DEPARTMENT OF THE INTEBIOR

BULLETIN

OF THE

UNITED STATES

No. 9

(Bulletin No. 9.)

The publications of the United States Geological Survey, are issued in accordance with the statute, 

approved March 3,1879, -which declares that 

"The publications of the Geological Survey shall consist of the annual report of operations, geo* 

logical and economic maps illustrating the resources and classifications of the lands, and reports upon 

general and economic geology and paleontology. The annual report of operations of the Geological 

Survey shall accompany the annual report of the Secretary of the Interior. All special memoirs and 

reports of said Survey shall be issued in uniform quarto series if deemed necessary by the Director,, 

but otherwise in ordinary octavos. Three thousand copies of each shall be published for scientific1 

exchanges and for sale at the price of publication; and all literary and cartographic materials received 

in exchange shall be the property of .the United States and form a part of the library of the organization. And the money resulting from the sale of such publications shall be covered into the Treasury 

of the United States."

On July 7,1882, the following joint resolution, referring to all Government publications, was passed 

by Congress:

"That, whenever any document or report shall be ordered printed by Congress, there shall be 

printed, in addition to the number in each case stated, the ' usual number' [1,900] of copies for binding and distribution among those entitled to receive them."

Tinder these general laws it will be seen that none of the Survey publications are furnished to it for 

gratuitous distribution. The 3,000 copies of the Annual Eeport are distributed through the document 

rooms of Congress. The 1,900 copies of each of the publications are distributed to the officers of the 

legislative and executive Departments and to stated depositories throughout the United States. 

 Except, therefore, in those cases where an extra number of any publication is supplied to this office* 

by special resolution of Congress, as has been done in the case of the Second, Third, Fourth, and Fifth 

Annual Reports, or where a number has been ordered for its use by the Secretary of the Interior, as ins 

the case of Williams's Mineral Resources, the Survey has no copies of any of its publications for 

gratuitous distribution.

ANNUAL REPORTS.

Of the Annual Reports there have been already published:

I. First Annual Report to the Hon. Carl Schurz, by Clarence King. 1880. 8°. 79 pp. 1 map. A 

^preliminary report describing plan of organization and publications.-

n. Report of the Director of the United States Geological Survey for 1880-'81, by J. "W. PowelL

1882. 8°. lv,588pp. 61 pi., 1 map.

III. Third Annual Report of the United States Geological Survey, 1881-'82, by J. W. PowelL

1883. 8°. xviii, 564 pp.. 67 pi. and maps.

IV. Fourth Annual Report of the United States Geological Survey, 1882-'83, by J. W. PowelL

1884. 8°. xii,. 473 pp. 85 pi. and maps. 

The Fifth Annual Report is in press.

MONOGRAPHS.

So far as already determined upon, the list of the Monographs is as follows:

I. The Precious Metals, by Clarence King. In preparation.

II. Tertiary History of the Grand Cafion District, with atlas, by Capt. C. E. Dutton. Published. 

HI. Geology of the Comstock Lode and Washoe District, with atlas, by George F. Becker. Published.

IV. Comstock Mining and Miners, by Eliot Lord. Published.

V. Copper-bearing Kocks of Lake Superior, by Prof. R. D. Irving. Published.

VI. Older Mesozoio Flora of Virginia, by Prof. William M. Fontaine. Published.

VII. Silver-lead Deposits of Eureka, Nevada, by Joseph S. Curtis. Published. 

Vin. Paleontology of the Eureka District, Nevada, by Charles D. Walcott. In press. 

IX. Brachiopoda and Laraellibrancbiata of the Green Marls and Clays of New Jersey, by B. P. 

Whitfield.
ADVERTISEMENT.

Creology and Mining Industry of Leadville, with atlas, by S. F. Enimons. Tn preparation.

 Geology of the Eureka Mining District, Nevada, with atlas, by Arnold Hague. In preparation. 

Xake Bonneville, by G. K. Gilbert. In preparation. v 

Dinocerata. A monograph on an extinct order of Ungulates, by Prof. 0. C. Marsh. In preparation. 

tSauropoda, by Prof. 0. C. Marsh'. In preparation.

 Stegosauria, by Prof. 0. C. Marsh. In preparation.

Of these Monographs, Nos. II, HI, IV, V, VI, and VII are now published, viz:

II. Tertiary History of the Grand Canon District, with atlas, by C. E. Dutton, Capt. U. S. A. 1882. 

4°. 264 pp. 42 pi. and atlas of 26 double sheets folio. Price $10.12.

III. Geology of the Comstock Lode and Washoe District, with atlas, by G. F.Becker. 1882. 4°. xv, 

422 pp. 7 pi. and atlas of 21 sheets folio. Price $11.

IV. Comstock Mining and Miners, by Eliot Lord. 1883. 4°. xvi, 451 pp. 3 pi. Price $1.50.

V. Copper-bearing Eocks of Lake Superior, by Prof. E. D. Irving. 1883. 4°. xiv, 464 pp. 29 pi. 

IPrice $ .

VI. Contributions to the Knowledge of the Older Mesozoio Flora of Virginia, by "William M. Fonitaine. 1883. 4°. xi, 144 pp. 541. 54 pi. Price $ .

VII. Silver-lead Deposits of Eureka, Nevada, by Joseph S. Cnrtis. 1884. 4°. xiii, 200 pp. 15 pi. 

"Price $ .

Nos. VIII and IX are in press and will soon appear. The others, to which numbers are not assigned, 

4iro in preparation. ' \

BULLETINS.

The Bulletins of the Survey will contain such papers relating to the general purpose of its work as 

<do not properly come under the heads of Annual Eeports or Monographs.

Each of these Bulletins will contain but one paper, and be complete in itself. They will, however, 

"5)6 numbered in a continuous series, and will in time be united into volumes of convenient size. ' To

 facilitate this, each Bulletin will have two paginations, one proper to itself and one which belongs 

cto it as part of the volume.

 Of this series of Bulletins, Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,7, 8, and 9 are already published, viz:

1. On Hypersthene-Andesite and on Triclinic Pyroxene in Augitic Eocks, by Whitman Cross, with 

si Geological Sketch of Buffalo Peaks, Colorado, by S. F. Emmons. 1883. 8°. 42 pp. 2 pi. Price 10

 cents.

2. Gold and Silver Conversion Tables, giving the coining value of Troy ounces of fine metal, &c., by 

.Albert "Williams, jr. 1883. 8°. ii, 8 pp. Price 5 cents.

3. On the Fossil Faunas of the "Upper Devonian along the meridian of 76° 30', from Tompkins County, 

.'New York, to Bradford County, Pennsylvania, by Henry S. Williams. 1884. 8°. 36 pp. Price 5 cents.

4. On Mesozoio Fossils, by Charles A. White. 1884. 8°. 36 pp. 9 pi. Price 5 cents.

5. A Dictionary of Altitudes in the "United States, compiled by Henry Gannett. 1884. 8°. 325 pp. 

IPrice 20 cents.

 6. Elevations in the Dominion of Canada, by J. W. Spencer. 1884. 8°. 43 pp. Price 5 cents.

7. Mapoteca Geologica Americana. A Catalogue of Geological Maps of America (.North and South), 

S752-1881, by Jules Marcou and John Belknap Marcou. 1884. 8°. 84 pp. Price 10 cents.

8. On Secondary Enlargement of Mineral Fragments in Certain Eocks, by E. D. Irving and 0. E. 

"Vanhise. 1884. 8°. 56 pp. Price 10 cents.

9. A Report of Work done in the Washington Laboratory during the fiscal year 1883-'84. F. "W. 

"Clarke, chief chemist; T. M Chatard, assistant. 1884. 8°. 40 pp. Price 5 cents.

STATISTICAL PAPERS. /

A fourth series of publications having special reference to the mineral resources of the United 

States is contemplated; of that series the first has been published, viz: Mineral Resources of the 

United States, by Albert Williams, jr. 1883. 8°. xvii, 813 pp. Price 50 cents.

'Correspondence relating to the publications of the Survey, and all remittances, which must be by 

tpostal note or money order, should he addressed to the

DIRECTOR OF THE UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY,

Washington, D. 0. 

WASHINGTON, D. C., August 30,1884.
DEPAltTMENT OF THE INTEKIOK

BULLE.TIN

OP THE

UNITED STATES

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

No. 9

WASHINGTON

8OVBHNMENT PRINTING OFFICE

1884
UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SUBYEY

J. "W. POWELL DIKECTOK

A REPORT OF WORK DONE

IN THE

WASHIIGTOI LABORATORY

DURING THE

FISCAL YEAR 1883-'84

F. W. CLARKE CHIEF CHEMIST

T, M. CHATAKD ASSISTANT CHEMIST

WASHINGTON 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 

1884
CONTENTS.

Page.

