DEPARTMENT OF THE INTEBIOB

BULLETIN

OP THE

UNITED STATES

No. 133

WASHINGTON

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 

1895

UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SUKVEY

CHAELES IX WALCOTT, DIEECTOE

CONTRIBUTIONS

TO THE

CRETACEOUS PALEONTOLOGY OF THE PACIFIC COAST

THE FAUNA OF THE KNOXVILLE BEDS

TIMOTHY WILLIAM STANTON

WASHINGTON

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 

1895

CONTENTS.

Page.

Letter of transmittal........................................................ 9

Introduction................................................................ 11

Definition of the Knoxville beds......................................... 11

Geographic distribution................................................. 12

Stratigraphic relations.................................................. 12

Lithologic character ...................................................: 13

Local development...................................................... 13

TehamaCounty, Cal................................................. 13

Colusa County, Cal.................................. ................ 18

Lake and Napa counties, Cal........................................ 19

Mount Diablo and other localities southward........................ 20

Riddles, Oreg....................................................... 22

Localities in Washington............................................ 24

The fauna of the Knoxville beds......................................... 24

Relationship with other faunas...................................... 25

Age of the Knoxville beds............................................... 29

Description of the species....... ............................................ 31

Echinodermata ......................................................... 31

Molluscoidea............................................................. 31

Brachiopoda.......................................................... 31

Mollusca................................................................. 34

Pelecypoda......................................................... 34

Scaphopoda..............'........................................... 62

Gastropoda......................................................... 63

Cephalopoda.............................................. .......... 72

Index ................................__ .............................. 129

5

ILLUSTRATIONS.

PLATE I. Brachiopoda.......................--..-......................._..., 90

II. Pelecypoda: Ostreidaj, Anomiidae, Spondylidse, Limidse, Pectinidse,

Mytilidte, Pinnidie ............................................. 92

III. Pelecypoda: Mytilidte ....-..-----.-.--........-.......----....-.. 94

IV. Pelecypoda: Aviculidte ........................................... 96

V. Pelecypoda: Aviculida; ........................................... 98

VI. Pelecypoda: Aviculidte, Arcidse, Nuculidse, Astartidse............. 100

VII. Pelecypoda: Astartidae, Cardiniidse...................... ........ 102

VIII. Pelecypoda: Cardiniidic .......................................... 104

IX. Pelecypoda: Cardiiiiidtu .......................................... 106

X. Pelecypoda: Cardiniid;e, Solemyidai, Solenidse.................... 108

XL Pelecypoda and Gasteropoda: Myidae, Lucinidte, Turbinidfje....... 110

XII. Pelecypoda and Gasteropoda: Lncinidte, Cyprinidse, Dentaliidse,

Turbinidaj, Patellidaj........................................... 112

XIII. Gasteropoda and Cephalopoda: Ceritliiidie, Fissnrellidse, Pyraniidellidae, Lytoceras ................................................. 114

XIV. Cephalopoda: Phylloceras ........................................ 116

XV. Cephalopoda: Olcostephanus, Desmoceras......................... 118

XVI. Cephalopoda: Olcostephanus, Hoplites............................ 120

XVII. Cephalopoda: Hoplites ........................................... 122

XVIII. Cephalopoda: Aptychus, Hoplites ................................. 124

XIX. Cephalopoda: Belemnites ......................................... 126

XX. Cephalopoda: Belemnites ......................................... 128

7

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR, 

UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY,

Washington, May 30, 1895.

SIR: I have the honor to transmit herewith a paper entitled " Contributions to the Cretaceous Paleontology of the Pacific Coast: The 

Fauna of the Knoxville Beds." The introductory portion consists of 

a geological description of the Lower Cretaceous Aucella-bearing series 

of the Pacific States, with a discussion of its age and of its relations 

with various other formations characterized by a similar fauna.

 The body of the paper is devoted to the description and illustration 

of the invertebrate fauna of the Knoxville, in which 77 distinct species 

and varieties are recognized and 50 species are described as new. 

Very respectfully,

T. W. STANTON, , Assistant Paleontologist. 

Hon. 0. D. WALCOTT,

Director United States Geological Survey.

9

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE CRETACEOUS PALEONTOLOGY OF THE 

PACIFIC COAST: THE FAUNA OF THE KNOXVILLE BEDS.

BY TIMOTHY W. STANTON.

INTRODUCTION.

DEFINITION OF THE KNOXVILLE BEDS.

Previous to the publication in 1869 of Vol. II, Palaeontology of California, the deposits on the Pacific Coast now recognized as Cretaceous 

were not divided into groups or formations. In that volume Professors 

Whitney and Gabb gave the name Shasta group to the complex series 

of Lower Cretaceous beds which they recognized to be of different ages, 

probably from the Neocomian to the Gault, inclusive. They also proposed the names Chico group, Martinez group, and Tejon group for the 

beds overlying the Shasta in the order named. Of these the Tejon is 

now generally believed to be of Eocene age, and the Cretaceous portion of the ill-defined and heterogeneous Martinez group is inseparable 

from the Chico.

In 1885 Dr. 0. A. White l and Dr. G. F. Becker l recognized two 

divisions of the Shasta formation, which they called the Knoxville 

beds and the Horsetown beds. The former, which is especially characterized by the abundant occurrence of Aucella, was named from the 

village of Kuoxville, in the quicksilver mining district of Napa County, 

Cal., where it is well developed, while the typical localities of the 

Horsetown beds, characterized by a different fauna, rich in ammonites, 

were given as the north fork of Cottonwood Creek and Horsetown, in 

Shasta County.

Although at that time the stratigraphic relations of these two divisions were not known, and they had not even been seen in adjacent 

areas, subsequent more detailed studies have confirmed the opinions 

then expressed, both as to the position of the Knoxville beneath the 

Horsetown and as to the limits between the two. It is true that they 

have been found to be much more closely connected, both faunally and 

stratigraphically, than was then supposed, but wherever they have 

been seen in contact the upper limit of the range of Aucella has proved 

to be the most natural and convenient line of separation between the

-Bulls. U. S. Geol. Surv. Nos. 15 and 19. The divisions were again defined by Dr.'Becker, in Mon. 

U. S. Geol. Surv. Vol. XIII.

11
12 FAUNA OF THE KNOXVILLE BEDS. [BULL. 133.

two divisions, 1 and the base of the section on the north fork of Cottonwood Creek practically coincides with the base of the Horsetown beds. 

The Knoxville may be briefly denned, therefore, as the Aucella-bearing Cretaceous beds on the Pacific Coast of the United States.

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION.

Although it is a well-known fact that beds strictly equivalent with 

the Knoxville occur in British Columbia, and probably in Alaska, 

Mexico, and more distant regions, it is thought best to limit the present 

description and discussion of the fauna to species collected within the 

United States and at localities where the stratigraphic relations are 

fairly well established. As thus restricted, the Knoxville beds are confined to the coast ranges of California, Oregon, and Washington, where 

they have been recognized by the presence of Aucella at many localities, from Santa Margarita, San Luis Obispo County, Cal. (a little 

north of latitude 35°), on the south, to the neighborhood of Seattle, 

Wash., on the north. Some of the more important localities will be 

described below.

STRATIGRAPHIC RELATIONS.

The upper limit of the Knoxville beds has already been mentioned. 

Where the series is complete, as in Tehama County, Cal., the Knoxville 

is conformably overlain by the Horsetown beds, with a varied and 

abundant fauna. The lower limit is more difficult to define, because 

the base is usually either concealed by the intrusion of eruptive rocks or 

rests on metamorphic rocks of undetermined age. Massive dikes of 

serpentine (occasionally unaltered peridotite) are very frequently associated with the Lower Knoxville beds throughout the entire area of 

their occurrence. On the Cold fork of Cottonwood Creek, Tehama

County, the underlying rocks include crystalline limestone of probable 

Carboniferous age.2 Opinions have differed as to the age of the metamorphic rocks associated .with the Lower Knoxville in the areas farther 

south, some authors, as Whitney, and more recently Becker, holding 

that they are only altered portions of the Cretaceous beds, while others 

have thought that they are of pre-Cretaceous age. The latter view has 

been maintained especially by Mr. H. W. Fairbanks in a number of 

papers published in 1892 to 1894. One of the latest 3 of these summarizes the arguments for the pre-Cretaceous age of these rocks. The 

evidence of an unconformity between them and the Knoxville, striking 

differences in the lithological character of the sediments, and the 

absence of the Knoxville fauna are the main points advanced to prove

'Practically the same divisions were recognized by Mr. J. F. Whiteaves, in an article "On the 

Lower Cretaceous Kocks of British Columbia," published in Trans. Royal Soc. of Canada, Vol. I, sec. 

4, pp. 81-86, 1882. He did not give a name to the lower division, however, and in his later publications he has denied the validity of the divisions then made, so far as they apply to the Cretaceous of 

British America. *

2Diller and Stanton, The Shasta-Chico Series, Bull. Geol. Soc. Am., Vol. V, p. 442.

3 Review of our knowledge of the Geology of the California Coast Ranges, Bull. Geol. Soc. Am., Vol. 

VJ, pp. 71-102, 1894.
BTANTON.] LITHOLOGIC CHARACTER. 3

the thesis. These supposed pre-Cretaceous beds have yielded very 

.few definite fossils. At Slates Springs, Monterey County, Mr. Fairbanks obtained a large species of Inoceramus l and a few other forms, 

none of which is referable to Knoxville species, though the Inoceramus 

is related to I. quatsinoensis Whiteaves from the Aucella-bearing Cretaceous of Vancouver Island. Inoceramus ellioti Gabb, from the " San 

Francisco sandstone" on Alcatraz Island, is also referred to this preCretaceous series by Fairbanks, and a few other indeterminate fossils 

have been obtained from the same beds in the neighborhood of San 

Francisco. Cherts interbedded with the San Francisco sandstone contain abundant, but badly preserved, radiolarian remains.2 The paleontological evidence, though meager, indicates that these beds, as well as 

those at Slates Springs, are not older than Jurassic, but it is not sufficient to fix their age more definitely. While it seems probable that

they underlie the Knoxville beds and are unconformable with them, no 

section has yet been described in which their stratigraphic relations 

may be clearly seen.

We may say, then, that the Knoxville beds rest on strata of different 

ages, from the Carboniferous to probable Upper Jurassic, and that 

they are unconformable on the underlying strata at some places, and 

probably everywhere.

LITHOLOGIC CHARACTER.

Dark clay shales greatly predominate over all other kinds of rocks 

in the? Kuoxville beds, but there is also considerable sandstone, usually 

in thin beds. In some places the lower part of the formation consists 

of alternations of shale and sandstone, or calcareous material, in 

bands only a few inches thick. There are also occasional thicker beds 

of sandstone, and sometimes massive conglomerates. The larger 

bodies of shale frequently contain many calcareous concretions, and 

such concretions are sometimes found even in the coarse conglomerates. More rarely there are larger bodies of limestone, several feet in 

thickness, but they do not form continuous beds of any great extent. 

For example, the limestone 3 miles northwest of Paskenta, which has 

yielded a number of the fossils described in this paper, is only about 

100 feet long. The one near Wilbur Springs, Colusa County, may be 

traced for about one-fourth mile. The conglomerates also appear to be 

local deposits of no great length, though sometimes of very considerable thickness.

LOCAL DEVELOPMENT.

TEHAMA COUNTY, CAL.

The area on the west side of the Sacramento Valley, extending 

southward from the north fork of Cottonwood Creek, through Shasta 

and Tehama counties, shows a better development of the Lower

1 Op. cit., p. 93. See also 12th Kept. Gal. State Mining Bureau, p. 519, 1894.

2 F. L. Ransome, Geology of Angel Island, with a note on the Radiolaria by Dr. G. J. Hinde, Bull. 

Geol. Dept. Univ. of Cal., Vol. I, pp. 193-240.
14 FAUNA OF THE KNOXVILLE BEDS. [BULL. 133.

Cretaceous, both faunally and stratigraphically, than any other region 

yet studied in California. Its principal features have been described by 

Mr. J. S. Diller 1 and the present writer 2 in several papers, from which 

the following notes are condensed. The object is not to give a full 

geological description of the areas described, but to give enough 

to show the associations and stratigraphic relations of the fossils 

described. In the lists of species from the Knoxville beds the nomenclature is revised in accordance with that adopted in the body of this 

paper, and whenever there are changes or omissions from lists from the 

same localities, published in earlier papers, the present lists are to be 

regarded as more nearly correct.

The most northerly point in Sacramento Valley at which the Knoxville fauna has been found is at Stephenson's, on the Cold fork of Cottonwood Creek, Tehama County. It is certain, however, that the 

Knoxville beds continue some miles farther north, for their thickness 

here, as estimated by Mr. Diller, is about 10,000 feet, though they do 

not extend as far as Ono, some 25 miles north, where the Horsetown 

beds rest directly on metamorphic rocks. The 10,000 feet of Knoxville 

beds in the Cold fork section consist of dark crumpled shales with 

thin calcareous and sandy bands, and several heavy local beds of 

coarse conglomerate, the whole resting unconformably on metamorphic 

rocks of probably Carboniferous age. The basal bed at one place is a. 

coarse conglomerate, and at another point in the same neighborhood it 

is a shale. The strata all have a steep dip, often nearly or quite 

vertical.

The only fossils found were in the upper part of the Knoxville. 

Near Stephenson's house Amelia crassicollis is quite abundant, and 

almost on the strike of this bed, five-eighths of a mile up a small 

ravine that comes in from the northwest, some thin, slightly calcareous

layers yielded the following species:

Pentacrinus sp. 

Rhynchonella sp. 

Terebratella californica. 

Terebratula sp. 

Ostrea sp. cf. skidegatensis. 

Lima multilineata. 

Pecten californicus? 

Spondylus fragilis. 

Aucella crassicollis. 

Myoconcha arnericana. 

Area textrina. 

Pectunculus ? ovatus.

Leda glabra. 

Opis californica. 

Cypriua occideiitalis. 

Astarte californica. 

Solecurttis ? dubius. 

Corbula filosa. 

Helcion grannlatus. 

Fissurella bipunctata. 

Pleurotomaria sp. 

Turritella sp. 

Cerithium sp. 

J-Jelencmites iiupressus.

The beds overlying the Knoxville here form a continuous section up 

to and including the Chico, but it was not studied in detail and only a 

few fossiliferous horizons were found. One of these is a limestone, 

believed to be within the Horsetown beds, a half mile or more across 

the strike from the Aucella locality. It yielded numerous specimens

'Am. Jour. Sci. (3), Vol. XL, 1895, p. 476; Bull. Geol. Soc. Am., Vol. II, p. 207; vol. 4, pp. 205-224; 

TO!. 5, pp. 435-464 (the last a joint paper). 

2Bull. Geol. Soc. Am., Vol. IV, pp. 245-256.
STANTON.] TEHAMA COUNTY, CAL. 15

of Modiola major, Fusus f sp., and a few examples of a Lucina f and an 

Olcostephanus related to 0. deansii Whiteaves.

On Elder Creek, 15 miles south of the Cold fork of the Cottonwood, 

Messrs. J. S. Diller 1 and J. Stanley-Brown have measured a section 

that shows the enormous thickness of 30,000 feet of Cretaceous strata, 

of which about 20,000 feet are assigned to the Knoxville. The following descriptive notes on this section are by Mr. Diller 2 :

In the Knoxville beds shales predominate, although there are a large number of 

thin sandstones interstratified with the shales. The great majority of these sandstones are less than a foot in thickness, and they rarely, if ever, attain 10 feet 

along the north fork of Elder Creek. Sandstones are most abundant in the lower 

half of the Knoxville; in the upper half they are uncommon. Both north and south 

of Elder Creek the Kuoxville beds contain thick strata of conglomerate, which do 

not appear in the measured section. The base of the section is serpentine, which 

has resulted from the alteration of an eruptive rock, in all probability belonging to

the peridotites. Eipple marks have been found in this portion of the section,

showing that the rocks were deposited in shallow -water.

The shales of the Knoxville beds, with occasional thin layers of sandstone, continue upward without any interruption either in the character of the sediments or 

in the position of the strata into the Horsetown beds. On account of the gradual 

transition in all respects from the Knoxville to the Horsetowii beds, it is impossible 

to draw a sharp line between them. Aucella being the most abundant, widely distributed, and characteristic fossil of the Knoxville beds, it seems best to draw the 

line upon a paleontological basis at the upper limits of the Aucella-bearing layers. 

At that horizon fossils are usually abundant.

The Horsetown beds [about 6,000 feet thick] in this section are composed chiefly 

of shales, although there are some sandstones of considerable size. One was observed 

50 feet in thickness, another 12 feet, and a third 8 feet. Few fossils were found in 

these beds along Elder Creek, but a short distance to the southward, in the Bald 

Hills, immediately above the Knoxville, they are more fossiliferous. Several miles 

east of Lowreys, on Elder Creek, the basal portion of the Chico is rich in fossils. 

Here is found an intermingling of numerous Chico aud Horsetown forms.

The Chico, which has a thickness of nearly 4,000 feet in this section, is composed 

chiefly of sandstones and conglomerates. The basal portion is made up of conglomerates altogether. The upper portion for 1,100 feet is composed- chiefly of shales, 

and there are some shales lower down intercalated between the sandstones and conglomerates. The conglomerates at the base contain numerous nodules of limestone 

which are rich in fossils.

Few fossils were found in either the Knoxville or the Horsetown 

along the line of the measured section. About 5,000 feet above the 

base of the section the typical variety of Aucella pioclili is abundant, 

and some 8,000 feet higher the following fossil plants, identified by 

Prof. W. M. Fontaine, were collected:

Angiopteridium canmorense (?). 

Glossozamites klipsteini. 

Pecopteris strictinervis (?). 

Thyrsopteris rarinervis (?). 

Nageiopsis longifolia (?). 

Sagenopteris sp. 

Cephalotaxopsis sp. 

Cladophlebis inclinata (?).

Osmunda dicksonoides (?). 

Angiopteridium strictinerve ( ?). 

Angiopteridium nervosum (?). 

Aspidium dunkeri (?). 

Aspidium heterophyllum. 

Aspleniopteris pinnatifida (?). 

Thinnfeldia variabilis (?).

'Am. Jour. Sci. (3), Vol. XL, p. 476; republished in somewhat detailed form, with lists of fossils, in 

Bull. Geol. Soc. Am., Vol. V, pp. 439-440. 

"Bull. Geol. Soc. Am., Vol. V, pp. 440-441.
16 FAUNA OF THE KNOXVILLE BEDS. [BULL. 133.

The collection was not large and the material was not very well preserved; consequently few positive identifications could be made. The 

species to which they are doubtfully referred are all from the Lower 

Cretaceous.

Higher in the Knoxville, 4,000 to 5,000 feet above the plant horizon, 

Lytoceras batesi, Desmoceras sp., and Belemnites impressus were collected.

No thoroughly characteristic Horsetown species were obtained in the 

section, but in the lower 1,500 feet of the Chico the following species 

were collected:

Thetis annulata. 

Tellina ashburneri. 

Tellina parilis. 

Deutalium straniineum. 

Lunatia avellaua. 

Gyrodes expansa. 

Anchura falciformis. 

Anchura californica. 

Cinulia matthewsoni. 

Actaeon inornatus. 

Desmoceras j ugale ?.

Pecten opercnliformis. 

Exogyra parasitica. 

Cucullsea truncata. 

Nemodon vancouverensis. 

Pectunculus veatchi. 

Trigonia evansana. 

Trigonia leana. 

Meekia sella. 

Coralliochama orcutti. 

Chione variaus. 

Caryatis nitida.

A still higher horizon yielded Inoceramus whitneyi and Pachydiscus 

newberryanus.

The Horsetown and the Knoxville are both much better represented 

paleontologically just south of the section in the area extending from 

the north fork of Elder Creek to Paskenta, a distance of 10 miles. A 

large proportion of the species described beyond are from this area, 

which may really be regarded as a part of the Elder Creek section, 

since the general strike of the beds is nearly north and south, and 

some of the horizons may be easily traced for long distances. On the

south fork of Elder Creek, near Cooper's, which is about 5 miles southwest of Lowreys and not more than 4 miles south of the measured section, there are good exposures of the strata 2,000 to 3,000 feet below 

the top of the Knoxville. Calcareous bands and concretions in the 

shales at the lower horizon mentioned contain numerous specimens of 

Aucella piochii, with occasional specimens of A.piochii var. ovata and an 

abundance of fossil wood. There were also obtained here Pecten sp., 

Lucina ovalis^), Hoplites storrsi, Phylloceras knoxvillensis, fragments of 

Lytoceras batesi, or a closely related species, and Belemnites. A little 

higher in the same section a heavy bed of sandstone, forming a high 

ridge, yielded Aucella piochii and variety with imperfect specimens of 

a Perisphinctes. In the overlying shales, about 1,000 feet above the 

horizon of Hoplites storrsi, Aucella piocliii var. ovata and Belemnites tehamaensis are abundant. Aucella crassicollis and Inoceramus 

ovatus were collected here also; Hoplites dilleri comes from near this 

horizon perhaps a little lower some 3 miles to the northward.

The locality 3 miles northwest of Paskenta, which will be frequently 

mentioned in the descriptions of species', is 4 or 5 miles south of Cooper's
STANTON.] TEHAMA COUNTY, CAL. 17

and on approximately the horizon from which Hoplites storrsi, Pliylloceras knoxvillensis, etc., were obtained. Here, in the midst of shales 

with Aucella piocMi, there is a mass of limestone about 10 feet thick 

and not much more than 100 feet long. It has yielded the following 

species:

Rliynchonella schucherti. 

Aucella piochii^ 

Aucella piochii var. ovata. 

Nucula gabbi. 

Nucula storrsi. 

Lucina ovalis. 

Luciria colnsaensis. 

Cardiniopsis unioides.

Solemya occidentalis. 

Corbula persulcata. 

Turbo paskentaensis. 

Amberleya dilleri. 

Hypsipleura occidentalis. 

Cerilhium paskentaensis. 

Phylloceras kiioxvilleiisis (?). 

Belemnites sp. Fragments.

Almost directly across the strike from this place, in beds about 2,000

feet higher, the following were collected:

Aucella crassicollis, var. 

Desraoceras californicum.

Hoplites crassiplicatus. 

Hoplites dilleri.

This is the locality on McCarty Creek, one-fourth mile east of Hendersou's.

The other localities between Elder Creek and Paskenta at which 

K'noxville fossils other than Aucella have been collected are all on 

approximately the same horizon, very near the upper limit of the Knoxville beds, and separated from each other along the strike by intervals 

of about 1 mile. Beginning at the north, the first is 2 miles south of 

Lowreys, where the following species were obtained:

Aucella crassicollis.

Anemia senescens.

Aporrbais sp., related to Helicaulax [?]

bicariuata. 

Desmoceras sp.

A mile farther south a small limestone exposure and adjacent shales 

yielded:

Lytoceras batesi. 

Olcostephanus trichotomus. 

Crioceras latus. 

Belemnites impressus.

Turbo ? bumerosus. 

Turbo trilineatus. 

Olcostepbanns mutabilis.

Aucella crassicollis. 

Nucula gabbi. 

Solemya occidentalism ?). 

Astarte trapezoidalis.

The next locality southward is on Wilcox's ranch and immediately 

east of it, where the uppermost layers of the Knoxville contained:

Aucella crassicollis. 

Desmoceras sp. 

Olcostephanus mutabilis.

Lytoceras batesi. 1 

Sagenopteris mantelli. 3 

Pterophyllum californicum. 2

In this neighborhood the lower 200 feet of the Horsetown beds are 

fossiliferous, containing many species that are characteristic of the

1 This species was not collected in the same layers with the other species, but, from the locality given, 

must have come from a somewhat lower bed.

2 Theso two species of plants were, directly associated with Aucella. The Pteropbyllum is a new 

species, named by Professor Foiitaine; see Bull. Geol. Soc. Am., Vol. V, p. 450.

Bull. 133 2
18 FAUNA OF THE KNOXVILLE BEDS. [BULL. 133.

Lower Horsetown on the north fork of Cottonwood Creek. The following were collected:

Pecten operculiformis. 

Plicatula variata. 

Nemodon vancouverensis. 

Pleuroruya papyracea. l 

Potamides diadema. 

Helicaulax [?] bicarinata. 

Lunatia avellaaa. 

Phylloceras onoensis. 2 

Lytoceras batesi. 

Olcostephanus traski. 

Olcostophanus sp\ 

Crioceras percostatus. 

Crioceras latus. 

Belemuites impressus.

Acttoon impressus.

This list contains several species that also occur in the Knoxville, 

but the general assemblage of forms is characteristic of the Horsetowu. 

It shows the close relationship of adjacent portions of the two faunas.

The only other locality in this area to be mentioned is a little farther 

south, on Shelton's ranch, 5 miles north of Paskenta. Small exposures 

in a hill one-fourth mile northwest of Shelton's house yielded the following Upper Knoxville species:

Pentacrinus sp. 

Cidaris?sp. Fragments. 

Avicula whiteavesi. 

Aucella crassicollis. 

Pinna sp. 

Area textrina (?). 

Area tehamaensis. 

Leda glabra.

Astarte corrugata. 

Dentalium californicum. 

Hypsipleura gregaria. 

Ceritbium strigosum. 

Olcostepkanus mutabilis. 

Hoplites angulatus. 

Belemnites impressus. 

Beleninites sp.

It is not necessary to mention the numerous localities within this 

area where Aucella has beeu found, since they occur in abundance at 

most of the Knoxville exposures. Notes on the range of the different 

species and varieties of Aucella will be found on pages 40-41,44,46.

' COLUSA COUNTY, CAL.'

The Cretaceous strata extending southward from. Tehama County 

through Gleim, Colusa, Lake, and Napa counties, all belong to a single 

area, interrupted only by occasional eruptive masses or by a covering 

of more recent formations, though no detailed sections including all 

the divisions of the Cretaceous have been studied here. In. the neighborhood of Wilbur Springs, on Sulphur Creek, Colusa County, there is 

a great thickness of Knoxville beds. There has been considerable 

local disturbance of the strata by folds and faults, and I was not able 

to find, during a brief examination of the area, either the base or the 

top of the series. On the hill immediately south of Wilbur Springs 

there is a bed of white limestone, a few feet in thickness, closely associated with a serpentine mass. The limestone3 is very fossiliferous,

1 This form has been referred to P. Icevigata Whiteaves in my previous papers. Gabb's name has 

priority.

2 See p. 74.

3 A few fossils from this locality were described by Gabb in Palseont. of Gal., Vol. II, and it is mentioned, with brief notes on the geology of the region by Becker, in Mon. TJ. S. Gool. Surv. Vol- XIII, 

p. 367.
STANTON.] COLUSA, LAKE, AND NAPA COUNTIES'. 19

Rhynchonella whitneyi being the most abundant species. The list of 

fossils obtained here is as follows:

Rhynchonella whitueyi. 

Modiola major. 

Pecteii couiplexicosta. 

Lucina colusaensis.

Turbo wilburensis. 

Turbo colusaensis. 

Turbo ? humerosus.

The strata in contact with the limestone are not exposed for some 

distance, but shales and sandstones not far away across the strike on 

either side contain Aucella piocliii. The species was found in the sandstone across a ravine from the Manzanita mine and at other localities 

west of that place; also in the shales on Sulphur Creek, less than onehalf' mile east of the limestone. The general dip of the rocks on either 

side is away from the limestone and the associated serpentine. While 

it is not now possible to assign this limestone to its exact position 

within the Knoxville beds, there can be no reasonable doubt of its

Kuoxville age.

On Bear Creek, near the mouth of Sulphur Creek, about a mile east 

of Wilbur Springs, Aucella piocliii is very abundant, associated with 

Phylloceras knoxvillensis (1) and Belemnites. Still farther east there 

are thick beds of coarse conglomerate.

The following species from Colusa County described by Gabb in 

Palaeontology of California, vol. 2, which may possibly belong to the 

Kuoxville fauna, have not been included in this paper:

Paketractus crassus. 

Cordiera mitrseformis.

Einginella polita. 

Liociurn punctatum.

The locality is given as south of road from Colusa to Hot Sulphur 

Springs, in the first range of foothills, and it is also stated that Atresius 

liratus 1 is associated with them. This species is included in the Knoxville because it has since been found associated with characteristic 

fossils of that formation, but the others are omitted until something 

more is learned of their stratigraphic occurrence. They are suggestive 

of a much later age. Gordiera mitrceformis appears to be very closely 

related with Scobinella dilleri White 2 from the Chico, and I have identified an abundant small form in the Upper Horsetown with Liocium 

punctatum.

LAKE AND NAPA COUNTIES, CAL.

A few miles south of Sulphur Creek, in the eastern part of Lake 

County, Aucella piocliii and A. piocliii var. ovata occur abundantly in a 

coarse conglomerate. Phylloceras Tcnoxvillensis (*?) and Belemnites sp. 

also occur here. The locality is in the first ridge south of Cache Creek 

.and about 5 miles north of Palmer's ranch, which is in Morgan Valley midway between Lower Lake and Knoxville. Above (south of) 

this ridge there are alternations of shales, conglomerates, and crystalline rocks, followed by unaltered shales and sandstones. Whether the

1 Op. cit., p. 1?4. "Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv. £To. 51, p. 25, PI. IV, figs. 1-3.
20 FAUNA OF THE KNOXVILLE BEDS. ' [BULL. 133.

crystalline rocks form dikes or are interbedded eruptives was not 

determined. At a locality 1 mile northwest of Palmer's, and therefore 

apparently several thousand feet above the fossiliferous conglomerate, 

with Aucella piochii, Mr. Jasper Palmer, jr., collected the following 

species in a white limestone:

Pecten coinplexicosta. 

