DBPAETMENT OF THE IFTBEIOK

BULLETIN

OF THE

UNITED STATES

No. ±24=

WASHINGTON

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 

1895

UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SUEVEY

CHARLES D. WALCOTT, DIRECTOR

KEVISION

OF THE

WITH

DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW FORMS

SAMUEL HUBBARD SCUDDER

WASHINGTON

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE

1895

CONTENTS.

Page.

Letter of transmittal........................................................ 9

Introduction................................................................ 11

New localities for fossil cockroaches..................................... 11

Faunal lists of American Paleozoic cockroaches.......................... 13

Tables of distribution of American and European fossil cockroaches...... 14

The rapid increase in our knowledge.................................... 20

Some characteristics of Mylacridte....................................... 21

1.' The reLitive size of ancient cockroaches.............................. 23

2. The body of a Paleozoic cockroach.................................... 25

3. The hind wings of Paleozoic cockroaches.............................. 27

4. Possible mimicry in Paleozoic cockroaches............................ 30

5. The European species of Etoblattina.................................. 31

6. A list of the described European Paleozoic cockroaches............... 35

7. The terminology of the neuration..................................... 37

Table of the genera of American fossil cockroaches.......................... 38

Palseoblattarito ............................................................. 39

Mylacrid;s.............................................................. 40

Mylacrie............................................................ 40

Table of the species............................................. 40

List of species and descriptions of new forms................... 41

Promylacris ........................................................ 47

Table of the species............................................. 48

List of species and descriptions of new forms.................... 48

Lithomylacris ...................................................... 50

Table of the species............................................. 50

List of species.................................................. 50

Paromylacris ....................................................... 51

Table of the species............................................. 51

List of species and descriptions of new forms.................... 51

Necymylacris....................................................... 55

Table of the species............................................. 55

List of species........................................'.......... 55

Description of a fragment of a gigantic fore wing................... 55

Blattin arise............................................................. 56

Microblattina....................................................... 56

Description of the single species................................. 57

Archimylacris....................................................... 58

Table of the species............................................. 58

List of species ...........'....................................... 58

Spiloblattina ....................................................... 59

Table of the species............................................. 59

List of species .................................................. 59

Etoblattina......................................................... 60

Table of the species ............................................ 61

List of species and descriptions of new forms.................... 66

5
6 CONTENTS.

Palseoblattarise Continued. Page. 

Blattinarise Continued.

Gerablattina........................................................ Ill

Table of the species...................... .. ............... Ill

List of species and descriptions of new forms.................... 113

Anthracoblattina.................................................... 128

Table of the species............................................. 129

List of species and descriptions of new forms.................... 129

Hermatoblattina.................................................... 131

Progonoblattina..................................................... 131

Description of the single species................................. 131

Oryctoblattina...................................................... 133

Table of the species............................................. 133

List of species arid description of a new form.................... 133

Toroblattina........................................................ 135

Table of the species............................................. 135

List of species and descriptions of new forms.................... 135

Petrablattina....................................................... 140

Table of the species............................................. 140

List of species and description of a new form..................... 140

Leptoblattina ...................................................... 142

Description of the hind wing of a gigantic species................... 142

Neoblattarise................................................................ 143

Neorthroblattina ................................................... 143

Table of the species............................................. 143

List of species.................................................. 143

Scutinoblattina..................................................... 144

Table of the species............................................. 144

List of species.................................................. 144

Zetobora ........................................................... 145

List of species.................................................. 145

Homo30gamia....................................................... 145

List of species.................................................. 145

Paralatindia........................................................ 145

List of species.................................................. 146

Plates...................................................................... 147

Index ...................................................................... 173
ILLUSTRATIONS.

Page. 

PLATE I. Mylacridse: Speciesof Mylacris ................................... 1,50

II. Mylacridse: Species of Mylacris and Promylacris.................. 152

III. Mylacridse: Species of Promylacris and Paromylacris. Blattinarias:

Species of Microblattiua ........................................ 154

IV-VIII. Blattinarise: Species of Etoblattina ............................... 156

IX. BlattinariiB: Species of Etoblattina and Gerablattina............... 166

X. Blattinariie: Species of Gerablattina .............................. 168

XI. Blattinari:»: Speciesof Gerablattina, Oryctoblafctina, Anthracoblattina, Progonoblattina, Petrablattina, and Poroblattina........... 170

XII. Miscellaneous remains of cockroaches.............................. 172

FlGS. 1,2. One of the tegmina of a cockroach (Gerablattina permanenta) and 

the pinna of a fern (Neuropteris odontopteroides) from the Permian 

beds at Cassville, to show their general resemblance............ 31

3. The fore wing of JStoblattina mazona, with the terminology of the

nenratiou explained............................................ 37

7

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.

CAMBRIDGE, MASS., November 7,1893.

SIR: I send herewith for publication as a bulletin, if acceptable to 

you, the manuscript of a paper, and drawings to illustrate it, upon the 

fossil cockroaches of North America. The paper was partially completed and'most of the drawings were made at the termination of my 

connection with the Survey, and has since been finished in such leisure 

as I could command.

Yours, respectfully, , SAMUEL H. SCUDDER.

To the DIRECTOR U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY,

Washington, D. C.

REVISION OF THE AMERICAN FOSSIL COCKROACHES.

By SAMUEL HUBBARD SCUDDER.

INTRODUCTION.

When, in 1879, I published my Paleozoic Cockroaches,1 in which a 

revision of the species of the whole world was attempted, I had seen 

but nineteen specimens from North America, belonging to seventeen

Species and seven genera. To-day more than three hundred American 

specimens have passed under my eye, besides fifty from the Triassic 

rocks and a very few from the Tertiary series; and from the Paleozoic 

series alone there are here recognized one hundred and thirty-two 

species (not including some indeterminate forms) belonging to fourteen 

genera. As I have published from time to time in various places, but 

principally in the Memoirs of the Boston Society of Natural History 

(collected in Vol. I of my Fossil Insects of North America), a considerable number of species, and as a still larger number have since accumulated, thanks to recent exploitation of the Carboniferous deposits of 

eastern America, it has seemed advisable, in publishing the new forms, 

to bring together, either by reference or by description and figure, the 

whole body of information at present available, in order to gain a place 

for a new departure.

Accordingly, I have interpolated the descriptions of new forms in a 

systematic list of all the species yet recovered from the rocks and have 

added such tables as may enable one the more readily to determine any 

new material that may come to hand and to make comparisons with 

such as prove their nearest allies. With the publication of this essay, 

moreover, all the species hitherto described will have been figured. 

All the additions made at the present time belong to the Paleozoic 

forms. Several species before described are here figured for the first 

time..

NEW LOCALITIES FOR FOSSIL COCKROACHES.

The recent extension of our knowledge of our Paleozoic cockroaches 

is very largely due to the exploitations of two localities, one in West 

Virginia, through the instrumentality of Mr. E. D. Lacoe, of Pittston, 

Pa., the other in Ohio, through the labors of Mr. Samuel Huston, of 

Steubenville.

1 Mem. Boat. Soc. Nat. Hist., IIT, 23-134, pi. 2-6; Foss. Ins. N. A., I, 43-153, pi. 2-6.

11
12 AMERICAN FOSSIL COCKROACHES. BULL. 124.

The West Virginia locality is at Cassville, Monongalia County, not 

far from Morgantown. and the specimens were found in rocks lying 

above .the Waynesburg coal, in what is termed by Prof. I. C. White 

the Duukard Creek series, and referred very positively by him and 

Prof. W. M. Fontaine to the Permian. The blattarian fauna as thus 

far determined is unquestionably younger than any known from ttfe 

Pennsylvania and Illinois rocks, on which we have hitherto depended 

largely for our knowledge, and consists of a vast assemblage of forms, 

which will undoubtedly be increased by further search. They number 

fifty-six species, belonging to five genera, the bulk of them (thirty-six 

species) to Etoblattina.

The Ohio locality lies at the edge of the township of Eichmond, on 

Wills Creek, in the near neighborhood of Steubenville, Jefferson County, 

and though far less extensive and less thoroughly worked than Cassville, has already yielded twenty-two species belonging to three genera, 

of which the larger number (seventeen) belong to Etoblattina and the 

others to the genera represented at Gassville by more than a single 

species.

It is a curious fact, to which I called partial attention when first 

describing some of them, that these species represent for the most part 

a distinct group of cockroaches of the genera Etoblattina and G-erablattina, characterized by great length and slenderness of the internomedian area, by a remarkable openness of the ueuration in the middle 

of the tegmina, and by their frequently exceptional length and slenderness. They comprise, indeed, nearly 75 per cent of the species in these 

two genera at Eichmond, and hardly occur elsewhere excepting at Cassville, where they compose about 25 per cent of the species of these two 

genera. The only occurrence of a similar form in Europe is Etoblattina 

elongata from the lower Dyas of Weissig, Saxony. The occurrence of 

this type of cockroaches is the characteristic feature of Eichmond, and 

must place this fauna high in the series, as the stratigraphical evidence 

itself warrants. Its horizon, according to Mr. Huston, who alone has 

carefully explored the location, is in the Barren Coal-measures, a little 

above the crinoidal limestone.

It is remarkable that, notwithstanding the close relationship in general features of the two rich faunas of Cassville and Eichmond, not a 

single species has been found common to the two. One species, indeed, 

I formerly regarded as found in both, but a closer study convinces me 

that there are in this case two very nearly allied forms, and they are 

accordingly separated in the present paper. Further than this, with 

one or two exceptions, l no American species has been found in two 

different places, and without exception the American species are completely distinct from the European.

'One of these is Etoblattina balteata, in which a fragment consisting of the anal area of the tegmina, 

from Bellaire, Ohio, is referred to one of the tegmina (without the anal area preserved) from Cassville, W. Va.
SC0D.3ER.] FAUNAL LISTS. 13 

FAUNAL LISTS OF AMERICAN PALEOZOIC COCKROACHES.

The enlargement of our vision is, however, not entirely due to the 

new forms from Cassville and Eichmond, but also to the increase in 

the number of species known from old horizons. Thus the Ehode 

Island coal field has now furnished a dozen species, including a new 

genus, while new localities in the Western Interior coal basin have 

increased their fauna to seven species, and certain additions have been 

made to other faunas already partially known. The following lists of 

faunas will prove of interest and show the geographical distribution of 

the species:

The Western Interior coalfield:

Promylacris harei (Mo.). Etoblattina occidentalis (Kans.);

Paromylacris clintoniana (Mo.). Anthracoblattina americana (Mo.).

Etoblattina cliutoiiiana (Mo.). Oryctoblattina laqueata (Mo,).

venusta (Ark.).

The Eastern Interior coalfield (Illinois).

Mylacris elongata. . Paromylacris ampla.

antb.racoph.ila. triangularie.

gurleyi. Lithomylacris simplex,

ampla. Archimylacris paucinervis.

antiqua. Etoblattiua inazona.

Promylacris testudo. . hilliana.

ovalis. Progonoblattina colurnbiana.

rigida. Oryctoblattina occidua. 

Paromylacris rotunda.

The Acadian coalfield.

Mylacris bretonensis. Archimylacris acadica. 

heeri. Petrablattina sepulta.

The Rhode Island coalfield.

Mylacris packardii. Etoblattina gorhami.

Microblattina perdita. exilis.

Etoblattiua illustris. . ' reliqua.

scholtieldi. latebricola.

clarkii. Gerablattina scapularis.

sp. fraterna.

The Appalachian coalfield (Pennsylvania).

Mylacris priscovolans. Lithomylacris pittstoniana.

lucifuga. ' pauperata.

carbonum. Necymylacris lacoana.

pennsylvanica. heros.

mansfieldi. Archimylacris parallela.

ovalis. Etoblattina lesquereuxii.

Paromylacris pluteus. Gerablattina fascigera. 

Lithomylacris angusta. .
14 AMERICAN FOSSIL COCKROACHES. BULL. 124. 

The Barren Coal-measures at Richmond, Ohio.

Etoblattina fossa. Etoblattina hustoni.

strigosa. hastata. 

jeffersoniana. marginata.

fasciata. gracilenta.

. ramosa. stipata.

willsiana. variegata.

maledicta. Gerablattina apicalis.

beneclicta. richmondiana.

funesta. minima,

exsensa. Poroblattina longinqua.

tennis. ohioensis.

The Dunkard Creek series at Cassmlle, W. Va.

Etoblattina lata. Etoblattina expugnata. 

sagittaria. , obatra.

mediana. iruperfecta.

ovata. secreta. 

debilis. ' invisa.

balteata. occnlta.

patiens. defossa.

mncronata. recidiva. 

detecta. Gerablattina inculta.

exigua. perita.

residua. .diversiuervis.

funeraria. cassvici.

expuncta. abdicata. 

aperta. ' concinna.

eakiuiana. uniformis.

accubita. permaneuta.

expulsata. permacra.

gratiosa. eversa.

macprata. deducta.

immolata. radiata.

inactata. lata.

communis. rotuudata.

exsecuta. ovata.

arcta. Anthracoblattina virginiensis. 

prsedulcis. . Poroblattina gratiosa.

angusta. fossa,

macilenta complexinervis.

rogi. Petrablattina hastata.

TABLES OF DISTRIBUTION OF AMERICAN AND EUROPEAN FOSSIL

COCKROACHES.

The following table presents in a summary form the number of species 

of the different genera of cockroaches found in the American Paleozoic 

rocks in each of the different coal basins and in the two special localities in Ohio and West Virginia where the greatest number of species 

have been found. It summarizes the foregoing lists. The horizontal 

line separates the Mylacrid;je and Blattinarise.
DISTRIBUTION. 15

Table showing-the geographical distribution of the American Paieozoic genera.

Genera.

Total..........

Western 

Interior (Missouri, Arkansas, Kansas).

i

1

3

1

1

7

Eastern 

Interior 

(Illinois).

5

3

1

/

2

1

1

17

Acadian (Nova 

Scotia, 

Cape 

Breton).

2

1

1

4

Rhode 

Island .

1

1

8

2

12

Appalachian 

(Pennsylvania).

6

1

3

2

1

1

15

Richmond, 

Ohio.

17

3

2

22

Cassville, 

W. -Va.

36

15

1

3

1

56

Total.

14

4

K

4

2

1

3

67

21

2

1

2

5

0

133

The fact that, with the very considerable increase shown to have been 

made in the number of known species, hardly a single one of them has 

been found at two distinct localities, lends importance to the right 

determination of the horizon at which each species has been found and 

renders probable, with the further extension of our knowledge of their 

distribution, the advantageous use of these fossils in delicate discriminations of the age of rock deposits. Accordingly, as a first step in 

this direction, I have drawn up the succeeding table, showing the relative geological age of each of the American species, the species themselves being arranged systematically, but excluding from the list, as at 

present unimportant, the three Tertiary species. In this table Lrhave 

roughly separated the species from the.true productive Coal-measures, 

i.e., above the u Millstone Grit" and below the "Barren Coal-measures," into an upper and lower'series, endeavoring as far as possible to 

make the latter correspond to the coals A-C, inclusive, of the Pennsylvania series, and where the reference was at all doubtful to indicate 

it in the table by a mark of interrogation instead of the usual cross.
16 AMERICAN FOSSIL COCKROACHES.

Horizontal distribution of the American pre-Tertiary cockroaches.

BULL. 124.

Species.

sp. (E.I.)............ ...............................

inazona. ............................................

Millstone Grit.

\

?

Lower Productive Coal-measures".

?

v

X

^

X

V

^

?

?

?

?

?

?

X

Upper Productive Coal-measures.

?

?

X

X

1

X

Barren Coal-measures.

X

. ?

X

XXX

xxxxxx

Permian.

X 

X 

X

X

X .

xxxx

X

X 

X 

X

X

X 

X

I

xxxx

.....

.....

.....

-----

.....

.....

-----

X
SCUDDEB.] DISTRIBUTION. 17

Horizontal distribution of the American pre-Tertiary cockroaches Continued.

Species.

prfedulcis ..........................................

variegata..... ......................................

exilia ..............................................

Oryctoblattina occidna .........................................

Grit. Millstone 

X

Productive LowerCoal-measures.

?

?

1

1

1

X

X

y

Productive TJp'psr Coal-measures. Coal-meas- Barren 

ures.

X

Permian.

X

X

X

X

y

X

X

^

X

^

X

^

X

X

y

X

X

X

CD

ca 

g

^

y

^

y

y

y

y

^

Bull. 124-
18 AMERICAN FOSSIL COCKROACHES.

With this may be compared the next table, in which I attempt a similar division of the described European species, separating them by the 

zones employed by Dr. H. B. Geinitz in his Steinkohlen Deutschlands 

(1865), his Zone I (which does not come into use here, and which I take 

to be the equivalent of our Millstone Grit), being the " Hauptzone der 

Lycopodiaceenj" II, "der Sigillarienj" III, "der Calamitenj" IV, "der 

Annularien;" V, "der Farren;" succeeded by the Dyas or Permian. I 

have been aided by Kliver's tabulation of the species found in the Saarbruck basin (Palseontographica, XXIX, 264-265), whose separation of 

the "upper " and " middle" coal formation falls, Dr. Geinitz informs me, 

near the middle of Zone IV. The Lobejiin basin, he tells me, belongs 

by its sigillarians to the middle coal formation, but is at the same time 

scarcely separable from that of Wettin, which on its part closely agrees 

with that of Manebach, etc., and must be regarded as of the upper coal 

.formation. In the following table I have placed all of the species from 

Lobejiin and Wettin in Zone IV, and those of Manebach in Zone V, but 

classed them both as of the upper coal formation.
^

*i

 s

 i$

 **1

* 

IJS

5i ts

O

% f

2o

'3§a%

Q,

N§

<s H

tS5oa3Ng

ID

H >

1 1 ' 1 1 1

- - %

f " . | .

1 -If « <o a &

S d -«1 0

A^

Bi aa

<A

'1

W * P c3 * * 

CO DO C3 "C ?3 fl O

*NJ 1 1|M ! i-.

 SrsoBS S .SP«^ 2 -Sf 5

E'43 a><Uf2 -° r-i * "^

BBB9.S d ^ * Pw

S^-ScS o 9 -^ '" *

Scoj;;'*3 * o o i

^ B "-& * ^ t g § 3

3 "g ' 5 ""a.

^ C3 B tj flj W , c5 <) S ni

01 

rgr2£j>

bt J g<

0 § 2^

s^-* ft

tohe MiddleC 

151*.

§&§! 

umption only;il 

?pef .Carboniferc ler Carboniferous

M 

oEwo

|lj|

|||f

W M 'W
20 AMERICAN FOSSIL COCKROACHES.

Finally, the following table may be of interest, in which a provisional 

attempt is made to correlate in a summary way the details of the foregoing tables. It indicates merely the presence of the different genera 

of fossil cockroaches in the several periods from which they are known, 

whether in Europe (by the letter E in the horizons in which they occur) 

or in America (by the letter A). It includes all the known described 

Palseoblattarise of the world, with the addition of the fossil Neoblattariss 

of North America only. The numerous Liassic forms of Europe are 

therefore omitted. For convenience the Mylacridse are separated by a 

horizontal line from the Blattinariae, and the Neoblatarise from the 

Palseoblattarise.

Geological distribution of the genera of fossil cockroaches.

Genera. Millstone 

Grit.

A

A»

A

Lower Productive Coalmeasures.

A

A

A

A

A

A

AE

AE

AE

AE

A

A

E

Higher 1 

Productive Coalmeasures.

A

A

A

A

E

Barren 

Coalmeasures.

A

AE

AE

E

E

E

A

Permian.

AE

AE

AE

E

E

A

AE

Trias.

A

'

A

A

Tertiary.

A

_^

A

Present 

epoch.

A

A

A

1 Subject'to correction as noted on pp. 60,73. 

t THE RAPID INCREASE IN OUR KNOWLEDGE.

The relative increase of our knowledge of the Paleozoic cockroaches 

of Europe and America can best be shown by the following table, in 

which the number of species of each genus on each continent, as shown
SCOUDER.] CHARACTERISTICS OF MYLACRID^E. 21

in my first work on the subject and at the present time, are placed in 

separate columns:

Genera.

Total .........................................

Europe.

1879.

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

18 

10 

7 

2 

2 

1 

0 

1 

0

41

1893.

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

27 

11 

11 

3 

2 

3 

0 

1 

2

60

America.

1879.

5 

0 

0 

3 

2 

0 

2 

2 

2 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0

17

1893.

14 

4 

5 

4 

2 

1 

3 

67 

21 

2 

0 

1 

2 

5 

2 

0

133

Total.

1879.

5 

0 

0 

3 

2 

0 

2 

20 

12 

7 

2 

2 

1 

0 

2 

0

58

1893.

14 

4 

5 

4 

2 

1 

3 

94 

32 

13 

3 

3 

5 

5 

3 

2

193

While the total number of species has thus more than trebled, the 

European species have increased about 50 per cent while the American species have multiplied nearly eightfold. It should not be overlooked, however, that a very different result would unquestionably 

appear if the Cominentry cockroaches, which Brongniart announced 

in 1889 had then been found to the number of more than 600, had been 

published. Unfortunately not a single one has yet been described.

This table shows also the genera which are known from Europe and 

America and permits a ready comparison between the representation 

of the genera on the two continents. It shows that in each Etoblattina 

and Gerablattina easily hold the first place and that Etoblattina is especially rich in forms, containing just about one-half the species of either 

continent. It also makes conspicuous a point to which I called attention in my first essay on Paleozoic cockroaches that the Mylacridse, 

comprising nearly 22 per cent of the species and five of the fourteen 

genera in America, are, so far as described forms are concerned, completely absent from Europe.

SOME CHARACTERISTICS OF MYLAORIDJE. "

This, however, it appears, is not a statement of the actual fact; for, 

in a brief note on Carboniferous cockroaches published in the Comptes 

rendus of the French Academy for February 4,1889, Mr. Charles Brongniart states that Mylacridse are as abundant as Blattinarise at the 

famous locality at Coinmentry, France, although the latter only have 

hitherto been found fossil in other places in the European Coal-measures. Brongniart gives neither description nor figures in support of 

this statement, but points out from the uncommonly well-preserved 

specimens found at Commentry what he regards as further points of 

distinction between the Mylacridse and Blattinarise, drawn from the 

structure of the thorax: the prothoracic shield of the Blattinariae being
22 AMERICAN FOSSIL COCKROACHES.

well rounded and narrower than the body including the folded wings, 

while that of the Mylacridse is broader than the stout body, and, instead 

of being rounded, is nearly in the form of a triangle, its base forward.

These distinctions can not be maintained for the American forms. 

Although specimens of either group showing anything more than the 

tegmina are rare in the American rocks, a few have been found and 

have been published, while still others are made known in the present 

paper. In no case do those show a prothorax wider than the folded 

wings, although in some, notably in Promylacris testudo, the prothorax 

is nearly as wide; nor in any of the Mylacridse, where a subtriangular 

form is more common than in the Blattinariae, is the broadest portion in 

advance of the middle, as must be the case if in the form of a triangle 

its base forward (il a presque la forme d'un triangle a base situe"e en 

avant), but always behind it.

Stated broadly, the Mylacridse are usually stouter bodied than the 

Blattinarise (though the species of Lithomylacris are usually as slender 

as most Blattinariae), and the prothoracic shield is usually, but not 

always, broader in proportion to its length in the Mylacridee and is 

not unfrequently subtriangular, by the subang'ular projection of the 

middle of the front border, and of the extreme sides of the posterior margin. An excellent illustration of this is seen in Paromylacris 

rotunda and in Promylacris rigida (PI. Ill, fig. 1), in which latter the 

form of the prothorax is very different from the transverse suboval of 

its congener P. testudo. A publication of the different forms of Mylacridse alleged to be found at Commentry is therefore all the more to be 

desired, and it is much to be hoped that Mr. Brongniart will favor the 

world at an early day with further and fuller details regarding the 

superb collections in his hands. They can not fail to throw much light 

upon our knowledge of the earlier insects. The only specimens I have 

myself seen from Commentry (a photograph and a very perfect fore 

wing) are Etoblattinse.

Before proceeding to the special description of the new American 

forms, there are a few matters which I will consider under separate 

heads, as follows:

1. The relative size of ancient cockroaches.

2. The features of a nearly complete body of a Carboniferous cockroach from. Illinois.

3. The hind wings of Paleozoic cockroaches.

4. Possible mimicry in Paleozoic cockroaches.

5. The European species of Etoblattina, with description of a new 

form.

6. A list of the described European Paleozoic cockroaches.

7. The terminology of the neuration.
BCUDDKB.] THEIR LARGE SIZE. 23 

I. THE RELATIVE SIZE OF ANCIENT COCKROACHES.

No one can handle many Paleozoic cockroaches without being struck 

by the fact that they are of large size. I drew attention to this in my 

Paleozoic Cockroaches, remarking that "while the average was consider ably, above that of existing cockroaches, none were much larger 

than some South American species of Blabera," whose tegmina sometimes attain a length of 60 to 70 mm. But in the present paper a 

fragment of a fore wing is described, which, when perfect, must have 

measured 80 mm. in length. In an estimate from the then known 

species of Paleozoic cockroaches, I stated that "the average length of 

the front wing appears to have been about 26 mm."

Since then the increase in the number of species in this country has 

been largely from the younger Paleozoic rocks, and if we were to add 

the Triassic Palseoblattarise, of still smaller size, we should find that the 

average length of the fore wing in ancient American cockroaches, 133 

species in all, was 23.2 mm. The Mylacridse were larger, on the average, 

than the Blattinarise, a fact due in great part to the younger cockroaches being all Blattinaria, for the tegniiua of 29 Mylacridse average 

27.5 mm., while those of 104 Blattinarise average 22 mm. only. That 

even this last figure is larger than the average size of living cockroaches, one familiar with the latter would readily venture to assert; 

but to put it to a fair test, I have estimated the average size of recent 

species from the measurements given in Brunner's Systerne des Blattaires (1865), the last general work on the subject. About 380 species 

are included in this work, but of only 239 are measurements given of 

the length of the tegmina; where different measurements are given for 

the two sexes I have uniformly chosen that for the male as in general 

the larger; and where the measurements covered a range I have taken 

the exact mean. In this way I estimate the average length of the 

tegmina of living cockroaches to be 18.8 mm., which is markedly less 

than the size of the Paleozoic forms. 1

This, however, is by no means the whole of the story. I have 

further tabulated separately the length of the tegmina for the different American species from the Millstone Grit to the Trias, inclusive, 

and find that there is a marked and regular diminution in average size 

from one period to another, as will appear from the following measurements of the tegmina given in millimetres:

Millstone Grit (3 species), 26 to 38, average 31.

Lower Productive Coal-measures (39 species), 10 to 61, average 29.7.

Upper Productive Coal-measures (12 species), 16.35 to 33, average 

26.4.

Barren Coal-measures (23 species), 9.75 to 31.5, average 23.4.

Permian (56 species), 8.25 to 28.75, average 16.9.

Trias (17 species), 6.3 to 24, average 13.

'In making this estimate, though I recollected I had once made one of the same nature, I had forgotten its publication, and only after the above was written discovered it in my Revision of Mesozoio 

Cockroaches, where a slightly different result follows slightly different data; but I prefer to leave the 

above as it stands.
24 AMERICAN FOSSIL COCKROACHES.

The only important doubt about the exact accuracy of this statement is that the fauna of the Ehode Island coal basin (consisting of 

12 species) is included in the Lower, when it may perhaps belong to 

the Upper Productive Coal-measures. The average size of the Rhode 

Island species is 27.3 mm., and that of the species from the Lower Productive Coal-measures without them is 30.7 mm., while, if the Ehode 

Island species were added to the Upper series, it would increase the 

average of that to 26.8 mm.; but this would still not disturb the regular succession of averages. The average size of the 50 species from 

the Productive Coal-measures as a whole is 27.4 mm., or almost precisely that of the Ehode Island species alone.

I do not mean to maintain that the size of cockroaches has been 

steadily and continuously diminishing from the earliest times to the 

present, but only for that period of time which is here considered, and 

also, I may add, for the later Mesozoic rocks, for I have formerly shown 

that the average length of the tegmina of European Mesozoic (mostly 

Liassic) cockroaches was 12.5 mm., which is slightly less than that of 

the species from the American Trias. It is well known that the great 

mass of Mesozoic, and especially Liassic, insects were of small size, 

but the insects of the Tertiaries did not differ in this respect in any 

noticeable degree from those now living.

I have further tabulated the relative length of the tegmina in the 

different genera separately, both as a whole and in each of the periods 

in which they occur. They may be shown as follows, the figures being 

given in millimeters, and showing both range and average:

Average length of tegmina in the genera of American fossil cockroaches.

Genera.

Mylacris ...........

Necymylacris ......

Gerablattina .......

Millstone 

Grit.

........

........

26.00

9Q nn

38.00

Lower Productive Coal-measures.

26.50-42.00 

Aver. 81. 10

Aver. 25. 30 

21. 00-42. 00

Aver. 28. 50

25. 00-48. 00 

Aver. 36. 50 

8.00

26. 00 30. 50

Aver. 28. 25

14. 25-61. 00

Aver. 26. 40 

18. 00-41. 00 

Aver. 29. 50 

30.00

20.75

19.00

13.00

Upper Productive Coal-measures.

16.35-33.00 

Aver. 25-60

30.00

26. 00 29. 25

Aver. 27. 20

23.00

25. 00-32. 00

Aver. 28. 50

Barren 

Coalmeasures.

17.50

............

14.00 31.00

Aver. 25. 50 

9. 75-25. 00 

Aver. 18. 30

21.00

11.00-22.00

Aver. 16. 50

Permian.

............

...... ..1...

11.75-28.75

Aver. 17. 60 

10. 00-25. 50 

Aver. 16. 60 

12.00

13 ^A_1fl 7*

Aver. 15. 60 

8.25

Trias.

............

............

15. 00-18. 00

Aver. 16. 40 

12. 00 20. 00

Aver. 16. 00

10. Ofl-19. 00

Aver. 13. 70 

24.00

8 fin 19 no

Aver. 9. 60 

6.30 7.00

Aver. 6. 80

In all.

16. 35-42. 00 

Aver. 28. 50

Aver. 21. 70 

21. 00-42. 00

Aver. 26. 60

Aver. 26. 40 

25. 00-48. 00 

Aver. 36. 50 

8.00

23. 00 30.50

Aver. 26. 50 

15. 00-18. 00

Aver. 16. 40 

11.75 61.00

Aver. 21. 30 

9. 75-41. 00 

Aver. 19. 10

Aver. 21. 00 

20.75

Aver. 20. 00

Aver. 15. 10

Aver. 15. 10

Aver. 9. 60 

6. 30-7. 00

Aver. 6. 80
SCUDDEK.J STRUCTURE OF THE ABDOMEN, 25

This table shows that in general, especially where the species were 

numerous, the same rule holds remarkably under each genus, the average size decreasing with the lapse of time. The only noticeable exception is in the two divisions of the Productive Coal-measures, where, in 

the genera Paromylacris, Lithomylacuis, and Etoblattina, the averages 

are reversed from what they should be under the rule. The other 

exceptions, as in Oryctoblattina, and in part in Petrablattina, and in 

Archimylacris, are where only a couple of species or so are concerned. 

The relative average size of the species of the different genera is also 

shown, and proves that the average size of every genus of Mylacridse 

is larger than that of any of the other genera excepting only Archimylacris, which, as I have elsewhere pointed out, was the most antique 

type of all cockroaches. The table further lends support to the view 

that the Dunkard Creek series of rocks (at Cassville) are older than 

the Barren Coal-measures, and should be referred to the Permian, since

in each of the three genera represented in both, beds the average size 

of the species from the Dunkard Creek series is the smaller.

II. THE BODY OF A PALEOZOIC COCKROACH. 

PI. XII, figS. 8-11.

Through the kindness of Prof. Josua Lindahl, of the Illinois Museum 

of Natural History, I have been permitted twice to examine a very 

curious specimen, which I regard as the principal part of the body of 

a wingless cockroach from the Coal-measures of Illinois. It is entirely 

freed from the matrix, and, with the exception of the head and appendages of the body, represents the complete body of a cockroach, probably in very much of its original form. The proportions of the abdomen indicate that it was in all probability a female, but whether a 

larval form or a mature individual with the wings removed is quite 

impossible to say. If a female, the ovipositor, said by Brougniart to 

be characteristic of Paleozoic cockroaches, is broken away. Fig. 9 is 

presumed to represent the ventral and fig. 11 the dorsal aspect of the 

creature, partly from the form of the upper surface of the metathorax, 

as shown particularly in fig. 10, and from the fact that there are what 

are apparently scars at the position of the mesothoracic coxse on the 

ventral surface, which, however, do not clearly appear in the figure. 

The abdomen is composed of eight complete segments, similar dorsally 

and ventrally, as may best be seen by fig. 10. The first segment encircles the whole body externally, and is not covered at the sides by the 

projecting margins of the metathorax, as in modern cockroaches. There 

are, however, several anomalies in the abdomen and difficulties to be 

explained. Tig. 11 represents the dorsal aspect with the only clear 

indications, as shown also in fig. 10,*of the separation of the mesothorax 

and metathorax, but with a distinct indication throughout of the first 

abdominal segment, which scarcely shows on the ventral aspect (fig. 9),
26 AMERICAN FOSSIL COCKROACHES.

and the difference in the separation of which from the metathorax on 

the dorsal and ventral surfaces is clearly shown in fig. 8. The second 

and seventh abdominal segments are the only ones which are clearly 

distinct upon both margins throughout the entire circuit of the body, 

as shown in all the figures. The third and fourth segments are clearly 

distinct on the dorsal surface, but on the ventral (fig. 9) the distinction 

between the third and fourth is lost, excepting on the right, where 

it is as distinct as above; possibly the remaining portion of the third 

. segment may be broken away. Dorsally, the fifth segment is traversed 

by an oblique fold, which does not appear elsewhere, and makes an 

apparent separation of the segment into two sub segments. Similar 

indications, which only traverse a portion of the. body, elsewhere 

appear, and the relation of the other parts to one another renders it 

clear that there is here no true subsegmentation. The apparent division of the eighth segment in fig. 10 is explained by the other figures, 

which show that this segment is made up in the original of a bundle of 

irregular bosses which may have terminated (as Brongniart describes 

for the better preserved specimens of fossil cockroaches from the Coalmeasures of Commentry, France) with a long ovipositor, similar to those 

of our living Phasmidse.

The abdomen is thus seen to differ from that of modern cockroaches 

in being composed of eight complete and tolerably uniform rings with 

no distinct separation, as may best be seen in fig. 10, into dorsal and 

ventral scutes, and in consequence there are as many ventral as dorsal, excepting only that the first segment is separated from the metathorax distinctly only on the dorsal surface, as is best seen in fig. 8. 

This may be the first step in a distinction between the dorsal and 

ventral surfaces as seen in modern cockroaches. But there is a further indication of something similar in the fold upon the dorsal surface 

of the fourth abdominal segment, indicating a division into subsegments at this point. In this case, however, the difference between the 

dorsal and ventral surfaces would appear to result from a division of 

one of the dorsal scutes rather than from a suppression of one of the 

ventral.

As it is impossible to determine to what genus this fragment may 

have belonged, or even to what family of ancient cockroaches, no name 

is given to it at present. It was obtained at Olney, 111., by Mr. B. E. 

Phillips, and was presented by him to the Illinois Museum of Natural 

History, where it bears the number 4941.
SCUDDEE.] HIND WINGS. 27

III. THE HIND WINGS OF PALEOZOIC COCKROACHES.

PI. XII, figs. 4-7.

By far the larger part of the remains of fossil cockroaches consist of 

the tegtnina, but in a few instances the hind wings have been preserved, 

sometimes by themselves, sometimes in connection with the tegmina; 

and, as a few additional forms are illustrated in the present paper, it 

may be well to draw general attention to them more carefully than hasyet been done.

On previous occasions I have mentioned the undoubted fact that the 

fore and hind wings of Paleozoic insects harmonized in neuration more 

completely than they do in living insects, and have also stated that even 

differentiation in texture, such as exists to-day in many groups (especially 

the lower), had scarcely begun, the neuration being always equally 

apparent in both wings. That this latter statement is not absolutely 

true for Paleozoic insects, that their fore wings were of somewhat 

denser texture or tougher consistency than the hind pair, must, I think, 

be conceded, when we note how extremely rarely the hind wings are 

preserved, as compared with the fore wings; nevertheless, when they 

are preserved, no such difference is discernible.

How rarely the hind wings of Paleozoic cockroaches are known may 

be quickly made apparent by the statement that up to the present 

time they have been figured for only three European species, two of 

Etoblattina and one of an undetermined form. (Blattina latinerms) and 

for five American, namely, one species each of Prornylacris, Paromylacris, Archimylacris, Oryctoblattina, and Etoblattiua, to which are 

added in the present paper one each of Mylacris and Etoblattina, and 

two others of independent wings, one of which may be referred to 

Etoblattiua, while the other, though nearly perfect, is very problematical. Those which are preserved in connection with other parts rarely 

show much beside the apical third, so that our knowledge of them is 

less advanced than it ought to be when they are thus so much more 

readily determinable. From this meager showing the following statements may be made, though they are offered with some hesitation, 

from the fragmentary material on which they are based:

It seems probable from the general harmony between the fore wings 

and the hind pair that a difference somewhat similar to that which 

exists between the fore wings of Mylacridse and Blattinarise will be 

found in the hind wings. In no case, however, have we yet found thecostal margin of the hind wing preserved in any of the Mylacridse; but 

in several of the Blattinariae we see the mediastinal area stretching 

as a very narrow vittate field much more than half way to the apex of 

the wing, much narrower than is usual in the fore wing; while analogy 

would lead us to infer that in the Mylacridae it was relatively much 

shorter and perhaps to a greater or less degree triangular. This is my 

sole reason for believing it probable that the wing figured on PI. XII,,
28 AMERICAN FOSSIL COCKROACHES.

fig. 5) is one of the Blattinarise, to which is opposed the close resemblance it bears, in parts which allow of any comparison at all, to Promylacris, its excessive size, and the general composition of the fauna 

from which it comes, as will be stated later in the special description 

of this wing.

As a general rule the internomedian area, on the contrary, appears 

to have been broader than in the tegmina, and did not possess the special character of distinction from the mode of branching in the other 

areas which it had in the fore wing. In the latter, for instance, the 

branches of this area are generally much more delicate than in the other 

areas, and are usually more widely separated and very uniform. In all 

the hind wings where this area is preserved the branches are in no way 

more delicate than those of the other areas, while, with the exception 

of Mylacris, the branches are as close as elsewhere, and usually somewhat or considerably irregular. Curiously, in Mylacris the general 

appearance of this area is precisely as in thafore wing, differing apparently only in being narrower and tapering less rapidly. The other 

intermediate areas of the hind wing differ from their general character 

in the fore wing in having the branches more of an arborescent type, in 

which it is difficult to say what course the main vein with its irregular 

or regular breaking up takes, or on which side, if not on both, the principal branches are thrown off from the main stem. In general the 

division of the scapular and externomedian areas on the border is at or 

close to the apex of the wing, which seems always to lie, not at the end 

of the middle line of the wing, but somewhere in its upper half, so that 

the wing is less symmetrical in form than the fore wing.

Whether we shall ever be able to determine the characteristics of 

different genera in the hind wings may be deemed doubtful; certainly 

not until a vast deal more is known about them than now. Possibly 

when the rich Blattarian fauna of Cominentry has undergone the 

investigation it awaits at the hands of Mr. Charles Brongniart, we shall 

be able to speak more hopefully, but at present the genus Etoblattina 

is the only one of which we have representatives of more than a single 

species.

In Etoblattina the hind wing is pointed-ovate, broadest beyond the 

middle, fully twice as long as broad, with very straight costa until the 

wing begins to narrow, and with a very full and rounded inner border, 

the apex being not far from the middle of the upper half of the wing. 

The mediastinal area is very narrow and reaches to the middle of the 

apical half of the wing or farther, with arcuate, very oblique branches. 

The scapular vein is very straight, throws off very oblique forking 

branches to the costal margin, first forking a little before the middle of 

the wing, and terminates at or above the apex. The externomedian 

vein is likewise straight, first branches as soon as or a little before the 

scapular, the branches forked or generally compound, rarely simple, 

and nearly or quite longitudinal; they seem to be indifferently inferior
SCUDDEE.] HIND WINGS. 29

or superior, but all either one or the other. The internomedian area 

is very broad, generally occupying fully half the breadth of the wing 

in its basal half, the main vein straight or nearly straight, running 

obliquely to the inner margin of the wing and ending just about as far 

toward the apex as the niediastinal vein; the branches are all inferior, 

closely crowded, nearly straight and oblique, and generally simple. Of 

the anal area nothing can be known from present specimens, excepting 

what is seen in the specimen figured on PI. XII, figs. 6, 7, which will be 

mentioned in its description, later in this paper.

An exception to these characters is so great in a hind wing, which I 

have recently figured 1 and called an Etoblattina, that I am now inclined 

to think it can not belong to this genus, but perhaps to Gerablattina, 

also found in the same beds. It is again figured here in PI. XII, fig. 4. 

These exceptions consist in the form of the wing, in which the apex 

(which is destroyed) apparently must fall about the middle of the wing? 

while the inner border is much less full; in the earlier forking of both 

scapular and externomedian veins, the former earlier than the latter; 

the more arborescent or apical branching of the externomedian vein, 

the branches of which are both superior and inferior, and in the different 

character of the internomedian area, which is by no means so broad as 

in all the Etoblattinse known, and has only a few branching, very oblique 

veins. The anal area is here preserved, and is remarkable as being but 

a shorter form of the mediastinal type.

The hind wing of Archiinylacris, so far as we know it, is again somewhat different. The form would appear to be the same as in Etoblattina and the mediastinal area similar but much longer. The scapular 

vein, however, is very different, and the few branches are distant, 

inferior, and include the apex at the margin, extending, indeed, farther 

below the apex than above it. The externomedian vein appears to be 

a repetition on a lesser scale of the scapular, but more can not be said.

The peculiar character of the internomedian area in Mylacris has 

already been mentioned. All that can be further said of the hind wing 

in this genus is that the externomedian vein (excepting that the branches 

are superior and not inferior) appears to be a repetition of the same area 

in the fore wing and to bear a similar relation to the internomedian area.

In Paromylacris the scapular and externomedian areas appear to be 

extremely similar to their condition in Etoblattina, the division line 

between them also falling at just about the pointed apex of the wing, 

which, so far as can be seen, has a similar form.

Probably the same is also true of Promylacris, though this is entirely 

uncertain from the slight fragment of the apex which is preserved, for, 

on the contrary, it may be entirely similar to the wings' figured on 

PI. XII, fig. 5. '

i Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv., No. 101, pi. 2, Fig. k.
30 AMERICAN FOSSIL COCKROACHES.

IV. POSSIBLE MIMICRY IN PALEOZOIC COCKROACHES.

Before finishing these introductory remarks I wish to draw attention 

to a topic unusual in such a connection. In studying protective resemblance and mimicry among living animals, the exceedingly common 

occurrence of these phenomena has often forced upon me the conclusion that they have not been limited in their scope to recent times, but 

must have existed in past epochs and even, to some extent at least, in 

very remote epochs. This is a natural conclusion from the universality 

of their present occurrence. Hardly an animal exists that does not 

actually owe its existence to some feature or features in its form or 

coloring. This statement will doubtless appear strong to those who are 

unacquainted with or have not considered the facts. Let me reenforce 

it in the words of its latest exponent, M. Felix Plateau, the well-known 

professor in the University of Gaud:

The thesis I wish to sustain, in agreement with naturalists of high'merit, would 

demonstrate that the phenomena [of mimicry] are general; that is to say, that there 

are hardly any animals which, in-at least some one of the stages of their existence, 

do not have recourse to imitation; that in our own countries, in temperate Europe, 

in Belgium itself, the zoologist who is really an observer meets at every step cases 

of dissimulation which are every whit as striking as [ne le ce"deut en rien] those 

which tropical nature offers us. 1

The arguments I have used in my own essay on the subject 2 attempt 

to show'that in the very nature of things protective resemblance must 

prevail in a world where creatures are the food of others, and where 

. they escape destruction only when less easily or less frequently seen 

by their predaceous foes than their fellows. From this standpoint it 

would be difficult to refrain from the logical conclusion that-protective 

resemblance was nearly or quite as much a feature of past life as it is 

of present.

Naturally, since coloring forms the most important or the most common part of protection, proof of such protection can not be derived from 

the fossils. But pattern of markings is also a.conspicuous element of 

protection in existing types, and in a few fossils among insects we can 

detect markings of a precisely similar nature to some which in existing 

insects can be proved protective; but here habit and association are 

often necessary factors, and these can usually only be inferred in the 

extinct types, but inferred in some instances with considerable reasonableness. The examples which I have in mind are all drawn from Tertiary faunas; but I refer to the matter here since it seems to me fairly 

reasonable to look upon some forms of Carboniferous cockroaches as 

probably imitative and thereby protective. The first cockroach wing 

ever described was first described as a fern leaf, and in all or nearly 

all the localities where their remains have been found they are associated with fern-leaves in immense abundance. While searching for

1 Bull. Acad. Roy. Belg. (3), XXIII, 92 [1892].

2 Atlantic Monthly, Feb., 1889; Butt. east. U. S. and Canada, 710-720.
SCUDDEE.] EUROPEAN SPECIES OF ETOBLATTINA. 31

FIG \.-Qerablattina permanenta.

FIG. 2. One 

of the pinnte 

of Neuropteris 

odontopteraides.

their remains in the Permian deposits at Cassville I was much struck 

by this resemblance and was repeatedly obliged to use the glass to 

determine whether it was the wing of a cockroach or the frond of a fern 

I had uncovered, and the instances are not rare where they agree completely in size. The general distribution of the nervures is to cursory 

view the same in each, and the form is often nearly identical. Only the 

differentiation of the anal area in the cockroach wing at once distinguishes them, but this is really a feeble point 

and would often be noticed only by an expert. 

To show how close the general resemblance is 

I place here side by side figures of a cockroach 

wing and a fern frond found associated in the 

same bedsl and ask whether it is not plausible to suppose that the intimacy of the resemblance is due, as such an instance of associated

organisms would now be regarded if the color 

agreed, to the action of selection in producing 

protective resemblance. The ordinary color of 

the tegmina of existing cockroaches is brown 

or testaceous, yet there are not wanting numerous examples, at least in the tropics, where they are as green as the 

leaves of ordinary vegetation.

V. THE EUROPEAN SPECIES OF ETOBLATTINA, WITH DESCRIPTION

OF A NEW FORM.