Introductory................................................................ 7

Mineral, rock, and ore analyses................. .......................... 9

Gahnite, from Montgomery County, Maryland ....................... 9

Jade and pectolite, from Alaska ..................................... 9

' Saussurite, from Shasta County, California .......................... 10

Allanite, from Topsham, Maine..............!....................... 10

Beryl, from. Greene County, Tennessee ............................... 11

Damourite, from Stoneham, Maine ................................... 11

Margarite........................................................... 11

Cimolite, from Norway, Maine....................................... 12

Halloysite, from California.......................................... 12

Prochlorite ......................................................... 13

Alum rock, from Grant County, New Mexico......................... 13

Scoriaceous Obsidian, from Mono Valley, California.................. 14

Powder, from Truckee River, Nevada............................... - 14

Marl, from Pyramid Lake, Nevada .................................. 14

Clays, from Mill City, Nevada....................................... 15

Basalt from MountThielson, Oregon ................................. 15

Basalt, from Pit River, California ................................... 16

Dacites, from Lassen's Peak, California.............................- 16

Limestones, from Moundsville, West Virginia........................ 17

Magnetite, from near Bozeman, Montana ............ ................ 17

Limonite, from Canaan Mountain, West Virginia..................... 18

Coal, from Cranston, Rhode Island.................".................. 18

Water analyses ............................................................. 19

Pyramid Lake, Nevada............:................. ............ 19

Wiunemucca Lake, Nevada.......................................... 21

Walker Lake, Nevada............................................... . 22

Walker River, Nevada............................................... 23

Humboldt River, Nevada............................................. 23

Hot Spring, foot of Granite Mountain, Nevada....................... 24

Hot Spring, Hot Spring Station, Nevada............................. 24

Larger Soda Lake, Ragtown, Nevada.......................i........ 25

Mono Lake, California .............................................. 26

Spring on Tufa Crag in Mono Lake, California....................... 27

Warm Spring, Mono Basin, California ............................... 27

Boiling Spring, Honey Lake Valley, California....................... 28

Lake Tahoe, California...................... _................. . 28

Abert Lake, Oregon................................................. 28

Utah Lake, Utah ................................................... 29

City Creek, Utah ................................................... 29

Bear River, Utah ............... ..................................... 30

Utah Hot Springs................................................... 30

Livingston Warm Springs, Montana ................................. 31

Warm Springs, Emigrant Gulch, Montana ........................... 31

Helena Hot Springs, Montana....................................... 32

Mill Creek Cold Spring, Montana.................................... 32

Virginia Hot Springs, Bath County, Virginia......................... 33

The estimation of alkalies in silicates, by T. M. Chatard ..................... 36

Index .......................................... ................. :. ........ 39

(245) 5

INTRODUCTORY.

The present bulletin contains the more important results obtained in 

the chemical laboratory of the United States Geological Survey at 

Washington, between December 12,1883, and June 30,1884. The work 

here reported was almost wholly done by Dr. T. M. Chatard and myself, 

and represents the first fiscal year of our laboratory organization. Other 

work, carried forward in this laboratory by Dr. F. A. Gooch, and relating mainly to the rocks and waters of the Yellowstone National Park, 

is reserved for a future bulletin.

In addition to the analyses here published, a considerable number of 

assays, mineral determinations, and qualitative examinations have been 

made. Several researches have also been begun, but arc not yet advanced enough to warrant any announcement. Other bulletins will be 

issued from time to time, as fast as material accumulates.

F. W. CLABKE.

(247)

WORK DONE IN THE WASHINGTON LABORATORY 

DURING THE FISCAL YEAR 1883-84.

MINERAL, BOCK, AND ORE ANALYSES.

The mineralogical work of the division of chemistry has been done in 

close co-operation with the mineral department of the National Museum. 

Some of the material studied' has been received through the latter institution ; some has been brought in by field parties of the Survey; 

some represents our own summer collecting. The rocks, clays, etc., analyzed, have been submitted by other divisions of the survey, and will 

not be specially discussed in this bulletin. The only novelty in the 

methods of analysis has been in the use of the bismuth oxide process 

for the estimation of the alkalies in silicates. This process, as modified 

by Dr. Chatard, is described later.

GAHN1TE PROM GILMOBE'S MICA MINE, MOUNTCOMERY COUNTY, MARYLAND.

The locality at which this mineral was found is 12 miles north of 

Washington, near Coles ville, Maryland. The mine has yielded a considerable quantity of. merchantable mica, which occurs in the usual granite 

vein, associated with quartz, albite, garnet, black tourmaline, and beryl. 

The last-named mineral is abundant in large but ill-formed crystals. 

But one specimen of the gahuite was obtained5 a dark-green massive 

specimen, filling a cavity in altered feldspar. Specific gravity 4.59. 

Analysis by T. M. Ohatard:

Ignition .................................................... 30

SiOii.........................................'............... 57

AI203 ....................................................... 55.46

Fe2O3 ....................................................... 2.77

ZnO ......................................................... 40.07

MgO................................................ ........ 59

CuO.......................... ........................... undet.

99.76 

JADE AND PECTOLITE PROM ALASKA,

Among the Eskimo implements collected by the U. S. Signal Service 

at Point Barrow, Alaska, were a considerable number of a material 

which appeared to be jade. Of these there were two varieties; one 

pale apple-green, the other dark-green; both were highly polished, and 

exceedingly compact and tough. The specific gravity of the pale-green

(249) 9
10 WASHINGTON LABORATORY. [BULL. 9.

variety was 2.873, that of the dark material was 3.012. Analyses 

(Clarke) gave results as follows:

H20. .............

SKh...... ........

FeO. ..............

CaO ..............

MgO.... ..........

AlsOs- ............

NasO..... ........

Pale-green.

4.09

VI Qd

32.21

1.43

0.58

8.57

100. 82

Dark-green.

1.41

57.01

6.95

12.75

21.30

0.42

99.90

The dark-green material is plainly jade, or nephrite, quite analogous 

in composition to that from the Swiss lake dwellings. The light-green 

mineral, on the other hand, agrees in composition with pectolite. It is 

easily fusible, and has, in short, all the essential properties of pectolite. 

It is, therefore, a new and interesting variety of that well-known species.

The Eskimo of Point Barrow say that the jade and jade-like minerals 

used by them come from some point to the eastward. The locality 

itself, we believe, has not yet been visited by civilized men. Whether 

both minerals are found at the same place or not cannot be stated; but 

we hope that before long more definite information may be secured.

SAUSSURITE FROM CALIFORNIA.

Found in a gabbro collected by Mr. J. S. Diller, thirty-seven miles 

north of Pit River Ferry, Shasta County. The mineral is nearly white, 

with a greenish-gray cast, and has a specific gravity of 3.148. Associated with green diallage. Analysis by F. W. Clarke:

Ignition .................................................. 2.42

Si02 ...................................................... 42.79

AlaOs.. .. -..........-.. .:.....-.....-.... .' . 29.43

CaO...................................................... 18.13

FeO ...................................................... 3.65

MgO.............................................. ........ 1.40

Na*0 ..................................................... 2.51

100.33 

AL1ANITE FROM TOPSHAM, MAINE.

Abundant in slender black prisms at Sprague's granite quarry. The 

crystals are usually much rusted upon the surface, and are known to 

the local quarrymen as " nails." Analysis by F. W. Clarke r 1

H20...... ................................................. 4.13

Si02 ........................................................ 34.97

AlsOs ................................................ ...... 12.83

FeO ....................................................... 18.11

MnO....................................................... 2.82

Ce203, La^Os, Di203 ........................................ 17.26

CaO ....................... ................................. 7.21

MgO....................................................... 1.40

________ 98.73 

1 Compare analysis by F. C. Robinson, Amer. Jour. Sci., May, 1884.

(250)
CLARKE AND cHATAUD.] MINERAL, ROCK, AND ORE ANALYSES. 11

The ferrous oxide carries with it some ferric oxide. As the analysis 

was made merely for the complete identification of the species, the 

troublesome separation of the cerium group oxides was not considered 

necessary. The mineral appears to vary considerably in different parts 

of the quarry.

BERYL FROM GREENE COUNTY, TENNESSEE.

A typical, bluish-green translucent beryl. Analysis by F. W. 

Clarke:

Si02 ....................................................... 65.39

G1O........................................................ 13.35

A12O3 (tr.FeO)............................................. 19.10

Ignition ..................;................................ 1.76

99.60 

DAMOURITE FROM STONEHAM, ME.

Two specimens of a micaceous mineral from the topaz locality at 

Stoneham, collected by Mr. N. H. Perry, of South Paris, and sent by 

him to the National Museum, have been examined and prove to be different forms of dainourite. ^

A. Subfibrous compact, light grayish green in color, greasy luster, 

associated with albite and topaz.

B. Broadly foliated micaceous, light grayish green, strong mother-ofpearl luster, also associated with topaz. Analyses (Chatard) as follows:

SiO« ...... ................

Ala03 . ....................

FeO ......................

MnO...... ................

CaO. .....................

MgO...... ................

NajO .....................

KsO ......................

A.

4.48

45.19

33.32

4.25

0.58

0.36

1.57

11. 06

100. 81

B.

4.78

45.34

33.06

3.96

0.51

0.22

0.10

1.49

10.73

101.09

MARGARITE.

A. From Soapstone Hill, near Gainesville, Georgia. Bright pistachio 

green, subfibrous aggregate of extremely minute scales surrounding and 

radiating from a core of bright rose-pink corundum which is in places 

iuterlaminated by the margarite. A very handsome specimen on account 

of the contrast of color. From Mr. Theodore Moreno, of Gainesville, 

Georgia. G. = 3.00 ; H. = 3.5. Analysis (T. M. Chatard):

H2O...................................................... 4.88

SiO* .................................... ................. 31.72

AlzOs ......... ............................................. 50.03

FeO...................................................... trace.

CaO...................................................... 11.57

MgO ..................................................... 0.12

NajO..................................................... 2.26

100.58

(251)
12 WASHINGTON LABORATORY. [BULL. 0.