Astarte trapezoidalis.

Turbo morganensis. 

Atresius liratus.

Numerous specimens of Aucella crassicollis were collected from concretions in the shales near by, making it reasonably certain that the 

horizon is near the top of the Knoxville. It is probable that this is 

the "Morgan Valley" locality mentioned by Gabb, from which he 

obtained Pecten coinplexicosta and Modiola major.

The geology of a small area surrounding the village of Knoxville, in 

northern Napa County, has been described and mapped by Dr. Becker.1 

The strata are highly disturbed, so that the details of the stratigraphy 

have not been thoroughly determined, though the sedimentary rocks 

are all referred to the Knoxville division. Both Aucella piochii and 

A. crassicollis occur in the neighborhood, sometimes near each other, 

but not associated in the same stratum. It is reasonable to infer that 

the two forms here have the same stratigraphic relation to each other 

that they are known to have in regions where the structure is more 

simple. Other fossils are rare? the only determinable species being 

Belemnites impressus and young specimens of Phylloceras Icnoxvillensis. 

Dr. White also reports 2 Ammonites ramosus (?), Potamides diadema ("?), 

Lima shastaensis (*?), Margarita (?), Dentalium, Area, Nuculana, and 

Ehynchonella. The first of these is now referred to Phylloceras Icnoxvillensis, the second may be Amberleya dilleri, and the others are too 

imperfect for identification.

MOUNT DIABLO AND OTHER LOCALITIES SOUTHWARD.

Knoxville beds occur in the neighborhood of Mount Diablo, east of 

San Francisco. The area has been studied and described somewhat in 

detail by Mr. H. W. Turner,3 and according to his map and section the 

Knoxville appears only on the northern and northwestern sides of the 

peak, where it is in contact with metamorphic and eruptive rocks. 

Lithologically the beds have the usual character, consisting of dark 

shales interstratified with thin arenaceous and calcareous layers. They 

are well exposed in the canyon of Bagley Creek, where, near the contact with the eruptive area, Aucella piochii has been collected by several parties, including the writer. At other localities in the vicinity 

Mr. Turner obtained fragmentary specimens of Belemnites, Inoceramus, 

and a few other indeterminate forms. The thickness of the Knoxville 

in this area has not been well determined, on account of the difficulty 

in fixing its upper limits in the local section. The fossils that have

' MOD. U. S. Geol. Surv. No. XIII, pp. 271-290.

2 Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv. No. 15, p. 20.

3 Bull. Geol. Soc. Am., Vol. II, pp. 383-402.
STANTON.] MOUNT DIABLO REGION. 21

been found in it are ail in the lower portion, and there is a thickness of 

several thousand feet of overlying strata, in which no fossils have yet 

been found. On the line of a section northward from the Aucella 

locality on Bagley Creek the next fossiliferous horizon seen was in the 

upper part of the Ohico, where Baculites chicoensis and a few other 

characteristic Chico fossils were found, only a few hundred feet below 

beds of Tejon (Eocene) age. The intervening strata, which are mostly 

covered, I estimated to be about 5,000 feet thick.

A large part of their thickness belongs to the Chico, for the exposure south of Mount Diablo yielding Trigonia evamana, Nemodon Vancouver ensis, Anchura calif ornica, Baculites chicoensis , Acanthoceras turneri, 

etc., represents a low horizon in that formation, which Mr. Turner estimates to be nearly 6,000 feet thick in this vicinity. The thickness of 

the Chico is well shown along the railroad northeastward from the

arsenal near Benicia, a few miles north of Mount Diablo. In that

section the Chico can riot be less than 3,000 or 4,000 feet thick.

Whether the strata lying between the Chico and the horizon of 

Aucella piocliii include representatives of all the Knoxville beds with 

Aucella crassicollis, as well as of the Horsetown beds, is one of the 

questions yet to be answered. If the horizons are all represented, then 

sedimentation was here very much less rapid during a part of the Cretaceous than it was 150 miles north, in Tehama County 5 while if the 

Horsetown and a part of the Knoxville beds are really lacking, there 

must have been a local uplift of the Mount Diablo region which did 

not involve the coast ranges farther north, where Mr. Diller has shown 

that there was continuous sedimentation from the Knoxville to the 

Chico, inclusive. It is an interesting fact in this connection that the 

Horsetown fauna has not been found well developed any place south 

of Tehama County, though it doubtless will be found in the unstudied 

areas immediately south of that county. The reported occurrence of 

Lytoceras Tjatesi at Benicia and south of Mount Diablo has been cited 

as evidence that the Horsetown beds are probably present there, but 

Gabb distinctly credits these specimens to the Chico. 1 It is probable 

that they belong to a somewhat similar but distinct species that has 

recently been found in the Chico on Cow Creek, Sha.sta County.

The presence of the Knoxville near the shore of San Francisco Bay 

is 'attested by the occurrence of Aucella piochii just north of Berkeley, 

at a locality pointed out to me by Prof. A. C. Lawson, of the State 

University.

Through the kindness of Prof. James Perriii Smith, of Stanford 

University, I have been allowed to examine specimens of Aucella piockii 

and Belemnites from a locality 7 miles east of San Jose,2 and others

t. Gal., Vol. II, p. 211.

2Bull. Geol. Soc. Am., Vol. V, p. 257. Professor Smith compared these forms with the Russian 

species Aucella mosqucnsis and A. trigonoidf.s, and concluded that they are probably of Jurassic age, 

older than the Knoxville series. He states that those from the first-named locality are from the 

" metamorphic phthannite series.' 1 On comparing the fossils I could not see any reason for separating them from the Knoxville forms.
22 FAUNA OP THE KNOXVILLE BEDS. [BULL. 133.

that seem to belong to Aucdla piochii var. ovata, from Stevens Creek 

Canyon, 13 miles from Mountain View, Gal.

At the most southerly known locality of the Knoxville beds, in the 

Santa Lucia range, 5 miles west of Santa Margarita, San Luis Obispo 

County, Mr. Turner 1 and Mr. Fairbanks 2 have collected Aucella piochii, 

and at other localities in the same county, on Toro Creek and Pine 

Mountain, the latter gentleman obtained Aucella crassicollis, indicating 

that at least two Knoxville horizons are represented in that region.

RIDDLES, OREG.

This locality is in southeastern Oregon, on Cow Creek, near its junction with the south fork of Umpqua River. The Cretaceous rocks here, 

covering an area about 5 miles long by 3 miles wide, are in contact 

with metarnorphic rocks on the east and with serpentine and peridotite 

on the west. The strata at most exposures have a steep dip and seem to 

form a syncline, complicated perhaps by faults or minor folds. Small 

faults are seen at many exposures. The rocks consist of shales and 

sandstones, with heavy beds of coarse conglomerate, especially near 

the base, and with thinner calcareous bands.

Some of the exposures in the central portion.of the area, as on the 

banks of Cow Creek just below the bridge at Kiddles and in the first 

low ridge east of the creek, a short distance above the town, are very 

fossiliferous, yielding a number of species characteristic of the Horsetown beds, with some new forms that have not been seen elsewhere.

The following, with some other undetermined species, were obtained 

here :

Peiitacrinus sp. 

Eliynclionella sp. 

Pecten operculiforrnis.

Nemodon vancouverensis (=Arca breweriaua).

Trigonia aequicostata. 

Trigonia leana (?). 

Opis sp.

Cardiurn (Protocardia) sp. 

Pleuromya papyracea (=P. la>vigata). 

Helicaulax [?] bicarinata.

Lytoceras batesi.

Lytoceras sp. 

Olcosteplianns traski. 

Hoplites sp. 

Belemnites irapressus.

Eriphyla ep.

The same bed has yielded the following species of plants, identified 

by Professor Fontaine, who states that they indicate the Horsetown 

age:

Nageiopsis latifolia. Angiopteridium oregoneuse n. sp. 3

Angiopteridium nervosum.

At the second locality mentioned above, the stratum containing this 

assemblage of forms is not more than 150 feet above shales containing 

Aucella crassicollis, so that it is very near the base of the Horsetown. 

This is precisely the position that is indicated by the fauna, which is

i Mon. U. S. Geol. Surv. Vol. XIII, p. 381. 1888. 

»13th Rept. Gal. State Mineralogist, p. 512, 1894. 

3 Not yet described.
STANTON] RIDDLES, OREGON. 23

largely identical with that of the basal Horsetown beds, on the north 

fork of Oottonwood Creek and in Tehama County, Cal. On the road 

to the nickel mines, west of Riddles, a sandstone exposure yielded 

Triyonia cvquicostata, Eriphyla sp., Pleuromya papyracca, and a few 

others of these Horsetown species. This exposure ajDparently lies 

between others not far away in which Aucella crassicollis is abundant, 

and if the beds are in their normal relation to each oth'er there is here 

an alternation of Aucella beds with the Horsetown fauna such as has 

not been seen elsewhere. It is more probable, however, that these 

beds have been brought into their present position by faulting or folding, as there are sudden- changes in dip and other evidences of local 

disturbance in the immediate neighborhood. In one of these upper 

Aucella beds on the road to the nickel mines, 2 or 3 miles west of 

Kiddies, Mr. W. Q. Brown obtained the type of Hoplites hyatti'm immediate association with Aucdla crassicollis.

The lower Knoxville beds of the Riddles area contain Aucellapiochii and its variety ovata. This species is found near the base of the 

series, where it rests (probably uncon form ably) on the metamorphic 

rocks in the hills southeast and east of Riddles; also along the railroad 

on the banks of Umpqua River about 2 miles north of Riddles. It 

also occurs on the bank of Cow Creek one-half mile below the town, 

where the beds containing it are probably brought up by faulting. .

The Knoxville beds are also well exhibited along the south fork of 

Umpqua River below the mouth of Cow Creek, where a thickness 

of several thousand feet is exposed and many of the beds are full of 

Aucella crassicollis.

In discussing the relations of the Knoxville and Horsetown beds Mr. 

Becker 1 has mentioned these localities near Riddles and has published 

a list of fossils essentially the same as the one given above (with some 

changes in the nomenclature), excepting that he regards Aucella as an 

associate of the Horsetown fossils mentioned. Mr. Diller, 2 who has 

visited the locality several times, and has briefly described the structure of the area, has expressed similar views concerning the relations 

of the fossils, though he states that he has "never been able to obtain 

Aucella and Horsetown fossils from exactly the same exposure." After 

visiting the locality and studying the collections made there by Messrs'. 

Becker, Brown, Diller, and the writer, I am. confident that Aucella 

has not been found associated in the same stratum with the Horsetown fauna. I think it is safe, therefore, to interpret this section as 

agreeing with those in Tehama County, where the Horsetown beds rest 

conformably on the Knoxville and the faunas are essentially distinct, 

though having some species in common. When the structure of the 

area is worked out in detail with the aid of paleontology the anomalies 

in the distribution of some of the beds will doubtless be explained.

1 Bull. Geol. Soc. Am., Vol. II, pp. 203-205.

2 Ibid., p. 208; Vol. IV. p. 212.
24 FAUNA OF THE KNOXVILLE BEDS. [BULL. 133. 

LOCALITIES IN WASHINGTON.

The presence of Knoxville beds in Washington is inferred from the 

occurrence of bowlders containing Aucella crassicollis near. Seattle and 

Tacoma, 1 and also from the fact that Aucella beds are well developed 

in British Columbia immediately north of Washington.

THE FAUNA OF THE KNOXVILLE BEDS.

In the description of the species, forming the principal part of this 

paper, 77 species and varieties of invertebrates are enumerated. They 

have also been named in the local lists on the preceding pages. Of 

these 77 species, 50 are described as new, 12 have'been described in 

previous publications, and the remainder are simply referred to genera 

because the material at hand is insufficient for specific diagnoses. All 

but 7 of the species are Mollusea, including 33 species of Pelecypoda, 

1 species of Scaphopoda, 18 species of Gastropoda, and 18 species of 

Cephalopoda, of which 15 are Ammonoids and 3 are Belemnites. The 

other 7 species'include 5 Brachiopoda and 2 Echinodermata (1 Crinoid 

and 1 Echinoid).

The very large proportion of new species will doubtless seem remarkable, but it should be remembered that the majority of them are comparatively rare, and the great abundance of Aucella, usually without 

any associates, has doubtless discouraged careful search for fossils. In 

the last few years, however, the discussions concerning the age of the 

Knoxville beds and their importance in the geology of the Pacific Coast 

have attracted attention to them. Mr. Diller and other geologists 

working in that region have therefore made special efforts to find other 

fossils associated with Aucella. The result has been the addition of an 

almost entirely new fauna to the Cretaceous of the Pacific Coast, though 

it is evident that we know, as yet, only a fraction of the fauna that 

existed during the Knoxville epoch. This is shown by the fact that 

almost every locality for fossils discovered in the Knoxville beds yields 

a group of new species. Only Aucella is distributed throughout the 

horizontal and vertical extent of the series.

When studying the Knoxville fauna as a whole, either in the field or 

from average collections, one is impressed with the excessive preponderance of the Aucellse, so far as number of individuals is concerned. 

In many places they are so abundant that they must have actually 

monopolized the sea bottom, crowding out everything else.

Considering the fauna as an assemblage of species the proportion of 

Brachiopoda, though there are so few, is somewhat greater than in 

other American Cretaceous faunas. Among the Mollusca the variety 

of forms of Turbinidse is noteworthy. The proportion of Ammonoids 

is also quite large, and there is an unusual development of the genus 

Hoplites.

1 See J. S. Diller, Cretaceous and Early Tertiary of Northern California arid Oregon, Bull. Geol. Soc. 

Am., Vol. IV, p. 217.
BTANTON.J BELATED FAUNAS. 25

RELATIONSHIP WITH OTHER FAUNAS.

The local lists of fossils on preceding pages show that the later portions of the Kuoxville fauna are quite closely connected with the succeeding Horsetown fauna, several species passing from the one to the 

other. The general assemblage of forms, however, is sufficiently different for their easy recognition. 1

The fauna of the Mariposa beds on the western slope of the Sierra 

Nevada in central California resembles the Knoxville more closely on 

account of the occurrence of Aucelke in it. Dr. White 2 referred these 

Aucellse and those of the Knoxville to the same species, and regarded the 

Mariposa and the Kuoxville as contemporaneous. Further studies have 

shown that while the Aucellse from the two formations in some varieties 

resemble each other quite closely, they can usually be distinguished.

The Ammonites and other fossils from the Mariposa beds, so far as

they are known, are entirely distinct from those of the Knoxville.

Professor Hyatt says on this point, after examining nearly all of the 

Kuoxville Ammonites here described, that " the fauna of the entire gold 

belt [Mariposa] series of slates have nowhere been found to contain a 

species similar to those of the numerous Ammouitirife found in the Cretacic faunas of the Upper Knoxville and Shasta groups." 3 He lists 

and describes the following species from the Mariposa beds :

Cardioceras dubium. 

Cardioceras beaugrandi. . 

Perispliinctes virgulatiformis. 

Perisphinctes sp. 

Perisphinctes sp. 

Perisphiuctes tiliplex (?). 

Perisphinctes colfaxi. 

Perispliinctes miihlbachi.

CEcotraustes deuticulata. 

Belemnites paciiicus. 

Avicula sp. 

Amusium aurarium. 

Aucella crringtoni. 

Aucella elongata. 

Aucella avicul;efonnis. 

Aucella orbicularis.

Olcostephanus lindgreni.

/

The beds are referred in part to the Upper Oxfordian and correlated 

with the Russian zone of Cardioceras alternans. Prof. J. P. Smith4 

reached essentially the same conclusion concerning the age of these 

beds. The Mariposa is therefore regarded as older than the Knoxville. 

The two faunas have never been found in the same section so that 

their relative stratigraphic positions could be determined, fhe Mariposa 

being confined to the Sierra Nevada and the Knoxville to the Coast 

ranges.

Aucella-bearing strata are reported to occur near Catorce, in the 

State of San Luis Potosi, Mexico, by Nikitin 5 and by Aguilera and 

Ordonez.6 This locality is much farther east as Avell as farther south

J The larger part of the Horsetown fauna is illustrated by Gabb in the Palaeontology of California. 

Nearly all of the species listed in the second volume from the "S'hasta group, north fork of Cottonwood Creek" belong to this fauna.

2Bull. TJ. S. Geol. Surv. No. 15, p. 24.

3 Bull. Geol. Soc. Am., Vol. V, p. 408.

"Bull. Gcol. Soc. Am., Vol. V, pp. 251-256.

6 Neues Jahrb. fiir Hin. Geol. und Palseont.i Bd. II, 1890, p. 273.

6 Dates para la Geologia do Mexico, 1898.
26 FAUNA OF THE KNOXVILLE BEDS. [BULL. 133.

than any other place at which Aucella has been found on the mainland 

of North America. In both papers the strata are referred to the 

Jurassic, and the AucelliB are identified with Russian species.

During the present year Castillo and Aguilera 1 have published an 

important paper in which the fauna of the Mexican Aucella-bearing beds 

is described and illustrated. The strata of the Catorce region are 

lithologically divided into three groups, which are thus described, 

beginning at the base:

1. Metamorphic clay slates without fossils.

2. Alternating beds of sandstone and marly and argillaceous shales, 

very rich in fossils.

3. Compact gray ash-colored more or less siliceous limestones, with 

nodules and bands of black flint. The lowrer part of the group is argillaceous and has a slaty structure. Fossils rare.

Of the 65 species and varieties of invertebrates described from this 

series, 59, including all of the Aucellse, are from the middle group, in 

which two divisions are recognized. The lower division of group No. 

2 is especially rich in Cephalopoda, of which there are enumerated 16 

species of Perisphinctes, 4 of Hoplites, 3 each of Khacophyllites and 

Haploceras, 2 each of Aptychus and Belemnites, and 1 each of Nautilus, 

Olcostephanus, and Aspidoceras. In the upper part of this division 

Aucella makes its first appearance associated with Rhynchonella lacunosa. This form of Aucella is referred to A. bronni.

The upper division of No. 2 includes the principal Aucella-bearing 

bed, in which Messrs. Castillo and Aguilera recognize the following 

forms of Aucella:

Aucella bronni. 

Aucella bronni var. lata. 

Aucella pallasi.

Aucella pallasi var. plicata.

Aucolla pallasi var. tenuistriata.

Aucella volgeusis. 

Aucella fisckeriaha. 

Aucella aff. piriformis.

Aucella terebratuloides.

These forms are said to be all found together in a series of beds with 

a total thickness of 5 meters, which can not be separated into different 

zones. Associated with Aucella in this division are 1 species each of 

Lytoceras, Placeuticeras [*?], Pulchellia, and Olcostephanus.

Aucella does not pass up into the upper group (No. 3 of section), 

which has yielded a Lucina, an Bxogyra, a Phylloceras, and 2 species 

of Hoplites from the calcareous and marly shales at its base. The 

limestones of the upper part of No. 3 have yielded but a single species, 

Schloenbachia [H] related to 8. inflata.

As to the age of these beds, after weighing the somewhat discordant 

evidence of the fossils, the authors conclude that the lower division of 

No. 2 should be referred to the Upper Jurassic, while the upper division 

of the same group, with the principal bed of Aucella, is regarded as

!Boletin do la Comision Geologica do Mexico, num. 1. Fauna de la .Sierra de Catorce, San Luis 

Potosi^ Mexico, 1895.
STANTON.] RELATED FAUNAS. 27

Neocomian. The upper member of the series is thought to represent 

the upper portions of the Lower Cretaceous, viz, the Aptian and the 

Albiau.

On comparing this Mexican fauna with that of the Knoxville beds the 

principal points of resemblance are found in the Aucellfe and a few of 

the Ammonites. The forms of Aucella, so far as can be determined 

from the somewhat unsatisfactory photographic figures, can all be duplicated in the Knoxville. Several of the species of Hoplites are of the 

same type as Hoplites storrsi, and one of them, described as a variety of 

B. calisto, is possibly identical with it. One of the figures of Olcosteplianus potosinus has sculpture very much like that of 0. mutabilis, 

and Placenticeras fallax, although referred to a different genus, seems 

to be related to Phylloceras Icnoxvillensis. All of these, excepting a 

part of the Hoplites, are from, the upper division of No. 2 of the section. 

It is reasonable, therefore, to conclude that this portion of the Catorce

section is of-the same age as part of the Knoxville. The lower fauna, 

characterized by a large number of species of Perisphinctes, is very 

probably older than the Knoxville, and perhaps should be compared 

with the fauna of the Mariposa beds, though there is a noteworthy 

absence of species of Cardioceras and several other genera of Ammonites that are characteristic of the Mariposa.

It is a remarkable fact that the fauna of the Catorce region contains 

none of the characteristic forms of the Texan Lower Cretaceous, which is 

known to cover a large part of Mexico. Its relations seem to be entirely 

with the boreal and Pacific faunas, although the locality is far east of 

the present Pacific drainage and directly south of the Texan Cretaceous 

area. Lithologically the upper limestones of the Catorce section seem 

to resemble those of the Texan Comanche series, but so far only a single 

species has been found in them. Further detailed studies in this portion of Mexico will probably yield data for the more satisfactory correlation of the Lower Cretaceous of the Pacifi'c Coast with that of the 

Texan region, and they will certainly throw much light on an important 

epoch in the history of the continent.

Dr. J. Felix 1 has described a small fauna from beds that are referred 

to the Neocomian in Oaxaca, southern Mexico.. Among the fossils are 

several species of Hoplites that appear to be rather closely related to 

some of those in the Knoxville beds. None of the species is identical, 

however, and too little is known of the fauna to warrant its correlation 

with the Knoxville.

It has already been stated that beds of the same age as the Knoxville occur in British Columbia, both on the mainland and on Vancouver and Queen Charlotte islands. This fact is fully shown in the 

paleontological writings of Mr. J. F. Whiteaves,2 though few of the 

species other than Aucella crassicollis and Belemnites impressus seem to

1 Palreontographica, Bd. XXXVII, 1891, pp. 180-189.

2 Gcol. Surv. Canada, Mesozoic Fossils, Vol. I.pts. 1 and 3,1876 and 1884; Trans. Boy. Soc. Canada, 

Vol. 1,1882, Sec. IV, pp. 81-80; Cont. to Canadian Palajont., Vol. I, pt. 2,1889.
28 FAUNA OF THE KNOXVILLE BEDS. [BULL. 133.

be identical with Knoxville species in California. Some of the Canadian localities for A, crassicollis are enumerated on page 47. While 

the existence of the Knoxville in British Columbia is thus established, 

none of the formations or divisions recognized by the Canadian geologists is strictly its equivalent, and for that reason it is not practicable to determine how many of the described species really belong to 

the fauna of the Aucella beds. In a previous paper " evidence has been 

given that the Queen Charlotte formation includes strata belonging to 

both the Horsetown and the Knoxville and possibly still older beds.

AucelUe have been found at several places in Alaska, and have been 

described and figured by Eichwald,2 White,;! and Fischer.4 More 

recently the United States National Museum has received Aucella 

and associated forms from other Alaskan localities through the United 

States Fish Commission steamer Albatross, and Mr. W. J. Fisher, of 

Kodiak, Alaska. Taken altogether, the collections indicate that there 

are several horizons in the Alaskan Aucella beds, some of Avhich are 

probably older than the Knoxville, and to be compared rather with the 

Mariposa. For example, Aucelke from several localities on Shelikof 

Strait, south of the Alaskan Peninsula, closely resemble Aucella erringtoni or A. bronni. Many of those from Herendeen Bay, associated 

with a large Pecten and Belemnites ccquilateralis Eichwald (?), seem to 

be identical with the Russian Jurassic Aucella pallasi; while other specimens from the same bay, but apparently from a different bed, are referable to the Cretaceous species A. crassicollis. The latter species also 

occurs at Port Moller. None of the other species collected in Alaska 

is represented in the California Knoxville.

Other faunas with which the Kuoxville should be compared are 

those of circumpolar distribution, characterized by an abundance of 

Aucella,5 and most thoroughly known in Russia. The Aucella} have 

been monographed by Lahusen6 and the Ammonites have been described

in various papers by Nikitiu, Michalski, Pavlow, and others, so as to 

be available for comparison. In that region Aucella ranges from the 

zone of Cardioceras alternans up through the Lower and Upper Volgiau and the Petschora beds. In the lowest zone mentioned, both the 

Ammonites and the Aucellse are closely related to those in the Mariposa beds, while the Petschora forms of Aucella are either identical 

or very closely related with those of the Upper Knoxville, and the 

Ammonite faunas are also similar, so far as they are known. An upper 

portion of the Knoxville may be considered the taxonomic equivalent 

of the Petsehora beds, of course without predicating contemporaneity. 

The work of Professors Smith and Hyatt, comparing part of the Mari1 Bull. Geol. Soc. Am., Vol. V, pp. 445, 446.

2 Geognost. Beobachtungen iiber die Halbinsel Mangischlak und die Aleutischen Inseln.

"Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv. No. 4.

4 In Pinart's Voyage h, la cote nordouest de l'Am6rique.

6 For further details on the distribution ot Aucella, see p. 40.

6 Mem. du Comite geologique, Vol. VIII, No. 1, St. Petersburg, 1888.
STANTON.] BELATED FAUNAS. 29

posa beds with the zone of Cardioceras alternans, has already been 

referred to. The Ammonites of the Lower Volgian as monographed 

by Michalski 1 show little relationship with those of the Knoxville, indicating, so far as the evidence goes, that the Lower Volgiau is older. 

There would then remain only the Upper Volgian and the Petschorian 

as the equivalents of the whole of the Knoxville. These are only suggestions, and I do not wish to be understood as making these definite 

correlations in such widely separated regions on the insufficient data 

now available. It is hoped that the Eussian paleontologists will soon 

describe the other Mollusca from their Aucella beds, as well as the 

Aucellse and Cephalopoda.

The development of the Aucella beds in Russia is not comparable in 

thickness with that of the Knoxville. In the descriptions of the local 

sections the total thickness given is usually only a few meters. I have 

not been able to find aiiy estimates of the maximum thickness.

THE AGE OF THE KNOXVILLE BEDS.

After the above comparisons have been made this subject brings up 

the much discussed and apparently still unsettled question of the age 

of the Russian Aucella beds. Opinions have varied, from Eichwald's 

that they are all Cretaceous, to that of Trautschold and others that 

they are all Jurassic. I believe that it is now generally accepted that 

the lower portion is Jurassic and the upper is Cretaceous, but it is still 

undecided where the line between the two should be drawn. It would 

be beyond the scope of this paper to review the whole, discussion. I 

will simply quote a few sentences that show the position of some of the 

present workers in that field.

In 1888 Mkitiu made this statement concerning the Volgiau:

Up to the present time the deposits of the Upper and Lower Volgian of Russia 

and Poland remain isolated and can not be classified with the deposits of western 

Europe. I have previously stated that the greatest development of the Volgian 

coincides with the time of the greatest retreat of the sea in central Europe, and, on 

the contrary; 'with the time of the greatest development of the southern sea which 

deposited the marine Tithouian and the marine Neocomian horizons, represented in 

central Europe by fresh-water and littoral brackish-water deposits. 2

In his study of the Ammonites of the Lower Volgiau, Michalski 3 concludes that the fauna is autochthonous, not at all related to those of 

western Europe, and remarks:

As the immediate result of the above considerations, we clearly reach the conclusion that the strata containing our Ammonites are of the same age as some of the 

Mesozoic strata of western Europe, which in the region near Poland are either 

entirely lacking (Carpathians) or form a fresh-water facies (northern Germany), 

that is, that our Lower Volgian beds belong to the Neocomiau epoch.

' M6ra. clu Comit6 g6ologique, Vol. VIII, No. 2.

2 Les Vestiges de la Periode Cretacee clans la Russie Centrale, M6m. clu Cohiitfi geologique, Vol. V, . K"o. 2, p. 191.

3 Die Ammoniten dor Unteren Wolga-Stufe, Mem. clu Couiite g6ologique, Vol. VIII, No. 2, p. 486, 

 St. Petersburg, 1894.
30 FAUNA OF THE KNOXVILLE BEDS. [PULL. 133.

Pavlow finds the Eussiau faunas more closely related to those of 

western Europe, and makes definite correlations of the different zones. 

In one of his latest papers l he says:

To my mind the Lower Volgian stage that is, the Portland of the Boulogne series 

and the zones of the Upper Volgian stage of Nikitin (first stage of Eouiller) correspond to the Purbeck, that is, the fresh-water facies of the Upper Portland, for the 

marine equivalent of which I proposed the name Aquilonian series.

The Petschora beds with Olcostephanus (Polyptychites) polyptyclms, 

0. (Polypi.) IceyserUngi, 0. hoplitoides, 0. dechenij Belemnites sulquadratus, Aucella volgensis, and A. Iceyserlinyi are referred to the lower 

Neocorniau.2

It is evident, then, that even if it were possible to refer the Knoxville to .definite horizons of the Russian Aucella beds its age might still 

be questioned. One important fact that should be borne in mind is 

that structurally and faunally, so far as known, the Knoxville is a unit. 

