IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT

No. 07-60732

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Plaintiff-Appellee

v.

JAMES FORD SEALE

Defendant-Appellant

Appeal from the United States District Court 

for the Southern District of Mississippi

Before JONES, Chief Judge, KING, JOLLY, DAVIS, SMITH, WIENER,

BARKSDALE, GARZA, DeMOSS, BENAVIDES, STEWART, DENNIS,

CLEMENT, PRADO, OWEN, ELROD, SOUTHWICK, and HAYNES, Circuit

Judges.

CERTIFICATE OF QUESTION TO 

THE SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES

PER CURIAM:

Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1254(2) and Supreme Court Rule 19, a majority

of the members of the en banc court have voted to certify the following question

of law to the Supreme Court: What statute of limitations applies to a

prosecution under 18 U.S.C. § 1201 for a kidnaping offense that occurred in 1964

but was not indicted until 2007? 

United States Court of Appeals

Fifth Circuit

F I L E D

July 30, 2009

Charles R. Fulbruge III

Clerk
No. 07-60732

2

The Supreme Court has jurisdiction to review cases “[b]y certification at

any time by a court of appeals of any question of law in any civil or criminal case

as to which instructions are desired, and upon such certification the Supreme

Court may give binding instructions or require the entire record to be sent up for

decision of the entire matter in controversy.” 28 U.S.C. § 1254(2). Supreme

Court Rule 19 explains that “[a] United States court of appeals may certify to

[the Supreme] Court a question or proposition of law on which it seeks

instruction for the proper decision of a case. The certificate shall contain a

statement of the nature of the case and the facts on which the question or

proposition of law arises. Only questions or propositions of law may be certified,

and they shall be stated separately and with precision.” The Supreme Court has

cautioned against a question of “objectionable generality” and prefers “a definite

and clean-cut question of law.” See United States v. Mayer, 235 U.S. 55, 66

(1914). In keeping with this instruction, we will now provide the relevant facts

and frame the dispositive legal question.

I.

A federal jury in the Southern District of Mississippi found James Ford

Seale guilty of two counts of kidnaping under 18 U.S.C. § 1201(a) and one count

of conspiracy to commit kidnaping under 18 U.S.C. § 1201(c). The district court

sentenced him to life imprisonment. The kidnapings occurred in 1964, but the

government did not indict Seale until 2007. 

Unlike some federal crimes, § 1201 does not include its own limitations

period. The residual limitations periods of the criminal code, sections 3281 and

3282, apply to those federal crimes that do not contain their own limitations

periods. Section 3281 states that “[a]n indictment for any offense punishable by

death may be found at any time without limitation.” In contrast, § 3282 states

that “no person shall be prosecuted, tried, or punished for any offense, not

capital, unless the indictment is found . . . within five years next after such
No. 07-60732

 Both parties agree that the 1994 amendments to § 1201 are irrelevant to the 1

resolution of the limitations issue in this case.

3

offense shall have been committed.” Before the case proceeded to trial, Seale

filed a motion to dismiss the indictment, alleging that his prosecution was

barred by the five-year statute of limitations applicable to non-capital crimes.

See 18 U.S.C. § 3282. After conducting a hearing, the district court orally denied

Seale’s motion to dismiss the indictment based upon a finding that the

prosecution was governed by the unlimited statute of limitations applicable to

capital crimes. See 18 U.S.C. § 3281. 

In 1964, kidnaping was punishable by death, so the capital limitations

period applied. However, in 1968, the Supreme Court held that the death

penalty clause of § 1201 was unconstitutional and severable from the remainder

of the statute. See United States v. Jackson, 390 U.S. 570, 581-82 (1968). In

1972, the Supreme Court decided Furman v. Georgia, 408 U.S. 238 (1972), which

cast serious doubt on whether existing state and federal death penalty regimes

were constitutional under the Eighth Amendment. On the recommendation of

the Department of Justice, Congress repealed the death penalty clause of § 1201

in order to avoid “facial invalidity” in the wake of Jackson and Furman. See Act

for the Protection of Foreign Officials and Official Guests of the United States,

Pub. L. No. 92-539, § 201, 86 Stat. 1070-73 (1972) (hereinafter referred to as the

“1972 Act” or the “1972 amendments”); 118 Cong. Rec. 27116 (1972) (statement

of Rep. Poff). Until Congress reinstated the death penalty for kidnaping in 1994,

§ 1201 carried a five-year statue of limitations. See 28 U.S.C. § 3282. Before 1

the district court, Seale argued that either Jackson or the 1972 amendments,

standing alone, had the effect of changing the limitations period applicable to his

prosecution from unlimited to five years. 

