1967: J. Allen, Chapman, England, Henize,

Holmquest, Lenoir, Llewellyn, Musgrave, O’Leary, Parker, W. Thornton (11)

GROUP 7 — Air Force Manned Orbiting Laboratory Astronauts, August 1969: Bobko,

Crippen, Fullerton, Hartsfield, Overmyer, Peterson, Truly (7) 

GROUP 8 — Pilots and Mission Specialists, January 1978: Bluford, Brandenstein, Buchli,

Coats, Covey, Creighton, Fabian, A. Fisher, D. Gardner, R. Gibson, F. Gregory,

Griggs, Hart, Hauck, Hawley, Hoffman, Lucid, McBride, McNair, Mullane, Nagel,

Nelson, Onizuka, Resnik, Ride, Scobee, Seddon, Shaw, Shriver, Stewart, Sullivan,

Thagard, van Hoften, Walker, D. Williams (35)

GROUP 9 — Pilots and Mission Specialists, January 1980: Bagian, Blaha, Bolden,

Bridges, Chang-Díaz, Cleave, Dunbar, W. Fisher, G. Gardner, Grabe, Hilmers,

Leestma, Lounge, O’Connor, Richards, Ross, Smith, Spring, Springer (19)

GROUP 10 — Pilots and Mission Specialists, May 1984: Adamson, E. Baker, M. Brown,

Cameron, Carter, Casper, Culbertson, Gutierrez, Hammond, Ivins, Lee, Low,

McCulley, Shepherd, K. Thornton, Veach, Wetherbee (17)

GROUP 11 — Pilots and Mission Specialists, June 1985: Apt, M. Baker, Cabana, Duffy,

Gemar, Godwin, Henricks, Hieb, Jernigan, Meade, Oswald, Thorne, Thuot (13) 

GROUP 12 — Pilots and Mission Specialists, August 1987: Akers, A. Allen, Bowersox,

C. Brown, Chilton, Davis, Foale, Harbaugh, Jemison, McMonagle, Melnick, Readdy,

Reightler, Runco, James Voss (15)

67

U.S. ASTRONAUT SELECTION BY GROUPS
GROUP 13 — Pilots and Mission Specialists, January 1990: Bursch, Chiao, Clifford,

Cockrell, E. Collins, W. Gregory, Halsell, Harris, Helms, Jones, McArthur, Newman,

Ochoa, Precourt, Searfoss, Sega, Sherlock (Currie), D. Thomas, Janice Voss, Walz,

Wilcutt, Wisoff, Wolf (23)

GROUP 14 — Pilots and Mission Specialists, March 1992: Barry, Brady, Coleman,

Gernhardt, Grunsfeld, Horowitz, Jett, Kregel, Lawrence, Linenger, Linnehan, 

Lopez-Alegria, Parazynski, Rominger, W. Scott, S. Smith, Tanner, A. Thomas, 

Weber (19)

GROUP 15 — Pilots and Mission Specialists, January 1995: Altman, M. Anderson,

Ashby, Bloomfield, Chawla, Curbeam, Edwards, Gorie, Hire, Husband, Kavandi,

Lindsey, Lu, Melroy, Noriega, Reilly, Robinson, Still-Kilrain, Sturckow (19)

GROUP 16 — Pilots and Mission Specialists, May 1996: D. Brown, Burbank, Cagle,

Caldeiro, Camarda, Carey, Clark, Fincke, Forrester, Frick, Herrington, Higginbotham,

Hobaugh, J. Kelly, M. Kelly, S. Kelly, Lockhart, Loria, Magnus, Massimino,

Mastracchio, McCool, Morin, Nowak, Pettit, Phillips, Polansky, P. Richards, Sellers,

Stefanyshyn-Piper, Tani, Walheim, Whitson, J. Williams, Wilson (35)

Group 17 — Pilots and Mission Specialists, June 1998: C. Anderson, Archambault,

Caldwell, Chamitoff, Creamer, Ferguson, Foreman, Fossum, Ham, Hilliard, 

G. C. Johnson, G. H. Johnson, Love, Melvin, Morgan, Oefelein, Olivas, Patrick,

Poindexter, Reisman, Swanson, Wheelock, Williams, Woodward, Zamka (25)

68

U.S. ASTRONAUT SELECTION BY GROUPS
In honor of NASA’s 20th anniversary, President Jimmy Carter visited NASA John F.

Kennedy Space Center on October 1, 1978, and awarded the first Congressional

Space Medal of Honor to six former astronauts. Authorized by Congress in 1969,

the award recognized “any astronaut who in the performance of his duties has

distinguished himself by exceptionally meritorious efforts and contributions to the

welfare of the Nation and mankind.”

These astronauts received this special honor: 

Neil A. Armstrong, for actions to overcome problems on the Gemini 8 mission and for

Apollo 11 when he took his “...giant leap for mankind.”

Frank Borman, who commanded the Gemini 7 and Apollo 8 missions. The latter was

the first manned spacecraft to orbit the Moon.

Charles Conrad, Jr., who participated in four space flights of increasing duration,

complexity and achievement: Gemini 5, Gemini 11, Apollo 12, and Skylab 2. On the

first manned Skylab mission, he commanded the crew that performed repairs to the

damaged orbital workshop, thus saving the two billion dollar program from potential

failure.

John H. Glenn, Jr., who in Mercury 6 was the first American to orbit the Earth. The

success of his flight demonstrated the value of the human pilot in space.

Virgil I. Grissom (posthumously), the second American in space, who took part in

Mercury and Gemini flights and lost his life during preparations for the first Apollo

flight. He flew on Mercury 4 and Gemini 3.

Alan B. Shepard, Jr., who was the first American in space, aboard Mercury 3. He also

commanded the Apollo 14 mission.

John W. Young, who demonstrated leadership, courage, and technical skill in a space

flight career that spanned two decades and five (at that time) space flights pivotal to

human progress in space. He flew on Gemini 3, Gemini 10, Apollo 10, Apollo 16, and

STS-1 prior to receipt of the medal which was presented May 19, 1981, by President

Ronald Reagan.

Thomas J. Stafford, who commanded the first flight of the lunar module to the Moon

and the American crew that rendezvoused with a Soviet spacecraft in 1975. He was

recognized for his past contributions, and for continuing to serve the Nation in

charting a future vision for our space program. He flew on Gemini 6 and 9, Apollo 10,

and the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project. The medal was presented January 19, 1991, by

Vice President Dan Quayle at the direction of President George Bush.