For the convenience of students a first essay is here made to tabulate the European species of Etoblattina, the genus of cockroaches most 

numerously represented in Carboniferous times, both in Europe and 

America. All the species described up to the present time are introduced, together with a new British species, a description of which is 

added. It will be seen that Deichnmller's var. stelzneri (regarded by 

him as a form of jE7. flcibellatd), and Geinitz's var. dyadica (regarded by 

him as another form of the same), are considered distinct species; and 

that E. rollei Deichm. is not included, this last being more probably 

a Gerablattina. JE7. peacliii Woodw. is also omitted, as the tegmina 

are undeveloped, and therefore present no features which could admit 

it into the table. On the other hand, Blattina intermedia Gold., formerly 

described by me as a Gerablattina, has had new light thrown upon it 

by Kliver, showing it to be an Etoblattina, and it is accordingly introduced here.

'Specimens showing far closer resemblance could easily be selected, but the time at my disposal 

 when the illustration was needed did not admit of a better choice. The plant is from the roof shales 

of the Waynesburg coal, above the u roof coal" at Cassvillo and '. - copied from one of the figures in 

JTontaine and White's Permian Flora (Rep. Penn. Geol. Surv., PP). The insect comes from the shales 

Which separate the "roof coal 1 ' from the main coal beneath, at the same locality.
32 . AMERICAN FOSSIL COCKROACHES.

Table of the European species of Etoblattina.

a1 . Tegmina broad, at most but little more than twice as long as broad, the mediastinal area usually broad at base, here generally occupying a. 

third or more of the tegm'ina. 

ft 1 . Mediastinal area tapering gradually, and relatively long, more, often much

more, than four times as long as greatest breadth.

c 1 . Relatively slender, the tegmina distinctly more than twice as long as broad, 

d1 . Apical margin divided between the scapular and externomedian areas.

1. E. labachensis.

d2. Apical margin divided between the externomedian and internomediaik 

areas ........................................ 2. E. intermedia.

c2 . Tegmina broad, not more than twice as long as broad, the immediate apex

occupied by the externomedian branches.

d1 . Tegmina less than twice as long as broad; mediastinal area reaching 

nearly to the middle of the distal half of the tegmina; externomedian vein first forking not before the middle of the tegmina. ........................................... 3. E. propria.

d2. Tegmina twice as long as broad; mediastinal area hardly extending beyond 

the middle of the tegmina; externomedian vein first branching 

far before the middle of the tegmina......... 4. E. deitihmulleri,

V2 . Mediastinal area tapering rapidly and relatively short, less, often much less,.

than four times as long as basal breadth. 

c1 . Internomedian area long and numerously branched, falling but little short of

the apex of the tegmina. 

dl . Humeral angle prominent, the tegmina less than twice as long as broad.

5. E. steinbachensia..

d*. Humeral angle roundly excised, the tegmina more than twice as long asbroad ........................................... 6. E. primceva.

c2 . Internomedian area relatively short and with few branches, falling far short

of the apex of the tegmina.

dl . Mediastinal vein with frequent branches; scapular branches few, mostly 

* forked deeply or compound.................... 7. E. deanensis*

d*. Mediastinal vein with infrequent branches; scapular branches numerous,, 

mostly simple or only apically forked......... 8. E. lanceolata.

a2 . Tegmina relatively slender, rarely less than two and a half times as long as.

broad, the mediastinal area usually rather slender and ribbonshaped, not or scarcely broader at base than in the middle, and 

rarely occupying more than a fourth of the basal width of the 

tegmina.

ft 1 . Tegmina distinctly less than three times as long as broad. 

c1 . Internomedian area long but far from attaining the apex of the tegmina,.

rarely prolonged by distinct sinuosity of the main vein. 1

dl . Mediastinal area extending well beyond the middle of the tegmina. \ 

el . Externomedian vein first branching beyond the middle of the tegmina.

9. E. carbonaria.

e2 . Externomedian vein first branching far before the middle of the tegmina.

f1 . Tegmina of large or medium size, well rounded at apex; externomedian area expanded and on the margin as important as the scapular.

gl . First scapular branch arising far before the succeeding, near the 

middle of the basal half of the tegmiua; internomedian vein 

scarcely sinuate ............................... 10. E. russoma

'This is only conjectural in E. mantidioides, but indicated by the parts preserved.
SOUDDKB.] EUEOPEAN SPECIES OF ETOBLATT1NA. 33

Table of the European species of Etoblattina Continued.

g*. First scapular branch arising but little before the middle of the tegmiua and at ordinary distance before the succeeding; internomedian vein strongly sinuate ................ 11. E. dyadica.

/2. Tegmina of small size, subacuminate at apex; externomedian area 

compressed and on margin of much less importance than the 

scapular....................................... 12. E. parvula.

d'2 . Mediastiual area scarcely if at all surpassing the middle of the tegmina. 1 

el . Scapular and externomedian veins first branching at nearly the same

point. 2 

f1 . Primary offshoots of the externomedian vein numerous.

g ] . Course of the externo-internomediau interspace gently oblique, arcuate ..................................... 13. E. manebacUemis.

g*. Course of the externo-interuomedian interspace strongly oblique, sinuous....................................... 14. E. ornatissima.

f*. Primary offshoots of the exteruomedian vein only two or three in number ...........................'........... 15. E. anthracophila.

e 1 . First branching of the exfcernomedian vein far beyond that of the

scapular .................................. 16. E. mantidioides.

c2 . Internomedian urea very long, nearly reaching the apex, or reaching the 

apical margin, often prolonged by distinct sinuosity of the main 

vein.

d1 . Mediastiual area extending well beyond the middle of the tegmina. 

e1 . Scapular vein first branching far beyond the middle of the tegmina.

17. E.johnsoni. 

e". Scapular vein first branching before, often far before, the middle of the

tegmina. 

/'. All the internomedian branches simple or simply forked.

<jr l . Scapular vein first branching at some distance before the externomedian ........................................ 18. E. dohrnii.

<72 . Scapular vein first branching but little before the externomedian. 

hl . Mediastinal and scapular branches with normal obliquity; iuternbinedian branches frequent, with normal obliquity.

19. E. didyma.

fc2 . Mediastinal and scapular branches very longitudinally oblique; 

internomedian branches exceedingly few and longitudinally 

oblique..................................... 20. E. bitiiminosa.

/2 . Some apical branches of the internomedian vein compound.

21. E. anaylyptica.

d2 . Mediastinal area hardly reaching the middle of the tegmina. 

e1 . Scapular vein in the middle of its course receding from the margin to 

reach the middle line of the tegmina...... 22. E. IqMopMeMca.

e2 . Scapular vein in the middle of its course hardly receding from the margin and nowhere nearly reaching the middle line of the tegmina ........................................ 23. E.jlabellata.

68. Tegmina distinctly more than three times as long as broad; internomedian

area long and slender. 

o1 . Internomediau area not nearly reaching the apex of the tegmina, with no

extension by the distal sinuosity of the main vein.

d1 . Tegmina less than 20mm. long; course of the main scapular vein distinctly sinuous, and at one point nearly reaching the middle 

line of the tegmina.............................. 24. E. affinis.

1 This is conjectural but probable in E. ornatissima by the brief extent of the scapular area. 

'Conjectural again, but probablu, with E. ornatissima.

Bull. 124 3
34 AMERICAN FOSSIL COCKROACHES.

Table of the European species of Etoblattina Continued.

d2 . Tegmina more thfin 30 mm. long; course of the main scapular vein nearly 

or quite straight, at no point nearly attaining the middle line 

of the tegmina.

e1 . Tegmina subequal on distal half (apparently; the only specimen is 

broken), the externomedian vein with regular offshoots from 

the middle of the tegmina outward.......... 25. E. euglyptica.

e2 . Tegmina tapering .considerably throughout the distal half, the externomedian branches all arising close to the apex from two stems which 

iiriite at or before the middle of the tegmina.... 26. E. elongata.

c2 . Internomedian a.rea nearly reaching the apex of the tegmina by the distal 

sinuosity of the main vein.

dl . Externomedian vein first forking well before the middle of the tegmina, 

with many branches; distal portion of anal area with numerous branches.................................. 27. E. stelzneri.

d2 . Externomedian vein first forking at some distance beyond the middle of 

the tegmina, with few branches; distal portion of anal area 

with few branches ......................... 28. E. weissigensis.

ETOBLATTINA DEANENSIS sp. nov.

PI. XII, figs. 1, 3.

The fore wing has a very regular elongate oval form, tapering with 

considerable regularity beyond the middle third of the tegmiua, the 

anal area by its fullness interfering a little with the regularity; it is a 

little more than two and a quarter times as long as broad; the costal 

margin has a very regular and moderately convex curve, while the inner 

margin, beyond the fuller and more convex anal area, is nearly straight; 

the tip is imperfect in the two specimens known. The veins originate 

slightly above the middle of the tegmiua and at first' all curve upward, 

but not so strongly as in E. primceva, to. which this species is most nearly 

'allied, SO that the externoinediau vein passes more nearly through the 

middle of the tegmina. The mediastinal vein passes in a scarcely sinilOUS 

course to somewhat beyond the middle of the front margin, emitting 

about half a dozen nearly straight, simple or deeply forked branches. 

The scapular veio is broadly and gently sinuous, extending to the 

apical margin a very little above the apex, begins to fork before the 

middle of the proximal half of the tegmma, and has four subequidistant 

branches, of which the first is compound, the others forked or simple. 

The externomedian vein first forks near the middle of the tegmina, 

where it divides into two very similar, weakly arborescent, longitudinal 

stems carrying about ten or a dozen veiolets to the apical and to the 

outer portion of the inner margin. The internomedian vein is very 

regularly and rather gently arcuate except for a slight apical sinuosity 

which carries it nearly to the apical sixth of the tegmina, and has about 

five nearly straight branches, some of the basal ones simply or doubly 

forked. The anal furrow is not very deeply impressed, very regularly 

but not very strongly arcuate, and ends at about the middle of the
SCCDDER.] EUROPEAN PALEOZOIC COCKROACHES. 35

tegmina. The anal veins consist of two sets, rather widely separated at 

the base, the inner set consisting of a several-branched main stem subparallel to the anal furrow, the outer to four or five simply or doubly 

forked, approximated, slightly divergent nervules, more nearly longitudinal than the other set.

The two specimens known, one with its reverse, are coal black; the 

one with its reverse is nearly perfect, having lost only the shoulder and 

the apical margin; the other specimen consists of two tegmina, of one 

of which only the base and the anal area is preserved and which lies 

partially concealing the reversed face of the other, of which the basal 

portion and considerable of the apex is lost. Excepting in the anal and 

internomedian areas the veins are pronounced, being deeply incised; in 

the internomedian area they are very delicate. Toward the apex of the 

tegmina an exceedingly delicate reticulation can be detected in the 

interspaces, which gives way in the center of the tegmina to a very close 

series of dulled cross-lines, and become in the scapular area parallel to 

the nearer margin.

Length of the tegmina, 38 mm.; breadth, 13.25 mm.

The two specimens differ from each other in hardly anything but the 

simplicity or complexity of the several branches of the main veins, particularly in the upper stem of the externomedian vein and the principal branches of the internomedian vein. In one, however, the costal 

margin appears to be distinctly more arcuate than in the other.

The species is plainly most nearly allied to JE. primceva^ from which 

it differs in its more elongate form, apical tapering, the lack of an 

extreme basal branch of the scapular vein, the far greater importance 

though later branching of the externomedian vein, the narrower and 

shorter internomedian area and its simpler apical branching, the more 

regular curve of the anal furrow, the entire system of anal veins, and 

the lower course of all the main veins through the middle area of the 

tegmina.

The specimen with reverse, fig. 1, comes from Foxe's bridge, in the 

Forest of Dean, G-loucester, England. The other was collected by 

F. Stock at Crump meadow, in the Forest of Dean. Both are in the 

collection of Mr. K. D. Lacoe, in which they bear the number 2132 a-b, c.

VI. A LIST OP THE DESCRIBED EUROPEAN PALEOZOIC COCKROACHES.

The species in this list are arranged alphabetically under each genus, 

but the genera are in a natural order. Several species, because too 

imperfectly known, are not mentioned, as they can not be placed. Such 

are Blattina liyniperda Kusta, from Lubna, Bohemia; B. neuropteroides 

Go'pp. and B. rarinervis Gopp., from an unnamed locality; B. tisohbeini 

Gold., from Hirschbach, Germany, and.B. venosa Gold., from Weinmetsweiler, Ehenish Prussia. Etoblattina peachii Woodw., from Rilniaurs, 

Scotland, is also omitted, as the undeveloped tegmina hardly allow it 

to be definitely placed.
36 AMERICAN FOSSIL COCKROACHES.

A list of the described European Paleozoic cockroaches. 

Etoblattina affinis (Gold.), Lobejun and Wettin, Saxony, 

anaglyptica (Germ.), Wettin, Saxony, 

bituminosa (Kusta) 1 , Lubna", Bohemia, 

carbonaria (Germ.), Wettin, Saxony, 

deanensis Scudd., Forest of Dean, Gloucester, England. 

deichmiilleri'(Gein.)2, Weissig, Saxony, 

didyma (Germ.), Wettin, Saxony; Manebach, Saxe-Weimar, 

dohrnii Scudd., Wettin, Saxony, 

dyadica (Gein.)3, Weissig, Saxony, 

elongata (Gein.), Wei.ssig, Saxony, 

euglyptica (Germ.), Wettin, Saxony, 

flabellata (Germ.), Wettin and Weissig, Saxony, 

intermedia. (Gold.), Wemnietsweiler, Rhenish Prussia, 

johnsoni Woodw., Dudley, England, 

labachensis (Gold.), Labach, Rhenish Prussia, 

lanceolata (Sterz.), Lugau, Saxony, 

leptophlebica (Gold.), Lobejun, Saxony, 

manebacheusis (Gold.), Mauebach, Saxe-Weimar, 

mantidioides (Gold.), Durham, England, 

ornatissima Deichm., Griigelborn, Rhenish Prussia, 

parvula (Gold.), Lobejun, Saxony, 

primseva (Gold.), Saarbriickeu, Rhenish Prussia, 

propria Kliver, Saarbriickeu, Rhenish Prussia, 

russoma (Gold,), Lobejun, Saxony, 

steinbachensis Kliv., Steinbachthal, Rhenish Prussia, 

stelzueri (Deichm.), 4 Weissig, Saxony. . 

weissigensis (Gein.), Weissig, Saxony. 

Gerablattlna clathrata (Heer), Manebach, Saxe-Weiinar. 

geinitzi (Gold.), Lobejun, Saxony, 

germari (Gieb.), Wettin, Saxony, 

goldenbergi (Mahr), Manebach, Saxe-Weimar, 

mahri (Gold.), Manebach, Saxe-Weimar. 

miinsteri Scudd., Wettin, Saxony, 

producta Scudd., Wettin, Saxony, 

robusta Kliv., Werametsweiler, Rhenish Prussia, 

rollei (Deichru.), 5 Griigelborn, Rhenish Prussia, 

scaberata (Gold.), Altenwald, Rhenish Prussia, 

weissiana (Gold.), Briicken, Rhenish Bavaria. 

Anthracoblattina camerata Kliv., Dudweiler, Rhenish Prussia.

dresdensis (Gein.-Deichm.), Klein Opitz, Saxony.

incerta Kliv., Dudweiler, Rheuish Prussia.

lubnensis (Kusta), 6 Lubna", Bohemia.

porrecta (Gein.), Weissig, Saxony.

remigii (Dohrn), Cusel, Rhenish Bavaria.

riickerti (Gold.), Stockholm, Bavaria.

ecudderi Gold., Wemmetsweiler, Rhenish Prussia.

sopita Scudd., Weissig, Saxony. "

spectabilis (Gold.), Weissig? and Lobejun, Saxony.

wagneri Kliv., Lobejun, Saxony.

winteriana (Gold.), Dudweiler, Rhenish Prussia.

1 Blattina (Etoblattina) bituminosa Kusta.

^Blattina (Etoblattina) carbonaria, var. deichmulleri Gein.

3 Blattina (Etoblattina) flabellata, var. dyadica Gein.

4 Etoblattina flabellata, var. stelzneri Deichm.

6 Etoblattina rollei Deichm.

6 Blattina (Anthracoblattina) lubnensis, Kusta.
BCUDDER.] TABLE OF GENERA. 37

A list of the described Paleozoic cockroaches Continued.

Hermatoblattiiia kirkbyi (Woodw.), Fifesliire, Scotland.

lebachensis (Gold.), Lebach, Rhenish Prussia. 

AA'emnietsweileriensis (Gold.), "Wemmetsweiler, Rhenish

Prussia. 

Progonoblattiu'a fritschii (Heer), Manebach, Saxe-Weimar.

helvetica (Heer), Erbiguon, Switzerland. 

Oryctoblattina arudti Kusta, TTemosna", Bohemia, 

oblonga Deichm., Weissig, Saxony, 

reticnlata (Germ.), Wettin, Saxony. 

Petrablattina gracilis (Gold.), Lebach, Rhenish Prussia. 

Leptoblattina exilis Woodw., Dudley, England.

insignia (Gold.), Dudweiler, Rbeuish Prussia.

VII. THE TERMINOLOGY OF THE NEURATION.

In explanation of the terminology here nsed for the neuration of the 

teginina and wings of Paleozoic cockroaches, and in which. I have simply followed Heer, the accompanying figure of one of the tegmina of

Mi'diasttnalScapular , 

Externomerlicu

Anal furrow 

Jnternomvclian

FIG 3. Etoblattinamazona, with the nomenclature of the parts.

Etoblattina mazona from the Carboniferous beds of Illinois is introduced, 

enlarged two diameters, with the veins at the base of the tegrnina 

named, and the areas marked along the margin. These names are 

employed in all the descriptions.

TABLE OF THE GENERA OF AMERICAN FOSSIL COCKROACHES.

This table is also applicable to the European genera, for one Paleozoic genus not yet found in America is included in it, distinguished by 

an asterisk following it. Leptoblattina, exclusively European, is not 

included, as the neuration of the tegmina is too obscure to place it.

A. 1 All six of the main veins of tegmina independent (excepting sometimes in the 

basal fourth of the tegmina); anal veins impinging on the hind 

margin .................................. PALJSOBLATTARLE.

B' Branches of the mediastinal vein arranged in a radiate manner, mostly springing from a common point at the base of the tegmina; mediastinal 

area subtnangular, uniformly tapering apically.. .. MYI.ACRID/E.
38 AMERICAN FOSSIL' COCKROACHES.

Table of the genera of American fossil cockroaches Continued.

c1 . All or very nearly all the branches of the mediastinal vein arising close to

the base of the tegmina. 

d1 . Mediastinal and scapular areas together occupying less than half the

tegmina. 

e1 . Scapular area larger than the mediastinal................... 1. Mylacris..

e2 . Scapular area smaller than the mediastinal............. 2., Promylacris.

d2. Mediastinal and scapular areas together occupying half or more than half

the tegmina.

e 1 . Tegmina narrow; externomedian area small and compresaed, scarcely 

expanding apically............................. 3. Lithomylacris.

e2 . Tegmina broad; externomedian area expanding apically 4. Paromylacris. 

c2 . A number of the apical branches of the mediastinal vein arising beyond the 

base of the tegmina, and scarcely partaking of the radiate arrangement of the others ............................. 5. Necymylacris.

B*. Branches of the mediastinal vein arising at regular intervals from a principal 

stem; mediastinal area generally baud-shaped.... BLATTINARI^E.

c1 . Internomedian vein long, terminating beyond, rarely at, the middle of the 

outer half of the tegmina; scapular and externomedian areas 

together generally covering lees than one half of the tegmina. 

d'. Mediastinal area comparatively short, rarely exceeding, seldom equaling,

two-thirds the length of the tegmina.

e1 . Externomedian branches inferior, so that the nervules divaricate on either

side of the scapular-exteruomedian interspace .. 6. Microblattina.

e2 . Extsrnomedian branches superior, so that the nervules divaricate on either

side of the externomedian-internomedian interspace.

/'. Scapular area extending beyond and embracing the extreme tip of the 

tegmina by the backward sweep of the main vein; externomedian 

area comparatively small.............:........ 7. Ardiimylacris.

f2 . Scapular area not reaching tip of tegmina, the extremity of the main 

vein curving only upward; externomedian area comparatively 

large.

gl . Externomedian and internomedian veins sinuous, distinctly diverging 

around a median stigma......................... 8. Spiloblattina.

g*. Externomedian and internomedian veins nearly straight, with little 

or no median repulsion ........................... 9. Etoblattina.

d"1 , Mediastinal area long, usually at least three-fourths the length of the

tegmina, sometimes nearly reaching the tip. 

e1 . Branches of scapular vein superior.

/". Externomediau branches superior, so that the nervules divaricate on 

either side of the externomedian-internomedia,n interspace.

10. Gerablattina.

f*. Externomedian branches inferior, so that the nervules divaricate on 

either side of the scapular-externoinedian interspace.

11. Anthracoblattina. 

t!2 . Branches of scapular vein inferior ................ 12. Hermatoblattina.*

c2 . Internomedian vein short, terminating before the middle of the outer half 

ot the tegmiua; scapular and exteruomedian areas together generally covering more than half the tegmina. 

d1 . Branches of externomedian vein inferior.

e'. Principal veins closely crowded in the basal half of the tegmina; branches 

uniformly distributed all over the wing; scapular area terminating above the apex of the tegmina.......... 13. Progonoblaltina.
BCUDDEE.] PAL.EOBLATTARLE. 39

Table of the genera of American fossil cockroaches Continued.

e 2 . Principal veins widely separated in the ba.sal half of the tegmina; 

branches much more closely crowded in some parts of the tegmina 

than in others; scapular area terminating below the apex of the 

tegmina. ...................................... 14. Oryctoblattina,

d2 . Some or all of the branches of externomedian vein superior.

e1 . Externomedian vein directed toward the distal half of inner border of 

tegmina; internomedian vein moderately long.. 15. Poroblattina.

&. Externouiediau vein directed toward and terminating at or but little 

beyond the middle of the inner border of tegmina; internomedian

; vein very short.. .............................. 16. Petrablattina.

A2. Two or more of the six principal veins of tegmina amalgamated through the 

whole or the greater part of their length; most of the anal veins 

impinging on the anal furrow or forming a fusiform, bunch 

directed toward the tip of the furrow.... ... NEOBLATTARLE.

B1 . Surface of tegmiua distinctly divided into four fields, each occupied by a 

principal vein (Mesozoic genera).

o1 . Tegmina diaphanous, rounded at tip, not strongly vaulted; anterior main

vein sinuous, falling short of apex.... ...... 17. Neorthroblattina.

c2 . Tegmina coriaceous, more or less pointed at tip, strongly vaulted at base; 

anterior main vein straight, terminating at or below the apex.

18. Scutinoblattina.

B2 . Surface of tegmina not distinctly divided into four fields, but either into three 

or the neuration greatly confused by adventitious folds (Cenozoic 

genera).

o1 . Fore wings without a longitudinal fold; neuration normal. 

d[ . Internomedian branches mostly arising from a dichotomous division of two 

main stems ........................................ 19. Zetobora.

d 2 . Internomedian branches mostly arising as simple inferior branches of two 

main stems ................................... 20. Homoeogamia.

c2 . Fore wings with a longitudinal fold, interfering with the neuration.

21. Paralatindia.

The geological range of this ancient type of cockroaches was formerly 

supposed to be limited to Paleozoic time and specifically to Carboniferous and Permian rocks 5 but it has since been shown that it occurs in 

some numbers in the Trias of Colorado, which now forms its upper 

limit; inferiorly it has been found scantily in the Millstone Grit, but 

there can be little doubt that its actual appearance on the earth was 

at a much earlier epoch.1

Although our knowledge has been vastly extended within the past 

fifteen years and the number of known species has been multiplied 

nearly fourfold, principally from additions in this country, the number 

of genera has increased by only about two-thirds, and the number of 

primary groups remains the same. We are now acquainted with sixteen genera and about two hundred species, by far the larger part of 

which belong to one of the two principal divisions, the Blattinariae.

1 Palceoblattina douvillei Brongu., from the lower part of tho "Upper Silurian of Jurques, Calvados, 

France, regarded by Brongniart as a cockroach, appears to me from his figures to belong to the neu- 

' ropteroid series, and therefore it is not considered here.
40 AMERICAN FOSSIL COCKROACHES.

MYLACKID^E.

This group of Palseoblattarise, with a single exception (Promylacris 

harei), found in the Barren Coal-measures, is confined to the true Productive Coal-measures, and, as far as definitely known, to American 

deposits. Brongniart, as pointed out above (p. 21), states that Mylacridae are common in the Coal-measures of Commentry, in France, and 

there is no reason to doubt his statement, but the proof of it has not 

yet been published. Considering that they are unknownin Permian or 

later rocks, and seem to represent an older type than the Blattinariee,1 

it is a little surprising that they have not as yet, like several genera of 

Blattinarise, been detected in the Millstone Grit. Their known geologic 

range is therefore considerably more confined than that of the Blattinarise, which extend from the Millstone Grit to the Trias. Five genera 

and twenty-nine species have so far been detected, with indications of 

others. By far the majority occur in the older true Productive Coalmeasures, and below the Barren. Coal-measures they are nearly as abundant in species as the Blattinariae, though representing fewer genera.

'" 1. Genus MYLACEIS.

Mylacris Scudd., Worth., Geol. Surv. 111., Ill, 568-569.

This genus is confined, so, far as known, to North America, and is the 

richest of the Mylacridas ir&species, fourteen in number, being thus in 

fact nearly as rich as all thejother genera of Mylacridee combined. It 

has been found in four different coal basins the Acadian, the Ehode 

Island, the Pennsylvania, and the Eastern Interior, in the last two of 

which it is richest in species. As far as known, it is mostly confined to 

the Lowest Productive Coal-measures, though one of the two species of 

the anthracite fields of Pennsylvania (near the base of the division), 

M. carbonum, is common to them and the Lower Productive Coal* 

measures, and affords almost the only instance where one of our 

Carboniferous species has been found, even in two separate localities.

Table of the species of Mylacris.

a1 . Mediastinal area slender, especially at base.

61 . Scapular nervules longitudinal, very long, and not numerous.. 1. M. packardii. 

52 . Scapular nervules oblique, numerous, and not "very long.... 2. M. bretonensis. 

a2. Mediastinal area broad, especially at base. 

61 . Externomedian nervules superior or apical. 

c1 . Externomedian nervules distinctly superior. 

d1 . Costal margin considerably arcuate on the basal third of the tegmina, so

that the humeral shoulder is well rounded. 

e1 . Tegmina almost or quite two and a half times longer than broad.

3. M. elongata.

e2 . Tegmina hardly if any more than twice as long as broad. 

fl . Mediastinal area reaching only to the end of the middle third of the tegmina ; internomedian vein with numerous closely crowded branches.

4. M. anthracophila.

1 See my Paleozoic Cockroaches. Mem. Boat. Soc. Nat. Hist., HI, 31,32; Foss. Ins. N". A., 1,51-51.
SOUDDER.] SPECIES OF MYLACRIS. 41

 Table of the species of Mylacris Continued.

/2. Mediastinal area reaching well into the distal third of the tegmina; 

iuternomedian vein with few and rather distant branches.

5. M. gurleyi. 

d2 . Costal margin very slightly arcuate on the basal third of the teginina, so

that the humeral shoulder is very pronounced.

el . Scapular area much less important than the externomedian, the tegmina 

rapidly narrowing in the apical half.................. 6. M. ampla.

e2 . Scapular area much more important than the externomedian, the tegmina much less rapidly narrowing apically.... 7. M. priscovolans.

c7 . Externomedian nervules rather apical than superior. 

dl . Exteruomedian area occupying the apex of the tegmina..... 8. M. heeri.

d2 . Externomedian area falling wholly below the middle line of the tegmina.

el . Mediastinal nervules comparatively few and distant; scapular vein

forked at base..................................... 9. .M. antiqua.

e2 . Mediastinal nervules numerous; scapular branches all emitted from a 

single main branch............................... 10. M. lucifuga.

ft 1 . Externomedian nervules inferior. 

c1 . Costal much more curved than inner margin.

d1 . Costal margin very strongly curved in the mediastinal area, which scarcely 

reaches to the middle of the tegmina............. 11. M. carbonum.

d*. Costal margin gently curved iu the mediastinal area, which extends considerably beyond the middle of the tegmina.. 12. M. pennsylvanica. 

c2 . Costal and inner margins similarly and symmetrically curved. 

d1 . Combined mediastinal and scapular areas as broad at the base as beyond.

13. M. mansfieldii.

d2 . Combined raediastinal and scapular areas much broader near the middle 

of the tegmina than at the base................... 14. M. ovalis.

1. MYLACRIS PACKARDIL 

PL I, tigs. 2,3.

Mylacris packardii Scudd., Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv. No. 101, pp. 11-12, pi. 1, figs. e. g.

(1893). 

From the Lowest (?) Productive Coal-measures at Bristol, E. I.

2. MYLACBIS BRETONENSIS.

Blattina bretoneneis Scudd., Can. Nat., VII, 271-272, fig. 1 (1874). 

Mylacris bretonensis Scudd., Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., Ill, 41-42, 300, pi. 5, fig. 1 

(1879); Foss. Ins. N. A., I, 61-62, 264, pi. 5, fig. 1 (1890).

From the Productive Coal-measures of Sydney, Cape Breton.

3. MYLACRIS ELONGATA sp. nov. 

PI. I, fig. 6.

The tegmina are unusually slender for a Mylacris, the specimen at 

hand, though incomplete at both extremities, being certainly two and 

a half times longer than broad; it is subequal in width on the basal 

half, but on the apical half narrows somewhat rapidly by the stronger 

arcuation of the costal margin, the inner margin being almost straight 

except at the extreme base and perhaps the tip; the extreme apex is
42 AMERICAN FOSSIL COCKROACHES.

broken. The veins originate below the middle of the base and, curve 

somewhat strongly upward before assuming their final direction, which 

for most of them is subparallel to the outer margin obliquely inward 

toward the tip. The mediastinal area is rather narrow for a Mylacris, 

and more than usually elongated, tapering more gradually than usual, 

and reaching almost or quite to the end of the middle third of the 

wing; most of the nervules are simple throughout. The main scapular 

vein begins to branch by or before the middle of the basal half of the 

wing, and while branching is almost exactly straight and subparallel 

to the outer margin, coursing through the middle of the wing, but just 

before emitting its last branch it is gently arcuate and assumes a course 

parallel to the inner margin; it sends off six branches parallel to the 

mediastinal branches, all simple except one, which is very deeply 

forked. The externomedian vein runs parallel to the scapular until it 

branches just before the middle of the wing, and then bends slightly 

downward and terminates on the inner margin, throwing off four 

principal nervules, the first of which is doubly forked. The internemedian vein is gently sinuate and parallel to the externomedian 

throughout its course, terminating on the inner margin shortly before 

the tip; its branches are mostly simple, but may be doubly forked, and 

are strongly oblique and arcuate, with their convexities toward the tip 

of the anal furrow. Anal area reaching nearly to the middle of the 

wing, strongly tumid; the anal furrow strongly arcuate but nearly 

straight in its apical third; the anal veins consist of two sets, one occupying almost the entire half of that portion lying next the anal furrow, consisting of a main vein with two branches, one of them forked, 

all with a gentle arcuation in the same sense as the anal furrow; the 

other consisting of a crowd' of parallel, strongly oblique, and simple or 

simply forked veins gently oblique in a sense opposite to that of the 

anal furrow, and occupying the inner basal half.

Length of fragment, 34 mm.; probable length of tegmina, 36 mm.; 

width, 15 mm.

This clearly marked species resembles most closely M. anthracophila 

from the same beds. The general relation of all the principal veins 

is almost precisely the same, but it is distinctly separated from that 

species by its form, which is much more slender than in M. anthracophila and thus gives to the mediastinal area in particular quite a 

different form.

A single specimen and its reverse were found in the Lowest Productive Coal-measures at Mazon Creek by Mr. J. C. Carr, and are now 

in the collection of Mr. E. D. Lacoe, of Pittston, Pa., and bear in his 

collection the number 2014 Or-b.

'Only a fe\v of them have been represented by the artist; they occupy the entire inner basal 

portion of the area.
SCUDDER.J SPECIES OF MYLACRIS. 43

4. MYLACRIS ANTHRACOPHILA. 

PI. 1, figs. 1, 4.

Mylacris anthracopMla Scudd., Worth., Geol. Surv. 111., Ill, 568-570, figs. 5, 6 (1868); 

Mem. Boat. Soc. Nat. Hist., Ill, 45-47, pi. 5, figs. 6-8 (1879); Foss. Ins. N. A., 

I, 65-67, 271, pi. 5, figs. 6-8 (1890).

Prom the Lowest Productive Coal-measures at Colchester, 111.

5. MYLACRIS GURLEYI sp..nov.

PI. I, fig. 5.

The single specimen preserved in a nodule represents two tegmina 

and a portion of one of the under wings in. a nearly natural position, 

but as if embracing a solid substance next the under surface, so as to 

present a strongly convex appearance, the cross section forming indeed

almost exactly a semicircle, as seen in the line above indicating it. 

Neither of the tegmina is preserved entire, the tip of both, but no great 

portion, being lost, showing that the form of the tegmina was subtriangular, very broad at base but tapering rapidly and equably beyond 

to an apparently narrowly rounded apex, the form thus not differing in 

any essential respect from that of M. anthracophila. The whole wing 

is slightly more than twice as long as broad. The mediastinal area 

varies in the two wings, in the right terminating just at the end of the 

fragment at about the middle of the apical fourth of the wing, but in 

the left wing at the beginning of the apical fourth; the area is filled 

with a large number of simple or forked, usually apically forked, more 

or less arcuate, slightly diverging branches, subequidistant throughout 

the entire area. The scapular vein runs nearly parallel to the costal 

margin, but is much straighter than' it, and terminates on the right at 

the extreme apex of the wing, on the left wing at a slight distance 

before it; on the right wing it does not branch until beyond the apical 

third, and in fact has but a single branch, which is deeply forked, the 

three veins running in an almost straight longitudinal course to the 

upper apex of the wing; in the left wing, however, it has four simple 

or rather deeply forked branches, the vein beginning to branch near 

the extreme base of the wing, and the' branches thrown off at equal 

distances along the vein; on the right wing, therefore, the interspace 

between the scapular and the externomedian vein runs almost exactly 

through the middle of the wing; it does so also on the left wing through 

the basal half of the same, but thereafter-curves very slightly upward 

so as to terminate, as before remarked, above the tip. The externomedian vein is similarly different in the two wings; on the right wing 

it has an arcuate course and terminates on the inner margin at a considerable distance short of the end of the mediastinal area, and emits 

but three straight, longitudinal branches, the first beyond the middle 

of the wing; on the left wing it is much straighter and terminates on
44 AMERICAN FOSSIL COCKROACHES.

the inner margin a long distance beyond the apex of the mediastinal 

area, and has but two branches, the first of which, arising but shortly 

beyond the basal third of the wing, is compound, while the second 

arises at the beginning of the apical third of the wing, the area occupying the apex of the wing, more, however, upon its inner than its 

costal side. The internomediau vein runs exactly parallel to the externomedian and is therefore more curved on the right than on the left 

wing, and has three or four simple or deeply-forked branches which 

arise at equal distances on the left wing but at very unequal distances 

on the right. The anal furrow is deeply impressed, but its apical portion 

is lost in both wings; it appears, however, to terminate beyond the basal 

third of the wing and to be strongly arcuate at the base, beyond nearly 

straight; the anal area is filled with a number of mostly simple 

branches, but on the right wing many of them originate at equal distances apart from the vein which runs subparallel and next to the anal 

furrow, while on the left wing it is one of the middle veins which is 

compound.

A broken portion of one of the hind wings is preserved, that of the 

right side, which seems to show that the externomedian and internomedian veins were somewhat similar to those of the fore wing, but that 

they had a straight, longitudinal course instead of being strongly arcurate, as in the fore wing, and the internoinedian branches arise at equal 

distances apart.

This insect appears at first sight to show a greater difference between 

the neuration of the two fore wings than any other species which has 

yet been described, but in reality the difference is almost entirely made 

up by the greater extent of the mediastinal area on the right wing and 

the consequent pushing of all the succeeding areas farther along to the 

final reduction of the internomedian area. It, and especially the left 

wing, resembles very closely M. antliracophilatim the same region, but

differs from it markedly in the much slighter importance of the externomedian vein, although the space occupied upon the margin by this area 

is scarcely less. Nevertheless, on account of the difference in venation 

of the two wings, I had a brief hesitation to recognize it as distinct 

from M. anthracophila, but until further remains are obtained it seems 

wiser so to regard it. Indeed,0 the range of variation in the species of 

ancient cockroaches is a question which, even with our present greatly 

extended knowledge of them, it is difficult to decide, and we must still 

await a larger amount of material before we can come to any safe 

conclusion.

Length of longest fragment of tegmina, 25 mm.; probable length of 

tegmina, 27 mm.; breadth, 13 mm.

A single specimen from the Lowest Productive Coal-measures at 

Mazon Creek, Illinois, showing obverse and reverse, was obtained by 

Mr. W. F. E. Gurley.
SCUDDER.] SPECIES OF MYLACEIS. 45

6. MYLACRIS AMPLA sp. nov. 

PI. II, fig. 1.

Two well-preserved tegmina lying nearly in place, but a little separated from each other by crushing, represent this species, besides which 

a few segments of the abdomen are perceptible. The tegmina are 

unusually broad and are pretty well preserved, only the apical portion 

of one and the apical outer marginal portion of the other being lost at 

the edge of the stone. The humeral shoulder is particularly well 

marked, almost exactly rectangulate, with the extreme angle rounded, 

while the outer margin, at least in its basal half, is gently einarginate 

and slightly recurved. The wing is somewhat less than twice as long 

as broad, with the inner margin apparently nearly straight, perhaps very 

gently convex; the outer margin gently convex in the basal half, rather 

strongly convex on the apical half, so that the wing narrows rapidly

behind; the form of the tip, however, can not be determined. The main 

veins originate at about the middle of the base of the wing, and are 

gently arcuate or sinuate throughout most of their course. The relative 

importance of the different areas appears to vary distinctly in the two 

wings, and the mediastinal area is of grand importance, partly on account 

of its great lateral expanse at the base, partly from its long extension 

along the outer margin, for, on the complete right wing, where it appears 

to be more highly developed, it extends to beyond the middle of the 

apical half of the outer margin and is filled with radiating veins, many 

of them forked and apparently formed mainly of two clusters, an outer 

and basal, in which the forks originate near the middle of their course, 

and an inner, where they are variable. The mediastinal vein takes a 

sinuate course, and with the externomedian appears to be more variable 

than any of the others; together they occupy the apex of the wing,and 

apparently, to judge from one wing, may unite near the middle of the 

basal half of the wing and form one basal stem, or they may be entirely 

independent, one of the other, as in the opposite wing. In the former 

case, as is seen in the right wing in the drawing on the plate, the 

scapular vein is of small importance, having but three branches, one of 

them once forked near the tip and terminating somewhat before the tip 

of the wing, while the externomedian vein occupies the entire tip of the 

wing, terminating on the inner border opposite the extremity of the 

mediastinal area and filling the space with three or four compound or 

forked branches. On the left wing, however, the scapular vein is 

of decidedly greater importance, having at least four branches, the 

first of them compound, and it must terminate much nearer the apex 

of the wing (here broken) than can be the case upon the opposite side; 

while the externomedian, entirely independent from its very origin, 

divides into two branches at no great distance before the middle of the 

wing, each of which branches, and especially the lower, is compound; 

having a general effect similar to that of the same vein on the opposite
46 AMERICAN FOSSIL COCKROACHES.

wing, but with more crowded neuration. The internomedian vein is 

obscure upon the right wing but clearly marked upon the left; its termination, however, is plainly similar in both; on the left wing it is seen to 

Tiave four principal branches, of which the second, at least, is forked, 

while the other appears to be simple; its course is gently sinuate, having beyond its arcuation in the basal half a distinctly more longitudinal trend. The anal furrow is rather strongly and pretty uniformly 

.arcuate and terminates very shortly before the middle of the wing; the 

.anal area, which is rather strongly vaulted, is filled with a series of 

eight or ten veins, gently arcuate in the same sense as the furrow and 

either simple or united to one another close to their base. Little more 

can be said of the abdominal segments than that they are rather short 

.and broad and appear to be perfectly smooth, showing no structure 

whatever.

Length of the longest fragment of the tegmina, 30 mm.; probable 

length of tegmina, 33 mm.; breadth, 17 to 18 mm.; breadth of the two 

tegmina as they lie upon the stone, 35 mm.; length of abdominal 

segments, 2 mm.

This species is more nearly related to M. priscovolans than to any 

other, but is remarkable for its extreme breadth, being much broader 

in proportion to its length than even in that species, but showing a 

somewhat similar length of the mediastinal area and distribution of 

the branches of the nervules therein. It differs in the much earlier 

 origin of the branching of the externomedian vein and in general 

resembles M. priscovolans more by its left wing than by its right. The 

branch of the anal area is very different, as also the form of the wing.

The single specimen and its reverse, remarkably well preserved as 

to texture and of'a fusco-castaneous color, are embedded in a nodule 

from the Lowest Productive Coal-measures, at Mazon Greek, Illinois, in 

the collection of Mr. E. D. Lacoe, where they bear the number 2021 a-b.

7. MYLACKIS PRISCOVOLANS.

Mylacris priscovolans Scudd., Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., Ill, 307-308, pi. 27, tig. 9 

(1884); Foss. Ins. N. A., I, 271-272, pi. 13, fig. 9 (1890).

From the bituminous coal shale of the Lowest Productive Coal-measures of Cannelton, Pa.

8. MYLACRIS HEERI.

Blattina heeri Scudd., Can Nat., VII, 272, fig. 2 (1874).

Mylacris heeri Scudd., Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., Ill, 43-44, pi. 5, fig. 11 (1879); FossIns. N. A., I, 63-64,264, pi. 5, fig. 11 (1890).

Productive Coal-measures of Sydney, Cape Breton.

9. MYLACRIS ANTIQUA. 

PI. II, figs. 5, 6.

Mylacris antiqua Scudd., Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., Ill, 300-301 (1884); Foss. Ins. N. 

A., I, 264-265 (1890).

From the Lowest Productive Coal-measures at Mazon Creek, Illinois.
SOUDDEB.] GENUS PROMYLACKIS. 47

10. MYLACRIS LUCIFUGA..

Mylacris lucifuga Scudd., Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., Ill, 301-302, pi. 27, fig. 8 (1884); 

Foss. Ins. N. A., 1,265-266, pi. 13, fig. 8 (1890).

. From the roof shales of the E seam of coal at the Port Griffith 

switchback, near Pittston, Pa.

11. MYLACRIS CARBONUM.

Mylacris ca*bonum Scudd., Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., Ill, 304-307, pi. 27, figs. 6, 7, 

 10 (1884); Foss. Ins. N. A., I, 268-271, pi. 13, figs. 6, 7,10 (1890).

This is the only species of Paleozoic cockroach (with the possible 

exception of Moblattina balteata) yet found in America at two distinct 

horizons, one of them being in the bituminous coal shale of the Lowest 

Productive Coal-measures of Pennsylvania, at Cannelton, the other in 

the higher series at the horizon of the E vein in the Empire miiie at

Wilkesbarre, in the same State. Some differences appear in the specimens from the two localities, and it is possible that when complete 

specimens are found it may be necessary to separate the older and 

younger forms.

12. MYLAORIS PENNSYLVANIA.

Mylacrispennsylvanica Scudd., Mena. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., Ill, 44-45, pi. 5, figs. 13, 

14 (1879); ibid., Ill, 302-304, pi. 27, fig. 11 (1884); Foss. Ins. N. A., I, 64-65, 

266-268, pi. 5, figs. 13, 14, pi. 13, fig. 11 (1890).

From the bituminous coal shales of the Lowest Productive Coalmeasures at Cannelton, Pa.

13. MYLACRIS MANSFIELDI.

Mylacris mansfieldi Scudd., Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., Ill, 47, pi. 5, fig. 15 (1879); 

ibid., IV, 377-378 (1890); Foss. Ins. N. A., I, 67, 272, 401-402, pi. 5, fig. 15(1890).

From, the same as the preceding.

14. MYLACRIS OVALIS.

Mylacris ovalis Scudd., Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., Ill, 308-309, pi. 27, fig. 5 (1884); 

Foss. Iiis. N. A., I, 272-273, pi. 13, fig. 5 (1890).

From the same as the last two.

2. Genus PKOMYLACEIS. 

Promylacris Scudd., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad., 1885, 34 (1885).

This genus, of which four species are known, has apparently a wider 

range than any of the other genera of Mylacridae, having been found 

no,t only in the Lowest Productive Coal-measures in the Eastern Interior basin, where three species occur, but also, in a single instance, in 

the Barren Coal-measures of the Western Interior basin.
48 AMERICAN FOSSIL COCKROACHES.

Table of the species of Promylacris.

a1 . Prothorax distinctly twice as broad as long. Scapular vein much more important than the externomedian.

ft 1 . Most of the scapular branches arising at regular intervals from the main stem.

1. P. harei.

Z>2 . About half the scapular branches clustered as offshoots of its basal branch.

2. P. testudo. 

a2 . Prothorax distinctly less than twice as broad as long. Scapular vein not more

important than the externomedian.

ft1 . Prothorax more than half as broad again as long. Scapular vein far less important than the externomedian; anal veins simple............ 3. P. ovalis.

62. Prothorax less than half as broad again as long. Scapular vein not far less important than the externomedian; anal veins mostly forked..... 4. P. rigida.

1. PROMYLACRIS HAREI sp. nov. 

PL II, fig. 3.

A single fore wing from which the anal area is lost and in which the 

details of the internoraedian area are also lost; it is of a regular oval 

form, except for the straightness of the inner margin, the costal margin 

being strongly arcuate throughout and the tip broadly rounded; the 

whole wing is slightly more than twice as long as broad. The mediastinal area terminates at the middle of the costal margin and is filled 

at least in its outer two-thirds with radiating, straight, forked, rather 

closely crowded branches, of which some eight or ten reach the margin 

at equal distances apart. The scapular vein is strongly sinuous and in 

the basal half of the wing subparallel to the costal margin, terminating 

just above the extreme apex of the wing; it has half a dozen subequidistant branches, most of them deeply, sometimes doubly forked, the 

first arising far toward the base and not diverging from the main stem 

for some distance and then separating into three branches, the outermost apically forked) these branches are nearly straight, less crowded 

than those of the mediastinal area, oblique, the apical ones longitudinal. The externomedian vein runs parallel to the scapular and does 

not branch until beyond the middle of the wing, when it throws off 

three longitudinal branches to the outer margin, the uppermost deeply 

forked. The course of the internomedian vein and its branches can 

not certainly be determined, but it terminates shortly before the apex 

of the wing and has on the margin numerous oblique branches, apparently similar in all respects to those of the scapular area. The anal 

furrow is slightly impressed, in its apical portion nearly straight, and 

terminates exactly at the middle of the wing.