The district court held that Jackson standing alone did not change the

limitations period applicable to Seale’s prosecution. The district court
No. 07-60732

 Because the district court did not issue a written opinion explaining its denial of the 2

motion, we have reproduced the oral ruling:

THE COURT: Section 3281 provides no limitations period for kidnapping as a

capital crime. Section 3282 places a five-year statute of limitations on

noncapital cases. Since the incidents charged in the indictment occurred in

1964, one quickly recognizes that should 3282 apply, this court would have to

dismiss the indictment in its entirety because the statute of limitations would

have long run. Therefore, the court’s ruling on this issue will determine

whether the case should be dismissed immediately or whether the lawsuit may

proceed to trial.

Our jurisprudence recognizes a distinct difference between capital and

noncapital cases. The number of peremptory challenges, bail, access to the

venire, multiple attorneys, for example, are all affected by this characterization.

The precise question here is whether the federal kidnapping statute in the

absence of the death penalty authorization after the wake of Jackson and

Furman has lost its status as a capital offense.

This court holds that the federal kidnapping statute yet must be accorded

capital offense status when courts look to determine the proper statute of

limitations. This court is persuaded that the language in [United States v. Hoyt,

451 F.2d 570 (5th Cir. 1971)] and [United States v. Kaiser, 545 F.2d 467 (5th

Cir. 1977)], Fifth Circuit cases, which could appear to say otherwise is dicta.

Those courts were not squarely presented with the issue before this court and

had no need within the context of their litigation to comment upon the matter.

Next the court agrees with the government that the vast majority of courts to

4

characterized as dicta the holding of two Fifth Circuit cases, which stated that

Jackson rendered § 1201 non-capital for all purposes. Instead, it relied on

precedent from other circuits holding that judicial invalidation of a death

penalty provision in a federal crime as unconstitutional does not change the

limitations period applicable to that crime. The district court rejected Seale’s

effort to distinguish those cases as not involving judicial severance of the

offending language and not involving the effect of Jackson. Regarding the effect

of 1972 amendments to § 1201, the district court simply stated that “[Congress’s]

repeal was not made retroactive,” rejecting the reasoning of another court that

has addressed this particular issue. See United States v. Provenzano, 423 F.

Supp. 662 (S.D.N.Y. 1976), aff’d, 556 F.2d 562 (2d Cir. 1977).2
No. 07-60732

consider this matter have rejected the defendant’s argument. [United States v.

Manning, 56 F.3d 1188 (9th Cir. 1995), United States v. Edwards, 159 F.3d

1117 (8th Cir. 1998), and United States v. Ealy, 363 F.3d 292 (4th Cir. 2004)],

for instance, have presented the court and pointed the court in the direction of

the government’s argument. That argument is structured upon viewing

kidnapping under a severity of the crime analysis versus a procedural

protection one or a nature of the penalty one which is apparent in the cases

reviewed by this court. This severity of the crime analysis is premised upon a

recognition, a congressional recognition that some crimes are so serious that the

offender should be punished whenever caught.

Finally, this court also is persuaded that since the instant offense allegedly

occurred in 1964, this court should look to the 1964 kidnapping statute and its

statute of limitations. This 1964 statute no one disputes provided no

limitations as to when an offender would be charged for this very serious crime.

The repeal in 1972 is not consequential because the repeal was not made

retroactive. 

I understand the defendant’s argument and the court is not persuaded that

because the Furman decision was made retroactive that it somehow affects this

matter in the manner in which the defendant argues. Thus for all the reasons

enunciated by the court, this court is persuaded to deny the motion to dismiss.

ROA (Vol. 3) 56-58.

5

On appeal, Seale reasserted the argument that his prosecution was timebarred by § 3282. A unanimous panel of this court agreed, reversing the district

court and rendering a judgment of acquittal. See United States v. Seale, 542

F.3d 1033 (5th Cir. 2008). According to the panel, absent a clear statement by

Congress to the contrary, substantive changes to federal statutes are applied

prospectively but procedural changes are applied retroactively. The panel

observed that the 1972 amendments repealed the death penalty clause of § 1201,

which had the effect of changing the limitations period to five years. Because

changes to the limitations period are procedural in nature, the panel found that

those changes apply retroactively to pre-amendment offenses, absent Ex Post

Facto concerns that are not implicated in this case. The panel held that the 1972

amendments to § 1201 retroactively changed the limitations period applicable

to Seale’s prosecution to five years. Although the 1972 amendments reduced the
No. 07-60732

 Seale’s alternative motion to rehear the case during the September en banc term of

3

the court is denied. See FIFTH CIR. R. 35.6.

6

available punishment from death to life imprisonment, which was a substantive

change, the panel determined that the 1972 amendments were primarily

procedural because Jackson had already severed and rendered the death penalty

clause unenforceable in 1968. Thus, the panel’s retroactivity holding was based

on the combined effect of Jackson and the 1972 amendments. 