B. An altered crystal of corundum from Iredell County, North Carolina, showing a core of corundum surrounded by a yellowish-white, semimicaceous, compact mineral more or less intermixed with small needles 

of black tourmaline. Analysis (Chatard) shows the micaceous mineral 

to be a margarite similar to that described by Dr. F. A. Genth as occurring at Hendrick's farm in the same county.

H2 0...................................................... 5.68

Si02 ...................................................... 31.15

A1203 ...--.-..........-..-.....-..-.....---.......-....... 49.51

CaO...................................................... 11.13

MgO.-.- ................................ .................. 0.45

................................................... 2.74

CIMOLITE FROM NORWAY, MAINE.

100. 66

Among a collection of Maine minerals received from N. H. Perry, of 

South Paris, were several specimens of tourmaline and albite encrusted 

with a pink to rose-purple, earthy, alteration product. The color was 

found to be due to a little manganese, which was not, however, separately estimated. The analysis (Clarke) gave results approaching to 

those required by the rational formula AlH3 (SiO3 )3 , as the subjoined 

figures show:

(

HsO. .....................

SiOs...... ................

AU03 (with MnO) ........

 v-o-n

MgO.....................

Found.

9.53

70.00

17.19

2.28

0.80

99. 86

Theory.

10.4

. 69. 8

19.8

100.0

It will be observed at once that these results do not agree exactly 

with those commonly obtained for cimolite. They are too high in silica, 

and too low in water, and the formula deduced from them is somewhat 

novel. We are inclined to place the mineral, however, under cimolite, 

as being nearer to that species than to any other. Possibly the new 

formula represents the final outcome of an alteration process which 

ordinary cimolite has only partially undergone. Somewhat similar pink 

alteration products are not uncommon in the albitic granite veins of 

Maine and New Hampshire, and some, without analysis, have been supposed to be montmorillonite, like that of Branchvillej Connecticut. A 

more thorough examination of such products is much to be desired.

HALLOYSITE PROM CALIFORNIA.

. Collected by Ensign J. B. Bernadou, at the Detroit Copper Mine, near 

Mono Lake. The specimens consisted of irregular lumps, covered and 

seamed with a black coating of the oxides of copper and manganese.

(252)
CLABKE AND CHATAMD.] MINEKAL, ROCK, AND ORE ANALYSES. 13

The color of the pure mineral was white, with a very faint tinge of blue. 

Analysis by F. W. Clarke.

H20................................ ........................ 18.95

SiOa................................... .................. 42.91

Ala03 ........................ ............ ............. 38.13

PBOCHLORI1E.

99.99

A dark-green chlorite, collected by Mr. G. P. Merrill on Foundry 

Eun, Georgetown, B. C., may be assigned to the above-named species. 

The mineral is very dark in color, scaly-crystalline, and occurs in quite 

fine specimens. Analysis by F. W. Olarke.

H20.. ...... .......... ...................................... 14.43

Si02 ......... ......... ...................................... 25.45

MgO. ...... ................................................. 15.04

A1203 .... ................................................... 17.88

FeO ........................................................ 24.98

..................................................... 0.67

98.45

The iron is all reckoned as ferrous iron, although part of it is undoubtedly ferric.

SO-CALLED "ALUM BOCK" PROM GRANT COUNTY, NEW MEXICO.

Six samples were received from Hon. W. S. Eosecrans. The material 

is found at the headwaters of the Gila Eiver, about 40 miles north of 

Silver City, and is said to cover about 2,000 acres. The specimens may 

be described as follows :

A. Pinkish crusts. . .-,

B. Yellowish crusts.

C. Brab crusts. :

B. White crusts.

E. Fibrous mineral of silky luster.

F. " Gray alum rock."

Analyses by F. W. Clarke.

A. 

A12 03 ... .................................................. 15.52

S03 ...................................................... 34.43

HaO ....... ................... ....!..... ................. 42.56

Insoluble residue.......................................... 7.62

100. 13

This substance is alunogen. So, also, but impure, containing iron, 

are B, C, and B. Of these only rough analyses were made.

AlaOs+FesOs. ..........

Insoluble residue ......

B.

16.20

4 95

78.95

100. 10

C.

71 Oft

15.81

12.27

99.36

D.

55.41

9 19

33.19

97.79

(253)
14 WASHINGTON LABORATORY. [BULL. 9.

The analysis of E shows it to be halotrichite. Only a traoe of ferric 

iron is present. Color nearly white, slightly grayish. Asbestiform.

E.

A12O3 ....................................................... 7.27

FeO........................................................ 13.59

S03 ......................................................... 37.19

HgO........................................................ 40.62

Insoluble .................................................... 0.50

99.17

F, which was not analyzed, is merely an impure mixture of alunogen 

and halotrichite.

SCORIACEOUS OBSIDIAN, SOUTHEAST SIDE OF MONO VALLEY, CALIFORNIA.

A grayish-white rock which forms a large portion of the Mono craters. 

Collected by I. C. Eussell. Analysis by T. M. Chatard.

Ignition .................................................... 2.20

SiO2 ........................................................ 74.05

A1203 (trace Fe303)-.-....................................... 13.85

CaO.............................. ..... .................. 0.90^

MgO........................................................ 0.07

K20 ........................................................ 4.31

..................................................... 4.60

99.98 

WHITE POWDER FROM LAHONTAN LAKE-BEDS, TRUCKEE RIVER.

A volcanic dust which fell in the quaternary Lake Lahoatan. Supposed to have been erupted from the Mono craters. Collected by I. C. 

Eussell. Analysis by T. M. Chatard.

HaO ........................................................ 3.91

SiO»........................................................ 71.15

Al203 (+Fe203)............................................. 15.95

CaO........................................................ 0.85

MgO ....................................................... 0.41

MnO.............................. ....................... trace.

K3O ........................................................ 3.36

..................................................... 4.94

100.57

MARL PROM "WHITE TERRACE," 3 MILES WEST OP MILLEN'S SPRINGS, WEST SHORE OP PYRAMID LAKE, NEVADA.

Mostly deposited from the waters of the prehistoric Lake Lahontan. 

Collected by I. C. Eussell. Analysis by T. M. Chatard.

CaC03 ...................................................... 64.82

Si02 ................................ T ^ T , TTT ................ 22.00

A1203 .-.............................. ,.,. ,................ 5.14

FeaOg............................... ...................... 2.04

CaO...................................-..»........*.-..... 0.93

MgO. .................................. ,r.,-.............. 1.89

......I............................................... 3.32

(254) ""*
CI.ABKE AND CHATABD.] MINERAL, ROCK, AND ORE ANALYSES.

TV/0 CLAYS FKOM HUMBOLDT RIVER BRIDGE, mil CITY, NEVADA.

15

A. From Upper Lahoutan Lake-beds. B. From Lower Laliontan 

Lake-beds. Collected by I. C. Eussell. Analyzed by T. M. Chatard. 

Color in both cases grayish.

SiOz. ..........

AloOa

FeiOs. .........

CaO. ..........

MgO... ...... ..

K20. ..........

NasO. .........

A.

9.78

56.30

10.52

5.08

5.45

2.64

2.17

2.60

100. 54

B.

13.03

50.70

*19. 01

, 10. 26

3.19

2.16

1.91

100. 26

* With a little FezOs. 

BASALT FROM MOUNT THIELSON, OREGON.

Material collected by J. S. Diller; by whom also the lithological separations were made. Analyses of rock and component parts as follows: 

A. Basalt. F. W. Clarke. 

B. Groundmass. T. M. Chatard. 

C. Hypersthene. T. M. Chatard.

D. Feldspar, specific gravity, 2.637-2.714. T. M. Chatard. 

E. Feldspar, specific gravity, 2.714-2.877. T. M. Chatard.

SiO* .......................... ....................

TiOz.- .............................................

AkOs-... ..........................................

FezOs... ...........................................

FeO... ....... .....................................

CaO...............................................

MgO..............................................

Na20--.. ..........................................

K»0 ...............................................

A.

.60

55.68

18.93

| 8.73

7 99

4

Qfi

2.12

.48

99.39

B.

159

53.85

99 QH

4.59

8 4.1

3.08

9 Ifi

9 fi7

100. 23

C.

53.31

5 00

i 13. 43

3.69

21.69

98.11

D.

.40

 51. 95

28 84

2.24

11.42

1.34

3.22

.59

100. 00

E.

.66

55.48

Qfl

9fi 01

2.32

a 11

2.27

3.H

.72

100. 00

In B a trace of P2O5 was found, and in C a trace of manganese. D 

and E are near labradorite, and are evidently mixtures. 0, D, and E 

were received in very small quantities; not sufficient for full analysis. 

D and E therefore were treated with hydrofluoric acid, in order to 

render.possible the estimation of the alkalies} and silica \^§ taken by 

difference,

(255)
16 WASHINGTON LABORATORY. [BULL. 9.

Less than half a gramme of a fulgurite, formed by the fusion of °this 

basalt by lightning, was also partially analyzed. The results (Clarke) 

are as follows:

Ignition ...............:..................................... 1.11

SiOs........................................................ 55.04

AlsOa .................................................. ) 2g/J9

Fe203 .... ................................................ J

CaO........................................................ 7.86

. MgO ....................................................... 5.85

Alkalies ................................. ............... undet.

