Series 5

No. 9

Vital and Health Statistics:

Russian Federation and

United States,

Selected Years 1980–93

June 1995

Vital and

Health Statistics

From the CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL AND PREVENTION / National Center for Health Statistics

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES

Public Health Service

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

National Center for Health Statistics
Copyright information

All material appearing in this report is in the public domain and may be

reproduced or copied without permission; citation as to source, however, is

appreciated.

Suggested citation

National Center for Health Statistics. Vital and health statistics:

Russian Federation and United States, selected years 1980–93.

Vital Health Stat 5(9). 1995.
Vital and Health Statistics:

Russian Federation and

United States, Selected

Years 1980–93

Series 5

International Vital and

Health Statistics Reports

No. 9

This report contains 18 tables covering population size, natural increase in

population, birth rates, life expectancy, infant mortality, death rates,

incidence of notifiable diseases, AIDS, levels of health personnel, hospital

utilization, and ambulatory care in the Russian Federation and the United

States. Also included are a glossary of terms used in this report where

differences in definitions between the two countries are noted and a

special appendix with selected data from the Russian Federation by

urban-rural status.

Hyattsville, Maryland

June 1995

DHHS Publication No. (PHS) 95-1485

Vital and

Health Statistics

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES

Public Health Service

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

National Center for Health Statistics
National Center for Health Statistics

Jack R. Anderson, Acting Director

Jennifer H. Madans, Ph.D., Acting Deputy Director

Jacob J. Feldman, Ph.D., Associate Director for Analysis,

Epidemiology, and Health Promotion

Gail F. Fisher, Ph.D., Associate Director for Planning and

Extramural Programs

Peter L. Hurley, Associate Director for Vital and Health

Statistics Systems

Robert B. Hartford, Ph.D., Acting Associate Director for

International Statistics

Stephen E. Nieberding, Associate Director for

Management

Charles J. Rothwell, Associate Director for Data

Processing and Services

Monroe G. Sirken, Ph.D., Associate Director for Research

and Methodology

Division of Health Examination Statistics

Robert S. Murphy, M.S.P.H., Director

Kurt R. Maurer, Ph.D., Deputy Director

Ronette Briefel, Dr.P.H., R.D., Coordinator for Nutrition

Monitoring and Related Research

Clifford L. Johnson, M.S.P.H., Special Assistant for Analysis

and Information Management

Katherine M. Flegal, Ph.D., Chief, Medical Statistics Branch

Anne C. Looker, Ph.D., R.D., Chief, Nutritional Statistics

Branch

Christopher T. Sempos, Ph.D., Chief, Longitudinal Studies

Branch

Jean S. Findlay, M.S., Chief, Survey Operations Branch

Vicki L. Burt, Sc.M., R.N., Chief, Survey Planning and

Development Branch

Joel Bristor, B.S., Acting Chief, Systems and Programming

Branch

Office of International Statistics

Robert B. Hartford, Ph.D., Acting Director
Preface

This report is the first in what we hope will be a periodic

comparison of vital and health statistics of the Russian Federation and the United States. This publication is a joint effort

by the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) of the

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in the United

States and the Public Health Institute MedSocEconInform of

the Ministry of Health and Medical Industry, Russian

Federation.

It is hoped that this publication will serve two purposes.

First, it will make available in English a wide array of Russian

vital and health statistics. Second, it is hoped that through this

process, both NCHS and MedSocEconInform will learn and

understand more about how such statistics are collected in

each country and that through this process, the systems of both

countries will profit.

This first effort is a modest one. It contains 18 tables

covering population size, natural increase in population, birth

rates, life expectancy, infant mortality, death rates, incidence

of notifiable diseases, incidence of acquired immunodeficiency

syndrome (AIDS), levels of health personnel, hospital utilization, and ambulatory care. This volume includes a glossary of

terms used in this report, and differences in definitions between

the two countries are noted. With future editions it is hoped

that the scope and size of the publication will increase. The

collaborating agencies would appreciate any suggestions that

readers might have for future editions.

iii
Foreword

We are approaching the year 2000, and before entering

the next millennium, it would be useful to look back and

evaluate the changes that have taken place. Among these

changes is the end of nearly 50 years of opposition between

Russia and the United States. And as often happens, the initial

envoys of peace have been medicine, trade, and diplomacy.

In the field of medicine and health care, both of our

countries have achieved valuable progress. But in spite of this,

there is an obvious and widely recognized need to bring about

basic reforms in these areas. In Russia this need is reflected by

the gradual deterioration of public health since the end of the

1960s. Specifically, there has been:

+ A reduction in average life span to 64 years in 1994 and

greater differences in life span between males and females—

now more than 13 years

+ An increase in standardized mortality rates, mostly as a

result of more violent deaths

+ Relatively high levels of infant and maternal mortality,

with paradoxical cause structures

+ An increase in morbidity rates in infants and children

+ Growth of disability rates, for example, congenital disabilities

+ An increase in social disease rates (tuberculosis, syphilis,

alcohol and drug abuse, etc.), as well as of some mass

infectious diseases

+ A reduction in birth and marriage rates, an increase in the

divorce rate, and forced migrations, combined with negative natural growth of the population

By the way, even recently some data concerning public

health were not allowed to be openly published.

At the same time that these changes have been occurring

in Russia, government spending for general social needs, such

as health protection, are still declining (in constant prices). It

is therefore essential to implement the strategy recommended

by the World Health Organization, ‘‘Health for All,’’ as well as

to effect a reform of the health care system that is aimed at the

areas of greatest need. These areas include the prevention of

public declines in health, the need to achieve greater efficiency

in resource utilization and administration, and the need to

focus on primary care and disease prevention.

Although in the United States, problems related to health

and health care differ from those in Russia, an exchange of

experience and knowledge offers benefits to both countries.

For example, the United States has considerable experience in

the development of high-technology medicine, and Russia has

acquired expertise in the organization and delivery of stageby-stage medical care.

Therefore, this first joint publication on vital and health

statistics in the Russian Federation and the United States will

make a substantial contribution to the development of RussianAmerican relations in the fields of medicine and heath care.

In spite of difficulties related to definitional differences,

approaches to classification, methods of calculation, etc., there

is nevertheless much to be gained. It is our view that publications such as this should be prepared on a regular basis (every

3–4 years). In between, it may be possible to publish brochures focusing on comparative data on specific problems,

such as infant mortality, injuries, diabetes, tuberculosis, and so

forth.

Clearly, this report presents a concrete implementation of

mutual trust, democracy, and collaboration. Therefore, we

hope that medical circles in Russia and the United States will

be interested in this publication and that future issues will

receive appropriate support from the governments of both our

countries.

We would also like to express our sincere gratitude to

personnel of the well-known National Center for Health

Statistics of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,

with whom we signed an agreement to collaborate, for their

remarkable organizational and methodological activities in the

preparation and publication of this report.

Prof. Yuri M. Komarov, M.D., Ph.D, D.Sc.

Director General Public Health

Institute MedSocEconInform (Russia)

World Health Organization Collaborating Center

April 12, 1995

iv
In January 1994 the National Center for Health Statistics

(NCHS), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, of the

United States and the Public Health Institute (MedSocEconInform) of the Russian Federation declared their mutual

commitment to establish and support cooperation and collaboration in five areas of health statistics. The first area acknowledged our joint desire to publish a short monograph comparing

vital and health statistics between our two countries.

This publication is the first report comparing trends in

vital and health statistics between the Russian Federation and

the United States. It is an enormous achievement and I would

like to congratulate the scientists from both centers for all of

their efforts. It is the beginning of our joint efforts to understand our two vital and health statistics systems and to

establish comparable reporting statistics between us.

The idea for this project was first discussed by Dr.

Ekaterina F. Lakhova, who was then the State Counsellor for

the Russian Federation for Family, Maternity and Childhood,

and Dr. Manning Feinleib, then-Director of NCHS, during a

July 6, 1993, meeting in Moscow. The meeting was arranged

by Prof. Yuri Komarov, Director General, MedSocEconInform, and Dr. Lakhova to discuss ways in which NCHS could

assist in helping the Russian Federation restructure their vital

and health statistics systems.

In addition to this effort, NCHS and MedSocEconInform

are continuing to cooperate in four other areas as well.

MedSocEconInform is now an active participant in the NCHSsponsored International Collaborative Effort on Infant and

Perinatal Mortality; both centers are continuing to exchange

vital and health statistics data; NCHS has provided technical

support; and, as financial resources permit, both centers will

continue to conduct other collaborative projects and engage in

scientific exchange programs.

We want to thank our colleagues at MedSocEconInform

for all of their efforts. It has been a privilege and a pleasure to

work with them, and we are proud to have been a part of this

effort. We have learned a great deal about their vital and health

statistics systems and hope to learn more about them in the

future as we continue to work together. We also hope that they

have learned something from us and, in a modest way, that this

effort will contribute to the reform of the Russian Federation’s

vital and health statistics system.

John R. Anderson

Acting Director

National Center for Health Statistics

v
Contents

Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii

Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv

Maps of the Russian Federation and the United States......................................................... viii

Highlights............................................................................................. 1

Russian Federation ................................................................................... 1

Population ........................................................................................ 1

Fertility and natality ................................................................................ 1

Mortality ......................................................................................... 1

Communicable disease morbidity ..................................................................... 2

Health care resources ............................................................................... 2

United States........................................................................................ 2

Population ........................................................................................ 2

Fertility and natality ................................................................................ 2

Mortality ......................................................................................... 2

Communicable disease morbidity ..................................................................... 3

Health care resources ............................................................................... 3

List of detailed tables ................................................................................... 4

Appendixes

I. Urban-rural data for the Russian Federation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

II. Glossary.......................................................................................... 23

vii

Symbols

- - - Data not available

. . . Category not applicable

− Quantity zero

0.0 Quantity more than zero but

less than 0.05

Z Quantity more than zero but

less than 500 where numbers

are rounded to thousands

* Figure does not meet standard

of reliability or precision
United States

Russian Federation

viii
Highlights

Russian Federation

Population

+ Between 1985 and 1993, the population under 5 years of

age experienced the greatest reduction in size, declining

by 19 percent to 9.3 million. The elderly population (65

years and over) continued to grow, increasing by 18 percent, to 16.7 million during the same period (table 1).

+ Since 1985, rising mortality rates and declining birth rates

have gradually reduced the rate of natural increase of the

population. The number of deaths exceeded the number of

live births in 1992 and 1993, contributing to a 0.1-percent

decrease in the resident population from 1992 to 1993

(table 2).

Fertility and natality

+ Since 1985, the annual number of births has dropped by

41 percent; the majority of the decline has occurred since

1990. The fertility rate has declined by 42 percent since

1985, to 38 per 1,000 females 15–44 years of age (tables 2

and 3).

+ The estimated percent of live-born infants weighing less

than 2,500 grams (low birthweight) has declined slightly

from 1985 to 1993, to 13.8 percent of all live births. The

estimated figures correct for underreporting of lowbirthweight live births (table 4).

+ The proportion of females beginning prenatal care during

the first trimester of pregnancy has increased gradually

since 1991, to 71.2 percent in 1993. This is only slightly

below the level of 72.7 percent in 1985 (table 4).

Mortality

+ Life expectancy at birth declined to 65.1 years in 1993,

from a peak of 69.3 years in 1985. Life expectancy at birth

for males declined even more sharply, to 58.9 years in

1993, falling 3.1 years between 1992 and 1993. Life

expectancy at birth for females declined to 71.9 in 1993

(table 5).

+ Estimated rates of infant mortality show a 31-percent

decrease since 1985, to 21.8 in 1993. The estimated rates

correct for differences in vital event definitions and underreporting of infant deaths (table 6).

+ From 1985 to 1993, maternal mortality decreased by a

small amount, to 51.6 deaths per 100,000 live births. In

1993, more than one-quarter of all maternal deaths were

the result of ectopic pregnancies or abortions other than

legally induced abortions (table 7).

+ The overall age-adjusted death rate rose by 24 percent

between 1990 and 1993, reversing the downward trend of

the 1970’s and 1980’s. The largest changes in age-specific

mortality were in the age groups 25–34 years (58-percent

increase) and 35–44 years (68-percent increase). Increases

in mortality occurred in all age groups and for both sexes

(table 8).

+ Between 1990 and 1993, the age-adjusted mortality rate

for heart disease rose by 18 percent for both sexes

combined, and by 22 percent for males. The rise in heart

disease deaths accounted for more than one-fifth of the

increase in all-cause mortality since 1990 (table 9).

+ The age-adjusted death rate for stroke increased 13 percent from 1990 to 1993, after a period of relatively stable

rates during the 1980’s. Stroke and heart disease together

accounted for one-third of the rise in all-cause mortality

since 1990 (table 9).

+ Mortality resulting from other external causes rose by

93 percent between 1990 and 1993, the largest single

contributor to the rise in mortality during the 1990’s.

Male mortality resulting from other external causes rose

90 percent, and female mortality increased by 88 percent (table 9).

+ The age-adjusted mortality rate for homicide rose by

110 percent from 1990 to 1993, and the suicide rate rose

by more than 40 percent. These two causes together

accounted for one-tenth of the increase in all-cause mortality since 1990 (table 9).

The contributions of the following individuals are gratefully acknowledged;

by MedSocEconInform: Prof. Yuri M. Komarov, Prof. Alexandr S. Kiselev,

Prof. Alexandr A. Romensky, Dr. Valery E. Tchernjavsky, Dr. Sergei P.

Ermakov, Dr. Alla E. Ivanova, Dr. Vladimir A. Magnitsky, Dr. Anna V.

Korotkova, Dr. Natalia A. Kravchenko, Dr. Alla A. Kalininskaya, Dr. Igor A.