69

CONGRESSIONAL SPACE MEDAL OF HONOR
James A. Lovell, who flew on Gemini 7 and 12, and Apollo 8 and 13, was presented the

medal on July 26, 1995. In his remarks, President Bill Clinton especially commended

Lovell for his performance on Apollo 13, which demonstrated, “the kind of

resourcefulness, grit, and grace under pressure that is the province of heroes.”

Shannon Lucid, who spent 188 days in space on the U.S. shuttle and Russian space

station Mir, was presented the medal on December 2, 1996. Noting that the medal is

given out sparingly because it honors “extraordinary service to the nation,” President

Bill Clinton added that “Dr. Lucid achieved that kind of service for 188 days this year,

the longest flight by an American in space, the longest time for any woman of any

nation in space, five shuttle missions altogether.”

70

CONGRESSIONAL SPACE MEDAL OF HONOR
Adelaide, University of, (Australia):

A. Thomas

Alabama, University of, (AL): J. Kelly

Alabama (Huntsville), University of,

(AL): Davis

Alabama (Birmingham), University of,

(AL): Morin

Amherst College (MA): Hoffman, Parker

Arizona, University of, (AZ): Caldeiro,

Jones, Pettit, Scobee, Spring 

Auburn University (AL): Davis,

Hartsfield, Mattingly, K. Thornton,

James Voss, C. Williams

Baldwin-Wallace College (OH):

Overmyer

Baylor University (TX): Holmquest 

California Institute of Technology (CA):

Borman, Chamitoff, Fullerton, 

E. Gibson, Meade, Michel, Parker,

Reisman, Schmitt, Searfoss

California, University of, Berkeley (CA):

Chiao, Jernigan, Lind, O’Leary,

Seddon, van Hoften, Walheim, Weber

California, University of, Los Angeles

(CA): Brand, Cunningham, A. Fisher,

Musgrave, Phillips, Robinson, See

California Polytechnic State University

(CA): Chamitoff, R. Gibson, Sturckow

California, University of, Davis (CA):

Caldwell, Robinson

California, University of, Santa Barbara

(CA): Chiao

California, University of, Santa Cruz

(CA): Hawley, Sullivan 

California State University, Fresno

(CA): 

Husband, McMonagle, Nagel 

California State University, Fullerton

(CA): Caldwell

California State University, Northridge

(CA): Horowitz

Cambridge University (UK): Foale,

Patrick

71

EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS FROM WHICH U.S. ASTRONAUTS

HAVE EARNED DEGREES

Carnegie-Mellon University (formerly

Carnegie Institute of Technology) (PA):

Resnik, Mitchell

Case Western University (OH): 

D. Thomas

Central Florida, University of (FL):

Caldeiro

City College of New York (NY): Runco

Chicago, University of, (IL): Grunsfeld

Colorado, University of, (CO): Brand,

Carpenter, Chawla, Herrington, Hieb,

Ivins, Lounge, Onizuka, Roosa, Sega,

Swanson, Swigert, James Voss

Colorado State University (CO): Cleave,

Rominger, van Hoften

Columbia University (NY): Bowersox,

Chilton, W. Gregory, G. H. Johnson,

Massimino, Musgrave

Connecticut, University of, (CN):

Chang-Díaz, Mastracchio

Cornell College (NY): Hilmers

Cornell University (NY): E. Baker, Barry,

Jemison, Low, Lu, D. Thomas

Creighton University (NE): M. Anderson

Dalhousie University (Nova Scotia):

Sullivan

Dartmouth College (NH): Newman

Depauw University (IN): J. Allen

Drexel University (PA): Bagian,

Ferguson, P. Richards

Duke University (NC): Brady

Eastern Virginia Medical School (VA):

D. Brown

Edinburgh, University of (Scotland):

Sellers

Embry-Riddle University (FL): Burbank,

Still-Kilrain

Emory University (GA): Carter

Florida Atlantic University (FL):

Swanson

Florida Institute of Technology (FL):

Higginbotham, Hire, S. Williams,

Zamka
Leeds University (United Kingdom):

Sellers

Lehigh University (PA): Hart 

Loyola College (MD): Creamer

Marietta College (OH): Musgrave

Maryland, University of, (MD):

McCool, Resnik, P. Richards

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

(MA): Aldrin, Apt, Cameron, Chamitoff,

Chang-Díaz, Chapman, Coleman,

Creamer, Duke, Fincke, England,

Grunsfeld, Hart, Hauck, Lawrence,

Lee, Lenoir, Massimino, McNair,

Melroy, Mitchell, Patrick, Schweickart,

D. Scott, Shepherd, StefanyshynPiper, Tani, Janice Voss, Woodward

Massachusetts, University of (MA):

Coleman

Miami, University of (FL): Barry

Michigan, University of, (MI): 

Freeman, Henize, Irwin, Lousma,

McDivitt, White, Worden

Minnesota, University of, (MN):

Carey, Slayton 

Missouri, University of, (MO): 

Godwin, Richards

Missouri, University of, Rolla (MO):

Akers, Mangus

Missouri Southern State College (MO):

Kavandi

Muskingum College (OH): Glenn

New Hampshire, University of (NH):

Linnehan, Morin

New York University, (NY): Morin

North Carolina, University of, (NC):

Brady, Linenger, W. Thornton

North Carolina Agricultural & Technical

State University (NC): McNair

Northwest Nazarene College (ID): Hieb

Northwestern University (IL): Kerwin

Notre Dame, University of, (IN):

Wetherbee

Ohio State (OH): Currie, Linnehan, Sega

Florida, University of, (FL): W. Fisher

Florida State University (FL): W. Scott,

Thagard

Georgetown University (DC): O’Leary

George Washington University (DC):

Camarda, Coats, Creighton, F.