In the form of the wing, which is less tapering than usual, this species 

seems to be most nearly allied to P. testudo, but differs considerably 

from it in the character of its scapular branches.

Length, 17.5 mm.; breadth, 8.5 mm.

This interesting specimen, the only species of Mylacridse known from 

above the Productive Coal-measures, was found by Mr. Sidney J. Hare,
SCODDER.] ' SPECIES OF PROMYLACKIS. 49

a most enthusiastic searcher and student in natural history, about 170 

feet above the base of the Upper Barren Coal-measures at Kansas City, 

Mo., and is named after him at the suggestion of Mr. B. D. Lacoe, in 

whose collection it bears the number 2087a.

2. PROMYLACKIS TESTUDO. 

PI. II, fig. 2.

Promylacris testudo Scudd., Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., IV, 403, pi. 32, fig. 6 (1890); 

Foss. Iiis. N. A., I, 379, pi. 24, fig. 6 (1890).

Through the kindness of Mr. E. D. Lacoe, I have had the opportunity 

of examining a second specimen of this species. It is somewhat smaller 

than the first, but has the same vaulted form, and in each case .the figure 

represents the convex surface and not the concave cast. The first thing 

that will be noticed is that there is a similar difference in the venation 

of the opposite tegmina, only that the difference is reversed, the simpler 

form of branching of the scapular vein being seen on the left side in 

one specimen, on the right side in the other. The drawing of the inediastinal vein of the left wing in the present specimen is slightly incorrect 

in that the forking of the branches has been overlooked, it differing but 

little from that of the opposite wing. The costal margin is scarcely so 

convex as in the type ; the inediastinal area is a little longer, terminating 

a little beyond the tip of the anal furrow. On each wing the branches 

of the scapular vein are divided into two sets just beyond the middle 

of the basal half of the wing, but on the left side, from the less numerous 

branches, the vein is less complicated than on the right, where the outer 

of the two at once forks into two sets of three or four branches each, and 

the inner divides farther out in very regular fashion into two ultimately 

forked branches, giving in all eleven veinlets to the margin; on the left 

side the outer divides into three superior branches, the inner, at first 

into two, the outer of which is simple, the inner of which sends from 

before its middle a forked superior branch, in all only seven veinlets at 

the margin. In the type, on the more complicated left side, by the 

apical forking of nearly all the branches, no less than eighteen veinlets 

are found upon the margin; .the right side, being broken at the margin, 

the number of apical veinlets can not be determined, but it is probably 

from ten to thirteen. The externomedian vein differs from the type 

mainly in its later initial forking, which is decidedly beyond that of the 

scapular vein and but little before the tip of the anal furrow. The 

internomedian area is larger on the left than on the right wing, but 

does not differ essentially from the same area in the type. The anal 

furrow is entirely similar to that of the type (which is wrongly stated 

in the original description to terminate "a little beyond," instead of a 

little before, the middle of the wing), and as there the anal area is 

strongly vaulted, but its veins are less numerous, and one at least is 

deeply forked.

Bull. 124 4
50 AMEEICAN FOSSIL COCKROACHES.

Length of the fragment, 13 mm.; probable length of tegmina, 

15 mm.; breadth of closed tegmina, 12.5 mm.

The specimen is numbered in Mr. Lacoe's collection 2089&, and, like 

the original, comes from the Lowest Productive Coal-measures at Mazon 

Creek, Illinois.

3. PROMYLACRIS OVALIS.

Promylacris ovalis Scudd., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad., 1885, 34-35 (1885); Mem. 

Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., IV, 403,404, pi. 31, figs. 1-4 (1890); Foss. Ins. N. A., I, 379, 

380, pi. 23, figs. 1-4 (1890).

From the Lowest Productive Coal-measures at Mazon Creek, Illinois.

4. PROMYLACRIS RIGIDA. 

PI. Ill, fig. 1.

Promylacris rigida Scudd., Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., IV, 403,404-405, pi. 31, fig. 6 

(1890); Foss. Ins. N. A., I, 379, 380-381, pi. 23, tig. 6 (1890).

From the Lowest Productive Coal-measures at Braidwood, 111. 

3. Genus LITHOMYLACRIS.

Lithomylacris Scudd., Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., Ill, 48 (1879); Foss. Ins. N. A., 1,68, 

(1890).

This is the only genus of Mylacridse which has been found more 

abundantly in the Younger than in the Older Productive Coalmeasures, three out of the four species being confined to them in the 

Pennsylvania rocks, while the remaining species is found low down in 

the Older Productive Coal-measures in the Eastern Interior basin at 

Mazon Cree"k, Illinois.

Table of the species of Lithomylacris.

a 1 . Externomedian vein first forking at or before the middle of the tegmina. 

6 l . Teginiua slender, fully three times as long as broad. 

c1 . Nervules numerous and very crowded; scapular branches often forked.

1. L. angusta.

ti*. Nervules less numerous and neuration more open; scapular branches always 

simple................................................ 2. L. pittstoniana.

b2 . Tegmina relatively stout, being but little more than twice as broad as long.

3. L. pauperata. 

a2 . Externomedian vein first forking well beyond the middle of the tegmina.

4. L. simplex.

1. LITHOMYLACRIS ANGUSTA.

Lithomylacris angusta Scudd., Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., Ill, 48-50, pi. 5, figs. 2, 3 

(1879); Foss. Ins. N. A., I, 68-70, pi. 5, figs. 2,3 (1890).

From the roof shales of the E seam of coal at the Port Griffith switchback, near Pittston, Pa.

2. LITHOMYLACRIS PITTSTONIANA.

Lithomylacris pittstoniana Scudd., Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., Ill, 50-51, pi. 5, figs. 

4, 10 (1879); Foss. Ins. N. A., I, 70-71, pi. &, figs. 4, 10 (1890).

the same locality and horizon as the .preceding.
SCUDDER.] SPECIES OF PAROMYLACRIS. 51

3. LITHOMYLACRIS PAUPERATA.

Lithomylacrispauperata Scudd., Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., IV, 409-410, pi. 32, fig. 5 

(1890); Foss. Ins. N. A., 1,385-386, pi. 24, fig. 5 (1890).

From the same locality and horizon as the last two. 

4. LITHOMYLACRIS SIMPLEX.

Lithomylacris simplex Scudd., Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., Ill, 51-52, pi. 5, fijj. 5 (1879); 

Foss. Ins. N. A., 1,71-72, pi. 5, fig. 5 (1890).

From the Lowest Productive Coal-measures at Danville, 111. 

4. Genus PAROMYLACBIS.

Paromylacris Scudd., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad., 1885, 35 (1885).

This genus, containing five known species,-is confined to the Productive Coal-measures and almost entirely to its lowest members, only one 

species occurring near Pittstou, Pa., near the base of the upper of the 

two divisions into which I have tentatively divided the Productive 

Coal-measures. One of the others occurs in the Western Interior coal 

basin, within 50 feet of the base of the true Coal-measures, the others in 

the Eastern Interior basin in the Mazon Creek beds, Illinois.

Table of the species of Paromylacris.

a1 . Tegniina broadly and pretty regularly obovate, tbe apical not much less than the

basal breadth. 

ft 1 . Pro thorax much more than twice as broad as long; anal furrow terminating at or

before the middle of the tegmiua........................... 1. P. rotunda.

ft2 . Prothorax much less than twice as bi'oad as long; anal furrow terminating well

beyond the middle of the tegmiua............................ 2. P. ampla.

a2 . Teginiua tapering strongly, the apical much less than the basal breadth. 

ft 1 . Mediastinal area reaching well beyond the middle of the tegmina; oxternoinedian veins very strongly arcuate ........................ 3. P. trianyularis.

ft3 . Mediastinal area not reaching the middle of the tegmiua; externomedian veins

very gently arcuate..................................... 4. P. clinloniana.

P. pluteus is not included in this table.

1. PAROMYLACRIS ROTUNDA.

Paromylacris rotunda Scudd., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad., 1885, 35 (1885); Mem. Bost. 

Soc. Nat. Hist., IV, 406-408, pi. 32, figs. 1, 2 (1890); Foss. Ins. N. A., I, 382-384, pi. 

24, figs. 1, 2 (1890).

From the Lowest Productive Coal-measures at Mazon Creek, Illinois.

2. PAROMYLACRIS AMPLA. 

PL III, fig. 4.

Paromylacris ampla Scudd., Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., IV, 408, pi. 31, fig. 7 (1890); 

Foss. Ins. N. A., 1,384, pi. 23, fig. 7 (1890).

From the Lowest Productive Coal-measures at Braidwood, 111.
52 AMERICAN FOSSIL COCKROACHES.

3. PAROMYLACRIS TRIANGKJLARIS sp. nov. 

PI. Ill, fig. 3.

Eepresented by a somewhat confused mass of wings, out of which 

one of the tegmina can be easily distinguished throughout the most of 

its extent, the tip only broken; this has a remarkably triangular form, 

the front margin strongly arcuate at the base but beyond straight, 

the inner margin independently arcuate on the anal area and beyond, 

the whole wing tapering rapidly and regularly beyond the tip of the 

anal furrow. The whole wing is a little more than twice as long as its 

extreme breadth next the base. The mediastinal area is of great 

extent, terminating about the middle of the distal halt of the wing, 

very broad at the base and gradually tapering, the branches of the 

vein mostly forked, sometimes doubly forked, and several of them 

originating beyond the base of the wing, as is the case with other 

species of Paromylacris, in which respect this genus approaches 

Necyinylacris; the branches are strongly oblique and not very closely 

crowded; the mediastinal vein is very strongly sinuous, first forks 

immediately after its separation from the internomedian vein, with 

which it is united in the basal fifth of the wing, each of its forks again 

almost immediately subdivided, and their lowermost branches, very 

deeply forked, send at last about half a dozen nervules to the upper 

margin, the lowermost striking the tip of the wing; all these branches 

are but gently sinuous in the apical half of the wing and directed 

longitudinally upward; the externomedian vein is very similar to the 

scapular, forking immediately on its freedom from the scapular, each 

of its branches again forking in the middle of the wing, all having a 

strongly sinuous course, and after their final forking nearly longitudinal. ' The internomedian vein is likewise broadly sinuous, and terminates on the inner margin somewhat beyond a point opposite the tip

of the mediastinal vein, the main branch having a sinuous course 

parallel to the lower branches of the externomedian vein; it has three 

or four simple or forked branches, separating fan-like upon the anal 

border. The anal furrow is very deeply impressed, very strongly sinuous, and terminates on the inner margin considerably before the 

middle of the wing; the only veins which can be seen in the anal area 

are those on the half which is removed from the anal furrow, and they 

are here straight and parallel.

Length of fragment, 17 mm.; probable length of tegmina, 21.5 mm.; 

breadth, 10 mm.

A single specimen and its reverse come from the nodules of Mazon 

Creek, Illinois, and are in the collection of Mr. E. D. Lacoe, bearing the 

number 2110 a, b. They come from the Lowest Productive Coalmeasures.
SCUDDER.] SPECIES OF PAROMYLACRIS. 53

4. PAROMYLACRIS CLINTONIANA sp. nov. 

PI. Ill, fig. 6.

A single well-preserved fore wing with the extreme base and apex 

destroyed. The form of the tegmina is not so distinctly triangular as 

in the preceding species, but it tapers with great regularity from the 

same point, mostly through the arcuation of the inner margin, the front 

margin being very gently arcuate, so that the tip must fall above the 

middle, which is very unusual. The mediastinal area is rather short, 

scarcely extending so far as the anal furrow; very broad at base, it rapidly narrows, and is filled with but few branches, most of which are 

forked close to the margin, and, as in the species of Pa,rornylacris in general, one at least of the principal branches originates far beyond the 

base of the tegmina. The scapular vein is the most important in the 

 tegmina, occupying with its branches a very considerable portion of its

area. It is made up of two clusters which part at no great distance 

from the base of the tegmina, the uppermost bearing three longbranches, 

part of which are forked next the margin, following the general course 

of the branches of the mediastinal area. The lower cluster subdivides 

into two sets at about the end of the basal third of the tegmina the upper composed of three, the lower of four, long, gently arcuate, upturned, 

simple branches, which cover the remainder of the front margin as far as 

the tip of the tegmina; as a whole, the main scapular vein, or rather 

the main vein of the lower cluster, has a gently sinuous course through 

the middle of the tegmina, falling below it in its middle portion. The 

externomedian vein is formed of two slightly compound branches originating from a main stem, which first subdivides a little beyond the first 

forking of the lower cluster of the scapular vein. Its branches are very 

gently sinuous, nearly longitudinal, and terminate on the outer and 

inner borders of the tegmina. 'The internomedian vein is very gently 

sinuous, running in a nearly straight course after its basal arcuation to 

the middle of the apical halt' of the tegmina, and has five simple, in one 

case rather deepiy forked, straight and oblique branches. The anal 

furrow is deeply impressed, sharp, and gently arcuate, and, what is most 

extraordinary, forks just before the tip, and terminates at about the 

middle of the tegmiua. The anal veins are longitudinally oblique, 

deeply forked, straight or arcuate, rather distant, and subparallel to 

the basal half of the anal furrow.

This species is remarkable for the slenderness of the tegmina and 

the curious manner in which they taper by the stronger arcuation of 

the inner than of the front margin; it is more nearly allied to the 

preceding species than to any other, but departs widely from it in 

the.se respects.

Length of fragment, 15 mm.; probable length of tegmina, 21 mm.; 

breadth, 8 mm.
54 AMERICAN FOSSIL COCKROACHES.

Obtained from a coal bank near Clinton, Mo., belonging to the 

Very Lowest Productive Coal-measures, found within 50 feec of their 

extreme base; it is in the collection of Mr. R. D. Lacoe, under the 

number 2151 a.

5. PAROMYLACRIS? PLUTEUS sp. nov. 

PI. Ill, fig. 2.

A basal fragment of a fore wing appears to belong to a distinct 

species of Paromylacris, but is referred here doubtfully, as its reference depends largely upon the form of the wing, the larger part of the 

margin of which is conjectural. That it is one of the Mylacridae is 

evident from the character of the preserved part of the mediastinal 

area. The direction of the inner margin beyond the anal area, with 

the direction and tendencies of the mediastinal and scapular veins, 

indicate that these two veins occupy at least one-half of the tegmina; 

while, if this were the case, the wing could hardly have had the slender form of Lithoinylacris, as apparently also it had not the apically 

confined area of the exteruomedian vein. These points would indicate 

that it fell in Paromylacris, though it is not impossible that it is a 

JSTecymylacris, its next neighbor. In either case the structure of the 

anal area is different from anything known in this vicinity, and indicates a species hitherto unknown and of considerable size.

Assuming the margin to be correctly delineated, the mediastinal 

area probably extended to some distance beyond the middle of the tegmina, and the scapular area occupied the rest of the upper half of the 

tegmina, the main vein of the latter beginning to branch just beyond 

the basal fifth of the tegmiua, where it is bent in its course. The externomedian vein runs parallel to the scapular, first branches before the 

middle of the tegmina, and apparently occupies on the margin almost 

half as much space as the scapular. The internoinedian vein, of which

more can be seen, runs in a very gently arcuate course and terminates 

far toward the tip of the tegmina, with three or four very inequidistaut, deeply forked or simple, nearly straight or slightly arcuate, 

strongly oblique branches. The anal furrow terminates beyond the 

middle of the tegmina, and besides being strongly bent next the base 

is again gently bent beyond the middle of the remainder, being otherwise nearly straight; and by the fullness of this portion of the inner 

margin which has an independent curve, the whole area is subequal in 

breadth to near its rapidly tapering extremity; it is filled, at least 

away from the anal furrow, with numerous simple or deeply forked 

veins parallel to its sides, but arcuate apically. The whole area is fully 

three times as long as broad.

The species appears to fall in the near vicinity of P. ampla, but is 

smaller than it, and apparently has a larger development of the interuoniedian area and an earlier branching of the externomediaii vein.
BCUDDKK.] SPECIES OF NECYMYLACRIS. 55

Length of fragment, 21.5 mm.; probable length of tegmina, 30 inm.j 

probable breadth. 16 mm.

A single specimen found in the Butter mine at Pittston, Pa., in the 

shale over the E coal or Pittston coal by Mr. E. D. Lacoe, in whose 

collection it bears the number 2040ft.

5. Genus NECYMYLACRIS.

Necymylacrm Scudd., Mem Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., Ill, 52-53 (1879); Foss. Ins. N. A., I, 

72-73 (1890).

The two known species of this genus both occur in the Pennsylvania 

coal basin, in the Lowest Productive Goal-measures. No species have 

been added to the genus since its first description fourteen years ago.

Table of Ihe species of Necymylacris.

Mediastiual ve'ii short; internomedian vein arcuate throughout..... 1. N. lacoana.

Mediastmal vein long; internomedian vein straight through most of its course but

little arcuate........................................................ 2. JV. heros.

1. NECYMYLACRIS LACOANA.

Necymylacris lawana Scudd., Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., Ill, 53-54, pi. 5, fig 12 (1879); 

Foss. Ins. N. A., I, 73-74, pi. 5, fig. 12 (1890).

From the Boston mine, near Pittston, Pa., in the Lowest Productive 

Coal-measures.

2. NECYMYLACRIS HEROS.

Necymylacrid lieros Scudd., Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., Ill, 54-56, pi. 5, fig. 9 (1879); 

Foss. Ins. N. A., I, 74-76, pi. 5, fig. 9 (1890).

From the roof shales of coal 0 in the Boston mine near Pittston, Pa., 

in the Lower Productive Coal-measures. By error in the original 

description it was referred to Cannelton, Pa., in a deposit just below 

vein C, and its discovery was credited to Mr. Mansfield, when it should 

have been referred to Mr. Lacoe, in whose collection it bears the number 2006. This error of location was unfortunately repeated in my 

Fossil Insects of North America, and in my Index to Known Fossil 

Insects (Bull. 71, U. S. Geol. Survey).

DESCRIPTION OF A FRAGMENT OF A GIGANTIC FORE WING.

MYL ACRID .as (?) sp. 

PL II, fig. 4.

The merest fragment of a fore wing, consisting only of the humeral 

lobe, is shown here to draw attention to an unknown species remarkable for its immense size and for the surface structure. It seems to be 

pretty certainly a cockroach, and appears to have rather the aspect of 

one of this group than that of one of the Blattinarioe. The shoulder 

of the wing is apparently penetrated by a single straight vein without
56 AMERICAN FOSSIL COCKROACHES.

branches, unless the doubly forked bent prominence may be an extreme 

basal branch. The entire surface is covered with little, circular, shallow 

punctures, about 0.28 mm. in diameter, slightly more deeply impressed 

at their margins than centrally, sparsely distributed with considerable 

uniformity, but rather more closely crowded toward the margin, where 

they lie at an average distance apart of four or five of their diameters. 

The fragment is 25 mm. long, but, being only the merest fragment of 

the shoulder of a fore wing, must represent one very much larger than 

the largest known species, or perhaps one 80 mm. long, at the least.

The specimen comes from the Lowest Productive Coal-measures of 

Mazon Creek, Illinois, and was sent me for examination by Mr. William Gurley. 

BLATTINARIJE.

This group of Palseoblattariae was the prevailing type of cockroaches 

in Carboniferous times. In America they are found from the Millstone 

Grit (in scanty numbers, but some variety two or three genera) to the 

Trias, where the species, mostly belonging to generic groups characteristic of the Trias, are only two or three times more abundant than in the 

Millstone Grit, though the culmination of the group is reached in the 

Permian. In Europe they have been discovered neither so low as the 

Millstone Grit nor so high as the Trias, but are found throughout the 

true Productive Coal-measures, as well as in the Barren Coal-measures 

(where they appear to have culminated) and in the Permian. This latter 

statement may require some revision when the numerous species found 

in the Productive Coal-measures at Commentry, France, are made 

known, just as a very different statement regarding the American rocks 

would have had to be made fifteen years ago.

Twelve genera and about 174 species are known, of which 10 genera 

and about 112 species come from America, and 8 genera and about 62

species from Europe, besides half a dozen undetermined species from 

the latter. Six of the genera are common to both worlds, 4 are peculiar 

to America (one of them to the Trias), and 2 to Europe. No species are 

known to occur on both continents.

6. Genus MICROBLATTINA (nizpoq, Blattina, nom. gen.) gen. nov.

The apical half of a fore wing from the Ehode Island coal field presents such very striking peculiarities that they must be regarded as 

affording sufficient ground for distinct generic reference unless the 

unknown basal portion should show the veins to be connected in a very 

different way from what seems probable. It is as small as the smallest 

known Carboniferous cockroach, but probably of the normal form. The 

mediastinal area reaches but little beyond the middle of thetegmina and 

must be narrow. The scapular vein is simple and straight for more 

than half its length, and only when it reaches the end of the mediastinal area throws out numerous short branches to the margin. The
SCUDDER.] SPECIES OF MICROBLATTJNA. 57

externomeclian vein runs parallel to the scapular and terminates above 

the apex of the tegmina, emitting numerous inferior, long, straight and 

parallel, nearly longitudinal branches to the apical margin. The internomedian area is rather narrow, at least in the distal half of the tegmina, subparallel to the inner margin, reaches out as far or nearly as 

far as the scapular area, and is filled with less crowded, arcuate veins, 

their convexity apical. The anal area is not preserved.

It is barely possible that what I have here taken for the scapular vein 

may be an anterior branch of what is regarded as the externomedian, 

similar to what is found in some of the species of that strange genus 

Oryctoblattina; but the other parts of the tegmina below this are at 

decided variance with the peculiar characteristics of Oryctoblattina, 

and hardly allow room for the development of the lower veins. If my 

interpretation of the ueuration is correct, Microblattiua must find a 

place near Btoblattina, but separated from it and its allies by the 

remarkable fact that the branches of the externomedian vein are inferior and not superior, just as in Anthracoblattina, where the mediastinal area is long.

A single species is known, coming from the Rhode Island coal field, 

which belongs in all probability to the Lowest Productive Coalmeasures.

MlCKOBLATTINA PEKDITA Sp. HOV. 

PI. Ill, fig. 5.

Unfortunately the basal half of the tegmina of this interesting species 

is destroyed, but the portion preserved shows that the tegmiua were of 

slender ovate form, probably rather more than two and a half times 

longer than broad; the costal margin is very gently convex, the inner 

margin nearly straight, and the tip somewhat broadly rounded. The 

mediastinal area comes into the preserved fragment just enough to 

show that it was slender, with short, simple, arcuate branches, and that 

it reached somewhat beyond the middle of the tegmina, terminating 

somewhat abruptly. The scapular vein, as soon as it begins to fork 

(just before the extremity of the mediastinal area), approaches the margin less rapidly, increasing its length so that it extends nearly to the 

apex of the tegmina and crowds closely against the externomedian; its 

branches are very closely crowded, arcuate and simple, except for the 

forked basal branch. The externomedian vein first branches probably 

not beyond the end of the proximal third of the tegmina, and its parallel and straight branches shorten and.become more crowded toward 

the extremity. Some of them are apically forked, and apparently what 

appear to be the basal ones, each of which is apically forked, are united 

at their base. What can be seen of the internomedian area is nearly 

riband-shaped, the main vein approaching the inner margin very gradually nntil just before its termination, when it curves down to it much 

as in the case of the mediastiual vein, and its branches, which are more
58 AMERICAN FOSSIL COCKROACHES.

distant than those of other parts of the tegmina and mostly simple, 

take on the arcuation of this apical part of the vein. None of the anal 

area is preserved. The externomediau vein and its branches, except 

next the border, appear in strong relief, while all the others are delicately incised, particularly those of the internomedian area. The whole 

surface is uniformly black and there is no sign of any other sculpture.

Length of fragment, 4 mm.; probable length of tegmina, 8 mm.; 

breadth, 3 mm.

From the Lower (?) Productive Coal-measures of East Providence 

E. I.; in the collection of Mr. E. D. Lacoe, No. 2092a.

7. Genus AECHIMYLACEIS.

Archimylacris Scudd., Daws., Acad. Geol., 2d ed., 388. (1868).

Archimylacris is one of the few genera found in the Millstone Grit as 

well as later; but, unlike the other genera occurring there, it is at no time 

a prevailing type, nor does it occur later than the true Productive Coalmeasures, nor indeed above its lowest members in the Eastern Interior 

coal field, in which a single species occurs; the oldest species occurs in 

the Pennsylvania coal basin, the youngest in the Acadian coal basin. 

In the light of our present knowledge, therefore, Archimylacris may be 

looked upon as one of the most primitive types of cockroaches, for it 

has been found in the earliest beds that have yielded these insects, and 

no generic type has been extinguished at an earlier epoch than it. Of 

the genera existing as early as the Lowest Productive Coal-measures, 

all have been recovered in later rocks excepting Microblattina and 

Necymylacris, but these two genera are not known, like Archimylacris, 

at a still earlier epoch. The genus has not yet been recognized in the

European rocks.

Table of the species of Archimylacris.

«'. Tegruina of nearly equal width throughout; anal area hardly extending beyond

the basal third of the tegmina........................!_... 1. A. parallela.

«2 . Tegmina oval throughout, nowhere with parallel margins; anal area extending

considerably beyond the basal third of the tegmina. 

& : . Tegmina fully two and a half times longer than broad, the mediastinal area

distinctly tapering throughout its distal half............. 2. A. paucinervis.

fc2 . Tegmina only twice as long as broad, the mediastinal area scarcely tapering

before its extreme tip ....................................... 3. A. acadica.

I. ARCHIMYLACRIS PARALLELA.

ArcMmylacris parellela Scudd., Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., Ill, 85-87, pi. 6, 1i.^. ti 

(1879); FOBS. Ins. N. A., I, 105-107, pi. 6, fig. 6 (1890).

From Cainpbell's Ledge, near Pittston, Pa., near the bottom of the 

Millstone Grit, where it was discovered by Mr. E. D. Lacoe, in whose 

collection it bears the number 2007. In the original description it was 

wrongly referred to the Lowest Productive Coal-measures at Cannelton, 

Pa., and as collected by Mr. Mansfield. The same error is unfortunately repeated in my Fossil Insects of North America and in my Index 

to Known Fossil Insects (Bull. 71, U. S. Geol. Survey).
SCUDDEK.] SPECIES OF SPILOBLATTINA. . 59

2. ARCHIMYLACRIS PAUCINERVIS.

Afcliimylacria paucinervis Scudd., Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., IV, 411-414. pi. 31, fig. 5 

(1890); Foss. Ins. N. A., I, 387-390, pi. 23, fig. 5 (1890).

From the Lower Productive Coal-measures at Mazou Creek, Illinois. 

3. ARCHIMYLACRIS AGADICA.

ArcMmylacria acadica Scudd., Daws., Acad. Geol., 2d ed., 388, fig. 153 (1868); Mem. 

Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., Ill, 84-85, pi. 6, figs. 8,14 (1879); Foss. Ins. N. A., 1,104-105, 

pi. 6, figs. 8, 14 (1890).

Found in shale overlying the roof of the main seam Oi coal at the 

East Biver, Pictou, Nova Scotia.

8. Genus SPILOBLATTINA.

SpiloUattina Scudd., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad., 1885, 35-36 (1885).

So far as known this genus is peculiar to the American Trias, four 

species occurring in Colorado. It is very closely related to Etoblattina, 

and especially to the species of that genus from the latest Carboniferous deposits with open neuratiou, and it is no doubt an offshoot from 

that genus, which existed side by side with it or comes of similar 

parentage with it.

Table of the species of Spiloblattina.

a 1 . Scapular vein as far as its penultimate branch almost completely parallel to the 

costal margin, not receding from it opposite the middle of the adjoining 

discal stigma.

ft 1 . Tegmiua relatively slender, fully three times as long as broad. 

c1 . Scapular faintly approaching the externornedian vein to inclose the stigma 

between them........................................... 1. S. gardineri.

c2 . Scapular in no Avay approaching the externomedian Arein to inclose the stigma 

between them............................................ 2. tj. triassica.

b~. Tegmiua relatively broad, not over two'and a half times longer than broad.

3. S. guttata.

«*. Scapular vein distinctly receding from the costal margin opposite the middle of 

the adjoining discal stigma............................. 4. S. marginata.

1. SPILOBLATTINA GARDINERI.

Spiloblattina gardineri Scudd., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad., 1885, 36 (1885); Mem. 

Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., IV, 461-462, pi. 41, figs. 4, 6, 8, 10 (1890); Foss. Ins. N. A., 

I, 437-438, pi. 33, figs. 4, 6,8,10 (1890).

Trias of Fair Play, Colo.

2. SPILOBLATTINA TRIASSICA.

Spiloblattina triassica Scudd., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad., 1885, 36 (1885); Mem. 

Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., IV, 461,462-463, pi. 4, fig. 1 (1890); Foss. Ins. N. A., I, 

437,438-439, pi. 33, fig. 1 (1890).

Trias of Fair Play, Colo.
60 AMERICAN FOSSIL COCKROACHES.

3. SPILOBLATTINA GUTTATA.

SpiloUattina guttata Scudd., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad., 1885, 36-37 (1885); Mem. 

Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., IV, 461, 463, pi. 41, fig. 2, pi. 42, fig..14 (1890); Foss. Ins. 

N. A., II, 437, 439, pi. 33, fig. 2, pi. 34, fig. 14 (1890).

Trias of Fair Play, Oolo.

4. SPILOBLATTINA MARGINATA.

Spilollattina marginata Scudd., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad., 1885, 37 (1885); Mem. 

Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., IV, 461, 464, pi. 41, fig. 3 (1890); Foss. Ins. N. A., I, 437, 

440, pi. 33, fig. 3, (1890).

Trias or Fair Play, Oolo.

9. Genus ETOBLATTINA.

Etoblatlina Scndd., Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., Ill, 56-58 (1879); Foss. Ins. N. A., I, 

76-78 (1890).

This might be termed the typical genus of Palseoblattariae, or at 

least of Blattinarite, for it was the prevailing type in the Carboniferous and Permian periods, containing very nearly one-half of the known. 

Paleozoic cockroaches, and in America almost exactly one-half. Niuetyseveii species have already been recognized sixty-nine in this country 

and twenty-eight in Europe yet a dozen years ago only two species 

were recognized in this country. The great increase is due to the discovery of the localities at Eichmond, Ohio, and Cassville, West Virginia, at which places all but fourteen of the new American species 

have occurred. Even in the older rocks it holds a predominant position, 

being there equaled in number only by Mylacris in America, while in 

Europe it has .nearly treble, the number of species belonging to Gerabl attiua or Anthracoblattina, its nearest numerical neighbors. Its number in America is also treble, or a little more than treble, that of Gerablattina, which follows it among Blattinarise. Not a single species is

common to Europe and America, nor in America has a single one been 

certainly found at two distinct localities.

In accordance with the fact of its predominance is that of its endurance, since in this country it has been recognized in every deposit which 

has yielded remains of cockroaches, from the Millstone Grit, where a 

single species occurs in the Western Interior coal field, 1 to the Trias, 

from which, in Colorado, two species have been recognized. This can 

not be said of any other genus of cockroaches. It reaches its culmination in the Permian, where it is found in astonishing abundance in the 

Dunkard Creek series of West Virginia, whence thirty-six species are 

known from the single locality of Cassville, Monongalia County. Every 

coal basin in this country from which cockroaches are known, except 

the Acadian, has furnished some species of this genus. In the true Productive Coal-measures they have been found most abundantly in the

1 This refers to E. venusta, found by Lesquereux in Arkansas deposits regarded by him as of this 

age, but according to the latest surveys it is more probable, Mr. Lacoe informs me, that the deposits 

belong to the Lower Productive Goal-measures, in which tcase the above statement must be modified.
SOUDDEB.] SPECIES OF ETOBLATTINA. 61

&hode Island basin (eight species); but in the Barren Coal-measures of 

eastern Ohio seventeen species occur, which is a number larger than 

that of all the species from the Productive Coal-measures from all 

American localities combined, indicating the ascendancy of the group.

At the same time, the deposits of the Barren Coal-measures and 

of the Permian rocks present a new type, already referred to in the 

Introduction and pretty easily recognized at a glance by the slenderness 

of the tegmina combined with an exceptional openness of the neuration 

in the middle of the tegmina, the latter feature somewhat recalling the 

Triassic Spilob*lattiua, though with a slightly different effect. So far as 

the present material shows, this type was the prevailing one in the 

Barren Coal-measures of this country, but seems to have been only less 

prevalent in the Permian. It was not peculiar to America, for it 

appears in the European Permian species, E. elongata. I have not 

attempted, as perhaps I should have done, to bring all these species 

together in the following'table, but they are grouped to a certain 

extent in a subordinate manner.

In Europe, also, Etoblattina was the predominating type of cockroaches and has been found in every successive series of rocks in which 

cockroaches have been found, from the Lowest Productive Coal-measures to the Permian. .It seems to have reached its climax in the upper 

Carboniferous deposits, corresponding largely to our Barren Coal-measures. For assistance in studying the European forms, I have added in 

the Introduction a section upon the European species of the genus, with 

a key for their determination.

The following table has been constructed with much difficulty; and 

while it brings in juxtaposition many of the nearly allied species in a 

natural manner, it separates at the same time whole series, which a more 

complete knowledge of the neuration from more perfect examples would 

have enabled me to arrange in a better order by their judicious mingling. It is offered only as a temporary convenience. The sequence of 

the species in the table is followed in the text and as far as possible in 

the plates.

Table of the species of Etoblattina.

a1 . Eelatively broad species; tegmina distinctly less than two and one-half times

longer than broad.

ft 1 . Mediastinal area less than two-thirds the length of the tegmina. 

c1 . Internomedian area terminating far short of the apex of the tegmina. 

d1 . Mediastinal area triangular, continuously tapering, reaching only the middle or a little beyond the middle of the tegmina.

e1 . Scapular vein terminating at the very apex of the tegmina; externomedian vein first forking beyond the middle of the tegmina.

1. E. cliutoniana.

e3 . Scapular vein terminating before the extreme apex of the tegmina; 

exteruomedian vein first forking far before the middle of 

the tegmina.................................... 2. E. lata.

eP. Mediastinal area vittatc, tapering only at extremity, reaching far beyond 

the middle of the teyniiua.
62 AMERICAN FOSSIL COCKROACHES.

Table of the species of Etoblattina Continued.

e1 . Externomedian vein first forking at about the middle of the tegmina, the 

branches mostly simple.................... 3. E. sagittaria .

e2 . Extemoinediaii vein first forking near the end of the proximal third of 

 the tegmina, the branches mostly forked.... 4. E. mediana.

c2 . luteruomedian area nearly reaching the tip of the tegmina. 

dl . Tegmina only twice as long as broad; veins rather numerous. 5. E. fossa, 

d*. Tegmiua much more than twice as long as broad; veins very numerous. 

e'. Large species, the tegmina exceeding 50 mm. in length; mediastinal area 

reachingfar beyond the middle of the tegmina. 6. E.illustris. 

e". Small species, the tegmina less than 12 mm. long; mediastinal area only 

extending to the middle of the tegmiua........ 7. E. ovata.

6s. Mediastinal area at least two-thirds as long as the tegmina. 

c1 . Tegmina only twice as long as broad; mediastinal area not more than twothirds as long as the tegmina.............. 8. E. scholfieldi.

c2 . Tegmina considerably more than twice as long as broad; mediastinal area

nearly or quite three-fourths as long as the tegmina. 

dl . Internomedian area terminating far before the tip of the tegmina. 

e] . Scapular and externomedian veins nearly united in basal third of tegmina ; iuternomedia.ii vein normal............ 9. E, debilis.

e"1 . Scapular and externomedian veins clearly distinct throughout; internomedian vein peculiar.

/J . Externomedian vein simple, nnbranched; internomedian vein reinforced

by a supplementary branched superior stem. 10. E. strigosa.

f2 . Externomedian vein abundantly branched; internomedian vein very

strongly sinuate, the area apically very slender. 11. E. clarkii.

d1 . Internomedian area extending nearly to the tip of the tegmina,

12. E. venusta. 

a*. Relatively slender species, the tegmina two and one-half or more times longer

than broad. 1

6l . Tegmiua distinctly"less than three times as long as broad. 

c1 . Internomedian area not or hardly attaining the apical margin. 

dl . Veins in center of tegmina much more widely separated than those on the

apical margin.

e 1 . Mediastinal area considerably more than two-thirds the length of the 

tegmina.

/'. Internomedian branches distant and most of them forked.

13. E. lalteata. 

f2 . Internomedian branches crowded and most of them simple.

14. E. patiens. 

e2 . Mediastiual area somewhat or distinctly less than two-thirds the length

of the tegmina. 

/'. Scapular and externomedian veins first branching at very unequal

distances from the base.

</ 1 . Externomedian and intemomedian branches very crowded, more so

than the branches of the other veins..... 15. E. mucronata.

g". Externomedian arid internornedian branches, especially the latter,

not crowded, and not more so than the others. 16. E. detecta.

/2 . Scapular and externomedian viens first forking side by side.

17. E. occidentalis.

d*. Veins in center of tegmina scarcely more widely separated than those on 

the apical margin.

>In a few species the tegmina are barely two and one-hall times, in a few others they are more tham 

three times longer than broad.
SCUDDER.] SPECIES OF ETOBLATTINA. 63

Table of the species of Etoblatlina Continued.

e 1 . Mediastinal area less than three-fifths the length of the tegmina. 

/'. Tegmina sparsely veined............................... 18. E. exigua.

f2 . Tegmina abundantly veined.

</ 1 . Main scapular vein nearly straight................ 19. E. sp. (R. I.).

*72. Main scapular vein strongly arcuate.

A1 . Scapular vein subparallel to the costal margin in the basal half of 

the tegmina; its branches oblique...... 20. E. jeffersoniana.

7t2. Scapular vein forming a considerable angle with the costal margin in the basal half of the tegmina, its branches longitudinal ..................................:. 21. E. residua.

e2 . Mediastinal area more than three-fifths the length of the tegmina. 

/'. Anal furrow terminating hardly or not beyond the end of the proximal

two-fifths of the tegmina.

</'. Areins of internomedian urea not crowded; scapular and t'.xteruomedian veins well separated from the base .. 22. E. fnneraria.

g~2 . Veins of internomedian area crowded; scapular and externoniedian

veins united in the proximal fourth of the tegmina.

23. E. cxpuncta. 

f*. Anal furrow terminating scarcely short of the middle of the tegmina.

24. E. yorhami.

d1 . Internomedian area distinctly attaining the apical margin. 

dl . Veins in center of tegmina widely separated. 

e1 . Mediastinal area less or scarcely more than one-half the length of the

tegmina.

/'. Internomedian vein nearly straight, nearly all the branches simple. 

</'. luternomedian area narrow, in the middle less than one-fourth the 

width of the tegmiua....................... 25. E. apcrla.

<7 2 . Internomedian area relatively broad, in the middle nearly one-third 

 the width of the tegmiua.................. 26. E. fasciata.

/3 . Internomedian vein strongly sinuate, many of the branches forked,

often doubly forked.

</'. Mediastinal vein arcuate beyond base; scapular Arein scarcely bent at 

the origin of the first two branches .... .... 27. E. ramosa.

g'-. Mediastinal vein straight beyond base; scapular vein distinctly bent 

at the origin of the first two branches .... 28. E. ^vitt8^ana.

e2. Mediastinal area nearly or quite three-fifths the length of the tegmiua.

/'. Externouiedian vein first branching close to the middle of the tegmina.

01 . Internomedian vein arcuate throughout, continually app-oaching

the margin.............................. 29. E. lesquereuxii.

g2 . Internomedian vein sinuous by a distinct apical extension, subparallel to the margin.

A1 . The branches of the mediastinal vein mostly originate from the 

vein itself.

11 . Main scapular vein broadly sinuate; internomedian vein nearly 

reaching the very apex of the tegmina.

jl . Costal margin broadly arcuate; first two branches of scapular 

vein widely separated at origin............ 30. E. maledicta.

j'2 . Costal margin strongly arcuate; first two branches of scapular 

vein closely approximate at base.......... 31. E. bencdicta.

12 . Main scapular vein rigidly straight through most of its course; 

internomedian vein falling considerably short of the apex.

32. E. funesta.

A2 . Most of the branches of the mediastinal vein arise from its first 

branch, which imitates the mediastinal vein.33. E. exttensa.
64 AMERICAN FOSSIL COCKROACHES,

Table of the species of Etoblattina Continued.

f". Externomedian vein first branching well within the proximal half of

the tegmina.

gl . Mediastinal vein about three-fifths the length of the tegmina; scapular vein forking before the externomedian vein.

34. E. ienuis.

<72. Mediastinal vein two-thirds the length of the tegmiua; exteruoinedian vein forking before the scapular vein.. 35. E. kustoni. 

d". Veins in center of tegmina not widely separated.

e1 . Mediastinal area distinctly less than two-thirds the length of the tegmina. 

/'. Anal furrow striking the margin not beyond the end of the proximal

third of the tegmina.

gl . Internomedian area more than one-third the breadth of the tegmina 

in the middle of their distal half......... 36. E. persislens.

g2 . Internomediau area less than one-third the breadth of the tegmina 

in the middle of their distal half......... 37. E. eakiniana.

f". Anal furrow striking the margin but little before the middle of the

tegmina.

gl . Small species; tegmina with strongly convex costa; externomedian 

\-ein first branching before the tip of the anal furrow and 

well before the middle of the tegmiua..-.. 38. E. accubita. 

g1 . Large species; tegmina with gently convex costa; externomedian 

vein first branching beyond the tip of the anal furrow and 

scarcely before the middle of the tegmina... 39. E. mazona. 

e2 . Mediastinal area fully two-thirds the length of the tegmina. 

/'. Scapular vein first forking scarcely before the exteruomedian vein. 

g l . Mediastinal area scarcely if any more than two-thirds the length of

the tegmina.

A1 . Internomedian area reaching the apex of the tegmina by the retroarcuation of the main vein........ ...... 40. E. expulsata.

h~. Internomedian area reaching only the extreme limit of the apical

margin of the tegmina, without noticeable retroarcuatiou. 

i1 . Mediastinal branches excessively longitudinal and crowded; scapular branches mostly forked............... 41. E. gratiosa.

t2 . Mediastinal branches normal and not crowded; scapular branches 

all simple ................................ 42. E. macerata.

gz. Mediastinal area almost or quite three-fourths the length of the 

tegmina.................................. 43. E. immolala.

/'. Scapular vein first forking at a noticeable distance before the externomedian vein. 

g l . Anal furrow striking the margin scarcely beyond the end of the

proximal two-fifths of the tegmina.

hl . Mediastinal area three-fourths the length of the tegmina,,tapering 

rather abruptly........................... 44. E.mactata.

/i2 . Mediastinal area scarcely if any more than two-thirds the length 

of the tegmina, tapering gently.......... 45. E. communis.

g". Anal furrow striking the margin scarcely before the middle of the 

tegmina................................ 46. E. sp. (Colo.).

Z>2 . Tegmina almost or fully three times as long as broad. 

c1 . Mediastinal area less than two-thirds the length of the tegmina. 

dl . Internomedian vein more or less, often considerably, sinuate, much of the 

apical portion nearly or quite parallel to the inner margin, 

and rarely falling at all short of the apex of the tegmiua.
SPECIES OF ETOBLATTINA. 65

Talle of the species of Etollaltina Continued.

e 1 . Scapular vein forking before, generally long before, the externomedian;

anal area normal.

/!. Mediastinal area less than half as long as the tegmina. 47. E. hastata. 

f. Mediastinal area more than half aa long as the teginina. 

gl . Costal margin nearly straight throughout the middle half1 . 

h1 . Internomedian area scarcely narrowing in its proximal half.

48. E. marginata* 

A2 . Internomediau area rapidly narrowing in its proximal half. -|

49. E. gracilentdr 

</2 . Costal margin regularly arcuate throughout........ 50. E. exsecuta,

e2 . Scapular vein first forking later than the externomedian; anal area 

exceptionally long and narrow................ 51. E. arcta.

d2 . Internomedian vein nearly or quite straight, the area tapering almost 

regularly and falling considerably, sometimes far, short of 

the apex of the tegmina. 

e1 . Internomedian vein terminating well beyond the middle of the distal

half of the tegmina. 

/'. Main scapular vein strongly sinuous................... 52. E. stipata.

/2 . Main scapular vein nearly straight throughout.

g 1 . Anal furrow striking the inner margin well cbeyond the end of the 

proximal third of the tegmina............ 53. E. pnedulcia,

g9 . Anal furrow striking the inner margin far before the end of the proximal third of the tegmina................. 54. E. variegata.

e2 . Internomedian vein terminating at or before the middle of the distal half

of the tegrnina.

f1 . Externomedian vein strongly bent where first forked and thereafter 

very oblique............................... 55. E. hilliana.

/2 . Externomedian vein gently bent where first forked and thereafter but

little or scarcely oblique.

g} . Tegmina scarcely tapering apically before the distal fourth, nearly 

equal in the middle half; internomedian area extending but 

little further than the mediastinal.

A1 . Tegmina more than three times as long as broad; internomedian 

area exceptionally narrow; externomedian vein first branching but little beyond the tip of the anal furrow.

56. E. angusta.

h9 . Tegmina less than three times as long as broad; internomedian 

area of normal breadth; externomedian A^ein first branching 

well beyond the tip of the areal furrow.... 57. E. macilenta.

<72 . Tegmina tapering from the middle, the middle half fusiform; internomedian area extending very much farther than the 

mediastinal.

/i1 . Internomedian area in middle less than one-third the breadth of 

tegmina; anal area excessively slender........ 58. E. exilis.

W. Internomedian area in middle more than one-third the breadth of 

the tegmina; anal area normal................ 59. E. rogi.

c2 . Mediastinal area more than two-thirds the length of the tegmina. 

d[ . Internomedian vein reaching nearly or quite to the apical margin of the

teginina.

e1 . Main veins separated in the center of the teginina by hardly wider intervals than the branches near the apical margin. 

/'. Scapular and externomedian veins distinct throughout.

1 This is not clear, but probable, in fl. marginata.

Bull. 124 5
66 AMERICAN FOSSIL COCKROACHES.

Table of the species of Etoblattina Continued.

</'. Interuomedian area just failing to reach the apical margin. 

ft 1 . Mediastinalbranches not crowded; intornomedian branches rarely 

forked; anal area elongate................ 60. E. expugnata.

7i 2 . Mediastinal branches crowded, interuomedian branches mostly 

forked; anal area abbreviate ................ 61. E. olatra.

gt. Intemomedian area distinctly reaching the apical margin. 

ft 1 . Mediastinal branches crowded, mostly forked; scapular and 

externoinedian veins first forking close together

62. E. imperfecta.

h°. Mediastinal branches not crowded, rarely forked; scapular vein

first forking well before the externomedian.. 63. E. secreta.

p. Scapular and externomedian veins united in basal fourth or more of

the tegmina ................................ 64. E. reliqua.

e2. Main veins separated in the center of the tegmina by much wider intervals than the branches near the apical margin.