It is true that there is a gradual change in the fauna from the lower to 

the upper beds, but there is no distinct break that would justify the 

reference of one portion to the Jurassic and another to the Cretaceous. 

There are some elements of the fauna, such as Belemnites tehamaensis, 

Hoplites storrsi, and some of the Turbinidae, that resemble European 

Upper Jurassic types. Aucella piochii belongs to the same general 

type as A. mosquensis, which has usually been referred to the Jurassic, 

audit is somewhat closely related to the Aucelke 3 of the Mariposa beds, 

but Professor Pavlow informs me that Aucellse very similar to A. mosquensis occur in the Keocomian of Russia also. These resemblances, 

which will be more fully mentioned in the description of the species, are 

not considered of sufficient importance to counterbalance the evidence 

of the Cretaceous age of the entire series. Some Jurassic elements 

are naturally to be expected in the Lower Neocomian, and it is a well-, 

known fact that in Europe several species of Ammonites pass up from

the Jurassic to the lowest Cretaceous beds.

Professor Hyatt's opinion as to the Cretaceous affinities of the Knoxville Ammonites has been cited on a previous page. That the Upper 

Knoxville beds containing Aucella crassicollis are Neocomian is shown 

by the resemblance of its fauna to that of the Petschora beds, now generally admitted to be Neocomian, and by its stratigraphic and faunal 

relations with the immediately succeeding Horsetown beds, which have 

been compared with the Gault by everyone who has studied their 

fauna.4 The few fossil plants that have been obtained from the Knoxville and the Horsetown also tend to show that these two formations are

1 On the Mesozoic Formations of the Government of Riazan, p. 24, Moscow, 1894. For the translation of this from the Russian I am indebted to Mr. Robert Stein.

:Ibid., pp. 21, 22, and French resume at the end.

3 See comparisons by Professor Hyatt, Bull. Geol. Soc. Am., Vol. V, pp. 404-407.

4 It is not probable that the limits of the divisions recognized in the California Cretaceous coincide 

exactly with those of the European subdivisions of the Cretaceous. It has been shown (Bull. Geol. 

Soc. Am., Vol. V, pp. 445, 449) that the Horsetown beds probably include the lowest Ceuomanian, and 

at their base they may contain strata older than the Gault.
STANTON.] RHYNCHONELLA. 61

closely connected, and these plants are mostly either identical or closely 

related with species in the Lower Cretaceous Potoinac formation of the 

eastern United States and in the Trinity beds at the base of the 

Comanche series in Texas. 1 ' 

From all these lines of evidence the conclusion is reached that the 

entire Knoxville series is of Neocomian age.

DESCRIPTION OF THE SPECIES.

ECHINODEKMATA.

The only remains of Echinodermata yet found in the Knoxville beds 

are spines and small fragments of the test of a Cidaris from Shelton's 

ranch, 5 miles north of Paskenta, Cal., and joints of Pentacrinus columns from the same place and from Stephenson's, on Cold fork of Cottonwood Creek, Tehama County, Cal. These have been placed in the 

hands of Prof. W. B. Clark, who has in preparation a monograph of 

the Mesozoic Echinodermata of the United States.

MOLLUSCOIDEA.

BRACHIOPODA. 

RHYKCHONELLID^E.

Genus EHYNCHONELLA Fischer.

BHYNCHONELLA SCHUCHERTI n. sp.

PI. I, figs. 1-4.

Shell small, inflated, subtriangular in outline, with the angles 

rounded and the front slightly emarginated. Ventral valve very convex, with a narrow, strongly incurved beak; pedicle opening small; a 

shallow, obscure mesial sinus extends nearly two-thirds the length of 

the valve, becoming deeper and broader toward the front. Dorsal 

valve considerably shorter and much less capacious than the ventral, 

and with a much more pronounced mesial sinus, which extends from 

near the beak to a little beyond the middle as a narrow, shallow sulcus 

and then abruptly broadens and deepens, so that at the front it is 

almqst one-fourth as wide as the valve; surface smooth, showing only 

delicate lines of growth and very faint, almost microscopic, radiating 

lines.

The two figured specimens, which are of about the average size and 

show the extremes of variation in form and proportion, give the following dimensions: Length, 15 mm.; breadth, 16£ mm.; convexity, 10 

mm. Length, 14 mm.; breadth, 15 mm.; convexity, 11 mm.

The crura are somewhat longer than in typical Ehynchouella, in this 

respect suggesting the Triassic and Jurassic genus Ehynchonellina,

M These plants are the only means by which the Lower Cretaceous of Texas and California can be 

compared. So far as known, their invertebrate faunas have nothing in common.
32 FAUNA OF THE KNOXVILLE BEDS. [BULL. 133.

some forms of which, such as RhyneJionellina, bilobata Geinmellaro, also 

resemble this species in external features. 1 The crura are not sufficiently developed, however, to justify placing the species in that genus. 

The hinge line is short and arched and the shell structure is fibrous. 

The incurving of the beak of the ventral upon the dorsal valve 

obscures and partly conceals the small delthyrium, and for that 

reason the deltidial plates have not been seen.

The specific name is given in honor of Mr. Charles Schuchert of the 

United States National Museum.

Locality and position. About 100 specimens have been collected, all 

from a small lens of limestone, 4 or 5 feet thick, 3 miles northwest of 

Paskenta, Cal., and about 3,000 feet below the top of the Knoxville 

beds.

(National Museum Catalogue, Mesozoic Invertebrate Fossils, 23017.)

BHYNCHONELLA WHITNEYI Gabb. 

PI. I, figs. 5-10.

Terebratella wliitneyi Gabb, 1866, Palseont. California, Vol. II, p. 35, pi. 12, figs. 62, 62a. 

Rhyuchonella wliitneyi Gabb, 1869, Ibid, p. 204, pi. 34, figs. 105, 1050.

Shell large, subcircular in outline, inflated, the two valves being 

almost equally convex ; no median fold nor sinus in either valve; surface ornamented with about 40 to 50 narrow, angular plications, which 

are equal in breadth to the deep angular interspaces; specimens with 

the larger number of finer ribs have quite a different aspect from the 

more coarsely plicate variety.

The form of the shell changes considerably during growth. In the 

earlier stages it is long, slender, and not very convex, having almost 

the outline of a Lingula (fig. 5). Smaller specimens are still more 

slender.

The specimen represented by figs. 7 and 8 shows the typical adult 

form. It measures 32 mm. in height, fche same in breadth, and 21 mm. 

in convexity. This is perhaps nearly an average in size of the specimens collected, though a few broken specimens were obtained even 

larger than those represented by figs. 9 and 10.

The species was at first referred to the Tertiary, but before the 

second publication above referred to Gabb had discovered that it 

occurred in a limestone included in the Aucella-beariug series.* He 

also pointed out its close resemblance to R. peregrina Von Buch, a 

French Neocomian species.

Locality and position. The types of the species came from "one mile 

east of the Excelsior mine, ISTapa County," and " twenty, miles east of 

Clear Lake, on the road from Colusa to the Hot Sulphur Springs." The 

latter locality is probably the same as one near Wilbur Springs, on Sulphur Creek, Colusa County, Cal., from which Dr. Becker and Mr. 

Turner brought back specimens several years ago, and where, in 1894,

! See Bose, Mon. des Genus Khynqhonelliiia, Palceontographica, Bd. XLI, Taf. VII, figs. 30, 3L
STAMTON.] TEREBRATULA, TEREBRATELLA. 33

I obtained the specimens here figured, and many others. It occurs in 

great abundance, associated with, Pecten complexicosta, Modiola major, 

Lucina colusaensis, and a few other forms, in a thin bed of white limestone. No Aucelhie are immediately associated with it, but the shales on 

each side of the limestone a few hundred yards distant contain Aucclla 

piochii, and from the structure of the region these strata all seem to 

belong to one series. 

(National Museum Catalogue, Mesozoic Invertebrate Fossils, 23018.)

BHYNCIIONELLA sp.

An apparently uudescribed species of Bhynch.on.ella is represented 

by several fragmentary specimens associated with Terebratella californica at the locality, near Stephenson's, on Cold fork of Cottonwood 

Creek. It is nearly the same size as the Terebratella, but more triangular in outline and marked oy about 14 strong plications.

(National Museum Catalogue, Mesozoic Invertebrate Fossils, 23019.)

TEREBRATUJIID^E.

Genus TEREBRATULA Llhyd.

TEREBRATULA sp.

PI. I, fig. 11.

Shell of medium size, subovate in outline, moderately convex; sides 

nearly straight for a little more than half the distance from the beak 

to the front and diverging at an angle of about 80°; front regularly 

rounded; beak broad, not very prominent.

Length, 25 mm.; breadth, 24 nun.; convexity of ventral valve, about 

5 mm.

The single imperfect ventral valve of this species is all that has 

yet been found, and it is not worth while to give it a specific name 

until it can be more fully characterized, though it seems not to be 

referable to any described American species. Its general form and the 

punctate character of the test make its generic reference reasonably 

certain.

Locality. Near Stepheuson's, on Cold fork of Cottonwood Creek, 

with the following species.

(National Museum Catalogue, Mesozoic Invertebrate Fossils, 23020.)

TEREBR ATELLID.3E.

Genus TEEEBBATELLA d'Orbigny.

TEREBRATELLA CALTFORNICA n. sp.

PL I, figs. 12 and 13.

Shell of medium size, suboval in outline, broader than long; cardinal margin sloping gently from the beak, joining the rounded sides by 

an abrupt curve; front broadly emarginate; ventral valve slightly 

Bull. 133 3
34 FAUNA OF THE KNOXVILLE BEDS. [BULL. 133.

more convex than the dorsal, marked by about 28 strong plications, 8 

of which are borne on the broad, flat mesial fold; beak moderately 

prominent, truncated by the large round foramen, beneath which the 

deltidial plates seem to be well developed ; cardinal area broad and 

elevated.

Dorsal valve nearly flat, with a broad mesial sinus, corresponding to 

the fold in the ventral valve, extending from about the middle to the 

front; plications equal in number and similar in arrangement to those 

on the ventral valve.

The specimens selected for illustration are the largest in the collection. The ventral valve measures 16 mm. in length and 20 mm. in. 

breadth, while the corresponding measurements of the dorsal valve of 

another individual are 14 mm. and 20 mm., respectively.

None of the valves are united, but they are associated in such a way 

that there can be no doubt that they belong to the same species, which 

is represented by 20 more 'or less imperfect (mostly dorsal) valves. 

The form of the brachidium is unknown, and the reference of the 

species to Terebr-atella is therefore only provisional. The shell is 

punctate.

Locality .and position. Near Stepheuson's, on Cold fork of Cottonwood Creekj Tehama County, Cal., in the upper part of the Knoxville 

beds.

(National Museum Catalogue, Mesozoic Invertebrate Fossils, 23021.)

MOLLUSCA. 

PELECYPODA.

Genus OSTGEA Linnteus.

OSTEEA Sp.

PI. II, fig. 1.

Cf. Ostrea slcidegatensis Whiteaves, 1884, Mesozoic Fossils, Vol. I, p. 243, pi. 32, fig. 1, 

and fig. 12 in text.

Shell of rather small size, irregularly ovate in outline, smooth. 

Known only from, lower valves, which are quite abundant, but usually 

not Avell preserved, in the upper part of the Kuoxville beds, near 

Stephenson's, on Cold fork of Cottonwood Creek. As the material at 

hand does not show any distinctive features by which this form may 

be distinguished from a number of other so-called species ranging 

from the Cretaceous to the present time, it does not seem advisable to 

give it a new specific name.

Some of the specimens are about twice as large as the one figured.

(National Museum Catalogue, Mesozoic Invertebrate Fossils, 23022.)
BTANTOX.I ANOMIA, SPONDYLUS. 35

ANOMIIDJE.

Genus ANOMIA Linnaeus.

ANOMIA SENESCENS n. sp. 

PL II, fig. 2.

Shell rather large, subcircular in outline, slightly oblique, depressed 

convex; hinge line straight, nearly as long as the shell; beak inconspicuous, not projecting beyond the hinge line and situated near the 

middle of it; surface marked by faint concentric undulations.

Length, 25 mm.; height, 23 mm.

Only one valve of this shell has been collected, and it does not show 

the characteristic muscular scars of Anemia, though from its form there 

is little doubt that it belongs to that genus.

Locality and position. Two miles north of Lowerys, Tehama County, 

Cal., from the upper layers of the Knoxville beds, where it is associated 

with Aucella crassicollis, Lytoceras batesi, etc. The specimen was inside 

of a fragment of the last-named species.

(National Museum Catalogue, Mesozoic Invertebrate Fossils, 23023.)

SPONDYMDJE.

Genus SPONDYLUS Linnaeus.

SPONDYLUS FRAGILIS n. sp.

PI. II, fig. 3.

Shell of small or medium size, almost equilateral, irregularly ovate 

in outline; left valve convex, with rounded, not very prominent beak 

and rather large, well-defined, subequal ears; surface marked by 

numerous small, irregularly undulating, radiating lines that show a 

tendency to become subspinous on w'ell-preserved examples. Eight 

valve unknown.

The small specimen figured is 18 mm. long and 17 mm. wide. Fragmentary specimens in the collection represent individuals having fully 

twice these dimensions, and some of them show the characteristic 

hinge structure of Spondylus.

Locality and position. The 12 specimens studied all came from the 

fossiliferous shales in the upper part of the Kuoxville beds, near 

Stepheuson's, on Cold fork of Cotton wood Creek, Tehama County, Cal.

(National Museum Catalogue, Mesozoic Invertebrate Fossils, 23024.)
36 FAUNA OP THE KNOXVILLE BEDS. [BULL. 133..

LIMIDJE.

Genus LIMA Brugueire.

LIMA MULTILINEATA n. Sp.

PL II, figs. 4 and 5. 

Cf. Lima microtis Gabb, 1864, PaUeont. Gal., Vol. I, p. 202, pi. 26, fig. 189.

Shell large, very obliquely elongate oval, moderately convex; hinge 

line short; posterior ear well developed, triangular; anterior ear small 

and almost concealed by the inflection of the anterior side of the shell; 

posterior margin and base forming a regular curve from the posterior 

ear to near the anterior end of the shell; anterior margin abruptly 

inflected, so that it is nearly straight or slightly concave from, the beak 

for three-fourths the length of the shell, and thence regularly rounded 

into the base; surface marked by very numerous (about 75) slender, 

somewhat flattened, simple, radiating ribs, which are usually slightly 

broader than the interspaces, excepting toward the free margins of 

large shells, where they become more widely separated. The irregularly undulating character of the ribs is well shown in the drawing.

Length of the largest type, 68 mm.; height, about 50 mm.

Lima microtis Gabb, from the "Chico group of Cottonwood Creek," 

is closely related to this species in form and general character of ornamentation. It seems, however, to be somewhat less oblique, and the 

interspaces between the ribs are " serrated on the sides and marked in 

the middle by a series of small pits or punctatious," while in L. multilineata the interspaces are nearly or quite smooth. I have not been 

able to make direct comparisons with Gabb's type, but I have examined

it since this collection has been in my hands, and I believe it to be

distinct.

Locality and position. Near Stephensou's, on Cold fork of Cottonwood Creek, Tehama County, Cal., with the preceding species.

(National Museum Catalogue, Mesozoic Invertebrate Fossils, 23025.)

PECTINID^E.

Genus PECTEN Miiller.

PECTEN CALIFORNICUS Gabb ?

PI. II, fig. 10,,

Pecten californicus, Gabb, 1864, Palteont. Cal., Vol. I, p. 201, pi. 31, fig. 270.

Shell small, subovate, slightly convex; anterior ear of right valve 

much, produced, rather slender, with a deep byssal notch below it; posterior ear small, not very distinctly marked; beak small and pointed; 

surface smooth, or with faint lines of growth, excepting on the anterior 

ear, where there are several radiating lines.
P'ECTEN. . 37

Length, 8 mm.; height, 9 mm.; length of hinge line, 5 mrn.

The above description is drawn from a single right valve, which 

agrees too closely with the description and figure of P. californica to 

warrant its separation.

Locality and position. The specimen here described was collected in 

the upper part of the Knoxville beds, near Stephenson's, on Cold fork, 

.of Cottouwood Creek, Tehama County, Gal. The type of the species 

came from the " Chico or Shasta group, Cottonwood Creek, Shasta 

County."

(National Museum Catalogue, Mesozoic Invertebrate Fossils, 23026.)

PEC TEN sp. 

PI. II, fig. 6.

Shell rather small, subcircular in outline, depressed; surface apparently smooth; full form of the ears unknown.

Length, 21 mm.; height from beak to base, 18 mm.

A single cast of a left valve that probably belongs to an undescribed 

species, but not sufficient to furnish the basis for a specific name and 

description. It is apparently related to P. operculiformis Gabb and 

Amusium lenticulare Whiteaves, from both of which it differs in having 

a more nearly circular form and much greater length in proportion to 

its height.

Locality and position. On the south fork of Elder Creek, Tehama 

County, Cal., about 3,000 feet below the top of the Knoxville beds, 

where it is associated with Aucella piocliii.

(National Museum Catalogue, Mesozoic Invertebrate Fossils, 23027.)

PECTEN COMPLEXICOSTA Gabb. 

PI. II, figs. 7-9.

Pecien complexicosla Gabb, 1869, Pahwout. Cal., Vol. II, p. 199, pi. 33, figs. 97, 97«.

Original description. u Shell moderate in size, thin, equivalve, nearly 

equilateral; sides and base forming a regular curve, slightly elongated; 

the right side of the upper valve, and corresponding side of the lower, 

a little the most convex above; upper valve with the left ear a little 

concave on its lateral margin; shape of the right ear unknown; right 

ear of lower valve narrow, produced, and deeply einarginate; surface 

marked by about 12 or 14 radiating ribs, with sometimes an equal 

number of smaller ones intercalated; these are more strongly marked 

on the cast than externally; besides the ribs, the entire surface is 

closely sculptured by minute radiating lines, very variable in size."

This description was based on fragmentary specimens from " white 

limestone of the Shasta group, in Morgan Valley, south of Clear Lake," 

Lake County, Cal., and Gabb's figure is a restoration from these 

specimens.

The species is abundant, associated with Rliynclionclla wMtneyi and 

Modiola major, in the white limestone1 at Wilbur Springs, on Sulphur
38 FAUNA OF THE KNOXVILLE BEDS. [BULL. 133.

Creek, Colusa County, Cal. The ears are large and triangular, and the 

byssal notch of the right valve is broad and comparatively shallow. 

The left valve is perceptibly more convex than the right. None of the 

specimens from this locality shows the minute radiating lines mentioned in the description; nor are they shown in the original restored 

figure, excepting in a magnified view of a portion of the surface. Fragmentary specimens recently collected by Mr. Jasper Palmer, jr., of 

Eeilf, Cal., at or very near the original locality, have this fine radiating sculpture well developed. Possibly the specimens from Wilbur 

Springs should be separated as a variety, but they agree so closely in 

all other respects' that it s.eems probable that the absence of the fine 

lines is due to the state of preservation. They are all more or less in 

the form of internal casts, none preserving the outer surface of the 

shell. An average specimen measures 50 mm. in height, 44 mm. in 

greatest length, 17 mm. on the hinge line, and 14 mm. in convexity of 

both valves united.

(National Museum Catalogue, Mesozoic Invertebrate Fossils, 23028 

and 23102.)

AVICTJLIDJE.

Genus AVICULA Bruguiere.

AVICULA (OXYTOMA) WHITEAVESI n. Sp.

PL IV, fig. 1.

Cf. Oxytoma mucronata (M. and H.) Whiteaves, 1884, Mesozoic Fossils, Vol. I, pp. 238r 

251; pi. 31, fig. 9; pi. 33, figs. 6, 6&.

Shell rather small, obliquely ovate; left valve convex, with greatest 

convexity a short distance below the beak; anterior wing small, triangular; posterior wing elongated and narrow; hinge line nearly or quite 

equal to the greatest length of the shell; beak prominent, projecting 

beyond the hinge line; anterior and basal margins forming a regular 

curve; posterior margin more sharply rounded; surface ornamented 

by about 18 rounded linear cost»3, 2 or 3 of which are on the posterior 

wing. Some of the interspaces bear a single finer line, which does not 

extend to the umbo.

Greatest length, 18 mm.; height, 16 mm.; convexity of left valve, 

nearly 5 mm.

This description is drawn from a single specimen found with Aucella, 

crassicollis, etc!, in the upper part of the Knoxville beds on Shelton's 

ranch, 5 miles north of Paskenta, Cal. Another left valve referred to 

the same species, differing from the type in being slightly higher in 

proportion to its length, comes from the lower part of the Horsetown 

beds at Quo, Shasta County. Associated with the Ono specimen there 

are a number of right valves that probably belong to this species.
STANTON.] AUCELLA. 39

They have about the same outline, but are much less convex; the 

posterior wing seems to be more narrow, and the radiating lines are so 

small as to be inconspicuous except under a lens.

I think it probable that these fossils are identical with the form 

above mentioned from the Queen Charlotte Islands that has been 

referred to the Jurassic Avicula (Oxytoma) mucronata M. and H. Direct 

comparison of the California specimens with Meek and Haydeu's original type, which was described and figured1 under the name Ptcria 

munsteri (Bronn), shows recognizable differences in both outline and 

sculpture. When this Jurassic form was described the name Pteria 

mucronata was suggested for it in case it should prove to be distinct, but 

before this work appeared Gabb had used Avicula mucronata for a 

California Triassic species; 3 consequently the name mucronata can not 

be applied to either of those species, and I name the Cretaceous form 

in honor of Mr. Whiteaves. A new name will also be given to the 

Jurassic species in another publication.

(National Museum Catalogue, Mesozoic Invertebrate Fossils, 23029.)

Genus AUCELLA Keyserling.

Some of the specimens of Aucella crassicollis are in an excellent 

state of preservation and show well the hinge structure and other 

generic characters (PI. V, figs. 1-3 and 7). The hinge plate is rather 

narrow, long, and toothless, but at its anterior end in the right valve 

there'is a projecting tooth-like angle on the margin of the( shell that 

fits into a corresponding notch under the beak of the left valve.

The ligament, which is usually described as external, was situated 

in a long, shallow, oblique groove, and must have been almost concealed by the overhanging edges of the valves. The most distinctive 

feature of the genus is the deep byssal notch and groove in the right 

valve, which is formed by the abrupt inflection of the shell, and is 

seen on internal casts almost as distinctly as on the shell itself. This 

narrow groove extends in a curve from the margin of the shell almost 

to the point of the beak, showing that it is developed at an early stage 

in the shell's growth. The small triangular area thus separated from 

the body of the shell may be regarded as the anterior ear or wing. At 

its anterior angle it bears the tooth-like projection above mentioned, 

and its free margins are both concave, the upper one fitting against 

the incurved beak of the left valve and the lower receiving a rounded 

projection on the margin of the same valve. This projecting portion 

of the margin, which probably represents a deflected ear, is bounded 

by an ill-defined groove corresponding in position to the byssal siuus of 

the other valve. The interlocking of these portions of the anterior 

margins of the two valves would seem to have served all the purposes 

of hinge teeth.

1 Palajoutology Upper Missouri, p. 80, Pigs. A and B, iii text.

2 Palseoiit. Gal., Vol. I, p. 30; pi. 5, fig. 27.
40 FAUNA OF THE KNOXVILLE BEDS. [BULL. 133.

Most authors have placed Aucella in the same subfamily with Irioceramus, though the two genera have little in common except in some 

cases a similarity of outline and sculpture. The presence of the byssal 

sinus and the simple form of the ligamental groove as compared with 

the row of pits for the ligament in Inoceramus show that they are not 

very closely related. The germs Pseudomonotis (=Eumicrotis Meek) 

is a near relative of Aucella, as Meek 1 long' since pointed out, and no 

one would think of associating it very closely with Inoceramus.

STKAT1GRAPHIC AND GEOGRAPHIC RANGE OF AUCELLA.

Lahusen's excellent monograph, "Ueber die Eussischen Aucellen," 2 

shows that in Russia the genus begins with A. radiata in the lower 

part of the Upper Jura (Oxfordian), associated with Cardioceras cordatum, but first becomes abundant in the overlying beds with Cardioceras alternans. Thence it continues abundant, with gradually changing forms, up into the Lower Cretaceous. The earliest species (radiata 

bronni, and pallasi) are elongate, compressed forms, with relatively long 

hinge lines, distinct posterior wings on both valves, and generally with 

radiating striae. These are succeeded by a series of changing forms, 

until in the Lower Cretaceous the genus is represented by more robust, 

ventricose, and almost equivalve species without distinct posterior 

wings or radiating striai. The oldest American forms of AucelUe now 

known, those of the Mariposa slates, closely resemble the Eussian 

species from the zone of Cardioceras alternans, and it has been recently 

shown by Profs. J. P. Smith 3 and A. Hyatt 4 that they are associated 

with a similar cephalopod fauna:

In the Kuoxville beds, which seem to represent all of the Neocomian, occurs the series of forms described beyond, in which nearly all 

the later Eussian Aucelhe are duplicated, or are represented by similar 

forms, and the different types are introduced in the same relative order

in both countries. It is therefore possible to determine to some extent 

the relative stratigraphic position of different portions of the Aucellabearing series in any region by means of the forms of Aucella that they 

contain, but this does not necessarily imply that the identical or similar forms were strictly contemporaneous in such distant regions as 

Eussia and California. '

There seems to be no clear evidence of any earlier species of Aucella 

than A. radiata. Professor Hyatt cites5 Aucella leguminosa Stoliczka 

as coming from the " Tagling limestone, Lower Lias of India," in support of his view that the genus originated in the south and migrated 

.northward, but this species really comes from the Spiti shales overlying the Tagling limestone, though it is figured on the same plate with

1 Paleontology of the Upper Missouri, p. 53. Washington, 1864.

2M6m. clu Comit6 goologiquc, Vol. VIII, No. 1, St. Petersburg, 1888.

3 Bull. Geol. Soc. Am., Vol. V, pp. 250-258.

4 Ibid., pp. 402-438.

6 Bull. Geol. Soc. Am., Vol. V, 1894, p. 407.
 STANTON.] AUCELLA. . 41

species from the latter horizon. Stoliczka referred the Spiti shales to 

the Oolite, and placed the overlying Giumal sandstone in the Upper 

Jura. The last-named formation has since been classed as Neocomian, 1 

And it is quite probable that the Spiti shales also, which have yielded 

very few fossils, are younger than Stoliczka supposed. Another 

. species, Aucella parva Stoliczka, has been described as from the Upper 

Cretaceous (Cenomaiiian) of India. This small form has been inadequately illustrated and needs further study. In Eussia the latest 

Aucella beds are referred to the Neocomian, which maybe taken as the 

general upper limit of the range of Aucella. Whiteaves has correlated 

the Aucella beds of British Columbia with the Gault, but judging from 

the stratigraphic relations of similar faunas in California and Oregon, 

this correlation was caused by the failure of the geologists to differentiate the horizons in the field, and fossils that really overlie the Aucellae 

.are treated as part of the same fauna.

In its geographic distribution Aucella is essentially circunipolar, 

though in some regions it extends far southward. It is found over a 

large part of Eussia, in Siberia, Nova Zembla, Spitzbergen, on the Island 

of Andoe on the coast of Norway, Kuhn Island on the east coast of 

Greenland, in Alaska, British. Columbia, including Queen Charlotte and 

Vancouver islands, and the west coast of the United States as far south 

as San Luis Obispo County, Cal. (about latitude 35°). In Mexico it 

is reported from Catorce, San Luis Potosi, which is only a few miles 

north of the tropic, in longitude 101° west. Its occurrence in India 

.(northern Himalayas) has already been mentioned. In all these regions 

it is abundant, filling the beds where it occurs, and in most of them 

the early types, resembling A. radiata and A. Ironni, as well as the 

later ones, are found. Wherever the original center of distribution 

may have been, therefore, it seems quite certain that the genus must 

have been widely distributed in the Arctic and Pacific oceans considerably before the close of the Jurassic and before there was much 

specific differentiation. To my mind it is not unreasonable to suppose 

that this original stock, after being so widely distributed, may have 

developed in the same general direction and produced closely similar 

series of forms independently in different regions.

Outside of these regions of its abundant occurrence Aucella has been 

occasionally reported, as in England 2 aud Austria-Hungary/ 5 Two spe- 

 ies have been described from the southern hemisphere, Aucellaplicata 

Zittel,4 from New Zealand, and Aucella braziliensis White,5 but in neither 

of these cases is the generic determination entirely certain.

1 11. D. Oldliani, Geology of India, p. 229, 2d ed., ]893.

2 Pavlow, Jurassiquo sup6ricur et cretaco inlericur de la Russie et de 1'Angleterre, Ball. Soc. jSTat.

 do Moscou, 1889, No. 1, p. 126, pi. 3, figs. 4, 5.

3 Neumayr, Die Fauna der Schichten mit Aspidoceras acanthicnm, k. k. Gcol. lieichsaustalt, Bd. V. 

p. 200, Wien, 1873.

 "Reise der osterreichischen Fregatte Novarra, Geol. Theil., Vol. I, pt. 2, Palaiont., p. 32, pi. 8, 

figs. 4a, 46,4c.