98.85 

BASALT FROM PIT RIVER, NORTH OP BURNEY VALiEY, CALIFORNIA.

Collected by J. S. Diller. Analysis by F. W. Clarke.

Ignition ................. ............................... 1.54

SiO2 ....................................................... 51.92

AUOs ........................................................ 19.76

FeO (includes a little FeaOa)--.............................. 11.21

CaO....................................................... 9.30

MgO....................................................... 3.38.

Na3O ....................................................... 2.16

K20 ....................................................... 0.60

99.87

DACITES FROM LASSEN'S PEAK, CALIFORNIA.

Collected by J. S. Diller. Analyses by T. M. Chatard. 

A. Gray dacite. 

B. Eeddish dacite. 

C. Inclusion in dacite.

A. B. c.

Ignition

SiOz....

AbOs....

FezOs....

CaO.....

MgO-..

K20. 

PzOs.

0.56

69.51

15.75

3.34

1.71

.2.09

3.89

3.34

trace

100.19

(256)

0.44

68.20

16.98

3.75

4.33

2.07

2.98

1.52

100.27

1.35

58.97

18.60

5.94

2.84

6.89

3.05

2.24

undet.

9^88
CLARKE AND cnATARD.] MINERAL, ROCK, AND ORE ANALYSES. 17

TWO SAMPLES OF LIMESTONE PROM MOUNDSYILLE NARROWS, TWELVE MILES BELOW WHEEL*

INO, W. VA.

A. Upper ledge. B. Lower ledge. Analyses by T. M. Chatard.

COs.... ................

CaO-... ...............

MgO. ..................

PezOs.......... ........

MnO and PzOs .........

A.

0.05

10.33

39.18

48.02

1.08

0.90

99.56

B.

0.10

i M

43.16

53.26

0.93

0.96

99.94

EQUIVALENT TOCaCOs. ................

MgCOs...... ..........

FeCOs-...-. ...........

Sand, clay, andFezOs..

0.05

85.75

2.26

0.73

10.77

99.56

0.10

95.10

1.95

0.79

2.00

99.94

MAGNETIC IRON ORE FROM NEAR BOZEMAN, MONTANA.

Found in the Gallatin Range, between Middle and Bozeman Creeks, 

southwest of Bozeman. 

Eeceived from A. 0. Peale. Analysis by T. M. Chatard.

Insoluble (SiO2 )........................................... 0.165

Fe304 .. .................................................... 96.49

FeS2 (8=0.171).......................................... 0.321

AlaOs- .......................-.. .................. 0.04

MnO...................................................... 0.93

CaO ...................................................... trace. -

MgO..................... ...........................:.... 0.072

TiO2 .. .................................................... 2.71

P205 ...................................................... 0.012

100.740

The titanium was determined in a separate portion, and is probably 

high from presence of iron.

(257)

Bull. 9-
18 WASHINGTON LABORATORY. [BULL. 9. 

LIMONITE FRON CANAAN MT., TUCKER COUNTY, W, VA.

Analysis by T. M. Chatard.

. Fe2O3 ...................................................... 80.53

Moisture.................................................... 13.20

SiO2 ....................................................... 1.95

P20fi....................................................... .1.98

S.......................................................... trace.

CaO....................................................... 2.34

MnO ...................................................... none.

100 00 

COAL FROM CRANSTON, R. I.

Analysis by F. A. Gooch. Specific gravity, 2.209 at 150.

Water ..................................................... 0.24

Volatile matter ............................................ 4.49

Fixed carbon ...... v .......................^.............. 82.20

Ash.......... .....7....................................... 13.07

100.00 

Sulphur............. ...................................... 0.34

(258)
WATER AKALYSES.

With the exceptions of the waters from Montana, the Utah Hot 

Springs, and the Virginia Hot Springs, the following waters were collected by the Division of the Great Basin, under the direction of Messrs. 

G. K. Gilbert and I. 0. Russell. For sufficient reasons, it was necessary to abbreviate the analyses as much as possible, and this was done 

by avoiding the direct estimation of carbonic acid. Whenever carbonates were proved to be present all the other ingredients of a water were 

determined and the carbonic acid, reckoned as C03 , was taken as the 

difference between the sum of their weights and the weight of the total 

solid residue. In computing the probable compounds formed by the 

union of acids and bases, the chlorides and sulphates were first disposed 

of, and the bases in excess were then calculated as carbonates. This 

procedure gave usually a summation a little greater or less than the 

total solids directly found upon evaporating the water to dryness; and 

the variation of the result from 100 per cent, afforded a means of estimating the probable accuracy of the analysis. In most cases the samples of water received were insufficient for a search after the less common elements. These, therefore, were necessarily ignored, except in so 

far as the spectroscope or qualitative tests could reveal their presence. 

The gaseous contents of the waters received no consideration. In certain respects, therefore, all the analyses are to be regarded as imperfect ; although they are fully adequate for the geological purposes which 

led to their being made.

Each analysis is stated in three columns. First, the actual weight in 

grammes to the liter of each constituent. Second, the percentage of 

each relatively to the total solid residue. Third, the probable combination, also in grammes to the liter. The second column gives a means 

of comparing different waters as to their composition, irrespective of 

their greater or less^salinity. The third column was computed in the 

simplest terms, and not with reference to complex and doubtful hypotheses.

PYRAMID LAKE, NEVADA.

Four samples of water were analyzed (Olarke), as follows: 

A. Water of north end of the lake, near the surface. 

B. Water of north end of the lake, depth of 108 meters. 

C. Water of south end of the lake, near the surface. 

D. Water of south end of the lake, depth of 61 meters. 

All four samples contained suspended flakes of silicious and calcareous matter.

19 

(259)
20 WASHINGTON LABORATORY.

A. 

[Total solids, 3.4987 grammes to liter.]

[BULL. 9.

Found.

SiOz.

S04--

Cl...

Ca..

Mg..

Na...

K....

CDsI....... 0.0412

........ 0.1803

........ 1.4298

........ 0.0179

........ 0.0800

........ 1.1731

........ 0.0766

2. 9989 

........ 0.4998

3.4987

Per cent, 

of total 

solids.

1.17 

5.15 

40.87 

0.51 

2.29 

33.53 

2.19

14. 29

100. 00 .

Probable combination.

Si02.........

KC1 .........

NaCl........

Na2S04 ......

NasCOs ......

CaCOs. ......

MgCOs ......

...... 0.0412

...... 0.1474

...... 2.2411

...... 0.2667

0 47Q9

...... 0.0447 '

...... 0.2800

3. 4949

99.94 percent, accounted for.

B.

[Total solids: 3.4837 grammes to liter.].

SiOz.

SO*..

Cl...

Ca...

Mg..

Na..

K....

COs..

Found.

........ 0.0200

........ 0.1850

........ 1.4342

........ 0.0179

........ 0.0805

........ 1.1817

........ 0.0723

2. 9916

........ 0.4921

3. 4837

Per cent, 

of total 

solids.

0.57

5.31

41. 17

0.51

2.31

33.92

2.07

14.14

100. 00

Probable combination.

Si02 ............... 0.0200

KC1 ............... 0.1381'

NaCl .............. 2.2550

Na*S04 ............ 0.2737

Na2COs. ........... 0.4756

CaCOs ............. 0.0447

MgCOs...... ...... 0.2818

3. 4889

c.

[Total solids: 3.4725 grammes to liter.]

Found. ,

SiO».

S04.-

Cl...

Ca...

Mg..-

Na..

K....

COs..

........ 0.0425

........ 0.1772

........ 1.4288

........ 0.0752

....... 1. 1820

........ 0.0719

2. 9782 

........ 0.4943

3. 4725

Per cent. 

of total 

solids,.

1.22 

5.10 

41.15

2.17 

. 34.06 

2.07

14.23

' 100. 00

Probable combination.

SiOz. ........

KC1..........

NaCl. .......

Na2S04 ......

CaCOs.......

MgCOs......

...... 0.0425

...... 0.1374

...... 2.2466

...... 0.2621

0 4 run

...... 0.2632

3. 4458

99.23 per cent, accounted for.

(260)
CLARKfi AND ftHAtARlvf WATER ANALYSES.

D.

[Total solids: 3.4900 grammes to liter.]

Found.

SiOa.

S04..

/ii

Mg..

"NTn

K....

COa..

........ 0.0300

........ 0.1864

........ 1.4271

........ 0.0832

.1...... 1.1809

........ 0.0726

2.9802 

........ 0,5098

3.4900

Percent, 

of total 

solids.

0.86 

5.34 

40.99

2.38 

33.84 

2.13

14. 46

100. 00

Probable combination.

SiOa..........

KC1. .........

NaCl.........

N"aaS04 .......

NaaCOs... ....

CaCOs-.....-

MgCOa. ......

99. 19 per cent, a

..... 0.0300

..... 0.1387

2 2428

..... 0.2757

..... 0.4834

..... 0.2912

3. 4618 

ccounted for.

The slight difference^ between these analyses may be attributed in 

part to the fact that the lake is fed at its southern end by a large stream 

of fresh water. The four percentage columns may be conveniently compared in the following table:

Total solids......

SiOz...... ........

so*....... .......

Cl ...............

Ca..... ..........

Mg. ....... ......

X*.. .............

K.......... ......

COa... ...........

A.

3.4987

1.17

5.15

40.87

0.51

9 9Q

33.53

2 10

14.29

100. 00

B.