Volkov, Dr. Tamilla S. Liashenko, Ms. Galina N. Evdokushkina; by the

National Center for Health Statistics: Dr. Manning Feinleib, Mr. Robert A.

Israel, Dr. Christopher T. Sempos, Dr. Francis C. Notzon, Mr. Cuong V.

Vuong, Dr. Robert B. Hartford, Mr. Richard L. Welch, Ms. Sharon Ramirez,

Dr. Elena V. Sempos, Ms. Mariya Charny, Mr. Rolfe Larson, Ms. Shirley A.

Gray, Ms. Dorothy C. Blodgett, Ms. Virginia A. Richards, Dr. Diane M.

Makuc, Ms. Kate Prager, Ms. Zung Le.

1
+ Mortality resulting from pneumonia and influenza more

than doubled between 1990 and 1993, and most of the

increase took place from 1992 to 1993. Growth in the

death rate for males was substantially greater than that for

females; by 1993, the death rate for males was four times

the rate for females (table 9).

+ Fourteen deaths from HIV infection, including 4 children

under 15 years of age, occurred between mid-1993 and

early 1994. This represented a slight decrease in mortality

as a result of HIV infection from the earlier interval of late

1992 to mid-1993 (table 12).

Communicable disease morbidity

+ From 1990 to 1993, the rate of diphtheria cases per

100,000 population rose by almost 1,200 percent, to a rate

of 10.3; the number of diphtheria cases appeared to be

increasing exponentially. Over the same interval, substantial increases also occurred in the incidence of venereal

diseases, including a 78-percent rise in gonorrhea and a

fivefold increase in syphilis (table 11).

+ The number of hepatitis cases per 100,000 population

declined by 40 percent during the 1990’s, probably because

of incomplete reporting. The rate ofsalmonellosis remained

relatively constant during the same interval (table 11).

+ The number of new cases of HIV infection and AIDS

declined from 1992 to mid-1993 but grew substantially

from mid-1993 to early 1994 (table 12).

Health care resources

+ From 1990 to 1993, the number of physicians per 10,000

population decreased by 4 percent, to 45.0. The decline

was even greater for paramedical personnel, with especially severe reductions of 27 percent for feldshers (physician assistants) and 17 percent for midwives (table 14).

The Russian definition of a physician contains categories

not included in the U.S. definition, such as inactive

physicians, dentists, sanitary-epidemiological physicians,

and physiotherapists.

+ Since 1990, the number of hospital beds per 10,000

population has declined by 6 percent, to 129.7. The reduction occurred in all types of hospitals, including long-term

hospitals for the treatment of tuberculosis and psychiatric

disorders (tables 15 and 16).

+ From 1985 to 1993, the average number of ambulatory

physician contacts decreased by 17 percent, to 9.5 contacts per person per year. Declines were noted in both

visits to physician offices and urgent and ambulance care

(table 17).

+ Between 1985 and 1993, the number of hospital discharges per 1,000 population dropped by 11 percent, and

the rate of surgical operations per 1,000 population

declined by 20 percent. During the same interval, however, the average length of stay in a hospital remained

nearly unchanged (table 18).

United States

Population

+ Between 1980 and 1992, the elderly population in the

United States grew more rapidly than other age groups.

The population 85 years and over grew by 45 percent to

3.3 million, and the population 75–84 years of age grew

by 37 percent to 10.6 million. During this period, the total

U.S. population increased by 13 percent (table 1).

Fertility and natality

+ From 1990 to 1992, the fertility rate declined by 3 percent to 68.9 live births per 1,000 females 15–44 years of

age, reversing an upward trend since 1986 (table 3).

+ Between 1985 and 1992, the overall percent of live-born

infants weighing less than 2,500 grams (low birthweight) increased slightly from 6.8 to 7.1 percent, after

remaining at 6.8 percent during the previous 5-year period

(table 4).

+ In 1992, the percent of mothers who began prenatal care

in the first trimester of pregnancy increased slightly to

78 percent, after remaining stable at about 76 percent from

1980 to 1991 (table 4).

Mortality

+ In 1992, overall life expectancy at birth reached a record

high of 75.8 years. Life expectancy was at its highest level

ever in 1992 for both females (79.1 years) and males (72.3

years) (table 5).

+ In 1992 the infant mortality rate was 8.5 deaths per 1,000

live births, a record low, and nearly 33 percent below the

1980 rate. Reductions were recorded in both neonatal

mortality (to 5.4 per 1,000 live births) and postneonatal

mortality (to 3.1) (table 6).

+ The overall age-adjusted death rate declined by 3 percent

between 1990 and 1992, continuing the downward trend

of the 1980’s. The largest decline in age-specific death

rates, 11 percent, occurred in the population under 1 year

of age (table 8).

+ Between 1980 and 1992, the age-adjusted death rate for

heart disease, the leading cause of death for males and

females, declined 27 percent, continuing the downward

trend of the 1970’s. Heart disease mortality declined

29 percent for males and 24 percent for females during the

interval (table 10).

+ Between 1980 and 1992, the age-adjusted death rate for

stroke, the third leading cause of death, declined 35 percent, continuing the downward trend of the 1970’s

(table 10).

+ Between 1990 and 1992, the age-adjusted death rate for

motor vehicle mortality declined 14 percent, continuing

the downward trend of the 1980’s. The rate for males fell

15 percent during the interval (table 10).

+ From 1991 to 1992, the age-adjusted death rate for

homicide declined 4 percent, reversing the rise in homicide rates between 1985 and 1991. Both male and female

2
mortality resulting from homicide declined during 1992

(table 10).

Communicable disease morbidity

+ No more than five diphtheria cases per year have been

reported since 1985, resulting in incidence rates below

0.005 per 100,000 population (table 11).

+ Between 1990 and 1992, the number of syphilis cases per

100,000 population declined by 16 percent to 45.3, reversing a sharp rise between 1985 and 1990. The incidence

rate for gonorrhea dropped by 55 percent between 1980

and 1992 (table 11).

+ In 1993 the AIDS case-reporting definition was revised to

incorporate a broader range of AIDS-indicator diseases

and conditions. As a result, the annual number of AIDS

cases reported more than doubled. For the first 9 months

of 1993, almost 84,000 AIDS cases were reported; 84 percent of all cases occurred among males 13 years of age

and over (table 13).

Health care resources

+ The number of non-Federal physicians with office-based

practices per 10,000 population rose by 12 percent between

1985 and 1993. Physician specialties with the highest

growth in the 1990’s were internal medicine and pediatrics. The number of registered nurses per 10,000 population rose 15 percent between 1985 and 1992 (table 14).

The U.S. definition of a physician does not contain

categories included in the Russian definition, such as

inactive physicians, dentists, sanitary-epidemiological physicians, and physiotherapists.

+ Between 1985 and 1992, the number of short-stay hospitals declined by 8 percent. The number of hospitals with

500 beds or more dropped by 12 percent, the largest

change for any of the hospital categories. The number of

hospital beds per 10,000 population fell by 14 percent

overall from 1985 to 1992, and by 18 percent for hospitals

with 500 beds or more (table 15).

+ The average number of physician contacts per year

increased by 15 percent between 1985 and 1993, to 6.1

contacts annually. Visits to physician offices represented

more than one-half the total number of physician contacts

and was the major source of increase in the total measure

(table 17).

+ The average length of stay in short-stay hospitals declined

by 5 percent between 1990 and 1992, continuing the

downward trend of the 1980’s. The rate of hospital

discharges per 1,000 persons declined by a small amount

during the same interval. Since 1990, the rate of inpatient

surgical operations has fallen only slightly for both males

and females (table 18).

3
List of detailed tables

1. Resident population, by age and sex: Russian Federation

and United States, selected years 1980–93 ........... 5

2. Number of live births and deaths and natural increase in

population: Russian Federation and United States, selected

years 1980–93 ............................... 7

3. Birth rates: Russian Federation and United States, selected

years 1980–93 ............................... 7

4. Percent of live births by selected characteristics:

Russian Federation and United States, selected years

1980–93 ................................... 8

5. Life expectancy at birth, by sex: Russian Federation and

United States, selected years 1980–93 .............. 8

6. Infant mortality, late fetal death, and perinatal mortality

rates: Russian Federation and United States, selected years

1980–93 ................................... 9

7. Maternal mortality rate, by cause of death: Russian Federation and United States, selected years 1980–93 ..... 9

8. Death rates from all causes, by age and sex:

Russian Federation and United States, selected years

1980–93 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

9. Age-adjusted death rates for selected causes of death, by

sex: Russian Federation, selected years 1981–93 . . . . . . 11

10. Age-adjusted death rates for selected causes of death, by

sex: United States, selected years 1980–93 . . . . . . . . . . 12

11. Rate of selected notifiable diseases, by type of disease:

Russian Federation and United States, selected years

1980–93 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

12. Number of cases and deaths from human immunodeficiency virus and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome:

Russian Federation, 1992–94 .................... 13

13. Number of persons with and deaths from acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, by sex and age: United States,

selected years 1985–93 ......................... 14

14. Number of providers per 10,000 population, by specialty:

Russian Federation and United States, selected years

1980–93 ................................... 14

15. Number of hospitals and beds per 10,000 population, by

hospital type or bed size: Russian Federation and United

States, selected years 1980–93 ................... 15

16. Number of tuberculosis and psychiatric hospitals and beds

per 10,000 population, by type of hospital: Russian Federation and United States, selected years 1980–93 ..... 16

17. Number of outpatient care contacts per person, by year,

country, and type of contact: Russian Federation and

United States, selected years 1980–93 .............. 16

18. Average length of stay and rate of discharges and surgical

operations per 1,000 persons: Russian Federation and the

United States, selected years 1980–93 .............. 17

4
by age and sex: Russian Federation and United States, selected years 1980–93

All

residents

Age in years

Under

1 year 1–4 5–14 15–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75–84

85 and

over

Population

.... 138,623,997 2,162,380 8,468,872 19,305,344 24,541,547 22,242,162 17,761,755 18,819,237 11,112,893 9,685,682 3,824,051 700,074.... 143,444,187 2,356,758 9,147,605 20,604,916 20,993,186 25,191,767 16,204,174 19,129,215 15,599,878 8,629,684 4,800,442 786,562.... 147,913,047 2,042,649 9,472,425 22,446,402 19,709,319 24,675,511 21,676,613 16,548,721 16,502,192 8,609,347 5,268,041 961,827.... 148,244,835 1,870,366 9,091,489 22,766,281 19,810,056 24,058,606 22,726,686 16,043,405 16,458,415 9,217,642 5,186,105 1,015,784.... 148,310,174 1,680,008 8,511,358 23,123,387 20,026,600 23,334,571 23,357,050 15,669,662 16,525,533 10,000,225 5,016,311 1,065,469.... 148,145,911 1,480,467 7,819,486 23,411,771 20,348,922 22,536,113 23,941,809 15,228,511 16,658,582 10,762,688 4,855,254 1,102,308.... 63,857,519 1,103,890 4,301,533 9,792,665 12,545,076 11,223,540 8,602,223 8,644,917 3,817,760 2,851,540 839,099 135,276.... 66,438,950 1,203,729 4,667,286 10,464,373 10,590,598 12,791,354 7,970,451 8,929,434 6,103,645 2,517,775 1,061,812 138,493.... 69,266,204 1,046,981 4,829,681 11,397,039 10,059,661 12,477,908 10,747,471 7,747,552 7,012,977 2,564,501 1,223,983 158,450.... 69,481,089 958,645 4,642,122 11,561,824 10,112,724 12,157,406 11,266,195 7,516,747 7,078,842 2,815,595 1,201,677 169,312

.... 69,562,474 861,576 4,351,791 11,747,232 10,235,144 11,773,602 11,575,696 7,357,830 7,157,643 3,161,508 1,159,884 180,568.... 69,528,088 760,501 4,004,697 11,901,131 10,415,918 11,360,626 11,854,079 7,169,595 7,234,700 3,512,562 1,124,084 190,195.... 74,766,478 1,058,490 4,167,339 9,512,679 11,996,471 11,018,622 9,159,532 10,174,320 7,295,133 6,834,142 2,984,952 564,798.... 77,005,237 1,153,029 4,480,319 10,140,543 10,402,588 12,400,413 8,233,723 10,199,781 9,496,233 6,111,909 3,738,630 648,069.... 78,646,843 995,668 4,642,744 11,049,363 9,649,658 12,197,603 10,929,142 8,801,169 9,489,215 6,044,846 4,044,058 803,377

.... 78,763,746 911,721 4,449,367 11,204,457 9,697,332 11,901,200 11,460,491 8,526,658 9,379,573 6,402,047 3,984,428 846,472.... 78,747,700 818,432 4,159,567 11,376,155 9,791,456 11,560,969 11,781,354 8,311,832 9,367,890 6,838,717 3,856,427 884,901.... 78,617,823 719,966 3,814,789 11,510,640 9,933,004 11,175,487 12,087,730 8,058,916 9,423,882 7,250,126 3,731,170 912,113

.... 226,545,805 3,533,692 12,814,562 34,942,085 42,486,828 37,081,839 25,634,710 22,799,787 21,702,875 15,580,605 7,728,755 2,240,067.... 237,924,000 3,679,000 14,163,000 33,692,000 39,992,000 41,696,000 31,691,000 22,459,000 22,135,000 16,859,000 8,890,000 2,667,000.... 248,709,873 3,945,974 14,811,673 35,095,247 37,013,289 43,160,726 37,434,767 25,056,650 21,112,652 18,045,495 10,011,975 3,021,425.... 252,177,000 4,011,000 15,210,000 35,908,000 36,399,000 42,877,000 39,272,000 25,739,000 21,005,000 18,279,000 10,314,000 3,160,000.... 255,077,536 4,000,022 15,512,163 36,451,497 36,146,684 42,444,828 39,906,483 27,415,388 20,925,480 18,460,224 10,559,246 3,255,521. . . . --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---.... 110,053,161 1,806,338 6,555,671 17,855,301 21,418,640 18,381,903 12,569,719 11,008,919 10,151,755 6,756,502 2,866,888 681,525.... 115,730,000 1,882,000 7,245,000 17,247,000 20,276,000 20,793,000 15,594,000 10,917,000 10,384,000 7,339,000 3,292,000 761,000.... 121,239,348 2,018,404 7,580,624 17,970,831 18,915,385 21,564,316 18,509,652 12,232,301 9,955,069 7,906,814 3,744,725 841,227.... 122,979,000 2,052,000 7,784,000 18,388,000 18,609,000 21,427,000 19,432,000 12,563,000 9,932,000 8,022,000 3,888,000 881,000.... 124,480,133 2,043,149 7,937,437 18,668,150 18,477,998 21,232,486 19,767,758 13,397,603 9,914,051 8,124,794 4,007,845 908,862. . . . --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---

to the total because of rounding.
by age and sex: Russian Federation and United States, selected years 1980–93—Con.