6 Contributions to tho Paleontology of Brazil, p. 56, pi. 3, figs. 11-13, in Archives do Museu Nueioual 

do Rio de Janeiro, Vol. VII.
42 FAUNA OF THE KNOXVILLE BEDS. [BULL. 133

AUCELLA PIOCHII Gabb.

PI. IV, figs. 2-14.

Inoccramus pioclm Gabb, 1864 (in part), PaLcont. California, Vol.1, p. 187, pi. 25, fig.

173, not fig. 174. . 

Aucella.piochii Gabb, 1869 (in part), Palasont. California, Vol. II, p. 194, not the figures

on pi. 32. 

? Aucella piochii (Gabb) Whiteaves, 1882 (in part as synonym of A. mosquensis), Trans.

Roy. Soc. Canada, Vol. I, sec. 4, p. 84.

Aucella mosquensis [von Bach] White, 1885, Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv., No. 15, p. 23. 

? Aucella piochii (Gabb) Whiteaves, 1887 (in part), Eept. Geol. and Nat. Hist. Snrv.

Canada, 11. s. Vol. II, p. lllb. 

? Aucella mosqiteiisisvfir. concentrica Whiteaves, 1889 (in part), Cont. to Can. Palsp.ont.,

Vol. I, p. 151. 

Aucella concentrica [Fischer] White, 1889 (in part), Mon. U. S. Geol. Snrv., No. XIII,

p. 231, pi. 4, figs. 1,18-20.

Amelia piochii (Gabb) Stauton, 1894, Bull. Geol. Soc. Am., Vol. V, p. 447. 

Cf. A ncella pallasi (Kcyserling) CastiHo and Agnilera, 1895, Boletin de la Coraision

Geologico de Mexico, No. 1: Fauna fosil de la Sierra de Catorce, p. 4, pi. 2, figs.

14, 15; pi. 3, figs. 1, 2,'and 6. 

Cf. Amelia fisclieriana (cl'Orbigny) C. and A., idem., pi. 3, figs. 3-5, 7-12.

The original description, omitting the references to the "left" valve, 

which Mr. Gabb afterwards recognized as belonging to an entirely 

different form Mytilus quadratus and- changing " right" valve to left 

valve, is as follows:

"Shell small, thin, inequivalve, high, and narrow. Left valve with 

the beaks large, prominent, incurved, and placed directly along the 

anterior margin; posterior margin to the most prominent part of the 

base forms a pretty regular elliptic curve; anterior margin sinuated. 

* * * Surface marked by small concentric ribs, which sometimes 

take the form of moderately large undulations."

Iii the second volume of Palaeontology of California the description

was enlarged and modified so as to make the species include the 

robust, inflated forms (A. crassicollis) of the upper part of the Knoxville, and the typical form first described was treated as the young 

stage of growth. Since that time it has been customary to regard 

all the Cretaceous Aucellae of the Pacific Coast as only varieties of one 

species, though sometimes they have been ranged under two names for 

convenience. Eecent field work, 1 however, has shown that some of 

these forms are characteristic of particular zones in the Lower Cretaceous, and are therefore of sufficient stratigraphic importance to be 

treated as distinct specjes, even though they may be closely connected 

in a genetic series.

The typical variety of A. piochii (PI. IV, figs. 2-4,8,10) may be distinguished from all the other Knpxville forms by its slender, obliquely 

ovate form, with very proinmeutj narrow umbonal region and strongly

1 Hyatt, Trias and Jura in the Western States, Bull. Geol. Soo. Am., Vol. V, p. 404. DilJer and Stanton, 

The Shasta-Chico Series, idem, p. 447.
STAKTON.] AUCELLA. 43

incurved beak in the left valve; by the presence of small, but welldefined posterior wings or ears on both valves, making the hinge line 

straight; and by somewhat regular, small, concentric undulations. 

The right valve is much less convex, with a more elliptical outline, the 

beak scarcely projecting beyond the hinge. The anterior ear of this 

valve is very small and is separated from the body of the shell by the 

narrow byssal sinus.

Occasional specimens are found showing faint radiating striae (fig. 9), 

and such examples very closely resemble Aucella erringtoniv&r. arcuata 

Hyatt from the Jurassic Mariposa slates, which has almost the same 

form. The resemblance is so close that they probably would not be 

separated if they were found together or with the same faun a 1 associates. As Professor Hyatt has pointed out, the facts at present known 

seem to indicate that A. piochii is the direct descendant of A. erringtoni.

Of the Russian forms figured by Lahusen, Aucella mosquensis, A.

Jischeriana, and A. trigonoidcs may be compared with A. piocliii, but 

none of the specimens or figures of these species I have seen shows such 

a prominent incurved beak nor so narrow an umbonal region suddenly 

expanding into the body of the shell below as in the left valve of A. 

piochii.

Variety ovata x (PL IV, figs. 11-14). This variety, which occurs with 

the preceding, though it ranges a little higher in the Knoxville beds, 

may be distinguished from it by its larger size, more broadly triangular 

form, greater convexity, and coarser, more remote concentric undulations. The posterior ear is scarcely at all developed in either valve, 

and the beak of the right valve is much more prominent and pointed, 

so that the hinge line is short and angular.

This form resembles the Russian A. mosquensis var. ovata and A. trigonoides, which, according to Lahusen, seem to be connected Avith each 

other and with A. Jceyserlingi by transition forms. In the upper part 

of the Knoxville beds there are occasional specimens that I at first 

referred to this variety (Bull. Greol. Soc. Am., Vol. V, p. 448), but which 

now seem to me rather a variety of A. crassicollis, and they are very 

much like the figures of A. heyserlingi (see PI. V, figs. 12,13).

The small specimen represented by PI. IV, figs. 6 and 7, is intermediate between the typical A. piochii and var. ovata, as it has the slender 

form of the one and the sculpture, convexity, and pointed right valve of 

the other. The very large specimen (PI. IV, fig. 14) is another extreme 

variation, approaching A. crassicollis var. gracilis in outline and size, 

but the character of the umbonal region shows its relationship to A. 

piochii var. ovata.

In size A. piochii is usually small, the greatest length, measured 

obliquely from the beak, seldom exceeding 30 or 35 mm., and the greatest breadth at right angles to that line is about 20 mm.

i Bull. Gool. Soc. Am., Vol. V, p. 447.
44 FAUNA OF THL KNOXVILLE BEDS. [BDLL.133.

One distinctive character, as compared with A. crassicollis, is the 

extreme thinness of the shell, even in the larger varieties.

Locality and position. The typical form, occurs alone in the lowest 

known fossiliferous beds of the Knoxville. It ranges through several 

thousand feet of strata, and in the upper part of its range is associated 

with the variety ovata. The latter is the predominant form at a horizon about 2,000 feet below the top of the Knoxville, and above this 

horizon of its culmination it is gradually replaced by Aucella crassicollis. The original figures or. PI. IV are all from specimens collected on 

the south fork of Elder Creek, Tehama County, CaL, and between that 

and the north fork of the same creek, excepting fig. 4, which was collected 2f miles northwest of Paskenta. The striated specimen (fig. 9) 

is from the neighborhood of Kuoxville, Napa County, Cal.

The species is also known from the Santa Lucia Eange, in San Luis 

Obispo County, 5 miles west of Santa Margarita, where it has been 

collected by Mr. Turner 1 and by Mr. Fairbanks; 2 from the mouth of 

Alum Eock Canyon, 7 miles east of San Jose, where it was obtained 

by Prof. J. P. Smith,3 who mentioned it as Aucella of the type of A. 

mosquensis; from the north side of Mount Diablo, the neighborhood of 

Berkeley, and many places farther north in the coast ranges of California; from the neighborhood of Eiddles, Oreg., and near Seattle, 

Wash.

Judging from the published figures, it is probable that some of the 

Aucellse collected near Catorce, in San Luis Potosi, Mexico, belong to 

this species, and especally to the variety ovata, though they have all 

been referred to Eussian species.

The Aucellai collected by Dr. George M. Dawson on the Skagit Eiver, 

British Columbia, in 1875, seem to belong to Aucellapiochii var. ovata. 

Those from other British American localities that I have been enabled 

to examine, through the kindness of Mr. J. F. Whiteaves, are all

Aucella crassicollis, under which name the localities will be enumerated. 

Judging from the range of these forms in California, only the upper 

part of the Aucella-bearing beds have yet been found in British Columbia. The specimen from Queen Charlotte Islands, referred to Aucella 

mosquensis and figured in Mesozoic Fossils, Vol. I, pi. 10, figs. 3, 3a, is 

most probably not an Aucella; indeed, it seems to me more nearly 

related to the Astartidse.

(National Museum Catalogue, Mesozoic Invertebrate Fossils, 23030- 

23033.)

' Mon. XIII, U. S. Geol. Surv., p. 381.

2 Twelfth Kept. State Mineralogist of California, p. 512, San Francisco, ISM.

3 Bull. Geol. Soc. Am., Vol. V, p. 257.
STANTON.l AUCELLA. 45

AUCELLA CRASSICOLLIS Keyserling.

PI. V, figs. 1-13; PI. VI, figs. 1-5.

Aucella crassicollis Keyserling, 1846, Reise in das Petsckora-Laiid, p. 300, pi. 16,

figs. 9-12. 

Aucella piochii Gabb, 1869 (in part), Palteont. California, Vol. II, p. 194, pi. 32, figs.

92a-92c. 

Aucella piocltii (Gabb) Whiteaves, 1882 (in part), Traus. Roy. Soc. Canada, Vol. I,.

sec. 4, p. 84; 1884, Mesozoic Fossils, Vol. I, p. 239; 1887 (in part), Geol. and Nat..

Hist. Surv. Canada, Vol. II, n. s. ; p. 111&. 

Aucella concentrica (Keyserliug) Toula, 1874, ZweitedeutscheNordpolarfahrt, Vol. II,.

p. 503, pi. 2, figs. 2-4. 

Ancella conccnlrica (Fischer) White, 1884, Bull. U. S. Geoi.Surv. No. 4, p. 13, pi. 6,.

figs. 2-12; 1885, Bull. U. S. Geol. Snrv. No. 15, p. 23; 1889 (in part), Mou. U. S..

Geol. Surv. No. XIII, p. 231, pi. 4, figs. 3-5,11-17, and 21. . 

Aucella crassicollis and vav.yracilis Lahusen, 1888, Ueber Rnssischen Aucellen, pp.,

24,42, pi. 5, figs. 8-16. where European synonomy is given.

Aucella piriformis Lahusen, 1888, ibid., pp. 22, 42, pi. 5, figs. 1-7.

Cf. Aucella terclratuloides, inflata, and keyserlinyi Lahusen, ibid., pp. 18-22, 39-41,.

pi. 4, figs. 1-21.

Cf. Aucella bulloides Lahusen, ibid., pp. 25, 43, pi. 5, figs. 17-19. 

Aucella crassicollis (Keyserling) Stanton, 1894, Bull. Geol. Soc. Am., Vol. V, p. 448. 

Cf. Ancella terebratuloidcs (Trautschold) Castillo and Aguilera, 1895, Boletin de la,

Comision Geologico de Mexico, No. 1, Fauna fossil de la Sierra de Catorce, p. 4,

pi. 3, fig. 13. 

Cf. Aucella volgensis (Lahusen) C, and A., idem., pi. 3, figs. 14-16.

Shell attaining a large size, ovate in outline, but varying greatly in 

the relation of length to breadth, ventricose, with the two valves, 

almost equally-con vex; beaks approximate, in left valve prominent 

and more or less strongly incurved, in right valve pointed and deflected 

forward; surface variable, some specimens being almost smooth, with 

irregular concentric furrows and constrictions, while others are marked 

by strong concentric plications both on the surface of the shell and on 

the casts; posterior wing not developed on either valve; byssal groove 

and notch deep and conspicuous. The right valve is always shorter 

and more triangular than the left.

This description is meant to include all the robust varieties of Aucella 

that are characteristic of the upper part of the Knoxville beds in 

California, ranging through perhaps 1,500 or 2,000 feet of strata. The 

figures given illustrate the principal variations in form, but the individual variation is so great that one seldom finds two specimens exactly 

alike.

A precisely similar series of forms has been described from the 

Lower Cretaceous of Kussia and beautifully illustrated by Lahuseiu 

The name A. crassicollis Avas originally given to an elongate form (A. 

crassicollis var. gracilis Lahusen) with irregular concentric constrictions, 

much like the one represented by figs. 10 and 11 on PI. V. The type 

differs from the California specimen principally in having the beaks 

more distinctly coiled and incurved, but this distinction will not hold,,
46 FAUNA OF THE KNOXVILLE BEDS. [BULL. 133.

for we have other California specimens from the same bed and locality 

that show this feature, and there are others that show the intermediate 

amounts of incurving1 .

Lahusen has recognized the shorter, more ventricose, forms, like our 

figures 3, 4, and 9 of PI. V, as varieties of crassicollis, but other specimens that seem to differ only in having the beak of the left valve less 

distinctly spiral are separated under the name A. piriformis, which he 

says "is closely connected with A. crassicollis by gradual transitions" 

and is everywhere associated with it. These facts seem to me sufficient 

reason for assigning all these forms to the same species.

The name Aucella concentrica Fischer de Waldheim, which has been 

used by many authors for this species, was justly rejected by Lahusen. 

Tbe only reason it has ever been used is because Fischer de Waldheim 1 

published three figures of Aucella under the name " Inoceramus concentricus Brongniart," and when his fossils were found to belong to a 

new genus as well as a new species the specific name by which he 

had known them was retained and credited to him. Lahusen's name, 

piriformiSi was proposed for precisely the same forms with citations 

of Fischer's figures, but if it is really conspecific with A. crassicollis 

Keyserling, as I believe, Keyserling's name must be used under the 

rule of priority.

The large forms thus far referred to are especially characteristic of 

the uppermost Knoxville beds, and I think that no one who has handled 

large collections of them, would hesitate to refer them to one species. 

Some of the others may perhaps be considered rather more doubtful, 

but I have failed to find any constant feature or any combination of 

characters by which they may be separated. Figs. 8, 12, and 13 of 

PI. V, also from the Upper Kuoxville, approacli A. piocliii var. ovata 

in form, but they are less oblique, and differ in surface sculpture, and 

there is evidence from connecting forms that they belong with A. crassicollis. Figs. 12 and 13 are also much like Lahusen's figures of A. 

keyserlingi.

Figs. 3, 4, and 5 on PL VI represent a strongly plicate variety that 

also ranges to the top of the Knoxville beds, though the specimens 

illustrated were obtained 1,500 or 2,000 feet lower, north of Paskeuta 

and one-fourth mile east of Henderson's. Judging from Lahusen's 

figures, they may be considered intermediate between A. inflata and 

A. terebratuloides. At many localities the specimens all have these 

strong concentric ridges, but the sculpture is not sufficiently constant 

for use as a specific distinction.

The small specimen represented by figs. 5 and 6 on PL V is from a 

still lower horizon, associated with great numbers of A. piocliii var. 

ovata and Belcmnites tehamaensis. It differs from the common form of 

A. crassicollis in its smaller size, somewhat longer hinge line, and 

broader beak of the right valve.

1 Oryctographie de Moscou, pi. 20, figs. 1-3, St. Petersburg, 1830.
STANTON.] INOCERAMUS. 47

A. crassicollis is by far the most abundant species of Aucella in the 

collections that have been brought in from California. It occurs at 

many localities in the coast ranges, from San Luis Obispo County, 

where it was recently collected by Mr. Fairbanks, northward to the 

Cold fork of Cotton wood Creek, though I do not know any localities at 

which it has been obtained between San Luis Obispo County and Napa 

and Lake counties. It occurs also at Biddies, and at other localities 

in Oregon and Washington.

The Aucellse from the following localities in British Columbia belongto this species, viz: Queen Charlotte Islands, south shore, opposite 

Cowgatz; Forward Inlet, Quatsino Sound, Vancouver Island; Tatlayoco Lake, latitude 51° 30', longitude 124° 30', and Harrison Lake. 

It also occurs on Kuhn Island, east coast of Greenland; at Port Holier, 

Peninsula of Alaska, and at many localities in northern Russia.

The original figures 011 PI. V and figs. 3-5 of PI, VI are all from 

specimens collected between Elder Creek and Paskenta, Tehama 

County, Cal., excepting PI. V, figs. 1 and 2, which is from near Stepheuson's, on the Cold fork of Cottonwood Creek, Tehaina County.

(National Museum Catalogue, Mesozoic Invertebrate Fossils, 23034- 

23039.)

Genus INOCERAMUS Sowerby. 7 

INOCERAMUS OVATUS n. sp. »- 

PI. IV, fig. 15.

Shell of medium size, elongate ovate in outline, subequivalve, moderately convex; beaks prominent, narrow, pointed, curved slightly 

forward, and situated near the anterior end of the very short hinge 

line, which is oblique to the longer axis; surface of the shell and of 

the cast marked by distant, obscure, irregular, concentric undulations 

parallel with the lines of growth.

Length of shell equal to about two-thirds of height.

This form resembles some of the varieties of I. fragilis H. and M., 

from which it may be distinguished by the shorter hinge line, fuller 

anterior margin, and less oblique form. None of the described species 

from the Pacific Coast resembles this one closely enough to require 

detailed comparison.

Locality and position. On the south fork of Elder Creek, Tehama 

County, Cal., about 2,000 feet below the top of the Knoxville beds, 

where a single specimen was found associated with Aucella piocliii var. 

ovata and Belemnites tehamaensis.

(National Museum Catalogue, Mesozoic Invertebrate Fossils, 23040.)
48 FAUNA OF THE KNOXVTLLE BEDS. [uuLL.m,

MYTILID^E,

Genus MODI OLA Lamarck. 

MODIOLA MAJOR Gabb.

PI. Ill, fig. 1.

Modiola major Gabb, 1869, Palteont. California, Vol. II, p. 191, pi. 31, fig. 88.

Original description. " Shell very large, thick, slightly curved; beaks 

small, about an eighth of the length from the anterior end, which is 

narrowly rounded and produced; cardinal margin slightly arched; 

base concave in the middle, convex posteriorly; posterior end irregularly convex, most prominent below; surface marked by coarse, irregular lines of growth.

"Length, 4.8 inches; width, 2.4 inches; diameter, about 1.5 inches..

li Common in the white limestone of the Shasta group, east of Kuoxville, Lake County; also found smaller in the same beds in Morgan 

Valley, south of Clear Lake, Colusa County.

"A fine species, \vell characterized by its size, being the largest 

species of the genus with which I am acquainted. Some specimens 

are over 6 inches in length."

The specimen figured on PI. Ill, which is the largest I ha.ve seen, is 

not quite so slender as Gabb's original figure, but the smaller specimens associated with it in the same bed are also more slender. It was 

obtained from a limestone in the lower part of the Horsetown beds, 

about 1 mile east of Stepheuson's, on Cold fork of Cottonwood Creek, 

Tehama County, Cal. Mr. James Storrs has recently collected the 

species from about the same horizon on the north fork of Cottonwood,. 

near the month of Eagle Creek, Shasta County. The localities mentioned by Gabb are probably all in the Knoxville beds. I found it 

quite abundant, associated with Pecten complexicosta, Rliynclionclla 

ickitnuyi, etc., in the white limestone near Wilbur Springs, Colusa 

County, which is certainly in the Knoxville. This is therefore one of 

the species that are common to the Kuoxville and Horsetown beds.

(National Museum Catalogue, Mesozoic Invertebrate Fossils, 23041.)

Genus MYOCONCHA Sowerby.

MYOCONCHA AMERICANA n. sp.

PI. II, fig. 11.

Shell rather small, slender, subovate, gently convex; beak small,, 

almost terminal; dorsal margin nearly straight, passing by a gentle 

curve into, the rounded posterior end; ventral margin also nearly 

straight, slightly contracted toward the front, and gently convex
STANTON.] PINNA. 49

behind; shell gradually broadening from the narrow anterior end for 

about two-thirds of its length, and thence rounded to the posterior 

end; surface marked by lines of growth.

Length, 41 mm.; greatest width, 22mm.

The genus Myoconcha has not before been recognized in American 

strata, and the present 'species is represented by only a single right 

valve, but the general form and the presence of a single tooth and a 

long groove for the external ligament make its generic reference 

reasonably certain.

Locality and position.. Near Stephenson's, ou Cold fork of Cottonwood Creek, Tehama County, Cal., in the upper part of the Knoxville 

beds.

(National Museum Catalogue, Mesozoic Invertebrate Fossils, 23042.)

Genus PINNA Linnaeus.

PINNA sp. 

PI. II, fig. 12.

A single very small valve of a young Pinna was found in the upper 

part of the Knoxville beds, on Shelton's ranch, 5 miles north of 

Paskenta, Cal. As it is probable that an adult shell would not be 

recognizable from the figure and description of this specimen, I have 

not ventured to give it a name.

The right valve is elongate subtriangular in outline, increasing rapidly in breadth from the very narrow pointed front end, carinated, the 

cadna beginning at a point about 1 millimeter behind the beak and 

curving slightly downward, so that the dorsal are'a is somewhat broader 

than the ventral; posterior end of the dorsal area squarely truncate, 

while the corresponding margin of the ventral area is directed very 

obliquely forward with a slightly sinuous outline; surface marked by 

very distinct, sharply elevated lines parallel to the posterior margin and 

averaging one-half millimeter apart, crossed by much finer, closely 

arranged radiating lines and the narrow median carina. There is also 

another faintly marked ridge passing down the middle of the dorsal 

area.

Length of the young individual, 9 ram.; greatest breadth, 6 mm.

The extreme apex of the shell about one-fourth of a millimeter is 

slightly eroded, but the radiating lines extend as far as the original 

surface remains, and the beak seems to have been strictly terminal.

(National Museum Catalogue, Mesozoic Invertebrate Fossils, 23043.) 

Bull. 133 4
50 FAUNA OF THE KNOXVILLE BEDS.

ARCIDJG.

Genus AEG A Linnaeus.

ARCA TEHAMAENSIS n. Sp.

PL VI, fig. 8.

 Shell small, elongate subtrapezoidal in outline; hinge line as long as 

the shell, with a low area; beak elevated, prominent, situated about 

one-third the length of the shell from the anterior end, which is rounded 

and slightly narrower than the posterior end; base nearly straight and 

almost parallel with the cardinal margin; posterior end truncate, forming an angle of about 100° with the cardinal margin ; posterior umbonal 

ridge prominent, subangular, and the portion of the shell above it much 

depressed; surface marked by distinct, somewhat regular lines of 

growth and by much finer, more closely arranged radiating lines, which 

are visible only under a lens and are most prominent on the posterior 

portion of the shell.

Length, 7 mm.; height, 4 mm.

The specimen above described is a natural mold of a right valve, 

probably an immature individual. It may be identical with the undescribed Area from the Lower Cretaceous of Jackass Mountain, 

British Columbia, mentioned by Whiteaves (Trans. Koy. Soc. Canada, 

Vol. I, Sec. IV, p. 85) as similar to Area carteroni d'Orbigny. Nemodon 

fischeri (d'Orbigny) Whiteaves, from the east end of Maud Island, seems 

to be a related form, and if our specimen is a very young shell it may 

prove to be identical, though there are differences in the outline, 

especially of the base, and in the form, of the posterior end. I have 

not seen the hinge, but the general form of the shell makes it probable 

that it belongs to the subgenus Nemodou.

Locality and position. Shelton's ranch, 5 miles north of Paskenta, 

Tehama County, Cal., in the upper part of the Knoxville beds, where 

it is associated in the same layers with Aucella crasslcolliSj Hypsipleura 

gregaria, etc.

(National Museum Catalogue, Mesozoic Invertebrate Fossils, 23044.)

ARCA TEXTRINA n. sp. 

PI. VI, figs. 6 and 7.

Shell of medium size, elongate suboval in outline, moderately convex; 

hinge line considerably shorter than the greatest length of the shell, 

with a low area; base nearly parallel with the' hinge, slightly sinuous 

in the middle and abruptly rounded into the oblique posterior end, 

which joins the dorsal margin in a gentle curve; beaks broad, not 

prominent; a broad, obscure depression extending from the beak to 

the middle of the base; surface marked by distinct, closely arranged 

lines of growth and by similar slightly larger radiating lines, which 

are not at all conspicuous to the unaided eye. »
STANTON.] PECTUNCULUS, NUCULA. 51

Length of the largest specimen seen, 38 min.; height, 23 mm.; convexity of single valve, about 10 mm.

In size and general form, this species may be compared with the 

Grammatodon inornatus Whiteaves, not M: and H. (Mesozoic Fossils, 

Vol. I, pi. 31, figs. Sa, 86), from which it may be distinguished by its 

shorter hinge, more rounded ends, broader umbonal region, and the 

presence of radiating stride.

Locality and position. Near Stephenson's, on the Cold fork of Cottonwood Creek, Tehama County, Cal., in the upper part of the Knoxville beds.

Several small specimens collected at the locality on Shelton's ranch 

have the same form as this species, and probably are young individuals of it. One of these shows an impression of the hinge with elongate, 

nearly horizontal teeth, at each end and short transverse ones in the 

middle, so that it should probably be referred to the subgenus Nemodon.

(National Museum. Catalogue, Mesozoic Invertebrate Fossils, 23045.)

Genus PECTUNCULUS Lamarck.

PECTUNCULUS H OVATUS n. sp.

PL VI, figs. 9 and 10.

Shell small, subovate in outline, slightly oblique, convex; beaks 

rather narrow and prominent; front and base regularly rounded ; posterior end sub truncate; surface marked by 8 or 10 prominent radiating 

costse that are not quite as wide as the interspaces and are almost as 

prominent on internal casts as on the shell itself. These costse on the 

anterior part of the shell are sharply angular, while all the others 

appear to be rounded, at least on the cast.

The hinge of this species, as determined from a cast of the right 

valve, consists of a curved series of about 12 or 14 transverse teeth, 

thus apparently agreeing with the genus Pectunculus, though its form. 

and sculpture differ considerably from the common species of that 

genus.

Locality and position. Near Stephenson's, on the Cold fork of Cottonwood Creek, Tehama County, Cal., in the upper part of the Knoxville beds.

(National Museum Catalogue, Mesozoic Invertebrate Fossils, 23046.)

Genus NUCULA Lamarck. 

NUCULA GABBI n. sp. 

PI. VI, figs. 11 and 12.

Shell of medium size, subovate in outline, posterior end very short, 

obliquely truncate above, regularly rounded into the base below ; dorsal margin in front of the beaks gently curved to the anterior end,
52 FAUNA OF THE KNOXVILLE BEDS. [BULL. 133.

which is more narrowly rounded into the slightly convex base; beaks 

prominent, approximate and situated very near the posterior end of 

the shell; free margin smooth within ; surface marked only by very fine 

but distinct lines of growth.

Length of the largest specimen seen, 20 mm.; height, 16 mm.; convexity of the two valves united, about 12 mm.

This species may be compared with N. solitaria Gabb (Palseont. Gal., 

Vol. II, p. 197, pi. 32, fig. 94), a Chico species from Texas Flat, Gal., 

which has, however, a more distinctly triangular outline than the form 

here described, besides being smaller and coming from a much higher 

horizon. Whiteaves's figures of N. solitaria from Queen Charlotte 

Islands are rather more like the present species, and as they also come 

from a lower horizon they may be identical with it.

Locality and position. The type is from the upper part of the Knoxville beds, about 3 miles south of Lowerys, Tehama County, Gal. Several much smaller specimens were collected from a lower horizon in the 

small limestone 3 miles northwest of Paskenta.

(National Museum Catalogue, Mesozoic Invertebrate Fossils, 23047.)

NUCULA STOBRSI n. Sp.'

PL VI, figs. 13 and 14.

Shell of medium size, elongate sub triangular, convex; beaks large, 

prominent, approximate, situated a little less than one-third of the 

length of the shell from the anterior end; dorsal margin excavated 

behind the beak and gently sloping in front; posterior end narrowly 

rounded, subangular above; anterior end produced, narrowed and 

subangular at the extremity; ventral margin forming a broad curve 

or nearly straight; test moderately thick, with the inner free margin 

smooth; surface marked by very fiue? closely arranged concentric lines 

that are barely visible without a lens.

Length of the figured specimen, 23 mm.; height, 13 mm.; convexity 

of both valves united, 10 mm. One other example is 26 mm. long, but 

all the rest of the nine specimens collected are considerably smaller 

than these two.

This species in general form resembles Leda rather more than the 

typical species of Nucula. It agrees with Nucula, however, in its thick 

shell, the apparent absence of a pallial sinus, and the fact that the 

beaks are turned toward the shorter end, which is therefore regarded 

as the posterior end. There is no closely related American Cretaceous 

species with which I am acquainted.

The specific name is given in honor of Mr. James Storrs, of Tehama, 

Gal., by whose skill and energy as a collector a large part of the species 

described in this paper was discovered.

Locality and position. From the small limestone, 3 miles northwest 

of Paskenia, Gal., and about 3,000 feet below the top of the Knoxville 

beds.

(National Museum Catalogue, Mesozoic Invertebrate Fossils, 23048.)
STANTON.] LEDA, CARDINIOPSIS. 53

Genus LEDA Schumacher.

LEDA GLABE.A n. sp.

PI. VI, fig. 15.

Shell small, subequilateral, moderately convex; beaks small, situated very slightly in advance of the middle; cardinal border almost 

straight, being a little concave behind the beak and sloping very 

gently downward in front; anterior end narrowly rounded, but somewhat broader than the posterior end, which is subangular above; 

ventral margin broadly and regularly rounded; surface smooth or 

marked only by lines of growth.