3,4837

O IY7

5.31

41.17

0.51

9 P1

<W 09

2 ' fl7

14. 14

100. 00

c.

3.4725

1.22

5.10

41.15

9 17

34.06

2 fl7

14.23

100. 00

D.

3.4900

0.86

5.34

40.99

2

00

33 Rl

2 13

14.46

100. 00

WINNEMUCCA LAKE, NEVADA.

Specific gravity of water, 1.001, at 17°. Analysis by P. W. Clarke.

ITotal solids: 3.6025 grammes to liter.]

Pound.

Si02 .

S04..

Cl...

Ca...

Mg..

Na..

K....

COa..

........ 0.0275

........ 0.1333

........ 1.6934

........ 0.0196

O f>171

........ 1.2970

........ 0.0686 .

3. 2567 

........ 0.3458

3. 6025

Per cent, 

of total 

solids.

0.76 

. 3.70 

47.01 

0.54 

0.48 

36.00 

1.90

9.61

100. 00

Probable combination.

SiOz. .........

KC1 ..........

NaCl.........

NasSOa.......

NaaCOa. ......

CaCOs........

MgCOs.......

..... 0.0275

..... 0.1310

..... 2.6877

..... 0.1972

0 4flfi1

...'.. 0.0254

O fUQd

3.5247 '

98.44 per cent, accounted for.

(261)
22 WASHINGTON LABORATORY. 

WALKER LAKE, NEVADA.

[BULL. 9.

Two analyses (Clarke) were made; one of a sample taken just below 

the surface, the other of water from a depth of 65.5 meters. Both were 

collected by Mr. I. C. Russell.

A. Surface sample. 

[Total solids: 2.5155 grammes to the liter.]

Found.

Si02 .

S04..

Cl ...

Ca..

Mg.

K....

COs.

........ 0. 0075

........ 0.5275

........ 0.5875

......... 0.02C7

........ 0.0391

........ 0.8577

2. 04CO 

........ 0.4695

2. 5155

Per cent. 

of total 

solids.

0.29 

20.96 

23.36 

1.06 

1.55 

34.11

18.07

100. 00

Probable combination.

SiOz ............

Nad ...........

NazSOi.........

NasCOs. ........

CaCOs..........

MgCOs .........

... 0.0075

.. 0.9681

. . 0. 7803

.. 0.5157

. . 0. 0667

.. 0.1369

2. 4752

98.39 per cent, accounted for.

B. Lower sample. 

[Total solids: 2.4875 grammes to the liter.]

Found.

SiO*.

S04..

Cl ...

Ca...

Mg..

"N"ft

K....

COs..

........ 0.0075

........ 0.5125

........ 0.5800

........ 0.0176

........ 0.0375

........ 0.8530

2. 0081 

........ 0.4794

2. 4875

Per cent. 

. of total 

solids.

.30 

20.60 

23.32 

.71 

1.51 

34.29

19.27

100. 00

Probable combination.

SiO* ..........

NaCI .........

Na2S04 .......

NasCOs.......

CaCOs........

MgCOa .......

..... 0.0075

..... 0.9558

a

7KQft

..... 0.5339.

..... 0.0440 .

0

1 qi q

2. 4305

97.66 per cent, accounted for.

Mud taken from the bottom of-the Lake, at a depth of 68 meters, was 

also examined qualitatively by Dr. Chatard. The portion soluble in 

water contained chlorides of sodium and potassium, with some sulphates and traces of borates. The residue, extracted with hydrochloric 

acid, was found to contain carbonates of lime and magnesia, with some 

phosphates, iron, alumina, and alkalies. The insoluble portion was impure silica.

(262)
CLARKE AND CHATABD.] WATER ANALYSES. 

WALKER BITEB, NEVADA.

23

The sample of water was collected immediately below the junction 01 

the east and west branches. Analysis by F. W. Clarke.

[Total golide: 0.1800 grammes to the liter.]

Found.

SiOz.

S04--

01...

Ca...

Mg..

Ha...

COa..

........ .0225

........ . 0284

........ .0131

........ .0228

........ .0038

'........ .0318

.1224 

........ .0576

.1800

Per cent, 

of total 

solids.

12. 50 

15. 77 

7.28 

12.66 

2.12 

17.67

32.00

100.00

Probable combination.

SiOa ..........

NaCI .........

Na.S04. .---.-

NaaCOs.......

MgCOs

..... 0.0225

..... 0.0216

..... 0.0421

..... 0.0224

..... 0.0570

_____ 0.0133

0. 1789 

99.39 percent, accounted for.

HUMBOLDT BITER, NEVADA.

Sample collected at Stone House. Analysis by T. M. Chatard.

[Total solids: 0.3615 grammes to the liter.]

Found.

SiO*.

AlaOg

so...

Cl...

Ca....

Mg..

Na...

K....

pn

....... .0326

....... .0013

n_i77

....... .0075

....... .0489

....... .0124

....... .0467

....... .0100

.2071 

1544

.3615

Percent, 

of total 

solids.

9.03 

0.37 

13. 12 

2.08 

13.53 

3.46 

12.92 

2.77

42.72

100. 00

Probable combination.

SiOz ..........

AUOs. ........

KC1 ..........

KsCOs... ......

Na.COs.......

Na_S04 .......

CaCOs.. ......

MgCOs........

95. 52 per cent, t

..... .0326

..... .0013

.... .0157

..... .0046

..... .0550

..... .0705

..... .1222

..... .0434

.3453 

iccounted for.

If the loss in the last column is due to the presence of alkaline bicarbonates, and reckoned in the latter form to make up 100 per cent., we 

have .

. .................................................. .0200

NaHCOs- ................................................ .0512

(263)
24 WASHINGTON LABORATORY. [BULL. 9. 

HOT SPRING, WARD'S RANCH, FOOT OF GRANITE MOUNTAIN, NEVADA.

Analysis by T. M. Chatard.

[Total solids: 1.1902 grammes to the liter.]

Found.

SiO*. ........

S04..........

Cl ...........

COs. .........

Ca...........

Mg..........

Na...........

ii ...........

OforSiOs.-..

0. 1136 

0. 3901 

0.2396 

trace 

0. 0367 

0. 0034 

0.3554

a 0191

trace 

0. 0255

1. 1834

Per cent 

of total 

solids.

9.60 

32.97 

20.25

3.10 

0.29 

30.03 

1.61

2.15

100. 00

Probable combination.

Si02, free......

NajSiOs........

Na»S04 ........

Nad ..........

KC1..... .......

CaS04 .........

MgS04 ........

.... 0.0180

0 1 019

.... 0.4267

.... 0.3665

.... 0.0363

.... 0.1247

.... 0.0179

1. 1834

99.43 percent, accounted for.

HOT SPRING, AT HOT SPRING STATION, NEVADA, C. P. R. R.

Analysis by T. M. Chatard.

[Total solids: 2.4924 grammes to the liter.]

Found.

SiOs. ........

SO*. .........

Cl ...........

Ca.... .......

Mg. .........

Al

. « «

K.... ........

Li...........

OinSiOs.....

0. 2788 

0. 3555 

0.9679 

0. 0305 

0. 0010 

0. 0010 

0. 7743 

0. 0669 

trace. 

0.0194

.. 2.4953

Per cent, 

of total 

solids.

11.14 

14.25 

38.79 

1.23 

0.04 

0.04 

31.04 

2.69

.78

100. 00

Probable combination.

SiOj, free ....

NajSiOa......

NaCl .........

ffasSO, ......

KC1. ...........

Al2(S04)j.....

MgS04. ......

CaSO4........

..... 0.2060

..... 0.1480

..... 1.4946

..... 0.4039

..... 0. 1278

..... 0.0063

..... 0.0050

..... 0.1037

2.4953

100.11 per cent, accounted for.

(264)
ANb ciiAtAKD.J WATER ANALYSES.

- LARGER SODA LAKE, NEAR RAGTOWN, NEVADA.

25

Specific gravity of water, 1.101. Two analyses (Chatard) were made, 

one of a sample taken just below the surface, the other of water from a 

depth of 30.5 meters. -

A. Surface sample.

[Total solids: 125.1300 grammes to the liter.]

Tonnd.

SiOz.

S04--

Cl...

Mg..

Na ..

K....

COs-

........ 0.304

........ 12.960

........ 45.690

........ 0.314

........ 0.270

........ 45.840

........ 2.520

107. 898 

........ 17.232

125. 130

Percent, 

of total 

solids.

0.24 

10. 36 

36.51 

0.25 

0.22 

36.63 

2.01

13.78

100. 00

Probable combination.

SiOs .........

KC1 ....... .

NaCl ........

NasS04 ......

NasCOs......

MgCOs......

...... 0.304

..... 4.820

..... 71.470

..... 19.170

...... 26.410

..... 0. 404

..... 0.940

123. 518

98.71 per cent, accounted for.

If the loss in the last column be reckoned as due to the presence of 

bicarbonates, it gives, to make up 100 per cent. :

. ................ ................................. 23.640

N&HC03 ... ................................................ 4.382

B. Lower sample. 

[Total solids : 125.1500 grammes to the liter.]

Pound.

SiOz

S04-

Cl...

Mg..

K....

COs-

........ 0.310

........ 13.150

44 97fl

........ 0.327

........ 44.270

........ 2.670

105. 267 

........ 19.883

125. 150

Percent, 

of total 

 solids.