/'. Scapular and externomedian veins both first forking in the distal half 

of the tegmina........ ...................... 65. E. invisa.

f2 . Scapular and externomedian veins both first forking well within the

proximal half of the tegmina.

</'. Externo/nedian vein distinctly oblique, the branches distinctly superior.

ft 1 . Intemomedian vein strongly sinuate, curving just beyond the anal 

furrow in an opposite sense to it ............ 66. 'E. occulta.

ft3 . Internomedian vein arcuate almost to the tip.... 67. E. latebricola.

g-. Externomedian vein longitudinal, the branches purely furcate and 

longitudinal................................ 68. E. defossa.

d*. Internomedian vein falling distinctly short of the apical margin of the 

tegmina ................................... 69. E. recidiva.

The hind wings described in the following list are not included in the 

table, nor is the fragment shown on PI. XII, fig. 2.

1. ETOBLATTINA CLINTONIANA sp. nov.

PL IV, fig. 1

Tegmina broad subovate, two and a quarter times as long as broad, 

the costal margin beyond the well-shouldered base very faintly convex, 

the anal area full, and beyond it the inner margin symmetrical with 

the costal5 the apex well rounded. Mediastinal area triangular, rapidly 

tapering, terminating before the middle of the tegmina and slightly 

before the tip of the anal furrow; the vein has only three or four 

simple, nearly straight, very oblique branches. The scapular vein 

runs subparallel to and distant from the costal margin nearly through 

the middle of the tegmina, straight in the greater part of its course, 

but arcuate in opposite senses at the two extremities, terminating 

exactly at the apex of the tegmina; it first forks as far toward the 

base as the internomedian vein, and has about eight gently arcuate 

branches, mostly simple, but others more or less deeply or doubly 

forked, all very oblique and the distal ones sublongitudinal. The 

externomedian vein runs parallel to the preceding, diverging but little
SCUDDER.] SPECIES OF ETOBLATTINA. 67

from it when, beyond the middle of the tegmina, it first branches and 

is unimportant, having but a couple of branches, one simple, the other 

forked. The internomedian vein is gently arcuate, runs parallel to the 

externomedian and strikes the inner margin jusfr before the distal tenth 

of the tegmina; it has five or six mostly simple sweeping branches. The 

anal furrow is rather strongly impressed, very regularly and strongly 

arcuate, and nearly reaches the middle of the tegmina; the anal veins 

are numerous, arcuate, crowded, mostly simple, and avoid the space 

adjoining the anal furrow.

Length of tegmina, 22.5 mm.; breadth at anal furrow, 10 mm. 

(broader at the middle of the anal area).

The surface of the tegmina, especially in the distal half and in the 

iuternomedian a.rea, is covered by very delicate cross lines between the 

nervures, not very closely crowded.

This species, represented by a nearly perfect fore wing, is more

nearly allied to the European E. primceva than to any of ours; it is 

about two-thirds its size and differs in its lesser breadth, the greater 

brevity of the mediastinal area, and the far later forking of the externomedian vein.

From the Lowest Productive Coal-measures at Gilkerston Ford, 

near Clinton, Mo., collected by David White, United States Geological 

Survey. No. 2182; original No. 412.

2. ETOBLATTINA LATA sp. nov. 

PI. IV, fig. 2.

Although the only known specimen of this species is imperfect by 

the loss of both extremities of the tegmina, they are apparently a 

little less than two and a half times as long as broad, the costal margin rather gently convex, the inner margin straight, and the apex well 

rounded. The mediastinal area is distinctly triangular and tapering 

throughout, terminating shortly before the distal end of the middle 

fifth of the tegmina, with few and distant, straight, very oblique, simple or forked branches. The scapular vein is broadly sinuate throughout, terminates at a little distance before the extreme apex of the 

tegmina, first branches within the basal fourth of the tegmina, and 

has about five nearly longitudinal, simple, forked, or doubly forked 

branches. The externomedi;m vein is also broadly sinuate, first forks 

opposite the tip of the anal furrow, and has four or more longitudinal, 

gently arcuate, simple or forked branches occupying the apical margin. The internomedian vein is feebly sinuate and probably terminates 

well before the extreme apex of the tegmina, and has six or seven 

mostly simple, strongly oblique, nearly straight branches, the first of 

which, deeply forked, originates far before the others, close to the very 

base of the vein. The anal furrow is deeply impressed, bent arcuate, 

and strikes the inner margin at about the end of the proximal third of
68 AMERICAN FOSSIL COCKROACHES.

the tegmina; the anal veins are simple, very gently arcuate, and subequidistant. The anal and internomedian veins are finely traced in 

black on the surface of the tegmina, otherwise of the color of the 

dark stone; and there tare straight and crowded delicate cross lines 

between all the nervures.

Length of fragment, 10.5 mm.; probable length of tegmina, 16 mm. ; 

breadth, 6.75 mm.

This species is most nearly allied to E. sagittaria, a considerably 

larger species, but differs from it in the form of the tegmina, the triangular and not vittate form of the mediastinal area, the far earlier 

branching of the externoinedian vein, and the considerable difference 

in the character of the internomedian area.

From the Waynesburg coal (Lower Permian) of Cassville, W. Ya. 

Mr. E. D. Lacoe; No. 2099a.

3. ETOBLATTINA SAGITTARIA sp. nov. 

PI. IY, fig. 3.

The tegmina are twice as long as broad, have an ovate form, taperingrather regularly from about the middle of the anal area, with subacurninate rounded apex; the costal margin is gently arcuate, as is also the 

distal half of the inner margin. The mediastinal area is narrow, in 

its middle hardly a fifth the breadth of the tegmina, and ends with the 

middle fifth of the same; its branches are few, distant, simple, straight, 

and oblique. Scapular vein gently sinuate, subparallel to the inner margin and terminating almost at the very apex of the tegmina; it has five 

branches, the first arising within the proximal fourth of the tegmina, 

the second about the middle of the tegmina, these two forked or doubly 

forked, the remainder arising at regular intervals arid simple; all are 

longitudinally oblique and gently arcuate. The externomedian vein is

strongly sinuate, especially arcuate at base, first forks about the middle 

of the tegmina and has from three to five simple or forked, straight, 

longitudinal branches, arising at equal intervals in the distal half of 

the tegmina. The internomedian vein is strongly sinuate, parallel to 

the preceding but slightly approaching it distally, where the area is 

prolonged and attenuated, reaching the distal fifth of the tegmina; the 

seven or eight branches are mostly simple, slightly arcuate and oblique, 

the distal branches more strongly than the basal. The anal furrow is 

feebly impressed, very regularly and strongly arcuate and strikes the 

inner margin just beyond the end of the proximal two-fifths of the tegmina; the anal branches are few, subequidistant, arcuate, and simple. 

The surface of the tegmina shows no sign of cross-lining.

Length of preserved portion of tegmina, 11 mm.; probable length of 

tegmina, 12.8 mm.; breadth, 6.5 mm.

In its form and the apically attenuate internomedian area this species 

closely resembles E. deanensis of England, but differs strikingly from.
SCUDDKH.] SPECIES OF ETOBLATTINA. 69

it in both the mediastinal and externomedian areas. It nevertheless 

appears to be closer to that than to any other European species, though 

it more nearly approaches our E. mediana. Were it not for the apical 

attenuation of the internomedian area, it would bear a strong resemblance to a Petrablattina, on account of the simplicity and longitudinality of its straight externomedian branches.

From the Waynesburg coal (Lower Permian) of Cassville, W. Va. 

Mr. E. D. Lacoe; four specimens, Nos. 2100 a, &, c, d.

4. ETOBLATTINA MEDIANA. 

PI. IV, fig. 4.

Tegmina somewhat less than two and one-half times as long as 

broad, tapering rather rapidly on apical half, subacuminate at apex,

the costal margin rather strongly arcuate, the inner margin nearly 

straight to the end of the internomedian area and then rapidly arcuate. 

Mediastinal area vittate, terminating at the distal end of the middle 

fifth of the tegmina with somewhat distant, nearly straight, strongly 

oblique, mostly simple branches. Scapular vein gently arcuate beyond 

the base, terminating well short of the apex of the tegmina, with only 

three distant inequidistant branches, the first arising far toward the 

base, apically doubly forked, the next near the middle of the tegmiua 

and deeply forked, the third simple. The externomedian vein is of 

unusual importance and has a sinuous course to make room for the 

apical extension of the following vein; it first forks not far beyond the 

middle of the proximal half of the tegmina and has four in equidistant, 

apically arcuate branches, which fork at unequal distances from the 

margin, the last simple. The internomedian vein is sinuate by the 

apical extension of its attenuated tip and reaches to the distal fifth of 

the tegmina; its branches are few, distant, arcuate, simple or deeply 

forked, the proximal oblique, the distal nearly longitudinal. The anal 

furrow is very feebly impressed, greatly arcuate, and strikes the inner 

margin not far beyond the end of the proximal fourth of the tegmina; 

the anal area is not preserved. The surface of the tegmiua is marked 

with closely crowded delicate cross lines between the nervures, and the 

latter are faintly and finely traced in black. The basal third of the 

tegmina is lost in the single specimen known. 

Length of fragment, 12 mm.; probable length of tegmina, 17 mm.; 

breadth, 7.5 mm.

This species differ from E. sagittaria by the far greater importance of 

the externomedian area, but seems to be more nearly allied to it than 

to any other species.

From the Waynesburg coal (Lower Permian) of Cassville, W. Ya. 

Mr. E. D. Lacoe; No. 2101 a-b.
70 AMERICAN FOSSIL COCKROACHES. :

5. ETOBLATTINA FOSSA sp. nov. 

PI. IV, fig. 5.

Tegrnina scarcely more than twice as long as broad, the inner margin 

nearly straight, the costal rather strongly convex, the apex broadly 

rounded. Mediastinal area broad at base, rapidly narrowing beyond 

the middle, terminating just beyond the middle of the teginina; the 

branches few, mostly simple, straight and very oblique. Scapular vein 

strongly sinuate, in the middle subparallel to the costal margin, terminating close to the apical margin, first branching in the middle of the 

proximal half of the tegmina, with few gently arcuate branches, but 

the proximal ones deeply forked or compound, and all longitudinally 

oblique. Externometiian vein rather strongly sinuate, first branching 

a little before the middle of the tegmiua, the branches few but mostly 

doubly forked and longitudinally arcuate. Internomedian vein parallel 

to the externomedian, terminating a' little before the extreme apex of 

the tegmina, two branches which are doubly forked thrown off in the 

proximal fourth of the tegmiua, and only one or two (simple?) beyond. 

Anal furrow finely impressed, regularly arcuate but apically straight 

and nearly transverse, terminating beyond the proximal two-fifths of 

the tegmina. The surface is glistening, carbonaceous, and distinctly 

marked with crowded and very irregular delicate cross lines, in places 

becoming reticulate. The lower part of the tip of the tegmina is broken 

off from the only specimen known, and the shoulder of the base is lost, 

with the anal area.

Length of fragment, 12.4 mm.; probable length of tegmina, 14 mm.; 

breadth, 6.75 mm.

This species closely resembles the next two, but theneuration is much 

less close, and the branching of the interuomedian vein very different, 

most of the area being taken up with the offshoots of the first two

branches.

Lower Barren Coal-measures of Ohio, less than 100 feet above the 

crinoidal limestone, in the valley of Wills Creek, Eichmond, Jefferson 

County. Mr. 8. Huston, No. 182.

6. ETOBLATTINA ILLUSTRIS. 

PI. IV, fig. 11.

Etoblattinaillustris Scudd., Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv., No. 101, 12-13, pi. 21 (1893).

From the Lower (?) Productive Coal-measures of Pawtucket (?), E. I. 

7. ETOBLATTINA OVATA sp. nov. 

PL IV, fig. 6.

Tegmina of a very symmetrical long ovate form, somewhat more than 

twice as long as broad. Mediastinal area fully half as long as the; 

tegmina, the branches of the vein not numerous, gently arcuate, and 

mostly simple. Scapular vein nearly straight, with only a gentle arcua-;
SCUDDER.] SPECIES OF ETOBLATTINA. 71

tion at the extremities, subparallel to the costal margin and terminating 

scarcely before the extreme apex of the tegmina; it first branches in 

the middle of the proximal half of the tegmina, and has half a dozen 

very oblique and straight branches, simple or doubly forked. Externomedian vein straight and longitudinally oblique in its middle half, 

but arcuate at the extremities, terminating a little below the apex of 

the tegmina, thus occupying but an inconsiderable space on the margin; 

in the single specimen before me it first forks a little before the middle 

of the tegmina and has four branches, but the first is blind, the second 

deeply forked, the others simple, and all longitudinal. The internomedian vein is broadly sinuate, especially by the apical prolongation 

of the area, nearly to the apex of the tegmina, and is supplied with 

numerous branches, all, so far as can be seen, simple and arcuate, the 

proximal oblique, the distal longitudinal. The anal furrow is rather 

deeply impressed, strongly arcuate. and probably mesially bent, terminating a little before the middle of the tegmina; the anal veins are 

numerous and crowded, strongly arcuate, and most of them very deeply 

forked. The carbonaceous black surface is indistinctly marked with 

rather close and irregular tremulous cross lines.

Length of fragment, 13 mm.; probable length of tegmina, 14.5 mm.; 

breadth, 6.25 mm.

This species -is tolerably distinct from any of the known species of 

Etoblattina, but is perhaps most nearly allied to E. illustris, from 

which it differs in every known point of structure, and in particular in 

its feebly developed exteruomedian area, not to mention the extreme 

disparity in size, the present species having tegmina less than onefifth as long as E. Ulustris.

From the Waynesburg coal (Lower Permian) of Cassville, W. Va. 

Mr. E. D. Lacoe; one specimen, No. 2102&.

. 8. ETOBLATTINA SCHOLFIELDI. 

PI. IV, fig 7.

Etoblattina scholfieldi Scudcl., Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv., No. 101, 15, pi. 2, fig. & (1893).

From the Lower (*?) Productive Coal-measures of East Providence, 

E. I.

9. ETOBLATTINA DEBILIS sp. nov.

PI. IY, fig. 8.

Tegmina oval, tapering from before the middle, about two and onefourth times longer than broad, the costal border strongly convex, especially in basal half, the inner margin nearly straight, except at base and 

apex, and the apex probably well rounded. Mediastinal area vittate, 

about a fourth of the width of the tegmina, apically tapering gradually, 

and terminating scarcely beyond the distal end of the middle third of 

the tegmina, the branches tolerably numerous, straight, oblique or very 

oblique, and rarely forked. The scapular and externomedian veins run.
72 AMERICAN FOSSIL COCKROACHES.

so closely together in the proximal fourth of the tegmina as often with 

difficulty to be distinguished; beyond this the former, is nearly straight 

and ends scarcely above the extreme apex of the tegmina; the branches 

are simple or deeply forked, nearly straight and oblique, the first originating sometimes as early as the middle 6f the proximal half of the 

tegmina. The externomedian vein, nearly as soon as it distinctly parts 

from the scapular, is straight and longitudinally oblique with three or 

four simple or forked straight branches parallel to the scapular vein. 

The internomedian vein is strongly arcuate at base, straight beyond, 

and terminates not far from the middle of the distal half of the tegmina; its branches are only three or four in number, but they are often 

deeply forked or doubly forked, nearly straight, and with a general 

oblique course. The anal furrow is very sharply depressed, very strongly 

arcuate before the straight apex, which strikes the inner margin at the 

end of the proximal two-fifths of the tegmina; the anal veins next the 

furrow are bent arcuate, the distant ones oblique and nearly straight, 

all simple, and the latter much more crowded than the former. The 

basal portion of the mediastinal vein is almost as much impressed as 

the anal furrow, and the interval between it and the scapular vein at 

the extreme base of the tegmina roundly ridged. The surface of the 

tegmiua is of the color of the stone, but the internomedian and anal 

veins are finely traced in black; excessively crowded fine cross lining 

appears everywhere between the nervures, especially in the faintly 

vaulted anal area.

Length of largest fragment, 13 mm.; probable length of tegmina, 

17 mm.; breadth, 7.5 mm.

This species somewhat resembles E. strigosa, especially in the close 

basal alliance of the scapular and externornedian veins, but it differs 

considerably from any species with which one would be disposed to 

compare it. One of the specimens (No. 2103 o-d) does not have the

Scapular and exte-rnomedian veins united to so great a distance as 

described.

From the Waynesburg coal (Lower Permian) of Cassville, W. Va. 

Mr. K. D. Lacoe; three specimens, Nos. 2103 a-b, c-d, e.

10. ETOBLATTINA STRIGOSA. 

PI. IV, fig. 10.

Etoblattina strigosa Scudd., Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XXIV, 52-53 (1889).

From the Lower Barren Coal-measures of Ohio, less than 100 feet 

above the crinoidal limestone in the valley of Wills Creek, Eichmond, 

Jefferson County.

11. ETOBLATTINA CLARKII.

PL Y, fig. 10.

EtollaUina clarkii Scudd., Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv., No. 101, 14-15, pi, 2, fig.; (1893).

From the Lower (?) Productive Coal-measures at Pawtucket, E. I.
6C0DDER.] SPECIES OF ETOBLATTINA. 73

12. ETOBLATTINA VENUSTA.

Jllattmavemista Lesq., Second Kep. Geol. Ark., 314, pi. 5, fig. 11 (1860). 

EtoUattina venusta Scudd., Mein. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., Ill, 70-72, pi. 6, fig. 12 (1879); 

FOBS. Ins. N. A., I, 90-92, pi. 6, fig. 12 (1890).

Frog Bayou, Arkansas, in deposits regarded by Lesquereux 1 as having from 200 to 300 feet of Millstone Grit above them, but which I ain 

informed by Mr. E. D. Lacoe, basing his judgment upon the maps and 

reports of the later Arkansas surveys, more probably belong to the 

true Productive Coal-measures, or the upper "coal-bearing division" of 

Winslow. Final reports on the district have not yet been published, 

and another season's fieldwork may be required to furnish a complete 

demonstration. In the present paper I have assumed provisionally the 

accuracy of Lesquereux's determination, though the presumption is not 

in its favor.

13. ETOBLATTINA BALTEATA,

G-erablattina balteata Scudd., Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., Ill, 110-112, pi. 6, figs. 9, 

10 (1879); Eep. Second Geol. Surv.Penn. PP, 104, pi. 38, figs. 5,5a (.1880) ; Foss, 

Ins. N. A., I, 130-132, pi. 6, figs. 9,10 (1890).

EtoUattina lalteata Scudd., Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. XXIV, 46, 48 (1889).

From the Waynesburg coal (Lower Permian) of Cassville, W. Va.; 

and perhaps from Bellaire, Ohio, in. the Barren Coal-measures in shales 

20 feet below the Pittsburg coal.

The type of the species comes from Oassville. The fragment from 

Bellaire is composed of the anal area only, and it is quite impossible to 

tell whether it belongs to this or an allied species.

14. ETOBLATTINA PATIENS sp. nov. 

PI. IV, fig. 9.

Tegmina slender, nearly three times as long as broad, the costal margin not very strongly but very regularly arcuate, the inner margin 

nearly straight, the apex probably well rounded, tapering from the middle of the tegmina. Mediastinal area vittate, the vein parallel to the 

margin, apically tapering and reaching nearly to the middle of the distal half of the tegmina, the branches moderately numerous, oblique, 

straight, and simple. The scapular vein is unusually straight and 

terminates scarcely above the extreme apex of the tegmiua; it divides 

in the middle of the proximal half of the tegmina into two longitudinal 

branches, each further subdivided only beyond the middle of the tegniina, the upper or first branch into a double fork, simulating the 

appearance of the apical part of the mediastinal vein, the lower or main 

stem with several inequidistaut branches, some at least probably forked. 

Externornedian vein also very straight and longitudinally oblique, first 

forking before the middle of the tegmina, the branches distant, only

»See Geol. Mag., V, 177 (1868).
74 AMERICAN FOSSIL COCKROACHES.

three or four in number, .the first two oblique, the others compound, 

Internomedian vein similarly straight, though probably a little arcuate 

at tip (where it is broken in the only specimen seen), terminating probably a little before the apical margin of the tegmina, the branches 

rather numerous, subequidistant, increasingly oblique the farther from 

the anal area, arcuate and simple. Anal furrow delicately impressed, 

not greatly arcuate, terminating at the distal end of the proximal twofifths of the tegmina. The surface of the tegmina is very broadly 

banded with black along the veins, between which run rather closely 

crowded, delicate, irregular cross lines, conspicuous only in the blackened portions.

Length of fragment, 13 mm.; probable length of tegmina, 18 mm.; 

breadth, 6.4 mm.

This species is closely allied to E. balteata, from which it differs principally in the far more numerous and simple internomedian branches, 

and in the earlier forking of the scapular vein; it is also related not distantly to the European E. russoma and probably has the apex, as there, 

well filled with numerous veinlets, but the costal margin is far less 

arcuate, and the main veins in E. russoma are not nearly so straight 

as here. It also shows many points of resemblance to our E. occulta.

From the Waynesburg coal (Lower Permian) of Cassville, W. Va. 

Mr. E. D. Lacoe; one specimen, No. 2104 a-b.

15. ETOBLATTINA MUCRONATA sp. nov. 

PL Y, fig. 3.

A large part of the base is lost from the only specimen of this species 

seen, but the tegmina are apparently somewhat less than three times 

as long as broad, of a lanceolate form, the apical half tapering somewhat 

rapidly aud regularly, the apex subacuminate and sharply rounded. 

The mediastmal area is triangular, apically attenuate, reaching nearly

to the distal end of the middle fifth of the tegmina, first forking at 

about the end of the proximal third of the tegmina, with three or four 

arcuate, longitudinally oblique, deeply forked or doubly forked branches, 

the apical branch simple. Externomedian vein very feebly sinuate, 

first forking at about the middle of the tegmina, with four branches 

having a course similar to that of the scapular branches, simple or forked, 

the last multiforked. Internomediau vein very feebly sinuate, almost 

straight, terminating well before the apex, but at the edge of the apical 

margin, with very numerous, nearly straight, crowded, simple, oblique 

branches. The surface of the tegmina is uniformly blackish, with the 

feeblest possible signs of distant straight cross lines between the 

nervures. The anal area and furrows are lost.

Length of fragment, 9.5 mm.; probable length of tegmina, 13.5 mm.; 

breadth, 5 mm.

This species bears a certain resemblance to E. expuncta, but is of much . 

slenderer form, more tapering apically, and has more oblique and more
SCUDDER.] SPECIES OF ETOBLATTINA. . . 75

complicated extemomedian branches; the internomedian area is also 

longer in the present species ; besides which there is in E. expuncta no 

such wide separation of the nervures in the middle of the wing as here. 

From the Waynesburg coal (Lower Permian) of Cassville, W. Va. 

Mr. E. D. Lacoe; No. 2105 a-b.

16. ETOBLATTINA DETECTA sp. nov. 

PI. IV. figs. 12,13.

Tegmina long ovate, considerably less than three times as long as 

broad, with the costal margin very strongly arcuate at base, nearly 

straight beyond the proximal third of the tegmina, the inner margin 

nearly straight, and the apex subacuminate, falling above the middle 

line of the tegmina. The mediastinal area is very slender and tapering, terminating well before the distal end of the middle third of the 

tegmina, with few very oblique, straight, simple branches. Scapular

vein nearly straight, terminating near the beginning of the apical margin, first forking well before the middle of the tegmina with about 

four very ineqnidistant, longitudinal or longitudinally oblique, simple 

or deeply forked, sometimes doubly forked, straight or slightly arcuate branches. Internomedian vein distant from the extemomedian, 

straight or sinuate, terminating at about the middle of the distal half, 

of the tegmina with generally simple, rather distant, parallel, oblique, 

arcuate branches. Anal furrow very strongly and very regularly arcuate, rather deeply impressed, terminating not far from the middle of 

the proximal half of the tegmina; anal veins irregularly arcuate, inequidistant and subparallel, simple and moderately numerous. The 

surface of the tegmina is heavily banded with black along the nervures, so broadly as often to blend with the neighboring bands, and the 

interspaces are traversed pretty regularly and closely with distinct 

straight cross lines.

Length of tegmina, 16.5 mm.; breadth, 6.25 mm.

Two specimens are before me which differ considerably in the internomedian vein, which in one is straight and apically divaricate from 

the extemomedian vein, and this latter forks relatively far from the 

base, while in the other specimen the internomedian vein is sinuous, 

apically convergent with the extemomedian vein, and this latter forks 

relatively near the base. The latter specimen is nearly perfect; the 

former has lost a little of both base and apex.

This species is more nearly allied to the two preceding than to any 

others known to me, but is sufficiently distinguished from E. mucronata 

by its form and the relatively small number of internomedian branches, 

as well as by the^earlier forking of the extemomedian vein, and from 

E. patiens by the very different mediastinal area. It is, on the whole, 

nearer the latter.

From the Waynesburg coal (Lower Permian) of Cassville, W. Va. 

Mr. B. D. Lacoe; two specimens, Nos. 2106 a-&, c.
76 AMERICAN FOSSIL COCKROACHES.

17. ETOBLATTINA OCCIDENTALIS.

Etoblattina occidentalis Scudd., Mem, Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., IV, 410-411, pi. 32, fig. 4 

(1890); Foss. Ins. N. A., 1,386-387, pi. 24, fig. 4 (1890).

Lawrence, Kans. Dr. S. W. Williston, of the University of Kansas, 

tells me that the locality at which it was found, in the old fair ground 

near the city, is at about the middle of the true Carboniferous of Kansas, as nearly as he can make it out.

18. ETOBLATTINA EXIGUA sp. nov.

PI. V, fig. 4.

Tegmina somewhat less than three times as long as broad, the inner 

margin straight, the costal margin strongly arcuate, but much less so 

in the apical half, the apex probably well rounded. Mediastinal area 

triangular, the vein being straight and terminating well before the 

distal end of the middle third of the tegmina; the branches are obscure 

but probably very longitudinally oblique and few in number. The 

scapular vein is broadly sinuate, terminating just above the extreme 

apex of the tegmiua; it has but very few, three or four, very longitudinally oblique, feebly arcuate branches, mostly simple, their course 

parallel to the naediastinal vein. The externomedian vein is arcuate 

and has but two longitudinal branches, the first originating in the center 

of the tegmina and forked to its root, the other not far before the margin ; 

probably all three of these are forked next the apical margin (broken 

in the only specimen). The internoinedian vein is arcuate at first, 

straight apically, and terminates a little beyond the middle of the distal 

half of the tegmina; the branches are few in number and distant, the 

first one deeply forked, the others simple, straight, and oblique. The 

anal furrow is not very strongly arcuate, deeply impressed only in its 

basal half, and terminates a little beyond the end of the proximal third 

of the tegmiua; the anal veins are few, distant, simple, parallel, subequidistant, and arcuate. The basal portion of the mediastinal vein is 

impressed as deeply as the anal furrow, while the basal portions of the 

externomedian and internomedian veins are borne on the summit of a 

ridge between them. The surface of the tegmina is blackish brown 

and all the nervures are bordered for fully a fourth of the distance to 

the neighboring nervures with black, more distinctly in the anal area 

than elsewhere; and there is a feeble very crowded straight cross lining 

between the nervules.

Length of fragment, 9.25 mm.; probable length of tegmina, 11.75 mm.; 

breadth, 4.2 mm. 0

This species is remarkable for the paucity of its ueuration, and is not 

closely allied to any other species yet known.

From the Waynesburg coal (Lower Permian) of Cassville, W. Va. 

Mr. E. D. Lacoe; one specimen, No. 2107 a-b.
SPECIES OF ETOBLATTINA. 77

19. ETOBLATTINA sp. 

PI. V, fig. 2.

EtoUattina sp. Scudcl., Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv., No. 101, 18, pi. 2, fig. ft, (1893). 

From the Lower (*?) Productive Coal-measures of Pawtucket, E. I.

20. ETOBLATTINA JEFFEESONIANA sp. nov. 

PI. V, fig. 7.

The only specimen of this species is a fragment from the middle half 

of the tegmina, with striking neuration; probably the tegmina were 

about two and a half times as long as broad, with both costal and inner 

margins gently convex, indicating a very regular obiong-obovate form.

On this hypothesis, the niediastinal vein extended considerably beyond

the middle of the tegmina, nearly to the distal end of the middle fifth, 

and was vittate, tolerably broad, with rather distant, parallel, straight, 

oblique branches. The scapular vein is extraordinarily distant from 

the inediastinal, strongly and regularly arcuate, and terminates probably short of the apical margin; it first forks just beyond the middle 

of the proximal half of the tegmina, and has about five inequidistaut 

branches, which are long, arcuate, and simple or deeply, rarely doubly, 

forked, having the same trend as the mediastinal branches. The 

externomedian vein is broadly arcuate, first forks a little within the 

proximal two-fifths of the tegmina, and has about four longitudinal 

branches, the earlier ones compound and gently arcuate, the later 

ones simple or forked and nearly straight. The internomediau vein is 

broadly sinuate, the area being apically and very gradually attenuate, 

a<nd probably reaching beyond the scapular area, with branches which 

are gently arcuate, simple, oblique, and become more and more longitudinal, about as distant as the mediastinal branches. The surface 

of the tegmina is uniformly carbonaceous, and there is no sign of any 

cross lines.

Length of fragment, 15 mm.; probable length of tegmina, 23.5 mm.; 

breadth, 9.5 mm.

This species bears some resemblance to the European E. ornatissima,j 

but from the imperfection of the latter the scapular areas can not be 

compared; it seems, however, to have been in this direction wholly 

unlike our species. E. jeffersoniana also somewhat resembles our 

E. gratiosa, but differs entirely in the length and character of the 

mediastinal area and the peculiarities of the scapular venation.

Lower Barren Coal-measures of Ohio, less than 100 feet above the 

crinoidal limestone, in the valley of Wills Creek, Eichmond, Jefferson 

County, Mr, S, Hustonj one specimen, Nos. 186 and 184.
78 AMERICAN FOSSIL COCKROACHES. 

21. ETOBLATTINA BESIDTJA sp. nov. 

PI. V, fig. 1.

A portion only of one of the tegmina is preserved in the only specimen of this species seen, lacking the entire costal margin, but the 

greater part of the neuration is preserved and shows a peculiar species. 

The tegmina are apparently about two and a'half, times longer than 

broad with a nearly straight inner margin; the costal margin was 

probably somewhat strongly arcuate and the apex subacuminate, the 

tegmina tapering from before the middle. A fragment only of the 

mediastinal vein is preserved, showing the area to have been remarkably narrow, terminating before the distal end of the middle fifth of 

the tegmina. The scapular vein is rather strongly sinuate, and terminates somewhat before the apex of the tegmina; it first forks before 

the tip of the anal furrow, hardly beyond the basal fifth of the tegmina, 

 and probably has five or six simple or forked, long, straight, and 

remarkably longitudinal branches. The externomediau vein is similarly sinuate, first forks but little beyond the scapular and has but two 

branches, the second emitted near the middle of the tegmina, the 

branches doubly forked or compound, gently arcuate and longitudinal. 

The internomedian vein is strongly sinuate, apically very attenuate, 

but fails even to reach the apical margin; it has seven or more rather 

distant branches, the proximal nearly straight, the distal arcuate and 

longitudinally oblique. The anal furrow is strongly arcuate, scarcely 

impressed, terminating at the end of the basal fourth of the tegmina, 

so that the area is remarkably abbreviated. The surface is uniformly 

black and the interspaces traversed by rather crowded delicate cross 

lines.

Length of fragment, 11 mm.; probable length of tegmina, 15.5 mm.;

breadth of fragment, 5.25 mm.; probable complete breadth, 6 mm,

This species seems to be most nearly, but not closely, allied to JE.jeffersoniana, but differs from it in form, in the narrowness of the mediastinal, scapular, and apical portion of the intemomedian areas, and in 

the totally different formation of the scapular mode of branching.

From the Waynesburg coal (Lower Permian) of Cassville, W. Va. 

Mr. R.'D. Lacoe; oue specimen, No. 2131«.

22. ETOBLATTINA FUNERAEIA sp. nov.

PI. Y, fig. 5.

Tegmina oval, two and a half times as long as broad, the inner margin straight before the a.pex, the costal margin strongly and pretty 

regularly convex, the apex probably well rounded. The mediastinal 

area is vittate, rather narrow, almost two-thirds as long as the tegmina, 

with rather few, inequidistant, straight or arcuate, simple, strongly 

oblique branches. The scapular vein is nearly straight but feebly and
SCUDDER.I SPEOIES OF ETOBLATTINA. 79

very broadly sinuate, terminating at no great distance before the apex 

of the teginina; it first forks at the end of the proximal third of the 

tegmina, and has five or six very oblique feebly arcuate branches, which 

are apically forked at a distance from the margin equal to the width of 

the mediastinal area. The externomedian vein, at first arcuate, is 

thereafter nearly straight, longitudinally oblique and apically faintly 

arcuate; it first forks just beyond the scapular vein, and in the middle 

of the tegmina has three longitudinally and gently arcuate forked or 

doubly forked branches. The internomedian vein is arcuate, very feebly 

except at base, and terminates long before the apex of the tegmina with 

five or six rather distant, simple, arcuate, oblique or longitudinally 

oblique branches. The anal furrow is strongly bent arcuate, strongly 

impressed, and terminates somewhat beyond the end of the proximal 

third of the tegmina; the anal veins are simple, at first distant and 

arcuate,- then sinuate, then proximate and straight, in passing from

the anal furrow. All the nervures, but especially those of the anal 

area, are strongly and rather broadly edged with black, giving the 

whole a funereal appearance, and in the anal and internomedian areas, 

and to a faint degree elsewhere, are distinct cross lines closely crowded 

and straight between the nervules.

Length of largest fragment, 14.5 mm.; probable length of tegmina, 

17.5 mm.; breadth, 7 mm.

This species is of the type of E. russoma of Europe, from which it 

differs mainly in the characteristics of the scapular vein, and the small 

number of externomedian veiiilets. It also resembles, in many points, 

some of our own species, such as E. exsecuta, from which it may be 

separated by its broader and less attenuated internomedian area, 

which feature, as well as the relatively greater breadth of the tegmiua, 

separates it from E. accubita and E. expulsata.

From the Waynesburg coal (Lower Permian) of Cassville, W. Va. 

Mr. E. D. Lacoe; two specimens, Nos. 2108 a-&, c.

23. ETOBLATTINA EXPUNCTA sp. uov. 

PI. V, fig. 6.

Tegmina a little more than two and a half times longer than broad, 

ovate, with gently arcuate costal border, very gently arcuate inner 

border and probably well-rounded apical border. Mediastinal area 

vittate, apically attenuate, reaching slightly beyond the distal end of 

the middle third of the tegmina; the branches few, simple, straight, 

and longitudinally oblique. Scapular and externomedian veins apparently united in the proximal fourth of the tegmina, the scapular thereafter straight and terminating at the very apex; it first forks almost 

immediately after its freedom from the externomedian vein and before 

the middle of the tegmina, and has at least three longitudinally oblique 

gently arcuate branches, all arising before the middle of the distal half
80 AMERICAN FOSSIL COCKROACHES. 

of the tegmina and all deeply forked, the first very deeply and doubly 

forked. The externomedian vein is bent at parting from the scapular 

and is thereafter straight and oblique, and has four or five subequidistant, straight, simple, longitudinal branches. Internomedian vein 

arcuate at base, beyond straight, terminating in the middle of the distal two-fifths of the tegmina, with numerous and crowded, mostly simple, 

straight, oblique branches. The anal furrow is concealed in the only 

specimen seen by the slipping forward of the partially detached anal 

area, but the vaulting of the latter indicates tha.t it was deeply impressed, 

pretty strongly arcuate, and terminated at about the end of the proximal third of the tegmina; anal veins numerous, gently arcuate, mostly] 

simple, but some deeply forked. The surface of. the tegmina is uniformly black, apparently delicately shagreened and there is no trace 

of cross lines.

Length of fragment, 11 mm.; probable length of tegmina, 15 mm. j 

breadth, 5.75 mm.

The species is somewhat allied to E. mucronata, but has an altogether 

different mediastiual area, with no such tapering form of the tegmina. 

E. debilis has the same basal union of the scapular and externomedian 

veins, but that species has much broader tegmina and very different 

internomedian branches. E. russoma is its nearest European ally, but 

it is very different from that species at nearly every point.

From the Waynesburg coal (Lower Permian) of Cassvil.le, W. Va, 

Mr. E. D. Lacoe; one specimen, No. 2109 a-b.

24. ETOBLATTINA GORHAMI.

PI. V, fig. 8. 

EtoUattina gorhami Scudd., Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv., No. 101, 17-18, pi. 2, fig. a (1893).

From the Lower (?) Productive Coal-measures of Pawtucket, B, I. 

25. ETOBLATTINA APERTA sp. nov.

PI. V, fig. 9.

Although only the middle half of one of the tegmina of the specimen on which this species is based is preserved, it retains nearly all the 

most characteristic features of the tegmina and is so remarkable that 

it can not be passed by. To judge by the margins preserved and by 

the course of the veins and their branches it had a tapering oval form, 

the tegmina considerably less than three times as long as broad, and 

probably tapering from near the middle of the proximal half apexward. 

The mediastinal vein appears on the fragment only by its tip, which 

reached but little beyond the middle of the tegmina, the branches very 

oblique. The scapular vein ran in a tolerably straight course not far 

above the middle line of the tegmina to a little beyond the center, when 

it curved strongly upward to the costal margin, which it struck not far
SCDDDEE.] SPECIES OF ETOBLATTINA. 81

from the proximal end of the distal fifth of the tegmina; it probably 

first forked not far beyond the proximal fourth of the tegmina and had 

four considerably arcuate, oblique, simple or more or less deeply forked 

branches. The externomedian vein is nearly straight, very distant 

from the scapular, and has in the fragment only a single but very 

important and singular branch, which, unless there is a slight branch 

to the main vein near the tip, takes all the divarication that appertains 

to the main stem, for, curving in the same sense as the main scapular 

vein and slightly approaching it, it throws off, subparallel to the main 

stem, three longitudinal and arcuate simple or forked branchlets. 

The internomedian vein, too, is peculiar; it lies at an extraordinary 

distance from the externomedian vein, and soon after its freedom from 

the anal area runs completely parallel to the inner margin and at no 

great distance from it, the area being in the middle less than a fourth 

of the width of the tegmina, and probably terminates on the apical

margin, where it curves around to meet its straight course; the branches 

are simple, distant, strongly arcuate and longitudinally oblique. The 

main veins are heavily and broadly, the branches narrowly, margined 

with black, and there is very faint sign of crowded cross lining betwen 

the nervures.

Length of fragment, 9 mm.; probable length of tegmina, 16 ram.; 

breadth, 6 mm.

This species is most nearly allied to U.fasciata, but differs from it in 

the still narrower internomedian area and the totally different neuration of the externomedian vein. I formerly 1 regarded it as the same, 

but there can be little doubt of its distinctness.

From, the Waynesburg coal (Lower Permian) of- Cassville, W. Va. 

Mr. E. D. Lacoe; one specimen, No. 2066 a-b.

26. ETOBLATTINA FASCIATA. 

PI. V, fig. 11.

EtollaU'ma fasciata Scudcl., Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XXIV, 47-48, 1889.

The second specimen described under this name in the above-mentioned paper (p. 48) was wrongly referred to this species and is here 

described as E. aperta, No. 25. No further specimens of the present 

species have been found.

Lower Barren Coal-measures of Ohio, less than 100 feet above the 

crinoidal limestone, in the valley of Wills Creek, Eichmond, Jefferson

County.

27. ETOBLATTINA RAMOSA sp. nov.

PI. V, fig. 12.

The greater and nearly all the important part of one of the tegmina 

shows them to be of a lanceolate form, but with the costal far more 

strongly arcuate than the inner margin, with a probably strongly

1 Proo. Bost. Soc. Xat. Hist., XXIV, 48.

Bull. 124 6
82 AMERICAN FOSSIL COCKROACHES.

rounded somewhat pointed apex, the whole about two and a half times 

longer than broad. The mediastinal vein is straight and subparallel 

to the arcuate margin in the middle of its course, and roundly bent 

toward the margin at the origin of its last offshoot, ending scarcely 

beyond the middle of the tegmina; the branches are distant, gently

 arcuate, strongly oblique and apically narrowly forked. The scapular 

vein is nearly straight, but apically slightly arcuate, terminating a little 

below the apex of the tegmina; it first forks a little beyond the proximal fourth of the tegmina and has four or five branches, which are

 strongly or longitudinally oblique, more or less sinuous, and deeply 

:and sometimes doubly forked. The externomedian vein is nearly 

straight, but apically slightly sinuous and first forks scarcely before 

the middle of the tegmina, and has three or four inequidistaut longitudinal branches, all simple or forked only apically if at' all, together 

occupying only the narrow apical margin. The internoinedian vein, at 

first straight, is afterward sinuous, retreating from and then advancing 

toward the externomedian vein, so as to leave a widened space between 

these main veins, much after the fashion of Spiloblattina, and terminating a little below the extreme apex of the tegmina; its branches 

are distant, longitudinally oblique and arcuate, all or nearly all more 

or less deeply, often doubly, forked or ramose. The anal furrow strikes 

the margin at about the end of the proximal third of the tegmina. 

The surface is black but with long, uncolored, fusiform patches in 

the wider interspaces, while in the blackened portions it is delicately, 

feebly, and minutely reticulate, the reticulations partially giving way 

in the internomedian area to tremulous cross lines.

Length of fragment, 16 mm.; probable length of tegmina, 25 mm.; 

breadth, 10 mm.

This species certainly bears a close general resemblance to JE. hastata 

from the same beds, but has a much stouter form and more strongly 

sinuous internomedian vein, besides larger mediastinal and anal areas; 

the peculiarities of the branching of each vein is, however, very similar.

Lower Barren Coal-measures of Ohio, less than 100 feet above the 

crinoidal limestone, in the valley of Wills Creek, Eichmond, Jefferson 

County. Mr. S. Huston, No. 108.

^^^ 28. ETOBLATTINA WILLSIANA sp. nov.

PI. V, fig. 13.

Tegmina lanceolate, tapering from the basal third, more than two 

and one-half times longer than broad, the costal margin rather strongly 

and pTetty regularly arcuate, the inner margin scarcely arcuate, the 

apex subacuininate and strongly rounded. Mediastinal area long triangular, the vein very straight and terminating scarcely beyond the 

middle of the tegmiua, the proximal branches transversely oblique 

and straight, the distal oblique or very oblique and arcuate, all
SCUDDEH.] SPECIES OF ETOBLATTINA. 83

simple. Scapular vein broadly sinuate by the bending of the vein at 

the origin of the first two branches and its apical slight arcuation, 

terminating well before the apex of the tegmina; it has about half a 

dozen very oblique branches, the first branch arising near the middle 

of the proximal half of the tegmina and nearly continuing the basal 

course of the main vein 5 the distal branches are simple, the others 

deeply forked, doubly forked, or compound. The externomedian vein 

is gently sinuous, terminating below the apex of the tegmiua, so that 

its branches occupy symmetrically the narrow apex; it has three distant longitudinal branches, the lower ones simple, the first, arising well 

before the middle of the tegmina, simple halfway to the tip, and then 

nearly opposite the second branch it is narrowly arborescent; it parts 

so narrowly from the main stem that the vein appears to have two 

narrowly divergent, unequal, forking branches. The internornedian 

vein is strongly sinuate, though straight in the middle of its course, 

and terminates as near the apex as the scapular vein; its branches are

rather distant, all but the apical ancl*some of the proximal forked or 

doubly forked, the proximal oblique and gently arcuate, the distal 

longitudinally oblique and arcuate. The anal furrow can not strike 

the inner margin far beyond the proximal third of the tegmina, but 

this portion is lost in the single specimen seen. The surface is carbonaceous black, with a loss of color in elongate patches in the interspaces, and the black portions are delicately and irregularly reticulate.

Length of fragment, 22.5 min.; probable length of tegmina, 26.75 

mm.; breadth, 10.25 mm.

This species is very closely allied to E. ramosa, but is distinguishable 

from it by the straightness of the mediastinal vein, the angularity of 

the scapular and the earlier forking and different mode of branching of 

the.externomedian vein. Almost similar differences separate it from 

the straight veined E.funesta. In the peculiar formation of the externomedian area it bears some resemblance to the European E. elongata.

Lower Barren Coal-measures of Ohio, less than 100 feet above the 

crinioidal limestone, in the valley of Wills Creek, Richmond, Jefferson 

County. Mr. S. Huston, No. 176.

29. ETOBLATTINA LESQUEREUXII.

Etoblattina, lesquereuxii ScucM., Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., Ill, 67-69, fig., pi. 6, figs. 

2, 3 (1879); Foss. Ins. N. A., I, 87-89, fig., pi. 6, figs. 3, 4 (1890).

From the roof shales of the D seam of anthracite at Yatesville, near 

Pittston, Pa.

30. ETOBLATTINA MALEDICTA sp. nov.

PI. VI, figs. 1-3.

Tegmina oblong ovate, two and one-half or more times longer than 

broad, the costal margin broadly arcuate, the inner margin mostly 

straight, the apex well rounded. Mediastinal area rather narrow, 

vittate, the tip acuminate, ending distinctly beyond the middle of the
84 AMERICAN FOSSIL COCKEOACHES.

tegmina; the branches moderately numerous, rarely forked, very 

oblique, gently arcuate. Scapular vein broadly sinuate, ending a very 

little before the apex, first forking somewhat beyond the proximal 

fourth of the tegmina, with about five inequidistant branches, which 

are mostly deeply forked or doubly forked, arcuate, and Ion gitudiD ally 

oblique, the first generally arising far before the others. Exteruomeclian vein beyond the strong basal arcuation very broadly sinuate, 

first forking at about the middle of the tegmina, with three simple or 

forked branches, all nearly longitudinal, occupying at tip the apical 

margin only of the tegmiua. Internomedian vein broadly sinuate (it 

is drawn too straight in fig. 2), terminating almost or quite as near the 

apex as the scapular vein, its branches not very numerous, arcuate 

and oblique, mostly simple, but occasionally deeply forked. Anal 

furrow rather strongly arcuate,"delicately impressed, terminating at 

the end of the proximal two-fifths of the tegmina; anal veins simple, 

next the anal furrow strongly arcuate, beyond sinuate and more 

crowded. Surface of the tegmina carbonaceous black, with more or 

less fusiform brown patches in the interspaces, the black portions 

marked with crowded, more or less tremulous and irregular cross lines.

Length of largest fragment, 23 mm.; probable length of tegmina, 25 

to 29 mm.; breadth, 9.5 to 11 mm.

This species is closely allied to M. variegata and E. stipata, but is of 

a stouter form, with the main veins more curved than in the former, 

and with less abundantly branched scapular and externomedian veins 

than in the latter. One of the specimens (No. 165) differs from the 

others in that the first branch of the scapular vein is compound and 

carries a much larger share than usual of the scapular system, much as 

in No. 163 (fig. 2), but in a still more aggressive manner.