All

residents

Age in years

Under

1 year 1–4 5–14 15–24 25–34 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75–84

85 and

over

Population

.... 116,492,644 1,727,354 6,258,891 17,086,784 21,068,188 18,699,936 13,064,991 11,790,868 11,551,120 8,824,103 4,861,867 1,558,542.... 122,194,000 1,796,000 6,918,000 16,446,000 19,716,000 20,903,000 16,097,000 11,543,000 11,751,000 9,520,000 5,598,000 1,906,000.... 127,470,525 1,927,570 7,231,049 17,124,416 18,097,904 21,596,410 18,925,115 12,824,349 11,157,583 10,138,681 6,267,250 2,180,198.... 129,198,000 1,959,000 7,426,000 17,520,000 17,790,000 21,450,000 19,840,000 13,177,000 11,073,000 10,258,000 6,426,000 2,279,000.... 130,597,403 1,956,873 7,574,726 17,783,347 17,668,686 21,212,342 20,138,725 14,017,785 11,011,429 10,335,430 6,551,401 2,346,659

. . . . --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---

to the total because of rounding.

stat; United States: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, Division of Vital Statistics.
Table 2. Number of live births and deaths and natural increase in population: Russian Federation and United States, selected years

1980–93

Year

Russian Federation United States

Live births Deaths

Natural increase

in population1 Live births Deaths

Natural increase

in population1

1980 ................................ 2,202,799 1,525,755 677,044 3,612,258 1,989,841 1,622,417

1985 ................................ 2,375,147 1,625,266 749,881 3,760,561 2,086,440 1,674,121

1990 ................................ 1,988,858 1,655,993 332,865 4,158,212 2,148,463 2,009,749

1991 ................................ 1,794,626 1,690,657 103,969 4,110,907 2,169,518 1,941,389

1992 ................................ 1,587,644 1,807,441 –219,797 4,065,014 2,175,613 1,889,401

1993 ................................ 1,398,312 2,129,339 –731,027 - - - - - - - - -

1Increase is number of births minus number of deaths.

SOURCES: Russian Federation: Goskomstat; United States: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, Division of Vital Statistics.

Table 3. Birth rates: Russian Federation and United States, selected years 1980–93

Year

Live births per 1,000 population Live births per 1,000 women 15–44 years of age

Russian

Federation

United

States

Russian

Federation

United

States

1980 ....................................... 15.9 15.9 - - - 68.4

1985 ....................................... 16.6 15.8 65.7 66.3

1990 ....................................... 13.4 16.7 60.6 70.9

1991 ....................................... 12.1 16.3 54.2 69.6

1992 ....................................... 10.8 15.9 47.9 68.9

1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.4 - - - 38.2 - - -

SOURCES: Russian Federation: Goskomstat; United States: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, Division of Vital Statistics.

7
Table 4. Percent of live births by selected characteristics: Russian Federation and United States, selected years 1980–93

Characteristic and year

Russian Federation

United

Official States 1 Estimated2

Low birthweight3 Percent of live births

1980 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - - 6.8

1985 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.6 16.3 6.8

1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.7 14.1 7.0

1991 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.7 14.0 7.1

1992 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.9 13.9 7.1

1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.1 13.8 - - -

Mother not married

1980 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 18.4

1985 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 22.0

1990 ............................................ 14.6 - - - 28.0

1991 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 29.5

1992 ............................................ 17.3 - - - 30.1

1993 ............................................ 18.2 - - - - - -

Prenatal care begun in first trimester

1980 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 76.3

1985 ............................................ 72.7 - - - 76.2

1990 ............................................ 68.8 - - - 75.8

1991 ............................................ 68.5 - - - 76.2

1992 ............................................ 70.0 - - - 77.7

1993 ............................................ 71.2 - - - - - -

1Official rate from Goskomstat.

2Estimated rate from MedSocEconInform (see glossary in appendix II, ‘‘Estimation of level of infant mortality’’).

3Less than 2,500 grams.

SOURCES: Russian Federation: Goskomstat, MedSocEconInform; United States: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, Division of Vital Statistics.

Table 5. Life expectancy at birth, by sex: Russian Federation and United States, selected years 1980–93

Year

Russian Federation

Total Male Female United States

Official1 Estimated2 Official1 Estimated2 Official1 Estimated2 Total Male Female

Remaining life expectancy in years

19803 .................................. 67.5 67.6 61.5 61.5 73.0 73.1 73.7 70.0 77.4

1985 ................................... 69.3 68.2 63.8 62.7 74.0 73.3 74.7 71.1 78.2

1990 ................................... 69.2 69.2 63.8 64.5 74.3 74.4 75.4 71.8 78.8

1991 ................................... 69.0 69.0 63.5 63.8 74.3 74.3 75.5 72.0 78.9

1992 ................................... 67.9 67.5 62.0 63.5 73.8 73.1 75.8 72.3 79.1

1993 ................................... 65.1 65.0 58.9 59.0 71.9 71.5 - - - - - - - - -

1Official rate from Goskomstat.

2Estimated rate from MedSocEconInform using an alternate methodology.

3Data from Russian Federation are for 1981.

SOURCES: Russian Federation: Goskomstat; MedSocEconInform; United States: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, Division of Vital Statistics.

8
Table 6. Infant mortality, late fetal death, and perinatal mortality rates: Russian Federation and United States, selected years 1980–93

Country and year

Infant mortality rate1

Total Neonatal

Late fetal

death rate4

Perinatal

mortality rate Official2 Estimated3 5

Under

28 days

Under

7 days

Postneonatal

Russian Federation Deaths per 1,000 live births

1980 ............................................ 22.1 39.2 9.2 6.8 12.9 8.9 15.8

1985 ............................................ 20.7 31.6 11.1 8.6 9.6 9.3 17.8

1990 ............................................ 17.4 23.7 11.1 9.0 6.3 8.9 17.9

1991 ............................................ 17.8 23.0 11.0 8.9 6.8 8.7 17.7

1992 ............................................ 18.0 21.9 11.5 9.0 6.5 8.3 17.2

1993 ............................................ 19.9 21.8 12.0 9.7 7.8 7.8 17.4

United States

1980 ............................................ 12.6 - - - 8.5 7.1 4.1 6.2 13.2

1985 ............................................ 10.6 - - - 7.0 5.8 3.7 4.9 10.7

1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.2 - - - 5.8 4.8 3.4 4.3 9.1

1991 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.9 - - - 5.6 4.6 3.4 4.1 8.7

1992 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.5 - - - 5.4 - - - 3.1 - - - - - -

1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- --- --- ---

1Infant mortality rate is the number of deaths of infants under 1 year of age per 1,000 live births. Neonatal deaths occur within 28 days of birth; early neonatal deaths occur within 7 days of birth;

and postneonatal deaths occur 28–365 days after birth.

2Official rate from Goskomstat.

3Estimated rate from MedSocEconInform (see glossary in appendix II, ‘‘Estimation of level of infant mortality’’).

4Number of fetal deaths of 28 weeks or more gestation per 1,000 live births plus late fetal deaths.

5Number of late fetal deaths plus infant deaths within 7 days of birth per 1,000 live births, plus late fetal deaths.

SOURCES: Russian Federation: Goskomstat; United States: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, Division of Vital Statistics.

Table 7. Maternal mortality rate, by cause of death: Russian Federation and United States, selected years 1980–93

Country and cause of death1 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993

Russian Federation Number per 100,000 live births

All causes (630–676) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 54.0 - - - 52.4 50.8 51.6

Ectopic pregnancy (633) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - 3.2 - - - 4.4 4.7 3.8

Legally induced abortion (635) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - 1.8 - - - 1.1 1.4 1.7

Other abortion (630–632, 634, 636–639) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 19.7 - - - 11.9 10.9 13.1

Hemorrhage of pregnancy and childbirth (640, 641.1–641.9, 666) . . . . . . . . . . . - - - 5.3 - - - 7.1 7.2 7.1

Toxemia of pregnancy (642.4–642.9, 643) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - 5.6 - - - 7.7 5.8 6.2

Sepsis (659.3, 670) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - 1.8 - - - 1.6 2.3 1.7

Other (642.0–642.3, 641.0, 644–648, 652–659.2, 659.4–659.9,

660–665, 667–669, 671–676) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 16.6 - - - 18.7 18.5 17.5

United States

All causes (630–676) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.2 7.8 8.2 7.9 - - - - - -

Ectopic pregnancy (633) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3 0.9 1.0 0.8 - - - - - -

Legally induced abortion (635) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.1 0.1 2(*) 2(*) - - - - - -

Other abortion (630–632, 634, 636–638) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.5 - - - - - -

Hemorrhage of pregnancy and childbirth (640, 641.1–641.9, 666) . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2 1.1 1.1 0.9 - - - - - -

Toxemia of pregnancy (642.4–642.9, 643) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7 0.9 1.5 1.6 - - - - - -

Complications of puerperium (670–676) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.6 2.4 2.4 2.4 - - - - - -

Other (642.0–642.3, 644–648, 651–665, 667–669) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1 2.2 1.9 1.3 - - - - - -

1Cause of death codes are from the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision.

2Rates based on fewer than 20 events.

SOURCES: Russian Federation: Rates computed by MedSocEconInform from data supplied by Goskomstat; United States: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health

Statistics, Vital Statistics of the United States, volume II, Mortality, Part A, for the years shown.

9
causes, by age and sex: Russian Federation and United States, selected years 1980–93

Russian Federation United States

1981 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993

Deaths per 100,000 population

. 1,233.9 1,226.2 1,192.7 1,198.1 1,264.7 1,474.5 896.1 848.8 803.4 792.5 779.3 - - -

. 1,076.8 1,116.6 1,118.2 1,138.6 1,214.9 1,428.8 878.3 876.9 863.8 860.3 852.9 - - -. 2,182.4 2,094.4 1,717.8 1,737.2 1,738.6 1,880.8 1,288.3 1,088.1 971.9 916.6 865.7 - - -

. 151.6 135.6 98.5 100.6 99.4 108.4 63.9 51.8 46.8 47.4 43.6 - - -

. 63.1 52.0 48.9 55.2 53.3 54.8 30.6 26.5 24.0 23.6 22.5 - - -

. 163.7 136.8 139.7 145.3 164.2 190.7 115.4 94.9 99.2 100.1 95.6 - - -. 298.4 244.1 238.5 255.0 303.8 377.3 135.5 124.4 139.2 139.1 137.8 - - -. 555.9 440.0 418.0 443.0 530.5 703.1 227.9 207.7 223.2 224.4 228.8 - - -. 1,004.2 908.7 930.9 952.0 1,090.7 1,379.5 584.0 519.3 473.4 468.8 456.1 - - -

. 1,657.3 1,736.9 1,877.0 1,897.8 2,014.0 2,393.7 1,346.3 1,294.2 1,196.9 1,181.0 1,151.7 - - -

. 3,698.2 3,939.1 3,571.5 3,538.0 3,654.7 4,181.1 2,994.9 2,862.8 2,648.6 2,618.5 2,588.9 - - -

. 8,573.4 8,672.8 8,664.8 8,703.0 8,834.0 9,804.3 6,692.6 6,398.7 6,007.2 5,890.0 5,775.5 - - -

. 19,956.3 21,197.9 20,161.0 19,720.1 19,873.6 21,815.6 15,980.3 15,712.4 15,327.4 15,107.6 14,972.9 - - -

. 1,821.0 1,771.5 1,688.4 1,699.0 1,803.7 2,128.0 1,173.1 1,104.8 1,035.3 1,018.5 998.8 - - -

. 1,179.7 1,169.1 1,156.4 1,188.7 1,303.3 1,585.8 976.9 948.6 918.4 912.1 901.6 - - -

. 2,509.1 2,408.6 1,976.2 1,995.6 2,000.8 2,131.9 1,428.5 1,219.9 1,082.8 1,023.8 956.6 - - -

. 168.7 152.8 110.9 114.1 113.5 119.4 72.6 58.5 52.4 52.0 48.0 - - -

. 79.7 67.4 64.2 73.1 69.6 70.0 36.7 31.8 28.5 28.7 27.2 - - -

. 258.7 215.8 209.4 217.6 246.8 289.3 172.3 138.9 147.4 148.0 141.8 - - -. 489.5 390.3 381.8 407.0 490.7 611.5 196.1 179.6 204.3 204.0 202.0 - - -. 899.4 694.8 648.3 688.1 834.4 1,116.9 299.2 278.9 310.4 311.6 318.7 - - -. 1,586.3 1,422.2 1,443.4 1,476.6 1,712.8 2,173.4 767.3 671.6 610.3 605.2 591.7 - - -