Gregory, Griggs

Georgia Institute of Technology (GA):

Clifford, Davis, Hammond, Horowitz,

Mangus, McArthur, Poindexter,

Still-Kilrain, Truly, Wheelock, Young

Golden Gate University (CA): Henricks,

Precourt

Hartford College (CT): Swigert

Harvard College (MA): Apt

Harvard University (MA): Hoffman,

Schmitt, Wilson

Harvey Mudd College (CA): Love,

Nelson

Hastings College (NE): C. Anderson

Holy Cross, College of the, (MA):

Kerwin

Houston, University of, (TX): Bluford,

Cheli, Currie, Dunbar, W. Fisher,

Harbaugh, Harris, Holmquest,

Mastracchio, McCandless, Musgrave,

Olivas, Walheim

Houston, University of, Clear Lake

(TX): Fossum

Idaho, University of, (ID): Ashby

Illinois, University of, (IL): 

Altman, Archambault, D. Gardner,

Higginbotham, Nagel, Tanner

Indiana University, (IN): Wolf

Iowa State University (IA): C. Anderson

Iowa Wesleyan College (IA): Whitson

John Carroll University (MT): Walz

Johns Hopkins University (MD):

Graveline

Kansas, University of, (KS): 

Engle, Evans, Hawley

Kent State University (OH): Walz

Kentucky, University of, (KY): Musgrave

72

EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS FROM WHICH U.S. ASTRONAUTS

HAVE EARNED DEGREES
73

EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS FROM WHICH U.S. ASTRONAUTS

HAVE EARNED DEGREES

Oklahoma, University of, (OK): 

Garriott, Haise, Lucid

Oklahoma Baptist University (OK):

Pogue

Oklahoma City University (OK): Cooper 

Oklahoma State University (OK): Pogue 

Old Dominion University (VA):

Bloomfield

Oregon State University (OR): 

Oefelein, Pettit

Pennsylvania, Medical College of (PA):

Hilliard

Pennsylvania State University (PA):

Bluford, Weitz

Pennsylvania, University of (PA):

Gernhardt, Hilliard, Reisman

Princeton University (NJ): Adamson,

Barry, Carr, Conrad

Polytechnic Institute of New York (NY):

Camarda

Punjab Engineering College (India):

Chawla

Purdue University (IN): Armstrong,

Blaha, Bridges, M. Brown, Casper,

Cernan, Chaffee, Covey, G. Gardner,

Grissom, Harbaugh, McCulley,

Polansky, Ross, Shriver, Janice Voss,

Weber, D. Williams, Wolf

Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (NY):

Mastracchio, Swigert

Rice University (TX): Bull, Hoffman,

Jernigan, Newman, Olivas, Whitson

Richmond, University of (VA): Melvin

Rochester, University of, (NY): 

E. Gibson

Rutgers University (NJ): Hart, Runco

San Diego State University (CA): Ochoa

San Fransico University (CA): Cagle

Southeast Missouri State University

(MO): Godwin

Southern California, University of,

(CA): Armstrong, Bobko, Bolden, Carr,

Currie, Duffy, Linenger, Noriega,

Reightler, Thuot

Southern Methodist University (TX):

Holmquest

Southern Mississippi, University of,

(MS): Stewart

Stanford University (CA): Bull, 

E. Collins, Fincke, W. Fisher, Garriott,

Helms, Jemison, Jernigan, Low, Lu,

McCandless, Morgan, Ochoa,

Parazynski, Ride, Robinson, S. Smith,

Wisoff

State University of New York (NY): 

E. Baker

State University of New YorkFarmingdale (NY): Caldeiro

State University of New York Maritime

College (NY): S. Kelly

Sydney, University of, (Australia):

Chapman

Syracuse University (NY): 

E. Collins, Musgrave

Tennessee, University of, (TN): 

Ashby, Edwards, Gorie, Hartsfield,

Seddon, S. Kelly

Texas, University of, (TX): M. Baker,

Bean, Cockrell, Crippen, Lockhart,

Meade, Thagard, Wilson, Woodward

Texas, University of, Arlington (TX):

Chawla, Stewart

Texas, University of, Dallas (TX): Reilly

Texas, University of, El Paso (TX):

Olivas

Texas, University of, School of Public

Health (TX): E. Baker

Texas A&M University (TX): 

Fossum, Swanson

Texas Tech University (TX): 

Bassett, Harris, Husband, Lockhart

Thomas Jefferson University (PA):

Bagian

Troy State (AL): W. Gregory, Halsell,

Kregel

Tufts University (MA): Hauck

Vanderbilt University (TN): Gernhardt

Vermont, University of, (VT): Graveline
Virginia, University of (VA): Melvin

University College at Cardiff (Wales):

Llewellyn 

University of Tennessee Space

Institute (TN): Oefelein

Utah, University of, (UT): Lind

Utah State University (UT): Cleave

Villanova University (PA): A. Allen

Virginia, University of, (VA): Forrester,

Henize, K. Thornton, Wisoff

Virginia Polytechnic State University,

Camarda

Washington, University of, (WA): 

M. Anderson, Cagle, Dunbar, Fabian,

Gordon, G. C. Johnson, Kavandi,

Love, Nelson

Washington and Lee University (VA):

Low

Washington State University (WA):

Fabian

74

EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS FROM WHICH U.S. ASTRONAUTS

HAVE EARNED DEGREES

Wayne State University (NE): Linenger

Webster University (MO): 

E. Collins, Gutierrez

Wellesley College: Melroy

West Florida, University of, (FL): 

Buchli, Cockrell, Melnick, O’Connor,

Phillips, Richards

Western Kentucky University (KY):

Wilcutt

William & Mary, College of (VA): 

D. Brown

Williams College (MA): O’Leary

Wisconsin, University of, (WI): Clark,

Shaw

Wisconsin, University of, River Falls

(WI): Brandenstein

Yale University (CT): J. Allen
U.S. Air Force Academy: 

Blaha, Bloomfield, Bobko, Bridges, 

C. Brown, Casper, Chilton, Covey,

Duffy, G. Gardner, Grabe, F. Gregory,

W. Gregory, Gutierrez, Halsell,

Hammond, Helms, Henricks, 

G. H. Johnson, Jones, J. Kelly, Kregel,

Lee, Lindsey, McMonagle, Precourt,

Searfoss, Sega, Shriver, Veach

U.S. Air Force Institute of Technology:

Anders, Bluford, M. Brown, Cooper,

Eisele, Fabian, Fossum, Halsell,

Lindsey, Mullane, Peterson

U.S. Coast Guard Academy: 

Burbank, Melnick

U.S. Merchant Marine Academy: 