0.25 

10.50 

35.38 

0.26 

0.21 

35.38 

2.13

15.89

100. 00

Probable combination.

SiO«. .........

KC1 ...........

NaCl. ....:....

NazCOg........

MgCOa ........

... 0.310

... 5.110

.... 68.930

.... 19.450

.... 24.840

.... 0.417

.... 0.940

119. 997~~

95.88 per cent, accounted for.

Beckoning the loss in the last column as in the case of the surface 

sample, we have 

................................................... 16.040

NaHC03 . ...... ............ ............ ............ ........ 13.953

(265)
26 WASHINGTON LABORATORY. [BULL. 9.

From the waters of this lake sodium carbonate is manufactured upon 

a commercial scale. Several brines and products obtained in this 

manufacture were qualitatively examined by Dr. Chatard. A more 

complete investigation may be undertaken at some future time. A pale 

pink-colored brine, from which summer soda had been taken, and in 

which salt had begun to crystallize, was found to contain carbonates, 

chlorides, and sulphates of sodium and potassium, with some alkaline 

phosphates and borates. The pink color was probably due to organic 

matter. A concentrated brine from the Little Soda Lake contained 

similar ingredients, minus the phosphates. In a crystalline mass from 

a vat at the same locality the same constituents were found, with phosphates and a trace of lime. From this vat five annual crops of soda 

were said to have been taken. The sodium carbonate as it goes to 

market from the smaller Soda Lake, contains as impurities, sand, clay, 

considerable chloride, some sulphate, a little borate, a trace of phosphate, and some potassium salts.

MONO LAKE, CALIFORNIA.7

A sample of water taken near the surface. Analysis by T. M. Chatard. Specific gravity, 1.045 at 15°.5.

[Total solids: 51.8500 grammes to the liter.] 7

Found.

SiOz.

S04 .

Cl...

BiOr.

Ca...

Mg..

V"a

K....

COs..

........ 0.2800

........ 6.8100

........ 12.1300

........ 0.1600

........ 0.2900

........ 0.1300

........ 18.9100

........ 1. 1600

39. 8700 

........ 11.9800

51. 8500

Per cent, 

of total 

solids.

0.54 

13.11 

23.39 

0.34 

0.55 

9.28 

36.46 

2.23

23.10

100. 00

Probable combination.

'SiO. .........

KC1. ........

NaCl. .......

NaaSOi ......

NasCOs......

CavCOs......

MgCOs......

..... 0.2800

..... 2.2300

..... 18.2200

..... 10.0700

..... 0.2000

..... 19.4900

..... 0.6800

..... 0.3600

51. 5300

99.60 per cent, accounted for!

Mud from the bottom of the lake, taken at a depth of over 30 meters, 

was also examined qualitatively. The portion soluble in water contained 

chlorides of potassium and sodium, no sulphates, some carbonates, and 

traces of sulphides. The portion soluble in hydrochloric acid contained 

iron, alumina, lime, and alkalies, with a little boric acid. The insoluble residue consisted of sand and silica.

7 A second sample of Mono Lake water, taken from a depth of 30 meters, contained 

52.8560 grammes to the liter.

(266)
CLARKE ANDCHATAED.I WATER ANALYSES.

SPRING ON TUFA CRAG, IN MONO LAKE.

Analysis by T. M. Chatard.

[Total solids: 0.2918 gramme to the liter.]

27

SiOaS04..

Cl...

Ca...

Mg..

Na..

K....

PA

Found.

.......... .0178

.......... .0546

.......... .0144

.......... .0414

.......... .0044

......... .0513

.......... .0088

.1927

.......... .0991

.2918

Per cent, 

of total 

solids.

6.10

18. Tl

4.93

14.19

1.51

17.58

3.02

33.96

100. 00

Probable combination.

SiOs ................. .0178

KC1 .................. .0169

NaCl ................ .0104

NazSOa .............. .0799

NaaCOs.............. .0506'

CaCOa..-. ........... .1035

MgCOs. ............. .0154

. 2945

The water of the " Petroleum Spring," on an island in Mono Lake, 

yielded a solid residue of 0.8775 gramme to the liter. It contains carbonates, chlorides, and silicates; the bases being sodium, potassium, 

calcium, magnesium, and aluminum.

WARM SPRING, AT WARM SPRING STATION, MONO BASIN.

Analysis by T. M. Ghatard.

[Total solids: 2.0850 grammes to the liter.]

Found.

SiOs ..

S04-.

Cl....

Ca...

Mg...

fTj,

K...

Li... 

AbOs

COs...

........ 0.1545

.....'..: 0.3131

........ 0.2272

........ 0.0589

........ 0.0604

........ 0.6116

........ 0.0630

......... trace. 

........ 0.0018

1.4905 

........ 0.5945

2.0850

Per cent, 

of total 

solids.

7.46 

15. 13 

_ 10.98 

2.84 

2.92 

29.56 

3.05

0.09 

27.97

100.00

Probable combination.

AbOs. .......

KC1 ..........

Nad. ........

]srasso4 .......

NasSiOs.......

NazCOs. ......

CaCOs.......

MgCOs.......

..... 0.0018

..... 0.1203

..... 0.2799

..... 0.4631

..... 0.2480

..... 0.5972

..... 0.1475

..... 0.2114

2.0692

99.24 per cent, accounted for.

(267)
28 ' WASHINGTON LABORATORY. [HULL. 9. 

BOILING SPRING, FOUR MILES S. E. OP SHAFFER'S RANCH, HONEY LAKE VALLEY, CALIFORNIA.

Analysis by T. M. Ohatard.

I Total solids : 1,0218 gramme to the liter.]

Found.

SiOz. ........

S04..........

Cl ...........

Ca...........

Mg ..........

Na...........

K. ...........

OforSiOa....

0. 1310 

0. 3492 

0. 2070 

0. 0121 

0.0004 

0. 3040 

0. 0094

0. 0080

1. 0211

Per cent. 

of total 

solids.

12.83 

34.19 

20.27 

1.18 

0.04 

29.78 

0.92

0.79

100. 00

Probable combination.

tfasSiOs .........

NaaSO.1 ..........

NaCl. ...... .....

KC1...... ........

CaSOj...........

MgS04.... .......

O inna

. 0. 0613

. 0. 4715

. 0.3266

.. 0.0180

. . 0. 0409

. 0.0020

1. 0211

99. 93 per cent, accounted for.

Two other springs in Honey Lake Valley were examined qualitatively. 

In the water of the High Eock Spring were found carbonates, chlorides, 

and sulphates of calcium, magnesium, sodium and potassium, with a little silica. The Lower Hot Spring contained chlorides and sulphates of 

thn same bases.

LAKE TAHOE, CALIFORNIA.

Analysis by F. W. Clarke.

[Total solids: 0.0730 gramme to the liter.]

Found.

SiO*

S04.

ClCa..

Mg.

fff.

K...

C03 .

........ .0137

........ .0054

nn9?

nnoQ

........ .0030

........ .0073

.:...... .0033

. 0443 

........ .0287

.0730

Per cent, 

of total 

solids.

18.77 

7.40 

3.14 

12.74 

4.11 

10.00 

4.52

39.32

100. 00

Probable combination,

SiO» .........

KC1 .........

NaCl. .......

KsS04 .......

Na2S02.......

NasCOs ......

CaCOs. ......

MgCOa......

..... .0137

..... .0034

..... .0012

..... .0034

..... .0052

..... .0117

..... .0233

..... .0105

.0723

99 . 04 per cent, accounted for .

^ ARERT LAKE, OREGON.

The water of this lake was collected by I. C. Eussell, at a point about 

150 meters off from the west shore. It was analyzed by Mr. F. W. 

Taylor, of the Smithsonian Institution, and the analysis is here included

'(268)
CLAKKE AND CIIATAUIJ.] WATER ANALYSES. 29

merely for the purpose of completing the series of waters specially examined for the division of the Great Basin. Specific gravity, 1.02317.

Contents in one liter. 

Si08 .........~....-.........- .. .-. ..."- . . 0.065

NaCl ....................,......... .................... 7,217

KCl ...................................................... 8.455

K2S04 ..................................................... 0.921

27.355

An efflorescence from the north shore of the lake, examined qualitatively by T. M. Chatard, contained carbonates and chlorides of sodium 

and potassium, with traces of sulphates, phosphates, and calcium.

UTAH LAKE, UTAH,

Analysis by F. W. Clarke.

[Total solids: 0.3060 gramme to the liter.]

 Found.

SiO«. ........

S04 ..........

Cl ...........

Ca. ..........

Mg ..........

Na.... .......

COa... .......

.0100 

.1306 

.0124 

.0558 

.0186 

.0178

.2452 

.0608

.3060

Per cent. 

of total 

solids. '

3.27 

42.68 

4.04 

18.24 

6.08 

5.81

19.88

100. 00

Probable combination.

SiOz ........

NaCl.........

Na2C03 ......

CaS04.......

CaCOs ......

MgCp.......

...... . 0100

...... .0204

...... .0204

...... .1849

...... .0038

0644

.3039

99. 31 per cent accounted for.

A little potassium is present, but was not separately estimated.

CITY CREEK, UTAH.

Water collected above the reservoir which supplies Salt Lake City. 

Analysis by T. M. Chatard.

[Total solids: 0.2400 gramme to the liter.]

Pound.

 SiOz

AhOs.-..-..

so4 . .........

Cl. ..........

Ca. ..........