. 2,791.0 2,755.6 2,887.7 2,907.8 3,094.4 3,731.1 1,815.1 1,711.4 1,553.4 1,524.7 1,481.5 - - -

. 5,810.2 6,075.0 5,411.4 5,362.2 5,506.7 6,371.1 4,105.2 3,856.3 3,491.5 3,438.7 3,374.4 - - -

. 11,673.5 11,747.5 11,461.5 11,535.7 11,618.6 13,013.4 8,816.7 8,501.6 7,888.6 7,689.0 7,482.7 - - -

. 23,273.0 23,475.6 22,600.8 22,204.0 22,283.6 23,896.0 18,801.1 18,614.1 18,056.6 17,800.6 17,740.4 - - -

. 903.9 915.7 892.2 889.6 918.5 1,041.0 687.5 658.6 628.8 621.5 612.5 - - -

. 988.7 1,071.4 1,084.7 1,094.4 1,136.8 1,289.9 785.3 809.1 812.0 811.0 806.5 - - -

. 1,841.8 1,766.3 1,446.0 1,465.5 1,462.6 1,629.7 1,141.7 950.6 855.7 804.4 770.8 - - -

. 133.8 117.5 85.6 86.5 84.6 96.8 54.7 44.8 41.0 42.7 39.0 - - -

. 45.9 36.1 33.2 36.8 36.4 39.1 24.2 21.0 19.3 18.3 17.5 - - -

. 64.5 56.5 67.0 69.9 77.7 87.3 57.5 49.6 49.0 50.0 47.2 - - -

. 104.0 93.3 91.8 99.7 113.4 139.2 75.9 69.4 74.2 74.2 73.5 - - -. 232.8 193.3 191.5 202.0 232.0 297.2 159.3 138.7 137.9 139.0 140.5 - - -. 500.3 459.2 479.7 489.6 540.0 673.3 412.9 375.2 342.7 338.8 326.4 - - -. 1,044.2 1,082.1 1,130.0 1,135.5 1,188.6 1,367.0 934.3 925.6 878.8 872.8 854.7 - - -

. 2,820.3 3,059.2 2,790.9 2,735.8 2,798.6 3,120.1 2,144.7 2,096.9 1,991.2 1,976.8 1,971.4 - - -

. 7,702.0 7,799.4 7,818.3 7,848.6 7,996.4 8,837.5 5,440.1 5,162.1 4,883.1 4,801.4 4,731.1 - - -

. 19,181.9 20,711.2 19,679.8 19,223.3 19,381.8 21,376.3 14,746.9 14,553.9 14,274.3 14,066.6 13,901.0 - - -

opulation the European standard 100,000 population prepared by the World Health Organization (see appendix II.)

mputed by MedSocEconInform from data supplied by Goskomstat; United States: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, Division of Vital Statistics. Age-adjusted rates

on Statistics from data supplied by the Division of Vital Statistics.
Table 9. Age-adjusted death rates for selected causes of death, by sex: Russian Federation, selected years 1981–93

Sex and cause of death1 1981 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993

All causes Deaths per 100,000 population

Total ....................................... 1,233.9 1,226.2 1,192.7 1,198.1 1,264.7 1,474.5

Male ....................................... 1,821.0 1,771.5 1,688.4 1,699.0 1,803.7 2,128.0

Female ..................................... 903.9 915.7 892.2 889.6 918.5 1,041.0

Diseases of the heart (390–398, 401–429)

Total ....................................... 389.4 394.4 341.9 332.5 340.3 401.9

Male ....................................... 540.3 536.0 474.2 467.4 481.5 576.2

Female ..................................... 315.8 321.8 266.8 256.1 257.2 296.4

Cerebrovascular diseases (430–438)

Total ....................................... 245.9 257.0 245.6 242.2 247.4 277.6

Male ....................................... 297.9 304.4 287.3 282.3 288.3 328.7

Female ..................................... 222.8 235.2 224.4 221.0 225.3 248.5

Malignant neoplasms (140–208)

Total ....................................... 151.6 156.7 196.7 197.6 199.3 207.8

Male ....................................... 264.3 274.8 308.1 309.5 309.4 322.4

Female ..................................... 96.5 96.4 137.0 136.9 138.3 143.2

Malignant neoplasms of the respiratory system (160–165)

Total ....................................... 39.3 43.7 49.9 50.4 50.8 51.5

Male ....................................... 95.8 104.6 116.2 116.9 116.6 117.6

Female ..................................... 10.1 10.7 10.8 11.5 11.7 11.6

Malignant neoplasms of the breast (174)

Female ..................................... 14.2 15.7 19.2 19.8 21.0 21.4

Pneumonia and influenza (480–483, 485–487)

Total ....................................... 13.4 12.1 7.6 7.2 9.0 15.4

Male ....................................... 21.6 20.2 12.6 11.8 15.8 27.1

Female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.3 6.9 4.5 4.2 4.2 6.8

Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (490–496)

Total ....................................... 28.5 31.8 35.7 33.0 33.3 39.5

Male ....................................... 49.4 58.6 69.8 64.7 65.2 78.6

Female ..................................... 20.0 20.7 20.8 18.9 18.8 20.8

Chronic liver diseases and cirrhosis (571.0–571.3, 571.5, 571.6)

Total ....................................... 12.4 13.4 14.2 14.0 14.6 18.6

Male ....................................... 20.3 21.3 19.9 19.6 20.4 25.8

Female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.8 8.7 10.9 10.7 11.1 13.9

Motor vehicle accidents (E810–E825)

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 24.4 25.8 24.8 25.0

Male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 40.7 42.6 40.8 40.7

Female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - - 9.9 10.8 10.5 11.0

Suicide (E950–E959)

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 27.0 26.9 31.3 38.0

Male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 47.5 47.6 55.8 68.9

Female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 10.5 10.1 10.9 12.1

Homicide and legal intervention (E960–E978)

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 14.1 15.1 22.6 29.7

Male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 22.4 24.1 36.4 47.5

Female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - - 6.4 6.7 9.7 13.2

Other external causes (E800–E807, E826–E949, E980–E999)

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 69.1 74.8 94.1 133.0

Male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 116.5 126.6 159.2 221.7

Female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 28.1 29.5 36.8 52.8

1Cause of death codes are from the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision.

NOTE: Age adjusted using as standard population the European standard 100,000 population prepared by the World Health Organization (see appendix II.)

SOURCE: Russian Federation: Rates computed by MedSocEconInform from data supplied by Goskomstat.

11
Table 10. Age-adjusted death rates for selected causes of death, by sex: United States, selected years 1980–93

Sex and cause of death1 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993

All causes Deaths per 100,000 population

Total ....................................... 896.1 848.8 803.4 792.5 779.3 - - -

Male ....................................... 1,173.1 1,104.8 1,035.3 1,018.5 998.8 - - -

Female ..................................... 687.5 658.6 628.8 621.5 612.5 - - -

Diseases of heart (390–398, 402, 404–429)

Total ....................................... 340.9 308.8 262.5 256.0 249.5 - - -

Male ....................................... 457.7 411.8 344.7 335.1 325.7 - - -

Female ..................................... 252.8 231.6 200.6 195.9 191.5 - - -

Cerebrovascular diseases (430–438)

Total ....................................... 74.5 59.3 50.7 49.1 48.1 - - -

Male ....................................... 80.1 63.0 53.9 52.4 51.2 - - -

Female ..................................... 70.1 56.1 48.0 46.2 45.4 - - -

Malignant neoplasms (140–208)

Total ....................................... 193.9 197.1 200.0 199.5 197.8 - - -

Male ....................................... 247.8 250.2 253.5 251.7 248.9 - - -

Female ..................................... 156.8 161.3 164.2 164.4 163.5 - - -

Malignant neoplasms of the respiratory system (160–165)

Total ....................................... 51.7 56.0 60.0 59.9 59.6 - - -

Male ....................................... 86.5 88.9 90.4 89.2 87.1 - - -

Female ..................................... 25.5 31.7 37.6 38.1 39.1 - - -

Malignant neoplasms of the breast (174)

Female ..................................... 31.1 32.1 32.1 31.6 30.6 - - -

Pneumonia and influenza (480–487)

Total ....................................... 24.0 25.9 27.4 26.0 24.7 - - -

Male ....................................... 32.2 35.2 35.7 34.0 32.4 - - -

Female ..................................... 18.8 20.3 22.4 21.3 20.0 - - -

Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (490–496)

Total ....................................... 25.0 29.9 31.8 32.5 32.3 - - -

Male ....................................... 42.4 33.0 45.7 45.5 44.6 - - -

Female ..................................... 13.6 19.4 23.3 24.6 24.7 - - -

Chronic liver diseases and cirrhosis (571)

Total ....................................... 15.5 12.5 11.2 10.8 10.5 - - -

Male ....................................... 21.9 17.7 16.0 15.3 15.1 - - -

Female ..................................... 10.1 8.0 7.0 6.9 6.4 - - -

Motor vehicle accidents (E810–E825)

Total ....................................... 22.1 18.3 18.2 16.7 15.6 - - -

Male ....................................... 33.1 26.6 25.9 23.8 22.1 - - -

Female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.7 10.5 10.9 10.1 9.6 - - -

Suicide (E950–E959)

Total ....................................... 12.1 12.4 12.3 12.1 11.8 - - -

Male ....................................... 19.4 20.5 20.7 20.5 19.9 - - -

Female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.7 5.2 4.8 4.7 4.6 - - -

Homicide and legal intervention (E960–E978)

Total ....................................... 10.4 8.0 9.5 10.0 9.6 - - -

Male ....................................... 16.8 12.3 15.0 15.8 15.3 - - -

Female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.3 3.8 4.0 4.3 4.0 - - -

Other external causes (E800–E807, E826–E949)

Total ....................................... 23.2 19.5 17.2 17.1 16.8 - - -

Male ....................................... 34.4 29.1 25.5 25.1 24.9 - - -

Female ..................................... 13.4 15.1 9.9 9.9 9.6 - - -

1Cause of death codes are from the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision.

NOTE: Age adjusted using as standard population the European standard 100,000 population prepared by the World Health Organization (see appendix II.)

SOURCE: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics; rates were computed by the Division of Examination Statistics, from data supplied by the Division of

Vital Statistics.

12
Table 11. Rate of selected notifiable diseases, by type of disease: Russian Federation and United States, selected years 1980–93

Country and disease 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993

Russian Federation Cases per 100,000 population

Diphtheria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - 0.8 0.8 1.3 2.6 10.3

Hepatitis, all types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 227.0 226.7 191.7 136.2 - - -

Salmonellosis, excluding typhoid fever . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 24.5 70.4 74.2 80.1 68.3

Syphilis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - 9.8 5.3 7.2 13.4 33.8

Gonorrhea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 148.1 128.0 128.6 169.6 228.1

United States

Diphtheria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 - - -

Hepatitis A ................................... 12.8 10.0 12.6 9.7 9.1 - - -

Hepatitis B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.4 11.5 8.5 7.1 6.3 - - -

Salmonellosis, excluding typhoid fever .................. 14.9 27.4 19.5 19.1 16.0 - - -

Syphilis1 ..................................... 30.5 28.5 53.8 51.7 45.3 - - -

Gonorrhea1 ................................... 445.0 384.3 276.6 249.5 201.6 - - -

1Numbers shown are for newly reported civilian cases before 1991; numbers shown from 1991 on include military cases.

SOURCES: Russian Federation: States Committee for Sanitary Epidemiology and Surveillance and Ministry of Health and Medical Industry. United States: Centers for Disease Control, National

Center for Health Statistics: Summary of notifiable diseases, United States, 1992 MMWR 41(55). Public Health Service. Hyattsville, Md. 1992; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division

of Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Center for Prevention Services.

Table 12. Number of cases and deaths from human immunodeficiency virus and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome:

Russian Federation, 1992-94

Disease and age

Total from 1987 through

September 30, 1992

September 30, 1992 to

July 1, 1993

July 1, 1993 to

April 1, 1994

HIV infection Cases Number of cases reported during interval

All ages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 581 44 147

Under 15 years of age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270 15 69

AIDS

All ages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 2 84

Under 15 years of age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 5 57

HIV infection Deaths Number of deaths reported during interval

All ages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 19 15

Under 15 years of age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 12 4

HIV infection with AIDS

All ages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 16 14

Under 15 years of age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 11 4

NOTES: HIV is human immunodeficiency virus. AIDS is acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.

SOURCES: States Committee for Sanitary Epidemiology and Surveillance and Ministry of Health and Medical Industry of the Russian Federation.

13
Table 13. Number of persons with and deaths from acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, by sex and age: United States, selected years

1985–93

Sex and age 1985 1990 1991 1992

Jan.–Sept.

1993

Number of persons, by year of report

All persons diagnosed with AIDS ........................... 8,189 41,558 43,574 45,603 83,814

Male, 13 years and over ................................ 7,538 36,300 37,530 38,917 70,396

Female, 13 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 522 4,540 5,375 5,942 12,789

Both sexes, under 13 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 718 669 744 629

Number of deaths

All persons diagnosed with AIDS ........................... 6,704 29,022 32,573 34,228 16,885

Male, 13 years and over ................................ 6,138 25,579 28,540 29,778 14,662

Female, 13 years and over . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 460 3,083 3,684 4,097 2,044

Both sexes, under 13 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 360 349 353 179

NOTES: The AIDS case-reporting definitions were expanded in 1985, 1987, and 1993. Data are updated periodically because of reporting delays. Data for all years have been updated through

September 30, 1993. HIV is human immunodeficiency virus. AIDS is acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.

SOURCE: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Division of HIV/AIDS.