Lower Barren Coal-measures of Ohio, less than 100 feet above the 

crinoidal limestone, in the valley of Wills Creek, Richmond, Jefferson 

Comity, Mr. S. Hasten; seven specimens,Nos. 163, 164, 165, 170,174, 

181,192.

31. ETOBLATTINA BENEDICTA sp. nov. 

PI. V, figs. 14,15.

Tegmina a"bout two and one-half times longer than broad, tapering 

from the end of the basal third, the costal margin very strongly arcuate, the inner margin nearly straight except at the extremities, the apex 

subacuminate but well rounded. Mediastinal area vittate, tapering 

only close to the tip, which reaches about to the distal end of the 

middle fifth of the tegmina; the branches rarely forked, slightly arcuate, arid very oblique. The scapular vein is considerably sinuate and 

terminates well before the apex of the tegmina; it first forks a little 

beyond the basal third of the tegmina and has five or six branches, of 

which the first two arise close together; the branches are mostly forked
SCUDDER.] SPECIES OF ETOBLATTINA. 85

or compound, most of them considerably arcuate and very oblique 

indeed. The externornedian vein beyond its strong basal arcuation is 

nearly straight, but feebly arcuate in an opposite sense; it first forks 

near the middle of the tegmina and has three branches which are longitudinal, nearly straight, and in the apical fourth of the tegmina forked 

or compound. Internomedian vein strongly sinuate, much more 

strongly arcuate at base than apically, the area being apically 

attenuate and yet terminating far before the apex of the tegmina; the 

distant branches are more or less arcuate, simple or apically forked and 

oblique. The anal furrow is strongly arcuate, scarcely impressed, and 

terminates before the end of the proximal third of the tegmina; the 

anal veins are in no instance preserved. The surface is precisely as in 

E. maledicta.

Length of large fragments, 16 to 22 mm.; probable length of tegmina, 

23.5 to 24 mm.; breadth, 9 to 10 nun.

This species is very closely allied to E. maledicta, and will possibly be 

found to be identical with it; it differs principally in the much stronger 

arcuation of the costal border, the briefer extension of the internomedian area, and the approximation at base of the first two branches 

of the scapular vein. It seems to be equally abundant with E. maledicta, and is with it the most common of the Richmond species. The 

different specimens agree remarkably in the neuration of the scapular 

area, the greatest difference being shown in the two selected for illustration.

Lower Barren Coal-measures of Ohio, less than 100 feet above the 

crinoidal limestone, in the valley of Wills Creek, Richmond, Jefferson 

County. Mr. S. Huston; six specimens, Nos. 166 and 167,168, 178, 179 

and 191,183 and 193,199.

32. ETOBLATTINA PUNESTA sp. nov. 

PI. VI, fig. 4.

Tegmina nearly three times as long as broad, lanceolate, tapering 

apically from the middle, with broadly arcuate costal margin and feebly 

arcuate inner margin, the apex strongly rounded. Mediastinal area 

moderately broad, tapering, terminating at about the distal end of the 

middle fifth of the tegmina, with strongly oblique, rather distant and 

s fcraight, simple or forked branches. Scapular vein exceedingly straight 

in more than its middle half, broadly arcuate apically, and ending just 

before the narrow apical margin; it first forks at about the end of the 

proximal fourth of the tegmina, and has half a dozen straight or sinuate, strongly oblique or longitudinally oblique branches, most of them 

forked, and sometimes compound. The externoinedian vein beyond the 

base is rigidly straight, scarcely bent where first forked, and has but 

a couple of approximate branches, occasionally three, thrown off at the 

middle of the tegmina and beyond, both branches straight and longi-
86 AMERICAN FOSSIL COCKROACHES.

tudinal, soon and almost simultaneously forked and probably again 

forked beyond. In contrast to these the internomedian vein is strongly 

sinuate (though nearly straight in its middle course), leaving a wide 

space between it and the externomedian vein, and terminates somewhat 

earlier than 'the scapular vein; its branches are not crowded, simple, 

or forked, mostly the former, gently arcuate and oblique. The anal 

furrow terminates short of the end of the proximal two-fifths of the 

tegmina. The surface of the tegmina is carbonaceous black, with large^ 

elongate, pale patches in the larger interspaces, and there is feeble sign 

in a few places of delicate, not very crowded, cross lining.

Length of best fragment, 20 mm.; probable length of tegmina, 27 

Dim.; breadth, 9.5 mm.

The species is nearly allied-to E. tennis, from which it differs mainly 

in the later and different branching of the externomedian vein and the 

much more strongly sinuate course of the internomedian. It is a much 

slenderer species than the preceding, from which it differs in the straightness of the middle veins and in its slenderer form. There is a somewhat 

striking difference between two of the specimens in the straightness or 

siuuation of the scapular branches, and especially in the proximal.

Lower Barren Coal-measures of Ohio, less than 100 feet above the 

crinoidal limestone, in the valley of Wills Creek, Eichmoncl, Jefferson 

County. Three specimens: Mr. S. Huston, Nos. 107 arid 177,180; United 

States Geological Survey, No. 2186.

33. ETOBLATTINA EXSENSA sp. nov. 

PL VI, figs. 7,8.

Tegmina slender and lanceolate, about two and one-half times longer 

than broad, to judge from the fragments preserved, which only show

the central portions; the costal margin gently arcuate and the inner

nearly straight. Mediastinal area vittate, tapering in its apical half, 

acuminate, reaching to about the distal end of the middle fifth of the 

tegmina, the veins very oblique, simple, and straight. Scapular .vein 

faintly arcuate, terminating slightly before the extreme apex of the 

tegmina, first forking only a little before the proximal fourth of the tegmina, the first branch nearly longitudinal, and bearing most of the 

branchlets, which are similar to those of the mediastinal vein, but distinctly less oblique; the main vein forks again several times, the first 

at about the middle of the tegmina, the branches longitudinally oblique 

and forked (very likely compound). Externomedian vein nearly straight 

to about the middle of the tegmina, and then bent at the first fork, following a longitudinally oblique course toward the inner margin; it has 

two or more forked and, perhaps, compound branches. The internomedian vein is strongly sinuous, being straight and longitudinally oblique 

beyond the basal arcuation to near the middle of the tegmina, thereafter parallel or subparallel to the inner margin, and doubtless curving
SCUDDER.] SPECIES OF ETOBLATTINA. 87

down toward it apically; its distant branches have a varying obliquity 

and are arcuate, and, at least beyond the basal ones, mostly forked or 

doubly forked. The anal furrow probably terminates at about the end 

of the proximal third of the tegmina. The surface is black, with broader 

or narrower elon gate brown patches in the interspaces, sometimes reducing the black to a narrow bordering to the nervures, though never 

closely approaching the margin of the tegmina; over the black portions 

can be seen a delicate, close, and tremulous cross lining.

Length of fragments, 9 to 11 mm.; probable length of tegmina, 25 to 

27.5 mm.; breadth, 10.5 to 11 mm.

This species closely resembles E, tennis, from which it differs principally in the great importance of the first scapular branch. It is 

similarly distinguished from the two preceding species.

Lower Barren Coal-measures of Ohio, less than 100 feet above the 

crinoidal limestone, in the valley of Wills Creek, Richmond, Jefferson 

County. Mr. S. Huston; two specimens, Nos. 161,196,

34. ETOBLATTINA TENUIS. 

PI. VI, fig. 6.

EtoUaitina temtis Scudd., Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XXIV, 46-47 (1889).

This is the only one of our species with open and widely separated 

neuration in the center of the tegmina which bears any very close 

resemblance to the single European species of that type, E. elongata 

(Gein.), from the Dyas, and it is very distinct from that.

Lower Barren Coal-measures of Ohio, less than 100 feet above the 

crinoidal limestone, in the valley of Wills Creek, Richmond, Jefferson 

County.

35. ETOBLATTINA HUSTONI.

PI. VI, fig. 9.

Etoblattina Imstoni Scudd., Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XXIV, 53 (1889).

From the same place as the last mentioned.

36. ETOBLATTINA PEESISTENS.

EtoUaitina perststens Scudd., Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., IV, 459-460, pi. 41, fig. 7; 

pi. 42, figs. 10, 1 19 (1890); Foss. IDS. N. A., I, 435-436, pi. 33, fig. 7, pi. 34 figs. 

10, 1 19 (1890).

This and an imperfect fragment of another and unnamed species are 

the only post-Paleozoic Etoblattinse known. 

Trias of Fair Play, Colo.

1 A most unfortunate error occurs in one of the plates of my paper on the " Trinssic insects of Fair 

Play" (pi. 42 of the Memoirs of the Boston Society of Natural History, vol. 4; pi. 34 of my Fossil 

Insects of North America, vol. 1), caused by a rearrangement of the plate after the test was prepared 

 without a corresponding change in the text; accordingly, tlio following changes should be made in the 

numbers attached to the figures on this plate: Pig. 9 should be numbered 13; fig. 10, 9; fig. 12, 10; 

fig. 13, 17; fig. 15, 12; fig. 36, 15; and fig. 17 should be numbered 16. The text and plate will then 

correspond.
88 AMERICAN FOSSIL COCKROACHES.

37. ETOBLATTINA EAKINIANA sp. nov. 

PI. VII, fig. 1.

Tegmina subovate, less than two and one-half times longer than broad, 

the costal margin strongly shouldered and beyond that gently and 

regularly arcuate, the inner margin straight, the apex probably well 

rounded. Mediastinal area vittate, tapering through almost the distal 

half, reaching to the distal end of the middle fifth of the tegmina, the 

branches of the vein rather close, mostly simple, increasingly oblique. 

Scapular vein broadly arcuate, terminating at less than halfway from, 

the tip of the mediastinal vein to the apex of the tegmina, with two 

very longitudinally oblique, simple, arcuate branches arising about 

opposite the end of the anal furrow. Externoinedian vein gracefully and 

uniformally sinuate, of far more importance than the scapular, first 

forking before the end of the proximal fourth of the tegmina, the first 

branch forking near the origin of the second branch, each fork again 

dividing halfway to the margin; the other three branches arise near 

together near the middle of the tegmina, and are simple or forked, all 

the branches arcuate, less so from above downward, and all nearly 

longitudinal. Internomedian vein sinuate like the preceding, terminating but little below the apex, the simple branches not crowded as in 

the two previous areas, slightly arcuate, oblique, and increasingly so in 

the distal half of the area. Anal furrow strongly and regularly arcuate, strongly impressed, terminating at the end of the proximal third 

of the tegmina; anal veins arcuate, simple, not numerous. The surface 

of the tegmina is uniformly black, with faint traces of exceedingly 

close cross lining in the internomedian area.

Length of fragment, 13 mm.; probable length of tegmina, 15.25 mm.; 

breadth, 6.5.

The characteristics of the scapular vein easily separate this from 

other species in the vicinity. It is named for Mr. C. L. Eakin, of 

Wadestown, W. Va., who has done good service in the exploitation 

of the locality at Cassville, which has yielded so many remains of 

Etoblattina.

From the Waynesburg coal (Lower Permian) of Cassville, W. Va. 

Mr. E. D. Lacoej one specimen, No. 2111 a-b.

38. ETOBLATTINA ACCUBITA sp. nov. 

PI. VII, fig. 2.

Tegmina nearly three times as long as broad, tapering from the middle in each direction, but more sharply toward the base than toward 

the apex, the costal margin being very strongly and rather regularly 

arcuate, the inner margin nearly straight, and the apex probably 

well rounded. Mediastinal area vittate, terminating at the distal end 

of the middle fifth of the tegmina, the vein with few mostly simple,
SCUDDEH.] SPECIES OF ETOBLATTINA. 89

nearly straight, strongly oblique branches. Scapular vein feebly arcuate beyond the basal sinuation, ending well before the apex of the teginina, with three subequidistant, deeply forked or simple, longitudinally 

oblique branches, the middle one arising at the middle of the teginina. 

Externomedian vein gracefully and rather strongly sinuate, with four 

mostly simple, slightly arcuate, longitudinal branches, the first arising scarcely later than the first scapular branch. Interuomedian vein 

similarly arcuate, terminating slightly below the apex of the teginina, 

the rather numerous branches mostly simple, very oblique, and feebly 

arcuate, the apical ones longitudinally oblique. Anal furrow less 

strongly arcuate than usual, terminating but little short of the middle 

of the tegmiua; anal area destroyed in the only specimen seen. The 

surface is uniformly black, and there is everywhere the feeblest possible sign of close cross lining in the interspaces. 

Length of fragment, 12 mm.; probable length of teginina, 14.75 mm.;

breadth, 5.25 mm.

The species is peculiar for the basal narrowing of the teginina and 

the apparent length and slenderness of the anal area. It is not distantly related to E. mazona and other species, but differs at almost 

every point.

From, the Waynesburg coal (Lower Permian) of Cassville, W. Va. 

Mr. E. D. Lacoe; one specimen, No. 2112a.

39. ETOBLATTINA MAZONA. 

PI. VI, fig. 5. (See also fig. 3 on p. 31.)

Etoblatiina mazona Scudd., Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., Ill, 181, pi. 10 (1882); Proc. 

Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XXI, 392-396 (1882); Foss. lus. N. A., I, 233, pi. la (1890).

From the Lowest Productive Coal-measures at Mazon Creek, Illinois. 

40. ETOBLATTINA EXPULSATA sp. nov. 

PI. VII, figs. 3, 4.

Teginina lanceolate, nearly three times as long as broad, tapering 

from the middle of the proximal half, the costal margin strongly arcuate, especially basally, the inner margin straight, the apex well rounded. 

Mediastiual area vittate, apically very attenuate, reaching the distal 

end of the middle third of the teginina, the branches of the vein rather 

numerous, nearly straight, simple and very oblique, the apical longitudinally oblique. Scapular vein uniformly and rather strongly sinuate, 

ending a little before the apex, first forking at or a little beyond the 

end of the proximal third of the teginina, the branches, five or six in 

number, mostly simple, feebly arcuate or sinuate, longitudinally oblique. 

Externomedian vein sinuate, more strongly arcuate at base than at 

apex, first forking just beyond the first scapular fork, with three longitudinal forked or doubly forked branches. Internomediar vein strongly 

sinuate, the area extended nearly to the tip by its apical prolongation
90 AMERICAN FOSSIL COCKROACHES.

through a superior subramose offshoot from a little beyond the middle 

of the tegmina, the other branches mostly simple, arcuate, oblique, and 

more distant than the branches of other veins. Anal furrow strongly 

bent-arcuate, strongly impressed, and terminating a little beyond the 

end of the proximal third of the tegmina; anal area gently vaulted, 

the veins simple, strongly arcuate. The surface of the tegmina is 

blackish-brown, and the veins are marked and sometimes narrowly 

edged with black, while all the interspaces are traversed by very close 

straight or sinuate cross lines.

Length of one fragment, 14.5 mm.; probable length of tegmina, 1G mm.; 

breadth, 6 mm. Length of another fragment, 10.5 mm.; probable length 

of tegmina, 20 mm.; breadth, 7 mm.

This species is very closely allied to the next four or five species, but 

is sufficiently distinct from them all in the peculiar formation of the 

apical part of .the internomedian area. The two principal, specimens 

referred to here (and figured) differ a little in size and in the point of 

origin of the first scapular branch.

From the Waynesburg coal. (Lower Permian) of Cassville, W. Va. 

Mr. E. D. Lacoe; three specimens, Nos. 2113 a-b, c-dr e-f.

41. ETOBLATTINA GRATIOSA sp. nov. 

PI. VII, fig. 5.

Tegmina ovate, somewhat less than three times as long as broad, the 

costal margin strongly arcuate throughout, the inner margin straight, 

the apex well rounded. Mediastinalareavittate, apically very attenuate,, 

reaching fully to the distal end of the middle third of the tegrniua, the 

branches of the vein simple, nearly straight, exceedingly oblique. Scapular vein gracefully, pretty uniformly and rather gently sinuate, subparallel to the inner margin, ending somewhat before the apex; it first 

branches a little beyond the proximal fourth of the tegmina, and has 

about five branches which have a longitudinal sweep and are mostly 

simply deeply arid narrowly forked. The exteruomedian vein is strongly 

arcuate at the base, feebly sinuate, nearly straight in the middle and 

gently arcuate apically, first branching just beyond the scapular vein, 

and with four longitudinal, nearly straight, mostly forked branches, the 

forks of varying depths. Internomedian vein feebly sinuate, apically 

arcuate with no sign of special extension, yet terminating nearly as far 

out as the scapular vein; its branches are more distant than those of the 

other areas, simple or deeply forked, oblique and nearly straight. Anal 

furrow strongly bent-arcuate, deeply impressed except apically, terminating a little beyond the proximal third of the tegmina; anal veins 

strongly arcuate, simple or profoundly forked. The surface of the tegmina is uniformly blackish, and the interspaces are filled with crowded, 

straight, delicate cross lines.

Length of fragment, 16.5 mm.; probable length of tegmina, 18.25 mm.; 

breadth, 6.75 mm.
SCUDDEK.-) SPECIES OF ETOBLATTINA. 91

This species is closely allied to E. expulsata and has many of its 

special peculiarities, such as the strongly arcuate costa and the separation of the oblique internomedian veins, as well as the general distribution of the branches; but it differs from it distinctly in the structure 

of the extremity of the externomedian area. It also bears a close general resemblance to E. exsecuta, especially in the mediastinal, scapular 

and anal areas, but it differs from it at almost every other point. It 

bears also a general resemblance to the European E. didyma, but differs 

in almost every detail.

From the Waynesburg coal (Lower Permian) of Cassville, W. VaMr. E. D. Lacoe; one specimen, No. 2114 a-b.

42. ETOBLATTINA MACERATA sp. nov. 

PI. VII, fig. 6.

Tegmina two and three-quarters times longer than broad, Ovate,, 

tapering from the middle of the proximal half, the costal margin rather 

strongly arcuate, especially in the proximal half, the inner margin 

straight, the apex well rounded. Mediastinal area vitiate, apicaliy 

attenuate, reaching the distal end of the middle third of the tegminar 

the vein with few and rather distant, nearly straight, very oblique 

branches. Scapular vein broadly sinuate, terminating a little above 

the apex, first forking a little beyond the proximal third of the tegmina, the branches entirely similar to those of the mediastinal area, 

except in their greater length. Externomedian vein strongly sinuate, 

with four inequidistant, longitudinal, sinuate branches, simple or deeply 

forked, the first arising a little beyond the first scapular fork. Internomediau vein sinuate, terminating long before the apex of the tegmina, with branches about as distant as those of the mediastinal area,, 

the proximal ones simple, gently sinuate and oblique, the distal mostly 

deeply forked, arcuate, and very oblique. Anal furrow strongly arched,, 

deeply-impressed, terminating scarcely short of the end of the proximal two-fifths of the tegmina; anal veins simple, strongly arcuate, distant. Surface very dark, all the veins edged narrowly, the anal veinsbroadly, with black, which is traversed by closely crowded straight 

cross veins.

Length of tegmina, 19.5 mm.; breadth, 7 mm.

This species is very closely allied to several others; the relative sparseness and simplicity of the scapular and mediastinal branches separate 

it from E. expulsata and E. gratiosa, and the lesser length of the niediastiual area from E. immolata; in the similarly early origin of the first 

branch of the scapular and externomedian veins it is distinct from 

E. communis, while the same characteristic and the greater stoutness of 

the tegmina distinguish it from E. obatra and E. secreta; from E. obatra 

it is still further separated by its simpler netiration.

From the Waynesburg coal (Lower Permian) of Cassville, W. Va. 

Mr. E. D. Lacoe; two specimens, Nos. 2081 a-b, cA
.92 AMERICAN FOSSIL COCKROACHES.

43. ETOBLATTINA IMMOLATA sp. nov. 

PL VII, figs. 7,8.

Tegmina somewhat more than-two and a half times longer than 

broad, ovate, tapering from about the middle, with rather strongly 

arcuate costal margin (more strongly arcuate in some than in others), 

nearly straight inner margin and probably a well-rounded apex. Mediastinal area vittate, tapering only at extreme apex, reaching nearly to 

the middle of the distal half of the tegraina, the vein with simple, 

rarely forked, strongly oblique, nearly straight, rather abundant 

branches. Scapular vein more or less strongly sinuate, terminating 

.somewhat short of the apex of the tegmina, first forking a little before 

a point opposite the tip of the anal furrow, with four or five simple or 

deeply forked, more or less arcuate, longitudinally oblique branches. 

Externoinedian vein, rather strongly sinuate, first forking scarcely 

beyond the scapular vein, with about four longitudinally arcuate, simple 

or perhaps apically forked branches. Internomedian vein gracefully 

and rather gently sinuate, terminating a little short of the apex of the 

tegmina, with six or eight arcuate, generally simple, very oblique 

branches. Anal furrow strongly arcuate, deeply impressed, terminating at just about the end of the proximal two-fifths of the tegmina; 

.anal area gently vaulted, the veins rather numerous, strongly arcuate 

next the anal furrow, nearly straight in the opposite region. Surface 

 exactly as in E. macerata.

Length of largest fragment, 14 mm.; probable length of tegniiua, 

17.75 mm. ; breadth, 6.5 to 7 mm.

This species is closely allied to the three preceding species, but is 

sufficiently distinguished from them by the greater length of the inediastinal area, in which it approaches the genus G-erablattina. From

the two following- species, to which it is also very closely allied, it

differs in the nearly simultaneous origin of the first branches of the 

.scapular and externoraedian veins.

The two specimens placed here differ rather unusually at one or two 

points, especially the arcuation of the costal margin, the breadth of 

the inediastinal area, and the number of iuternomedian branches.

From the Waynesburg coal (Lower 'Permian) of Cassville, W. Va. 

Mr. R. D. Lacoe, Nos. 2115 a-b, c-cl.

44. ETOBLATTINA MACTATA sp. nov. 

PI. VII, fig. 9.

Tegmina two and three-quarters times longer than broad, ovate, tne 

costal margin very regularly and gently arcuate, the inner margin 

nearly as arcuate, the apex doubtless strongly rounded. Mediastinal 

area vittate, tapering only beyond the middle of the tegmina, reaching 

almost to the middle of their distal half, the vein with moderately
SCUDDEB.] SPECIES OF ETOBLATTINA. 93

numerous, mostly simple, very oblique, straight branches. Scapular 

vein rather strongly sinuate, terminating a very little before the extreme 

apex of the tegniina, first branching at the end of the proximal third of 

the tegmiua, with four or five subequidistant, arcuate, simple or forked 

branches, which apically have the same direction as the distal mediastiual branches. Exteruomediau vein strongly arcuate, first branching 

considerably later than the scapular vein, Avith three simple or deeply 

forked (probably reforked apically), nearly longitudinal but arcuate 

branches, occupying on the margin only the narrow apex of the tegmina. Internoinedian vein strongly and very gracefully arcuate, terminating as near the apex as the scapular vein, with five deeply forked or 

simple branches, the proximal ones nearly straight and oblique, the distal 

arcuate and longitudinally oblique. Anal furrow very strongly arcuate 

except apically, sharply incised, terminating at about the end of the 

proximal two-fifths of the tegrnina; anal area slightly vaulted, the veins

gently or (toward the furrow) strongly arcuate, simple. Surface blackish brown, all the veins marked in black and perhaps delicately edged 

with the same, the interspaces with closely crowded straight cross lines.

Length of fragment, 15 mm.; probable length of tegmina, 18.5 mm.; 

breadth, 7.25 mm.

This species is separated from those which immediately precede it, 

and to which it is closely allied, by the relatively wide intervals between 

the origin of the first scapular and externomediau branches. It is still 

more closely related to E. communis, from which the greater length of 

the mediastiual area clearly separates it. One can not but be struck, 

also, by the rather strong general resemblance this insect bears to 

GeraMattina concinna from the same beds, but besides the generic distinctions between them (which are here indeed feeble), it differs in 

almost every detail as well as in the form of the tegrnina. Of the 

European species it is most nearly allied to E. dohrnii, but not at all 

closely.

From the Waynesburg coal (Lower Permian) of Cassville, W. Va. 

Mr. R. D. Lacoe; one specimen, No. 2116a.

45. ETOBLATTINA COMMUNIS sp. nov. 

PI. VII, figs. 10-17.

Tegmina ovate, somewhat more than two and a half times longer 

than broad, the costal margin gently and pretty regularly arcuate, the 

inner margin faintly arcuate, the apex strongly rounded. Mediastinal 

area vittate, apically acuminate, reaching nearly, sometimes quite, to the 

distal end of the middle third of the tegmiua, the vein with relatively 

few, mostly simple, and nearly or quite straight, very oblique branches. 

Scapular vein faintly broadly sinuate, terminating shortly before the 

very apex of the tegmina, first forking at about the end of the proximal fourth of the wing, often a little after, rarely before it, the branches
94 AMERICAN FOSSIL COCKROACHES.

three to five in number, the first generally widely separated from the 

.second, mostly deeply forked, rarely doubly forked, but always some of 

them simple, and all longitudinally oblique and arcuate. Externome-

 dian vein broadly sometimes strongly arcuate, rarely uniform, first 

forking some distance later than the scapular, the branches from two 

to four, usually four, in number, longitudinal, more or less arcuate, 

isome of them simple, others deeply but narrowly forked, often doubly 

forked or even compound. The interne median vein is gracefully sinuate, 

more strongly arcuate basally than apically, and ends not far from the 

.apex but generally farther than the scapular vein 5 the branches are 

more distant than in the other areas and most of them are simple and 

very oblique, the distal more oblique than the proximal, but the first 

.and some of the last are often deeply forked, and occasionally the area 

is apically filled by simple oblique branchlets from a longitudinally 

oblique preapical branch. Anal furrow strongly arcuate, impressed, 

terminating at a little beybnd the proximal third of the tegmina; anal 

.area gently vaulted, the veins simple and arcuate, not crowded. Surface blackish brown, all the veins marked and narrowly margined with 

Mack and the interspaces filled with crowded straight cross lines.

Length of tegmina, 16 to 21 mm.; breadth, 6 to 8 mm.

The species is sufficiently distinguished from E. mactata, its nearest 

.-ally, by the briefer extent of the mediastinal area; and from the four 

preceding species, to which it is also closely related, by the wider separation of the points of origin of the first scapular and externomedian 

branches. It differs in the same feature, as also in the length of the 

mediastiual area, from. Oerablattina uniformis, to which its general 

resemblance is very striking. It appears to be the commonest species 

in West Virginia, where ten specimens have been found.

From the Waynesburg coal (Lower Permian) of Cassville, W. Va. 

Mr. E. D. Lacoe, Nos. 2187 o-&, c-d, e, /, #, /*, «, j, li-l, m-n.

46. ETOBLATTINA sp.

Etollattina sp. Scudd., Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., IV, 460, pi. 42, fig. 20 (1890); 

FOPS. Ins.' N. A., I, 436, pi. 34, fig. 20 (1890).

Triassic of Fair Play, Colo.

47. ETOBLATTINA HASTATA sp. nov. 

PI. VIII, fig. 1.

Tegmina lanceolate, tapering from a little beyond the middle of the 

proximal half, almost three times as long as broad, the costal margin 

very gently arcuate except at base and tip, where it is more strongly

 curved, the inner margin scarcely arcuate, the apex probably sharply 

rounded. Mediastinal vein straight until past the final branch, and 

.then bent toward the margin, which it strikes, before the middle of the
SCUDDER.I SPECIES OF ETOBLATTINA. 95

tegmina, with rather distant, simple or narrowly forked, arcuate, very 

oblique branches. Scapular vein straight, terminating scarcely above 

the very apex of the tegmina, first branching before the end of the 

proximal fourth of the tegmina, the branches not numerous, inequidistant, longitudinally oblique, irregular and deeply forked, sometimes 

compound. Externomedian vein also straight, nearly parallel to the 

scapular throughout its course, first forking far beyond the scapular at 

about the end of the proximal two-fifths of the tegmina, the few 

branches nearly longitudinal, mequidistant, and, so far as preserved, 

simple. Interiioniedian vein irregularly sinuate, falling not far short 

of the apex of the tegmina, in the distal half of its course subparallel 

to the inner margin, the branches distant, inequidistant, mostly deeply 

forked or compound, some simple, arcuate and very oblique. Anal furrow terminating before the end of the proximal third of the tegmina'. 

Surface uniformly carbonaceous, covered with a delicate tremulous 

reticulation.

Length of fragment, 17 mm. j probable length of tegmiua, 27.25 mm.; 

breadth, 9.5 mm.

This species is evidently not distantly related to the apparently 

.stouter species, E. fasciata, but has a very different internomedian area.

Lower Barren Coal-measures of Ohio, less than 100 feet above the 

crinoidal limestone, in the valley of Wills Creek, Richmond, Jefferson 

County. Mr. S. Huston; one specimen, Is o. 106.

48. ETOBLATTINA MARGINATA. 

PI. VIII, fig. 2.

EtoUattina marginata Scudd., Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XXIV, 48-50 (1889). 

From the same locality and horizon as the last.

49. ETOBLATTINA GRACILENTA sp. nov. 

PI. VIII, figs. 6, 7.

Tegmina almost exac.tly three times as long as broad, obovate, taper - 

iug but very little from about the end of the proximal third, the costal margin very strongly arcuate at base, beyond nearly straight to 

the rounded tip, the inner margin similarly straight, the apex rather 

broadly rounded. Mediastiual area narrow, vittate, but the feebly sinuate vein constantly approaching the margin in the apical half, reaching 

considerably beyond the proximal half of the tegmina, the branches of 

the vein not numerous, mostly deeply and narrowly forked, very 

strongly oblique. "Scapular vein sinuate, much more strongly arcuate 

at base than beyond, where it is subparallel to the costal margin, with 

a varying but considerable number of inequidistant, longitudinally 

oblique branches, some of them arcuate, rarely simple, generally deeply, 

forked, doubly forked or even compound, the first arising somewhat
96 AMEEICAN FOSSIL COCKROACHES.

before the end of the proximal third of the tegmina. The externornedian 

vein, pretty strongly arcuate at the base, is thereafter nearly straight 

and subparallel to the scapular vein, but gradually parts slightly from 

it in the distal half of the tegmina; it first forks a little before the 

middle of the tegmina and has but three or four deeply and narrowly 

forked or compound longitudinal branches. The internomediau vein, 

after the basal arcuation, runs in a straight longitudinally oblique course 

to a little beyond the middle of the tegmina, when it curves so as to 

run a short distance parallel to the inner margin and then curves down 

to it, ending somewhat before the apex; most of its inequidistant 

branches are broadly and deeply forked and are increasingly oblique. 

Anal furrow sharply and deeply impressed, strongly arcuate and terminating slightly within the proximal two-fifths of the tegmina; the 

anal area is vaulted, the veins few, inequidistant, simple, those next 

the furrow bent-arcuate and distant, the others close and sinuate. 

Surface carbonaceous with feeble signs of cross lining in the interspaces.

Length of largest fragment, 28 mm.; probable length of tegmina, 28 

to 29.5 mm.; breadth, 9 to 9.75 mm.

This species is easily distinguished from both E. hastata and E.marginata by the sinuation of the1 main veins, and from at least the former by its very different form. In its larger features the neuration 

resembles that of E. icillsiana, but it is abundantly distinct from that 

species in every detail.

The two specimens figured differ somewhat and particularly in the 

length of the internomedian area, the apical space given to the externomediau area, and the proximal branches of the scapular area, whicb. 

in one are more numerous and simpler than in the other.

Lower Barren Coal-measures of Ohio, less than 100 feet above the 

criuoidal limestone, in the valley of Wills Creek, Richmond, Jefferson County. Mr. S, Huston; three specimens, Nos. 114, 198, and 

perhaps 105.

50. ETOBLATTINA EXSECUTA sp. nov.

PI. VIII, fig. 4.

Tegmina long oval, almost three times as long as broad, tapering only 

from the middle, the costal margin strongly and very uniformly arcuate^ 

the inner margin feebly arcuate, the apex pretty well rounded. Mediastinal area vittate, rather narrow, apically acuminate, terminating just 

before the end of the middle third of the tegmina, the branches of the 

vein rather few, straight, simple, and strongly oblique. Scapular vein 

gracefully and regularly sinuate, ending well before the apex of the tegmina, first forking just before the proximal fourth of °the tegmiua. with 

about four arcuate branches having the same trend as the mediastinal 

branches, simple or deeply forked. Externomedian vein strongly sinuate, more arcuate basally than apically, first forking but little beyond 

the scapular, with five or six sinuate, longitudinal, simple or apically
SCUDDER] SPECIES OF ETOBLATTINA. . 97

and narrowly forked branches, or with only two or three of such 

branches, one of them compound. Internomedian vein sinuate like 

the externoinedian, terminating not very far short of the apex of the 

tegmina, with half a dozen branches, less crowded than those of the 

scapular and externomedian veins, arcuate and oblique, simple or, 

deeply forked. Anal furrow strongly bent-arcuate, sharply impressed,* 

terminating at the end of the proximal two-fifths of the tegmina, the 

anal veins simple, numerous, more distant, and strongly arcuate next, 

more crowded and straight or sinuate away from, the furrow. Surface 

uniformly blackish brown, with closely crowded, straight cross lines in 

all the interspaces.

Length of tegmina, 18.75 mm.; breadth, 6,5 mm.

This species is very closely related to E. communis, from which it differs 

in the stronger arcuation of the costal margin, its slenderer form, and the 

closer approximation of the first fork of the scapular and exteruoinedian 

veins. It differs similarly from I), macerata except in the last-mentioned

point, and that the scapular and externomedian branches are more 

crowded. It also bears a nearly similar relation to the still slenderer 

£j. secreta, but it has a shorter niediastinal area and a less elongated 

anal area. From E. expulsata, to which it is also closely allied, it differs 1 

in its slenderer form, the much less arcuate costal margin, and the 

earlier forking of the scapular and externomedian veins.

From the Waynesburg coal (Lower Permian) of Cassville, W. Va. 

Mr. E. D. Lacoe; three specimens, Nos. 2120 a-6, c-d, e, besides two 

others probably belonging here.

51. ETOBLATTINA ARCTA sp. nov. 

PI. VIII, fig. 5.

Tegmina exceptionally long and slender, more than three and a half 

times longer than broad, about equally slender at both extremities, the 

costal margin more arcuate at base than next apex, nearly straight in 

the middle, the inner margin feebly arcuate at base, nearly straight 

beyond to the sloping tip, the apex subacuminate, very sharply rounded. 

Mediastinal area vittate, broad, tapering only at extreme tip, which 

reaches but little beyond the middle of the tegraina, the branches of 

the vein distant, simple, straight, oblique. Scapular vein broadly arcuate, in most of its course parallel to the costal margin, terminating at 

about the middle of the distal third of the tegmina, first forking scarcely 

before the middle of the tegmina, its branches wholly similar to the 

mediastinal. Externomedian vein strongly sinuate, first forking at the 

end of the proximal third of the tegmina, the branches longitudinally 

sinuate, very few in number but mostly deeply forked or compound. 

Internomedian vein gently and broadly sinuate, terminating not far 

below the apex of the tegmina, in its apical third subparallel to the 

margin, its five or six branches simple or forked, exceedingly oblique or 

Bull, 124-^-7
9.8 AMERICAN FOSSIL COCKROACHES.

longitudinally oblique. Anal furrow with exceptionally slight and regular arcuation, impressed very sharply and very deeply indeed, terminating before the end of the proximal two-fifths of the tegmina; anal 

area exceptionally slender for its length, the veins few, simple and arcuate. Surface uniformly black, with signs of very feeble and close, often 

oblique, cross lining in the interspaces.

Length of tegmina, 18 mm.; breadth, 5 mm.

By its elongate straight form this species is very different from every 

other known, and it is hardly less remarkable for the imitation of the 

mediastinal by the scapular vein and the late forking of the latter.

From the Waynesburg coal (Lower Permian) of Gassville, W. Va. 

Mr. B. D. Lacoe; one specimen, No. 2118a.

52. ETOBLATTINA STIPATA. 

PI. VIII, fig. 3.

EtoWattina stipata Scudd., Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XXIV, 52-53 (1889).

From the Lower Barren Coal-measures of Ohio, less than 100 feet 

above the criuoidal limestone, in the valley of Wills Creek, Bichrnond, 

Jefferson County.

53. ETOBLATTINA PR^DULOIS sp. nov. 

PI. VIII, fig. 12.

Tegmina lanceolate, three times as long as broad, tapering from the 

end of the proximal third almost as much on the inner as on the costal 

side, the costal margin gently and regularly arcuate, the inner nearly 

as much so, the apex very sharply rounded. Mediastinal area broad, 

tapering in nearly the distal half, terminating somewhat before the 

distal end Of the middle third of the tegmina, the branches very oblique, 

nearly straight, simple or forked. Scapular vein very faintly arcuate 

beyond the base, terminating a little before the very apex of the tegmina, first forking at the end of the proximal third of the tegmina, with 

about five simple or forked, straight and long, very oblique branches. 

Externomedian vein feebly oblique and nearly straight beyond the base, 

with three longitudinal branches very distant in origin, the first arising 

before the first scapular fork and in the single specimen seen simple, 

the second arising near the middle of the tegmina and narrowly forked, 

the third doubly and very deeply forked. The internomedian vein is 

gently sinuate, though nearly straight beyond the basal arcuation, ending well before the apex of the tegmina with half a dozen moderately 

close, mostly simple, feebly arcuate, strongly oblique branches. Anal 

furrow regularly and rather strongly arcuate, moderately impressed, 

terminating a little beyond the end of the proximal two-fifths of the 

tegmina; anal veins simple, arcuate. Surface of tegmiua dark brown, 

at least the anal and internomedian veins feebly and rather broadly
SCUDDER.] SPECIES OF ETOBLATTINA. 99

margined with black, and all the interspaces crowded with straight 

cross lines.

Length of fragment, 17 mm.; probable length of tegmina, 21.5 mm.; 

breadth, 7 mm.

This species bears a certain bnt not a striking resemblance in its 

neuration to the much stouter E. mediana, and a close relation in form 

and neuration to E. royi; but from this latter the different character 

and extent of the exteruomediau area, as well as the longer inediastinal 

at once clearly separates it. Indeed the character of the externomedian area is quite different from, that of any known species. In the 

character of the anterior half of the tegmina it is nearly related to 

E. variegata.

From the Wayuesburg coal (Lower Permian) of Cassville, W. Va. 

Mr. E. D. Lacoe; one specimen, No. 2119 a-b.

54. ETOBLATTINA VARIEGATA. 

PI. VIII, fig. 10.

Etoblattina variegata Scudd., Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XXIV, 51-52 (1889).

Two additional specimens of this species have been found in the 

original locality by Mr. Huston.

From the Lower Barren Coal-measures of Ohio, less than 100 feet 

above the crinoidal limestone, iu the valley of Wills Creek, Richmond, 

Jefferson County.

55. ETOBLATTINA HTLLIANA sp. nov.

PI. VIII, fig. 11.

Tegmina oval, almost three times as long as broad, the costal margin 

strongly and regularly arcuate, the apex probably well rounded. Mediastinal area vittate, the vein straight nearly to the tip, which reaches 

the distal end of the middle fifth of the tegmina, the veins rather 

numerous, simple or forked, and less oblique than common. Externomedian vein broadly sinuate, much more strongly arcuate at base than 

apically, terminating not far before the apex of the tegmina, first forking at the end of the proximal third of the tegmina, with four or five 

strongly oblique, arcuate, simple, forked or multiple-forked branches. 

Externoraedian vein very strongly sinuate in the middle of the tegmiua, 

where the branches are thrown off straight and oblique, first branching a very little beyond the first scapular fork, with about five rather 

straight, longitudinal, simple, simply forked or doubly forked branches. 

Internomedian vein gently arcuate beyond the base, probably ending 

about the middle of the distal half of the tegmina, the earlier branches 

crowded, straight, simple, and oblique, the later more oblique, arcuate, 

and deeply forked. Anal furrow probably strongly arcuate and terminating not far from the end of the proximal third of the tegmina. 

Surface uniform, with scarcely the least sign of any cross lining.
100 AMERICAN FOSSIL COCKROACHES.

Besides the larger part of two tegmina there is preserved a fragment 

of a pronotal shield which was probably of transverse oval form, much 

more strongly rounded in front than behind, broadest close to the posterior margin, and probably nearly half as broad again as long; its edge 

appears very delicately margined.

Length of entire fragment, 30 mm.; probable length of tegmin'a, 

27.25 mm.; breadth, 9.5 mm.

This species is named after Mr. .Homer D. Hill, of Morris, 111., at the 

suggestion of Mr. Lacoe. Mr. Hill has been very persevering and 

successful in the search for fossil insects at Mazon Creek.

It does not seem to be very nearly related to any of our American 

species, but perhaps bears closer resemblance to JE. mazona than to 

others; it shows some relation to the European E. russoma.

From the Lowest Productive Coal-measures of Mazon Creek, Morrisr 

Grundy County, 111. Mr. R. D. Lacoe; one specimen, No. 2070 a-b.

56. ETOBLATTINA ANGUSTA sp. nov. 

PI. VIII, fig. 8.

Tegmina very slender, two and a quarter times longer than broad, 

nearly parallel-sided in the middle third, tapering slowly beyond, the 

apex probably well rounded, the costal margin strongly convex only 

at base, the inner margin probably straight. Mediastiual area vittate 

but tapering constantly from the middle, the apex acuminate and 

reaching past the distal end of the middle third of the tegmina, the 

nearly straight simple branches of the vein changing from oblique to 

very oblique distally. Scapular vein straight or arcuate to its first 

fork (at the end of the proximal third of the tegmina), there bent and 

thereafter very broadly arcuate, in the middle as well as the proximal 

third of the tegmina subparallel to the costal margin, terminating 

scarcely before the very apex of the tegmina; there are about five 

long, nearly straight, simple or deeply forked branches. The externomedian vein is arcuate pretty regularly throughout, first forks opposite the first scapular fork, and has three or four longitudinal, gently 

arcuate, simple or forked branches. The iuternomedian vein is similarly arcuate, the area apically regularly attenuate, terminating but a 

little beyond the mediastinal vein at the distal end of the middle third 

of the tegmina, with four distant, straight, simple, strongly oblique 

branches. Anal furrow sharply impressed, terminating not far from 

the end of the proximal third of the tegmina. Surface blackish brown, 

the veins all edged rather broadly and indistinctly with black, the 

interspaces filled with crowded, straight, uniform cross lines.

Length of fragment, 13 mm.; probable length of tegmiua, 16.5 mm.; 

breadth, 5 mm.

In the distribution of the neuration this species reminds one of the 

very much broader E. funeraria, but it differs in detail at every point*
SPECIES OF ETOBLATTINA. : 101

It aLo resembles E. liilliana in a similar way. It is remarkable for the 

slenderness of the internornedian area, which is indeed hardly broader 

than the mediastinal.

From the Waynesburg coal (Upper Permian) of Cassville, W. Va. 

Mr. E. D. Lacoe; one specimen, No. 2080 Or-b.

57. ETOBLATTINA MACILENTA sp. tiov. 

PI. VIII, fig. 9.

Tegmina scarcely less than three times as long as broad, ovate, tapering from well beyond the middle, the costal margin strongly convex at 

base, but beyond very faintly arcuate, not more so than (if as much as) 

the inner margin, the apex probably strongly rounded. Mediastinal 

area apically acuminate, reaching nearly to the distal end of the middle third of the teginiua, the branches of the vein, straight, simple, very 

oblique. Scapular vein gently sinuate, terminating scarcely short of 

the extreme apex of the tegmiua, first forking at about the end of the 

proximal third of the tegmina, with about four longitudinally oblique 

branches, the first doubly forked, the others simple and nearly straight. 

Externomediau vein nearly straight beyond the arcuate base, first forking somewhat, though not greatly, beyond the scapular vein, with-about 

three longitudinal simple or deeply forked branches. Internomedian 

vein straight beyond the basal arcuation, terminating about the middle 

of the distal two-fifths of the tegmina, with straight, simple or forked, 

oblique branches. Anal furrow terminating not far from the end of the 

basal third of the tegmina, pretty regularly and strongly arcuate, situated at the depth of a depression; anal veins simple or occasionally 

deeply forked, arcuate, crowded. Surface uniformly black, with feeble 

signs of rather distinct straight cross lining in the interspaces.

Length of two fragments in juxtaposition, 10 mm.; probable length 

of tegmina, 12.25 mm.; breadth, 4.25 mm.

This species appears to be more closely allied to E. angusta than to 

any other, but differs much from it, not only in form but in the character of the exteruomediau and the width of the longer internomediau 

area.

From the Waynesburg coal (Lower Permian) of Cassville, W. Va., 

Mr. E. D. Lacoe; one specimen, No. 2121 a-b.

58. ETOBLATTINA EXILIS. 

PI. IX, fig. 1.

EtoMattina exilis Scudd., Bull. U. S'. Geol. Surv., No. 101, 17, pi. 2, fig. e (1893).

From the Lower (?) Productive Coal-measures of East Providence, 

E.I.
102 AMERICAN FOSSIL COCKROACHES.

59. ETOBLATTINA ROGI sp. nov. 

PI. IX, figs. 2,3.

Unfortunately the basal third or more is lost from both the specimens of this evidently distinct species, and the precise form and proportions are necessarily conjectural, but the main features of the neuration 

are preserved. The tegmina are evidently almost or quite three times 

as long as broad, lanceolate, with almost equally and gently arcuate 

costal and inner margins, the apex subacuminate but rounded. The 

mediastinal area is broad and tapers regularly in the distal half, ending not far from the distal end of the middle fifth of the tegmina, the 

branches of the vein long, simple, straight, exceedingly oblique. Scapular vein very gently arcuate, terminating only a little before the extreme 

apex of the tegmina, first forking near the end of the proximal third of 

the tegmina, the branches simple, very deeply forked, straight, and 

longitudinally oblique. Externoinedian vein beyond the basal arcuation straight and oblique, first forking not far from the first scapular 

fork, with four or five straight, longitudinal, simple or forked, occasionally doubly forked, apically arcuate branches. luternornedian vein like 

the preceding, terminating not far from the middle of the distal half of 

the tegmina, the branches mostly simple, straight, exceedingly oblique. 

Anal furrow ending just within the end of the proximal two fifths of 

the tegmina. Surface blackish-brown, the veins black and narrowly 

edged with black, the interspaces filled with distinct, closely crowded, 

straight cross lines.

Length of fragments, 12 to 15 mm.; probable length of tegmina, 

18 to 20.75 mm. j breadth, 6.5 to 7.25 mm.

This species shows a certain resemblance to the similarly shaped 

E. prcedulcis, but has a shorter internomedian area and a very different 

externomedian area. In one specimen the scapular vein first forks a 

little before, in the other a little after, the intemomedian vein.

From the Waynesburg coal (Lower Permian) of Cassville, W. Va. 

Mr. E. D. Lacoej'two specimens, Kos. 2122 a, &-c, besides two others 

probably belonging here.