M. Kelly, See

U.S. Military Academy: 

Adamson, Aldrin, Borman, Clifford, 

M. Collins, Forrester, Gemar,

McArthur, Mullane, Peterson, 

D. Scott, Spring, Wheelock, White, 

J. Williams, Worden

75

UNITED STATES SERVICE ACADEMIES FROM WHICH ASTRONAUTS

EARNED DEGREES

U.S. Naval Academy: 

Anders, Bolden, Bowersox, Buchli,

Bursch, Cabana, Coats, Creighton,

Culbertson, Curbeam, Duke, Edwards,

Eisele, Foreman, Freeman, Frick,

Givens, Gorie, Griggs, Ham, Hire,

Hobaugh, Irwin, Jett, Lawrence,

Leestma, Linenger, Lopez-Alegria,

Loria, Lounge, Lovell, McCandless,

McCool, Nowak, O’Connor, Oswald,

Phillips, Readdy, Reightler, Schirra,

Shepard, Shepherd, M. Smith,

Springer, Stafford, Thorne, Thuot,

Walker, S. Williams, Zamka

U.S. Naval Postgraduate School:

Altman, Bursch, Carr, Cernan, Coats,

Curbeam, Evans, Ferguson, Foreman,

Frick, Ham, Herrington, Hilmers, Jett,

M. Kelly, Leestma, Lopez-Alegria,

Lousma, McBride, McCool, Mitchell,

Noriega, Nowak, Overmyer,

Poindexter, Reightler, Rominger, 

W. Scott, M. Smith, Springer, Weitz, 

J. Williams

U.S. Naval War College: 

J. Williams
ALABAMA: Hartsfield, Hire, Jemison, 

G. H. Johnson, K. Thornton, 

James Voss, C. Williams

ARIZONA: Creamer, S. Smith

ARKANSAS: Covey, Parazynski

CALIFORNIA: Caldwell, Chilton, Clifford,

Coats, Hauck, Lindsey, Love, McCool,

McCulley, Melroy, Morgan, Ochoa,

O’Connor, Olivas, Poindexter, Ride,

Robinson, Sturckow, van Hoften,

Walheim, Young

COLORADO: Brand, Carpenter, Carr,

Lounge, Rominger, Roosa, Swigert

CONNECTICUT: Barry, Burbank,

Mastracchio, Spring, Thuot

DELAWARE: Currie

DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA: F. Gregory,

Stewart

FLORIDA: Davis, Lawrence, Lenoir,

Richards, W. Scott, Thagard

GEORGIA: Bridges, Carter, Hammond,

Still, Walker

HAWAII: Onizuka

ILLINOIS: Altman, Archambault, Cernan,

Grunsfeld, Higginbotham, Kerwin,

Magnus, Mattingly, McDivitt, Meade,

Nagel, Tanner, Veach, Woodward

INDIANA: J. Allen, Borman, M. Brown,

England, Grissom, Reilly, Ross, Janice

Voss, D. Williams, Wolf

IOWA: Clark, Cunningham, Hilmers, 

J. Kelly, Nelson, Shriver, Whitson

KENTUCKY: Wilcutt

KANSAS: Engle, Evans, Hawley

LOUISIANA: Gorie, Halsell

76

U.S. ASTRONAUTS’ BIRTHPLACES BY STATE*

MAINE: Hobaugh

MARYLAND: Curbeam, Ivins, Jones,

Reightler

MASSACHUSETTS: Apt, Duffy,

Linnehan, Loria, McCandless,

Musgrave, O’Leary, Precourt

MICHIGAN: Bloomfield, Chaffee, Jett,

Leestma, Linenger, Lousma,

McMonagle, Searfoss, Shaw, Wilson,

Worden

MINNESOTA: Cabana, Carey, 

D. Gardner, Stefanyshyn-Piper

MISSISSIPPI: Haise, Peterson, Truly

MISSOURI: Akers, Godwin, Kavandi,

Springer

NEBRASKA: C. Anderson

NEW HAMPSHIRE: Morin, Shepard

NEW JERSEY: Aldrin, Ham, M. Kelly, 

S. Kelly, Polansky, Reisman, Schirra,

Schweickart, Sullivan, Zamka

NEW MEXICO: Gutierrez, Schmitt

NEW YORK: Adamson, M. Anderson,

Bobko, Cagle, Camarda, Cleave, 

E. Collins, A. Fisher, Fullerton, 

E. Gibson, R. Gibson, Grabe, 

W. Gregory, Hoffman, Kregel,

Massimino, Melnick, Parker, Runco,

Swanson, Wetherbee, Wheelock

NORTH CAROLINA: E. Baker, Brady, 

C. Brown, Duke, Helms, McArthur,

Smith, W. Thornton

NORTH DAKOTA: Buchli, Hieb

OHIO: Armstrong, Bassett, Cameron,

Eisele, Foreman, Gernhardt, Glenn,

Harbaugh, Henize, Henricks, Lovell,

Low, Overmyer, Resnik, Sega, 

D. Thomas, Walz, Weber, Williams

*See biographical sketches for city
OKLAHOMA: Cooper, Garriott,

Herrington, Pogue, Stafford

OREGON: Griggs, Petit

PENNSYLVANIA: A. Allen, Bagian,

Bluford, Bursch, Conrad, Ferguson,

Fincke, Freeman, Frick, Hart, Hilliard,

Horowitz, Irwin, P. Richards, Tani,

Weitz

RHODE ISLAND: Readdy

SOUTH CAROLINA: Bolden, Casper,

Coleman, Culbertson, McNair

SOUTH DAKOTA: Gemar, Fossum

TENNESSEE: M. Baker, Bull, Jernigan,

Seddon, Shepherd

TEXAS: Ashby, Bean, Blaha, Cockrell,

Creighton, Crippen, Fabian, W. Fisher,

Forrester, Givens, Harris, Holmquest,

Husband, Lockhart, Mitchell, Mullane,

D. Scott, See, White

77

U.S. ASTRONAUTS’ BIRTHPLACES BY STATE*

UTAH: Lind

VERMONT: Graveline

VIRGINIA: Bowersox, D. Brown,

Edwards, G. Gardner, Melvin,

Oefelein, Phillips, Wisoff

WASHINGTON DC: Nowak

WASHINGTON: Dunbar, Gordon, 

G. C. Johnson, Oswald, Patrick,

Scobee 

WEST VIRGINIA: McBride

WISCONSIN: Brandenstein, Chiao, Lee,

Michel, Slayton, J. Williams

*See biographical sketches for city
ARGENTINA: Caldeiro

AUSTRALIA: Chapman, 

A. Thomas

BRAZIL: Pontes

CANADA: Chamitoff,

Garneau, Hadfield,

MacLean, Payette,

Williams

CHINA: Lucid

COSTA RICA: Chang-Díaz

ENGLAND: Foale, G.H.