Table 14. Number of providers per 10,000 population, by specialty: Russian Federation and United States, selected years 1980–93

Country and provider type 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993

Russian Federation Personnel per 10,000 population

All physicians1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 45.1 46.9 44.3 44.7 45

Family practice and internal medicine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 10.8 11.5 11.1 11.3 11.4

Pediatrics2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 22.9 24.5 23.3 23.5 22

Obstetrics and gynecology3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - 4.8 5.2 4.9 5 4.7

Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - 4.7 5.6 5.2 5.3 5.4

Ophthalmology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - 0.9 1 1 1 0.9

Otolaryngology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8

Orthopedic surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- --- ---

Neurology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2

Psychiatry and narcology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - 1.2 1.5 1.3 1.4 1.3

Dentists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - 4.6 5.1 4.9 4.8 5.2

Nursing personnel, total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 120.6 122.6 114.1 113.6 111.7

Physician assistants (feldshers) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 26.5 27.9 23.8 22.5 20.3

Midwives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 23.5 20.3 16.6 16.3 16.8

Nurses4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 60.5 67.1 62.6 63.4 63.5

Laboratory assistants (feldshers-laborants) . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - 4.7 5.7 5.9 4.9 6

X-ray technicians . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - 1.5 1.9 1.7 1.7 1.5

United States

All active physicians ........................... 18.3 20.9 22.0 - - - 22.7 22.9

Non-Federal office-based physicians ................ 12.0 13.8 14.5 - - - 15.2 15.5

Family practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1 2.3 2.3 - - - 2.3 2.3

Internal medicine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.8 2.2 2.3 - - - 2.6 2.6

Pediatrics2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.4 4.3 4.9 - - - 5.2 5.4

Obstetrics and gynecology3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7 1.9 2.0 - - - 2.1 2.1

General surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0 1.0 1.0 - - - 1.0 0.9

Ophthalmology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.5 0.5 0.5 - - - 0.5 0.5

Otolaryngology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.2 0.2 0.3 - - - 0.3 0.3

Orthopedic surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.5 0.5 0.6 - - - 0.6 0.6

Neurology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.1 0.2 0.2 - - - 0.2 0.3

Psychiatry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.7 0.8 0.8 - - - 0.9 0.9

Dentists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.4 5.7 5.9 6.3 6.2 - - -

Registered nurses ............................. 56.2 64.4 69.0 69.7 74.2 - - -

1Includes dentists and both active and nonactive physicians who are not retired, residents and interns, sanitary-epidemiological doctors, dentists, and physiotherapists.

2Per 10,000 children.

3Per 10,000 females.

4‘‘Nurses’’ refers to all types of nurses.

NOTES: For the United States, starting in 1990, the data for physicians are as of January 1 of the given year; for earlier years, these data are as of December 31.

SOURCES: Russian Federation: Ministry of Health and Medical Industry and MedSocEconInform; United States: Bidese, C.M., and Danais, D.B.: Physician Characteristics and Distribution in the

United States, Chicago. American Medical Association, 1982; Roback, G.A., Mead, D., and Randolph, LL: Physician Characteristics and Distribution in the U.S., 1986 Chicago. American Medical

Association, 1986; Roback, G.A., Randolph, L L, and Seidman, B.: Physician Characteristics and Distribution in the U.S., 1990; 1992; 1993. Chicago. American Medical Association, 1990; 1992;

1993 (Copyrights 1982, 1986, 1990,1992, and 1993; Used with the permission of the American Medical Association).

14
Table 15. Number of hospitals and beds per 10,000 population, by hospital type or bed size: Russian Federation and United States,

selected year 1980–93

Country and hospital type or bed size 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993

Russian Federation Number of hospitals

All hospital types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 12,500 12,800 12,700 12,600 12,500

Central regional . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 1,166 1,798 1,807 1,810 1,799

Regional . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - 134 324 316 312 307

District . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 4,701 4,813 4,818 4,709 4,676

Beds per 10,000 population

All hospital types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 135.0 137.5 134.8 130.9 129.7

Central regional . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 22.6 30.4 29.9 29.1 28.5

Regional . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - 1.2 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.1

District . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 10.8 10.5 10.3 9.9 9.6

United States1 Number of hospitals

All bed sizes ....................................... 6,229 6,091 5,728 5,675 5,619 - - -

199 beds or fewer .................................... 4,389 4,209 3,953 3,907 3,861 - - -

200–499 beds ...................................... 1,466 1,501 1,434 1,434 1,421 - - -

500 beds or more . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374 381 341 334 337 - - -

Beds per 10,000 population

All bed sizes ....................................... 47.7 45.7 40.5 39.8 39.1 - - -

199 beds or fewer .................................... 15.8 14.9 13.2 13.0 12.8 - - -

200–499 beds ...................................... 20.1 19.5 17.7 17.5 17.0 - - -

500 beds or more . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.7 11.3 9.6 9.3 9.3 - - -

1Includes short-stay hospitals only.

NOTES: For the Russian Federation, the total number of hospitals includes, in addition to the categories provided, oblast (area) hospitals, city hospitals, clinic hospitals, and others. For the United

States, data exclude psychiatric and tuberculosis and other respiratory disease hospitals.

SOURCES: Russian Federation: Ministry of Health and Medical Industry and MedSocEconInform; United States: American Hospital Association: Hospital Statistics, 1981, 1985–94 editions.

Chicago, 1981, 1985–93. (Copyrights 1981, 1985–93: Used with the permission of the American Hospital Association.)

15
Table 16. Number of tuberculosis and psychiatric hospitals and beds per 10,000 population, by type of hospital: Russian Federation and

United States, selected years 1980–93

Country and type of hospital 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993

Russian Federation Number of hospitals

Tuberculosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - - - - - 148 130 130

Psychiatric . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - - - - - 288 287 287

Beds per 10,000 population

Tuberculosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - 7.3 6.6 6.5 6.2 6.0

Psychiatric . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 13.4 13.5 13.5 13.1 13.0

United States1 Number of hospitals

Tuberculosis2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 5 3 3 3 ---

Psychiatric . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381 383 362 354 319 - - -

Beds per 10,000 population

Tuberculosis2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 - - -

Psychiatric . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.6 6.8 5.3 4.8 4.3 - - -

1Only long-term hospitals are included.

2Includes other respiratory diseases.

SOURCES: Russian Federation: Ministry of Health and Medical Industry and MedSocEconInform; United States: American Hospital Association: Hospital Statistics, 1981, 1985–94 editions.

Chicago, 1981, 1985–93. (Copyrights 1981, 1985–93: Used with the permission of the American Hospital Association.)

Table 17. Number of outpatient care contacts per person, by year, country, and type of contact: Russian Federation and United States,

selected years 1980–93

Country and type of contact 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993

Russian Federation Contacts per person

All types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - 11.5 9.8 9.6 9.3 9.5

Visit to physician . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - 11.1 9.5 9.3 9.0 9.2

Urgent and ambulance care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3

United States

All types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.8 5.3 5.5 5.8 6.0 6.1

Physician office . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - 3.0 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.4

Hospital outpatient department . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - 0.8 0.7 0.8 0.9 0.8

Telephone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7

Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - 0.8 0.8 0.9 1.1 1.2

NOTES: For Russia, the term ‘‘visit to physician’’ refers to a visit to a state physician’s office; visits to private physicians are not included. For the United States, ‘‘hospital outpatient department’’

includes hospital outpatient clinic, emergency room, and other hospital contacts.

SOURCES: Russian Federation: Ministry of Health and Medical Industry and MedSocEconInform; United States: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics,

Division of Health Interview Statistics: Data from the National Health Interview Survey.

16
Table 18. Average length of stay and rate of discharges and surgical operations per 1,000 persons: Russian Federation and the

United States, selected years 1980–93

Country and type of statistic 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993

Russian Federation Number of days

Average length of stay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 17.0 16.6 16.7 17.0 16.8

Rate per 1,000 persons

Discharges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 236.7 222.5 213.3 205.1 211.4

Surgical operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 65.1 58.1 53.8 52.7 51.8

United States1 Number of days

Average length of stay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.1 6.4 6.3 6.3 6.0 - - -

Rate per 1,000 persons

Discharges ................................... 159.1 138 113.1 113.6 111.6 - - -

Surgical operations:

Male ...................................... 78.1 76.3 68.8 70.1 68.4 - - -

Female .................................... 126.1 117.2 100.3 100.7 99.1 - - -

1Data are for non-Federal, short-stay hospitals only.

NOTES: For the United States, comparisons of data from 1988–92 with data from earlier years should be made with caution, as estimates of change may reflect improvements in the survey

design rather than true changes in hospital use.

SOURCES: Russian Federation: Ministry of Health and Medical Industry and MedSocEconInform; United States: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics,

Division of Health Care Statistics: Data from the National Hospital Discharge Survey.

17
Appendixes

Contents

I. Urban-rural data for the Russian Federation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

II. Glossary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

Appendix tables

I. Life expectancy at birth, by sex and urban-rural status: Russian Federation, selected years 1981–93 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

II. Infant mortality, neonatal mortality, and fetal death rates, by urban-rural status: Russian Federation, selected

years 1980–93 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

III. Death rates from all causes, by sex, age, and urban-rural status: Russian Federation, selected years 1981–93 . . . . . . . . 20

IV. Urban-area age-adjusted death rates for selected causes of death, by sex and cause of death: Russian Federation,

selected years 1981–93 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

V. Rural-area age-adjusted death rates for selected causes of death, by sex and cause of death: Russian Federation,

selected years 1981–93 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

VI. European standard 100,000 population used to adjust death rates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

VII. Cause of death codes from the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, used by the Russian

Federation and United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

VIII. Maternal mortality codes from the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

IX. Variants, weight groups, and neonatal mortality calculations using MedSocEconInform procedure to estimate

infant mortality weights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

18
Appendix I

Urban-rural data for the

Russian Federation

Table I. Life expectancy at birth, by sex and urban-rural status: Russian Federation, selected years 1981–93

Year

Male Female

Total Urban Rural Total Urban Rural

Remaining life expectancy in years

1981 ............................................ 61.5 62.4 59.2 73.1 73.2 72.3

1985 ............................................ 62.7 63.5 60.2 73.5 73.5 72.6

1990 ............................................ 64.5 64.2 61.9 73.4 73.7 73.3

1991 ............................................ 63.8 64.0 61.5 73.7 73.7 73.1

1992 ............................................ 63.5 62.4 60.5 73.1 73.2 72.6

1993 ............................................ 59.0 59.4 58.0 71.5 71.6 71.1

NOTE: Life expectancy figures calculated by MedSocEconInform may differ somewhat from official values reported by Goskomstat.

SOURCE: MedSocEconInform.

Table II. Infant mortality, neonatal mortality, and fetal death rates, by and urban-rural status: Russian Federation, selected years 1980–93

Year and status

Infant mortality rate1

Total

Neonatal

Postneonatal

Late fetal

death

rate2

Perinatal

mortality

rate3

Under

28 days

Under

7 days

1980 Deaths per 1,000 live births

Total ............................................ 22.1 9.2 6.8 12.9 8.9 15.8

Urban . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - 11.0 8.3 10.2 10.0 20.6

Rural . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - 5.0 3.4 18.8 6.5 9.8

1985

Total ............................................ 20.7 11.1 8.6 9.6 9.3 17.8

Urban . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 12.6 9.9 7.3 10.2 20.0

Rural . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - 7.7 5.3 15.3 7.3 12.6

1990

Total ............................................ 17.4 11.1 9.0 6.3 8.9 17.9

Urban . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 12.0 9.9 5.0 9.6 19.5

Rural . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - 8.9 6.9 9.4 7.5 14.4

1991

Total ............................................ 17.8 11.0 8.9 6.8 8.7 17.7

Urban . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 12.0 9.7 - - - 9.4 19.0

Rural . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - 9.3 7.1 - - - 7.2 14.3

1992

Total ............................................ 18.0 11.5 9.0 6.5 8.3 17.2

Urban . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- 12.3 9.7 - - - 8.8 18.4

Rural . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - 9.8 7.4 - - - 7.4 14.6

1993

Total ............................................ 19.9 12.0 9.7 7.8 7.8 17.4

Urban . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- --- ---

Rural . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- --- --- --- ---

1Infant mortality rate is the number of deaths of infants under 1 year of age per 1,000 live births. Neonatal deaths occur within 28 days of birth; early neonatal deaths occur within 7 days of birth;

and postneonatal deaths occur 28–365 days after birth.

2Number of fetal deaths of 28 weeks or more gestation per 1,000 live births plus late fetal deaths.

3Number of late fetal deaths plus infant deaths within 7 days of birth per 1,000 live births, plus late fetal deaths.

SOURCE: Goskomstat.