60. ETOBLATTINA EXPUGNATA sp. nov. 

PI. IX, fig. 4.

Tegraina subovate, tapering from the middle, a very little less than 

three times as long as broad, the costal margin rather strongly and 

rather regularly arcuate, the inner margin nearly straight, the apex 

well rounded. Mediastinal area vittate; moderately broad, tapering 

only near tip, which reaches fully to the end of the middle third of the 

tegmina, the branches of the vein not very frequent, straight, simple, 

and oblique, the distal branches very oblique indeed. Scapular vein 

arcuate, terminating just short of the extreme apex of the tegmina,
SCUDDER.I SPECIES OF ETOBLATTINA. 103

the branches, four in number, arcuate, longitudinally oblique, and 

simple or deeply forked. Externomedian vein arcuate, more strongly 

basally than apically, first forking just after the scapular, with four 

nearly straight, simple or deeply or apically forked branches. Internomedian vein gently sinuate, terminating not long before the apex, 

but before the scapular vein, the branches distant, gently sinuate, 

mostly simple, oblique, and apically very oblique. Anal furrow regularly and strongly arcuate, very deeply and sharply impressed, especially in the basal half, terminating at about the end of the proximal 

two-fifths of the tegmina; anal area vaulted, prominently so at the 

upper base, the veins mostly simple, occasionally deeply forked, more 

or less arcuate. Surface uniformly black, the interspaces with crowded, 

straight cross lines.

Length of tegmina, 18.25 mm.; breadth, 6.5 mm.

Except in its much longer inediastinal area, this species closely resembles E. communis; its narrower form, and less arcuate interuomedian 

vein separate it from E. mactata, to which in its general ueuration it is 

nearly .allied; and it bears a great deal of resemblance to E. secreta, but 

has a shorter and broader internomedian area and different development of the inediastinal area; it differs similarly from the next species, 

E. obatra, to which it is very closely allied, but has a longer and slenderer anal area.

From the Waynesburg coal (Lower Permian) of Cassville, W. Va. 

Mr. E. D. Lacoe; one specimen, No. 2085 a-b.

61. ETOBLATTINA OBATRA sp. nov. 

PI. IX, fig. 5.

Tegmina subovate, slightly more than three times as long as broad, 

broadest just before the middle, the costal margin considerably arcuate 

but less so in the middle half, the inner margin straight, the apex well 

rounded. Mediastinal area vittate, tapering in the apical third, reaching nearly to the distal end of the middle third of the tegmina, the 

branches of the vein mostly simple, arcuate, and excessively oblique. 

Scapular vein beyond the basal arcuation faintly arcuate, terminating 

just before the apex of the tegmina, first forking considerably within 

the proximal third of the tegmiua, with about four deeply forked or 

simple, arcuate, longitudinally oblique.branches. Externomedian vein 

beyond the probably strong basal arcuation nearly straight and oblique, 

first forking about opposite the end of the anal furrow, with three longitudinal or nearly longitudinal, apically forked or deeply doubly forked, 

nearly straight branches. Internomedian vein sinuate, being slightly 

arcuate at base, faintly arcuate at tip, ending not a great way before 

the apex of the tegmina at the edge of the apical border, the infrequent 

branches straight, the proximal oblique, the distal excessively oblique, 

and both simple or forked. Anal furrow strongly arcuate, sharply
104 AMERICAN FOSSIL COCKROACHES. '

impressed, terminating a little short of the end of the proximal twofifths of the tegmina; anal veins arcuate and numerous. Surface uniformly black, With faint, moderately close cross lines in the interspaces.

Length of tegmina, 17 inni.; breadth, 5.25 into.

In the general direction of the veins and extent of the areas this species shows a great resemblance to E. exsticuta, but the tegmina are much 

slenderer, the raediastinal branches far more oblique, and the externomedian neuratiou simpler* It bears almost a greater resemblance, both 

in venation and in the form of the tegmina, to Gerablattina concinna, but 

the mediastinal area is much shorter. From the preceding species, 

E. expugnata, to which it is closely allied, it differs in form, in the crowd- 

; ing and obliquity of the mediastinal branches, and in the more abbreviated and relatively broader anal area.

From the Waynesburg coal (Lower Permian) of Cassville, W. Va. 

Mr. B. D. Lacoe; one specimen, No. 2123 d-b.

62. ETOBLATTINA IMPEKFECTA sp. nov. 

PL IX, fig. 8.

Tegmina ovate, three times as long as broad, tapering only on the 

apical third, the middle portion equal, the costal margin gently arcuate, 

the inner margin straight beyond the considerable arcuation of the 

anal'area, the apex probably well rounded. Mediastinal area moderately narrow, vittate, tapering in less than the distal third, terminating but little before the middle of the distal half of'the tegmina, the 

branches of the vein mostly deeply forked, exceedingly oblique and 

arcuate. Scapular vein gently and pretty uniformly sinuate, terminating just above the apex of the tegmina, first forking opposite the tip of 

the anal furrow, with about four gently arcuate, deeply forked or simple, 

longitudinally oblique branches. Externomedian vein gently sinuate,

first forking opposite the scapular, and with but this single straight and 

deeply forked, perhaps compound, longitudinal branch. Internomedian 

vein arcuate, but nea,rly straight in the apical half, terminating but 

little before the very apex of the tegmina, as near it as the scapular 

vein; the branches are distant, the proximal simple and oblique, the 

distal forked or doubly forked, very oblique and gently arcuate. Anal 

furrow strongly arcuate, deeply impressed in basal half, and terminating at the end of the proximal, two-fifths of the tegmina; anal veins 

.few, arcuate, simple. Surface uniformly black, the interspaces with 

excessively faint, close, and straight cross lining. 

. Length of fragment, 12.5 mm.; probable length of teguiina, 16.5 inin.; 

^breadth, 5.5 mm.

In the general features of its neuration this species agrees at all

 points with E. obatra, but the internomedian area is slightly longer, the 

.externomedian area of much less importance, the costal margin not so

 convex and tbe anal area distinctly fuller. In the forking and greater
SCUDDER SPECIES OF ETOBLATTINA. 105

longitudinality of the mediastinal branches and the paucity of the 

externomedian neuration it is distinctly different from E. seer eta that 

follows.

From the Waynesburg coal (Lower Permian) of Cassville, W. Va. 

Mr. K. D. Lacoe; one specimen, No. 2124 o-&.

63. ETOBLATTINA SECRETA sp. nov. 

PI. IX, figs. 6,7.

Tegraina about three times as long as broad, ovate, broadest in the 

middle, but sometimes not'tapering for some distance beyond, with 

rathef strongly arcuate costal margin and straight inner margin, the 

apex probably well rounded. Mediastinal area vittate, not very broad, 

apically acuminate, reaching to about the distal end of the middle 

third of the tegmina, the branches of the vein not numerous, very 

oblique, sometimes exceedingly oblique, mostly simple. Scapular vein 

more or less sinuate, terminating just before the very apex, first forking 

at about the end of the proximal end of the teginina, with five or six 

arcuate, mostly simple, sometimes deeply forked, exceedingly oblique 

branches. Externomedian vein sinuate, much more strongly arcuate 

at base than apically, first forking well beyond the scapular and not far 

from a point opposite the tip of the anal furrow, the three or four 

branches nearly straight and longitudinal, simple and deeply forked or 

occasionally doubly forked. Interuomediau vein similar to the exteruoraedian or slightly less sinuous, ending before the apex but reaching 

almost as far as the scapular, the branches rather distant, the first and 

sometimes the last deeply forked, the others mostly simple, straight or 

faintly arcuate, very oblique, or apically exceedingly oblique. Anal 

furrow not very strongly arcuate, well impressed, terminating at about 

the end of the proximal two-fifths of the tegmina; anal area vaulted, 

especially next the basal half of the furrow, the branches relatively few 

and arcuate. Surface uniformly black, with rather crowded straight 

cross lines in the interspaces.

Length of fragment, 15 to 15.5 mm.; probable length of tegmiua, 

18.5 to 19 mm.; breadth, 6.25 to 6.5 mm.

This species is closely allied to E. imperfecta, from which it differs 

principally in the distance from the base at which the scapular and 

externomedian veins first fork, in the general character of the«exteruomediau vein, and in the less crowded branching of the mediastinal vein. 

Similar differences separate it from E. obatra, while the slenderer mediastinal area and greater extension of the internomedian area distinguish 

it from E. expugnata. It is also nearly allied to E. exsecutar l)iit in that 

species the scapular and externomedian veins first fork side by side, 

and in the broader anal area the veins are more crowded. Its greater 

sleuderness separates it from E. communis, with which it agrees almost 

completely in its neuration; the mediastinal area, however, is distinctly 

longer than in that species.
106 AMERICAN FOSSIL COCKROACHES.

The two specimens figured differ considerably from each other in the 

form of the tegmina, the obliquity of the mediastinal branches, and 

the sinuosity of the scapular vein, but I am inclined to think they 

should be regarded as belonging to one species.

From the Waynesburg coal (Lower Permian) of Cassville, W. Var 

Mr. E. D. Lacoe; four specimens, Nos. 2125 o-&, c-d, e-f, #, besides 

another presumably to be referred here.

64. ETOBLATTINA RELIQTJA. 

PI. IX, fig. 10.

Etollattlna reliqua Scudd., Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv.. No. 101,18-19, pi. 2, fig. g (1893). 

From the Lower (H) Productive Coal-measures of Pawtucket, E. I.

65. ETOBLATTINA INVISA sp. nov.

PI. IX, fig. 9.

Teginina about three times as long as broad, ovate, largest a little 

before the middle, but with nearly parallel sides, the costal margin and 

inner margin equally and very gently arcuate in the middle two-thirdsr 

the humeral angle probably strongly rounded, the apex well rounded. 

Mediastinal area moderately broad, vittate, rather rapidly tapering 

apically and reaching beyond the distal end of the middle third of the 

tegmina, the vein with few, oblique, simple branches. Scapular vein 

beyond the basal arcuation almost rigidly straight and terminating just 

short.of the very apex of the tegmina; it first forks at the middle of the 

tegmina and has about five simple branches, like those of the mediastinal area. The externomedian vein, straight in its middle course, is 

broadly sinuate, first forking a little before the end of the mediastinal vein, and has three arcuate, apically longitudinal, simple, distant

branches. The internomedian vein is broadly sinuate and terminates 

at some distance before the apex, the few branches distant, a little 

arcuate, the first probably deeply forked, the others simple. Anal furrow very elongate, but little arcuate and not greatly impressed, terminating beyond the proximal two-fifths of the tegmina. Surface gray 

the veins all marked and broadly margined with black, in which margin 

only are seen straight and crowded.cross lines in its interspaces.

Length of fragment, 16 mm.; probable length of tegmina, 17.5 mm.; 

breadth, 6 mm.

This species seems to be very different from the other open-veined 

Etoblattinse, particularly in the late forking and unimportant character 

of the externomedian vein, carried to excess in E. strigosa; it has a 

certain general resemblance to E. ramosa, but has a far more simple 

neuiation, in which hardly a branch is forked.

From the Waynesburg coal (Lower Permian) of Cassville, W. Va. 

Mr. E. D. Lacoe; one specimen, No. 2126 a-b.
BCDDDEB.] SPECIES OF ETOBLATTINA. 107

66. ETOBLATTINA OCCULTA sp. nov. 

PI. IX, fig. 13.

Tegmina nearly parallel sided, oval, about three times as long as 

broad, the larger part of the costal margin very gently arcuate, the 

inner margin nearly straight, the apex probably well rounded. Mediastinal area narrow, vittate, tapering only apically, reaching to the 

middle of the distal half of the tegmina, the branches of the vein tolerably numerous, gently arcuate, oblique or very oblique, almost invariably simple. Scapular vein arcuate at base, beyond the first fork (at the 

end of the proximal third of the tegmina) having a general straight 

course and ending a little way before the apex of the tegmina, the first 

branch arising far before the others, the others, four or five in number, 

subequi.distant, simple or forked, arcuate and exceedingly oblique. 

Externomedian vein gently sinuate, first forking well beyond the scapular, the three or four branches distant, longitudinally oblique and 

simple or forked or perhaps compound. Internomedian vein strongly 

sinuate, especially basally, terminating a little way before the apex, 

probably as far or nearly as far as the scapular vein, the latter half of 

the area slender, the proximal half with very distant, oblique, arcuate, 

mostly simple branches. Anal furrow strongly arcuate, strongly impressed, terminating a little within the end of the proximal two-fifths 

of the tegmina; anal area slightly vaulted, the veins in the portion 

next the furrow distant and strongly arcuate, those distant from it 

crowded, gently and oppositely arcuate, all. simple. Surface carbonaceous black with elongate gray patches between the veins, or it may 

be described as gray with very broad black margins to all the veins, 

often confluent, especially at the ends of the interspaces; the black 

portion is traversed by rather crowded straight cross lines.

Length of fragment, 17 mm.; probable length of tegmina, 26 mm.; 

breadth, 9 mm.

This species is somewhat related to E. balteata, but differs in its form 

and the particular character of each of the areas. From the next 

species, JB. defossa, it differs particularly in the very different formation 

of the externomedian vein. The neuration is strikingly similar to that 

of Gerablattina diversinervis, and the great length of the inediastinal 

vein makes it closely resemble a Gerablattina; it seems, however, to 

belong better here.

From the Waynesburg coal (Lower Permian) of Oassville, W. Va. 

Mr. E. D. Lacoe; one specimen, No. 2127 0-6.
108 AMERICAN FOSSIL COCKROACHES.

67. ETOBLATTINA LATEBRICOLA sp. nov. 

PL IX, fig. 11.

Tegmina nearly three times as long as broad, ovate lanceolate, with 

unusually subacuminate apex, the costal margin gently arcuate beyond 

the strongly rounded humeral curve, the inner margin gently arcuate 

beyond the anal furrow, the anal margin gently arcuate independently. 

Mediastinal area vittate, moderately narrow, tapering only beyond the 

middle of the tegmina, reaching nearly to the middle of the distal half 

of the tegmina, the branches of the vein oblique or very oblique, simple or apically forked. Scapular vein very gently and broadly sinuate, 

terminating but little before the very apex of the tegmina, first forking 

a little beyond the proximal third of the. tegmina, the three equidistant branches considerably arcuate, longitudinally oblique, deeply and 

simply or doubly forked. Externornedian vein arcuate, first forking 

just beyond the scapular vein, the four or five branches longitudinal 

and straight, simple or deeply forked or compound, both the scapular 

and externomedian branches being very crowded in the apical fourth 

of the tegmina. Internomedi-an vein very gently arcuate, the area apically extended slightly so as to terminate almost as near the apex as 

the scapular vein, the branches distant, the proximal nearly straight, 

simple and very oblique, the distal more oblique and mostly forked. 

Anal furrow not very strongly but uniformly arcuate, somewhat strongly 

impressed, terminating a little before the end of: the proximal two-fifths 

of the tegmina; anal area-strongly vaulted next the furrow, the veins 

simple and arcuate. Surface black, with straight rather crowded cross 

lines on either side of the main veins in the central portions of the 

tegmina but not crossing the interspaces.

Length of tegmina, 17.5 mm.; breadth, 6 mm.

From the Lower (?) Productive Coal-measures of East Providence, 

E. I. Mr. E. D. Lacoe; one specimen, No. 2091 a-b.

68; ETOBLATTINA DEFOSSA sp. nov. 

PL IX, fig. 12.

Tegmina elongate, probably more than three times as long as broad, 

ovate, the costal margin gently arcuate, the inner less so, the apex 

probably well rounded. Mediastinal area long and moderately wide, 

apically acuminate, reaching nearly or quite to the middle of the distal 

half of the tegmiua, the branches of the vein distant, mostly simple and 

very oblique. Scapular vein nearly straight, apically faintly arcuate, 

terminating a little before the apex, the first branch arising far before 

the others, and all, four in number, simple or deeply or doubly forked, 

arcuate and longitudinally oblique. Externomedian vein first forking 

well before the middle of the tegmina and probably not far from the 

first scapular forking, this first externoinediau fork and the main vein
SCCDDER.I SPECIES OF ETOBLATTINA. 109

parting like a longitudinal narrow fork and. each fork very deeply 

forked, sometimes with a secondary deep fork, all longitudinal and 

sometimes arcuate. Internoinedian vein in the apical half of its course 

subparallel to the inner border and, by means of a superior supplementary, deeply forked, arcuate, superior branch, extending the areanearly 

to the apex of the tegmiiia, the other branches distant, simple, arcuate, 

strongly oblique. Surface black, the interspaces with crowded, irregular, tremulous cross lines, forming in places almost an irregular reticulation.

Length of fragment, 14.5 mm.; probable length of tegmina, 28.75mm. ; 

breadth, 8.5 mm.

This species is closely allied to the preceding, but is apparently slenderer, and differs from it in mauy important features, and especially in 

the character of the externomedian vein. In this last characteristic it 

more nearly resembles E. tennis, but in the character of the upper part

of the tegmina it is very different from it.

From the Waynesburg coal (Lower Permian) of Cassville, W. Va. 

Mr. R. D. Lacoe; one specimen, No. 2128 a-b.

69. ETOBLATTTNA REOIDIVA sp. nov. 

PI. IX, fig. 14.

. Teginina probably about three times as long as broad, lanceolate, the 

costal margin gently convex, the inner nearly straight, the apex subacuminate, but well rounded. Mediastinal area terminating somewhat 

short of the distal end of the middle third of the tegmina, the branches 

of the vein very oblique and simple. Scapular vein very straight, terminating but little short of the apex, the first branch arising far before 

the others, rather deeply forked and bent at the fork; the others like 

this fork straight, very oblique indeed, and simple or forked. Externomedian vein probably nearly straight throughout and longitudinally 

oblique, first forking probably beyond the scapular and about at, the 

end of the proximal third of the tegmina, the four or five branches 

straight, longitudinal and simple or forked. Internomedian vein 

beyond the basal curve nearly straight, but as a whole sinuate, terminating not much beyond the middle of the distal third of the tegmina., 

the branches rather distant, simple, arcuate, and oblique, or very oblique. 

Surface black, traversed by delicate, irregular and tremulous, crowded 

cross lines in all the interspaces.

Length of fragment,8 mm.; probable length of tegmina, 19.5 mm.; 

.breadth, 6.25 mm.

This species is perhaps as nearly allied to E. hastata as to any other 

of our species, but is very different indeed from it.

From the Waynesburg coal (Lower Permian) of Cassville, W. Va. 

Mr. E. D. Lacoe; one specimen, No. 2129a.
110 AMERICAN FOSSIL COCKROACHES.

ETOBLATTINA sp. 

PL X, figs. 14,15.

A single specimen with its reverse shows an unusually complete and 

excellently preserved hind wing, which must be referred to this genus. 

The wing is subovate, subacuminate at tip, with very gently arcuate 

costal and inner margins. The mediastinal vein runs parallel and 

close to the costal margin, with a few strongly oblique branches in an 

apical cluster, and a subbasal branch which runs between the main vein 

and the margin and is lost. The scapular vein is very straight, running to scarcely below the^extreme apex of the wing, first branches a 

little before the middle of its course, and has four simple, forked, longitudinal branches. The externoinedian vein is similarly straight, a 

little divergent from the scapular vein, first branches a little earlier 

than it, and has three long, simple, almost longitudinal branches. The 

internomedian vein is rigidly straight, and ends slightly further out 

than the mediastinal vein, with five parallel, straight, mostly simple 

or oblique branches. The anal furrow seems to differ from the other 

anal veins in there being a step in the membrane at this point, the vein 

itself, like the other anal veins, being more delicate than the internomedian branches next it and less deeply impressed; most of it can be 

traced, and, except for the points mentioned, it appears quite as a 

branch of the internomedian, being straight, except for an apical sinuation, and parallel to the intermornedian branches; the other anal 

veins, of which only the apical halves appear, are similar in delicacy 

and direction, but gradually become more crowded, as is usual in the 

tegmina, and slightly arcuate; the furrow ends on the inner margin, 

slightly beyond a point opposite the first forking of the scapular vein. 

Surface uniformly blackish, the interspaces, at least near the apical 

margin, filled with not very close, straight but irregular cross lines.

Length of fragment, 10.5 mm.; probable length of wing, L4.5 mm.; 

breadth, 6.5 mm.

This is the only hind wing of an Etoblattina known to me in which 

any part of the anal area is preserved.

From the Waynesburg coal (Lower Permian) of Oassville, W. Va. 

Mr. E. D. Lacoe; one specimen, No. 2084 a-b.

ETOBLATTINA sp. 

PL XII, fig. 2.

EtoUattina sp. Scudd., Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv. No. 101, 13-14, pi. 2, fig. c (1893).

In the paper quoted I regarded this as a fragment of a fore wing 

from near the middle, somewhat allied to E.primceva. A renewed study 

shows that the costal curve is a natural one and that the fragment is 

rather the apical portion (with part of the tip lost) of a hind wing, in
6CUDDER.1 SPECIES OF GERABLATTINA. Ill

which, possibly, the tip of the internornedian vein is included. It 

appears to belong to Etoblattina, but its special relations are indeterminable.

From the Lower (?) Prodactive Coal-measures of East Providence, 

B. I.

ETOBLATTINA (?) sp. 

PI. XII, fig. 4.

Etoblattina sp. Scutld., Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv. No. 101, p. 16, pi. 2, fig. k (1893).

For further remarks on this hind wing see p. 29.

From the Lower (?) Productive Coal-measures of Cranston, K. I.

10. Genus GEE ABL ATT IN A.

GeraUattina Scndd., Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., Ill, 97-98 (1879); Foss. Ins. N. A., 

1,117-118(1890).

Next to Etoblattina, from which this genus is but slightly differentiated, Gerablattina is the prevailing type of Palseoblattarise, at least in 

this country. It appears first iu the Millstone Grit a single species in 

the Pennsylvania coal field and it extends to the Permian, where it 

culminates, but it has not been recognized, like Etoblattina, in the Trias. 

Nearly three-quarters of the twenty-one species of this country come 

from the Permian, and, indeed, from the single locality at Cassville, 

W. Va., three from the Barren Coal-measures of Ohio, and the remaining two from the Oldest Productive Coal-measures of Ehode Island. 

Its absence from all Western deposits is a little curious.

In Europe its standing is disputed by Anthracoblattina, which there 

assumes exceptional importance. The ten species found there enjoy 

nearly the same geologic range as here and the same as Anthracoblattiiia, Hermatoblattina, and Etoblattina in Europe, namely, from the 

Lowest Productive Coal-measures to the Permian, inclusive, culminating, apparently, in the Upper Carboniferous deposits.

Table of the species of Gerablattina.

a1 . All the main veins independent from or almost from the base. 

&'. Tegmina relatively slender, considerably more than twice as long as broad. 

c1 . Mediastinal area very narrow, in its middle at most hardly more than onefifth the width of the tegniina; intemomedian branches relatively distant. 

d1 . Anal area relatively long; scapular vein first branching opposite or before

the-extremity of the anal area.

c1 . First internomedian branch very oblique, thrown off far before the end 

of the anal area................................. 1. G. inculta.

e2 . First intemomedian branch nearly transverse, thrown off scarcely before 

the end of the anal area.......................... 2. G. perita.

<?2 . Anal area1 relatively short; scapular vein first branching far beyond the 

extremity of the anal area.

1 This point iiot known iu G. apicalis.
112 AMERICAN FOSSIL COCKROACHES.

Table of the species of Gerdblattina Continued.

e1 . Scapular area reaching the extreme apex of the tegmina.. 3. G. apicalis. 

e2 . Scapular area riot reaching the extreme apex of the tegmina, 

/'. Scapular vein first forking far before the middle of the tegmina, less 

abundantly branched than the externomedian.

4. G. diversinervis.

/2 . Scapular vein first forking but little before the middle of the tegmina, and more abundantly branched than the externomedian.

5. G. richmondiana. 

c2 . Mediastinal area relatively broad, in its middle at least a fourth the width

of the tegmina; internomedian branches relatively close. 

d] . All the mediastinal branches simple, or simply forked. 1 

el . Internomedian area long drawn out, extending at least as far as, generally much farther than, the mediastinal area. 

fl . Internomedian area reaching, or almost reaching, the extreme tip of the

tegmina.

//'. Internomedian area band shaped, tapering but little, the branches 

numerous and relatively short................... 6. (?. cassvici.

<72 . Internomedian area triangular, tapering much, the branches few and 

relatively long................................. 7. G. abdicata.

f2 . Internomedian area fall ing distinctly, often considerably, short of the

extreme tip of the tegmina. 

gl . Scapular and externomedian areas about equally important, each

throwing at least half a dozen veins to the margin. 

hl . Tegmina very slender, fully three times as long as broad.

8. G. concinna.

h2 . Tegmina less slender, not more than two and a half times longer 

than broad.................................... 9. G. uniformis.

<72 . Scapular and externomedian areas very unequally important, one

or the other with at most three or four veins on the margin. 

7i l . Anal area long, nearly reaching the middle of the tegmina; externomedian area unimportant................ 10. G. permanenta.

h*. Anal area short, about one-third the length of the tegmina, scapular area unimportant......................... 11. G. permacra,

e2 . Internomedian area rapidly tapering, barely or not reaching the middle 

of the distal half of the tegmina.

/'. Anal area short and broad; general course of the scapular branches 

arcuate in a sense opposite to that of the anal furrow.

12. G. eversa.

/'2 . Anal area long and narrow; general course of the scapular branches 

longitudinal and straight...................... 13. G. deducia.

d'2 . Very nearly all the mediastinal branches forked and some of them compound.

e 1 . Tegmina more than 40 nun. long; internomedian and mediastiiual areas 

of very unequal length; scapular and extern omedian areas of 

nearly equal importance; scapular branches only very slightly 

arcuate ...... '. .............................. 14. G. scapularis.

e2 . Tegmina less than 20 mm. long; iuternomedian and ruediastiual areas of 

equal length; scapular and extern omediaii areas of distinctly 

unequal importance; scapular branches considerably arcuate.

15. G.fraterna. 

J2 . Tegmina relatively stout, but little or not more than twice as long as Itroad.

1 Iii G. abdicata only are they sometimes doubly i'orked at extreme i ip.
SCODDEK.] SPECIES OF GERABLATTINA.

Table of the species of G-erdblattina Continued.

c1 . Scapular area important, first forking in basal half of tegmina, with half a

dozen branches tm margin. 

dl . Main scapular vein striking the margin below the apex of the tegmina.

16. G. radiata. 

dP. Main scapular vein striking the margin at the apex of the tegmina.

e1 . Tegmina subequal in breadth, broadly rounded at apex; main externornedian and internornedian veins sinuous.

/!. Mediastinal area subequal throughout, the main vein sinuous. 17. G-. lata. 

/2. Mediastinal area narrowing throughout, the main vein straight.

18. G-. rotundata.

ez. Tegmina greatly tapering in distal half, the apex subacuminate; main 

externomedian and internouiedian veins straight beyond the 

arcuate base..................................... 19. G. ovata.

c3. Scapular area unimportant, first branching far beyond the middle of the tegmina and with only three or four branches on margin.

20. Gr. minima.

a5 . Externomedian and interuoinediam veins joined with the scapular in the basal 

sixth of the tegmina.......................... 21. G-. faacigera.

1. GERABLATTINA INCULTA sp. nov.

PI. IX, fig. 16.

A single fore wing, not very well preserved and with the apical third 

lost, is all that represents this species. It is long obovate in form, 

nearly equal in breadth, except at the extreme end, largest in the 

middle, and probably about two and a half times longer than broad. 

The mediastinal area probably extended to the middle of the distal 

half of the wing, and is very narrow and equal, hardly more than a 

fifth the breadth of the wing; the branches of the vein are five or six 

in number, mostly thrown off from the proximal half of the vein, 

simple or simply forked and exceptionally longitudinal. The scapular 

vein recedes slightly from the margin in passing down the tegmina, 

and probably terminates at the apex; it has only two or three straight, 

longitudinal, sometimes very deeply forked offshoots from its only superior branch, which is thrown off at about the middle of the proximal 

half of the tegmina. The externomedian vein is a reversed repetition 

of the scapular, but branches at the middle of the tegmma only. The 

internomedian vein is very gently arcuate, first branches about as 

early as the scapular vein, 'has only four or five gently arcuate or 

straight simple branches, and extends as far as the mediastinal vein. 

The anal furrow is impressed moderately in only its proximal half, is 

bent slightly in the middle and otherwise considerably arcuate, terminating at the middle of the tegmina; the anal veins, seven or eight in 

number, are subparallel, successively more distant and more arcuate 

toward the anal furrow, and most of them simple. The surface of the 

tegmina is black and marked with exceedingly close cross lines at right 

angles to the veins they connect. 

Bull. 124 8
114 AMERICAN FOSSIL COCKEOACHES.

Length of fragment, 11.25 mm.; probable length of tegmina, 14.6 mm.; 

breadth, 6.6 mm.

The single specimen is from the Waynesburg coal (Lower Permian) 

of Cassville, W. Ya. Mr. R. D. Lacoe, No. 2139a.

2. GrERABLATTINA PERITA Sp. nov. 

PL IX, fig. 17.

The tegmina, of which only the basal portion of one is preserved, are 

apparently of an elongate and nearly equal form, to judge from the form 

of the base and the general course of the branches; certainly it must 

have been considerably more than twice as long as broad. The mediastinal area is exceedingly narrow, riband-like, but its exact extension 

can not of course be told; the vein runs parallel to the margin throughout its course, and in the middle of the wing can not occupy more than 

a fifth the width of the tegmina; the branches are rather distantly 

oblique, rather strongly arcuate, and simple. The scapular vein first 

forks at about opposite the tip of the anal furrow, the fork diverging 

somewhat strongly from the main branch, and neither the main stem 

nor the branch forks again in the fragment, or probably before the middle of the wing. The externomedian vein is rather strongly arcuate in 

the basal half of the tegmina, where it is entirely simple and is some 

what widely distant from the scapular vein. The internomedian vein is 

similarly or a'little more strongly arcuate, diverging slightly from the 

externomedian before it begins to branch; it begins, to throw off branches 

opposite the first forking of the scapular, and the two forks which are 

preserved in the fragment are somewhat distant and obliquely transverse. 

The anal area is but very slightly vaulted, the furrow strongly arcuate, 

terminating evidently at some distance before the middle of the tegmina; 

the veins are arcuate in the same sense, simple, and more and more 

crowded away from the anal furrow. The entire surface is traversed

by finely incised, closely approximate, tremulous cross lines, and all the 

main veins and their main branches are broadly banded with piceous, 

leaving between them and along the outer edge of the main mediastinal vein (independent of its nervules) narrow colorless stripes.

Length of fragment, 9.5 mm.; probable length of tegmina, 17.5 mm.; 

width at extremity of anal furrow, 5.25 mm.

The single specimen and its reverse from the Waynesburg coal (Lower 

Permian) of Cassville, W. Ya., are in the collection of Mr. E. D. Lacoe, 

under the number 2140 a-b.

3. GERABLATTINA APICALIS sp. nov. 

PI. IX, fig. 18.

Only the apical half, more or less, of one of the tegmina is preserved, 

so that the propprtions of the same can not be definitely determined, 

but it was apparently of nearly the same proportions as the following 

species. The niediastinal area is not preserved in any portion of its
SPECIES OF GERABLATTINA. 115

course, unless it be by the .veins which are seen a little before the tip 

of the tegmina, but whose origin is lost. This would appear to' be 

entirely uncertain, though it would seem as if the basal one belonged 

to this area, which would then correspond very closely in its extent 

with the following species; but in that case, to judge by the course of 

the scapular veins, the width of the mediastinal area must have been 

fully as great as there, if not greater. The scapular area, however, was 

of extraordinary extent, the main vein running in the. apical half of 

the tegnima parallel to and at a great distance from the front margin 

and terminating exactly at the apex of the tegmina, throwing off in the 

apical portion three simple or deeply forked branches, having each a 

longitudinal course, andwithno such smuous curvature as is found in the 

next species. The main externomedian vein in the apical half of the 

tegmina runs again parallel to and at a wide distance from the scapular 

vein, terminating on the inner margin and sending to the apical portion

of the same three simple, rather distant branches, the first of which is 

forked just before its tip; in the apical portion of its course the externomedian vein diverges slightly from the scapular and approaches apically the internomedian vein. This latter terminates on the apical half 

of the outer border, apparently very much in the same way as in G. diversinerviSj the area appearing apically to be very much narrowed and 

possessing only simple, very distant and oblique branches; in the apical portion of its course the vein takes on a more longitudinal direction 

and thus approaches more closely to the externomedian vein, leaving 

between the two a constantly narrowing interspace much after the 

fashion of Spiloblattina. The entire surface of the fragment is black, 

exceptingfor dashes of the dark-gray color of the stone in the inter spaces.

Length of fragment, 10.5 mm.; probable length of the tegmina, 20 

mm.; apparent breadth near the middle of the tegmina, 8 mm.

Richmond, Ohio, from the Lower Barren Coal-measures, less than 100 

feet above the crinoidal limestone, in the valley of Wills Creek, collected 

by Mr. S. Huston; No. 112.

4. GERABLATTINA DIVERSINERVIS sp. nov. 

PI. IX, fig. 15.

A single specimen of the tegmina with its reverse, showing the nearly 

complete wing, the apical portion only wanting, represents a species 

having a very elegant form, apparently nearly th?ee times as long as 

broad, with the inner margin straight, the costal margin rather strongly 

and equally convex. The mediastinal area is riband-shaped and extends 

to the exact tip of the fragment or probably to well beyond the middle 

of the apical half of the wing; the area is narrow, in its middle hardly 

more than a fifth the width of the tegmina, the vein with oblique and 

increasingly oblique, simple, scarcely arcuate branches, numerous and 

subequidistaut. The main scapular and exteruomedian veins are somewhat widely distant from each other and from the veins on either side
116 AMERICAN FOSSIL COCKROACHES.

of them in the middle of the teginina; the scapular is gently sinuous 

throughout its course, begins to fork a little beyond the basal third 

of the tegmina, and has four at origin strongly inequidistant, closely 

crowded, simple or simply forked branches, apically upcurved toward 

the margin of the tegmina and here no more distant from each other 

than the mediastinal branches; the outermost carry the scapular area 

only half way from the mediastinal area to the apex of the tegmina. 

The externomedian vein beyond its basal curvature is nearly straight 

throughout the greater portion of its course and emits three rather 

distant and at their origin widely distant, straight and longitudinal 

branches, simple or forked. The internomedian vain is gently sinuous 

throughout its course, rapidly narrows beyond its base, and extends to 

at least as far as, probably slightly farther than, the mediastinal area, 

and is furnished with seven or eight widely distant, gently arcuate, 

obliquely transverse, apically oblique, simple branches. The anal area is 

scarcely vaulted, the anal furrow deeply incised, strongly arcuate, terminating hardly beyond the middle of the basal half of the tegmina; the 

anal veins are few, irregularly arcuate in the same sense as the anal 

furrow, and rather widely distant. Along the whole all the veins and 

branches are broadly banded, in the mediastinal area narrowly banded, 

with piceous, in which the membrane of the tegmina is seen to be delicately, transversely, and numerously cross veined.

Length of fragment, which is broken slightly at the base as well as 

at the tip, 19 mm.; probable length of the tegmina, 25 mm.; breadth, 

9 mm.

This species is closely allied to G.perita, but markedly different from 

it in the narrow extent of the scapular area, which is far from reaching 

the extreme apex of the tegmina.

The single specimen and its reverse came from the Waynesburg coal 

(Lower Permian) of Cassville, W. Va., and are in the collection of 

Mr. R. D. Lacoe, with the number 2141 a-b.

5. GERABLATTINA RICHMONDIANA sp. nov. 

PI. X, fig. 1.

This species is represented by only a single specimen, rather imperfect, but showing nearly the whole of the costal margin. The tegmina 

are apparently about two and one half times longer than broad, with a 

rather strongly and regularly arcuate costal margin; the apex is lost, 

but was apparently much as indicated in the figure. The mediastinal 

area is vittate, slightly broader than in its allies, being nearly a fourth 

the breadth of the tegmina in the middle, and ends a little beyond the 

middle of the distal half of the tegmina, the vein with rather distant, 

nearly straight, and strongly oblique uervules. The scapular vein is 

broadly sinuous, first forks only a little before the middle of the 

tegmina, beyond which it has numerous compound branches, the low-
SCUDDEH.] SPECIES OF GERABLATTINA. 117

est of which strike the margin scarcely if at all above the extreme 

apex. The externomedian vein is broadly arcuate; its first visible 

branch arises a little beyond the middle of the tegmina, but it is here 

so much farther removed from the internomedian than from the scapular vein that probably an earlier branch, obscured from the imperfect 

preservation of the specimen, arises not far from opposite the first 

branch of the scapular vein; the behavior of the branches can not be 

seen from the imperfection of the specimen, but there is not room for 

the wide radiate arrangement of compound branches possessed by the 

scapular vein. The internomedian vein, only the proximal two-thirds 

of which can be traced, is broadly arcuate, and send out only a few 

distant, tolerably straight branches, the first of which is twice or thrice 

branched on the proximal side; it probably terminates about opposite 

the tip of the inecliastinal vein. Only the merest fragment of the anal 

furrow can be seen, not far from the base, but it probably terminates 

not far from the end of the proximal third of the tegmina; none of the 

anal veins are preserved. There is no trace of banding or reticulation 

or cross lining on the surface.

Length of fragment,20 mm.; probable length of tegmina, 25 mm.; 

probable breadth, 10 mm.

This species appears to be most nearly allied to G. diversinervis, but 

the tegraina are considerably stouter, with a more strongly arcuate 

costa, and it differs from all the preceding species, and more nearly 

resembles those which follow, in the greater relative width of the 

mediastinal area.

Lower Barren Coal-measures of Ohio, less than 100 feet above the 

Crinoidal limestone, in the valley of Wills Creek, Richmond, Jefferson 

County. Mr. S. Huston, No. 169.

6, GERABLATTINA CASSVICI sp. nov.

PI. X, figs. 2,3.

This species is represented best by a nearly complete fore wing and 

its reverse, showing a form and proportions very similar to the preceding, the tegmina being apparently but little less than three times as long 

as broad, with a very strongly arcuate costal margin and a straight or 

nearly straight inner margin. The mediastinal area reaches well beyond 

the middle of the apical half of the tegmina, the main vein gradually 

approaching the apex during the apical half of its course, and supplied 

with rather numerous, strongly oblique, arcuate, and simple or forked 

branches. The scapular vein is very similar to that of the foregoing 

species, first branching well before the middle of the tegmina, and having three simple, forked, or compound branches, all of which have an 

upward curvature toward the costal margin, where the nervules are as 

closely crowded as in the mediastinal area, and the outermost of which 

extend the area of the scapular vein to scarcely more than half the dis-
118 AMERICAN FOSSIL COCKROACHES.

tance from the mediastinal area to the apex of the tegmina. The externomedian vein beyond its basal curvature is nearly straight and passes 

with a gentle obliquity through the tegmina, subparallel to the costal 

margin, first forking just before the middle of the tegmina, and having 

in all four or five simple or simply forked, longitudinal veins, which occupy the apex of the tegmina. The interne median vein runs in almost 

exact parallelism with, but at some distance from, the externomedian 

vein until the middle of the apical half of the tegmina, when, besides 

curving into a more longitudinal course, it sends from its upper margin 

a forked branch toward the tip of the tegmina, which it nearly reaches; 

the internornedian area, therefore, narrows very gradually, and has an 

exceedingly great extent, while the main vein has somewhat numerous, 

generally simple, but sometimes deeply forked, oblique, arcuate branches. 

The anal area is gently vaulted, the anal furrow deeply impressed, gently arcuate, and terminates but little before the middle of the tegmina; 

while the anal veins, similarly arcuate, are mostly simple and rather 

crowded, but especially so away from the anal furrow, where usually 

they are apically forked. In this species, too, all the veins and their 

branches are broadly banded with piceous, and where the veins or 

branches are closely approximate the banding of two or more adjoining 

steins may blend, and the wing is everywhere crossed in all the parts, 

whether piceous or otherwise, by fine, delicate, closely crowded cross 

lines.

Length of fragment, 21 mm.; probable length of tegmina,25.5 mm.; 

breadth of same, 9 mm.

This species is closely allied to the preceding in many respects, but 

has a shorter, broader, and more tapering mediastinal area, much 

broader, more gradually tapering internomedian area, with much more 

crowded neuration, and which extends far nearer the apex of the

teginina,

Two specimens and their reverses have been found in the Waynesburg coal (Lower Permian) at Cassville, W. Va., and are in the collection of Mr. E. D. Lacoe, Nos. 2142 a-b, c-d.

7. GERABLATTINA ABDICATA sp. nov. 

PI. X, fig. 6.

The single specimen representing this species has lost the apica* 

fifth of the tegmina and the anal area, but is otherwise well preserved. 

It is of a very regular, elongate ovate form, broadest in the middle, 

and somewhat less than two and one-half times as long as broad; the 

costal margin is very regularly and moderately convex, the inner margin very slightly convex. The mediastinal area is of normal width, 

and extends, decreasing in width only distally, some distance beyond 

the middle of the distal half of the tegmina; the vein has but five or 

six very longitudinally oblique and therefore long branches, simple or
SCUDDER.] SPECIES OF GERABLATTINA. 119

apically forked, sometimes doubly forked. The scapular vein is regularly and considerably arcuate, terminates just above the apex of the 

tegrnina, first branches a little before the middle of the tegmina, and 

has only three or four simple, deeply forked, longitudinal, gently arcuate branches. The externomedian vein runs subparallel to the last, 

through the middle of the wing, first forks at about the middle, has 

but two or three nearly straight and simple longitudinal branches 

which fall upon the apical margin. The internomedian area reaches 

as far oat as the scapular vein, is scarcely sinuous, and has only four 

or five long arcuate branches, the basal apically forked, the others 

simple. The anal furrow is gently impressed, rather strongly and 

pretty regularly arcuate, and terminates at the middle of the tegmina. 

The surface of the tegmina is blackish and is marked rather feebly by 

very close incised cross lines, nearly straight, but inclined to be tremulous, at right angles to the adjoining veins.

Length of the fragment, 14 mm.; probable length of tegmilia, 16,5 

mm.; breadth, 6.75 mm.

This species differs from E. cassvici, to which it is most nearly related, 

in the far greater breadth of the basal part of the internomedian area 

and in the relative unimportance and lower level of the externomedian 

area.

One specimen from the Waynesburg coal (Lower Permian) of Cassville, W. Ya., in the collection of Mr. E. D. Lacoe, No. 2143&.

8. GERABLATTINA CONCINNA sp. nov.

PI. X, figs. 4, 5.

This species is represented by a single specimen and its reverse, 

showing overlapping wings and tegmiua, of which little can be made 

out, excepting the nearly complete uppermost of the tegmina, and a 

second specimen of an incomplete fore wing. The tegmina are very 

slender, slightly more than three times as long as broad, with a rather 

strongly arcuate costal margin, causing the tegmina to be nearly equal 

in their basal, somewhat rapidly tapering in their apical half, the apex 

falling well within the middle of the tegmina, the inner margin being 

straight. The mediastinal area reaches to the middle of the apical half 

of the tegmina, is moderately broad, tapers very regularly and uniformly 

in its apical half, and is filled with strongly oblique, increasingly 

oblique, and simple or forked, rather long branches. The scapular vein 

first branches at or somewhat beyond the end of the basal third of the 

tegmiua, has a nearly straight or gently sinuous course toward the 

apex of the tegmina after passing its basal arcuation, and has four or 

five, at their origin widely distant but still closely crowded, simple or 

deeply forked branches, which run in a nearly straight and longitudinal 

course to the apical fourth of the costal margin. The basal portion of 

the exteriiomediau vein and its first branch, which is not forked until
120 AMERICAN FOSSIL COCKROACHES.

shortly before the tip, run rather near to the main scapular vein, but 

after its first forking the externomedian vein has a straight and strongly 

oblique course to a point on the inner margin at some distance beyond 

the tip of the mediastinal area, and thereafter has three simple or deeply 

forked branches having a similar direction to that of the first fork. 

The internomedian vein is furnished with six or eight rather closely 

crowded, long, simple, oblique nervules. The anal area is considerably 

vaulted, the anal furrow deeply impressed, strongly arcuate, and terminates a little beyond the basal third of the. tegminaj the anal nervules, six to eight in number, are gently arcuate in the same sense as 

the anal furrow, subequidistant and simple. The surface is uniformly 

black, gently vaulted in all the interspaces, excepting those of the 

internomedian and anal areas, with no banding, and but very sligkt 

signs of any transverse striation.

Length of tegmina, 18.25 mm.; breadth, 5.9 mm.

From the Waynesburg coal (Lower Permian) of Cassville, W. Ya., in 

the collection of Mr. E. D. Lacoe, Nos. 2077 o-&, c-d.

9. GrERABLATTINA TJNIFOBMIS Sp. nov.

PI. X, figs. 8-11.

Known by the tegmina only, which are about two and a half times 

longer than broad, with very gentle and uniform arcuation to the costal margin and straight inner margin, and probably a broadly rounded 

tip; the tip in all cases is broken. The mediastinal area is relatively 

broad and not very long, barely or not extending beyond the middle of 

the apical half of the tegmina, tapering only in its extreme portion, 

and filled with strongly oblique, infrequent, simple or forked, more or 

less arcuate branches. The scapular area must terminate just above 

the apex of the tegmina; first forking scarcely beyond the middle of 

the basal half of the same, it has four or five branches, all of which, 

mostly simple but occasionally deeply forked, have an upward gentle 

arcuation and on the costal margin are about as equally distant from 

each other as the mediastinal nervules. The externomedian vein is 

gently sinuous throughout its course, terminating beyond the middle of 

the apical third of the tegmina, beginning to fork nearly as soon as the 

scapular vein, and having in all only three simple or very deeply forked 

branches, all of which are nearly straight and longitudinal. The iuternomedian vein is exactly parallel to the externomedian, showing a gentle sinuosity throughout, and is furnished with six or. seven simple or 

deeply forked, strongly oblique, and gently sinuous branches. The anal 

furrow is rather strongly arcuate, rather deeply impressed, and terminates some distance beyond the end of the basal third of the tegmina; 

the anal veins are simple and parallel to the anal furrow in its vicinity, 

where only they are preserved. The surface of the tegmina is uniformly 

black, approaching piceous, with very faintly perceptible, fine, closely 

crowded cross lines.
SCUDDEE..] SPECIES OF GERABLATTINA. 121

Length of the most perfect specimen (fragment), 13.5 mm.; probable 

length of tegmina, 17.5 mm.; breadth, 7 mm.

This species is nearly allied to the preceding, G. concinna, but is much, 

less slender than it.

It is represented by four specimens from the Waynesburg coal (Lower 

Permian) of Cassville, W. Va., in the collection of Mr. E. D. Lacoe, all 

but one with reverses, which bear the numbers 2082 0-6, c-d, e, f-g.

