NOT FOR PUBLICATION

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

 FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

DWANE ROY MILLER,

Plaintiff-Appellant,

 v.

DEPUY SYNTHES SALES, INC.,

Defendant-Appellee,

 and

SYNTHES USA SALES, LLC,

Defendant.

No. 19-16821

D.C. No. 

3:17-cv-00325-RCJ-CBC

MEMORANDUM*

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the District of Nevada

Robert Clive Jones, District Judge, Presiding

Submitted December 7, 2020** 

San Francisco, California

FILED

DEC 10 2020

MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent

except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.

** The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision

without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2).
Before: MURGUIA and CHRISTEN, Circuit Judges, and SESSIONS,*** District

Judge.

 

Plaintiff Dwayne Miller appeals the district court’s entry of summary

judgment on his claims for strict liability, negligence, and breach of implied

warranty of fitness for a particular purpose. We have jurisdiction pursuant to 28

U.S.C. § 1291 and we affirm.

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We review de novo. Branch Banking & Tr. Co. v. D.M.S.I., LLC, 871 F.3d

751, 759 (9th Cir. 2017). We determine whether there is a genuine dispute as to

any material fact, Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a), and whether the district court correctly

applied the relevant substantive law. See Frudden v. Pilling, 877 F.3d 821, 828

(9th Cir. 2017). We view the evidence in the light most favorable to the party

against whom summary judgment is granted. Id.

1. We first conclude the district court did not err by granting summary

judgment for DePuy on Miller’s strict liability claim. Under Nevada law, to

prevail on a claim of strict products liability for manufacturing or design defect, a

plaintiff must prove that: (1) the defendant placed a defective product in the

market; (2) the product was defective when it left the defendant’s possession, and

*** The Honorable William K. Sessions III, United States District Judge

for the District of Vermont, sitting by designation.

1 The parties are familiar with the facts and we recount them only as

necessary to resolve the issues on appeal. 

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(3) the defect caused plaintiff’s injuries. Ford Motor Co. v. Trejo, 402 P.3d 649,

653 (Nev. 2017) (citing Shoshone Coca–Cola Bottling Co. v. Dolinski, 420 P.2d

855, 857–58 (Nev. 1966)).2 Nevada applies the consumer-expectation test to

determine whether a product is defective. Id. A product is defective when it

“fail[s] to perform in the manner reasonably to be expected in light of its nature

and intended function and [is] more dangerous than would be contemplated by the

ordinary user.” Id. (quoting Ginnis v. Mapes Hotel Corp., 470 P.2d 135, 138 (Nev.

1970)). A consumer’s reasonable expectation may be influenced by warnings that

accompany a product. Id. at 656. 

Here, the package inserts that accompanied the device were more than

adequate to satisfy the consumer-expectation test. DePuy provided a warning

insert with the device indicating it could fail if the healing process is delayed,

regardless of whether the patient put weight on the healing bone. The warning

further indicated that all implants are subject to repeated stresses in use and can

break at any time. Even assuming Miller complied with Dr. Dolan’s instructions

2 The district court committed legal error when it omitted the second

factor of the test from its description of the law—that a plaintiff must show the

product was defective when it left defendant’s possession. This error was likely

harmless because the parties do not contest that, if the product was defective, such

a defect was present when it left DePuy’s possession. 

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and did not put weight on his healing leg, the product’s warning put a reasonable

consumer on notice that in the worst case, the device could fail from wear fatigue. 

Alternatively, Miller argues summary judgment was inappropriate because

his metallurgist expert testified to the existence of a commercially reasonable

alternative design. McCourt v. J.C. Penney Co., 734 P.2d 696, 698 (Nev. 1987)

(“Alternative design is one factor for the jury to consider when evaluating whether

a product is unreasonably dangerous.”). Miller forfeited this argument by failing

to brief the issue before the district court. Singleton v. Wulff, 428 U.S. 106, 120

(1976) (“It is the general rule, of course, that a federal appellate court does not

consider an issue not passed upon below.”).

2. We next conclude the district court did not err by granting summary

judgment for DePuy on Miller’s negligence claim. The elements of a negligence

claim under Nevada law are: (1) an existing duty of care; (2) breach; (3) legal

causation; and (4) damages. Turner v. Mandalay Sports Ent., LLC, 180 P.3d 1172,

1175 (Nev. 2008). The portion of the district court’s order regarding Miller’s

negligence claim was brief but we may affirm on any ground supported by the

record. McQuillion v. Schwarzenegger, 369 F.3d 1091, 1096 (9th Cir. 2004). We

conclude Miller failed to present evidence that DePuy breached its duty of care by

acting unreasonably in testing the device. Miller cites the deposition testimony of

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Peter Van Citters, DePuy’s employee, who testified that DePuy had not tested what

would happen if screws broke but the implant’s plate remained intact.3 But Van

Citters also testified that DePuy did not perform further testing because their goal

was to avoid any failure whatsoever. Miller fails to explain why this method of

testing breached DePuy’s duty of care. 

Miller’s reliance on his expert, Dr. Anderson, fares no better. Dr. Anderson

acknowledged he was only performing an analysis of the cause of the failure. At

his deposition, Dr. Anderson testified there was nothing wrong with the alloy and

material used to make the device. And Dr. Anderson also explained that because

he is not a medical doctor, he did not investigate or form an opinion on whether

DePuy breached its duty of care in manufacturing the product.

3. Finally, we conclude the district court did not err by granting

summary judgment on Miller’s claim for breach of implied warranty of fitness for

a particular purpose. First, DePuy did not warrant any particular purpose of the

device to Miller. Second, Nevada law does not allow an implied warranty claim in

the absence of privity between the parties. See Nev. Rev. Stat. § 104.2315;

Amundsen v. Ohio Brass Co., 513 P.2d 1234, 1235 (Nev. 1973) (no breach of

implied warranty claim absent legal relationship between consumer and

3 Miller did not plead a theory of negligent testing in his complaint. 

5
manufacturer). Miller’s claim fails as a matter of law because he did not provide

evidence that he was in privity with DePuy.

AFFIRMED. 

Plaintiff-appellant to bear costs. 

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