Johnson, Sellers,

Patrick

FRANCE: Clervoy, Eyharts,

Perrin, 

Chrétien, Tognini

GERMANY: Schlegel Thiele,

Thorne

HONG KONG: Chawla

78

ASTRONAUTS BORN IN OTHER COUNTRIES* 

(Includes International Astronauts)

ICELAND: Tryggvason

ITALY: Cheli, M. Collins,

Guidoni, Nespoli,

Vittori 

JAPAN: Doi, Mohri,

Wakata, Noguchi

MOROCCO: Perrin

PACIFIC ISLANDS: Newman

PERU: Noriega

RUSSIA: Krikalev, Titov

SPAIN: Duque, 

Lopez-Alegria

SWEDEN: Fuglesang

SWITZERLAND: Nicollier

THE NETHERLANDS: Ockels

WALES: Llewellyn 

*See biographical sketches for city
EAGLE: 

Adamson, Armstrong, Bagian, Bluford,

Bowersox, Brady, Carr, Carter,

Chaffee, Chamitoff, Covey, Creighton,

Duke, Eisele, Forrester, Fossum,

Fullerton, W. Gregory, Griggs,

Hoffman, G.H. Johnson, Jones, Lee,

Lind, Lindsey, Llewellyn (King’s Scout,

U.K.), Lovell, McCool, McCulley,

O’Leary, Onizuka, Oswald,

Parazynski, Pettit, Reightler Searfoss,

See, Tanner, Truly, D. Walker

LIFE:

Anders, M. Baker, Bassett, Brand,

Bridges, D. Brown, Casper, Cooper,

Evans, Fabian, G. Gardner, Givens, 

F. Gregory, Kregel, Low, Mattingly,

McArthur, Mitchell, Poindexter,

Robinson, D. Scott, Spring, Springer,

van Hoften, C. Williams

STAR:

Barry, Cameron, England, W. Fisher,

Garriott, R. Gibson, Gordon, Grissom,

Haise, Lounge, McNair, Noguchi,

Stafford

1st Class:

J. Allen, Anderson, Bean, Bloomfield,

Camarda, Clifford, Coats, Edwards,

Engle, Freeman, Foreman, 

D. Gardner, E. Gibson, Hammond,

Henize, Herrington, Linnehan, Nelson,

Oelelein, Overmyer, Reilly, Schirra,

Schweickart, W. Scott, Shepard,

Veach, Worden

2nd Class:

Altman, Bolden, Buchli, Carpenter,

Cernan, Culbertson, Husband,

Mullane, Parker, Pogue, Shriver,

Swigert, W. Thornton, White,

Woodward, Young

79

ASTRONAUTS’ SCOUTING RECORDS 

(Includes International Astronauts)

Of the 293 former and current astronauts, 201 have taken part in Scouting.

TENDERFOOT:

Aldrin, Bursch, Frick, Hawley, Lousma,

Love, McDivitt, Michel, P. Richards,

Schmitt, S. Smith

EXPLORER:

O’Connor, D. Williams

GIRL SCOUT:

Cagle, Clark, E. Collins, Currie, Davis,

A. Fisher, Helms, Higginbotham, Hire,

Jernigan, Lawrence, Magnus, Morgan,

Nowak, Seddon, Stefanyshyyn-Piper,

Still-Kilrain, Sullivan, K. Thornton,

Janice Voss, Weber

CUB SCOUT:

A. Allen, C. Brown, Burbank, Carey,

Conrad, Duffy, Foale (Wolf, Germany),

Gernhardt, Hadfield, Henricks,

Hobaugh, M. Kelly, S. Kelly, Leestma,

Lopez-Alegria, Loria, Massimino,

McBride, Meade, Musgrave, Phillips,

Readdy, Rominger, Sellers (Wolf),

Shepherd, Thomas, Thuot, 

D.R. Williams, Wolf

WEBELO:

M. Anderson, Fincke, Gorie, J. Kelly,

Loria, Massimino, Noriega, Olivas

RANK UNKNOWN:

Bull, Clervoy, Garneau, Harris, Morin,

Polansky, Sellers, James Voss
AIR FORCE: 

M. Anderson, Archambault, Bloomfield,

C. Brown, Coleman, E. Collins, Duffy,

Fincke, W. Gregory, Halsell, Helms,

Horowitz, Husband, G. H. Johnson, 

J. Kelly, Lee, Lindsey, Lockhart,

Melroy, Precourt, Ross, Searfoss,

Walheim, Walz

AIR FORCE RESERVES: 

Fossum, Kregel

ARMY:

Currie, Creamer, Forrester, McArthur,

James Voss, J. Williams, Wheelock

COAST GUARD: 

Burbank

MARINE CORPS:

Cabana, Hobaugh, Loria, Noriega,

Sturckow, Wilcutt, Zamka

80

CURRENT U.S. ASTRONAUTS IN ACTIVE MILITARY SERVICE

NAVY:

Altman, Ashby, M. Baker, Bowersox,

Brady, D. Brown, Bursch, Clark,

Culbertson, Curbeam, Edwards,

Ferguson, Foreman, Frick, Gorie,

Ham, Herrington, Jett, M. Kelly, 

Lawrence, Lopez-Alegria, Oefelein,

Poindexter, Rominger, 

W. Scott, Shepherd, Still-Kilrain,

Wetherbee, S. Williams, Woodward

NAVY RESERVES:

Cockrell, Hire, G.C. Johnson, Oswald,

Phillips, Readdy, P. Richards, Tanner
Mission Crew Date Mission Cumulative

elapsed U.S. man-hr.