19
causes, by sex, age, and urban-rural status: Russian Federation, selected years 1981–93

d age

Urban Rural

19811 19851 1990 1991 1992 1993 19811 19851 1990 1991 1992 1993

exes Deaths per 100,000 population

.................... 1,237.7 1,235.9 1,188.4 1,194.3 1,263.1 1,478.0 1,265.7 1,252.6 1,222.8 1,228.3 1,287.3 1,483.5

.................... 977.6 1,010.4 1,045.9 1,067.4 1,153.0 1,375.1 1,314.7 1,398.1 1,326.2 1,338.8 1,399.8 1,606.0.................... 2,054.8 2,009.2 1,667.8 1,665.3 1,676.4 1,820.2 2,478.2 2,293.2 1,835.1 1,898.7 1,869.4 2,003.4

.................... 115.7 103.9 78.2 81.4 80.2 89.4 232.8 211.8 147.5 146.3 143.5 150.0

.................... 56.2 46.5 44.3 49.8 48.5 50.8 76.9 64.8 60.7 69.0 65.1 64.6

.................... 133.3 110.5 121.1 128.0 149.0 175.4 250.9 217.6 201.7 203.1 213.0 238.3

.................... 260.7 205.3 215.6 229.7 282.8 358.7 426.5 386.2 309.2 332.1 365.8 431.2

.................... 499.9 393.1 388.2 414.4 505.0 685.6 718.5 609.7 529.3 546.9 619.6 761.7

.................... 959.6 845.8 885.7 905.9 1,052.0 1,345.0 1,098.7 1,066.3 1,064.7 1,095.8 1,212.3 1,493.4

.................... 1,660.7 1,729.3 1,873.7 1,884.6 1,991.4 2,381.7 1,650.5 1,753.1 1,884.6 1,927.8 2,066.0 2,421.9.................... 3,878.9 4,093.6 3,644.9 3,610.2 3,712.9 4,241.9 3,392.9 3,650.1 3,405.2 3,372.7 3,522.2 4,044.7.................... 8,949.6 9,144.8 8,923.9 8,972.8 9,086.7 10,059.3 8,012.4 7,929.4 8,157.6 8,168.8 8,334.9 9,302.4

.................... 20,534.5 22,400.1 20,287.1 19,969.7 20,277.7 22,326.4 19,493.3 19,637.4 19,938.9 19,276.3 19,159.2 20,912.6

e

.................... 1,802.4 1,764.0 1,662.9 1,675.5 1,785.5 2,123.0 1,902.5 1,845.4 1,767.7 1,774.2 1,862.7 2,152.9

.................... 1,078.4 1,066.0 1,092.8 1,124.8 1,256.3 1,560.4 1,425.1 1,446.0 1,340.8 1,366.8 1,455.1 1,707.6

.................... 2,384.4 2,316.8 1,918.6 1,905.4 1,927.0 2,060.5 2,798.9 2,623.3 2,112.1 2,199.2 2,156.5 2,276.5

.................... 129.3 117.0 87.4 91.1 90.6 98.3 258.2 239.6 168.0 169.2 166.3 166.0

.................... 71.1 60.6 58.1 65.5 62.7 65.1 97.1 83.3 79.8 92.4 86.7 82.0

.................... 212.7 175.6 181.0 191.1 223.7 266.0 378.9 328.0 300.6 303.0 319.8 360.9

.................... 429.5 327.9 346.6 368.0 459.9 585.6 682.3 613.8 483.7 518.4 576.6 682.8

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 811.9 622.1 605.8 650.8 803.5 1,103.6 1,152.9 952.6 795.2 814.0 934.0 1,158.3.................... 1,516.0 1,327.3 1,377.3 1,409.8 1,663.2 2,135.3 1,734.0 1,654.9 1,633.8 1,678.8 1,867.9 2,294.9.................... 2,749.6 2,725.0 2,879.5 2,887.3 3,077.7 3,739.6 2,878.2 2,821.9 2,906.1 2,953.2 3,131.2 3,712.1.................... 5,909.0 6,151.8 5,422.3 5,375.2 5,505.4 6,383.2 5,625.1 5,914.2 5,385.8 5,331.0 5,509.7 6,342.7

.................... 11,975.7 12,188.9 11,558.0 11,635.9 11,669.1 13,065.2 11,209.6 11,005.9 11,247.9 11,309.4 11,503.6 12,895.3

.................... 24,113.9 25,096.2 22,497.6 22,312.9 22,507.4 24,417.5 22,312.0 21,445.7 22,202.5 21,299.4 21,842.1 22,872.0

ale

.................... 922.3 938.4 901.6 899.1 928.2 1,052.1 894.7 899.1 882.8 881.5 909.3 1,028.1

.................... 890.9 962.1 1,004.8 1,016.9 1,062.2 1,212.2 1,221.5 1,357.5 1,313.2 1,313.7 1,350.3 1,514.8.................... 1,711.1 1,687.5 1,403.9 1,412.0 1,422.2 1,580.0 2,144.5 1,949.8 1,544.7 1,584.8 1,568.2 1,730.3

.................... 101.7 90.2 68.6 71.3 69.2 80.1 206.6 183.1 126.4 122.4 119.8 133.3

.................... 40.8 31.9 30.0 33.6 33.8 36.0 56.2 45.7 41.1 44.9 43.0 46.7.................... 54.4 47.2 60.0 63.1 71.7 81.2 96.4 87.8 91.3 93.5 97.5 106.4

.................... 93.2 81.8 86.1 93.0 108.1 134.4 142.8 136.9 111.0 121.7 130.0 154.0.................... 207.9 173.4 180.9 189.8 222.1 290.7 305.6 266.8 234.2 249.8 269.5 321.0

.................... 481.3 428.8 459.0 467.4 519.8 652.1 541.2 536.6 543.0 560.6 606.9 745.3

.................... 1,060.1 1,084.1 1,139.4 1,140.7 1,179.4 1,364.5 1,012.7 1,077.9 1,108.6 1,123.3 1,210.3 1,372.9.................... 2,989.1 3,198.7 2,878.3 2,820.2 2,868.0 3,185.7 2,546.8 2,809.8 2,596.1 2,545.6 2,643.8 2,975.5.................... 8,086.2 8,252.2 8,083.8 8,123.8 8,262.5 9,095.5 7,133.6 7,099.4 7,317.2 7,324.4 7,492.2 8,351.1

.................... 19,728.2 21,833.7 19,831.7 19,479.6 19,811.2 21,867.7 18,795.6 19,242.4 19,417.6 18,777.0 18,656.6 20,540.1

number of deaths of unknown age, because these data were not available from Goskomstat.

opulation the European standard 100,000 population prepared by the World Health Organization (see appendix II.)

SocEconInform from data supplied by Goskomstat.
Table IV. Urban-area age-adjusted death rates for selected causes of death, by sex and cause of death: Russian Federation, selected

years 1981–93

Cause of death1 1981 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993

All causes Deaths per 100,000 population

Total ............................................ 977.6 1,010.4 1,044.3 1,067.5 1,148.1 1,364.0

Male ........................................... 1,078.4 1,066.0 1,090.3 1,124.8 1,248.1 1,541.3

Female ......................................... 890.9 962.1 1,004.0 1,016.9 1,060.2 1,208.0

Diseases of the heart (390–398, 401–429)

Total ............................................ 384.2 392.2 334.2 328.4 337.0 401.5

Male ........................................... 529.4 530.8 464.6 462.4 478.0 578.8

Female ......................................... 310.9 319.3 258.7 251.6 253.1 293.7

Cerebrovascular diseases (430–438)

Total ............................................ 270.8 282.3 262.9 260.0 266.0 297.9

Male ........................................... 323.5 330.0 302.5 298.6 305.1 347.9

Female ......................................... 247.1 259.6 241.6 238.8 243.8 269.3

Malignant neoplasms (140–208)

Total ............................................ 171.1 173.5 211.0 211.5 212.3 221.5

Male ........................................... 290.7 298.6 324.3 325.7 323.9 335.2

Female ......................................... 112.7 110.5 151.0 150.3 151.2 156.8

Malignant neoplasms of the respiratory system (160–165)

Total ............................................ 43.3 46.7 51.0 51.4 51.5 51.5

Male ........................................... 104.2 111.5 118.6 119.3 118.2 119.1

Female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.9 12.0 12.6 12.3 12.5 12.3

Malignant neoplasms of the breast (174)

Female .......................................... 17.0 18.8 21.8 22.4 23.6 24.2

Pneumonia and influenza (480–483, 485–487)

Total ............................................ 13.2 12.0 7.8 7.4 9.4 16.8

Male ........................................... 22.2 20.5 12.8 12.0 16.6 29.9

Female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.8 6.8 4.6 4.4 4.4 7.2

Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (490–496)

Total ............................................ 21.2 25.2 29.1 27.3 27.4 32.4

Male ........................................... 37.7 48.4 57.6 54.3 54.5 65.3

Female ......................................... 14.5 15.7 16.9 15.5 15.3 16.9

Chronic liver diseases and cirrhosis (571.0–571.3, 571.5, 571.6)

Total ............................................ 12.8 13.3 14.3 14.2 14.9 19.3

Male ........................................... 21.1 21.1 19.8 19.6 20.6 26.5

Female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.8 8.6 11.1 11.0 11.4 14.6

Transport accidents (E800–E807, E810–E848)

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 26.0 27.6 27.7 28.3

Male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 42.8 45.3 45.3 46.0

Female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - - 11.7 12.6 12.5 13.0

Suicide (E950–E959)

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 24.7 25.1 29.0 34.5

Male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 43.2 44.2 51.3 62.2

Female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 10.4 10.0 10.9 11.8

Homicide and legal intervention (E960–E978)

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 13.4 14.6 22.4 30.1

Male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 21.5 23.6 36.5 48.9

Female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - - 6.0 6.3 9.6 13.0

Other external causes (E850–E949, E980–E999)

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 59.5 64.3 85.4 125.1

Male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 100.6 109.6 146.1 211.7

Female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 24.6 25.5 33.5 49.4

1Cause of death codes are from the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision.

NOTE: Age adjusted using as standard population the European standard 100,000 population prepared by the World Health Organization (see appendix II.)

SOURCE: Rates computed by MedSocEconInform from data supplied by Goskomstat.

21
Table V. Rural-area age-adjusted death rates for selected causes of death, by sex and cause of death: Russian Federation, selected

years 1981–93

Cause of death1 1981 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993

All causes Deaths per 100,000 population

Total ..................................... 1,314.7 1,398.1 1,325.8 1,338.2 1,399.0 1,604.6

Male .................................... 1,425.1 1,446.0 1,340.2 1,366.2 1,453.9 1,705.4

Female .................................. 1,221.5 1,357.5 1,312.9 1,313.3 1,349.8 1,514.1

Diseases of the heart (390–398, 401–429)

Total ..................................... 398.0 399.7 357.5 341.8 347.9 403.8

Male .................................... 555.5 547.0 494.9 479.3 489.9 570.9

Female .................................. 325.0 327.3 282.6 266.1 266.5 303.2

Cerebrovascular diseases (430–438)

Total ..................................... 212.3 221.1 213.9 209.3 213.5 239.0

Male .................................... 262.8 266.5 256.0 248.4 252.9 288.3

Female .................................. 190.2 201.3 194.0 189.6 193.2 212.7

Malignant neoplasms (140–208)

Total ..................................... 120.6 128.3 167.8 169.2 173.2 180.4

Male .................................... 221.1 233.3 273.5 274.2 278.2 289.1

Female .................................. 70.7 72.6 108.3 109.3 111.7 115.0

Malignant neoplasms of the respiratory system (160–165)

Total ..................................... 32.9 38.8 48.6 49.2 50.2 51.6

Male .................................... 81.8 92.6 111.7 112.3 114.0 115.6

Female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.4 8.6 10.2 10.1 10.1 10.5

Malignant neoplasms of the breast (174)

Female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.1 9.7 12.9 13.8 15.1 14.9

Pneumonia and influenza (480–483, 485–487)

Total ..................................... 14.4 13.2 7.5 7.0 8.2 11.9

Male .................................... 21.6 20.9 12.3 11.3 13.9 19.8

Female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.7 7.9 4.4 4.1 4.0 5.8

Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (490–496)

Total ..................................... 40.0 43.4 50.1 45.8 46.6 55.6

Male .................................... 69.1 78.3 97.9 89.3 90.6 109.8

Female .................................. 28.3 28.8 28.8 25.9 26.0 29.0

Chronic liver diseases and cirrhosis (571.0–571.3, 571.5, 571.6)

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.6 13.6 14.2 13.8 14.1 16.8

Male .................................... 18.4 21.7 20.3 19.7 19.8 23.9

Female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.6 8.8 10.5 10.2 10.7 12.0

Transport accidents (E800–E807, E810–E848)

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 39.3 40.5 37.4 36.4

Male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 66.9 68.2 62.4 60.3

Female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 12.3 13.5 12.8 12.8

Suicide (E950–E959)

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 34.6 33.3 39.0 49.2

Male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 60.8 58.5 69.3 88.5

Female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - - 11.4 10.9 11.6 13.5

Homicide and legal intervention (E960–E978)

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 16.4 16.7 23.3 28.8

Male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 25.0 25.6 36.3 43.6

Female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - - - 7.8 7.8 10.2 14.0

Other external causes (E850–E949, E980–E999)

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 80.6 87.9 100.6 136.8

Male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 132.6 144.6 164.7 218.1

Female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --- --- 31.9 34.8 39.5 56.5

1Cause of death codes are from the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision.

NOTE: Age adjusted using as standard population the European standard 100,000 population prepared by the World Health Organization (see appendix II.)

SOURCE: Rates computed by MedSocEconInform from data supplied by Goskomstat.

22
Appendix II

Glossary

This glossary is an alphabetical listing of terms used in

this report. It includes cross-references to related terms and

synonyms, standard populations used for age adjustment, and

International Classification of Diseases (ICD) codes for cause

of death and diagnostic and procedure categories.

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)—In the

United States, all 50 States and the District of Columbia report

AIDS cases to CDC using a uniform case definition and

case-report form. The case-reporting definitions were expanded

in 1985 (MMWR 1985; 34:373–5); 1987 (MMWR 1987; 36

(supp. no. 1S): 1S-15S); and 1993 (MMWR 1993; 41 (supp.

no. RR-17)). These data are published quarterly by CDC in the

HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report. In the Russian Federation, all

health care establishments fill out special case-report forms for

each case of AIDS. Every month a report is issued, based on

confirmed diagnoses; these reports can be corrected if necessary during the year. Confirmed cases are included in the

yearly statistical report. See related Human immunodeficiency

virus infection.

Active physician—See Physician.

Admission—Admissions are patients, excluding newborns, accepted for inpatient services during the survey reporting period. See related Discharge.

Age adjustment—Age adjustment, using the direct method,

is the application of age-specific rates in a population to a

standardized age distribution, in order to eliminate the differences in observed rates that result from age differences in the

population. This adjustment is usually done when comparing

two or more populations at one point in time or one population

at two or more points in time.