The figured specimen, which is somewhat smaller than some of the 

other examples of the species, measures 9 mm, in length and 5 mm, in 

height.

This form has about the same outline as Yoldia arata Whiteaves 

(Mesozoic Fossils, Vol. I, p. 233, pi. 31, figs. 4 and 4a) from the Queen 

Charlotte Islands, but it is easily distinguished by its smoother surface. 

It is possible that the casts from the Aucella beds'of Vancouver Island, 

doubtfully referred to Y. arata (Oont. to Canadian Palceont., Vol. I, 

p. 154), belong to the present species. As no other described species 

from the Cretaceous of the Pacific Coast is comparable with this one,'I 

have thought it advisable to give it a provisional name, although it 

belongs to a persistent group that has very few salient features on 

which specific distinctions can be based.

Locality and position. The type is from the fossiliferous shales in 

the upper part of the Knoxville beds near Stephenson's, on Cold 

fork of Cottonwood Creek, Tehama County. Other examples were collected from about the same horizon on Sbelton's ranch, 5 miles north 

of Paskenta, Cal.

(National Museum Catalogue, Mesozoic Invertebrate Fossils, 23049.)

CARDINIID^E.

Genus CARDINIOPSIS n. gen.

Shell in the type species large, elongate suboval, with the posterior 

end somewhat narrowed; ligament external, prominent, and long; 

hinge plate rather broad and flattened, bearing in the right valve a 

single moderately large triangular cardinal tooth, which is situated 

immediately below the beak, directed slightly forward and bordered 

on each side by a shallow pit; hinge of the left valve with two smaller 

diverging cardinal teeth inclosing between them a triangular pit for 

the reception of the tooth of the right valve; no lateral teeth; anterior 

adductor muscular impression large, subcircular, deeply impressed, 

with a well-marked, deep accessory muscle scar situated just above and 

behind it and impinging on the front part of the hinge plate; posterior 

adductor muscular scar very slightly impressed and so obscure that its
54 FAUNA OF THE KNOXVILLE BEDS. [BULL. 133.

outlines are not distinguishable on any of the casts; pallial line well 

marked on the front half of the shell, but fading out so that it can not 

be traced posteriorly, but it is probably entire. (Elongate and thinshelled species of Unio have similar faint muscular impressions on 

the posterior portion of the shell.) Type: Cardiniopsis unioides n. sp., 

described on a succeeding page.

The habitat of the type species was marine waters, where it was 

associated with Khynchonella, Aucella, Lucina, Nucula, Solemya, 

Turbo, Amberleya, Ammonites, Belemnites, etc.

The external features of the large TJnio-like shells, for which this new 

generic name is proposed, suggest at once a comparison with the Unionidae and with the genera of similar aspect in the Paleozoic and earlier 

Mesozoic, such as Anthracosia, Oarbouicola, Asthenodonta, Uniona, 

Cardinia, Trigonodus, etc.

In the Unionidse the only genus with which comparison needs to be 

made is Unio itself, from which Cardiniopsis may be distinguished by 

the absence of lateral teeth 1 and by the character of the cardinal 

teeth, which are smooth, regular, and sharply defined in Cardiniopsis^ 

while in Unio they are irregular in form, roughened, and striated; also 

by the difference in the number and position of the anterior accessory 

muscular impressions; and it differs from all known Unionidse in its 

marine habitat. The genera mentioned above as associates of Cardiniopsis leave no doubt as to the marine character of the bed in which 

they are found, and the manner of their occurrence makes it certain 

that the specimens of Cardiniopsis were not drifted in from a river or 

other fresh waters, but that they actually lived with the species that 

are now found with them. They are relatively abundant in the small 

area of a few square yards where they have been found, and almost all 

the specimens have both valves united and nearly closed, Some of 

them are filled with Rhyncliouella, Aucelta, and other small forms, and 

none of them shows any evidence of erosion.

Uiiiona,2 a marine genus from the Trias, has hinge structure and 

muscular impressions very much as in Unio, and hence differs in a 

similar manner from Cardiniopsis.

In some species of Trigouodus, from the Trias, and Cardinia, from the 

Jura (especially Lias), the cardinal teeth have somewhat greater 

resemblance to those of Cardiniopsis, but both these genera also have 

long, well-developed laterals.

The Paleozoic genera Anthracosia, Carbonicola, and Asthenodonta,3 

though having the same Unio-like form, differ too much from Cardiniopsis in their internal features to require detailed comparison.

In consideration of all the known characters of this fossil, its natural 

position seems to be near Cardinia and Trigonodus-in the family Car1 These are also absent in some species of Unio that Lave been grouped under the name Margaritana, 

 which, according to Mr. Charles T. Simpson, is not a valid geiius.

s Pohlig, Maritime Unionen, Pakeontographica, Bd. XXVII, pp. 109-127, pis. 13,14, Caasell, 1880.

3 J. F. Whiteaves, Unio-like Shells in the Coal Measures at the South Joggins, Nova Scotia, Trans. 

Roy. Soc. Canada, Sec. IV, 1893, pp. 21-24.
STANTON.] . CARDINIOPSIS, SOLEMYA. 55

diniidse, as denned in Zittel's Handbuch der Palaeontologie and in 

Fischer's Manuel de Conchyliologie. A recent writer,2 however, thinks 

that the family Gardiniidse is not a valid one, and that Cardinia and 

Trigonodus should be placed in the "Uayades" or "Nayadidte," which 

includes the Unionidse. If this view be adopted Cardiniopsis will go 

into that group.

CARDINIOPSIS UNIOIDES n. sp.

PL VII, fig. 5; PI. VIII, fig. 1; PL IX, fig. 1; PL X, fig. 1.

Shell large, elongate suboval, moderately convex; beaks not very 

prominent, approximate, and situated about one-third of the length of 

the shell from, the front; cardinal margin descending rather rapidly, 

with convex outline in front of the beak and sloping more gently, with 

slightly concave outline behind; front end broadly rounded; posterior 

end narrower and more compressed, obliquely subtruncate above and 

rounded below; ventral margin forming a broad curve, most convex 

and prominent in the anterior third; surface marked by irregular and 

not very prominent lines of growth; test rather thick, especially in the 

ventral region. The characteristics of the hinge and other internal 

features are given above in the generic description.

One of the type specimens measures 175 mm. (nearly 7 inches) in 

length, 98 mm. in height, and about 55 mm. in greatest convexity of 

the two valves. The largest specimen collected is 8 inches long.

This is the largest species of the Pelecypoda known from the Knoxville beds, and, excepting the Inocerami,' one of the largest from the 

American Cretaceous.

Two fragmentary specimens of another species of this genus were 

collected with C. unioides, but they are too imperfect for full description. In size and general appearance they resemble Lucina colusaensis, but impressions of the hinge show that it had the same structure as 

in 0. unioides.

Locality and position. In the small limestone, 3 miles northwest of 

Paskenta, Tehama County, Cal., and about 3,000 feet below the top of 

the Knoxville beds.

(National Museum Catalogue, Mesozoic Invertebrate Fossils, 23050.)

SOI/EMYID2E.

Genus SOLEMYA Lamarck.

SQLEMYA OCCIDENTALIS u. sp.

PL X, figs. 2 and 3.

Shell rather large, elongate oval, convex; beaks broad, but not prominent, and directed backward; posterior end very short and narrowly 

rounded; anterior end much produced and broader, but toward the

*S. Prli. von AVohrmann, Ueber die systematischo Stellung der Trigoiiiden uiid die Herkunft der 

Nayaden, Jahrb. der k. k: geol. Reichsaustalt, Bd. XLIII, pp. 1-28, Wien, 1893.
56 FAUNA OF THE KNOXVILLE BEDS. [BULL. 133.

extremity sloping gradually, both above and below, and finally somewhat narrowly rounded; ventral margin broadly emarginate just 

behind the middle, then curving outward so that the shell's greatest 

height is about one-third of the length from the front, thence curving, 

upward more rapidly toward the end of the shell; surface marked by 

distant radiating impressed lines, which are most prominent on the 

middle portion, and by obscure elevated radiating ridges, which are 

most distinct on the anterior half of the shell. In addition to these 

lines and ridges, which are as distinct on the internal cast as on the 

surface of the shell, some well-preserved casts show numerous very 

fine and closely arranged radiating lines that are visible only under 

a .lens. The test is rather thin, and so fragile in its crystalline condition that in most cases it was entirely removed in breaking out the 

specimens.

Length of a specimen a little above the average size, 58 mm.; height 

at the b'eaks, 20 mm.; height near the anterior end, 23 mm.

The most salient features of the sculpture in this group seem to be 

generic characters, or at least they are repeated in many species. The 

present species may be readily distinguished from the three forms that 

have been described from the American Upper Cretaceous by its larger 

size and by differences in outline. It may be compared with Solenomya 

costata Tullberg (Bihang till K. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handlingar, Bd. 

VI, No. 3,1880, p. 11, pi. 1, figs. 15,16), which occurs in the Aucellabeds 

of Nova Zembla. Another related species of about the same size, but 

with different outline, is S. torelli Lindstrb'm (K. Svenska Vet.-Akad. 

Handlingar, Bd. VI, No. G, 1865, p. 12, pi. 2, fig. 14), from the Aucella 

beds of Spitzbergen.

Locality and position. Abundant in the small limestone, 3 miles 

northwest of Paskenta, Cal., and about 3,000 feet below the top of the 

Knoxville beds, Thirty-one specimens were collected nearly all with

both valves united. One small specimen, doubtfully referred to the 

same species, was obtained from the upper part of the Knoxville, 3 

miles south of Lowerys. 

(National Museum Catalogue, Mesozoic Invertebrate Fossils, 23051.)

ASTARTID.32.

Genus ASTAETE Sowerby.

ASTARTE CORRUOAl'A it. Sp.

PI. VI, fig. 16.

Shell very small, subtriangular, moderately convex; beaks prominent, acute; cardinal margin sloping rapidly both in front and behind; 

ventral margin convex, most prominent behind the middle; surface 

marked by a few very prominent, distant concentric ridges and by fine 

lines of growth; ventral margin crenulated within.
BTANTON.] ' ASTARTE. 57

Length of largest specimen seen, 5 mm.; height, 4 inin.; convexity 

of single valve, about 1 mm.

This species is based on several internal casts and molds of the exterior of valves, all of about the same size, but as they are associated 

with many young shells of other species they also may be immature 

individuals. Their form and sculpture make them easily distinguishable from all other species in the Pacific Coast Cretaceous.

Locality and position. Sheltou's ranch, 5 miles north of Paskenta, 

Cal., in the tipper part of the Knoxville beds.

(National Museum Catalogue, Mesozoic Invertebrate Fossils, 23052.)

ASTAKTE CALIFORNICA n. Sp.

PL VI, figs. 19-21.

Shell of medium size, subquadrate in outline, moderately convex;

beaks prominent, subterminal, strongly curved forward; lunule ovate, 

deep, and well defined; front end descending rapidly from the beak 

with a concave outline above and somewhat narrowly rounded below5 

postero-cardinal margin sloping gently backward from the beak and 

joining the subtruncate posterior end by a broad curve; ventral margin broadly and regularly convex; surface marked by rounded concentric ridges, equaling or slightly exceeding the interspaces in width. 

A broadly rounded, somewhat obscure, umbonal ridge extends obliquely 

backward from the beak.

Length of the largest type, 23 mm.; height, 19 mm.; convexity of 

single valve, about 8 mm.

The free margins of the valves are creuulated within, and the hinge 

has two well-developed cardinal teeth in each valve.

In surface sculpture this species resembles A. carlottensis Whiteaves 

(Cont. to Can. Palseont., Vol. I, p. 154, and Mesozoic Fossils, Vol. I, p. 

229, pi. 30, figs. 6, 6a, 66), but its outline is very different. There is no 

other described species in the Lower Cretaceous of North America with 

which it needs to be compared.

Represented by eight valves.

Locality and position. In the upper part of the Knoxville beds, near 

Stephenson's, on Cold fork of Cottonwood Creek, Tehama County, Cal.

(National Museum Catalogue, Mesozoic Invertebrate Fossils, 23053.)

ASTARTE TRAPEZOIDALIS n. sp. 

PI. VI, figs. 17 and 18.

Shell of medium size, elongate subtrapezoidal in outline; beaks 

prominent, situated about one-third of the length behind the anterior 

end, which is somewhat contracted and narrowly rounded; cardinal 

margin behind the.beaks nearly straight and parallel with the base; 

posterior end obliquely truncate; umbonal ridge rather prominent, 

broadly rounded, but fading out before reaching the postero-basal
58 FAUNA OF THE KNOXVILLE BEDS. [BULL. 133.

angle; surface marked by prominent subaugular concentric ridges that 

are somewhat narrower than the intervening furrows and by numerous 

fine, closely arranged lines of growth. The concentric ridges are less 

definite and regular in the later stages of growth, especially toward 

the posterior end. The lunule is deep and lanceolate in outline and 

the ligament is short and relatively small.

Length of the type, 25 mm; height, 14 mm.; convexity of the two 

valves, 8 mm.

The elongate outline of this shell is unusual for an Astarte, but the 

other external features agree well with that genus, and internal casts 

(from another locality) show impressions of the hinge, which also seem 

to agree with it. The free margins of the shell a,re smooth within.

Locality and position. The figured specimen is from the upper part 

of the Knoxville beds, 3 miles south of Lowerys, Tehama County, Oal. 

Nine other specimens, including the casts above mentioned, were collected by Mr. Jasper Palmer, jr., near Eeiff, Lake County, Cal., where they 

occur in a limestone with Pecten complexicosta, Turbo wilburensis, etc. 

Aucella crassicollis was found near by, and the horizon is therefore 

regarded as about the same as at the other locality.

(National Museum. Catalogue, Mesozoic Invertebrate Fossils, 23054 

and 23104.)

Genus OPIS Defrance.

OPIS CALIFOKNICA, n. Sp.

PI. VII, figs. 1-4.

Shell of medium size, with the outline trianguiar when viewed from 

the side, and cordate in profile; beaks subniedian, narrow, prominent, 

incurved, and approximate; surface divided by a sharply angular 

umbonal ridge into two distinct areas, of which the posterior one is 

nearly plane and so abruptly deflected that it is scarcely visible from 

the side view, although it embraces about one-third of the total surface 

of the valve; front and ventral margins regularly curved from the 

lunule to the end of the umbonal ridge, where it forms an angle of 

about 80° with the truncated and deflected posterior end; surface 

marked by fine lines of growth and more distant, irregular, concentric 

furrows; lunule cordate, large, and very deep, with its border narrowly 

rounded; behind the beak there is a well-defined depressed area, or 

escutcheon, resembling the luuule, but not quite so large nor so deep.

The hinge shows the characteristic structure of the genus, with a 

single very large striated triangular tooth in the right valve and two 

smaller ones in the left, of which the anterior is fused with the edge of 

the shell.

One of the eight valves in the collection is much more slender than 

any of the others, though it agrees perfectly with them in all other 

respects. This specimen (figs. 1-3) measures 27 mm. in height, 16 mm. 

in length, and 10 mm. in convexity. The corresponding dimensions of
STANTON.] OPIS, LUCINA. 59

the other figured specimen are 27, 20, and 11 mm., respectively. The 

largest valve collected is 35 mm. in height.

The genus Opis is very rare in American strata, only six species 

having been recorded from the Cretaceons, and four of that number. 0. 

foZtoand 0. bicarinata Conrad, 0. /mZecmad'Orbigny, and 0. cowwKGabb, 

are doubtful representatives of the genus. 0. vancouverensis Whiteaves 

is much larger than 0. calif ornica and differs from it in every specific 

feature. 0. texana Cragin (4th Ann. Eept. Geol. Surv. Texas, p*. 196), 

described from an internal cast, is probably more closely related to our 

species, but it evidently differs in outline and other features. Under 

the name Corbula triangulata, Dr. J. G-. Cooper has recently * described 

an Opis from the Chico beds on Point Loma, near San Diego, Cal. The 

figure is too poor to be recognizable, but through the courtesy of the 

secretary and trustees of the Mining Bureau I have been enabled to 

study a part of their Cretaceous collections from southern California,. 

including this species, Opis triangulata, which is represented by the type 

and another much larger specimen. It has very nearly the outline of 

0. californica, but it has a much more strongly sculptured surface.

Locality and position. In the upper part of the Knoxville beds, near 

Stephenson's, on Cold fork of Cotton wood Creek, Teharna County, Cal.

(National Museum Catalogue, Mesozoic Invertebrate Fossils, 23055.)

Genus LUCINA Bruguiere.

LUCINA OVALIS n. sp.

PI. XII, fig. 1.

Shell large, suboval, with both ends broadly and almost equally 

rounded, convex ; beaks rather prominent, approximate; dorsal margin 

excavated in front of the beaks and gently convex behind; ventral 

margin forming a regular broad curve; surface marked by numerous 

fine elevated lines of growth and by larger, more irregular, undulations.

The type specimen measures 60 mm. in length, 45 mm. in height, and 

27 mm. in convexity of both valves. All but one of the eight other 

specimens in the collection are smaller than the type.

The generic characters of Lucina are very well shown by this 

species. The hinge has two rather large cardinal teeth, and the 

laterals are also well developed. The anterior adductor muscular 

impression is long and narrow, extending backward considerably 

within the pallial line. The interior of the shell is rough and irregularly striated. The ligament is large and prominent.

Locality and position. From the small limestone, 3 miles northwest 

of Paskenta, and about 3,000 feet below the top of the Knoxville beds. 

A fragmentary specimen probably belonging to this species was col1 Cal. State Mining Bureau, Bull. No. 4, p. 49, pi. 2, fig. 42, Sau Francisco, 1894.
60 FAUNA OF THE KNOXVILLE BEDS. [BULL. 133.

lected by Mr. Storrs at about the same horizon near Cooper's, on the 

south fork of Elder Creek, Tehama County, Cal. 

(National Museum Catalogue, Mesozoic Invertebrate Fossils, 23056.)

LUCINA COLTJSAENSIS n. Sp.

PI. XI, figs. 4 and 5.

Shell large, elongate subovate in outline, convex ; beaks prominent, 

approximate, situated a little in advance of the middle; dorsal margin 

slightly excavated in front of the beaks and sloping almost equally 

before and behind 5 anterior end broadly rounded ; posterior end narrower and subangular below: ventral margin forming a broad curve ; 

test rather thick ; surface marked by numerous irregular coarse lines 

of growth.

Represented by two specimens, the larger of which measures 95 mm. 

in length, 68 mm. in height, and 40 mm. in convexity of the two valves 

united. The corresponding dimensions of the other specimen are 

77 mm., 58 mm., and 34 mm., respectively.

This species also has a very large ligament and shows roughness and 

radiating striae on the cast. The hinge and muscular impressions have 

not been seen, and it is referred to Lucina principally on account of its 

apparent relationship with L. ovalis. It is easily distinguishable from 

that species by its larger size, thicker test, coarser sculpture, more elongate form, and other differences in outline.

Locality and position. The larger specimen was found associated 

with Lucina ovalis at the locality 3 miles southwest of Paskenta, 

Tehama County. The other was obtained in the white limestone, with 

Rhynchonella wliitneyi, Modiola major, etc., near Wilbur Springs, on 

Sulphur Creek, Colusa County, Cal.

(National -Museum Catalogue, Mesozoic Invertebrate Fossils, 23057 

and 23058.)

Genus CYPEINA Lamarck.

CYPRINA OCCIDENTALIS Whiteaves.

PL XII, fig. 2.

Cijprina occidentalis Wliiteaves, 1884, Mesozoic Fossils, Vol. I, p. 227, fig. 10 in text.

Shell of medium size, with a thick test, subovate in outline, depressed; 

beak broad, rather prominent, and situated considerably in advance of 

the middle; dorsal border descending abruptly with a concave outline 

in front of the beak and sloping more gently behind, where it is straight 

or slightly convex; anterior end rather narrowly rounded; posterior 

end broader and subtruucate below; ventral margin forming a regular 

broad curve; surface marked by prominent but somewhat irregular 

concentric lines.
STANTON.] SOLEGURTUS, CORBULA. 61

Length, 60 mm.; height, 50 mm.; convexity of single valve, about 

16 mm.

The single specimen in our collection agrees so well with Whiteaves's 

species in outline and general proportion that I have little hesitation 

in identifying it, although it is smaller than the original. The hinge is 

not well preserved, but it evidently had large, heavy teeth.

Locality and position. The type of the species came from the Queen 

Charlotte formation on the south side of Alliford Bay, Queen Charlotte 

Islands. Our specimen was found in the upper part of the Knoxville 

beds, near Stephenson's, on Cold fork of Cottonwood Creek, Tehama 

County, Cal.

(National Museum Catalogue, Mesozoic Invertebrate Fossils, 23059.)

SOLENID^E.

Genus SOLECUETUS Blainville.

SOLECURTUS ? DUBIUS n. Sp.

- PL X, figs. 4 and 5.

Shell rather small, oblong, subequilateral, depressed; dorsal and 

ventral margins almost parallel; anterior end broadly rounded and 

somewhat narrower than the posterior end, which is obliquely subtruncate above; surface marked only by irregular lines of growth. In the 

young shell the beak is almost exactly median, Iput as the shell grows 

the posterior end becomes proportionally more elongate.

Length of the largest specimen collected, 36 mm.; height, 20 mm.

This form is very doubtfully referred to Solecurtus, as the hinge and 

other internal features are unknown.

Locality and position. In the upper part of the Kuoxville beds, near 

Steplienson's, on Cold fork of Cottouwood Creek, Tehama County, Cal.

(National Museum Catalogue, Mesozoic Invertebrate Fossils, 23060.)

MYIDJE.

Genus COBBULA Bruguiere.

1 CORBULA 1 PERSTJLCATA n. Sp.

PI. XI, tig. 3.

Shell small, subtriangular in outline; beak rather prominent; anterior end sloping rapidly from the beak, regularly rounded; posterocardinal margin straighter and the posterior portion of the shell 

depressed and subtruncate; ventral margin gently convex; surface 

marked by fine lines of growth and by strong, regular, distant, concentric furrows, which extend posteriorly only to the obscure umbonal 

ridge.
62 FAUNA OF THE KNOXVILLE BEDS. [BULL. 133.

, Length, 5 mm..; height, 3 mm.

The generic position of this little species is somewhat doubtful, as it 

is known only from the type specimen, which is a cast of a left valve 

broken at the posterior end. Its form and surface sculpture, however, 

are sufficiently characteristic to make it easily recognizable.

Locality and position. From the small limestone, 3 miles northwest 

of Paskenta, Gal., and about 3,000 feet below the top of the Knoxville 

beds.

(National Museum Catalogue, Mesozoic Invertebrate Fossils, 23061.)

COKBULA FILOSA n. Sp.

PI. XI, figs. 1 and 2.

Shell small, oval, convex; beaks rather prominent, a little in advance 

of the middle; cardinal margin sloping almost equally from the beaks 

in front and behind; anterior end regularly rounded and narrower 

than the posterior end, which is also rounded, but more prominent 

above than below; ventral margin forming a broad curve; surface 

marked by slender filiform concentric lines, with somewhat broader 

interspaces. Some examples show an ill-defined subangular urnbonal 

ridge extending from the beaks to the postero-basal margin. 

, Length of a large specimen, 19 mm.; height, 13 mm.; convexity of 

single valve, about 7 mm.

A provisional name is given to this form because it can not be 

referred to any of the described species from related deposits on the 

Pacific Coast. Corbula concinna Whiteaves'(Mesozoic Fossils, Yol. I, 

p. 219, pi. 29, figs. 3, 3a), from the Queen Charlotte formation, is similar 

in some respects, but it differs essentially in outline, especially of the 

posterior portion, besides being a smaller form.

Localittj and position. In the upper part of the Knoxville beds, on

Cold fork of Cottonwood Creek, near Stephenson's, Tehama County, 

Cal. Eepresented by twelve specimens.

(National Mnseum Catalogue, Mesozoic Invertebrate Fossils, 23062.)

SCAPHOPODA. 

DENTALIID^.

Genus DENTALIUM Linna3us.

DENTALIUM CALIFORNICUM n. sp.

PI. XII, fig. 3.

Shell small, slender, rather strongly curved; aperture and cross 

section nearly circular; surface marked by about eight small angular 

longitudinal costse, alternating with an equal number of fine lines.

Length of type specimen, 7 mm.; greatest diameter, 1 mm. The 

largest specimen seen is 11 mm. long.
STASTON.] DENTALIUM, HELCION, FISSURELLA. 63

This species maybe distinguished from Dentaliumnanaimoense Meek 

and Z>. stramineum Gabb, which occur in the Chico beds, by its smaller 

size, more arcuate form, and more delicate surface sculpture. It 

should be stated, however, that this species may be based on immature 

shells, since all known examples of it were found in a thin shaly layer 

full of a variety of small forms, some of which are certainly young 

shells of species that are found fully developed in adjacent strata.

Locality and position. Upper part of the Knoxville beds on Shelton's 

ranch, 5 miles north of Paskenta, Cal.

(National Museum Catalogue, Mesozoic Invertebrate Fossils, 23063.)

GASTROPODA. 

PATELLID^E.

Genus HELCION Montfort.

HELCION GKANULATUS n. sp.

PI. XII, fig. 4.

Shell depressed, conical, with the apex a little in advance of the 

middle and directed slightly forward; aperture elliptical; surface 

marked by numerous slightly wavy radiating cost®, which become 

somewhat broader on the posterior portion, crossed by rather closely 

arranged, impressed concentric lines, becoming more distant near the 

margin of large specimens.

The figured type measures 13 mm. in length, 9 mm. in breadth, and 

about 3 mm. in height. Another example that shows the surface ornamentation better, but is too much distorted by pressure for illustration, 

measures about three times these dimensions.

Locality and position. Upper part of Knoxville beds, near Stephenson's, on Cold fork of Cotton wood Creek, Tehama County, Cal.

(National Museum Catalogue, Mesozoic Invertebrate Fossils, 23064.)

FISSUKEHLID^E.

Genus FISSUEELLA Bruguiere. 

FISSURELLA BIPUNCTATA n. sp. 

PL XIII, fig. 8.

Shell small, elevated, conical, with the apex directed slightly forward 

and perforated; aperture subcircular; surface cancellated, the sculpture 

consisting of strong radiating ribs alternating with fine lines crossed 

in the interspaces between the ribs by stronger concentric lines, so that 

the interspaces when magnified have the appearance of radiating 

double rows of punctations.
64 .FAUNA OF THE KNOXVILLE BEDS. [BULL. 133.

The aperture of the type specimen, the only one known, measures 

4 mm. by 6 mm., and its height is about '3^ mm.

The small size of this shell suggests that it may not be a full-grown 

individual, but if this should prove to be true there will probably be 

no difficulty in recognizing the species from, its general form and its 

strongly marked sculpture. This is the first recorded occurrence of 

the genus Fissurella in the Mesozoic strata of North America.

Locality and position. Upper part of 'Knoxville beds, near Stephenson's, on Cold fork of Cottonwopd Creek, Tehama County, Cal.

(National Museum Catalogue, Mesozoic Invertebrate Fossils, 23065.)

PLETJROTOMARIID^.

Genus PLEUROTOMABIA Defrance. '

PLEUROTOMARIA sp.

A large species represented by a single imperfect specimen was 

found in the upper part of the Knoxville beds, near Stephenson's, on 

Cold fork of Cotton wood Creek. It retains portions of the shell, but 

does not show much of the surface sculpture, though it was probably 

nearly smooth. The form is broadly conical, with a concave, deeply 

umbilicated base, on which are elevated revolving lines about 2 millimeters apart. The aperture is narrow and oblique, and the last whorl 

shows traces of a long narrow slit. The specimen is not well enough 

preserved to make an intelligible figure.

(National Museum Catalogue, Mesozoic Invertebrate Fossils, 23066.)

Genus TUBBO Linnaeus. 

TURBO PASKENTAENSIS n. sp.

PI. XII, figs. 5 and 6.

Shell of medium size, obliquely subovate ; whorls, about five, regu] arly 

rounded and increasing rapidly in size, separated by a. linear impressed 

suture; surface marked by rather distinct lines of growth and by subequal granulated revolving lines, of which there are about thirteen on 

the body whorl. Faint traces of these revolving lines are often visible 

on internal casts, especially on the body whorl of large specimens.

Height of the largest specimen seen, about 28 mm. ; greatest breadth, 

22 mm.

The species is represented by ten more or less imperfect casts, some 

of which retain enough of the shell to show the character of the surface sculpture. The aperture is not preserved in any of them, but the 

shell was evidently not umbilicated. It is referred to Turbo on account 

of its general form and surface sculpture, though from the material at
STANTON.] TURBO. 6&

hand it is not possible to determine whether it had all the characteristics of that genus.

Locality and position. Three miles northwest of Paskenta, Tehama 

County, Cal., in a small limestone about 3,000 feet below the top of 

the Knoxville beds.

(National Museum Catalogue, Mesozoic Invertebrate Fossils, 23067.)

TURBO WILBURENSIS n. sp. 

PI. XII, fig. 15.

Shell of medium size, elongate ovate, consisting of five or six 

rounded whorls; suture linear, impressed; surface ornamented with 

small, elevated, slightly nodulose revolving lines, of which there are 

about twenty on the body whorl, and about niqe are visible on the 

spire.