time (MET), in space,

hr:min:sec hr:min:sec

Mercury-Redstone 3 Shepard May 5, 1961 00:15:22 00:15:22

Mercury-Redstone 4 Grissom July 21, 1961 00:15:37 00:30:59

Mercury-Atlas 6 Glenn Feb. 20, 1962 04:55:23 05:26:22

Mercury-Atlas 7 Carpenter May 24, 1962 04:56:05 10:22:27

Mercury-Atlas 8 Schirra Oct. 3, 1962 09:13:11 19:35:38

Mercury-Atlas 9 Cooper May 15-16, 1963 34:19:49 53:55:27

Total - Project Mercury — 53:55:27

Gemini-Titan III Grissom, Young Mar. 23, 1965 04:52:31 63:40:29

Gemini-Titan IV McDivitt, White June 3 to 7, 1965 97:56:12 259:32:53

Gemini-Titan V Cooper, Conrad Aug. 21 to 29, 1965 190:55:14 641:23:21

Gemini-Titan VII Borman, Lovell Dec. 4 to 18, 1965 330:35:01 1302:33:23

Gemini-Titan VI-A Schirra, Stafford Dec. 15 and 16, 1965 25:51:24 1354:16:11

Gemini-Titan VIII Armstrong, D. Scott Mar. 16, 1966 10:41:26 1375:39:03

Gemini-Titan IX-A Stafford, Cernan June 3 to 6, 1966 72:20:50 1520:20:43

Gemini-Titan X Young, M. Collins July 18 to 21, 1966 70:46:39 1661:54:01

Gemini-Titan XI Conrad, Gordon Sept. 12 to 15, 1966 71:17:08 1804:28:17

Gemini-Titan XII Lovell, Aldrin Nov. 11 to 15, 1966 94:34:31 1993:37:19

Total - Gemini Program — 1939:41:52

Apollo-Saturn 7 Schirra, Eisele, Cunningham Oct. 11-22, 1968 260:09:03 2774:04:28

Apollo-Saturn 8 Borman, Lovell, Anders Dec. 21-27, 1968 147:00:42 3215:06:34

Apollo-Saturn 9 McDivitt, D. Scott, Schweickart Mar. 3-13, 1969 241:00:54 3938:09:16

Apollo-Saturn 10 Stafford, Young, Cernan May 18-26, 1969 192:03:23 4514:19:25

Apollo-Saturn 11 Armstrong, M. Collins, Aldrin July 16-24, 1969 195:18:35 5100:15:10

Apollo-Saturn 12 Conrad, Gordon, Bean Nov. 14-24, 1969 244:36:24 5834:04:22

Apollo-Saturn 13 Lovell, Swigert, Haise Apr. 11-17, 1970 142:54:41 6262:48:25

Apollo-Saturn 14 Shepard, Roosa, Mitchell Jan. 31-Feb. 9, 1971 216:01:58 6910:54:19

Apollo-Saturn 15 D. Scott, Worden, Irwin Jul. 26-Aug. 7, 1971 295:11:53 7796:29:58

Apollo-Saturn 16 Young, Mattingly, Duke Apr. 16-27, 1972 265:51:05 8594:03:13

Apollo-Saturn 17 Cernan, Evans, Schmitt Dec. 7-19, 1972 301:51:59 9499:39:10

Total - Apollo Program - 7506:01:51

Skylab SL-2 Conrad, Kerwin, Weitz May 25-Jun. 22, 1973 672:49:49 11518:08:37

Skylab SL-3 Bean, Garriott, Lousma Jul. 28-Sep. 25, 1973 1427:09:04 15799:35:49

Skylab SL-4 Carr, E. Gibson, Pogue Nov. 16/73-Feb. 8/74 2017:16:00 21851:23:49

Total - Skylab Program — 12351:44:39

Apollo-Soyuz Test Stafford, Brand, Slayton July 15 to 24, 1975 217:28:23 22503:48:58

Project (ASTP)

Total ASTP — 652:25:09

Source: NASA Historical Data Book Volumes 1 and 11

81

U.S. HUMAN SPACE FLIGHT LOG
Mission Crew Date MET (lift-off Cumulative

to main gear U.S. man-hr.

touchdown), in space,

hr:min:sec hr:min:sec

STS-1 Young, Crippen Apr. 12-14, 1981 54:20:53 22612:30:44

STS-2 Engle, Truly Nov. 12-14, 1981 54:13:11 22720:57:06

STS-3 Lousma, Fullerton Mar. 22-30, 1982 192:04:46 23105:06:38

STS-4 Mattingly, Hartsfield Jun. 27-Jul. 4, 1982 169:09:31 23443:25:40

STS-5 Brand, Overmyer, J. Allen, Lenoir Nov. 11-16, 1982 122:14:26 23932:23:24

STS-6 Weitz, Bobko, Peterson, Musgrave Apr. 4-9, 1983 120:23:42 24413:58:12

STS-7 Crippen, Hauck, Ride, Fabian, Thagard Jun. 18-24, 1983 146:23:59 25145:58:07

STS-8 Truly, Brandenstein, D. Gardner, Bluford, Aug. 30-Sep. 5, 1983 145:08:43 25871:41:42

W. Thornton

STS-9 Young, Shaw, Garriott, Parker, Lichtenberg, Nov. 28-Dec. 8, 1983 247:47:24 27358:26:06

Merbold

41-B Brand, R. Gibson, McCandless, McNair, Stewart Feb. 3-11, 1984 191:15:55 28314:45:41

41-C Crippen, Scobee, van Hoften, G. Nelson, Hart Apr. 6-13, 1984 167:40:07 29153:06:16

41-D Hartsfield, Coats, Resnik, Hawley, Mullane, Aug. 30-Sep. 5, 1984 144:56:04 30022:42:40

C. Walker

41-G Crippen, McBride, Ride, Sullivan, Leestma, Oct. 5-13, 1984 197:23:38 31404:28:06

Garneau, Scully-Power

51-A Hauck, D. Walker, D. Gardner, A. Fisher, J. Allen Nov. 8-16, 1984 191:44:56 32363:12:46

51-C Mattingly, Shriver, Onizuka, Buchli, Payton Jan. 24-27, 1985 73:33:23 32730:59:41

51-D Bobko, Williams, Seddon, Hoffman, Griggs, Apr. 12-19, 1985 167:55:23 33906:27:22

C. Walker, Garn

51-B Overmyer, F. Gregory, Lind, Thagard, Apr. 29-May 6, 1985 168:08:46 35083:28:44