In this report the death rates are age-adjusted to the

European standard 100,000 population (table VI); MedSocEconInform performed all their calculations based on the 19 age

groups shown in this table. NCHS combined the values from

table VI into 11 age groups. Age-adjusted rates for the United

States are customarily calculated using the U.S. population for

1940 as the standard. As a result, the age-adjusted rates shown

in tables 8 and 10 for the United States will differ from

previously published ones.

Age standardization—See Age adjustment.

Average length of stay— The average length of stay is

computed by dividing the total number of days of care

(counting the date of admission but not the date of discharge)

by the number of patients admitted (Russian Federation) or

discharged (United States). See related Admission and Discharge.

Bed—Any bed that is set up and staffed for use by

inpatients is counted as a bed in a facility. For the American

Hospital Association, the count is of the average number of

beds, cribs, and pediatric bassinets during an entire reporting

period. The World Health Organization, as well as the Russian

Federation, defines a hospital bed as one regularly maintained

and staffed for the accommodation and full-time care of a

succession of inpatients and situated in a part of the hospital

where continuous medical care for inpatients is provided. In

Russia the bed is the unit for determining State financial

support. See related Hospital.

Birth rate—See Rate: Birth and related rates.

Birthweight—The first weight of a newborn obtained after

birth. Low birthweight is defined as less than 2,500 grams or 5

pounds 8 ounces.

Cause of death—For the purpose of national mortality

statistics, every death is attributed to one underlying condition,

based on the information reported on the death certificate and

using international rules for selecting the underlying cause of

death from the reported conditions (see tables VII and VIII).

Since 1979 the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth

Revision (ICD–9) has been used for coding cause of death.

Crude birth rate; crude death rate—See Rate: Birth and

related rates; Death and related rates.

Table VI. European standard 100,000 population used to adjust

death rates

Age Standard 100,000

All ages ......................... 100,000

Under 1 year ...................... 1,600

1–4 years ........................ 6,400

5–9 years ........................ 7,000

10–14 years ...................... 7,000

15–19 years ...................... 7,000

20–24 years ...................... 7,000

25–29 years ...................... 7,000

30–34 years ...................... 7,000

35–39 years ...................... 7,000

40–44 years ...................... 7,000

45–49 years ...................... 7,000

50–54 years ...................... 7,000

55–59 years ...................... 6,000

60–64 years ...................... 5,000

65–69 years ...................... 4,000

70–74 years ...................... 3,000

75–79 years ...................... 2,000

80–84 years ...................... 1,000

85 years and over ................... 1,000

23
Death rate—See Rate: Death rates.

Discharge—The formal release of an inpatient (excluding

newborn infants) by a hospital, that is, the termination of a

period of hospitalization (including stays of 0 nights) by death

or by disposition to a place of residence, nursing home (United

States only), or another hospital. See related Admission;

Average length of stay.

Early neonatal mortality rate—See Rate; Death and

related rates.

Fertility rate —See Rate: Birth and related rates.

Fetal death—In the World Health Organization’s definition, which has also been adopted by the United Nations, the

United States, and the Russian Federation, a fetal death is

death before the complete expulsion or extraction from its

mother of a product of conception, irrespective of the duration

of pregnancy; the death is indicated by the fact that after such

separation, the fetus does not breathe or show any other

evidence of life, such as heartbeat, umbilical cord pulsation, or

definite movement of voluntary muscles. For statistical purposes, fetal deaths are classified according to gestational age.

In this report tabulations are shown for fetal deaths with stated

or presumed gestation of 28 weeks or more, also known as late

fetal deaths or stillbirths. See related Live birth; Rate: Death

and related rates.

Goskomstat—State Statistical Committee of the Russian

Federation. Goskomstat is responsible for collecting and publishing population estimates, vital statistics, and other data

from other ministries and Federal agencies.

HIV—See Human immunodeficiency virus infection.

Hospital—Hospitals are licensed institutions with at least

6 beds in the United States and normally 15 beds or more in

Russia. The primary function of a hospital is to provide

diagnostic and therapeutic patient services for medical conditions by an organized physician staff and to have continuous

nursing services under the supervision of registered nurses.

See related Average length of stay; Bed.

Short-stay hospitals in the United States are those in

which the average length of stay is less than 30 days. In

Russia there are only general hospitals, which have both

long- and short-stay patients.

Specialty hospitals, such as psychiatric, tuberculosis,

chronic disease, rehabilitation, maternity, and alcoholic or

narcotic, provide a particular type of service to the

majority of their patients.

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection—(For mortality coding) Beginning with data for 1987, NCHS introduced

category numbers *042-*044 for classifying and coding HIV

infection as a cause of death. The asterisk before the category

numbers indicates that these codes are not part of the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision (ICD–9).

Beginning with 1987, death statistics for HIV infection are not

strictly comparable with data for earlier years. (For morbidity

coding) Diagnosis data are coded using the International

Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD–9–CM). During 1984 and 1985, only data for AIDS

(ICD–9–CM 279.19) were included. Beginning with data for

1986, discharges with a diagnosis of HIV infection (ICD–

9–CM 042–044, 279.19, and 795.8) were included. See related

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome; Cause of death; International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision; International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical

Modification.

ICD; ICD codes—See Cause of death; International

Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision.

Incidence—Incidence is the number of cases of disease

having their onset during a prescribed period of time. It is

often expressed as a rate (for example, the incidence of

measles per 1,000 children 5–15 years of age during a

specified year). Incidence is a measure of morbidity or other

events that occur within a specified period of time. See related

Prevalence.

Infant death—An infant death is the death of a live-born

child before his or her first birthday. Deaths in the first year of

life may be further classified according to age as neonatal and

postneonatal. Neonatal deaths are those that occur during the

first 27 days of life; postneonatal deaths are those that occur

between 28 days and 1 year of age. See Live birth; Rate:

Death and related rates.

International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision

(ICD–9)—The International Classification of Diseases (ICD)

classifies mortality information for statistical purposes. The

ICD was first used in 1900 and has been revised about every

10 years since then. The ICD–9, published in 1977, is used to

code U.S. mortality data beginning with data year 1979 (see

tables VII and VIII). See related Cause of death; International

Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification.

International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision,

Clinical Modification (ICD–9–CM)—The ICD–9–CM is based

on and is completely compatible with the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision. The ICD–9–CM is used

to code morbidity data, and the ICD–9 is used to code

mortality data.

ICD–9 and ICD–9–CM are arranged in 17 main chapters.

Most of the diseases are arranged according to their principal

anatomical site, with special chapters for infective and parasitic diseases; neoplasms; endocrine, metabolic, and nutritional diseases; mental diseases; complications of pregnancy

and childbirth; certain diseases peculiar to the perinatal period;

and ill-defined conditions. In addition, two supplemental classifications are provided: the classification of factors influencing health status and contact with health service and the

classification of external causes of injury and poisoning. See

related International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision.

Late fetal death rate—See Rate: Death and related rates.

Life expectancy—Life expectancy is the average number

of years of life remaining to a person at a particular age and is

based on a given set of age-specific death rates, generally the

mortality conditions existing in the period mentioned. Life

expectancy may be determined by race, sex, or other characteristics using age-specific death rates for the population with

that characteristic. See related Rate: Death and related rates.

Live birth—In 1967 the World Health Organization defined

a live birth as the complete expulsion or extraction from its

mother of a product of conception, irrespective of the duration

24
of the pregnancy, which, after such separation, breathes or

shows any other evidence of life such as heartbeat, umbilical

cord pulsation, or definite movement of voluntary muscles,

whether the umbilical cord has been cut or the placenta is

attached. Each product of such a birth is considered live born.

The United Nations and NCHS also adopted this definition at

that time. The Russian Federation adopted the definition in

1992.

From 1937 to 1992, in the former Union of Soviet

Socialist Republics (U.S.S.R.), a live birth was defined in

terms of the viability of the fetus. In 1937, a viable fetus was

defined as a fetus of 28 weeks gestation or more, height at

birth of 35 centimeters (1 foot 2 inches) or greater, and a

birthweight of 1,000 grams (2.2 pounds) or greater. A live

birth was defined as the appearance of pulmonary respiration.

In 1976, these three criteria were used to define the beginning

of the perinatal period. At the same time, it was also recommended that an autopsy be performed on any fetus or newborn

who died during the perinatal period of development. See

related Rate: Birth and related rates; Death and related rates.

Low birthweight—See Birthweight.

Marital status—Marital status is classified into the categories of married and unmarried. The term ‘‘married’’ encompasses all married people including those separated from their

spouses. Unmarried includes those who are single (never

married), divorced, or widowed.

Maternal mortality rate—See Rate: Death and related

rates.

MedSocEconInform—State institution in the Russian Federation that is responsible for investigation of the health of the

population, scientific support of health reform and medical

statistics, and training of health service and public health

managers for the Russian Federation. Also known as the

Public Health Institute.

Ministry of Health and Medical Industry—In the Russian

Federation, it is the governmental body responsible for strengthening health, management of health services, and production

of pharmaceuticals and medical equipment.

Narcology—Physician specialty in the Russian Federation

focusing on alcohol, drug abuse, and other substance abuse.

See Physician; Physician Specialty.

National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS)—The principal vital and health statistics agency of the U.S. Federal

Government. NCHS is part of the Centers for Disease Control

and Prevention (CDC) within the Public Health Service (PHS),

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.

Neonatal mortality rate—See Rate: Death and related

rates.

Table VII. Cause of death codes, according to the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision

Cause of death Russian Federation United States

Diseases of the heart .................................. 390–398, 401–429 390–398, 402, 404–429

Cerebrovascular diseases ............................... 430–438 430–438

Malignant neoplasms .................................. 140–208 140–208

Malignant neoplasms of respiratory system .................... 160–165 160–165

Malignant neoplasms of the breast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 174

Pneumonia and influenza ............................... 480–483, 485–487 480–487

Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases ...................... 490–496 490–496

Chronic liver diseases and cirrhosis ......................... 571.0–571.3, 571.5, 571.6 571

Motor vehicle accidents ................................ E810–E8251 E810–E825

Suicide .......................................... E950–E959 E950–E959

Homicide and legal intervention ........................... E960–E978 E960–E978

Other external causes ................................. E800–E807, E826–E949, E980–E9992 E800–E807, E826–E949

1In appendix tables IV and V, codes E800–E807 and E810–E825 were used to define ‘‘transport accidents.’’

2In appendix tables IV and V, codes E850–E949, E980–E999 were used to define ‘‘other external causes.’’

NOTE: Codes shown were used in tables 9 and 10.

Table VIII. Maternal mortality (complications of pregnancy, childbirth, and the puerperum) codes from the International Classification of

Diseases, Ninth Revision

Cause of death Russian Federation United States

Total ............................................ 630–676 630–676

Ectopic pregnancy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 633 633

Legally induced abortion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 635 635

Other abortion ...................................... 630–632, 634, 636–639 630–632, 634, 636–6381

Hemorrhage of pregancy and childbirth ....................... 640, 641.1–641.9, 666 640–641, 666

Toxemia of pregnancy ................................. 642.4–642.9, 643 642.4–642.9, 643

Sepsis (Russian Federation) or complications of puerperum

(United States) ..................................... 659.3, 670 670–676

Other ............................................ 642.0–642.3, 641.0, 644–648, 642.0–642.3, 644–648, 651–665,

652–659.2, 659.4–659.9, 660–665, 667–669

667–669, 671–676

1International Classification of Diseases code 639 classifiable to 630–638.

25
Notifiable disease—A notifiable disease is one that, when

diagnosed, health providers are required, usually by law, to

report to State or local public health officials. Notifiable

diseases are those of public interest by reason of their contagiousness, severity, or frequency.

Offıce—This refers to the office of any physician in

private practice not located in a hospital. In the National

Ambulatory Medical Care Survey, an office is any location for

a physician’s ambulatory practice other than a hospital, nursing home, other extended care facility, patient’s home, industrial clinic, college clinic, or family planning clinic. However,

private offices in hospitals are included. See related Offıce

visit; Outpatient visit; Physician; Physician contact.

Offıce visit—An office visit is any direct personal exchange

between an ambulatory patient and a physician or members of

his or her staff for the purposes of seeking care and rendering

health services. See related Outpatient visit; Physician contact.

Outpatient visit—Outpatient visits are defined as visits for

receipt of medical, dental, or other services by patients who

are not lodged in the hospital. Each appearance by an outpatient to each unit of the hospital is counted individually as an

outpatient visit. See related Offıce visit; Physician contact.

Patient—A patient is a person who is formally admitted

to the inpatient service of a hospital for observation, care,

diagnosis, or treatment. See related Admission; Average length

of stay; Discharge.

Perinatal mortality rate, ratio—See Rate: Death and

related rates.

Physician—In the United States, physicians are licensed

doctors of medicine or osteopathy, as follows:

Active (or professionally active) physicians are currently

practicing medicine, regardless of the number of hours

worked per week.

Federal physicians are employed by the Federal Government; non-Federal or civilian physicians are not.

Offıce-based physicians spend the plurality of their time

working in practices based in private offices.

Hospital-based physicians spend the plurality of their

time as salaried physicians in hospitals.

In the Russian Federation, a physician is a person who

received a high medical education from a medical institute or

from the medical faculty of a university and who has the legal

right to practice medicine. The term ‘‘physician’’ also includes

sanitary-epidemiological, dental, and physiotherapeutic practitioners. Data from the Russian Federation on numbers of

physicians do not distinguish between active and nonactive

physicians or interns and residents in training.

Physician contact—In the U.S. National Health Interview

Survey, a physician contact is defined as a consultation with a

physician in person or by telephone, for examination, diagnosis, treatment, or advice. The service may be provided by the

physician or by another person working under the physician’s

supervision. Contacts involving services provided on a mass

basis (for example, blood pressure screenings) and contacts for

hospital inpatients are not included.

