Investor Assistance (800) 732-0330 www.investor.gov

Investor ALert

Ponzi schemes Using virtual Currencies 

The SEC’s Office of Investor Education and Advocacy is 

issuing this investor alert to warn individual investors about 

fraudulent investment schemes that may involve Bitcoin and 

other virtual currencies.

Ponzi Schemes Generally

A Ponzi scheme is an investment scam that involves the 

payment of purported returns to existing investors from 

funds contributed by new investors. Ponzi scheme 

organizers often solicit new investors by promising to 

invest funds in opportunities claimed to generate high 

returns with little or no risk. In many Ponzi schemes, 

rather than engaging in any legitimate investment 

activity, the fraudulent actors focus on attracting new 

money to make promised payments to earlier investors 

as well as to divert some of these “invested” funds for 

personal use. the seC investigates and prosecutes many 

Ponzi scheme cases each year to prevent new victims 

from being harmed and to maximize recovery of assets 

to investors. 

As with many frauds, Ponzi scheme organizers often 

use the latest innovation, technology, product or growth 

industry to entice investors and give their scheme the 

promise of high returns. Potential investors are often less 

skeptical of an investment opportunity when assessing 

something novel, new or “cutting-edge.” 

Look Out for Potential Scams 

Using Virtual Currency 

virtual currencies, such as Bitcoin, have recently become 

popular and are intended to serve as a type of money. 

they may be traded on online exchanges for conventional 

currencies, including the U.s. dollar, or used to purchase 

goods or services, usually online. 

We are concerned that the rising use of virtual currencies 

in the global marketplace may entice fraudsters to lure 

investors into Ponzi and other schemes in which these 

currencies are used to facilitate fraudulent, or simply 

fabricated, investments or transactions. the fraud may 

also involve an unregistered offering or trading platform. 

these schemes often promise high returns for getting in 

on the ground floor of a growing Internet phenomenon. 

Fraudsters may also be attracted to using virtual 

currencies to perpetrate their frauds because transactions 

in virtual currencies supposedly have greater privacy 

benefits and less regulatory oversight than transactions in 

conventional currencies. Any investment in securities in 

the United states remains subject to the jurisdiction 

of the seC regardless of whether the investment is made 

in U.s. dollars or a virtual currency. In particular, 

individuals selling investments are typically subject 

to federal or state licensing requirements.
Investor Assistance (800) 732-0330 www.investor.gov

2

Common Red Flags of Fraud

Many Ponzi schemes share common characteristics. 

Following are some red flags:

n High investment returns with little or no risk.

every investment carries some degree of risk, and 

investments yielding higher returns typically involve

more risk. “Guaranteed” investment returns or 

promises of high returns for little risk should be 

viewed skeptically. 

n Overly consistent returns. Investments tend to 

go up and down over time, especially those seeking 

high returns. Be suspect of an investment that 

generates consistent returns regardless of overall 

market conditions.

n Unregistered investments. Ponzi schemes typically involve investments that have not been registered 

with the seC or with state securities regulators. 

n Unlicensed sellers. Federal and state securities 

laws require certain investment professionals and 

their firms to be licensed or registered. Many Ponzi 

schemes involve unlicensed individuals or unregistered firms. 

n Secretive and/or complex strategies and fee 

structures. It is a good rule of thumb to avoid 

investments you don’t understand or for which you 

can’t get complete information.

n No minimum investor qualifications. Most legitimate private investment opportunities require you to 

be an accredited investor. You should be highly skeptical of investment opportunities that do not ask about 

your salary or net worth.

n Issues with paperwork. Be skeptical of excuses 

regarding why you can’t review information about 

the investment in writing. Always read and carefully 

consider an investment’s prospectus or disclosure 

statement before investing. Be on the lookout for 

errors in account statements which may be a sign 

of fraudulent activity. 

n Difficulty receiving payments. Be suspicious if 

you don’t receive a payment or have difficulty cashing 

out your investment. Ponzi scheme organizers sometimes encourage participants to “roll over” promised 

payments by offering higher investment returns.

n It comes through someone with a shared 

affinity. Fraudsters often exploit the trust derived 

from being members of a group that shares an affinity, 

such as a national, ethnic or religious affiliation. 

sometimes, respected leaders or prominent members 

may be enlisted, knowingly or unknowingly, to 

spread the word about the “investment.”

Bitcoin Ponzi Scheme. In a recent case, SEC v.

Shavers, the organizer of an alleged Ponzi scheme 

advertised a Bitcoin “investment opportunity” in 

an online Bitcoin forum. Investors were allegedly 

promised up to 7% interest per week and that the 

invested funds would be used for Bitcoin arbitrage 

activities in order to generate the returns. Instead, 

invested Bitcoins were allegedly used to pay existing 

investors and exchanged into U.s. dollars to pay 

the organizer’s personal expenses.
Where can I go for help?

If you have a question or concern about an investment, 

or you think you have encountered fraud, please contact 

the SEC, FINRA or your state securities regulator to 

report the fraud and to get assistance.

U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission

Office of Investor Education and Advocacy

100 F Street, NE

Washington, D.C. 20549-0213

(800) 732-0330

sec.gov

investor.gov

Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA)

FINRA Complaints and Tips

9509 Key West Avenue

Rockville, Maryland 20850

(301) 590-6500

www.finra.org/Investors/

North American Securities Administrators Association 

(NASAA)

750 First Street, NE

Suite 1140

Washington, D.C. 20002

(202) 737-0900

www.nasaa.org

For more information about Ponzi schemes, visit

sec.gov/answers/ponzi.htm.

For a list of SEC enforcement actions against 

Ponzi schemes, visit sec.gov/spotlight/enf-actionsponzi.shtml. 

For more information about being an accredited 

investor, visit sec.gov/answers/accred.htm.

For our publication about affinity fraud, visit 

investor.gov/sites/default/files/Affinity-Fraud.pdf. 

For our Investor Alert about social media and 

investing, visit sec.gov/investor/alerts/socialmedia 

andfraud.pdf. 

For additional investor educational information, 

see the SEC’s website for individual investors, 

investor.gov. 

Additional Information

The Office of Investor Education and Advocacy 

has provided this information as a service to 

investors. It is neither a legal interpretation nor 

a statement of SEC policy. If you have questions 

concerning the meaning or application of a 

particular law or rule, please consult with an 

attorney who specializes in securities law.

SEC Pub. No. 153 (7/13)