10. GERABLATTINA PERMANENTA sp. nov. 

PI. X, fig. 12.

The tegmiua are elongated, regularly and very gently tapering from 

near the base, and about two and three-quarters times as long as broad. 

The niediastinal vein extends to beyond the middle of the distal half of 

the tegmina, the rather narrow area gently narrowing, with half a dozen

deeply forked or simple, longitudinally oblique branches, increasingly

oblique distally. The scapular vein is at first straight, then bent at its 

first fork, at about the end of the proximal third of the tegmiua, and, 

thereafter arcuate, crosses to the lower half of the tegmina and terminates a little below the apex; it has but three or four deeply forked, 

longitudinal, scarcely arcuate branches. The externomedian vein is 

very unimportant, first branching far beyond the middle of the tegmiua 

and sending only three or four crowded nervules to the margin. The 

internomedian vein is nearly straight and oblique but apically arcuate, 

reaching at least as far as the mediastinal vein, with seven or eight equidistant, parallel, straight, simple, oblique branches, the apical ones 

more longitudinal and sometimes forked. The anal furrow is rather 

lightly impressed, slightly bent in the middle, and rather broadly arcuate, terminating just before the middle of the tegmina; the six or eight 

simple, subparallel, subequidistant anal veins are straight and longitudinally oblique, becoming gently arcuate as they approach the anal 

furrow. The surface of the tegmiua is black, in places with distinct, 

close, incised cross lining.

The single specimen (with its reverse) shows a pair of crossed tegmina, of which only the more perfect, lacking only the extreme tip, is 

drawn.

Length of better fragment, 14.25 mm.; probable length of tegmina, 

15.75 mm.; breadth, 5.7 mm.

From the Waynesburg coal (Lower Permian) of Cassville, W. Va. 

Mr. B. D. Lacoe, No. 2144 a-b.

11. GERABLATTINA PERMAORA sp. nov. 

PI. X, fig. 13.

Tegmina elongate elliptical in form, about three times as long as 

broad, with very gently and regularly arcuate costal margin and the 

margin of the anal area a little full. Mediastinal area broadening 

beyond the base, the vein being broadly sinuate and terminating at
122 AMERICAN FOSSIL COCKROACHES.

about the middle of the distal half of the tegmina; it has eight or nine 

simple, straight, oblique branches, more frequent in the distal than 

the proximal half. The scapular vein is very unimportant, although it 

first forks but little beyond the middle of the proximal half of the tegmina, for it further forks only just before the margin. The externomedian area is extensive; the vein first forks but little beyond the middle 

of the proximal half of the tegmina, and the two forks are of about 

equal importance; the upper, which must be regarded as the first 

branch, having three simple or forked inferior offshoots occupying the 

apex of the tegmina; the other two superior offshoots, one simple, the 

other deeply forked. The internomedian vein is very gently arcuate 

and reaches far beyond the middle of the distal half of the tegmina, and 

has only three or four longitudinally oblique, simple or forked branches. 

The anal furrow is very slightly impressed, somewhat strongly arcuate, 

and terminates scarcely beyond the proximal third of the tegmina; 

the anal veins are few in numbers, simple, equidistant, and arcuate, 

parallel to the anal furrow. The surface of the tegmina is blackish 

brown, and shows in places the feeblest possible signs of fine and close 

cross lining.

Length of fragment, 15.5 mm.; probable length of tegmina, 17 mm.; 

breadth, 5.65 mm.

A single specimen and its reverse collected by myself in the Waynesburg coal (Lower Permian) of Cassville, W. Va., shows the whole of 

one of the tegmina excepting the extreme base and the inner margin. 

No. 2187 and 2188, United States Geological Survey.

12. GERABLATTINA EVERSA sp. nov.

PI. X, fig. 14. 

The tegmina of this spscies are broadest at about the middle of the

proximal half, and therefore taper apparently very slowly to the apex, 

and are presumably about two and one-half times longer than broad; 

but as in the only specimen known most of the margin is losfc, much 

is conjectural in this respect. Assuming, what can not be far wrong, 

that our restoration of the outline is correct, the mediastinal area, 

which is of normal width and similar to that of the next preceding 

species, terminates at about the middle of the distal half of the tegmina and the vein has six or seven straight, longitudinally oblique, 

simple branches. The scapular vein must terminate about at the 

apex of the tegmina, being broadly arcuate, with only two or three 

longitudinal, broadly arcuate branches, the first of which, arising near 

the middle of the proximal half of the tegmina, is very deeply forked. 

The externomediau vein is nearly straight and oblique, with two or 

three broadly arcuate longitudinal branches, simple or forked. The 

internomedian vein runs in a straight, oblique course, parallel to the
SCUDDEB.] SPECIES OF QERABLATTINA. 123

last, to about the middle of the distal half of the tegmina, and, has 

only four or five, mostly simple, arcuate, oblique branches, the area 

rapidly diminishing in diameter as the vein arises high up in the tegmina. The anal furrow is very strongly arcuate, rather sharply but 

very delicately incised, and terminates but little beyond the middle of 

the proximal half of the tegmina. The surface is black and shows no 

sign whatever of any cross lining. '

Length of fragment, 11.5 mm.; probable length of tegmina, 15.4 mm.;, 

breadth, 6.2 mm.

The single specimen shows but little more than half of one of the 

tegmina, with the shoulder, anal area, and a large part of the apex, 

with more than the distal half of both costal and inner margins, and, 

the under surface being exposed, is crossed by the veins of the overlying but imperfect hind wing. It comes from the Waynesburg coal 

(Lower Permian) of Cassville, W, Va., and is from the collection of

Mr. R. D. Lacoe, where it bears the number 2145a.

0

13. GERABLATTINA DEDUCTA sp. nov. 

PI. X, fig. 15.

The tegmina, as restored, are long elliptical, of very regular outline,, 

probably tapering as much basally as apically, and about three times 

as long as broad. The costal margin, beyond the extreme basal narrowing of the tegmina (which is exceptionally great), is very gently and 

regularly arcuate; the other margins are lost in the only specimen 

known. The mediastinal vein extends to the end of the fragment and 

certainly to far beyond the middle of the distal half of the tegmina; it 

has half a dozen arcuate and rather long, simple or forked branches, and 

is itself rather far removed from the margin. The scapular vein probably terminates exactly at the apex of the tegmina, first forks at some distance before the middle, with two main stems of about equal value, the 

branches being nearly longitudinal and on the margin about seven or 

eight in number. The externomedian vein first branches about opposite 

the scapular vein, and has only two or three branches, but the first 

branch is compound, its branchlets divergent, so that it occupies a considerable space and probably sends at least halt a dozen branchlets to 

the margin. The internomedian vein is regularly arcuate, and terminates before the middle of .the distal hall of the tegmina, and has only 

four or five simple, equidistant, gently arcuate branches. The anal furrow is very gently impressed, roundly bent well beyond the middle, and 

strikes the margin at the end of the proximal third of the tegmina. 

The surface is dark brown and everywhere shows delicate cross lines 

between the veins, very closely crowded and straight.

Length of fragment, 11 mm.; probable length of tegmina, 13.7 min.; 

breadth. 4.5 mm.
124 AMERICAN FOSSIL COCKROACHES.

The single specimen lacks the anal area, the apical sixth of the tegmina and most of the inner margin for a fifth the width of the tegrnina. 

It comes from, the Waynesburg coal (Lower Permian) of Cassville, W. 

Va., and is in the collection of Mr. E. D. Lacoe, with the number 2146a.

14. GrERABLATTINA SCAPULARIS.

PI. X, fig. 7. 

GeraUattina scapularis Scudd., Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv., No. 101, 19, pi. 2, fig. I (1893).

From the Lower (?) Productive Coal-measures of Pawtucket, E. I.

15. GERABLATTINA FRATERNA.

PI. X, fig. 16.

GeraUattinafraterna Scudd., Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv., No. 101,19-20, pi. 2, figs, d, e(1893).

From the Lower ("?) Productive Coal-measures of Silver Spring, East

Providence, E. I.

»

16. GERABLATTINA RADIATA sp. nov. 

PI. XI, fig. 1.

A single, nearly perfect fore wing, but with the tip destroyed. It is 

a little more than twice as long as broad, with widely radiating veins; 

the costal margin is strongly arcuate, especially on the proximal half, 

the inner margin nearly straight, and the tip probably roundly pointed. 

The mediastinal' area extends almost to the end of the preserved 

portion and probably to the apical sixth of the tegmiua, and the 

vein has few, remarkably longitudinal, mostly simple veins, though the 

middle ones arise from a longitudinal subbasal branch which simulates 

the main vein. The scapular v^in is somewhat as in the genus Archimylacris, for it is strongly arcuate, throughout parallel with the costal margin, and. terminates distinctly below the apex of the tegrnina, 

though it apparently does not sweep upward at.tip, to judge from the 

veins next the distal end of the specimen; it first- forks at about the 

end of the proximal third of the tegmina, and.has three or four longitudinal branches, simple, deeply forked, or compound. The externomedian vein, very strongly arcuate in the proximal third of the tegmina, is thereafter straight and has but three simple, subequidistant 

branches parallel to the main scapular vein, the first arising a little 

before the middle of the tegmina. The internomedian vein is straight 

beyond the proximal third of the tegmina and terminates only a little 

before the distal third of the same, with four straight oblique branches, 

the first very deeply forked, the others simple. The anal furrow is 

gently arcuate beyond the very strongly arcuate base and ends with 

the proximal third of the tegmina; the veins are few, simple, and bent 

arcuate. The veins are discolored with black on a blackish castaneous 

ground, and there is everywhere a feeble tracery of cross lines.
SCUDDEE.] SPECIES OF GERABLATTINA. 125

Length of fragment, 13.5 mm.; probable length of tegmina, 15.5 mm.; 

breadth, 6.75 mm.

This species is slenderer than those which here follow it, due to the 

tapering of the tegmina beyond the basal third, and is remarkable for 

the downward course of the scapular vein, which carries it below the 

apex of the tegmina.

From the Waynesburg coal (Lower Permian) of Oassville, W. Va» 

Mr. R. D. Lacoe; one specimen, No. 2147a.

17. GERABLATTINA LATA sp. nov.

PI. XI, tig. 2.

Represented by a single, almost perfect specimen of one of the tegmina; this is only twice as long as broad, of somewhat regular obovate

form, the costal margin pretty regularly arcuate, the apex broadly 

rounded, the inner margin straight. The mediastinal area is tolerably 

broad and extends to beyond the middle of the apical third of the 

tegmina, tapering only in its extreme portion, where the mediastinal 

vein, hitherto parallel to the costal margin, curves rather strongly 

upward; the area is filled with simple or simply and not deeply forked, 

strongly oblique nervules, rather few in number but somewhat closely 

crowded by their obliquity. The scapular vein, first forking but little 

before the middle of the tegmina, is strongly sinuous, with four, at origin 

rather distant branches, which are arcuate and upcurved and mostly 

simple and closely crowded. The externomedian vein is even more 

strongly sinuous, with but three simple or forked-branches, occupying 

on the apical margin from the extreme apex downward even less space 

than do the scapular nervules-above the apex. The internomedian vein 

is similarly sinuous and parallel to the externomedian, and has seven 

generally simple, sometimes simply forked, oblique, nearly straight or 

gently arcuate branches, the area itself rapidly narrowing beyond the 

base. The anal area is very gently vaulted with a strongly impressed, 

arcuate, anal furrow, terminating at about the end of the basal twofifths of the tegmina; the anal veins are few, distant, strongly arcuate, and subparallel to the anal furrow. The surface of the tegmina 

is uniformly piceous throughout, and well marked with pronounced 

but exceedingly delicate and closely crowded tremulous cross lines.

Length, 12.5 mm.; breadth, 6.25 mm.

Represented by one specimen from the Waynesburg coal (Lower Permian) of Cassville, W. Va., in. the collection of Mr. R. D. Lacoe, bearing 

the number 2148a.
126 AMERICAN FOSSIL COCKROACHES.

18. GEKABLATTINA ROTTJNDATA sp. nov. 

PI. XI, fig. 3.

This species, represented by a single specimen broken at base, closely 

resembles G. lata in general appearance, having precisely the same form 

except a straighter costal margin, and being of the same size. It is 

.slightly more than twice as long as broad, with the costal margin 

straight in the middle half, the apex very broadly rounded, and the anal 

margin straight before the apical curve. The mediastinal vein is almost 

perfectly straight, so that the area is triangular and terminates barely 

before the middle of the distal half of the tegmina; the branches of the 

vein are rather few, mostly simple, straight and oblique. The scapular 

vein is gently sinuate and terminates exactly at the apex of the tegmina; 

it first forks just before the end of the proximal third of the tegmina, 

and by the middle of the tegmiua has sent out three longitudinally 

oblique, simple, doubly forked, or compound branches, and itself forks 

once near the tip, so that nearly a dozen branches fall on the upper half 

of the rounded apical margin of the tegmina. The externomedian vein 

is similarly sinuate and emits three variably forked branches, farther 

from the base than the scapular branches, but nearly as numerous on 

the margin as they. Internomedian vein broadly arcuate but reaching 

out to the same distance as the mediastinal vein, with four or five simple, 

nearly straight, oblique branches, traced with exceptional fineness on 

the stone. Anal furrow not very deeply incised, straight beyond the 

arcuate basal portion, striking the margin not far before the middle of 

the tegmina; the anal area is obliterated. With the exception of the 

iuternomedian area, the veins are rather deeply incised and black, 

though not margined, and the whole of the surface of the tegmina is 

nearly black; there is a feeble sign or two of transverse cross lines in 

the apical part of the tegmina.

Length of tegmina, lOmin. ; breadth, 4.9.

This species is readily distinguished from G.lata, its nearest ally, by 

the straight mediastinal vein and arcuate instead of sinuate internomedian vein.

From the Waynesburg coal (Lower Permian) of Cassville, W. Va. 

Mr. E. D. Lacoe, No.

19. GERABLATTINA OVATA sp. nov. 

PI. XI, fig. 4.

The only fragment preserved is broken at the base of the tegmina, 

but their shape can almost certainly be restored, showing them to have 

been of a very distinctly ovate form, about twice as long as broad, with 

the costal margin very regularly and rather strongly convex and the 

inner margin equally convex in the apical half, producing an ovate 

tip. The mediastinal vein is sinuous and terminates at about the
SCUDDER.] SPECIES OF GERABLATTINA. 127

middle of the apical half of the tegmina, is rather distant from the 

margin, and has but four or five simple or simply forked and rather 

long, rather oblique branches. The scapular vein is rather strongly 

sinuous, terminates barely above the apex of the tegmina, begins to 

fork at some distance before the middle of the tegmiua, and has four 

simple, in one case deeply forked, nearly straight but slightly sinuous, 

oblique branches. The externomedian vein, beyond the arcuate base, 

is nearly straight, begins to fork at about the middle of the tegmiua, 

and has four simple or medially forked, straight, longitudinal branches. 

The internoinedian vein is parallel to the exteruomedian, and terminates 

in the middle of the apical two-fifths of the tegmina, with five straight 

or gently arcuate, oblique, distant branches, of very unequal length, 

since the area rapidly narrows from base to apex. Only a little of the 

anal furrow can be seen, but it plainly terminates but a little way before 

the middle of the inner border. The surface of the tegmina is uniform 

in coloring and transversely cross lined, as in the preceding species.

Length of fragment, 13.5 mm.; probable length of tegmina, 14.5 mm.; 

width, 7 mm.

This species is closely allied to G. lata, but is of a distinctly different 

form from the tapering of the apical half of the tegmina, which is 

scarcely in the least perceptible in the preceding species; the veins 

again are more longitudinal and less arcuate, and the neuration is also 

more scant.

The single specimen, represented by obverse and reverse, comes from 

the Waynesburg coal (Lower Permian) of Cassville, W. Va., and is in 

the collection of Mr. B. D. Lacoe, bearing the number 2150 a~b.

20. GEBABLATTINA MINIMA sp. nov. 

PI. XI, fig. 5.

The tegmina would be pretty regularly elliptical in form were it not 

for the square shoulder formed by the anal area, but, disregarding that, 

would taper more apically than basally. The costal margin is very 

regularly and considerably arcuate, but more strongly at base than at 

apex; the inner margin is nearly straight to the middle of the distal 

half of the tegmina and then is as arcuate as the costal margin, forming a bluntly subacuminate tip; the tegmina are scarcely more than 

twice as long as broad and exceptionally small for a Paleozoic cockroach, being indeed the smallest known in this country, except one 

Permian species. The mediastinal area is of excessive breadth, reaching almost to the middle line of the tegmina, at its widest expansion; 

the vein is rather strongly sinuate and reaches almost to the middle of 

the distal fourth of the tegmina; its branches are subparallel, oblique, 

gently arcuate, generally simple but sometimes deeply forked, aud 

about a dozen in number. The scapular vein is insignificant and closely 

parallel to the mediastinal vein; it forks only just before the middle of
128 AMERICAN FOSSIL COCKROACHES.

the distal half of the tegmina and has but two simple branches, occupying on the margin only half the narrow space lying between the end 

of the mediastinal area and the extreme apex of the tegmina. The 

externomedian vein is also sinuate in the same sense, first forks at 

about the middle of the tegmina, and has only three simple or forked 

branches, widely separated at base. The internomedian vein is compound ; its principal portion is nearly straight, but at the middle of the 

tegmina it has a superior apically forked branch which extends its area 

farther out than the mediastinal area, the main stem having half a 

dozen rather distant, parallel, transversely oblique, nearly straight, constantly shortening branches. The anal furrow is distinctly impressed, 

but more by the moderate vaulting of the anal area than by its own 

incision, is very strongly and regularly arcuate, and strikes the margin 

at about the distal end of the second fifth of the tegmina; the anal 

veins are numerous, closely crowded, subsinuate, parallel, longitudinally oblique and mostly simple. The surface of the tegmina is black 

and in places, particularly in. the internomedian area, there are the 

feeblest possible traces of excessively fine and closely crowded straight 

cross lines.

Length of tegmina, 9.75 mm.; breadth, 4.7 mm.

This species is most nearly allied to G. ovata, but the shape of the 

tegmina and the relative importance of the mediastinal and internomedian areas are very different.

The single specimen known, with its reverse, is completely preserved, 

and was obtained by myself in the Lower Barren Coal-measures of Ohio, 

less than 100 feet above the crinoidal limestone, in the valley of Wills 

Creek, Eichmond, Jefferson County. Nos. 2183 and 2184, United States 

Geological Survey.

21. GERABLATTINA PASCIGERA.

mattina fascigera Scudd., Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XIX, 238-239 (1878). 

Gerablattina fascigera Scudd., Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., Ill, 113-115, pi. 6, figs 1 

2 (1879); Foss. Ins. N. A., I, 133-135, pi. 6, figs. 1, 2 (1890).

This is the oldest known Paleozoic cockroach.

From the Interconglomerate or Millstone Grit of Campbell's Ledge, 

near Pittston, Pa.

11. Genus ANTHRACOBLATTINA.

Anthracoblattina Scudd., Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., Ill, 87-88 (1879); Foss. Ins. 

N. A., I, 107-108 (1890).

This is rather a characteristic European type of Blattinarise, for it 

there holds a second place, while of the fourteen known species only 

two are American. The geologic range is the same in the two countries, and though in Europe it culminates toward the close of the Carboniferous period, the culmination is in no sense striking, as it is in 

some genera. In our own country one of the species occurs in the
BCUDDEB.] SPECIES OF ANTHRACOBLATTINA. 129

Lowest Productive Coal-measures of the Western Interior coal-basin in 

Missouri, the other in the Permian of West Virginia. The genus has 

not before been recognized in America.

Table of the species of Anthracoblattina.

Large species, the tegmiua exceeding 25 mm. in length; scapular vein first forking 

far earlier than the externomedian...'.......................,... 1. A. americana.

Small species, the tegmina less than 12ruin, in length; scapular and externomedian 

veins firsc forking at about the same distance from the base.... 2. A. viryiniensis.

1. ANTHRACOBLATTINA AMERICANA sp. nov.

PI. XI, fig. 7.

The basal half or thereabouts of a large fore wing represents apparently a species of Anthraeoblattina, a genus hitherto unknown in 

America; the form of the tegmina can, of course, not be told with certainty, but I have attempted to restore the probable outline from the 

curves of that portion of the costal and inner margins which is preserved 

and from the course of the principal veins. The tegmina are broad with 

a broad well-rounded shoulder and a gently arcuate costal and nearly 

straight inner margin; they are probably a little more than twice as 

long.as broad, and the broadest portion is a little beyond the middle 

of the anal area. The mediastinal area is remarkably broad, occupying 

at the base of the wing fully one-half its width, narrowing at first, 

afterwards remaining nearly equal to a little before the middle of the 

wing, when it tapers somewhat rapidly, and probably terminates at 

the end of the middle third of the tegmina, the vein having thus a 

broadly sinuous course, and throwing off at regular intervals a series 

(four or five are visible) of long, straight, simple, oblique branches. 

The scapular vein runs at the extreme base as close as possible beside 

the externomedian vein, parts from it before the middle of the anal 

area, and thereafter runs at first parallel to the costal margin; it sends 

off its first branch before the end of the basal third of the tegmina, its 

second a little before the middle of the tegmina, the first forking before the origin of the second branch; more than this can not certainly 

be said from the imperfect nature of the fragment, but it would appear 

from the course of the veins beside it that it occupies on the costal 

margin all the portion lying between the mediastinal area and the 

extreme tip of the tegmiua. The externomedian vein is strongly arcuate and first forks opposite the first fork of the first branch of the scapular vein, and from its course and that of the adjoining veins it 

apparently forks longitudinally in the apical half of the tegmina and 

occupies on the margin a space considerably less than that of .the 

scapular vein. The iiiterriomedian vein runs exactly parallel to the 

externomedian, and apparently terminates somewhat beyond the middle of the outer half of the tegmina; in the portion which remains it 

Bull. 124 9
130 AMERICAN FOSSIL COCKROACHES.

emits two compound, gently arcuate branches, each of them forking 

doubly before the middle of the tegmina. The anal furrow is deeply and 

sharply impressed, very strongly arcuate, almost bent at right angles 

in its proximal half, beyond nearly straight, terminating on the margin 

just beyond the basal third of the tegmina; the anal area is occupied 

.by but few veins and these at considerable distance from the anal furrow; they are forked or doubly forked, and run in a longitudinally 

oblique direction, that nearest the anal furrow passing a little above 

'the middle of the area and somewhat arcuate in the same sense as the 

anal furrow.

Length of fragment, 15.5 mm.; probable length of tegmina, 30 ram.; 

breadth, 14.5 mm.

The extreme width of the mediastinal area separates this at once

 from any of the European species of Anthracoblattina.

From a coal bank near Clinton, Mo., belonging to the Lowest Pro-

 ductive Coal-measures. Mr. E. D. Lacoe; one specimen, No. 2137 a.

2. ANTHRACOBLATTINA VIRGINIBNSIS.

/ PI. XI, fig. 8.

A nearly perfect fore wing represents a second species, remarkable 

for the brevity of the internornedian area; the tegmina are smaller and 

stouter than usual in this genus, being but little more than twice as 

long as broad, obovate, probably with broadly rounded apex; the cos-

 tal margin is scarcely arcuate except at the extremities. The medias-

 tinal area is distinctly less than one-third the breadth of the tegmina, 

' at first equal, but gradually approaching the margin in its distal half 

by the arcuation of the main vein, which reaches the border just before

 the middle of the distal half of the tegmina; there are about live longi-

 tudinally oblique, generally simple, nearly straight branches. The scap-

 ular vein is broadly sinuous, being at the base strongly, at the apex 

feebly, arcuate, terminating at the apex of the tegrnina; it first forks

 well before the middle of the tegmina and has about four mostly deeply 

forked, feebly arcuate branches, which have much the direction of those 

of the mediastinal area. The externomedian vein forks fully as soon 

'as the scapular vein and has more branches, the first of which is compound (the others not fully preserved). The internoinedian area is

 exceptionally short for an Anthracoblattina, the main vein being rather 

strongly arcuate and terminating not far beyond the middle of the tegmina; it has four gently arcuate mostly simple branches. The anal furrow is strongly and very regularly arcuate, not very deeply impressed, 

and terminates not far from the end of the proximal third of the teg-

'inina; the anal area is not preserved and the other parts of the immediate base are destroyed. The surface of'the tegmiua is finely, but 

not very.closely, cross-lined, except in the internomediau and the basal

..portion of the externomedian area, where it is irregularly and not very 

delicately reticulate.
scuDDER.1 SPECIES OF PROGONOBLATTINA. 131

Length of fragment, 10.5 mm.; probable length of tegmina, 12 mrn.; 

breadth, 5.4 mm.

This species differs from the European species, but perhaps to a less 

extent from the single other American species, in the brevity of the 

internomedian area. It is the smallest species of the genus, which contains some of the largest of Paleozoic cockroaches, but it is not much 

smaller than the European A. remifjii, from Ousel.

From the Waynesburg coal (Lower Permian), of Cassville, W. Va. 

Mr. E. D. Lacoe; one specimen, No. 2138 a-b.

12. Genus HEEMATOBLATTINA.

Hermatoblattina Scndcl., Mem. Bost. Soc. N:it. Hist., Ill, 115 (1879); Foss. Ins.. N. A., 

I, 135 (1890).

This genus was founded upon a couple of species from the Coalmeasures of Germany, and one has since been added from the Scottish 

coal field. It seems to be confined to the uppermost Carboniferous beds 

and the Permian. No American species have yet been detected.

13. Genus PEOGONOBLATTINA.

ProgonMattitia ScudcL, Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 111,118-119 (1879); Foss. Ins. 

N. A., I, 138-139 (1890).

This genus was founded upon a couple of European species, one 

occurring at the very top of the Carboniferous series in Germany, the 

other lower down, but in the Productive Coal-measures of Switzerland. 

None have since been added in Europe, and until now none have been 

found in America, but we are here able to add a representative from 

this country. It comes from the Lowest Productive Coal-measures of 

the Eastern Interior coal field in Illinois. The American species, however, departs less widely than the European from the other Palreoblattarise in the more normal extent of the internomedian area, which here 

reaches to the distal end of the middle third of the tegima.

PROGONOBLATTINA COLUMBIANA. 

PI. XI, fig. 9.

The tegmina are of a graceful form, very elongate oval, but with the 

inner side for the greater part straight, broadest at the end of the 

proximal third, tapering gradually to a rounded, scarcely pointed 

apex; both tegmina are perfectly preserved, but the neuration of one 

is partly lost in unimportant places; the breadth is to the length about 

as 1: 2.6. The costal margin is very regularly and considerably arcuate, the base ovately rounded and the inner margin straight for twothirds the length of the tegmina, unaffected by the anal area. The 

mediastinal area' is vittate, the vein extending slightly beyond the 

middle of the tegmiua and the seven or more branches mostly Simple,
132 AMERICAN FOSSIL COCKROACHES.

but sometimes deeply forked, increasingly oblique distally. The scapular vein is strongly and pretty uniformly sinuous, terminating just 

above the apex of the tegmina; on one wing it begins to branch far 

toward the base of the tegmma as in the other species of the genus, but 

on the other it does not branch until about the end of the proximal 

third of the tegmina; yet in the former case, the right side, the vein is 

much less numerously branched than in the other, although at the same 

time more strongly sinuous, permitting by its recession from the margin 

space for a larger number of offshoots; but on this side, as also in the 

other species of Progonoblattina, the branches are more nearly longitudinal, by which they are reduced in number; on the left fore wing, on the 

contrary, they are decidedly oblique and excepting the compound basal 

branch are all simple. The main course of the externomedian vein is, 

of course, that of the preceding; it first branches not far from the middletof the tegmina, its branches slightly arcuate and nearly longitudinal, the first compound, the others simple. The internomedian vein is 

regularly and gently arcuate throughout, terminating at about the distal end of the middle third of the tegmina, and has five subequidistant, 

nearly straight, oblique branches. The anal furrow is strongly and 

regularly arcuate, deeply impressed, especially toward the base, and 

strikes the margin a little beyond the end of the proximal third of the 

tegmina; the half dozen anal veins are simple, arcuate, subequidistant, 

parallel.

The pronotal shield is also preserved, slightly distorted by pressure. 

It was apparently subtruncate at base, less than twice as broad as long, 

strongly convex in front; it appears also to have been considerably 

vaulted and to have had a large discal, transverse, quadratic impression, nearly twice as broad as long, and there is also trace of a fine 

margination around all but the base.

The impression of some of the legs, and especially of the hind pair, 

appears, but only enough to say that they were slender and of a normal 

length.

Length from front of prothorax to tip of closed tegmina, 26 mm.; of 

tegmina, 20.75 mm.; breadth of same, 8 mm.; of overlapping tegmma, 

14.25mm.; of prothorax, 9.75 mm.; length of hind femora, 6.5 mm.; 

breadth of same, 1.75 mm.; length of hind tibia, 4.5 mm.; of tarsi, 

6.5 mm.

The single specimen known lies in a natural position, with all the 

exposed parts preserved, and occurs with its reverse in the center of a 

nodule from the Lowest Productive Coal-measures of Mazoii Creek, 

Illinois. It was received for study from Mr. William Gurley.
BcoDDER.1 SPECIES OF ORYCTOBLATTINA. 133

14. Genus OEYCTOBLATTINA.

OryctoUattina Scudd., Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., Til, 121-122 (1879); Foss. Ins. 

N. A., 1,141-142 (1890).

Five species of this genus are now known three from Europe and 

two from North America. The European species are found in later" 

rocks than the American, one occurring in Dyassic, the other two in 

Upper Carboniferous deposits. One of our two species, indeed, is 

found in the Barren Coal-measures of the Western Interior coal basin, 

in Missouri, but the other in the Lowest Productive Coal-measures of 

the Eastern Interior coal basin in northern Illinois. The type is a very 

peculiar one, and the resemblance of one of our species (the younger) 

to the European is very striking, although it is still very clearly 

distinct 5 it comes also from a similar horizon.

Table of the species of Oryctoblattina.

Scapular vein with its first branch running close and parallel to the mediastilial 

throughout........................................................ 1. 0. oca dim.

Scapular vein before branching diverging widely from the mediastinal, only its lirst 

branch subparallel to the mediasti mil............................ 2. 0. laqueata.

1. ORYCTOBLATTINA. OCCIDUA.

Oryctoblattina occidua Scndd., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad., 1885, 37 (1885); Mem. 

Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., IV, 414-415, pi. 32, fig. 3 (1890); Foss. Ins. N. A., I, 390-391, 

pi. 24, fig. 3 (1890).

Lowest Productive Coal-measures of Mazon Creek, Illinois. 

2. ORYCTOBLATTINA LAQUEATA sp. nov. 

PI. XI, fig. 6.

Tegmina only. The tegmina are of an elongate oval form, broadest 

at the end of the basal third, considerably less than three times as long 

as broad; the costal margin is strongly arcuate, especially at base, the 

inner margin gently arcuate, the apex, which is broken, evidently falling about the middle line, perhaps a little below it. The mediastinal 

vein runs at no great distance from the margin, subpar;illel to it but 

gradually approaching it, at last somewhat abruptly, and terminates 

just beyond the middle of the tegmina; it has many simple, straight, 

slightly oblique branches, those in the basal halt interrupted by a series 

of connecting cross veins which disturb their regularity. The scapular 

vein starts in close proximity to the mediastinal in the basal fourth, 

diverges rapidly from it and thereafter runs at a wide distance from but 

subparallel to it, terminating a little less than midway between the tip 

of the mediastinal vein and the apex of the tegmina, and in this last 

portion of its course, from just before the tip of the mediastinal vein, 

sends to the border numerous very crowded, straight, oblique, simple 

veins; just beyond its change of course the scapular vein throws off
134 AMERICAN FOSSIL COCKROACHES.

a principal branch, which emits several inferior nervules at rather 

wide distances apart toward the apex of the teginina; most of these 

branches are simple for the greater portion of their course, or they 

may be deeply forked, so that eight or nine nervules strike the margin ; besides this, in the interspace between the main vein and its 

principal branch, there is thrown off from the upper side of the principal branch a short, widely diverging vein. The exteruoniedian vein 

runs in a nearly straight, gently siuuate course at no great distance 

from the scapular vein and its lowest branch to the inner margin, at no 

great distance before the tip; it has but a single branch, originating 

opposite the first furcation of the principal mediastiual branch, but at 

'its origin obscured by the reticulation of the teginina and distinct 

only beyond the middle of the wing, at which it divides into two distally branching veins. The internoniedian vein forks close to the base, 

its lower branch simple, straight, and running in close proximity to the 

anal furrow, its upper branch forking widely opposite the tip of the 

former; the space upon the margin between its forks as well as between 

these and the lower branch is filled with numerous oblique, straight, 

closely crowded branches similar to the upper branches of the n>aiu 

'scapular stem. The anal furrow is sharply but not deeply impressed, 

gently arcuate at the base, beyond nearly straight; of the anal veins 

only a pair can be seen, parallel to the anal furrow and not closely 

crowded. The whole surface is covered with a minute but sharp reticulation of cross veins'forming cells which are generally polygonal, but, 

by reason of the director nearly direct transversality of the cross veins, 

mostly quadrilateral in the scapular find anal areas and between the 

scapular and mediastinal veins, except in the interspaces between the 

straight, closely crowded, marginal branches of both the costal and 

inner borders, which are free.

This species is remarkably similar to and yet very distinct from 0. 

reticulata of the German coal, and is another remarkable instance of 

the similarity of many forms in the European and American Coalmeasures. The general resemblance is most striking, due to the sharp 

and minute reticulation of the tegmina, the multiplicity of the short 

branches which crowd the margin in certain spots, and the general 

form and relative importance of the scapular vein, with its branches 

almost wholly dependent on not the main vein but its principal branch. 

It differs in the very different form of the tegmina, the lack of an independent curve to the anal area, and in the wide basal branching of the 

internoniedian vein. As will be seen, 0. laqueata bears a much stronger 

resemblance to the European species than to 0. occidua, the'only American species hitherto known.

Length of fragment, extreme tip and base being lost, 17.5 mm.; probable length of wing, 21 mm.; breadth, 7.5 mm.

The single specimen, from the Coal-measures of Kansas City, Mo., 

was collected by Mr. Sidney J. Hare about 170 leet above the base
BCUDDEK.| SPECIES OF POROBLATTINA. 135

of the Upper Barren Coal-measures, and is in the collection of Mr. E.; 

D. Lacoe, under the number 2136o>.

15. Genus POBOBLATTINA.

PoroWattina Scudd., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad., 1885, 38-39 (1885).

First described from the Triassic rocks of Colorado, where three spe-, 

cies occur; it has now been found, not only in the Permian of West 

Virginia, where three more species are found, but even in the Barren 

Coal-measures of eastern Ohio, in which two other species are recognized, 

or eight species in all. It thus ranges from the Barren Coal-measures, 

to the Trias, and, as far as yet appears, is an exclusively American type.

Table of the species of Poroblalti.ua.

a 1 . Mediastiual area extending well beyond the middle of the tegmina; externomedian vein first forked beyond the extremity of the anal furrow. 

&'. Externoraedian vein simple, or, if forked, divided only at extreme tip.

1. P. longinqua.

¥. Exteruoniedian vein more or less and deeply forked. 

c 1 . Scapular vein terminating at or above the tip of the tegiuina; interuomediau,,

vein and branches oblique and nearly straight.

d'. Mediastinal area narrowing only near extremity, which reaches far beyond 

the middle of the distal half of the tegmiua; scapular vein sinuous, its 

branches almost longitudinal.......................... 2. P. yratiosa.

d2. Mediastinal area narrowing throughout distal half and reaching only to1 , 

middle of distal half of tegmiua; scapular area arcuate, its branches 

distinctly oblique......................................... 3. P. fosna..

c'2 . Scapular vein terminating below the tip of the tegmiua; interuomediauvein 

and branches strongly arcuate...................... ^.... 4. P. meieri."

«2 . Mediastinal area terminating distinctly short of the middle of the teginiua; 

exteruouiedian vein first forked opposite the extremity of the anal' 

furrow. ,., 

ft 1 . Scapular vein strongly sinuous, the proximal series of branches simple.

5. /'. arcuata.

b2 . Scapular vein gently sinuous, the proximal series of branches deeply forked. 

c 1 . Extemomediau vein with few, distant, and simple branches. 

d1 .. Internomedian vein long, with numerous but distant branches.

6. P. lakesii. 

dz. Interuomediau vein short, with very few branches ........ 7. P. ohioensis.

d2 . Extemomediau vein with numerous, crowded, and often forked branches.

8. P. complexinervia!

1. POROBLATTINA LONGINQUA. 

PL XI, tig. 12.

Although the single specimen at hand is very fragmentary and 

scarcely shows a natural border at any point, the portion preserved 

shows the larger part of the neuration and its most essential features, 

which are somewhat strikingly different from those of any other species. 

Apparently the tegmina were of a slender ovate form, about two and a 

half times longer than broad, though thi's is conjectural. The medias-
136 AMERICAN FOSSIL COCKROACHES.

tinal area is vittate and rather narrow, the vein with rather distant 

gently arcuate simple branches, and evidently ends well beyond the 

middle of the tegmina. The scapular vein is gently and very broadly 

sinuous, and retreats so from the costal margin as probably to terminate 

at some considerable^ distance below the apex of the tegmina, which is 

one of its striking peculiarities; it first forks a little before a point 

opposite the extremity of the anal furrow, and in the fragment has but 

two branches, both of which are or must be forked if not compound, and 

probably a third branch arises at a long distance fro in. the second; all 

these branches are very longitudinally oblique. The externomedian 

vein is simple as far as it can be traced, which is through at least threefourths of its course; it runs in a sinuous course, midway between and 

distant from the adjacent veins. The internomediau vein is similarly 

sinuous, and in the preserved portion has three (probably there are in all 

four or five) nearly straight and oblique distant branches. The anal 

furrow is feebly incised, arcuate, and scarcely bent in the middle, and 

terminates probably well beyond the middle third of the tegmina; anal 

veins not preserved. The internomedian veins are very delicate, the 

others rather coarse, and all are broadly bordered on each side with 

carbonaceous black, which in the internomediau area shows traces of 

delicate cross lines.

Length of fragment, 15 mm.; probable length of tegmina, 22 mm j 

breadth, 8.5 mm.

In the simple or only apically forked externomedian vein and the 

downward embrasive sweep of the scapular vein, including the whole 

apex of the tegmina, this species differs strikingly from all its allies. 

, From the Lower Barren Coal-measures of Ohio, less than 100 feet 

above the crinoidal limestone, in the valley of Wills Greek, Richmond, 

Jefferson County. Mr. S. fluston; one specimen, No. 111.

2, POROBLATTINA aRATIOSA. 

PI. XI, fig. 13.

The tegmina, in the single instance known nearly complete, hardly 

taper apically, but are slender, being fully two and one-half times 

longer than broad, the costal margin rather gently arcuate, the inner 

margin straight, the apex probably well rounded. The mediastinal area 

is vittate and tolerably broad, extending to not very far short of the 

apex of the tegmina; the vein has seven or eight similar, simple, strongly 

oblique, nearly straight branches. The scapular vein is somewhat sinuate and terminates at the very apex of the tegmina; it branches early, 

well before the tip of the anal furrow and within the proximal fourth 

of the tegmina; in all there are about five feebly arcuate, longitudinal, 

mostly simple branches, arising at somewhat unequal distances apart. 

The externomedian vein is very feebly sinuous, longitudinally oblique, 

with three straight, simple or forked, very longitudinally oblique branches
BCUDDBR.] SPECIES OF POROBLATTINA.. 137

arising at very unequal distances apart, the earliest a little beyond the 

tip of the anal furrow. The internomedian vein is very broadly arcuate 

(too straight in the figure) and ends before the middle of the. distal half 

of the tegmina, and has but three nearly straight, oblique, simple or simply forked branches. The anal furrow is lightly impressed, rather regularly and rather strongly arcuate, endi-ng on the margin not a great 

way beyond the proximal fourth of the tegmina; anal area lost. The 

entire surface is uniformly carbonaceous black and marked with exceedingly delicate, closely crowded cross lines.

Length of fragment, 11 mm.; probable length of tegmina, 13.5 mm.; 

breadth, 5 mm.

The great length of the rnediastinal area and the infrequent branching of the scapular and extern omedi an veins distinguish this species 

from P. fossa, its nearest ally. Its most striking peculiarity is the 

behavior of the externomedian vein.

From the Waynesburg. coal (Lower Permian) of Cassville, W. Va, 

Mr. E. D. Lacoe; one specimen, ^o. 2134 a-b.

3. POROBLATTINA FOSSA. 

PI. XI, fig. 15.

Tegmina oblong ovate in form, much more than two and one-half times 

longer than broad, with regularly and considerably arcuate costal margin and nearly straight inner margin. The mediastinal vein is nearly 

straight, with a very gentle arcuation beyond tie base, and reaches 

nearly to the distal end of the middle third of the tegmina; its branches 

are straight, simple, and very longitudinally oblique. Beyond the base 

the scapular vein is gently and broadly arcuate, striking the apex of 

the tegmina; it first branches within the proximal third of the tegmina, 

the branch doubly forked, and thereafter, about the middle of the 

tegmina, has three more simple or forked branches, all parallel to those 

of the mediastinal area. Beyond the base the externomedian vein is 

straight and oblique, with three or four forked or doubly forked longitudinal branches, the first thrown off at some distance beyond the 

origin of the first scapular branch. The internomedian vein, beyond 

its gently arcuate base, is straight, parallel to the internomedian vein, 

and strikes the margin at the distal end of the middle fifth of the tegmina; it has four or five straight, oblique, simple branches,.the first 

sometimes forked. The anal furrow is regularly and considerably 

arcuate, but little impressed, and strikes the margin at about the end 

of the proximal third of the tegmina; anal area not preserved. The 

internomedian veins are lightly impressed and delicate, the others 

rather deeply and coarsely; the surface is uniformly blackish, and 

there is no trace of marking or other sculpture.

Length of better fragment, 14 mm.; probable length of tegmina, 

16.5 mm.; breadth, 6 mm.
13£T AMERICAN FOSSIL COCKROACHES.

This species is most nearly allied to the preceding, from which it differs in the form and length of the rnediastiiial area, the more oblique 

and numerous scapular veins, the more strongly convex costal margin, 

and probably in the form of the apex of the tegmina.

From the Waynesburg coal (Lower Permian) of Cassville, W. Va. 

Mr. K. D. Lacoe; two specimens, Nos. 2083 «-&, c.

4. POROBLATTINA MEIERI.

Petrablattina meieri Scudd., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad., 1885, 38 (1885); Mem. Bost. 

Soc. Nat. Hist., IV, 465, pi. 42, fig. 17' (1890); Foss. Ins. N. A., I, 441, pi. 34, fig. 171 

(1890).

This species was wrongly referred by me to Petrablattina. 

Triassic of Fair Play, Colo.

5. POROBLATTINA ARCUATA.

Poroblattina arcuata Scudd., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad., 1885, 39 (1885); Mem. Bost. 

Soc. Nat. Hist., IV, 466, pi. 41, fig. 5 (1890); Foss. Ins. N. A., I, 442, pi. 33, fig. 5 

(1890).

Triassic of Fair Play, Colo.

6. POROBLATTINA LAKESII.

Poroblattina lakesii Scudd., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad., 1885, 39 (1885); Mem. Bost. 

Soc. Nat. Hist., IV, 466, pi. 41, tig. 11 (1890); Foss. Iu-3. N. A., 1,442, pi. 33, fig. 11 

(1890).

Triassic of Fair Play, Colo.

7. POROBLATTINA OHIOENSIS. 

PI. XI, fig. 11.

The apical third Or more of the only specimen known is unfortunately lost, but the tegmiua are very slender and must have been 

more than three times as loog as broad; the costal margin is very 

slightly arcuate beyond the base and the inner margin straight, so that 

the teginina taper very slightly and probably had a well-rounded apex. 

The rnediastinal area is very brief and narrow and the main vein very 

slightly arcuate, ending but a little beyond the proximal third of the 

tegmina, with three or four longitudinally oblique, simple, and straight 

branches. The scapular is far the most important of the veins, with 

a sinuous course through the middle of the tegmina, terminating at the 

apex; it sends out a large number of branches, not very crowded, either 

simple or deeply forked, occasionally doubly forked, the first of which 

is emitted far toward the base of the tegrniua or about opposite the 

middle of the anal area; the branches are more or less arcuate and 

oblique. The externomedian vein is broadly sinuous and oblique, and

1 Erroneously marked 13 on plate. See note on p. 87.
SCUDDER.] SPECIES OP POROBLATTINA. 139

in the part preserved shows but two branches, which are simple, but in 

all probability they fork in the apical portion, as there is abundant 

room for it. The internouiedian vein runs parallel to the externomedian and strikes the inner margin not far from the middle of the tegrnina; it is badly preserved and remarkably insignificant, but probably 

has one or two short oblique branches. The anal furrow is deeply 

impressed at base, but beyond only delicately incised, pretty regularly 

and not very strongly arcuate, and strikes the inner margin beyond the 

proximal third of the tegmiua; the anal veins that can be seen in the 

portion most removed from the furrow are arcuate in a sense the reverse 

of that of the furrow, closely crowded, and most of them deeply forked. 

The scapular veins are as deeply incised as the anal furrow; the others 

are more delicate; the whole surface is black, and there is no sign of 

cross lining.

Length of fragment, 7.5.mm.; probable length of tegmina, 11 unn.j 

breadth at tip of anal furrow, 3.5 niro.

The tegmina are peculiar for the insignificance of the interuomediau 

area and the contrast between the two lateral halves, as to the number 

and prominence of the nervules. It bears no special resemblance to 

any of the others.

From the Barren Coal-measures of Ohio, less than 100 feet above the 

crinoidal limestone, in the valley of Wills Creek, Eichmond, Jefferson 

Cou-nty. Mr. S. Huston; one specimen, No. 162.

8. POROBLATTINA COMPLEXINERVIS. 

PI. XI, fig. 14.