MB ..........

"Wn

cos . .........

. 0090 

.0010 

.0070 

.0131 

.0089 

.0174 

.0091

.1155 

. 1215

.2400

Per cent, 

of total 

solids.

3.69 

0.41 

2.87 

5.38 

24.19 

7.15 

3.74

52. 57

100. 00

Probable combination,

Si02 .....

JSaCl ....

KaaCOs..

CaS04 ...

CaCOs ..

MgCOs...

Total,

......... .0090

......... .0010

......... .0216

......... .0014

.......... .0099

.......... .0606

.2435

101. 45 per cent. .

(269)
30 WASHINGTON LABORATORY,

BEAR RIVER, UTAH.

Analysis by F. W. Clarke.

[Total solids: 0.1845 gramme to the liter.]

[BULL. 9.

Found.

8Kb.

S04 ..

Cl...

Ca...

Mg..

C03 .-

........ .0070

........ .0105

nfMO

........ .0432

........ .0125

.0863 

........ .0982

.1845

Per cent, 

of total 

solids.

3.79 

5.69 

2.65 

23.41 

' 6.78 

4.44

53.24

100. 00

Probable combination.

Si02 . ......

NaCl .........

Na2SO* .......

CaC03 ........

MgCOa. .......

..... .0070

..... .0081

..... .0155

..... .1080

..... .0438

.1824

98. 86 per cent accounted for.

UTAH HOT SPRINGS, EIGHT MILES N. OP OGDEN, UTAH.

Water received through the Smithsonian Institution. Beported 

temperature 55°. Analysis by P. W. Clarke.

ITotal solids: 23.1150 grammes to theliter.l

Found.

SiO»- ........

Als03 . .......

S04 .......

Cl. ..........

Br........... 

COs . 

.Ca. .......

Mg .....

Na.. ......

K.... ........

Li ...........

0. 0460 

0. 0040 

0.2184 

13. 7030 

trace, 

undet. 

1. 1428 

0. 0929

7. 0825

0.8759 

trace.

23. 1655

Per cent, 

of total 

solids.

0.20 

0.02 

0.94 

59.28

4.83 

0.40

30.64 

3.79

100. 10

Probfible combination.

SKh. ............

AhOa. ........

KC1. .............

NaCl ............

CaCh. ...........

JIfiCh ...........

CaS04 ...........

MgCOa..........

.. 0.0460

.. 0.0040

.. 1.6732

.. 18.0168

.. 2.9187 

. 0. 1398

. 0. 3094

. 0. 2016

23. 3095

Total, 100.84 per cent.

The CO3 in the last column, having been proved to be present, was 

computed to satisfy the excess of magnesium after the other acids had all 

been balanced. The water as received contained no iron in solution, 

but held an abundant ferruginous deposit.

(270)
CLAKKE AND CHATABD.] WATER ANALYSES.

LIVINGSTON WARM SPRINGS, MONTANA.

31

Water received from A. C. Peale. Analysis by F. W. Clarke. Free 

H2S present.

[Total solids: 0.7575 gramme to the liter.]

Found.

SiOz.

SO*..

01...

Ca...

Mg..

Na..

K....

003.-

........ .0290

......... .2224

........ .0124

........ .1678

........ .0438

........ .0256

........ .0041

.5051 

........ . .2524

.7575

Per cent, 

of total 

solids.

3.83 

29.37 

1.64 

22.11 

5.79 

3.38 

0.55

33.33

100. 00

Probable combination.

SiOz ..........

KC1. .........

NaCl .........

NazCOs. ......

CaCOs........

CaSOa ........

MgCO, .......

.... .0290

.... . 0078

.... .0143

0461

..... .1880

..... .3150

.... .1533

.7535

99.47 per cent, accounted for.

WARM SPRINGS OP EMIGRANT GULCH, YELLOWSTONE VALLEY, MONTANA.

Water received from A. C. Peale. Analysis by F. W. Clarke.

[Total solids: 0.2350 gramme to the liter.]

Found.

 SiOz.........

SO*. ......

Cl ...........

Ca. ..........

Mf

Na.... .......

K.... ........

COs..........

.0317 

.0329 

.0074 

.0346 

.0077 

.0299 

. 0043

.1485 

.0865

. 2350

Per cent, 

of total 

solids,

13.49 

14.00 

3.15 

14.72 

3.28 

12.72 

1.83

36.81

100. 00

Probable combination.

SiOz.-.. ............

KC1......... ......

NaCl ..............

NaaCOs ...........

CaCOs .............

MgCOa ............

.0317 

.0083 

.0058 

.0487 

.0274 

.0865 

.0269

' . 2353

Total, 100.13 per cent.

(271)
32 WASHINGTON LABORATORY. 

HELENA HOT SPRINGS, HELENA, MONT.

[BULL. 0.

Water received from A. C. Peale. Reported temperature, 60.5°. 

Analysis by F. W. Clarke.

[Total solids: 0.6225 gramme to the liter.]

SiOz.

S04..

01...

Ca...

Mg..

K

"

Li...

COa..

Found.

........ .0938

........ .1854

........ .0362

........ .0107

.5134 

........ .1091

.6225

Per cent, 

of total 

solids.

15.06

29.78

5.82

1.72

itu. UJ

17. 51?

100. 00

Probable combination.

SiOz ............... .0938

JSaaCOa...... ...... .1730

CaCOs...... ....... .0268

!N"a2S04 ............ .2742

.6274

Total, 100.79 per cent.

MILL CREEK COLD SPRING, YELLOWSTONE VALLEY, MONTANA.

Water received from A. 0. Peale. Highly effervescent. Eeported 

temperature, 4.5 °. Analysis by F. W. Clarke. .

[Total solids: 3.8125 grammes to the liter.]

Found.

SiOz.

AhOs

S04-.

01...

I....

Ca...

Mg..

Na...

K....

Li...

COs..

........ 0. 0250

FeaOs - 0. 0875 

........ 0.6500

....... 0.2771

........ 0.0811

........ 0.8814

........ 0.0513

2. 4302 

........ 1.3823

3. 8125

Per cent, 

of total 

solids.

0.66 

2.29 

17. 05

7.27

9.88 

2.13 

23.12 

1.34

36. 26 

100. 00

Probable combination.

SiOa. .........

KC1 .........

NaCl....... .

NazS04. ......

NaaCOj......

MgCOs ......

FeCOs .......

Ca'UOs.......

CaS04 ........

..... 0. 0250

O AQQ1

..... 0.3795

..... 0.9402 .

..... 0.9853

..... 0.2838

0 19A8

..... 0. 9270

..... 0. 0204

3. 7861

99.31 per cent, accounted for.

In this analysis the amount of available material was insufficient. 

The iron in the third column is made to include the trifling quantity of 

aluminum which, though present, could not be separately estimated; 

and the calcium sulphate was directly determined as such in the insoluble residue left upon evaporating the water to dryness. The carbonates 

in the original water are all undoubtedly bicarbonates, and, reckoned 

as such, should receive the following weights: Sodium bicarbonate, 

1.5618; calcium bicarbonate, 1.5017; magnesium bicarbonate, .4932 j 

ferrous bicarbonate, .1945.

(272)
CLARKE AND CHATARD.] WATER ANALYSES. 33

VIRGINIA HOT SPRINGS, BATH COCNTT, VIRGINIA.

The waters of six different springs were received from the Virginia 

Hot Springs Company, as follows :

A. Boiler bath. Temperature, 41° C.

B. Hot spout bath. Temperature, 40°.5 0.

C. Octagon bath. Temperature, 38° C.

D. New hot spring. Temperature, 37° C.

E. u Sulphur " bath. Temperature, 36°.5 0.

F. " Magnesian " spring. Temperature, 250.5 C.

Analyses by F. W. Clarke. Traces of bromine were found in A and 

B. The other waters were so similar to these that bromine was not 

specially sought for in them.

A. Boiler bath.

[Total solids : 0.5975 gramme to the liter.]

Found.

SiOz.

S04--

Cl...

Ca...

Mg-

 pla

K....

COs0275

........ .1319

........ .0050

........ .0020

........ .1356

........ .0357

........ .0120

........ .0117

.3614 

........ .2361

.5975

Per cent, 

of total 

solids.

4.60 

22.07 

0.83 

 0.32 

22.69 

5.96 

2.08 

1.95

39. 50

100. 00

Probable combination.

SiOj ........

AUOs. ......

KC1. .......

Na2S04

CaS04 ......

CaCOs......

MgC03 ...-

....... .0275

....... .0020

....... .0305

rtTQQ

....... .0370

....... .1407

....... .2355

....... .1249

.5919

99. 06per cent, accounted for.

B. Hot spout lath. 

|Total solids: 0.5925 gramme to the liter.]

Found.

SiO*. ........

S04 ..........

Cl ...........

AUOj.. ......

Ca...........

Mg. .........

 KTK..... .......

COs.. ........

.0335 

.1298 

. 0044 

.0025 

.1375 

.0343 

.0091 

.0132

.3543 

.2382

.5925

Per cent, 

of total 

solids.

3.97 

21.91 

0.74 

0.42 

23.21 

5.79 

1.53 

2.23

40.20

100. 00

Probable combination.

SiOz..........

AbOs. .......

KC1. .........

KaSOa .......

NasS04......

CaS04 .......

CaCOs .......

MgCOs ......