Height of the largest specimen, which is incomplete at the apex, 34 

mm.; greatest breadth, 25 mm.

The species is represented by three specimens from a limestone in, 

which the surface characters are not perfectly preserved. It is rather 

closely related to T. paskentaensis, from which it differs in its somewhat 

more slender form and the details of surface sculpture, having more 

numerous revolving lines of a different character. The aperture, also, 

is somewhat more produced in front.

Locality and position. In the white limestone, near Wilbur Springs, 

on Sulphur Creek, Colusa County, Cal., where it is associated with 

Rhynchonella whitneyi, Modiola major, etc. Exact position in the Knoxville beds not determined.

(National Museum Catalogue, Mesozoic Invertebrate Fossils, 23068.)

TURBO TRILINEATUS n. sp. 

PI. XII, fig. 12.

Shell small, obliquely ovate, consisting of about four rapidly increasing convex whorls; surface ornamented by three elevated, equidistant 

revolving lines that are visible on the spire, by seven or eight fainter 

and more closely arranged revolving lines on the lower half of the 

body whorl, and by rather distinct transverse striae that give the shell 

an obscurely cancellated appearance, especially on the upper whorls. 

The aperture is subquadrate, and the shell is not uinbilicated.

Height of the type specimen, 11 mm.; greatest breadth, 10 mm.

Eepresented by a single specimen. In drawing the figure tlie artist 

has erroneously made four equal revolving lines on the body whorl. 

The lowest of these should be much fainter.

In general form this species resembles the young of T. pasTcentaensis, 

but it is easily distinguished by the differences -in sculpture. It is 

perhaps more closely related to T. colusaensis, described below, from 

Bull. 133 5
66 'FAUNA OF THE KNOXVILLE BEDS. [BULL. 133.

which also the details of sculpture and the great difference in size will 

serve to distinguish it.

Locality and position. From a small lens of limestone in the upper 

part of the Knoxville beds, about 3 miles north of Lowerys, Tehama 

County, Cal.

(National Museum Catalogue, Mesozoic Invertebrate Fossils, 23069.)

TURBO COLUSAENSIS n. sp. 

PI. XII, fig. 14.

 Shell of medium, size, elongate ovate, consisting of four or five 

rounded whorls; surface sculpture (as seen on the cast, retaining 

portions of the shell), consisting of four rather prominent, nodulose, 

revolving ridges, three of which are visible on the spire, of finer lines 

alternating with the ridges and covering the anterior half of the body 

whorl, and of rather prominent transverse lines which by intersecting 

the revolving ridges on the spire give the surface a coarsely reticulate 

or pitted appearance. Like all the other-species here referred to the 

Turbinidse, this shell is not umbilicated. Full outline of the aperture 

not preserved.

Represented by two specimens, the larger of which measures 26 mm. 

in height and 20 mm. in greatest breadth.

Compared with the preceding species (T. trilineatus), this form is 

proportionally more elevated and slender, and the details of the sculpture are different, though the general type of sculpture is the same in 

both.

Locality and position. In the white limestone, near Wilbur Springs, 

on Sulphur Creek, Colusa County, Cal., where it is associated with 

Rhynchonella whitneyi, Modiola major, Pecten complexicosta, Turbo 

wilburensis, etc, Exact position in the Kuoxville beds not determined, 

but this limestone is evidently inter stratified with shales and sandstones bearing Aucella piochii.

(National Museum Catalogue, Mesozoic Invertebrate Fossils, 23070.)

TURBO MORGANENSIS n. sp. 

PI. XII, fig. 13.

Shell of medium size, elongate ovate, consisting of about four rather 

rapidly increasing convex whorls; surface of the spire marked by two 

strong nodose revolving ridges that give the whorls a biangular 

appearance, crossed on the first two whorls by smaller transverse lines 

connecting the nodes; body whorl in front of the two ridges bearing 

four or five somewhat less prominent distant revolving lines. The 

surface when magnified also shows fine lines of gro\vth and numerous 

faint revolving lines that cover the revolving ridges as well as the 

interspaces. The two prominent ridges are so placed that the anterior 

one is about on the middle of the body whorl, while the posterior one
STANTON.] TURBO. 67

is near the middle of the visible portion on whorls of the spire. 

The portion of the whorl behind (above) the posterior ridge is a nearly 

smooth slope, which sometimes shows a faint nodulose revolving line 

near the suture.

Eepresented by four internal casts and two natural molds of the 

surface, of which the largest specimen measures 20 mm. in height and 

17 mm. in greatest breadth.

The most closely related of the Knoxville forms is T. colusaensis, 

which has the same general form and style of sculpture. The sculpture in T. morganensis, however, is coarser; it has two revolving ridges 

on the spire instead of three, and the revolving lines on the front half 

of the body whorl are much stronger and less numerous.

Locality and position. Morgan Valley, Lake County, Gal., 1 mile 

northwest of Palmer's ranch, on road from Lower Lake to Knoxville,

where it is associated with Pecten vomplexicosta, Astarte tmpezoidalis,

and Atresius liratus in the upper part- of the Knoxville beds. Collected by Mr. Jasper Palmer, jr.

(National Museum Catalogue, Mesozoic Invertebrate Fossils, 23071.)

TURBO ? HUMEKOSUS n. sp. 

PI. XII, figs. 10 and 11.

Shell rather small, moderately elevated," composed of four or five 

volutions; whorls faintly augulated by two revolving lines or small 

carinse, the lower of which is sometimes obsolete, and occasionally 

with a third line interpolated between them; posterior part of the 

whorls, above the upper revolving line, obliquely flattened; surface 

sculpture in addition to the carinse consisting of fine revolving lines, 

that are more prominent toward the front of the body whorl, and of 

lines of growth. The growth lines are sinuous, directed slightly backward from the suture to the upper carina, where they have a tendency 

to form small tubercles, and thence curving gently forward; aperture 

broadly ovate, slightly produced below.

Length of an average specimen, 14 mm.; greatest breadth, 10 mm. 

Some individuals are more slender than this.

The true generic position of this species is doubtful. It is represented 

by ten imperfect specimens, none of which showj the full form of the 

aperture nor the character of the inner lip. In the best preserved 

examples the entire shell is replaced by calcite, thus retaining the 

sculpture in part.

Locality and position. The figured types are from the upper part of 

the Kuoxville beds, 3 miles north of Lowerys, Tehama County, Cal. 

Three specimens that seem to belong to this species were obtained in 

the white limestone with Wiynclionella wliitneyi, Modiola major, Turbo 

ivilburensis, etc., near Wilbur Springs, Colusa County, Cal.

(National Museum Catalogue, Mesozoic Invertebrate Fossils, 23072 

and 23073.)
68 FAUNA OF THE KNOXVILLE BEDS. [BULL. 133.

Genus AMBEELEYA Morris and Lycett.

AMBERLEYA DILLERI n. sp.

PI. XII, tigs. 7-9.

Shell of medium size, rather slender turbiuate; whorls, about six, 

sharply angulated by a strong tuberculate revolving carina, which on 

the body whorl is slightly above the middle; upper surface of the 

whorls, with a plane or slightly concave slope from the suture to the 

carina, marked by distinct, irregular line's of growth and on some 

specimens by one or two faint revolving lines; the portion of the 

whorl below the carina is rounded, and bears about seven distinct 

granulated revolving lines, of which the lower ones are smaller and 

more closely arranged, and only the upper one is visible on the spire, 

where it shows as a row of small tubercles just above the suture.

The species is represented by eighteen more or less fragmentary specimens, from which it is evident that adult shells measured not less than 

35 mm. in height and about 25 mm. in greatest breadth.

Forms similar to this are referred by Fischer to the genus Ainberleya, which was based on certain Oolitic species from England. In 

ZittePs Handbuch der PaliBontologie, Amberleya is not recognized, 

because it is stated that, the genus was not fully characterized, and 

the same forms are referred to Euneina. The Jurassic fossils belonging 

to this group were included by d'Orbigny in his genus Purpurina, and 

some of the species figured by him seem to be closely related to our 

California fossils. Purpurina belia (Pal. Fran. Terr. Jur. II, pi. 330, 

figs. 9, 10) especially has a very close resemblance to it in form and 

sculpture, and P. ornata, figured on the same plate, has almost exactly 

the same ornamentation as a fragment associated with the other specimens just described.

A species that seems to belong to the same group has been collected 

by Dr. Cooper Curtice in the Mariposa beds on Stanislaus Eiver, opposite Bostwick's Bar, but it differs too much in details of sculpture to 

require minute comparison with this Knoxville form.

Locality and position. From a small limestone, about 3,000 feet below 

the top of the Knoxville beds, 3 miles northwest of Paskenta, Cal.

(National Museum Catalogue, Mesozoic Invertebrate Fossils, 23074.)

Genus ATKESIUS Gabb.

ATRESIUS LIRATUS Gabb.

PI. XI, fig. 6.

Atresius liratus Gabb, 1869, Palaeont. California, Vol. II, p. 169, pi. 28, fig. 50.

Original description. "Shell small, thin, elongate; spire elevated, 

number of whorls unknown; whorls regularly convex, suture linear. 

Surface marked by about fourteen or fifteen subacute revolving ribs 

with concave interspaces, the space between the upper rib and the
STANTON.J ATRESIUS, TURRITELLA. 69

suture twice as broad as those below; first rib minutely crenulated; 

the whole surface crossed by fine but distinct lines of growth. Aperture subovate, a little produced and subangular in front; oufer lip 

simple, thin, and showing faint traces internally of the ribs on the surface; columella curved."

The type was a broken and apparently immature specimen "from 

the Shasta group, Colusa County, southeast of Hot Sulphur Springs." 

The fossils that I refer to the same species show considerable variation 

and are more nearly complete than the original. From these the following additional descriptive notes are drawn:

The whorls, which are six or seven in number, are regularly convex 

in some specimens, as in the type, while others are distinctly bicarinate, on account of the enlargement of the upper rib and the fourth one 

below it. In extreme cases the whorl is flattened between these two

carinaB, but there are all variations between this extreme and the regularly rounded form owith equal revolving lines. Usually only five 

lines are visible on the spire, but in a few specimens -this number is 

almost doubled by the intercalation of intermediate lines.

Eepresentedin the collection by about twenty five specimens, oneof the 

largest of which measures 32 mm. inheight and 18mm. in greatest breadth.

The family affinities of this shell are rather doubtful. Gabb thought 

that it belonged to the Littorinidae, but to me its relations seem to be 

rather closer with the Turbinid^e.

Locality and position. The type came from southeast of Hot Sulphur 

Springs, Colusa County, Cal.; that is, from the neighborhood of Wilbnr 

Springs, on Sulphur Creek, and therefore most probably from the 

Knoxvil'le becls. The specimens I have studied, including the one 

figured, were collected by Mr. Jasper Palmer, jr., in limestone of the 

upper part of the Kuoxville, 1 mile northwest of Palmer's ranch, Lake 

County, Cal., where it is associated with Pecten complexicosta, Astarte 

trapezoidalis, and Turbo morganensis. Aucella crassicollis was found in 

the shales near by.

The fossils from the Horsetown beds on Cold fork of Cottonwood 

Creek, that were doubtfully referred to this species in a previous publication, 1 belong to a distinct, undescribed species.

(National Museum Catalogue, Mesozoic Invertebrate Fossils, 23075.)

TURRITELT^ID^E.

Genus TUKRITELLA Lamarck. 

TURRITELLA sp.

A single specimen that does not fully show its specific character was 

collected in the upper part of the Kuoxville beds, near Stephenson's, on 

Cold fork of Cottonwood Creek. It is a small, very slender species, 

with subangular whorls that are most prominent just above the suture.

(National Museum Catalogue, Mesozoic Invertebrate Fossils, 23076.)

i Diller and Stanton, The Shasta-Chico Series, Bull. Geol. Soc. Am., Vol. V, p. 442.
70 FAUNA OF THE KNOXVILLE BEDS. [BULL. 133,

P YBAMIDELMD^E.

Genus HYPSIPLEUKA Koken.

HYPSIPLETIRA ? OCCIDENTALIS n. sp.

PI. XIII, figs. 3 and 4.

Shell small, slender, elongated, composed of about eight slightly 

convex volutions; surface ornamented by strong, curved, transverse 

costse, and by very faint revolving lines crossed by lines of growth. 

The costae are about ten or twelve on each whorl, slightly curved, with 

the convexity directed backward, largest at the upper end, which does 

not quite reach the linear suture above, and fading out just at the 

suture below, so that they do not cover the lower half of the body 

whorl. The most conspicuous of the revolving lines crosses the upper 

ends of the costse, giving them a minutely tuberculate appearance.

Height of an average specimen, 11 mm.; greatest breadth, 4 mm.

This species seems to belong to the Mesozoic group formerly included 

in d'Orbigny's genus Chemnitzia, for which Koken* has proposed the 

name Hypsipleura. Chemnitzia ? vetusta (Phillips), from the Great 

Oolite of England, has a close resemblance to our species.

Locality and position. Abundant in the small limestone, 3 miles 

northwest of Paskenta, Cal., and about 3,000 feet below the top of the 

Knoxville beds.

(National Museum Catalogue, Mesozoic Invertebrate Fossils, 23077.)

HYPSIPLEURA GREGARIA n. sp.

PI. XIII, figs. 1 and 2. 

Shell very small, rather slender, elongate, composed of about seven

slightly convex whorls; suture impressed, linear; sculpture consisting' 

of ten or twelve transverse costse on each whorl extending entirely 

across the upper whorls of the spire, but shortened to mere tubercles; 

forming a row on the upper margin of the last two or three whorls. 

Aperture obliquely ovate with a thin, sharp outer lip.

Height of an average specimen, 3 mm.; greatest breadth, a little more 

than 1 mm. It is possible that all the specimens collected are immature, 

since, in the layer of calcareous shale yielding them, there are many 

young shells of Aucella crassicollis, etc., but no larger individuals 

referable to this species were found.

This form is easily distinguished from the preceding by its smaller' 

size, shorter costse, and by the absence of revolving sculpture.

Locality and position. In the upper part of the Kuoxville beds, on: 

Shelton's ranch, about 5 miles north of Paskenta, Tehama County,, 

Cal., where it is very abundant in a single thin layer of shale.

(National Museum Catalogue, Mesozoic Invertebrate Fossils, 23078.)

1 Zeitschr. deutsch. geol. Gesellgphaft, Bd. XLIV, p. 201.
STANTON.] CERITHIUM. 71

CERITH1IDJE.

Genus CERITHIUM Adanson.

CERITHIUM PASKENTAENSIS n. sp.

PI. XIII, figs. 5 and 6.

Shell small, composed of about five convex whorls, increasing rather 

rapidly in size; sculpture consisting of about twelve strong, transverse 

cost* on each whorl, crossed by fine, closely arranged revolving lines, 

of which nine or ten are visible on the spire; aperture elongate ovate, 

angular above and produced into a short canal below.

Height, 10 mm.; greatest breadth, 4mm.

Locality and position. :Froin the small limestone, about 3,000 feet

below the top of the Knoxville beds, 3 miles northwest of Paskenta,

Cal. Represented by only the two imperfect specimens figured. 

(National Museum Catalogue, Mesozoic Invertebrate Fossils, 23079.)

CEEITHIUM STRIGOSUM n. sp. 

PI. XIII, fig. 7.

Shell sina'll, slender, consisting of nine or ten rounded whorls, surface ornamented by narrow, elevated, transverse costae and by revolving lines. There are eight costae on each whorl, so arranged that they 

form continuous varices the full length of the shell. Four of the revolving lines are visible on the spire.

Height, 6mm; greatest breadth, 2mm.

The species is known only from a natural mold of the outer surface, 

which does not show the form of the aperture.

Locality and position. Shelton's ranch, 5 miles north of Paskenta, 

Cal., where it is associated with Hypsipleura gregaria, Aucella crassicollis, etc., in a layer of calcareous shale near the top of the Knoxville 

beds.

(National Museum Catalogue, Mesozoic Invertebrate Fossils, 23080.)

OEBITHIUM sp.

The collection from the upper part of the Knoxville beds, near Stephenson's, on Cold fork on Cottonwood Creek, contains fragments of another 

species of Cerithium, very distinct from those above described. It is 

a slender form with flattened whorls, ornamented by strong nodose 

revolving lines. The material is not sufficient to characterize it fully.

(National Museum Catalogue, Mesozoic Invertebrate Fossils, 23081.)
72 FAUNA OF THE KNOXVILLE BEDS. [BULL. 133.

APORRHAID^E.

Genus APORRHAIS Dillwyn. 

APORBHAIS sp.

Cf. HelicaulaxbicarinataGfab}), 1869, Palieont. California, Vol. II, p. 166, pi. 27, fig. 47.

Shell .robust fusiform, consisting of four or five rapidly increasing 

whorls, which are obliquely flattened, so that the sides of the spire form 

a continuous slope; body whorl with two distinct carinse, of which only 

the upper one is represented on the spire by a rather prominent raised 

line; surface also marked by numerous fine revolving lines; posterior 

canal extending to the apex of the spire; outer lip broadly expanded 

and wing-like, but its full outline and the anterior canal not preserved.

Height of a specimen, imperfect at both, extremities, 24mm; diameter 

of body whorl, exclusive of expanded outer lip, 19mm.

The single imperfect specimen thus described .was originally referred' 

to R. bicarinata, but after making more critical comparisons with the 

type of that species in the Philadelphia Academy of Sciences and with 

other collections from the Horsetown beds on Cottonwood Creek and 

in Tehaina County, I think that it is a distinct species, though probably 

closely related.

The description and figure of H. bicarinata is slightly inaccurate. 

The whorls of the spire are distinctly angular, instead of plane, as 

shown in Gabb's figure. Better preserved specimens from the original 

locality in the Horsetown beds of Cottonwood Creek show that the 

wing has two long, slender processes, and the anterior canal also is 

slender and curved. It seems, therefore, to belong nearer to the typical 

Aporrhais than to Helicaulax.

Locality and position. The specimen here described was collected

by Mr. Storrs in the uppermost layers of the Knoxville beds, about 2 

miles north of Lowerys, Tehama County, Cal. 

(National Museum Catalogue, Mesozoic Invertebrate Fossils, 23082.)

CEPHALOPODA. 

AMMONOIDEA.

Genus PHTLLOCERAS Suess. 

PHYLLOCERAS KNOXVILLENSIS n. sp.

PL XIV, figs. 1-4.

Cf. Ammonites ramosus (Meek) Gabb, 1864, Palteout. Cal., Vol. I, p. 65, pi. 11, fig. 12,

12a, and pi. 12, fig. 12&. 

Not Phylloceras ? ramosus Meek, 1857, Trans. Albany Inst., Vol. IV, p. 45, and Bull. U.

S. Geol. Surv. Terr., VoL II, p. 371, pi. 5, figs. 1, la; 16.

Shell rather large, discoid, moderately compressed, involute, with 

very small umbilicus; sides slightly convex; abdomen rather narrowly

i Bull. Geol. Soc. Am., Vol. V, p. 447.
BTANTON.] PHYLLOCERAS. 73

rounded; surface ornamented by numerous, closely arranged, slightly 

flexuous linear ribs that begin as very fine lines at the umbilicus aud 

increase in size to the abdomen, where they are slightly curved forward and are somewhat more narrow than the interspaces. The type 

specimen also shows several well-marked periodic constrictions.

The septa are closely crowded and very complex, the details being 

better shown in the tracing (fig. 3) than in a verbal description.

Greatest diameter of type, which is septate throughout, 112 mm.; 

height of aperture, 66 mm.; greatest breadth of same, 34 mm. Frag- 

 inents from the same locality show that the species attained a much 

larger size.

A number of small specimens, like the one represented by fig. 4, 

have been collected at several localities in the Knoxville bed's, and as 

they have about the same proportions as this species they are probably immature specimens of it, Being internal casts, the surface

appears smooth, but the one figured retains faint remnants of the 

sculpture, consisting of fine lines.

It is with some hesitation that a new name is proposed for this form, 

though it is evidently distinct from Meek's Ammonites ramosus, which 

was based on a specimen from Comox, Vancouver Island. A comparison of the type of A. ramosus with Phylloceras Icnoxvillensis shows 

that the former is slightly more compressed, the umbilicus is proportionally somewhat larger, and there a.re no constrictions on the cast. 

The surface sculpture of both species consists of numerous fine lines, 

but they are more flexuous in A. ramosus, curving strongly forward 

near the umbilicus, while in P. Icnoxvillensis they are almost straight 

in that region. There are also important differences in the details of 

the septa, which are considerably more complex and finely divided in 

A. ramosus than in our form, although the latter is a much larger 

specimen. This difference is especially noticeable in the small siphonal 

saddle, which is deeply incised in the Vancouver species aud almost 

simple and entire in P. Icnoxvillensis. The great difference in geological horizon of the two forms is also worthy of consideration, 

P. Icnoxvillensis occurring well clown in the Knoxville beds and 

A. ramosus in the upper Cretaceous Chico beds. All the other species 

described .from Comox, Vancouver, certainly belong to the Chico fauna, 

and, although A. ramosus has not been reported from Californian 

Chico beds, it has recently been discovered in the lowest Chico or 

uppermost Horsetown beds of southern Oregon by Mr. P. M. Anderson, through whose courtesy I have been permitted to examine a characteristic specimen and some of the interesting species associated 

with it.

Whiteaves 1 has treated A. ramosus as a synonym of Phylloceras 

velledce Michelin, and this is a reasonable identification if all the 

Europeau and Indian fossils figured under this name really belong to

'Mesozoic Fossils, Vol. I, pt. 2, p. 103.
74 FAUNA OF THE KNOXVILLE BEDS. [BULL. 13?.

one species. Quite recently, however, De G-rossouvre l has proposed a 

new generic as well as specific name for the English Upper Cretaceous 

form that has been referred to Phylloceras velledce. Until direct comparison of authentic European specimens of P. velledw with these west 

coast fossils can be made I prefer to use Meek's name.

The form from Cotton wood Creek, Shasta County, Cal., referred by 

Gabb to A. ramosus in Palaeontology of California, is also distinct from 

that species, though Meek himself acquiesced in the identification after 

seeing G-abb's sketches of his fossil. Near the original locality, in 

the neighborhood of Ono, on Cottonwood Creek, it is found only in the 

lower part of the Horsetown beds, where it is quite abundant; Gabb's 

figure shows a somewhat thicker, more convex form than any I have 

seen from there, and the details, of the septa are not very accurate. It 

is much larger than any specimen of P. ramosus yet collected from the 

Chico and the sculpture is proportionally finer. The septum differs 

from that species in all its details, being much more like the septum of 

the type of P. ~knoxmllensis, though not quite so complex in the specimens I have examined. It also differs from P. Imoxvillensis in its finer, 

less conspicuous sculpture, its somewhat more compressed form, and 

the entire absence of periodic constrictions. Perhaps these specimens from the Horsetown beds are only a variety of the Knoxville 

species they are certainly closely related but until the two forms 

are found in the same strata, and until the intermediate forms are 

found, it seems to me useful to treat them as distinct species, and I 

therefore propose the name Phylloceras onoensis for the Horsetown form, 

We then have three successive species, probably genetically related,, 

in the Cretaceous of the Pacific Coast, viz: P. knoxvillensis n. sp. in . 

the Knoxville, P. onoensis n. sp. in the Horsetown, and P. ramosus 

Meek in the Chico.

The generic reference of these species is not entirely satisfactory,

because the saddles do not have the well developed phylliform terminations characteristic of typical species of Phylloceras. (Unfortunately 

my figure of the septum exaggerates this difference.) It seems to me, 

however, that their relations are closer with Phylloceras than with 

Desmoceras, to which somewhat similar forms have sometimes, been 

referred. Possibly P. ramosus could be included in Grossouvre's genus 

Schliiteria, which seems to have been intended for Upper Cretaceous 

species only, but the three species are too closely related to permit 

their generic separation.

The figures of Placenticeras fallax Castillo and Aguilera 2 from the 

Aucella beds of Catorce, Mexico, show great resemblance to this species, 

excepting that the umbilicus is somewhat wider in the Mexican form.

Locality and position. The type of P. Icnoxvttlensis was collected by 

Mr. Cooper, about 1 mile northwest of his ranch, on the south fork of 

Elder Creek, Tehama County, Cal. The large fragments mentioned

1 Les Ammonites do la Grain Miperieure, p. 216, Paris, 1893.

2 Boletin tie ia- Comision Geologico do Mexico, No. !, p. 17, pi. 8, figs. 1, 2, Mexico, 1895.
STANTON.] LYTOCERAS. 75'

in the description and a small young specimen were collected by Mr. 

Storrs at the same place, where it is associated with Aucellapiochii,. 

Hoplites storrsi, etc. The horizon is about 3,000 feet below the top 

of the Knoxvil.le beds. The small specimen figured is from the small 

limestone, on about the same horizon, 3 miles northwest of Paskeuta. 

Similar small specimens have been collected in the neighborhood of 

Kuoxville, Napa County, and near Wilbur Springs, Colusa County.

(National Museum Catalogue, Mesozoic Invertebrate Fossils, 23083- 

aud 23084.)

Genus LYTOCERAS Suess. 

LYTOCERAS BATESI (Trask). 

PI. XIII, figs. 9-11.

Ammonites batesii Trask, 1855, Proc. Cal. Acatl. Sci., Vol I, p. 40.

Ammonites batesii Gabb, 1864, PaL'Bont. Cal., Vol. I, p. 67, pi. 13, figs. Wa, 16&.

? Ammonites batesii Gabb, 1869, Palieout. Cal., Vol. II, p. 132, pi. 20, iig. 9a, pi. 21, figs.-

Wa, 105. 

Ammonites crenocostatus Whiteaves, 1876, Mesozoic Fossils, Vol. I, p. 45, pi. 9, figs.

2, 2a. 

Lytoceras latesi Whiteaves, 1884, Mesozoic Fossils, Vol. I, p. 202, pi. 27, fig 1.

This well-k'nown species has been sufficiently described by the authorsabove referred to. It shows considerable variation in form, especially 

in the relative rapidity of increase by growth in the diameter of the 

whorls, and there is some variation in the amount of involution. I 

think, however, that the limits of the species should be more restricted 

than Gabb believed, and that it should not be made to include the form 

figured in volume 2 of the Palaeontology of California, in which theearlier whorls are angular on the sides.

Well-preserved specimens nearly all show the crenulated costse described by Whiteaves in A. crenocostatus, which he afterwards referred 

to L. batesi.

The peristome is greatly thickened and reflected in this species. 

This feature is indicated by the periodic constrictions on the internal 

cast, and it is well shown by a fragment of a large specimen recently collected in the Lower Horsetown beds, near Paskenta, Cal. (See PI. XIII,. 

figs. 9 and 10.) The whorl from which this fragment came was nearly 

4 inches in diameter, and the whole shell must have exceeded a foot in> 

diameter. The shell near the aperture has a thickness of 3 millimeters, which increases suddenly to 5 or 6 millimeters, and this thickened 

portion is abruptly reflected, first inward and then outward, so that a 

cross section of it has a narrow U-shape. The trumpet-shaped aperture of Lytoceras immane as described and figured by Neumayr 1 is of 

the same type, but somewhat more simple, as the peristome is only 

slightly reflected and expanded outward.

Locality and position. The fragment showing part of the aperture 

is from the Lower Horsetown beds, about 3 miles north of Paskenta, 

The other figured specimen is from the Upper Knoxville beds, on Wil1 Beitrage zur Palaontologie Oesterreich-Ungarns, Bd.III, pp. 101-103, Taf. 20, figs. 1-3, Wien., 1888.
76 FAUNA OF THE KNOXVILLE BEDS. [BOLL. 133.

cox's ranch, about 3 miles farther north. It is not uncommon at this 

horizon. Fragmentary specimens of the same or a closely related species have been collected much lower in the Knoxville beds, on south fork 

of Elder Creek, associated with Aucella piocMi. It is most abundant 

and best preserved, however, in the Lower Horsetown beds, in Shasta 

.and Tehama counties, from the north fork of Cotton wood Creek southward; also at Eiddles, Oreg.; in Queen Charlotte Islands, etc.

Gabb also reports it from two localities in the Chico group, but this 

is probably an error in identification, as it has not been found in any 

of the later collections from those beds, and there are other forms there 

that, when not well preserved, might be mistaken for it.

(National Museum Catalogue, Mesozoic Invertebrate Fossils, 23085 

and 23080.)

Genus DESMOCERAS Zittel.

DESMOCERAS CALIFORNICUBI n. sp.

PI. XV, figs. 6 and 7.

Shell large, discoid, composed of rather narrow, slightly embracing, 

flattened whorls; abdomen rather broadly rounded; surfac'e marked by 

.slender, slightly curved ribs that cross the abdomen, but are somewhat 

less prominent there than on the sides. The ribs are usually simple, 

and are directed slightly forward in crossing the abdomen, but occasionally one bifurcates on the outer third of the side. The' cast also 

shows occasional moderately deep periodic constrictions. Septa distant and not very complex, as shown in the tracing, distinguished 

especially by the very broad siphoual lobe.

The full dimensions of the species are not known, but the fragments that we have must have belonged to a specimen fully 10 inches

in diameter. The largest whorl figured measures 45 mm. in height 

and 27 mm. in breadth. About half of each of the inner volutions is 

exposed in the umbilicus.