W. Thornton, van den Berg, Wang

51-G Brandenstein, Creighton, Lucid, Fabian, Nagel, Jun. 17-24, 1985 169:38:52 36271:00:48

Baudry, Al-Saud

51-F Fullerton, Bridges, Musgrave, England, Henize, Jul. 29-Aug. 6, 1985 190:45:26 37606:18:50

Acton, Bartoe

51-I Engle, Covey, van Hoften, Lounge, W. Fisher Aug. 27-Sep. 3, 1985 170:17:42 38457:47:20

51-J Bobko, Grabe, Hilmers, Stewart, Pailes Oct. 3-7, 1985 97:44:38 38946:30:30

61-A Hartsfield, Nagel, Buchli, Bluford, Dunbar, Oct. 30-Nov. 6, 1985 168:44:53 40296:29:34

Furrer, Messerschmid, Ockels

61-B Shaw, O’Connor, Cleave, Spring, Ross, Nov. 26-Dec. 3, 1985 165:04:49 41452:03:17

Neri-Vela, C. Walker

61-C R. Gibson, Bolden, Chang-Díaz, Hawley, Jan. 12 to 18, 1986 146:03:51 42474:30:14

G. Nelson, Cenker, B. Nelson

51-L Scobee, M. Smith, Resnik, Onizuka, McNair, Jan. 28, 1986 n/a 42474:30:14

Jarvis, McAuliffe

STS-26 Hauck, Covey, Lounge, G. Nelson, Hilmers Sep. 29-Oct. 3, 1988 97:00:11 42959:31:09

STS-27 R. Gibson, G. Gardner, Mullane, Ross, Dec. 2-6, 1988 105:05:37 43484:59:14

Shepherd

STS-29 Coats, Blaha, Bagian, Buchli, Springer Mar. 13-18, 1989 119:38:50 44083:13:24

STS-30 D. Walker, Grabe, Thagard, Cleave, Lee May 4-8, 1989 96:56:27 44567:55:39

STS-28 Shaw, Richards, Adamson, Leestma, M. Brown Aug. 8-3, 1989 121:00:08 45172:56:19

STS-34 Williams, McCulley, Chang-Díaz, Lucid, Oct. 18-23, 1989 119:39:21 45771:13:04

E. Baker

STS-33 F. Gregory, Blaha, Musgrave, Carter, Nov. 22-27, 1989 120:06:48 46371:47:04

K. Thornton

82

U.S. HUMAN SPACE FLIGHT LOG

Space Transportation System
STS-32 Brandenstein, Wetherbee, Dunbar, Low, Ivins Jan. 9-20, 1990 261:00:36 47676:50:04

STS-36 Creighton, Casper, Mullane, Hilmers, Thuot Feb. 28-Mar. 4, 1990 106:18:22 48208:21:54

STS-31 Shriver, Bolden, Hawley, McCandless, Sullivan Apr. 24-29, 1990 121:16:06 48814:42:24

STS-41 Richards, Cabana, Shepherd, Melnick, Akers Oct. 6-10, 1990 98:10:04 49305:32:44

STS-38 Covey, Culbertson, Springer, Meade, Gemar Nov. 15-20, 1990 117:54:31 49895:05:19

STS-35 Brand, G. Gardner, Hoffman, Lounge, Parker, Dec. 2-10, 1990 215:05:08 51400:41:15

Durrance, Parise

STS-37 Nagel, Cameron, Ross, Apt, Godwin Apr. 5-11, 1991 143:32:44 52118:34:55

STS-39 Coats, Hammond, Bluford, Harbaugh, Hieb, Apr. 28-May 6, 1991 199:22:23 53514:01:36

McMonagle, Veach

STS-40 O’Connor, Gutierrez, Seddon, Bagian, Jun. 5-14, 1991 218:14:20 55041:41:56

Jernigan, Gaffney, Hughes-Fulford

STS-43 Blaha, M. Baker, Lucid, Adamson, Low Aug. 2-11, 1991 213:21:25 56108:29:01

STS-48 Creighton, Reightler, Buchli, Gemar, M. Brown Sep. 12-18, 1991 128:27:38 56750:47:11

STS-44 F. Gregory, Henricks, Musgrave, Runco, Nov. 24-Dec. 1, 1991 166:50:44 57751:51:35

James Voss, Hennen

STS-42 Grabe, Oswald, Thagard, Hilmers, Readdy, Jan. 22-30, 1992 193:14:44 59104:34:43

Bondar, Merbold

STS-45 Bolden, Duffy, Sullivan, Leestma, Foale, Mar. 24-Apr. 2, 1992 214:09:28 60603:40:59

Frimout, Lichtenberg

STS-49 Brandenstein, Chilton, Hieb, Melnick, Thuot, May 7-16, 1992 213:17:38 62096:44:25

K. Thornton, Akers

STS-50 Richards, Bowersox, Dunbar, E. Baker, Jun. 25-Jul. 9, 1992 331:30:04 64417:14:53

Meade, DeLucas, Trinh

STS-46 Shriver, A. Allen, Hoffman, Chang-Díaz, Jul. 31-Aug. 8, 1992 191:15:03 65756:00:14

Nicollier, Ivins, Malerba

STS-47 R. Gibson, C. Brown, Lee, Apt, Davis, Sep. 12-20, 1992 190:30:23 67089:32:55

Jemison, Mohri

STS-52 Wetherbee, M. Baker, Veach, Shepherd, Oct. 22-Nov. 1, 1992 236:56:13 68511:10:13

Jernigan, MacLean

STS-53 D. Walker, Cabana, Bluford, James Voss, Dec. 2-9, 1992 175:19:47 69387:49:08

Clifford

STS-54 Casper, McMonagle, Runco, Harbaugh, Helms Jan. 13-19, 1993 143:38:19 70106:00:43

STS-56 Cameron, Oswald, Foale, Cockrell, Ochoa Apr. 8-17, 1993 222:08:24 71216:42:43

STS-55 Nagel, Henricks, Ross, Precourt, Harris, Apr. 26-May 6, 1993 239:39:59 72894:22:36

Walter, Schlegel

STS-57 Grabe, Duffy, Low, Currie, Wisoff, Janice Voss Jun. 21-Jul. 1, 1993 239:44:54 74332:52:00