The last species of Poroblattina is represented by a single specimen 

of one of the tegmina, perfect in every part excepting insignificant 

fractures from the base and tip. The tegmina are of a very graceful 

subovate form, with well rounded outlines, nearly two and three-quarters 

times as long as broad; the costal margin is considerably and very 

regularly convex, the inner margin straight except at base and tip, the 

apex well rounded and subacuminate; the tegmina are crowded with 

nervures. The mediastina! area is short and narrow, terminating at 

the distal end of the second fifth of the tegmina, the vein with four or 

five oblique simple branches. The scapular vein is broadly and gently 

sinuous, terminating a little above the apex, with six or seven tolerably 

straight, oblique, generally forked branches, arising subequidistantly, 

the earliest about opposite the middle of the anal area. The externoinedian vein is very peculiar; simple and arcuate until beyond the tip 

of the anal area, it appears* here to throw off numerous branches on 

each side as it runs toward a point as far below the apex as the tip of 

the scapular vein is above it; but in reality it runs parallel to the 

internomedian vein (as in the other species of the genus), while one of 

_\s middle branches is complexly compound, spreading fan-shaped with 

numerous offshoots filling the lower apical portion of the tegmina, the
140 AMERICAN FOSSIL COCKROACHES.

other, branches before and after it being usually simply forked. The 

internomedian vein is broadly arcuate, though nearly straight in its 

middle half, and terminates somewhat beyond the middle of the tegmina; it has a number of feebly sinuous, straight and oblique, crowded 

branches. The anal furrow is deeply impressed, at least at base, and 

strongly arcuate, terminating on the inner margin scarcely beyond the 

proximal third of the tegmina; the anal veins are very numerous, mostly 

simple and arcuate, less so and more crowded away from the anal 

furrow. The anal and iuternomedian veins are delicately traced, the 

others more pronounced; the whole surface is carbonaceous black, and 

shows nowhere any sign of cross lines.

Length of tegmina, 16.75 mm.; breadth, 6.25 min.

This species resembles the Trlassie species more than do any of the 

other Paleozoic forms, but it differs widely from them and indeed from 

all the others in the crowded venation, and in the complicated distribution of the externomedian branches.

From the Waynesbnrg coal (Lower Permian) of Cassville. W. Va. 

Mr. E. D. Lacoe; one specimen, No. 2135 o-&.

16. Genus PETRABLATTINA.

Petrablatlina Scutid.,Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., Ill, 123-124 (1879); Foss. Ins. N. A., 

I, 143-144 (1890).

This is a second genus found both in Paleozoic and Mesozoic rocks. 

One Triassic species formerly referred here really belongs in Poroblattina (P. meieri), but Petrabl. cequa from the same rocks undoubtedly 

belongs here. One of the other two American species, like the single 

European species, occurs in the Permian (of West Virginia); the other, 

on the contrary, is a far older form, coming from probably the Lowest 

Productive Coal-measures in the Acadian coal basin,'near the upper

limit of the Millstone Grit.

Table of the species of Petrablattina.

a 1 . Mediastinal area reaching rrmch beyond the middle of the tegmina; internomedian area wholly within tlie basal half of the tegmina........ 1. P. sepulta.

a-. Mediastiual area reaching scarcely or not beyond the middle of the tegmina; 

intemomedian area extending more or less into the distal half of the tegmiua.

61 . Scapular vein terminating at the tip of the tegmina; internomediau area reaching but little beyond the middle of the tegmiua ............. 2. P, hastata.

62 . Scapular vein terminating far before the tip of the tegmiua; internomt dian 

area reaching well beyond the middle of the tegmina.......... 3. P. cequa.

1. PETRABLATTINA SEPULTA.

Blattina sepnlta Scudd., Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sc., XXIV, B, 111, fig. 2 (1876); Can.

Nat., n. s., VIII, 89-90, fig. 2 [1] (1876). 

Petrablattina sepulta Scudd., Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., Ill, 125-126, pi. 6, fig. 7 (1879);

Foss. Ins. N. A., 1,145-146, pi. 6, fig. 7 (1890).

From the very Lowest Productive Coal-measures of Sydney, Cape 

Breton Island.
SCDDDER.] SPECIES OF PETRABLATTINA. 141

2. PETRABLATTINA HASTATA. *

PI. XI, fig. 10.

The tegrnina are of a subtriangular shape, about two and one-half 

times longer than broad, tapering rather rapidly almost from the base, 

the costal margin gently convex, the inner margin nearly straight. The 

apex is broken in the only specimen seen, but must Lave been more or 

less pointed, and probably rounded as represented in the figure. The 

inediastiiial area is moderately broad and short, not extending to the 

middle of the tegmina, with five or six mostly simple, nearly straight, 

oblique branches. The scapular vein is broadly sinuous, running 

beyond the proximal third of the tegmina, through the middle of the 

same, and terminating at or scarcely above the apex; it branches early, 

before the end of the proximal third of tlie tegmina, the first branch 

simple, the Others compound or forked, so that probably ten or twelve 

nervules strike the margin, and all are nearly longitudinal. The externoineciian vein is strongly and pretty regularly arcuate, striking the 

inner margin scarcely beyond a point opposite the tip of the inediastinal vein, and having three simple or apically forked brandies which 

are nearly longitudinal, but descend slightly toward the inner margin, 

the proximal branch arising well beyond the middle of the vein. The 

internomedian vein is parallel to the externomedian and has but two 

forked and arcuate branches. The anal furrow is similarly arcuate, 

rather deeply impressed, and strikes the margin a little beyond a point 

opposite the first branching of the scapular vein; the anal veins are 

numerous and rather deeply forked, more closely crowded proximally 

than distally, and, from forking, more crowded next the margin than 

away from it. The internomedian and anal veins, and especially the 

former, are very delicately traced, while the others are rather heavily 

impressed; the whole surface is uniformly coal black, and there is no 

trace of other sculpture than the venation.

Length of fragment, 6.5 mm.; probable length of tegmina, 8.25 mm.; 

breadth at end of anal furrow, 3.5 mm.

In the form of the tegmina P. hastata differs decidedly from either of 

the other species of the genus, but in its neuration it agrees better with 

the Carboniferous than with the Triassic species; all three species are 

widely different. It is the smallest Paleozoic cockroach known from 

this country.

From the Waynesburg coal (Lower Permian) of Cassville, W. Va. 

Mr. K. D. Lacoe; one specimen, No. 2133 a-b.

3. PETRABLATTINA ^EQUA.

PetraUattind cequa Scudd., Proc. Acad.Nat. Sc. Philad., 1885, 38 (1885); Mem. Boat.' 

Soc. Nat. Hist., IV, 465, pi. 42, fig. 13' (1890); Foss. Ins. JN. A., I, 441, pi. 34, fig. 13. 

(1890).

Trias of Fair Play, Colo.

1 Erroneously marked 9 on the plate. See note to p. 87.
142 AMERICAN FOSSIL COCKROACHES. 

Genus LEPTOBLATTIFA.

LeptoUattina Woodw., Geol. Mag., Dec. iii, Vol. IV, 58 (1887).

This is an exclusively European type of cockroach. Two species are 

known, one from the very oldest true Coal-measures, the other possibly 

from the same or slightly younger rocks.

DESCRIPTION OP THE HIND WING OF A GIGANTIC SPECIES.

BLATTINA sp. 

PL X, fig. 16.

A single specimen of a hind wing of enormous size differs so much 

from any other known that I use for it, as a convenience merely, the 

old generic term Blattina, as applied to fossil cockroaches in general. 

It is nearly complete, and shows that the costal margin was gently and 

nearly uniformly arcuate, the inner margin very strongly and probably 

uniformly arcuate, the apex falling scarcely below the middle of the 

upper half of the wing and subacuminate but well rounded. The inediastinal vein is straight, runs very near to and parallel with the margin, 

and terminates almost at the distal end of the middle third of the wing; 

the area is broken so that only a couple of apical branches can be seen. 

The scapular vein is almost rigidly straight and terminates at some distance below the extreme apex of the wing, divides at the very root into 

two main branches which again fork in the basal fourth of the wing; the 

branchlets of both are superior, those of the upper stem much the more 

numerous and often compound, those of the lower feeding that part of 

of the margin lying below the apex and all longitudinal, those of the 

upper stem apically arcuate, especially in their terminal members. The 

externomedian vein is straight and runs through nearly the middle line 

of the wing, gradually passing into the lower half by its divergence from

the scapular, first forks at about the end of the proximal third of the 

wing, and thereafter sends oufc arcuate sublongitudinal offshoots on 

either side indiscriminately, which do not fork before their middle. The 

internomedian vein is bent-arcuate, subparallel to the externomedian 

before that forks, is then bent, and ends a very little farther out than 

the mediastinal vein; it has only a couple of very oblique branches, the 

the distal one, twice deeply forked. No anal veins can be traced. The 

interspaces near the apex show a somewhat irregular tremulous cross 

lining, not very crowded.

Length of fragment, 47 mm.; probable length of entire wing, 51 mm.; 

breadth of fragment, 24.5 mm.; probable complete breadth, 25.25 mm.

The complete correspondence of the long mediastinal area in this 

wing to that of Etoblattina in the few examples known, and the strong 

probability that the area in question will be found to be very short and 

perhaps triangular in the Mylacridae, lead me to believe that this wing 

should be referred to the Blattinariae and not to the Mylacridaj. Its
SCODDER.] SPECIES OP NEORTHROBLATTINA. 143

excessive size, which shows it to belong to one of the largest fossil 

cockroaches yet discovered, would at first seem to recall the Mylacridae, 

but it should not be forgotten that some species of Etoblattina, such as 

E. didyma and notably E. illustris, rival the largest Mylacridse known. 

The only two species of Etoblattina known from the same fauna as this 

wing are of only about one-half its size. It plainly, therefore, belongs 

to a species, the tegmina of which are yet undescribed. Its variance 

from what we know of the hind wings of Etoblattina, however, prevent our placing it, at least for the present, in that genus, and it seems 

best to refer it simply to "Blattiua," as a "magazine" genus.

From the Lowest Productive Coal-measures of Mazon Creek, Illinois. 

Mr. R. D. Lacoe, No. 203Sa.

NEO BLATTARIZE

With a few Triassic exceptions, this division embraces all the cockroaches which are known from later than Paleozoic times.

17. Genus NEORTHJJOBLATTINA.

Neorthroblattina Scudd., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad., 1885, 108-109 (1885).

A genus confined, as far as known, to the Triassic rocks. Four 

species have been found in central Colorado.

Table of the species of Neorthroblatlina.

a1 . Fore wings not more than two and one-half times as long as broad; mediastiuoscapular vein terminating only a little before the tip of the tegmina. 

&'. Internoinedian vein beginning to fork long before the externoniedian and of 

equal importance with it .............................. 1. N. allolincata.

fc2 . Intornomedian vein beginning to fork scarcely or not before the externomedian

and of less importance than it.

c1 . Internomedian area terminating rnnch farther from the apex of the tegmina 

than the mediastino-scapular.............................. 2. N. lakesil. .

&. Interuomediau area reaching out toward the apex of the tegmina nearly as 

far as the mediastino-scapular.......................... 3. N. rotundata.

a2 . Fore wings about three times as long as broad; mediastiuo-§capular area terminating long before the tip of the tegmina............... 4. N. attennata.

1. NEORTHROBLATTINA ALBOLINEATA.

Neorthroblattina>albolineata Scudd., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad., 1885, 109 (1885); 

Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., IV, 467, pi. 42, figs. 2, 18 (1890); Foss. Ins. N. A., I, 

336, 443, pi. 34, figs. 2, 18 (1890).

Triassic of Fair Play, Colo.

2. NEORTHROBLATTINA. LAKESIL

Neorthroblattina lakesii Scudd., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad., 1885, 109 (1885); Mem. 

Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., IV, 467, 468, pi. 42, figs. 9, 15' (1890); Foss. Ins. N. A., I, 

336, 443, 444, pi. 34, figs. 9, 15' (1890).

Triassic of Fair Play, Colo.

'Erroneously marked 10.and 10 on plate. See note on p. 87.
144 AMERICAN FOSSIL COCKROACHES.

3. NEORTHROBLATTINA ROTUNDATA.

tfeorthroblattina rotundata Scudd., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad., 1885, 109-110 (1885); 

Mem. Boat. Soc. Nat. Hist., IV, 467, 468, pi. 42, figs. 7, 8 (1890); Foss. Ins. N. A., 

I, 336, 443, 444, pi. 34, figs. 7, 8 (1890).

Triassic of Fair Play, Colo.

4. NEORTHROBLATTINA ATTENUATA.

Neorthroblattina attenuata Scudd., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad., 1885, 110 (1885); 

Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., IV, 467, 468-469, pi. 42, fig. 1 (1890); Foss. Ins.' N. A., 

I, 336, 443, 444-445, pi. 34, fig. 1 (1890).

Triassic of Fair Play, Colo.

18. Genus SCUTINOBLATTINA.

Scutinoblattina Scudd., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad., 1885, 110 (1885).

A second genus confined, as yet known, to the Trias and to central 

Colorado, where three species occur.

Table of the species of Scutinoblattina.

a1 . Mediastino-scapular and externoinedian veins having a distinctly sinuous course

. through the middle of the tegmina, both terminating below the apex. 

&'. Anal branches falling on the hind margin.................... 1. S. brongniarti.

W. Anal branches falling on the anal furrow..................... 2. S. intermedia.

a2 . Mediastino-scapular and externomediau veins taking a straight course through, 

the middle of the tegmina, both terminating at the tip ......... 3. S. recta*

I. SCUTINOBLATTINA BRONGNIARTI.

Scutinoblattina brongniarti Scudd., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad., 1885, 110-111 (1885) 

Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., IV, 469, pi. 42, fig. 5 (1890); Foss. Ins. N. A., I 370.

445. pi. 34, fig. 5(1890). 

Triassic of Fair Play, Colo.

0 2. SCUTINOBLATTINA INTERMEDIA.

Scutinollattina intermedia Scudd., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad., 1885, 111 (1885); Mem. 

Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., IV., 469, 470, pi. 42, fig. 4 (1890); Foss. Ins. K A., 1,370,445,

446. pi. 34, fig. 4 (1890).

Triassic of Fair Play, Colo.

3. SCUTINOBLATTINA RECTA.

Scutinoblattina recta Scudd., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad., 1885, 111, (1885); Mem. Bosk 

Soc. Nat. Hist., IV, 469, 470, pi. 42, fig. 3, 16 1 (1890); Foss. Ins. N. A., I, 370, 445,. 

446, pi. 34, figs. 3, 16 ' (1890).

Triassic of Fair Play, Colo.

'Erroneously marked 17 on plate. See uote on p. 87.
SCUDDEB.] TERTIARY SPECIES. 145 

20. Genus ZETOBOEA.

Zetobora Burm., Handb. Entom, II, 509-510 (1838).

An extant genus, recognized in the Tertiary rocks of Colorado. 

ZETOBORA BRUNNERI.

Zetobora brunneri Scudd., Tert. Ins.'N. A., 217, pi. 17, fig. 12 (1890).

Tertiary of Florissant, Colo.

19. Genus HOMCEOGAMIA.

Homceoyamia Burm., Handb. Entom., II, 490 (1838).

A tropical American living type of cockroaches; also recognized in 

the Tertiary of Colorado by a single species.

HOMCEOGAMIA VENTRIOSUS.

Homoeogamia ventriosus Scudd., Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., I, 447 (1876); Tert. Ins. 

N. A., 218, pi. 17, fig. 8 (1890).

Tertiary of Florissant, Golo.

21. Genus PAEALATINDIA.

Parlatindia Sauss., Rev. Mag. Zool., XXXI, 100-101 (1868).

A distinctively American type of living cockroaches, of which one 

fossil species occurs iu the Tertiaries of Wyoming.

PARALATINDIA SATJSSUREI.

Paralatindia saussurei Scudd., Tert. Ins. N. A., 216, pi. 6. fig. 25 (1890).

Tertiary of Green Eiver, Wyoming. 

Bull. 124 10

PLATES

147

PLATE I.

149
EXPLANATION OF PLATE I.

Figs. 1 and 4 are from the originals of the Illinois geological survey. Figs. 2,3, and 

5 were drawn by J. Henry Blake; fig. 6 by J. H. Ernerton. All the figures are magnified two diameters, excepting figs. 1 and 4, which are of natural size.

Fig. 1. Mylacris anthracophila; pronotum. Colchester, 111.

2. Mylacris packardii. Bristol, E. I.

3. Mylacris packardii. Bristol, R. I.

4. Mylacris anthracophila; one of the tegmina. Colchester, III.

5. Mylacris gurleyi. Mazon Creek, Illinois.

6. Mylacris elougata (2014). Mazon Creek, Illinois.

150
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN NO. 124 PL. I

MYLACRID/E: SPECIES OF MYLACRIS.
PLATE II.

151
EXPLANATION OF PLATE II.

Figs. 2 to 4 were drawn by J. Henry Blake; the others by Katherine Peirson Ramiy. All are magnified two diameters. 

Fig. 1. Mylacris ampla (2021). Mazon Creek, Illinois.

2. Promylacris testudo (2089). Mazon Creek, Illinois.

3. Promylacris harei (2087). Kansas City, Mo.

4. Mylacridte sp. Mazou Creek, Illinois.

5. Mylacris antiqua (2036a). Mazon Creek, Illinois.

6. Mylacris antiqua (2036&). Mazon Creek, Illinois.

152
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN NO. 124 PL. II

MYLACRID/E: SPECIES OF MYLACRIS AND PROMYLACRIS.
PLATE III.

153
EXPLANATION OF PLATE III.

All the drawings are by J. Henry Blake, and magnified two diameters. 

Fig. 1. Promylacris rigida (2086). Mazon Creek, Illinois).

2. Paromylacris ? pluteus (2040). Pittston, Pa.

3. Paromylacris triangularis (2110). Mazon Creek, Illinois.

4. Paromylacris ampla (2088). Mazon Creek, Illinois.

5. Microblattina perdita (2092). East Providence, R. I.

6. Paromylacris clintoniana (2151). Clinton, Mo.

154
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN NO. 124 PL. Ill

MYLACRID/E: SPECIES OF PROMYLACRIS AND PAROMYLACRIS. 

BLATTINARI/E: SPECIES OF MICROBLATTINA.
PLATE IV.

155
EXPLANATION OF PLATE IV.

All the drawings are by J. Henry Blake, excepting figs. 2 to 4 by S. H. Scudder, 

and fig. 10 by J. H. Kmerton. All are magnified two diameters. 

Fig. 1. Etoblattiua cliutoniana (2182). Clinton, Mo.

2. Etoblattina lata (2099). Cassville, W. Va.

3. Etoblattina sagittaria (2100). Cassville, W. Va.

4. Etoblattina mccliana (2101). Cassville, W. Va.

5. Etoblattina fossa (182). Richmond, Ohio.

6. Etoblattina ovata (2102). Cassville, W. Va.

7. Etoblattiua Scholfieldi. East Providence, R. I.

8. Etoblattina debilis (2103). Cassville, W. Va.

9. Etoblattina patiens (2104). Cassville, W. Va.

10. Etoblattina strigosa. Richmond, Ohio.

11. Etoblattina illustris. Pawtucket (?), R. I.

12. Etoblattina detecta (2106a). Cassville, W. Va.

13. Etoblattina detecta (2106c). Cassville, W. Va.

156
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN NO. 124 PL. IV

10

BLATTINARI/E: SPECIES OF ETOBLATTINA.
PLATE V.

157
EXPLANATION OF PLATE V.

All the drawings are by J. JHenry Blake, excepting figs. 9,11,12 by J. H. Emerton, 

and figs. 1 and 15 by S. H. Scudder. All are enlarged two diameters. 

Fig. 1. Etoblattina residua (2131). Cassville, W. Va. .

2. Etoblattina sp. Pawtucket, R. T.

3. Etoblattina mucronata (2105). Cassville, W. Va.

4. Etoblattina exigua (2107). Cassville, W. Va.

5. Etoblattina funeraria (2108). Cassville, W. Va.

6. Etoblattina expnncta (2109). Cassville, W. Va.

7. Etoblattina jeffersoniana (194). Richmond, Ohio.

8. Etoblattina gorhami. Pawtucket, R. I.

9. Etoblattina aperta (2066). Cassville, W. Va.

10. Etoblattiua clarkii. Pawtucket, R. I.

11. Etoblattina fasciata. Richmond, Ohio.

12. Etoblattina rumosa (108). Richmond, Ohio.

13. Etoblattina willsiaua (176). Richmond,'Ohio.

14. Ktoblattina benedicta (183). Richmond, Ohio.

15. Etoblattina benedicta (178). Richmond, Ohio.

158
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN NO. 124 PL. V

12 ia 14

BLATTINARI/E: SPECIES OF ETOBLATTINA.
PLATE VI.

159
EXPLANATION OF PLATE VI.

All the drawings are by Katherine Peirsou Ramsay, excepting figs. 4 and 6 by 

J. H. Emerton, and figs. 5 and 8 by J. Henry Blake. All are magnified two diameters. 

Fig. 1. Etoblattinamaledicta (174). Richmond, Ohio.

2. Etoblattina inaledicta (163). Richmond, Ohio.

3. Etoblattina maledicta (164). Richmond, Ohio.

4. Etoblattina funesta (107). Richmond, Ohio.

5. Etoblattina mazona. Mazou Creek, Illinois.

6. Etoblattina tennis. Richmond, Ohio.

7. Etoblattiua exsensa (161). Richmond, Ohio.

8. Etoblattiua exsensa (196). Richmond, Ohio.

9. Etoblattina hustoni (122). Richmond, Ohio.

160
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

BULLETIN NO 124 PL. VI

BLATTINARI/E: SPECIES OF ETOBLATTINA.
PLATE VII.

161 

Bull..124 11
EXPLANATION OF PLATE VII.

All the drawings are by J. Henry Blake, excepting figs. 6,10,14 to 17 by Katherine 

Peirson Ramsay, and fig. 13 by S. H. Scudder. All are magnified two diameters. 

Fig. 1. Etoblattina eakiniana' (2111). Cassville, W. Va.

2. Etoblattina accubita (2112). Cassville, W. Va.

3. Etoblattina expulsata (2113«). Cassville, W. Va.

4. Etoblattina expnlsata (2113c). Cassville, W. Va.

5. Etoblattina gratiosa (2114). Cassville, W. Va.

6. Etoblattina macerata (2081). Cassville, W. Va.

7. Etoblattina immolata (2115c). Cassville, W. Va..

8. Etoblattina immolafca (2115rt). Cassville, W. Va.

9. Etoblattina inactata (2116). Cassville, W. Va.

10. Etoblattina communis (21177i). Cassville, W. Va.

11. Etoblattiua communis (2117c). Cassville, W. Va.

12. Etoblattina communis (2117o). Cassville, W. Va.

13. Etoblattina communis (2117a). Cassville, W. Va.

14. Etoblattina communis (2117e). Cassville. W. Va.

15. Etoblattina communis (2117</). Cassville, W. Va.

16. Etoblattina communis (2117/). Cassville, W. Va.

17. Etoblattina communis (2117i). Cassville, W. Va.

162
U. 8. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN NO. 124- PL. VII

12

13

15 10 17

BLATTINARIXE: SPECIES OF ETOBLATTINA.
PLATE VIII.

163
EXPLANATION OF PLATE VIII.

Figs. 4, 5, 7, 9, 12 are by J.Henry Blake; figs. 3, 8, 10, 11 by Katheririe Peirson 

Ramsey, and figs. 1, 2, 6 by J. H. Emerton. All are magnified two diameters. 

. Fig. 1. Etoblattina hastata (106). Richmond, Ohio.

2. Etoblattina marginata (117). Richmond, Ohio.

3. Etoblattina stipata (123). Richmond, Ohio.

4. Etoblattina exsecuta (2120). Cassville, W. Va.

5. Etoblattina arcta (2118). Cassville, W. Va.

6. Etoblattina gracilenta (114). Richmond, Ohio.

7. Etoblattina gracilenta (198). Richmond, Ohio.

8. Etoblattina angusta (2080). Cassville, W. Va.

9. Etoblattina macilenta (2121). Cassville, W. Va.

10. Etoblattina variegata (49). Richmond, Ohio.

11. Etoblattina hilliana (2070). Mazon Creek, Illinois.

12. Etoblattiua priednlcis (2119). Cassville, W. Va.

164
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN NO. 124 PL. VIII

BLATTINARI/E: SPECIES OF ETOBLATTINA.
PLATE IX.

165
EXPLANATION OF PLATE IX.

All the drawings are by J. Henry Blake, excepting figs. 2 and 14 by S. H. Scudder, 

and fig. 18 by J. H. Emerton. All are magnified two diameters.

Fig. 1. Etoblattina exilis. East Providence, R. I. 

* 2. Etoblattina rogi (2122ft). Cassville, W. Va.

3. Etoblattina rogi (2122a). Cassville, W. Va.

4. Etobluttinu expugnata (2085). Cassville, W. Va.

5. Etoblattina obatra (2123). Cassville, W. Va.

6. Etoblattina secreta (2125ft). Cassville, W. Va.

7. Etoblattina secreta (2125c). Cassville, W. Va.

8. Etoblattina iruperfecta (2124). Cassville, W. Va, 

 9. Etoblattina invisa (2126). Cassville, W. Va.

10. Etoblattina reliqua. Pawtucket, R. I.

11. .Etoblattina latebricola (2091). East Providence, R. I.

12. Etoblattina defossa (2128). Cassville, W. Va.

13. Etoblattina occulta (2127). Cassville, W. Va.

14. Etoblattina recidiva (2129). Cassville, W. Va.

15. Gerablattina diversinervis (2141). Cassville, W. Va.

16. Gerablattiiia inculta (2139). Cassville, W.Va.

17. Gerablattina perita (2140). Cassville, W. Va.

18. Gerablattina apicalis (112). Richmond, Ohio.

166
(J. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN NO. 124 PL. IX

BLATTINARI/E: SPECIES OF ETOBLATTINA AND GERABLATTINA.
PLATE X.

167
EXPLANATION OF PLATE X.

All the drawings are by J. Henry Blake, excepting figs. 3 and 5 by S. H. Scudder, 

and fig. 8 by Katherine Peirson Ramsay. All are magnified two diameters. 

Fig. 1. Gerablattina richmondiana (169). Richmond, Ohio.

2. Gerablattina cassvici (2142a). Cassville, W. Va.

3. Gerablattina cassvici (2142c). Cassville, W. Va.

4. Gerablattina conciuna (2077a). Cassville, W. Va.

5. Gerablattina concinna (2077c). Cassville, W. Va.

6. Gerablattina abdicata (2143). Cassville, W. Va.

7. Gerablattina scapularis. Pawtucket, R. I.

8. Gerablattina uiiiformis (2082/). Cassville, W. Va.

9. Gerablattina uniformis (2082a). Cassville, W. Va. 

0. Gerablattina uniformis (2082c). Cassville, W. Va.

11. Gerablattina uniformis (2082e). Cassville, W. Va.

12. Gerablattina permanenta (2144). Cassville, W, Va.

13. Gerablattina permacra (2188). Cassville, W. Va.

14. Gerablattina eversa (2145). Cassville, W. Va.

15. Gerablattina deducta (2146). Cassville, W. Va.

16. Gerablattina fraterna. East Providence, K. I.

168
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN NO. 124 PL. X

13 14 15

BLATTINARI/E: SPECIES OF GERABLATT1NA.

16
PLATE XI.

169
I EXPLANATION OF PLATE XL

All the drawings are by J. Henry Blake, excepting figs. 1 and 13 by S. H. Seudderr 

figs. 11 and 15 by Katherine Peirson Ramsay, and fig. 12 by J. H. Ernerton. All are 

magnified two diameters.

Fig. 1. Gerablattina radiata (2147). Cassville, W. Va. 

 2. Ger'ablattina lata (2148). Cassville, W. Va.

3.;, Gerablat'tina rotundata (2149): Cassville, W. Va. 

. 4: . Gerablattina ovata (2150). Cassville, W..Va.

5. Gerablattina minima (2183). Richmond, Ohio.

6. Oryctoblattina laqueata (2136). Kansas City, Mo.

7. Anthracoblattina amerieana (2137). ' Clinton, Mo.

8. Anthracoblattina virginiensis (2138). Cassville, W. Va.

9. Progonoblattina columbiana. Mazon Creek, Illinois.

10. PQtrablattina hastata (2133). Cassville, W. Va.

11. Poroblattina ohioensis (162). Richmond, Ohio.

12. Poroblattina longinqua (111), Richmond, Ohio.

13. Poroblattina gratiosa (2134). Cassville, W. Va.

14. Poroblattina complexinervis (2135). Cassville, W. Va.

15. Poroblattiua fossa (2083). CassVille, W. Va.

170 '
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN NO. 124 PL. XI

BLATTINARI/E: SPECIES OF GERABLATTINA, ORYCTOBLATTINA, ANTHRACOBLATTINA, PROGONOBLATTINA, PETRABLATTINA. AND POROBLATTINA.
PLATE XII.

171
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XII.

All the drawings are by J. Henry Blake, excepting fig. 5 which is by Katherine 

Peirson Kainsay. All are magnified two diameters, excepting figs. 8-11 which are 

of natural size.

Fig. 1. Etoblattina deanensis (21326). Forest of Dean, England.

2. Etoblattina sp. East Providence, R. I.

3. Etoblattina deauensis (2132c). Forest of Dean, England.

4. Etoblattina sp.; hind wing. Cranston, E. I.

5. Blattina sp.; hind wing (2038). Mazon Creek, Illinois.

6. Etoblattina sp.; hind wing (2084a). Cassville, W. Va.

7. Etoblattina sp.; hind wing (2084&). Cassville, W. Va.

8. Body of cockroach; right-side view (4941). Illinois. (Seep. 25.)

9. The same; ventral surface.

10. The same; left-side view.

11. The same; dorsal surface.

172
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN NO. 124 PL. XII

MISCELLANEOUS REMAINS OF COCKROACHES.
NDEX.

Page, 

abdicata (Gerablattina).................... 118

acadica (Archimylacris).................... 59

accubita (Etoblattina) ..................... 88

iBqua (Petrablattina) ...................... 141

albolineata (Neorthroblattina)............. 143

nmericana (Antbracoblattina) ............. 129

ampla (Mylacris) ......................-.1- 45

(Paromylacria)...................... 51

toigusta (Etoblattina)...................... 100

(Lithomylacris)................... 50

Anthracoblatthia............. 15,20,21,24, 38,128

Aiithracoblattina amuricana ........... 13,17,129

camerata ................ 19,36

dresclensis............... 19,36

incerta.................. 19,30

lubnensis................ 19,36

porrecta................. 19,36

remigii .............. 19, 36,131

ruckerti ................. 19, 36

scndderi................. 19, 36

sopita ................... 19,36

spectabilis............... 19, 36

virginiensis ..... 14,17,129,130

wagneri ................. 19, 36

winteriana .............. 19,36

anthracophila (Mylacris) .................. 43

antiqua (Mylacris) ........................ 46

aperta (Etoblattina) ....................... 80

apicalis (Gerablattina)...................... 114

Archimylacris.............. 15, 20,21,24,29, 38,58

Archimylacris acadica............... 13,16,58, 59

parallela ................ 13,16,58

paucinervis .......... 13,16,58,59

arcta (Etoblattina)......................... 97

arcuata (Poroblattina) ..................... 138

atteiiuata (Neortbroblattina) .............. 144

balteata (Etoblattina).....................- 73

benedicta (Etoblattina) .................... 84

Blabera.................................... 23

Elattina bretonensis........................ 41

^ fascigera.......................... 128

 heeri.............................. 46

intermedia........................ 31

latinervis......................... 27

ligniperda ........................ 35

neuropteroides ................... 35

rarinervia ........................ 35

sepulta ........................... 140

sp ................................ 142

tischbeini......................... 35

venosa............................. 35

venusta........................... 73

PageBlattinarirc.......................... 21, 27, 38,56'

bretonensis (Mylacris)..................... 41

brongn.iarti (Scutiuoblattina).............. 144

brunneri (Zetobora)........................ 145

carbonum (Mylacris) ...................... 47

cassvici (Gerablattina)..................... 117

clarkii (Etoblattina) ....................... 72

clintoniana (Etoblattiua) .................. G6-

(Parotnylacris)................. 53

columbiana (Progonoblattina).............. 131

commmiis (Etoblattina).................... 93

complexinervis (Poroblattina) ............. 139-

concinna (Gerablattina).................... 119-

deauensis (Etoblattina).................... 34

debilis (Etoblattina) ....................... 71

deducta (Gerablattina)..................... 123

defossa (Etoblattina)....................... 108

detecta (Etoblattina)....................... 75'

diversinervis (Gerablattina)............... 115

eakiniana (Etoblattina) .................... 88

elongata (Mylacris) ........................ 41

Etoblattina .............. 15,20,21,24,28,31,38,60

Etoblattina accubita.............. 14,16,64,79,88

afflnis........................ 19,33,36

anaglyptica................. 19, 33, 36

angusta ............ 14,17, 65,100,101

anthracopbila.................. 33

aperta................ 14,16,63,80,81

arcta .............. ...... 14,17,65,97

bal teata........ 12,14,16,62,73,74,107

benedicta................ 14,16,63,84

bituminosa.................. 19, 33, 36-

carbonaria .................. 19,32, 38

clarkii................... 13,16,62,72

clintoniana .............. 13,16, 61, 66

communis.. 14,17, 64,91,93,97,103,105 

deanensis............. 19,32,34,36,68

debilis................... 14.16,62,71

defossa ............. 14,17, 66,107,108

deichmiilleri................ 19,32,36

detecta .................. 14,10,62,75

didyma.............. 19, 33, 36,91,143

dohrnii .................. 19,33,36,93

dyadica..................... 19,33,3&

eakiniana................ 14,16,64,88-

elongata........ 12,19, 34, 36,61, 83,87

euglyptica.................. 19, 34,36

exigua................... 14,16,63,76

exilis................... 13,17,65,101

expugnata...... 14,17,66,102,104,105

expulsata ...... 14,17, 64,79,89,91,97

expuncta .......... 14,16,63,74,75,79

173
174 INDEX. [BULL. 124.

Page.

JEtoblattina exsecuta... 14,17, 65, 79, 91, 00,104,105 

exsensa ................. 14,16, 63, 86

fasciata .............. 14,16, 63, 81, 95

flabollata................... 19,33,36

fossa .................... 14,16, 62, 70

f uneraria............ 14,16, 63, 78,100

funesta............... 14,16, 63, 83, 85

gorliami................. 13,16, 63, 80

gracilenta ............... 14,17,65, 95

gratiosa ........... 14,17,64,77,90, 91

hastata........... 14,17, 65; 94, 96,109

hillinna.............. 13,17, 65, 99,101

hustoni.................. 14,16, 64, 87

illustris .......... 13,16,62,70,71,143

immolata............. 14,17, 64, 91, 92

imperfecta.......... 14,17, 66,104,105

intermedia.................. 19, 32, 36

invisa ............'...... 14,17. 66,106

jeffersoniana.......... 14,16, 63, 77, 78

johnsoni.................... 19, 33, 36

labachensis................. 19, 32, 36

lanceolata .................. 19, 32, 36

lata...................... 14,16, 61, 67

latebricola.............. 13,17, 66,108

loptophlebica............... 19,33,36

lesquereuxii............. 13,16, 63, 83

macerata .......... 14,17, 64, 91, 92, 97

macilcnta............... 14,17, 65,101

mactata .......... 14,17, 64, 92, 94,103

maledicta............. 14,16, 63,83,85

jnanebachensis ............. 19, 33, 36

mantidioides ............ 19, 32, 33, 36

marginata............ 14,17, 85, 95, 96

mazona........... 13,16, 37, 64, 89,100

ruediana .............. 14,16, 62, 69, 99

mucronata ........ 14,16, 62, 74, 75, 80

obatra....... 14,17,66,91,103,104,105

- occidentalis ............. 13,16,62,76

-occnlta .............. 14,17, 66, 74,107

ornatissima.............. 19, 33, 36, 77

-ovata .................... 14,16, 62, 70

parvula..................... 19,33,36

patiens ................ 14,16, 62,73, 75

peachii........................ 31,35

jpersistens .................. l'6,64,87

_prajdulcis ........... 14,17, 65,98,102

primaeya ...... 19, 32, 34, 35, 36, 67,110

propria..................... 19,32,36

ramosa ........... 14,16,63,81, 83,106

recidiva ................ 14,17,66,109

reliqua ................. 13,17,66,106

residua ................... 14,16, 63, 78

rogi ................. 14,17, 65,99,102

rollei .......................... 31

-russqma ....... 19,32«36,74, 79, 80,100

sagittaria ............ 14,16, 62, 68, 69

.scholtieldi ............... 13,16,62,71

secreta ....... 14,17, 66, 91, 97,103,105

.sp ...... 13,16,17, 63, 64, 77, 94,110, 111

steinbachensis ............. 19,32,36

stelzneri.................... 19,34,36

etipata ............... 14,17,65,84,98

strigosa ............. 14,16, 62, 72,106

tenuis ............ 14,16, 64,86,87,109

variegata............. 14,17,65,84,99

-renusta .............. 13,16,60,62,73

Page. 

Etoblattina weissigensis ................ 19, 34, 36

willsiana ............. 14,16, 63, 82, 96

eversa (G-erablattina)...................... 122

oxigua (Etoblattina) ....................... 76

exilis (Etoblattina)......................... 101

expugnata (Etoblattina).................... 102

expulsata (Etoblattina).................... 89

expuncta (Etoblattiua)..................... 79

exsecnta (Etoblattina) ..................... 96

exsensa (Etoblattiua) ...................... 86

fasciata (Etoblattina) ......................' 81

fascigera (Gerablattiua)... ................ 128

fossa (Etoblattina)........-........-........ 70

(Poroblattiua) ....................... 137

fraterna (Gerablattiua).................... 1 24

fuueraria (Etoblattiua)..................... 78

funesta (Etoblattina)....................... 85

gardineri (Spiloblattina) ................... 59

Gerablattina............... 15, 20, 21, 24, 29, 38, 111

Gerablattina abdicata.............. 14,17,112,118

apicalis........... 14,17, 111, 112,114

balteata....................... 73

cassvici........... 14,17,112,117,119

clathrata. ...................... ] 9, :!6

couciuna....... 14,17, 913,104,112,139

deducta............... 14,17,112, 1 2,')

diversinervis . 14,17,107,112,115,117 

eversa................ 14,17,112,122

fascigera ............. 13,17,113,128

fraterna .............. 13,17,112,124

geinitzi....................... 19, 36

germari....................... 19, 36

goldeubergi .................. 19, 36

inculta ............... 14,17,111,113

lata........... 14,17,113,125,126,327

inabri......................... 19, 36

minima............... 14,17,113,127

niiinsteri ..................... 19, 36

ovata............. 14,17,113,126,128

perita ............ 14,17, 111, 114,116

permacra............. 14,17,112,121

permanenta ....... 14,17,30,112,121

producta...................... 19,36

radiata ............... 14,17,113,124

riclimoudiana......... 14,17,112,116

robusta....................... 19, 36

rollei......................... 19,36

rotnndata ............ 14,17,113.126

scaberata..................... 19,36

scapularis ............. 13,17,112,124

uniformis.......... 14,17, 94,112,120

weissiana..................... 19,36

gorhami (Etoblattina)...................... 80

gracilenta (Etoblattina).................... ,95

gratiosa (Etoblattina)...................... 90

(Poroblattina) .................... 136

gurleyi (Mylacris) ......................... 43

guttata (Spiloblattina)..................... 60

barei (Promylacris)........................ 48

haatata (Etoblattina)...................... 94

(Petrablattina).................... 141'

heeri (Mylacris)............................ 46

Hermatoblattina.................... 20,21,38,131

Hennatoblattina kirkbyi.................. 19,37

. lebachensis.............. 19,37

wemmetsweileriensis.... 19,37
SCUI.IDEB.1 INDEX. 175

.Pago,

heros (IS'ecymylacris) ...................... 55

hilliana (Etoblattina)............... ...... 99

Homceogamia .......................... 20,39,145

Homocogaruia ventriosus................... 145

hustoni (Etoblattiua)...................... 87

illustris (Etoblattina)...................... 70

inimolata (Etoblattina) .................... 92

imperfecta (Etoblattina)................... 104

inculta (Gerablattiiia)...................... 113

intermedia (Scutinoblattina)............... 144

iuvisa (Etoblattiua)........................ 106

jeffersouiana (Etoblattiua)................. 77

lacoaua (Necymylacris).................... 55

lakesii (Neorthroblattina) ................. 143

(Poroblattina) ...................... 138

laqneata (Oryctoblattina).................. 133

lain (Etoblattina).......................... 67

(Gerablattina)......................... 125

latebricola (Etoblattina)................... 108

Leptoblattina....................... 20,21,37,142

Leptoblattina exilis........................ 19,37

insiguis ..................... 19, 37

lesquereuxii (Etoblattina)............. .... 83

Lithomylacris.................. J5, 20,21,24,38,50

I/ithomylacris augusta.................. 13,16, 50

pauporata............. 13,16,50, 51

pittstoniana.............. 13,16, 50

simplex ............... 13,16,50, 51

louginqui (Poroblattina)................... 135

Inoifuga (Mylacris) ........................ 47

macerata (Etoblattina)..................... 91

luacilouta (Etoblattina).................... 101

innctata (Etoblattiua)...................... 92

maledicta (Etoblattina) .................... 83

uiansh'eldi (Mylaoris)....................... 47

marginata (Etoblattina)..................... 95

(Spiloblattina) .................. 60

mazoua (Etoblattina) ...................... 89

media'na (Etoblattina)...................... 69

nieieri (Poroblattina)....................... 138

Microblattiua.................. 15, 20, 21,24, 38,56

Microblattina perdita.................... 13,16,57

minima (Gerablattina) ..................... 127

mucronata (Etoblattina).................... 74

Mylacridco ........................... 21, 27,37,40

MylacridiB sp .............................. 55

Mylacris................. 15, 20, 21, 24, 28, 29, 38,40

Mylacris ampla ...................... 13,16,41, 45

anthracopbila ........ 13,16,40, 42,43, 44

antiqua .................... 13,16, 41,46

bretonensis ................ 13,16,40,41

carbonum ............... 13.16,40,41, 47

elongata.................... 13,16,40,41

gurleyi..................... 13,16, 41,43

heeri....................... 13,36,41,46

lucifuga.................... 13,16,41,47

mansfleldi.................. 13,16,41,47

o valis ...................... 13,16, 41,47

packardii .................. 13,16, 40, 42

pennsylvanica.............. 13,16,41,47

priscorolans ............... 13,16, 41, 46

j^ecymylacris .................. 15, 20, 21, 24, 38, 55

Necymylacris heros..................... 13,16,55

lacoana................... 13,16,55

jtfeoblattarite.............................. 39,143

Neorthroblattina.................... 20, 24,39,143

Page. 

Neorthroblattina albolineata.............. 17,143

atteuuata........... 17,143,144

lakesii.................. 17,143

rotuudata........... 17,143,144

obatra (Etoblattina)............-............ 103

occidentals (Etoblattina).................. 76

occidua (Oryctoblattina)................... 133

occulta (Etoblattina)....................... 107

ohioensis (Poroblattiua).................... 138

Oryctoblattina................ 15,20,21, 24, 39,133

Oryctoblattina arnclti...................... 19, 37

laqucata ............... .13,17,133

oblonga.................... 19, 37

occidua .....:...... 13,17,133,134

reticulata .............. 19,37,134

o valis (Mylacris)....................... .. 47

(Promylacris)....................... 50

ovata (Etoblattina)......................... 70

(Gerablattina)....................... 126

packardii (Mylacris) ....................... 41

Palffloblattarto............................ 37,39

Palseoblattina douvillei.................... 39

Paralatindia........................... 20, 39,145

Paralatiudia saussurei..................... 145

parallela (Archimylacris).................. 58

Paroinylacris ............... 15, 20,21, 24,29, 38, 51

Paromylacris ampla.................. 13,16,51,54

cliutoniana............. 13,16, 51, 53

pluteus ................ 13,16, 51. 54

rotunda................ 13,16, 22, 51.

triangularis............ 13,16, 51, 52

patiens (Etoblattina)....................... 73

paucinervis (Archimylacris) .............. 59

pauperata (Lithomylacris) ................ 51

penusylvanica (Mylacris).................. 47

perdita (Microblattina) .................... 57

perita (Gerablattina) ...................... 114

permacra (Gerablattina)................... 121

permanenta (Gerablattina)................. 121

persistena (Etoblattina).................... 87

Petrablattina ................. 15, 20, 21, 24,39,140

Petrablattina ajqua ................... 17,1*40,141

gracilis ...................... 19,37

hastata.............. 14,17,140,141

meieri..................... 138,140

sepulta .................. 13,17,140

pittstoniana (Litliornylacris)............... 50

pluteus (Paromylacris) .................... 54

Poroblattiua .................. 15, 20, 21,24, 39,135

Poroblattina arcuata.................. 17, 135,138

complexinervis ...... 14,17,135,139

fossa................. 14,17,135,137

gratiosa .............. 14,1.7,135,136

lakesii................... 17,135,138

longinqua................ 14,17,135

nieieri................... 17,135,138

obioensis ............. 14,17,135,138

pnedulcis (Etoblattiua) .................... 98

priscovolans (Mylacris).................... 46

Progonoblattina .............. 15, 20,21, 24,38,131

Pro;;onoblattina coliimbiana........... 13,17,131

fritschii.................... 19, 37

helvetica.......'............ 19,37

Promylacris ................ 15, 20, 21, 24, 29,38,47

Promylacris harei ................... 13,16,40,48

ovalis................... 13,16,48,50
176 INDEX. [BULL. 124.

Page 

Promylacris rigida ............... 13,16,22,48,50

testudo .............. 13,16, 22,48,49

radiata (Gerablattina)...................... 124

ramosa (Etoblattina) ....................... 81

recidiva (Etoblattina)...................... 109

recta (Scutinoblattina)..................... 144

reliqua (Etoblattina)....................... 106

residua (Etoblattina) ...................... 78

richmondiana (Gerablattina)............... 116

rigida (Promylacris) ....................... 50

rogi (Etoblattina) .......................... 102

rotunda (Paromylacris) .................... 51

rotundata (Gerablattina)................... 126

(tteortbroblattina) .............. 144

sagittaria (Etoblattina) .................... 68

saussurei (Paralatindia) .. ................ 145

scapularis (Gerablattina) .................. 124

scholfieldi (Etoblattina).................... 71

Scutinoblattina ..................... 20, 24, 39,144

Scutinoblattina brongniarti............... 17,144

' intermedia................ 17,144

recta...................... 17,144

Page 

secreta ^Etoblattina) ....................... 105

sepulta (Petrablattiua)..................... 140

simplex (Lithomylacris) ................... 51

Spiloblattina......................... 20,24,38,59

Spiloblattina gardineri..................... 16,59

guttata.................... 16,59,60

marginata................. 16,59, 60

triassica...................... 16,59

stipata (Etoblattina) ....................... 98

strigosa (Etoblattina)...................... 72

tenuis (Etoblattina)........................ 87

testudo (Promylacris)...................... 49

triangularis (Paromylacris)................ 52

triassica (Spiloblattina).................... 59

unifonnis (Gerablattiua)................... 120

variegata (Etoblattina)..................... 99

veiiusta (Etoblattina)...................... 73

ventriosus (Homneogamia) ................. 145

virginiensis (Anthracoblattina)............ 130

 willsiana (Etoblattina)............. ....... 82

Zetobora.... ............................ 20,39,145

Zetobora brunneri ......................... 145