Places of contact include offices, hospital outpatient clinics, emergency rooms, telephone (advice given by a physician

in a telephone call), home (any place in which a person was

staying at the time a physician was called there), clinics,

health maintenance organizations, and other places located

outside a hospital.

In the National Health Interview Survey, physician contacts are based on a 2-week recall period and are adjusted to

produce average annual number of visits. The interval since

the last physician contact is the length of time before the week

of interview in which the physician was last consulted. See

related Offıce; Offıce visit.

Physician specialty—A physician specialty is any specific

branch of medicine in which a physician may concentrate.

Data from the United States are based on physician selfreports of their primary area of specialty. Physician data are

broadly categorized into two general areas of practice: generalists and specialists. See related Narcology; Physician.

Population—Census bureaus collect and publish data on

populations in the Russian Federation and the United States

according to several different definitions. Various statistical

systems then use the appropriate population for calculating

rates.

Resident population is the population living in a country.

It includes members of the military and their families

living in that country. It excludes international military,

naval, and diplomatic personnel and their families located

in that country and residing in embassies or similar

quarters. Also excluded are international workers and

international students living in the country and citizens

living abroad. The resident population is usually the

denominator when calculating birth and death rates and

incidence of disease.

Postneonatal mortality rate—See Rate: Death and related

rates.

Prevalence—Prevalence is the number of cases of a

disease, infected persons, or persons with some other attribute

present during a particular interval of time. It is often expressed

as a rate (for example, the prevalence of diabetes per 1,000

persons during a year). See related Incidence.

Procedure— A procedure is defined as a surgical or

nonsurgical operation, diagnostic procedure, or special treatment assigned by a physician and recorded on the medical

record of a patient discharged from the inpatient service of a

short-stay hospital. Procedures are classified as diagnostic and

other nonsurgical procedures or as surgical operations.

Rate—A rate is a measure of some event, disease, or

condition in relation to a unit of population, along with some

specification of time. See related Age adjustment; Population.

Birth and related rates

Birth rate is calculated by dividing the number of live

births in a population in a given year by the midyear

resident population. It is expressed as the number of live

births per 1,000 population. The rate may be restricted to

births to females of specific age, race, marital status, or

26
geographic location (specific rate), or it may be related to

the entire population (crude rate). See related Live birth.

Fertility rate is the number of live births per 1,000

females of reproductive age, that is, 15–44 years.

Death and related rates

Death rate is calculated by dividing the number of deaths

in a population in a year by the midyear resident population. (For census years in the United States, rates are

based on populations as of April 1.) Death rates are

expressed as the number of deaths per 1,000 or per

100,000 population. The rate may be restricted to deaths

in specific age, race, sex, or geographic groups or from

specific causes of death (specific rate) or it may be related

to the entire population (crude rate).

Fetal death rate is the number of fetal deaths with stated

or presumed gestation of 20 weeks or more divided by the

sum of live births plus fetal deaths, stated per 1,000 live

births plus fetal deaths. Late fetal death rate or Stillbirth

is the number of fetal deaths with stated or presumed

gestation of 28 weeks or more divided by the sum of live

births plus late fetal deaths, stated per 1,000 live births

plus late fetal deaths. See related Fetal death.

Infant mortality rate is calculated by dividing the number

of infant deaths during a year by the number of live births

reported in the same year. It is expressed as the number of

infant deaths per 1,000 live births. Neonatal mortality rate

is the number of deaths of children under 28 days of age,

per 1,000 live births. Postneonatal mortality rate is the

number of deaths of children that occur 28–365 days after

birth, per 1,000 live births. See related Infant death.

Estimation of level of infant mortality—MedSocEconInform

uses a procedure to estimate the level of infant mortality

in the Russian Federation. The Interactive Infant Mortality Analysis System for the reliability of the registered

data was developed under the supervision of Professor

Komarov (Komarov, Albicki, Korotkova, Rozenshtein.

Estimation Reliability Indicators of Infant Mortality. Pediatric (3):57–61, 1990) by researchers A. Korotkova (Korotkova. Monitoring of Infant Mortality in Russia Based on

Interactive Computer System. Dissertation. Moscow, 1991)

and E. Rozenshtein in 1990.

It is known that the criteria used for registration of

live births in the U.S.S.R. were different from World

Health Organization recommendations and, in addition,

that the political nature of infant mortality forced lower

numbers of live births to be registered. Therefore, in order

to provide better health care, it was necessary to calculate

a more accurate estimate of the true rates.

A model for estimating infant mortality rates was

developed, based on a correlation determined by reviewing data on infant mortality in countries with reliable

statistical data and on methods developed by B.A. Anderson and B.D. Silver (Anderson, Silver. Infant Mortality in

the Soviet Union: Regional Differences and Measurement

Issues. Popul. and Develop. Rev. 12(4):705–738, 1986)

and G. Dellaportas (Correlation-based Estimation of Early

Infant Mortality. Health Services Reports 57(3):27–34,

1972).

To determine the final rates, the following calculated

correlations were used: (a) for countries with different

health systems and living standards, the probability of

births of various birthweight categories was calculated;

(b) for groups of infants of various birthweights, the

probability of death in the neonatal period was calculated;

(c) for different levels of infant mortality, the following

regression models were found (Y = a + bX) where Y is

neonatal and X postneonatal death:

For an infant mortality rate of less than 18 per 1,000

live births:

Y = 0.04 + 1.90X

For an infant mortality rate equal to or greater than

18 per 1,000 live births:

Y = 13.36 + 1.61X

The calculations were done using the following algorithm: (a) based on the official registered number of live

births, three variants of the probable numbers of live

births in different weight groups were calculated; (b) the

probable numbers of deaths in the neonatal period for

each weight group were calculated; (c) the probable

postneonatal mortality rates were calculated; and (d) the

final infant mortality rate was calculated as the sum of the

estimated neonatal mortality rate and the official or the

estimated postneonatal mortality rate, whichever was larger

(see table IX).

Perinatal relates to the period surrounding the birth event.

Rates and ratios are based on events reported in a calendar

year. Perinatal mortality rate is the sum of late fetal

deaths plus infant deaths within 7 days of birth, divided

by the sum of live births plus late fetal deaths, stated per

1,000 live births plus late fetal deaths. Perinatal mortality

ratio is the sum of late fetal deaths plus infant deaths

within 7 days of birth, divided by the number of live

births, stated per 1,000 live births. See related Fetal

death; Infant death; Live birth.

Maternal death is one for which the certifying physician

has designated a maternal condition as the underlying

cause of death. Maternal conditions are those assigned to

complications of pregnancy, childbirth, and the puerperium (see related table VIII). The maternal mortality rate,

which indicates the likelihood that a pregnant female will

die from maternal causes, is the number of maternal

deaths per 1,000 live births. The number of live births

used in the denominator is an approximation of the

population of pregnant females who are at risk of a

maternal death.

Registered nurse—In the United States only, a registered

nurse is an individual who has completed one of the following

nurse training programs: baccalaureate education, which requires

at least 4 years of college or university; associate degree

programs, which are based in community colleges and are

27
usually 2 years long; and diploma programs, which are based

in hospitals and are usually 3 years.

Resident population—See Population.

States Committee for Sanitary Epidemiolgy and Surveillance (SES)—In the Russian Federation, this is the governmental body responsible for epidemiological health and organization

of public hygiene.

Stillbirth— See Rate: Death and related rates.

Surgical operation—See Procedure.

Table IX. Variants, percentage of weight groups, and neonatal mortality in group as calculated using MedSocEcoInform estimation of

level of infant mortality

Birthweight Variant

Percentage of

weight group

Neonatal mortality

in group

500–999 grams ..................................... Minimum 0.23 (0.01) 730 (22.3)

Median 0.37 (0.01) 800 (19.7)

Maximum 0.55 (0.22) 870 (24.7)

1,000–1,499 grams ................................... Minimum 0.83 (0.02) 510 (18.1)

Median 0.80 (0.01) 570 (21.4)

Maximum 1.27 (0.01) 630 (23.7)

1,500–1,999 grams ................................... Minimum 1.45 (0.02) 100 (1.2)

Median 1.67 (0.01) 140.1 (5.3)

Maximum 2.84 (0.03) 180 (6.2)

2,000–2,499 grams ................................... Minimum 5.67 (0.10) 25 (1.0)

Median 6.91 (0.09) 40 (1.5)

Maximum 9.75 (0.01) 55 (1.6)

2,500–3,999 grams ................................... Minimum 87.90 (0.35) 6 (0.2)

Median 84.42 (0.18) 7 (0.2)

Maximum 77.86 (0.27) 8 (0.2)

4,000 grams or higher ................................. Minimum 4.73 (0.48) 4 (0.2)

Median 5.83 (0.28) 6 (0.2)

Maximum 7.73 (0.15) 13 (0.7)

NOTE: Standard errors in parentheses.

28
Vital and Health Statistics

series descriptions

SERIES 1. Programs and Collection Procedures—These reports

describe the data collection programs of the National Center

for Health Statistics. They include descriptions of the methods

used to collect and process the data, definitions, and other

material necessary for understanding the data.

SERIES 2. Data Evaluation and Methods Research—These reports

are studies of new statistical methods and include analytical

techniques, objective evaluations of reliability of collected

data, and contributions to statistical theory. These studies also

include experimental tests of new survey methods and

comparisons of U.S. methodology with those of other

countries.

SERIES 3. Analytical and Epidemiological Studies—These reports

present analytical or interpretive studies based on vital and

health statistics. These reports carry the analyses further than

the expository types of reports in the other series.

SERIES 4. Documents and Committee Reports—These are final

reports of major committees concerned with vital and health

statistics and documents such as recommended model vital

registration laws and revised birth and death certificates.

SERIES 5. International Vital and Health Statistics Reports—These

reports are analytical or descriptive reports that compare U.S.

vital and health statistics with those of other countries or

present other international data of relevance to the health

statistics system of the United States.

SERIES 6. Cognition and Survey Measurement—These reports are

from the National Laboratory for Collaborative Research in

Cognition and Survey Measurement. They use methods of

cognitive science to design, evaluate, and test survey

instruments.

SERIES 10. Data From the National Health Interview Survey—These

reports contain statistics on illness; unintentional injuries;

disability; use of hospital, medical, and other health services;

and a wide range of special current health topics covering

many aspects of health behaviors, health status, and health

care utilization. They are based on data collected in a

continuing national household interview survey.

SERIES 11. Data From the National Health Examination Survey, the

National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, and

the Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey—

Data from direct examination, testing, and measurement on

representative samples of the civilian noninstitutionalized

population provide the basis for (1) medically defined total

prevalence of specific diseases or conditions in the United

States and the distributions of the population with respect to

physical, physiological, and psychological characteristics, and

(2) analyses of trends and relationships among various

measurements and between survey periods.

SERIES 12. Data From the Institutionalized Population Surveys—

Discontinued in 1975. Reports from these surveys are

included in Series 13.

SERIES 13. Data From the National Health Care Survey—These

reports contain statistics on health resources and the public’s

use of health care resources including ambulatory, hospital,

and long-term care services based on data collected directly

from health care providers and provider records.

SERIES 14. Data on Health Resources: Manpower and Facilities—

Discontinued in 1990. Reports on the numbers, geographic

distribution, and characteristics of health resources are now

included in Series 13.

SERIES 15. Data From Special Surveys—These reports contain

statistics on health and health-related topics collected in

special surveys that are not part of the continuing data

systems of the National Center for Health Statistics.

SERIES 16. Compilations of Advance Data From Vital and Health

Statistics—Advance Data Reports provide early release of

information from the National Center for Health Statistics’

health and demographic surveys. They are compiled in the

order in which they are published. Some of these releases

may be followed by detailed reports in Series 10–13.

SERIES 20. Data on Mortality—These reports contain statistics on

mortality that are not included in regular, annual, or monthly

reports. Special analyses by cause of death, age, other

demographic variables, and geographic and trend analyses

are included.

SERIES 21. Data on Natality, Marriage, and Divorce—These reports

contain statistics on natality, marriage, and divorce that are

not included in regular, annual, or monthly reports. Special

analyses by health and demographic variables and

geographic and trend analyses are included.

SERIES 22. Data From the National Mortality and Natality Surveys—

Discontinued in 1975. Reports from these sample surveys,

based on vital records, are now published in Series 20 or 21.

SERIES 23. Data From the National Survey of Family Growth—

These reports contain statistics on factors that affect birth

rates, including contraception, infertility, cohabitation,

marriage, divorce, and remarriage; adoption; use of medical

care for family planning and infertility; and related maternal

and infant health topics. These statistics are based on

national surveys of childbearing age.

SERIES 24. Compilations of Data on Natality, Mortality, Marriage,

Divorce, and Induced Terminations of Pregnancy—

These include advance reports of births, deaths, marriages,

and divorces based on final data from the National Vital

Statistics System that were published as supplements to the

Monthly Vital Statistics Report (MVSR). These reports provide

highlights and summaries of detailed data subsequently

published in Vital Statistics of the United States. Other

supplements to the MVSR published here provide selected

findings based on final data from the National Vital Statistics

System and may be followed by detailed reports in Series 20

or 21.

For answers to questions about this report or for a list of reports published

in these series, contact:

Data Dissemination Branch

National Center for Health Statistics

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

Public Health Service

6525 Belcrest Road, Room 1064

Hyattsville, MD 20782

(301) 436–8500

E-mail: nchsquery@nch10a.em.cdc.gov

Internet: http://www.cdc.gov/nchswww/nchshome.htm
DHHS Publication No. (PHS) 95-1485, Series 5, No. 9

5-1220 (6/95)

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