STS-51 Culbertson, Readdy, Newman, Bursch, Walz Sept. 12-22, 1993 236:11:11 75513:47:55

STS-58 Blaha, Searfoss, Seddon, McArthur, Wolf, Oct. 18-Nov. 1, 1993 336:12:32 77867:15:39

Lucid, Fettman

STS-61 Covey, Bowersox, Musgrave, K. Thornton, Dec. 2-2, 1993 259:58:37 79427:07:21

Nicollier, Hoffman, Akers

STS-60 Bolden, Reightler, Chang-Díaz, Davis, Sega, Feb. 3-11, 1994 199:09:22 80622:03:33

Krikalev

STS-62 Casper, Allen, Thuot, Gemar, Ivins Mar. 4-18, 1994 335:16:41 82298:26:58

STS-59 Gutierrez, Chilton, Godwin, Apt, Clifford, Apr. 9-20, 1994 269:49:30 83917:23:58

T. Jones

83

U.S. HUMAN SPACE FLIGHT LOG

Space Transportation System

Mission Crew Date MET (lift-off Cumulative

to main gear U.S. man-hr.

touchdown), in space,

hr:min:sec hr:min:sec
STS-65 Cabana, Halsell, Hieb, Walz, Chiao, July 8-23, 1994 353:55:00 86040:53:58

Thomas, Mukai

STS-64 Richards, Hammond, Linenger, Helms, Sep. 9-20, 1994 262:49:57 87617:53:40

Meade, Lee

STS-68 Baker, Wilcutt, Wisoff, S. Smith, Bursch, Sep. 30-Oct. 11, 1994 269:46:08 89236:30:28

T. Jones

STS-66 McMonagle, C. Brown, Ochoa, Tanner, Nov. 3-14, 1994 262:34:02 90811:54:40

Clervoy, Parazynski

STS-63 Wetherbee, E. Collins, Harris, Foale, Feb. 3-11, 1995 198:28:15 92002:44:10

Janice Voss, Titov

STS-67 Oswald, Gregory, Grunsfeld, Lawrence, Mar. 2-18, 1995 399:08:48 94796:45:46

Jernigan, Durrance, Parise

STS-71 Gibson, Precourt, E. Baker, Harbaugh, Jun. 27-Jul. 7, 1995 235:22:17 Due to the

Dunbar, Solovyev, Budarin, Dezhurov, multi-vehicle

Strekalov, Thagard missions and

STS-70 Henricks, Kregel, Thomas, Currie, Weber Jul. 13-22, 1995 214:20:05 change out

STS-69 Walker, Cockrell, Jim Voss, Newman, Sep. 7-18, 1995 260:28:56 of crews,

Gernhardt Cumulative

STS-73 Bowersox, Rominger, Coleman, Oct. 20-Nov. 5, 1995 381:52:21 man-hours

Lopez-Alegria, Thornton, Leslie, Sacco will no longer

STS-74 Cameron, Halsell, Hadfield, Ross, McArthur Nov. 12-20, 1995 196:30:46 be calculated.

STS-72 Duffy, Jett, Chiao, Scott, Wakata, Barry Jan 1-20, 1996 214:00:45

STS-75 Allen, Horowitz, Hoffman, Cheli, Nicollier, Feb. 22-Mar. 9, 1996 377:40:21

Chang-Díaz, Guidoni

STS-76 Chilton, Searfoss, Sega, Clifford, Godwin, Mar. 22-31, 1996 221:15:53

Lucid

STS-77 Casper, C. Brown, A. Thomas, Bursch, May 19-29, 1996 240:39:24

Runco, Garneau

STS-78 Henricks, Kregel, Linnehan, Helms, Brady, Jun. 20-Jul. 7, 1996 405:47:36

Favier, Thirsk

STS-79 Readdy, Wilcutt, Apt, Akers, Walz, Blaha, Sep. 16-26, 1996 243:18:00

Lucid

STS-80 Cockrell, Rominger, Jernigan, T. Jones, Nov. 19-Dec. 7, 1996 423:53:00

Musgrave

STS-81 M. Baker, Jett, Wisoff, Grunsfeld, Ivins, Jan. 12-22, 1997 244:55:00

Linenger, Blaha

STS-82 Bowersox, Horowitz, Tanner, Hawley, Feb. 11-21, 1997 239:37:00

Harbaugh, M. Lee, S. Smith

STS-83 Halsell, Still, Janice Voss, Gernhardt, Apr. 4-8, 1997 95:12:00

D. Thomas, Crouch, Linteris

STS-84 Precourt, E. Collins, Clervoy, Noriega, Lu, May 15-24, 1997 221:20:00

Kondakova, Foale, Linenger

STS-94 Halsell, Still, Janice Voss, Gernhardt, Jul. 1-17, 1997 376:45:00

D. Thomas, Crouch, Linteris

STS-85 Brown, Rominger, Davis, Curbeam, Aug. 7-19, 1997 284:27:00

Robinson, Tryggvason

84

U.S. HUMAN SPACE FLIGHT LOG

Space Transportation System

Mission Crew Date MET (lift-off Cumulative

to main gear U.S. man-hr.

touchdown), in space,

hr:min:sec hr:min:sec
STS-86 Wetherbee, Bloomfield, Titov, Parazynski, Sep. 25-Oct. 6, 1997 259:21:00

Chrétien, Lawrence, Wolf, Foale

STS-87 Kregel, Lindsey, Chawla, W. Scott, Doi, Nov. 19-Dec. 5, 1997 376:34:00

Kadenyuk

STS-89 Wilcutt, Edwards, Reilly, M. Anderson, Jan. 22-31, 1998 211:47:00

Dunbar, Sharipov, A. Thomas, Wolf

STS-90 Searfoss, Altman, Linnehan, Hire, Apr. 17-May 3, 1998 381:50:00

Dave Williams, Buckey, Pawelczyk

STS-91 Precourt, Gorie, Chang-Díaz, Lawrence, Jun. 2-12, 1998 235:54:00

Kavandi, Ryumin, A. Thomas

85

U.S. HUMAN SPACE FLIGHT LOG

Space Transportation System

Mission Crew Date MET (lift-off 

to main gear

touchdown),

hr:min:sec

This and other JSC fact sheets can be found on the Internet at: http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/pao/factsheets