In general form this species is suggestive of Gabb's original figure 

of A. breioeri (Palseont. Cal., Vol. I, pi. 10, fig. 7), but it differs from 

that figure in having smaller, much straighter, and more closely 

arranged ribs. Besides, as Gabb remarked, A. breweri "was originally 

described from several imperfect casts in sandstone, showing nothing 

but the surface characters and not all of those in a perfectly satisfactory manner," and "so distorted as to render it impossible to ascertain the shape of the section of a whorl, or even to show the amount 

of enveloping of the whorls." It is very probable, therefore, that 

Gabb was right in referring to this species the more perfect specimens 

from the same locality that are described and figured in the secondvolume .of Palaeontology of California. These are much more involute than the original figure and are not at all closely related in 

either form, or septa to Desmoceras californicum, which has been compared with the large collection of A. breweri from Horsetown.
STANTON.] DESMOCERAS, OLCOSTEPHANUS. 77

Locality and position. About 3 miles north of Paskenta, Cal., and 

one-half mile east'of Henderson's, associated with Aucella crassicollis, 

var., in beds about 1,500 or 2,000 feet below the top of the Knoxville. 

Kepresented by three other fragments besides those figured, probably 

all belonging to one individual. Collected by Mr. Storrs.

(National Museum Catalogue, Mesozoic Invertebrate Fossils, 23087.)

DESMOCERAS ? sp.

Another species probably belonging to this genus is represented by 

several fragments from the uppermost Knoxville beds, from 2 to 4 miles' 

north of Lowerys, Teharaa County, Cal. It is much more involute 

than the preceding species, and is marked by numerous rather closely 

arranged ribs.

(National Museum Catalogue, Mesozoic Invertebrate Fossils, 23088.)

Genus OLCOSTEPHANUS Neumayr.

OLCOSTEPHANUS (SIMBIRSKITES) MUTABILIS n. sp.

PI. XV, figs. 1-5.

Cf. OlcostepUanus discofalcatns Lahusen, Verliandl. Russ. Kais. Min. Gesellschaft,

2cl ser., Bd. IX, p. 67, pi. 7, figs. 2-4; Pavlow, Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscou, 1890, pi. 6,

fig. 1; Idem, 1891, pi. 18, fig. 2. 

Cf. Olcostephanus qtiatsinocnsis Whiteaves, Trans. Roy. Soc. Canada, Vol. I, sec. 4,

p. 82, fig. 1, and Scapliites quatsinoensis Whiteaves, Coat. Can. Pakeout., Vol. I,

p. 158, pi. 21, fig. 2. 

Cf. Olcosteplianus potosinits Castillo and Aguilera, 1895, Boletin de la Comision GeoI6gico de Mexico, No. 1, p. 36, pi. 7, fig. 2.

Shell rather small, discoid, involute; volutions narrowly rounded on 

the abdomen, slightly convex on the sides, and regularly rounded into 

the umbilicus, in which only a small portion of the preceding whorl is 

visible; surface ornamented by narrow, prominent, slightly sinuous 

ribs that originate on the'margin of the umbilicus, usually divide 

about the middle of the side into two to four branches, and thence 

cross the abdomen, where they are strongly curved forward. The ribs 

vary greatly in different specimens and at different stages of growth 

in the same specimen. In one of those figured the most of the ribs 

simply bifurcate once, though occasionally one divides into three 

branches, and a few are simple; but on the outer third of the last 

whorl the ribs starting from the umbilicus are larger and more widely 

separated, and after passing about half way across the side they are 

each broken up into four or five small ribs, so that on the abdomen the 

ribs are finer and more closely arranged than they are in the same 

region of the earlier portions of the shell. In some of the specimens 

this style of sculpture seems to be developed at an earlier stage, while 

in others nearly all the ribs trifurcate, but after studying a series of 

about forty specimens I can not make these variations of specific 

importance. Internal casts also show several periodic constrictions 

on each volution.
f78 FAUNA OF THE KNOXVILLE BEDS. [BULL. 133.

The larger of the figured specimens is about of the average size, 

though it is septate throughout. Its dimensions are: Greatest diameter, 52 mm.; umbilicus, 11 mm.; end of last volution, 26 by 16 mm. All 

rthe specimens are more or less distorted, and none shows the complete 

;septum clearly. The enlarged sketch (fig. 2) shows pretty accurately the 

;forin of the septum, excepting the siphonal lobe, which was not seen on

#,ny of the specimens.

The Russian species with which I have compared this one, and which 

:seems to be really very closely related, comes from the JSTeocomian of 

.Simbirsk and Worobiewo, and is also reported from England. It 

belongs to the group of Olcostephanus, for which Pavlow has proposed the name Siinbirskites.

Scaphites quatsinoensis Whiteaves, which was originally described as 

an Olcostephanus, comes from the same horizon as our species on the 

northern end of Vancouver Island, and in size, general form, and style 

of ornamentation, especially in the variations described in the later 

publication referred to, it is quite comparable with 0. mutabilis, but 

this resemblance is probably only superficial, as our specimens certainly are not Scaphites.

The fragmentary specimen of Olcostephanus potosinus Castillo and 

Aguilera, from the Aucella beds of Catorce, Mexico, shows the same 

type of sculpture as 0. mutabilis.

Locality and position. On Shelton's ranch, 5 miles north of Paskenta, Oal., in the upper part of the Knoxville beds.

(National Museum Catalogue, Mesozoic Invertebrate Fossils, 23089.)

OLCOSTEPHANUS (POLYPTYOHITES) TRICHOTOMUS n. sp. 

PL XVI, fig. 1.

 Of. Ammonites polyptyclms, Keyserling, 1864, Reiee in das Petschora-Land, p. 327, pi.

21, tigs. 1-3, and pi. 22, fig. 9.

Shell rather large, moderately involute, with rounded whorls that 

.are nearly as broad as high; surface ornamented by strong, slightly 

.curved ribs that arise on the edge of the umbilicus and divide about 

the middle of the side into two. branches, the posterior of which 

usually again soon divides. On the abdomen these divided ribs are 

.about half as broad as the interspaces.

The specimen in hand is so badly crushed and distorted that a full 

specific description can not be given, but the surface sculpture will 

readily distinguish it from all of its associates and make it easily identifiable when good specimens are found.

Ammonites polypfychus, which Eichwald regarded as a synonym of 

A. Udlcliotomus, seems to be a closely related species, but is apparently 

somewhat more involute. This and several similar forms from the 

lowest Cretaceous and uppermost Jurassic beds of Europe are grouped 

together by Pavlow l under the subgeueric name of Polyptychites.

'Pavlow and Lamplugh, Argiles de Speeton et leurs Equivalents, pp. 118-130 (from Bull. Soc. Nat. 

Moacou, 1891).
STANTON.] . HOP LITE S. 79

Locality and position. Two miles south of Lowerys, Tehaina County, 

Cal., in tlie uppermost layers of the Knoxville beds. 

(National Museum Catalogue, Mesozoic Invertebrate Fossils, 23090.)

Genus HOPLITES Neumayr.

HOPLITES HYATTI n. Sp. 1

PI. XVI, fig.'2.

Shell of medium size, discoid, slightly involute; whorls, about four 

or five, flat or very gently convex on the sides, with the abdomen 

slightly flattened, except on the last third of the outer volution; surface marked by numerous slightly curved ribs, the most of which 

bifurcate on the outer third of the volution and cross the abdomen, 

though not quite so prominent there as on the sides. In the earlier 

stages of growth (so far as they can be seen in the specimen) the ribs 

are prominent and closely arranged, but on a part of the last volution 

they take on a senile character, becoming more distant, broader, 

rounded, and less conspicuous. The aperture has long lateral ears, 

12 mm. wide, and projecting nearly an inch (22 mm.) beyond the 

.general outline of the aperture. Septum unknown.

The greatest diameter of the type specimen is about 90 mm., and the 

aperture measures 30 mm. in height. The shell is somewhat flattened 

by pressure, but the normal breadth of the aperture in a'Specimen of 

this size is probably not more than 12 or 15 mm.

This species is related to H. tenoclii Felix 2 and H. xipei Felix2 from 

the Neocorniau near Tlaxiaco, in the State of Oaxaca, Mexico, but it 

differs from both of these in the minor details of sculpture and in the 

form of the aperture, though in the latter feature it resembles H. tenoclii 

very closely. Its nearest relative among the Knoxville forms is Boplites storrsi, from which it differs sufficiently in sculpture to be easily 

distinguished when adult specimens are compared.

Locality and position. West of Kiddles, Oreg., on the road to the 

nickel mines, associated with Aucella crassicollis, in the upper part of 

the Knoxville beds. Collected by Mr. W. Q. Brown.

(National Museum Catalogue, Mesozoic Invertebrate Fossils, 23091.)

HOPLITES STORES: n. sp. 

PI. XVII, figs. 1 and 2; PI. XVIII, fig. 5.

Shell of medium size, discoid, moderately involute, each whorl concealing about half of the preceding one; whorls very slightly convex 

on the sides, the greatest convexity being near the umbilicus; abdomen 

somewhat flattened; surface marked by numerous slender, slightly 

curved elevated ribs that originate on the margin of the umbilicus,

1 A note on this specimen by Professor Hyatt is published by Mr. Diller in Bull. Geol. Soc. Aui., 

Vol. IV, p. 212, 1893. 

2 PaUeontographica, Bd. XXXVII, pp. 186, 187, pi. 28, figs. 1-3 and 6.
80 FAUNA OF THE KNOXVILLE BEDS. [BULL. 133.

usually bifurcate a little beyond the middle of the side, and become 

obsolete in crossing the flattened abdomen; septa crowded and very 

complex, as shown in the figure.

The type specimen, which is septate throughout, measures 110 mm. 

in its greatest diameter, and the aperture measures 48 by 30 mm.

This species is not quite so compressed as H. liyatti, and the sculpture consists of narrower and more elevated ribs. It has a closer 

resemblance to one of Felix's figures of H. tenochi, 1 from the ISTeocomian of Mexico.

Belated forms, such as Hoplites angulicostatus (d'Orbigny), occur in the 

IsTeocomiau of Europe, and the same-group of Hoplites is represented 

in the Upper Jurassic (Tithonian) by a number of species, such as H. 

calis'o (d'Orbigny), H. carpathicus Zittel, and others, that have a close 

resemblance to our species. Those from the Tithonian have recently 

been figured by Kilian.2 A similar species has also been described by 

Behrendsen3 under the name Hoplites calistoides, from the Tithonian of 

the eastern slope of the Argentine Cordillera. The form from the 

Aucella-bearing series of Oatorce, Mexico, figured by Castillo and 

Aguilera 4 under the name Hoplites calisto var., is very closely related 

to H. storrsi, and may be identical with it. Hoplites angulatus, described 

below, is another related species, differing in details of sculpture, and 

slightly in proportion of whorls, as will be pointed out in describing it.

Locality and position. One mile northwest of Cooper's, on south fork 

of Elder Creek, Cal., about 3,000 feet below the top of the Knoxville 

beds. Kepresented by a single specimen, which was -collected by Mr. 

James Storrs.

(National Museum Catalogue, Mesozoic Invertebrate Fossils, 23092.)

HOPLITES ANG-ULATUS n. sp.

PI. XVIII, figs. 3 and 4.

Shell small, discoid, slightly involute, each volution enveloping about 

one-third of the preceding one; volutions flattened on the periphery, 

slightly convex on the sides, and descending abruptly into the broad 

and rather deep umbilicus; surface marked by strong curved ribs arising on the margin of the umbilicus and passing to the abdomen, where 

they are interrupted, or at least are less strongly marked. .There is a 

slight tendency to form nodes on the margin of the umbilicus and also 

on the periphery at the other end of the ribs. Some of the ribs are 

simple, but more than half of them bifurcate after crossing from onehalf to two-thirds of the distance from the umbilicus to the periphery.

1 Palrcontographica, Bd. XXXVU, pi. 29, fig. 1.

sBoletin de la Comision del Mapa Geologico de EspaSa, Tomo XIX, pp. 615-626, pis. 5-10, Madrid, 

1893.

3 Zeitschr. deutsch. geol. Gesellschaft, -Ed. XLIH, p. 402, pi. 23, figs, la, Ib. 

4 Boletin de la Comision Geol6gico de Mexico, No. 1, p. 38, pi. \1, fig. 2.
STANTON.] HOPLITES. 81

There are also a few interpolated simple ribs that begin about the middle of the side. Septum unknown.

The immature figured type measures 40 mm. in its greatest diameter; the aperture is 18 mm. high and 12 mm. broad, and the umbilicus 

is 11 mm. in diameter.

This species is evidently related to Hoplites storrsi, but its whorls 

are proportionally somewhat more convex, its sculpture is relatively 

coarser, with broader and more strongly curved ribs, and the border of 

the umbilicus is more angular. This character of the umbilicus, with 

its vertical walls, will readily separate it from all the associated forms 

in the Knoxville beds. Hoplites crassiplicatus is less involute and has 

stronger and fewer ribs that bifurcate nearer the abdomen than in this 

species.

The most closely related European species that I have seen figured 

is H. amUygonius Neumayr and Uhlig, l from the Neocomian of Germany. Pavlow 2 has figured a small specimen referred to the same 

species from Speeton, England, which is so much like our figure that 

it would be difficult to point out any essential difference. 

« Locality and position. Shelton's ranch, about 5 miles north of Paskenta, Gal., where it is associated with Olcostephanus mutabilis7 Aucella 

crassicollis, and many other forms.

(National Museum Catalogue, Mesozoic Invertebrate Fossils, 23093.)

HOPLITES CRASSIPLICATUS n. sp. 

PI. XVIII, fig. 8.

Shell rather small, discoid, very slightly involute; whorls compressed, descending rather abruptly into the umbilicus and flattened 

on the abdomen; surface ornamented .by relatively large, distant ribs ° 

that arise on the edge of the umbilicus, and nearly all bifurcate after 

passing over about two-thirds of the distance to the periphery, on 

which they are interrupted. On the inner whorls the point of bifurcation of the ribs is just visible in the umbilicus.

The species is represented by a single fragment, showing parts of 

three whorls, of which the larger measures 17 by 13 mm. in cross 

section.

This species may be distinguished from all the other Knoxville Hoplites by its less involute form and relatively coarser, more distant ribs.

The Russian Lower Volgian Hoplites rjasensis Lahusen, as figured by 

Nikitin,8 seems to be a related species, distinguished mainly by its more 

involute form. In general aspect and in ornamentation of the sides H. 

crassiplicatus has some resemblance to the young of Perisphinctes sltidcgatensis Whiteaves, from Queen Charlotte Islands, but of course they 

are not closely related.

' Paiieontographica, Bd. XXVII, p. 168, pi. 36, fig. 1; pi. 37, fig. 1, etc.

"Bull. Soc. Nat. de Mosrou, 1891, pi. 17, fig. 6.

3 Vestiges de la Periode Cr6tac6e dans la Russie Centrale, pi. 1, figs. 1-3.

Bull. 133 6
82 * FAUNA OF THE KNOX.VILLE BEDS. [BULL. 133.

Locality and position. About 3 miles north of Paskenta and onehalf mile east of Henderson's, associated with Aucella crassicollis, var., 

Desmoceras californicum, etc., in beds 1,500 or 2,000 feet below the top 

of the Knoxville beds.

(National Museum Catalogue, Mesozoic Invertebrate Fossils, 23094.)

HOPLITES DILLEKI n. sp.

I PI. XVIII, figs. 6 and 7.

Shell small, discoid, somewhat involute; whorls convex on the sides, 

flattened on the periphery, and regularly rounded to the broad umbilicus, whose diameter is a little more than one-third of that of the entire 

shell; surface ornamented by numerous slender but sharply elevated 

ribs that arise in the umbilicus, are almost straight for about two-thirds 

of the distance across the whorl, and then divide, sometimes into two, 

but frequently into three, branches that curve strongly forward and are 

interrupted by a narrow furrow on the rather broad abdomen. The 

details of the septa can not be determined from the specimens at hand.

The type specimen, consisting of about four septate volutions, measures 31 mm. in greatest diameter, and the aperture is 13 mm. in height 

by 11 mm. in breadth.

This species is easily separated from the other species of Hoplites in 

the Knoxville by its more convex volutions and by the finer ribs, many

-of which are trifurcate.

Locality and position. The type was collected by Mr. J. S. Diller, 3 

miles west of Lowerys, Tehama County, Cal., associated with Aucella 

piochii var. ovata, in beds considerably below the top of the Kuoxville. 

A smaller fragmentary specimen was obtained by Mr. Storrs at about 

the same horizon, 1 mile northwest of Cooper's, on south fork of Elder 

Creek, and another similar speciman at a higher horizon, 3 miles north

,of Paskenta and one-half mile east of Henderson's.

 (National Museum Catalogue, Mesozoic Invertebrate Fossils, 21573.)

Genus PERISPHINCTES Waagen. 

PEEISPHINCTES sp.

One, or possibly two, species that seems to belong to this genus is 

represented by imperfect specimens from Cooper's ranch, on the south

 fork of Elder Creek, Tehama County. They are too obscure for specific 

description.

(National Museum Catalogue, Mesozoic Invertebrate Fossils, 23099.)

Genus DIPTYCHOCEBAS Gabb.

DlPTYCHOCERAS ? Sp.

Cf. Diptychoceras Icevis Gabb, 1869, Palaeont. California, Vol. II, p. 144, pi. 25, figs. 

21, 21a, 216.

A number of smooth, straight fragments of an Ammonoid that seems 

to be identical, so far as the features are preserved, with Gabb's species,
8TANTON.] CRIOCERAS, APTYCHUS. 83

which is common in the Horsetown beds. None of the Knoxville specimens collected shows the two or three limbs connected, though in one 

specimen there are two portions lying in contact and parallel that 

probably belong to one individual.

Locality and position. In the Knoxville beds this form was found 

only on Shelton's ranch, 5 miles north of Paskenta, in the upper part 

of the Knoxville.

(National Museum Catalogue, Mesozoic Invertebrate Fossils, 23100.)

Genus ORIO.CERAS Leveille. 

CRIOCERAS LATUS Gabb.

Crioceras latus Gabb, 1864, Palaeont. California, Vol. I, p. 76, pi. 15, figs. 25,25a, 

256, and pi. 14. .

A characteristic fragment of one of the-outer volutions was collected 

from the uppermost Knoxville beds, with Aucella crassicollis, etc., 2 

miles south of Lowerys, Tehama County. A small specimen showing 

the inner volution was found in the basal Horsetown beds immediately 

overlying the Knoxville, about 2 miles farther south. The species was 

originally described from the Horsetown beds, on the north fork of 

Cottonwood Creek, Shasta County.

(National Museum Catalogue, Mesozoic Invertebrate Fossils, 23101.)

Genus APTYCHUS Meyer.

APTYCHUS *? KNOXVILLENSIS n. sp.

PI. XVIII, figs. 1 and 2.

This fossil, which is somewhat doubtfully classified as the Aptychus 

of an Ammonite, is an impression of a symmetrical, gaping, bivalved 

body, with the two valves united throughout the entire length of the 

shorter diameter, but not showing any Molluscan hinge structure. In 

the single specimen collected the two valves join each other at an angle 

of about 60°. Only one valve is preserved so as to show the entire 

outline, which is elongate subquadrate, resembling some of the simpler 

forms of Perna. The surface is marked by obscure concentric undulations.

The larger diameter, from the line of junction of the two valves to 

the opposite, free end, is 32 mm., and the shorter diameter, at right 

angles to this, is 21 mm.

Locality and position. On road from Beed to Eyal quicksilver mines, 

near Knoxville, Napa County, Cal., where it is associated with Aucella 

piochii. Collected by Dr. G. F. Becker.

(National Museum Catalogue, Mesozoic Invertebrate Fossils, 23095.)
84 FAUNA OF THE KNOXVILLE BEDS. [BULL. 133.

BELEMNITID^E.

Genus BELEMNITES Lister.

BELEMNITES IMPRESSUS Gabb.

PI. XX, figs. 1-5.

Selemnites impressus Gabb, 1864, Palseont. California, Vol. I, p. 58, pi. 9, figs. 2, 2a; 

1869, idem, Vol. II, p. 129; Whiteaves, 1883, Proc. and Trans. Roy. Soc. Can., 

Vol. I, sec. 4, p. 82.

Guard large, moderately long, robust, subcylindrical, tapering for 

about one-fourth of its length to a rather blunt point; ventral side with 

a broad, deep furrow that is deepest about at the apex of the phragmacone and gradually fades out toward the ends of the guard; phragmacone large, with numerous short chambers, its apical angle about 

18°, or in some specimens slightly greater. The apical angle of the 

phragmacone is about the same whether measured in transverse or 

dorso-ventral direction.

Length of an imperfect specimen (fig. 5), 128 mm.; greatest lateral 

diameter, 23 mm.; dorso-ventral diameter, 22 mm. The other specimen figured (figs. 3 and 4) has a somewhat more robust form, but evidently belongs to the same species.

This species belongs to the section Infradepressi of Pavlow, 1 which 

includes B. absolutus Fischer and B. magnificus d'Orbigny, of the Russian Upper Jurassic, together with a number of other Jurassic and 

Neocoinian species, all of which are regarded by Pavlow as boreal 

types.

Locality and position. Very abundant m the upper part of the 

Knoxville beds, and in the overlying Horsetown beds, ranging through

several thousand feet of strata. All of the specimens figured are from

the Lower Horsetown beds, because it happens that all of the best 

preserved examples in our collection are from that horizon. Fig. 1 

represents a specimen from the Bald Hills, near Wilcox's, Tehama 

County, and all the others are from the neighborhood of Ono, on the 

north fork of Cottonwood Creek, Shasta County, Cal. Many fragmentary specimens, well enough preserved for identification, were collected 

with Aucella crassicollis on Shelton's ranch, north of Paskenta; at the 

locality 2 miles north of Lowerys, Tehama County, and elsewhere.

(National Museum Catalogue, Mesozoic Invertebrate Fossils, 2309& 

and 23097.)

BELEMNITES TEHAMAENSIS n. sp.

PI. XIX, figs. 1-3.

Guard very long, slender, subcylindrical, tapering gradually to an 

acute point; ventral side with a very shallow, faint groove that begins 

near the point and, in passing up on the guard, broadens until it is

1 Argiles tie Spceton, pp. 89-95, from Bull.'Soc. Na^. deMoscou, 1891.
STANTON.J BELEMN1TES. - 85

represented only by a flattening of the ventral surface; section subcircularj apical angle of phraginacone, as determined from fragment 

showing part of alveolar cavity, about 25°.

Length of type specimen, which does not contain any part of the 

alveolus, 137 mm.; diameter of anterior end, 18 mm.

This species belongs to the same section as B. impressus, from which it 

is easily distinguishable by its much more slender form, greater length, 

more acute apex, and more nearly circular cross section. There is a 

related species (B. incequilateralis Eichwald *?) in the National Museum 

from the Aucella-beariug beds of Hereudeen Bay, Alaska, and similar 

forms occur in the Upper Jurassic of Europe, such as B. obeliscoides 

Pavlow.

Locality and position. Abundant near Cooper's ranch, on the south 

fork of Elder Creek, Tehaina County, Cal., and at the same horizon

elsewhere in that region, associated with Aucella piochii var. ovata. 

(National Museum Catalogue, Mesozoic Invertebrate Fossils, 23098.)

BELEMNITES sp.

In the upper part of the Knoxville beds there is another species of 

Belemuites, represented in our collections by fragments. It apparently 

has about the form of B. tehamaensis, but the alveolus, with an apical 

angle of ab' out 26°, is inclined toward the ventral side so that its apex 

is midway between the center and the ventral side, making the axis 

of the guard very eccentric.

This form occurs on Shelton's ranch, 5 miles north of Paskenta, 

Cal., associated with B. impressus, Aucella crassicolliSj Olcostephanus 

mutabilis, etc.

(National Museum Catalogue, Mesozoic Invertebrate Fossils, 23103.)

PLATES.

87

PLATE I

89
PLATE I.

Page. 

KHYNCHONELLA SCHUCHERTI n. sp.......................................... 31.

Figs. 1, 2, 3. Dorsal, ventral, and profile views of an average specimen.

Fig. 4. Ventral valve of a more convex example. 

EHYNCHONELLA WHITNEYI Gabb ..'......................................... 32

Figs. 5, 6. Dorsal views of two young shells showing elongate form of 

early stages.

Figs. 7, 8. Dorsal and front views of a medium-sized, coarsely plicate 

specimen.

Fig. 9. Ventral view of a large, coarsely plicate specimen. (The unnatu 

rally steep slopes on each side of the beak are in part accidental.)

Fig. 10. Similar view of the more finely plicate variety. 

TEREBRATULA sp ........................................................... 33

Fig. 11. Cast of a ventral valve. 

TEREBRATELLA CALIFORNICA n. sp.......................................... 33

Fig. 12. Ventral valve.

Fig. 13. Dorsal valve.

All figures on this plate are natural size. 

90
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN NO. 133 PL. I

13

BRACHIOPODA.
PLATE II.

91
PLATE II.

Page. 

OSTREA sp. Cf. 0. skidegatensis Whiteaves .................................. 34

Fig. 1. A small upper valve. 

ANOMIA SENESCENS n. sp..................................................... 35

Fig. 2. Upper valve. 

SPONDYLUS FRAGILIS n. sp..................................'................. 35

Fig. 3. Small left valve. 

LIMA MULTILIXEATA n. sp................................................... 36

Fig. 4. Small right valve.

Fig. 5. Large imperfect right valve. 

PECTEN sp... J.............................................................. 37

Fig. 6. Cast of a left valve. 

PECTEN COMPLEXICOSTA Gabb............................................... 37

Fig. 7. A medium-sized right valve.

Fig. 8. A smaller, somewhat distorted right valve.

Fig. 9. A medium-sized left valve.

The outer surface of the shell is not preserved in any of these specimens. 

PECTEN CALIFOKNICUS Gabb ?.............................................. 36

Fig. 10. Small right valve, enlarged two diameters. 

MYOCONCHA AMERICANA n. sp................................................ 48

Fig. 11. Right valve.

PlNNA.Sp. ................................................................... 49

Fig. 12. Eight valve of a youug specimen, enlarged four diameters. 

Unless otherwise stated the figures are natural size. 

92
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN NO. 133 PL. II

10

PELECYPODA : OSTREID/E, ANOMIID/E, SPONDYLID/t, LIMIOXE, PECTINID/E, MYTILID/E, AND PINNID/E.
PLATE III.

93
PLATE III.

Page.

MODIOLA MAJOR Gabb...................................................... 48

Fig. 1. An unusually large specimen from the Horsetown beds. Natural 

size.

94
u. o. ucULOQICAL SURVEY BULLETIN NO. . .

PELECYPODA : MYTILID/E.
95
PLATE IV.-

. Page. 

AVICULA (OXYTOMA) WHITEAVESI n. 8p..................................... 38

Fig. 1. Left valve. 

AUCELLA PIOCHII Gabb ............................. 1......... .............. 42

Figs. 2, 3. Two views of an average-sized left valve like the original type

of the species.

Figs. 4, 5. Similar left valves somewhat distorted by pressure. 

Figs. 6, 7. Opposite views of a slender, more coarsely plicate specimen. 

Fig. 8. Eight valve of the typical variety. 

Fig. 9. Large left valve with radiating strue (after White). The striae

are somewhat exaggerated. 

Fig. 10. Small right valve with unusually long hinge line associated with

the typical variety. 

-AUCELLA PIOCHII var. OVATA n. var......................................... 43

Figs. 11-13. Three views of an average specimen. 

Fig. 14. A large left valve, provisionally referred to this variety. 

INOCERAMUS OVATUS n. sp.................................................. 47

Fig. 15. A fragmentary right valve. 

All figures natural size.

96
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN NO. 133 PL. IV

PELECYPODA: AVICULID/E.
PLATE -V.

97 

Bull. 133 7
PLATE V.

AUCELLA CRASSICOLLIS Keyserling..........................................

Figs. 1,2. Profile and hinge views of a right valve, retaining part of the

shell.

Figs. 3,4. Profile and side views of a large right valve. 

Figs. 5, 6. Two views of a small specimen from a lower horizon associated

w ith A. piochii var. ovata. 

Fig. 7. Hinge of left valve. 

Fig. 8. A small, slender left valve. 

Fig. 9. A large left valve.

Figs. 10,11. Two views of aleft valve resembling A. crassicollis var. yracilis. 

Figs. 12,13. Right and profile views of a specimen that approaches A.

piochii var. ovata in form.

(See additional illustrations of this species on PI. VI.) 

All figures natural size.

98
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVE* BULLETIN NO. 133 PL. V

13

PELECYPODA: AVICULID/C.
PLATE VI.

99
PLATE VI.

AUCELLA CRASSICOLLIS Keyserling .......................................... 45

Fig. 1. Profile view of unusually convex specimen (copy of Gabb's figure

of A. piochii, Palasont. Cal., Vol. II, pi. 32, fig. 92). 

Fig. 2. A very large, robust left valve from the neighborhood of Knoxville

(after White).

Figs. 3,. 4. Eight valve of a strongly plicate variety. 

Fig. 5. A more slender plicate left valve associated with 3 and 4.

ARCA TEXTRINA n. sp ......................................................... 50

Fig. 6. Small left valve, enlarged two diameters.