...... .0235

AAOC

...... .0092

...... .0187

...... .0281

...... .1424

O4QA

...... .1201

. 5835

98.46 per cent, accounted for.

Bull. 9- 3

(273)
34 WASHINGTON LABOEATORY. [BULL. 9.

C. Octagon lath. 

[Total solids: 0.5940 gramme to the liter.]

Tound.

SiOz..

SO*..

01....

AhOs 

Ca...

Mg..

Na...

K....

COs..

....... . 0255

....... .1364

....... . 0041

....... .0035

....... .1378

....... .034rt

....... . 0096

....... .0128

.3645 

....... .2295

.5940

Per cent, 

of total 

solids.

4.29 

22.96 

0.69 

0.59 

23.20 

5.86 

1.61 

2.15

38.65

100. 00

Probable combination.

SiO-2..........

AljOs.........

KC1..... ......

Na-iSC-4.-.. ...

CaCOs. ........

MgCOs ........

99. 64 per cent, a

.... .0255

.... . 0035

.... .0086

.... . 0185

.... . 0296

.... .1504

.... .2340

.... .1218

.5919 

ccountedfor.

D. Neiv hot spring. 

[Total solids: 0.5740 gramme to the liter.]

Found.

Si02 .........

) S04. .........

01. ..........

AUOs........

Ca...........

Mg..........

Na...........

K.... ........

COs..........

.0235 

.1294 

.0029 

.0060 

.1329 

.0351 

.0090 

.0127

. 3515 

OOOK . LLLJ

.5740

Per cent, 

of total 

solids.

4.09 

22.54 

0.50 

1.04 

23.15 

6.13 

1.57 

2.21

38.77

100. 00

Probable combination.

AhOs.........

KCL- ........

KjSOi. .......

IfTaijSO*. .......

CaS04-- ......

CaCOs-...-...

MgCOa- .......

.... .0235

.... .0060

.... .0061

.... .0212

.... .0278 '

.... ' .1401

.... .2272

.... .1228

.5747

Total, 100.12 per cent.

E. "Sulphur" laih. 

[Total solids: 0.5775 gramme to the liter.]

I"onnd.

SiO-2-

SO-4..

01....

AlsOa 

Ca...

Mg..

"N"a

K....

COs..

........ .0230

1973

....... .0032

....... .0065

........ .1318

........ .0330

........ .0136

........ .0107

. 3491 

........ .2284

.5775

Per cent. 

of total 

solids.

3.98 

22.04 

0.55 

 1.13 

22.82 

5.71 

2.36 

1.85

39.56

100. 00

Probable combination.

SiOg .........

AbOs........

KC1. ........

KiSOi .......

NasSO* ......

CaSC-4. .......

CaCOs .......

MgCOs ......

..... .0230

..... .0065

..... .0068

..... .0158

..... .0420

..... .1278

..... .2355

..... .1155

.5729

99.20 percent, accounted for.

(274)
CLAKKE AND CHATABD.] WATER ANALYSES. 35

No H2S nor sulphides were found in this water. The spring, however, 

is said to have at times a "sulphur odor."

F. Magnesian spring. 

[Total solids; 0.3825 gramme to the liter.]

Found.

SiOa ..........

04...........

Cl. ...........

Ca. ...........

Mg...........

fjj,

K...... .......

CDs.- .........

.0120 

.0721 

.0020 

.0957 

.0209 

.0065 

.0071

.2163 

.1662

.3825

Per cent. 

of total 

solids.

3.14 

18.85 

0.52 

25.02 

5.46 

1.70 

1.85

43.46

100. 00

Probable combination.

Si 02 . .........

KC1.... ......

NasS04

CaSO-i.........

CaCOa ........

MgCOs.-.-.--

....... .0120

...... .0042

....... .0109

....... .0201

....... .0744

....... .1845

....... .0731

....... .3792

99.14 per cent, accounted for.

Why this spring is specially named " Magnesian " is not explained. It 

will be noted that this spring, the coolest of the series, is proportionally 

richer in carbonates and poorer in sulphates than the others. This relation is shown by a comparison of the percentage columns.

(275)
THE ESTIMATION OF ALKALIES IN SILICATES, BT 

THOMAS M. CHATABD. .

Walter Hempel proposed (Fres. Zschr. 1881, p. 496) bismuth subnitrate as a means of decomposing silicates containing alkalies, and recommended the use of 20 parts of this salt (=10 parts of bismuth oxide) 

to one part of the silicate. In the Berichte d. D. Chem. Gesellsch, 1881, 

there is an abstract of his paper, in which is proposed the use of bismuth oxide directly.

This process has been in use in this laboratory for the past six months, 

and, with some modifications, has given great satisfaction. Bismuth oxide has been used instead of the subnitrate, and experience has shown 

that, instead of ten parts, as stated above, two parts of oxide to one part 

of the mineral are ample in every case in which we have employed the 

method.

The oxide and mineral, both finely powdered, must be most thoroughly mixed, and then heated in a platinum crucible; applying at first 

a gentle heat and gradually increasing to full redness, which is kept up 

ten to fifteen minutes. In the case of an acid silicate, complete fusion 

may result, while the more basic the silicate the less fusible. the mixture will be, !'Complete decomposition has been obtained when the resulting mass was so slightly sintered together as to fall on gentle pressure 

into powder, none of which adhered to the crucible. It has therefore 

been found advantageous, in dealing with acid silicates, to add to the 

mixture a quantity of calcium carbonate, in weight equal to that of the 

mineral. This device prevents the fusion which might hinder the after 

treatment with acid.

After the mass has been thoroughly heated to bright redness it is allowed to cool, placed in a dish, and hydrochloric acid somewhat diluted 

poured over it. On heating over the water bath the mass should go 

 into solution rapidly, leaving no residue of undecomposed mineral, 

which is easily distinguishble from floating flakes of silica.

If complete analysis is required, evaporate to dryness and separate 

the silica, as in a soda fusion, afterwards removing the bismuth by sulphureted hydrogen. If only alkalies are to be determined, add ammonia and ammonium carbonate, filter, and separate magnesia from the 

alkalies by any of the usual methods.

36 (276)
CLABKB AND CHATAED.] ESTIMATION OF ALKALIES. 37

The results of this process have been very satisfactory. Out of a large 

number of analyses the following duplicate has been selected as being 

sufficient to show the accuracy of the work. It may be remarked that 

in the case of this margarite (a very basic silicate) the mass was but 

slightly sintered together.

Margarite. Gawesville, Ga.

1.0300 grammes gave 0.0440 alkali chlorides = 0.0233 Na20=2.26 per cent. 

1.0243 grammes gave 0.0435 alkali chlorides=0.0231 NajO = 2.25 per cent.

(277)

INDEX.

Paga

Abort Lake^^ I................................................................ 28

Alkalies in silicates,'estimation of........................................... 36

Allanite ....................................................... .......... 10

Alum rock ................:................................................. 13

Alunogen................................................................... 13

Basalt from Mount Thielson ................................................. 15

Basalt from Pit River ..................................................... . 16

Bear River.................................................................. 30

Beryl....................................-.-....-. ............. ........ 11

Boiling Spring, Honey Lake Valley, California............................... 28

Ciinolite.................................................................... 12

City Creek............................:..................................... 29

Clays from Mill City, Nevada................................................ 15

Coal from Cranston, Rhode Island ........................................... 18

Dacites from Lassen's Peak.............................1.................... 16

Damourite.................................................................. 11

Emigrant Gulch, Warm Springs ............................................. 31

Fulgurite.........................................................___.... 16

Gahnite..................................................................... 9

Halloysite................................................................... 12

Halotrichite................................................................ 14

Helena Hot Springs ................................................ ...... 32

High Rock Spring, Honey Lake Valley, California ........................... 28

Hot Spring, Hot Spring Station, Nevada..................................... 24.

Hot Spring, foot of Granite Mountain, Nevada .............................. 24

Humboldt River........................ .................................... 23

Inclusion in dacite ........................................................... 16

Jade........................................................................ 9

Lahontan beds, powder from ................................................ 14

Limestones, West Virginia .............. ................................. 17

Limonite ................................................................... 18

Livingston Warm Springs ................................................ . 31

Lower Hot Spring, Honey Lake Valley, California............................ 28

Magnetite, from Montana...-.............-....-..........'.-..----..--.-..... 17

Margarite.................................................................... 11

Marl from Nevada........................................................... 14

Mill Creek Cold Spring............ .......................................... 32

Mono Lake........................................ ....................... 26

Obsidian, scoriaceous.............. ....................................... 14

Pectolite.................................................................... 9

Petroleum Spring, Mono Lake............................................... 27

Prochlorite ................................................................. 13

Pyramid Lake ........................................ ................... 19

Saussurite .................................................................. 10

Scoriaceous obsidian .................................. .................... 14

Silicates, estimation of alkalies in ................ ... ................. 36

(279) 39
40 INDEX.

Page

Soda .lakes.......... f .. ............. ....... ............... 25

Tahoe, Lake................................................................ 28

Tufa Crag, Mono Lake, spring on.... .*....................................... 27

Utah Hot springs ........................................................... 30

Utah Lake..'........................................... ..................... 29

Virginia Hot Springs........................................................ 33

Walker Lake ............................................................... 22

Walker River............................................................!.... 23

Warm Springs, Emigrant Gulch ............................................. 31

Warm Springs, Mono Basin .................................................. 27

WinnemuccaLake .......................................................... 21

(280)