Fig. 7. Slightly crushed and broken large left valve. 

ARCA TEHAMAENSIS n. sp.................................................'... 50

Fig. 8. Gutta-percha cast from natural mold of right valve, enlarged two

diameters. 

PECTUNCULUS ? OVATUS n. sp................................................ 51

Fig. 9. Cast of small left valve. 

! Fig. 10. Cast of right valve, showing impression of hinge and a small

part of the shell. 

NUCULA GABBI n. ep ........................................................ 51

Figs. 11, 12. Right and cardinal views of a large specimen. 

NUCULA STORRSI n. sp ........................................................ 52

Figs. 13, 14. Right and cardinal views of an average specimen. 

LEDA GLABRA n. sp ......................................................... 53

Fig. 15. Right valve, enlarged two diameters.

ASTARTE CORRUGATA n. sp .................................................. 56

Fig. 16. Right valve, enlarged four diamaters. 

ASTARTE TRAPEZOIDALIS n. sp............................................... 57

Figs 17, 18. Cardinal and right views of the type. 

ASTARTE CALIFORNICA n. sp.

Figs 19, 21. Right valve and hinge of same. 

Fig. 20. Left valve (posterior end slightly restored). 

Unless otherwise stated the figures are natural size. 

100
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN NO. 133 PL. VI

20

PELECYPODA: AVICULIDXE, ARCIDXE, NUCULID/t, AND ASTARTID/E.
PLATE VII.

101
PLATE VII.

Page. 

OPIS CAUFORNICA n. Sp..................................................... 55

Figs. 1-3. Three views of a rather slender right valve. (In fig. 3 the shell

should have been posed so as to show a little of the posterior slope.) 

Fig. 4. A broader left valve. 

CARDINIOPSIS UNHIDES n. sp*.............................................. 55

Fig. 5. Hinge and interior of left valve, from a wax impression of a natural

cast.

(See Pis. VIII, IX, and X.) 

All figures natural size. 

102
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

PELECYPODA: AGTARTID/E AND CARDINIID/E.
PLATE VIII.

103
PLATE VIII.

Page 

CARDINIOPSIS UNIOIDES n. sp................................................ 55

Fig. 1. Right valve of a large specimen. Natural size. 

(See Pis. VII, IX, and X.)

104
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN NO. 133 PL. VIII

PELECYPODA: CARDINIID/C.
PLATE IX.

105
PLATE IX.

Page.

CARDINIOPSIS UNIOIDES n. sp ............................................... 55

Fig. 1. Cardinal view of specimen figured on PI. VIII. Natural size. 

(SeeaZsoPls.VIIandX.) 

106
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN NO, 133 PL. IX

PELECYPODA: CARDINIID/E.
PLATE X.

107
PLATE X.

Page. 

CAKDINIOPSIS UNIOIDES n. sp............................................... 55

Fig. 1. Hinge and muscular impressions of right valve from wax impression of natural cast.

SOLEMYA OCCIDENTALIS n. Sp ............................................... 55

Fig. 2. Right view of large internal cast with unusually strong radiating

lines. 

Fig. 3. Smaller right valve, retaining portions of the shell.

SOLECURTUS ? DUBIUS"n. Sp................................................ 61

Fig. 4. Right valve.

Fig. 5. Small left valve, supposed to be young of this species. 

All figures natural size.

108 .
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN NO. 133 PL. X

PELECYPODA: CARDINIID/E, SOLEMYIDXE, AND SOLENID/E.
PLATE XI

109
PLATE XI.

CORBULA VILOSA n. sp ..................................................... 62

Fig. 1. Large right valve.

Fig. 2. Small right valve, slightly distorted. 

CORBULA ? PERSULCATA n. sp .............................................. 61

Fig. 3. Left valve with broken posterior end, enlarged two diameters.

LUCINA COLUSAENSIS n. Sp.... .............................................. 60

Fig. 4. Eight valve of type, from Wilbur Springs. 

Fig 5. Left valve of a larger imperfect specimen. 

ATRESIUS LIRATUS Gabb.................................................... 68

Fig. 6. A large specimen, supposed to belong to this species, enlarged two 

diameters. The first two whorls are restored from impressions in the 

matrix. 

Unless otherwise stated the figures are natural size.

110
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN NO. 133 PL. XI

PELECYPODA AND GASTEROPODA: MYlD/t, LUCINID/t, AND TURBINID/E.
PLATE XII.

Ill
PLATE XII.

LUCINA OVALIS.n. sp ..........................^.............................. 59

Fig. 1. Left valve of a large specimen. 

CYPRINA OCCIDENTALS Whiteaves.......................................... 60

Fig. 2. Right valve (anterior end slightly restored). 

DENTALIUM CALIFORNICUM n. sp............................................ 62

Fig. 3. Medium-sized specimen, enlarged three diameters. 

HELCION GRANULATUS n. sp................................................. 63

Fig. 4. Small specimen, enlarged two diameters. 

TURBO PASKENTAENSIS h. sp................................................ 64

Fig. 5. Cast of medium-sized specimen.

Fig. 6. Small, more slender specimen, retaining portions of the shell,

enlarged two diameters. 

AMBERLEYA DILLERI n. sp................................. 1................. 68

Fig. 7. Small, slender specimen, from gutta-percha cast of natural mold,

enlarged two diameters.

Fig. 8. Similar cast of a larger, less elevated specimen. 

Fig. 9. Aperture view of an average-sized specimen lacking the spire. 

TURBO HUMEROSUS n. sp.................................................... 67

Fig. 10. Small, slender specimen, enlarged two diameters.

.Fig. 11. A less elevated specimen, showing differences in sculpture,

enlarged two diameters. 

TURBO TRILINEATUS n. sp................................................... 65

Fig. 12. Type specimen, natural size. The sculpture is somewhat exaggerated. 

TURBO MORGANENSIS n. sp ..............................-..-- -- - ----- 66

Fig. 13. An average-sized specimen, from a gutta-percha cast of a natural

mold, enlarged two diameters. 

TURBO COLTJSAENSIS n. sp................................................... 66

Fig. 14. Aperture view of a cast. 

TURBO WILBURENSIS n. sp.................................................. 65

Fig. 15. Aperture view of a distorted cast, retaining some of the surface

sculpture. 

Unless otherwise.stated the figures are natural size.

112
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN NO. 133 PL. XII

PELECYPODA AND GASTEROPODA: LUCINIDXE, CYPRINID/E, DENTALIID/E, TURBINlD/E, AND PATELLID/E.
PLATE XIII.

113 

Bull. 133 8
PLATE XIII..

Paga 

HYPSIPLEURA GREGARIA n. sp .............................................. 70

Fig. 1. Aperture view of small specimen, enlarged four diameters.

Fig. 2. Dorsal view of larger specimen, enlarged four diameters. 

HYPSIPLEURA ? OCCIDENTALIS n. sp......................................... 70

Fig. 3. Aperture view of gutta-percha cast of natural mold, enlarged two

diameters.

'' Fig. 4. Dorsal view of larger specimen, similarly enlarged. 

CERITHIUM PASKENTAENSIS u. sp ........................................... 71

Fig. 5. Aperture view of imperfect specimen, enlarged two diameters.

Fig. 6. Dorsal view of internal cast, similarly enlarged. 

CERITHIUM STRIGOSUM n. sp................................................ 71

Fig. 7. Gutta-percha cast of natural mold, enlarged two diameters.

FlSSURELLA B1PUNCTATA U. Sp .............................................. 63

Fig. 8. Type specimen, enlarged two diameters. 

X.YTOCERAS BATESII Trask................................................... 75

Fig. 9. Fragment of a large specimen showing part of the peristome.

From Lower Horsetown beds, north of Paskenta. 

Fig. 10. Cross section of peristome at lower part of fig. 9. 

Fig. II. A small specimen from the Upper Knoxville beds, on Wilcox's

ranch, Tehama County, Cal. 

Unless otherwise stated the figures are natural size.

114
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN NO. 133 PL. XIII

GASTEROPODA AND CEPHALOPODA: CERITHIID/t, FISSURELLIDxE, PYRAMIDELLID/E, AND

LYTOCERAS.
PLATE XIV.

115
PLATE XIV.

Paga 

EHYLLOCERAS KNOXVILLENSIS n. sp.......................................... 72

Figs. 1, 2. Two views of the type. (The umbilicus is not as large as the

hole that has been bored through the specimen.) 

Fig. 3. Septum of same specimen, from a tracing. (The finer divisions of

the lobes are too broad and consequently those of the saddles are too

narrow.) 

Fig. 4. A small specimen provisionally regarded as the young of this

species. 

All figures natural size.

116
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN NO. 133 PL. XIV

CEPHALOPODA: PHYLLOCERAS.
PLATE XV.

117
PLATE XV.

OLCOSTEFHANUS MUTABILIS n. sp........................................... 77

Fig. 1. An average-sized specimen.

Fig. 2. Portion of septum of same specimen enlarged.

Fig. 3. A crushed specimen showing change of sculpture in later stages

of growth.

Fig. 4. Ventral view of same specimen. 

Fig. 5. Small specimen with trifurcate rihs on outer whorl. 

DESMOCERAS CALIFORNICUM n. sp........................................... 76

Fig. 6. Fragment of two volutions.

Fig. 7. Septum of another fragment, probably of same individual, from a

tracing. 

Unless otherwise stated the figures are natural size.

118
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN NO. 133 PL. XV

CEPHALOPODA: OLCOSTEPHANUS AND DESMOCERAS.
PLATE XVI.

119
PLATE XVI.

Page. 

OLCOSTEPHAJSTUS TRICHOTOMUS n. sp........................................ 78

Fig. 1. The crushed and distorted type specimen.

HOPLITES HYATTI II. Sp ..................................................... 79

Fig. 2. The type specimen. The portions at the left outside of the black

lines are restored. 

Both figures natural size. 

120
BULLETIN NO. 133 PL. XVI

CEPHALOPODA: OLCOSTEPHANUS AND HOPLITES.
PLATE XVII.

121
PLATE XVII.

HOPLITES 8TORRSI n. Sp .................................................... 79

Fig. 1. Septum, enlarged. 

Fig. 2. Type specimen. Natural size. 

(See PI. XVIII.) 

122
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN NO. 133 PL. XVII

CEPHALOPODA: HOPLITES.
PLATE XVIII.

123
PLATE XVIII.

Page.

APTYCHUS ? KNOXVILLENSIS n. sp........................................... 83

Figs. 1, 2. TAVO views of the type.

HOPLITES ANGULATUS n. Sp................................................. 80

Figs. 3, 4. Side and ventral views of the type. 

HOPLITES STORRSI n. sp ........................'............................ 79

Fig. 5. Ventral view of the type. (See PI. XVII.) 

HOPLITES DILLERI n. sp .................................................... 82

Figs. 6, 7. Side and ventral views of the type. 

HOPLITES CRASSIPLICATUS .................................................. 81

Fig. 8. Type specimen, showing parts of three volutions. 

All figures natural size. 

124
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN NO. 133 PL. XVIII

kv\: .,<;;-".' '$ ;': ' ' ' ; ?

CEPHALOPODA: APTYCHUS AND HOPLITES.
PLATE XIX.

125
PLATE XIX.

BELEMNITES TEHAMAENSIS n. sp............................................. 84

Figs. 1-3. Opposite views and cross section of the type. Natural size. 

126
U. S. GEOLOOICAl. SURVEY BULLETIN NO. 133 PL. XIX

CEPHALOPODA: BELEMNITES.
PLATE XX.

127
PLATE XX.

Page. 

BELEMNITES IMPRESSUS Gabb ............................................... 85

Fig. 1. A fragment with the phragrnacone in place.

Fig. 2. Cross section just below phragmacone of medium-sized specimen.

Figs. 3, 4. Opposite views of a large specimen.

Fig. 5. Ventral view of a somewhat more slender individual.

All of these, excepting fig. 2, are from the lower part of the Horsetown

beds.

All figures natural size. 

128
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN NO. 133 PL.XX

CEPHALOPODA: BELEMNITES.
INDEX.

[References to descriptions and figures of species are in full-faced type.]

A.

Acanthoceras turneri

Actseon impressus ...

inornatus.........

Age of the Kuoxville beds.

.......... 21

.......... 18

.......... 16

.......... 29

Aguilera, Castillo and, cited on Mexican

Aucella beds....................... 26

Alaska, Aucella beds in.................... 28,41

Amberleya dilleri................ 17,20, 68,112

Ammonites batesii.......-.--.............. 75

bidichotomus .......................... 78

breweri ................................ 76

crenocostatus.... ..................... 75

polyptychus ........................... 78

ramosus. ........;.^.................... 20,72

Amusium aurarium ....................... 25

lenticularis............................ 37

Anchura californica........................ 16,21

falciformis...........!................. 16

Angiopteridium canmorense............... ] 5

oregonense............................. 22

nervosurn .............................. 15,22

strictinerve............................ 15

Anomia senescens.................... 17,35,92

Anthracosia ............................... 54

Aporrbais sp............................... 17, 72

Aptyclrus ? knoxvillensis.............. 83,124

Aquilonian series, defined by Pavlow...... 30

Area breweriana........................... 22

carteroni............................... 50

tehainaensis .................... 18, SO, 1OO

textrina ..................... 14,18, SO, 1OO

Aspidium dunkeri......................... 15

heterophyllum......................... 15

Aspleniopteris piunatifida................. 15

Astarte californica ................. 14, 57,1OO

carlottensis............................ 57

corrugata....................... 18, 56,1OO

trapczoidalis........... 17, 20, 57,67, 69,1OO

Astbeiiodonta.............................. 54

Atresius liratus .............. 19,20.67,68,11O

Aucella aviculieformis..................... 25

braziliensis ............................ 41

brouni........................... 26,28,40,41

bulloides............................... 45

coucentrica ............................ 42,45

crassicollis............................ 16,17,

18, 20, 21, 23, 27, 28, 35, 38, 39, 45,

5C, 58, 69, 70,79, 81,84, 85,98,1OO

var. gracilis ........................ 43,45

elongata ................................ 25

Page.

Aucella erringtoni...................... 25,28,43

fiscberiana............................. 26,42

generic characters of................... 39

geographic distribution of............. 40

inflata.................................. 45

keyserlingi.......................... 30,43, 45

leguininosa..-.....-..-................. 40

mosquensis ..................... ... 30,42,43

orbicularia............................. 25

pallasi........................... 26,28,40,42

parva.................................. 41

piochii ....................... 16,17,19,20,21,

22, 23,30,33, 37,42, 45, 66, 75, 76, 96 

 var. ovata..... 16,17,19, 22, 23, 43,47,96

piriformis.............................. 26,45

plicata.................................. 41

radiata.:...:...;....................... 40, 41

stratigraphic range of.................. 40

terebratuloides......................... 26,45

trigonoides:.....................;...... 43

volgensis............................. 26,30,45

Austria-Hungary, occurrence of Aucella

itt.i.:;...:......................... 41

Avicula sp................................. 25

mucronata ............................. 39

(Oxytotna) whiteavesi.:.............. 18,38

E.

21

Bull. 133- -9

Baculites chicoensis......................

Bagley Creek, California, occurrence of Aucella on............................. 20

Bear Creek, Colusa County, Cal., Aucella

beds on............................. 19

Becker,. G. F., cited on the divisions of the

Shasta formation................... 11

geology of Knoxville................... 20

Shasta strata at Riddles, Oreg.......... 23

Belemnites sp....................... 17,18,19,85

absolutus .............................. 84

impressus.............................. 14,16,

17,18,20,22,27,84,85,128 

insequilateralis..-....-..-.........-..-. 28, 85

magnifi cus............................. ' 84

obeliscoides............................ 85

pacificus................................ 25

subquadratus.......................... 30

tehamaensis ............ 16,30,46,47,84,126

Benicia, Cal., Chico strata near ............ 21

Berkeley, .Cal., occurrence of Aucella near. 21 

British Columbia, Aucella beds in....... 27,4], 47

Brown, W. Q.., .fossils collected by.......... 23

129
130 INDEX.

c.

Page. 

California State Mining Bureau collections

from southern California........... 59

Carbonicola................................. 54

Cardinia................................... 54

Cardiniopsis, description of genus. -........ 53

unioides... 17,54, 55,1O2,1O4,1O6,1O8 

Cardioceras alternans................... 25,28,40

beangrandi............................. 25

cordatum..................... *......... 40

dubiuni................................ 25

Cardiuiu (Protocardia)..................... 22

Caryatis nitida............................. 16

Castillo and Aguilera, cited on Mexican

Aucella beds....................... 26

Catorce, Mexico, Aucella beds near........ 26,41

Cephalotaxopsis ........................... 15

Cerithium sp.............................. 14, 71

paskentaensis .................. 17, 71,114

strigosum...................... 18, 71,114

Chemnitzia? vetusta....................... 70

Chico group................................ 11

list of fossils from, on Elder Creek..... 16

near Mount Diablo ................. 21

thickness of, near Benicia.............. 21

Cblone varians............................. 16

Cidaris-.--................................. 18,31

Cinulia matthewsoni....................... 16

Cladophlebis inclinata ..................... 15

Colusa County, Gal., Cretaceous in......... 18

Comanche series of Texas ................. 27,31

Cooper's ranch, fossils from................ 16

Coralliochama orcutti...................... 16

Corbula concinna........................... 62

fllosa........................... 14, 63,11O

persulcata...................... 17,61,110

triangulata............................. 59

Cordiera mitrseformis...................... 19

Cottonwood Creek, fossils from Cold fork of. 14 

fossils from north fork of.............. 18,25

Crioceraslatus......................... 17,18,83

percostatus............................. 18

Cucullsea truncata......................... 16

Cyprina occidentals................ 14, 60,' 112

D.

Dawson, George M., Aucellee collected by... 44

Dentalium californicum............. 18,62,112

nanaimoense........................... 63

stramineum............................ 16,63

Desmoceras sp......................... 16,17, 77

californicum.................... 17,76,118

jugale.................................. 16

Diller.J.S., cited........................ 14,21,23

description of Elder Creek section by.. 15

Dipty choceras ? sp.......................... 82

Ifflvis................................... 82

E. 

Echinodermata............................ 31

Eichwald, E., cited on age of Aucella beds. 29 

on Aucella in Alaska................... 28

Elder Creek, Tehama County, Gal., lists of

fossils from........................'15-17

section on.............................. 15

England, occurrence of Aucella in.......... 41

Page. 

Eriphylasp................................ 22,23

Exogyraparasitica.........'................ 16

F. 

Fairbanks, H. W., cited on geology of the

Coast ranges ....................... 12

fossils collected by..................... 13,22

Fauna of Knoxville beds, discussion of..... 24

relations with other faunas............. 25

Felix, J., cited on Lower Cretaceous of Mexico ................................. 27

Fischer, P., cited on Alaskan Aucellse...... 28

Fisher, "W. J., fossils from Alaska collected

by.................................. 28

Fissurellabipunctata .............. 14,63, 114

Fontaine, W. M., cited on Lower Cretaceous

fossil plants..................... 15,17,22

G.

Gabb, "W". M., cited on classification of California Cretaceous .................. 11

fossils from Colusa County, Gal......... 19

fossils from near Mount Diablo........ 21

 Gault in British Columbia ................. 41

Gault, Horsetown beds compared with..... 30

Glossozamites klipsteini................... 15

Grammatodon inornatus................... 51

Greenland, occurrence of Aucella on east

coast of............................ 41

Gyrodes expansa........................... 16

H. 

Helciongranulatus................. 14,63,112

Helicaulax bicarinata................... 18,22,72

Henderson's ranch, lisl of fossils from..... 17

Hinde, G.J., cited on Radiolaria from San

Francisco sandstone. -.............. 13

Hoplites sp................................ 22

amblygonius........................... 81

angulatus ...................... 18,SO, 124

angulicostatus.....................i... 80

calisto.....'............................ 80

calistoides ............................. 80

carpathicus............................ 80

crassiplicatus .................. 17,81, 124

dilleri ....................... 16,17,82, 124

hyatti....................... 23,79,80,120

rjasensis............................... 81

storrsi.. 16,17,27,30,75,79, 80,8.1, 122,124 

tenochi................................. 79,80

xipei................................... 79

Horsetown beds......................... 11,15,16

compared with Gault................... 30

fossil plants from...................... 22

invertebrate fossils from............... 18,25

Hyatt, A., cited on Aucella beds of India.. 40 

on Ammonites of Knoxville beds....... 25

on Aucella} of Knoxville beds.......... 43

on fauna of Mariposabeds.............. 25

Hypsipleura gregaria......... 18,50,7O, 71,114

occidentals .................... 17, 70,114

I. 

India, occurrence of Aucella in............ 40

Inoceramus ellioti.......................... 13

fragilis................................. 47

ovatus.... ........................ 16,47,96
INDEX. 131

Inoceramua piochii......................... 42

quatsinoensis.......................... 13

whitneyi............................ 16

K.

Knoxville beds, age of................. ... 29

definition of............................. 11

geographic distribution................ 12

lithologic character.................... 13

stratigraphic relations................. 12

Lahusen, J., cited on Eussian Aucellae.... 28,40

Lake County, Gal., Knoxville beds in...... 19

Lawson, A. C., cited....................... 21

Ledaglabra...................... 14,18, 53,1OO

Lima raicrotis.............................. 36

multilineata...................... 14,36, 92

shastaensis............................. 20

Liociumpimctatum........................ 19

Lithologic character of Knoxville beds..... ° 13

Lowreys, Tehama County, Gal., lists of fossils from localities near............. 15-17

Lucina colusaensis ........ 17,19, 33,35, 6O, 11O

ovalis..................... 16,17,59,60,112

Lunatia avellana........................... 16,18

Lytoceras batesi..... 16,17,18,21,22,35, 75,114

peris tome of............................ 75

Lytoceras immane......................... 75

M.

Mariposa beds, fauna of.................... 25

Martinez group............................. 11

Meekia sella............................... 16

Metamorphic rocks of Coast ranges........ 12

Mexico, Aucellabedsin.................... 25

Michalski, cited on Ammonites of Lower

Volgian............................ 28,29

Modiola major .. 15,19,20,33,37,48,60,65,67,94 

Morgan Valley, fossils from................ 20

Mount Diablo, Cretaceous strata near...... 20

Myoconcha americana................ 14,48,92

N. 

Nageiopsis latifolia ..................... 22

longifolia............................... 15

Napa County, Gal., Knoxville beds in...... 20

Nemodon fischeri........................... 50

vancouverensis.................. 16,18,21,22

Neocomian age of the Knoxville..... .. 31

in Mexico.............................. 27

in Eussia............................... 30

New Zealand, occurrence of Aucella in.... 41

Nikitin, S., cited on the age of the Volgian. 29

on occurrence of Aucella in Mexico.... 25

Norway, occurrence of Aucella in.......... 41

Nova Zembla, Aucellain................... 41

Nucula gabbi....................... 17,51, 1OO

solitaria................................ 52

storrsi.......................... 17,52,1OO

0. 

CEcotraustes denticulata................... 25

Olcostephanus sp.......................... 18

deansii................................. 15

decheni ................................ 30

discofalcatus........................... 77

Pag.-..

Olcostephanus hoplitoides ................. 30

keyserlingi ............................ 30

lindgreni............................... 25

mutabilis....... 17,18,27,77,81,85,88,118

polyptychus ........................... 30

potosinus .............................. 27,77

quatsinoensis.......................... 77

traski.................................. 18,22

trichotomus.................... 17,78,120

Opis sp..................................... 22

bella................................... 59

bicarinata.............................. 59

californica...................... 14, 58,1O2

couradi................................. 59

haleana................................ 59

texana ................................. 59

triangulata. *...................... I.... 59

vancouverensis ........................ 59

Ordonez, Aguilera and, cited on Mexican

Ancella beds....................... 25

Oregon, Cretaceous strata near Kiddles.... 22,23

Osmunda dicksonoides..................... 15

Ostreasp............................. 14,34,92

skidegatensis.......................... 34

Oxytomamucronata ....................... 38

P.

Pachydiscus newberryanus................ 16

Palasatractus crassus....................... 19

Palmer, Jasper, jr., fossils collected by.... 20,69

Paskenta, Gal., fossils from localities near. 17,18 

Pavlow, A., cited on correlation of Eussian

Mesozoic formations................ 30'

Pecopteris strictinervis.................... IS

Pecten sp............................ 16,37,92

californica........................ 14,36,92

complexicosta-. 19,20,33,37, 48,58,67,69,92 

operculiformis ................... 16,18,22,37

Pectunculus?ovatus................ 14,51,|1OO

veatchi................................. 16

Pentacrinus.:..'....................... 14,18,22,31

Perisphinctes sp ........................... 25,82

colfaxi ................................. 25

filiplex................................. 25

muhlbachi ............................. 25

ekidegatensis.......................... 81

virgulatiformis ........................ 25

Petschora beds................... ........ 30

Phylloceras knoxvillensis.................. 16,17

19,20,27,72,116 

onoensis .............................. 18, 74

ramosus................................ 72

velledse ................................ 73

Pinna sp............................. 18,49,92

Placenticeras fallax........................ 27,74

Plants, fossil, from Horsetown beds........ 22

from Knoxville beds................... 15,17

Pleuromya lievigata........................ 18,22

papyracea........................... 18,22,23

Pleurotomaria sp ......................... 14,64

Plicatula variata........................... 18

Potamidesdiadema ........................ 18,20

Pseudomonbtis related to Aucella.......... 40

Pteriamucronata.......................... 39

munsteri............................... 39
132 INDEX.

Pterophyllum californicum................. 17

Purpurina belia............................ 68'

ornata.................................. 68

Q.

Queen Charlotte Islands, Aucella from..... 41,44

K.

Ransome, F. L., cited on geology of Angel

 Island.............................. 13

EhynchoneUasp....................... 14,22,33

lacunosa............................... 26

peregrina.............................. 32

schucherti........................ 17,31,90

whitneyi.......... 19,32,37,48,60,65,67,9O

Rhynchonellina bilobata.................... 32

Kiddies, Oreg., lists of fossils from........ 22

Ringinella polita........................... 19

Russia, Aucella beds in.................... 28,40

 - S.

Sagenopteris sp............................ 15

mantelli ............................... 17

San Francisco sandstone................... 13

San Luis Obispo County, Cal., Aucella from 22, 41 

San Luis Potosi, Mexico, occurrence of Au-

'" cellain............................. 25,44

Scapliites qiiatsinoensis.................... 77,78

Sclilo'enbacbia iuflata ...................... 26

Schliiteria.................................. 74

Scobinella dilleri........................... 19

Serpentine associated with Knoxville beds. 12, 22 

Shasta group... '."...". .'...................... 11

Sbelton's ranch, fossils from 1 ".'............. 18

Siberia, occurrence of Aucella in........... 41

Slates Springs, Cal., fossils from........... 13

Smitb, J. P.", cited on Aucella from San Jose. 21 

on fauiia of Hafiposa beds.............. 25

Solecurtus 2 dubius ..............'.".. 14,61, J 08

SolernyaooCidentalis.-.-...--....-.. 17,'55,1OS 

Solenomy'acostata.......................... 56

torelli.................................. 56

Spiti shales .................... ~..':......... 40,41

Spitzbergen, occurrence of Aucella in..... 41

Spondylus fragilis..........".......... 14, 35, 92

Stephtfnson's, fossils from.................. . 14

section ueaK '..'........~.'.-.'."............. 14

Stoliczka, cited on AucelliB of India....... 40, 41

Storrs, James, collections by............... 52,80

Sulphur Cfeek.'California, Knoxville beds

 on:...:.......:.:..:................ 19

T.

Tagling limestone.......................... 40

Tehama County, Cal., Knoxville beds in... 13 

lists of fossils from...'.................. 14-18

Tejongroup................................ 11

Tellina ashburneri......................... 16

parilis.................................. 16

Terebratella californica............... 14,33,9O

whitneyi............................... 32

Terebratulasp........................ 14,33,90

Thetis annulata............................ 16

Thinnfeldia variabilis...................... 15

Thyrsopteris strictinerve.................. 15

Trautschold, H., cited on age of Aucella beds 29 

Trigoniasequicostata ...................... 22,23

evansana............................... 16, 21

leana................................... 16, 22

Trigonodus ................................ 54

Turbo colusaensis............ 19,65,66, 67,112

bumerosus................... 17,19,67,112

morganensis ................. 20,66,69,112

paskentaensis ............... 17,64, 65,112

trilineatus ...................... 17,65,112

wilburensis................ 19,58,65,67,112

Turner, H. "W., cited on geology of Mount

Diablo .............................' 20

on occurrence of Aucella in southern 

. California.......................... 22

Turri.tella.sp.............................. 14,69

U.

TInio.,-. 

Uniona.

V.

Vancouver Island, Aucella beds on . 

Volgian formation of Russia........

"Washington, Knoxville beds in............ 24

White, C. A., cited on Aucella beds in

Alaska...;.: .v;.................... 28

on Mariposa beds ...................... 25

on Shasta formation.................... 11

Whiteaves, J.F., cited on Aucella beds of

British Columbia................... 27

Whitney'aud G-abb, cited on the Shasta

group.............................. 11

"Wilbur Springs, Cal., fossils from.......... 18,19

"Wilcox's ranch, fossils from localities near. 17, ]8 

Wb'hrmann, S. vou, cited on Cardiniidas... 55

Y.

Yoldia arata. 53