The government filed a petition for rehearing en banc, which was granted.

See United States v. Seale, 550 F.3d 377 (5th Cir. 2008). The grant of the

petition for rehearing en banc had the effect of vacating the unanimous panel

opinion and rendering it non-precedential. See United States ex rel. Marcy v.

Rowan Cos., 520 F.3d 384, 389 (5th Cir. 2008). The en banc vote called for

affirming or reversing the ruling of the district court, which denied Seale’s

motion to dismiss the indictment on limitations grounds. By reason of an

equally divided 9-9 vote, the en banc court, without opinion, nominally affirmed

the district court’s denial of the motion to dismiss. See United States v. Seale, ---

F.3d ----, 2009 WL 1565162 (5th Cir. June 5, 2009). The per curiam order of the

en banc court is not precedential, see United States v. Mendoza-Gonzalez, 318

F.3d 663, 667 n.5 (5th Cir. 2003), and it did not address the merits of the

limitations issue. The appeal was returned to the original panel for

consideration of the remaining issues raised by Seale.

II.

On June 12, 2009, Seale filed a “Motion to Certify Question of Law to the

Supreme Court of the United States, or In the Alternative, to Rehearing the

Case During the September En Banc Term of the Court.” In this motion, Seale 3

recommended that the en banc court certify the limitations issue to the Supreme

Court pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1254(2) because (1) it is a question of law; (2) it is

unjust to allow a life sentence to stand based on a nominal affirmance by an
No. 07-60732

7

equally divided en banc court; (3) the district court’s ruling is irreconcilable with

Fifth Circuit precedent; (4) the government has identified at least twenty-two

other “cold cases” from the civil rights era that are currently under investigation

in this circuit, some of which may face the same limitations issue now before the

en banc court; and (5) considerations of judicial economy and Seale’s ill health

counsel in favor of expedited resolution of the issue by the Supreme Court. 

III.

A majority of the en banc court has determined that certification is

appropriate in this case. We reject the government’s suggestion that Seale’s

motion was procedurally improper. Seale’s motion explicitly recognizes that the

certification decision is discretionary with the en banc court. Some circuits have

questioned the propriety of a party recommending certification. See, e.g.,

Kronberg v. Hale, 181 F.2d 767 (9th Cir. 1950). We think the “better view is that

counsel may move for or suggest certification, but the matter rests exclusively

in the discretion of the court of appeals.” Eugene Gressman et al., Supreme

Court Practice § 9.2 (9th ed. 2007). 

The Supreme Court originally received jurisdiction to answer certified

questions from equally divided circuit courts in 1802, see 2 Stat. 156, 159,

although its certification jurisdiction has significantly broadened since that time.

See 28 U.S.C. § 1254(2). Two of the four certifications granted between 1946 and

2006 were certified questions from equally divided circuit courts, including one

from this court. See United States v. Barnett, 376 U.S. 681 (1964); United States

v. Rice, 327 U.S. 742 (1946). Because it is the task of the circuit courts “to decide

all properly presented cases coming before it,” the Supreme Court has warned

that certification is proper only in “rare instances.” Wisniewski v. United States,

353 U.S. 901, 902 (1957). 

This is an issue of first impression and national importance. The nominal

affirmance of Seale’s life sentence by an equally divided en banc court is the type
No. 07-60732

8

of rare instance where certification is appropriate. See Durrant v. Essex Co., 74

U.S. (7 Wall.) 107, 112 (1868) (regarding the legal effect of a tie vote affirmance).

By certifying this question regarding the statute of limitations, we are not

ignoring our obligation to decide a properly presented case; the evenly divided

en banc court was simply unable to reach a decision. Based on the unique facts

of this case, we find certification advisable “in the proper administration and

expedition of judicial business.” Wisniewski, 353 U.S. at 902. 

The Government seeks to establish precedent for filing other criminal

indictments relating to unresolved civil rights era crimes; however, the tie vote

affirmance rendered by the en banc court contains no reasoned analysis and

holds no precedential value. Seale gets no relief from his claim of a time-barred

prosecution, and the Government gets no precedent upon which to prosecute

other “cold cases” under § 1201. This discrete legal issue needs to be resolved by

the Supreme Court in order to give guidance in future cases.

We certify the following question to the Supreme Court: What statute of

limitations applies to a prosecution under 18 U.S.C. § 1201 for a kidnaping

offense that occurred in 1964 but was not indicted until 2007? 

The resolution of this question hinges upon whether Jackson and the 1972

Act, either alone or in combination, resulted in a reclassification of § 1201 from

capital under § 3281 to non-capital under § 3282, and if so, whether that

reclassification is retroactively applicable to Seale’s conduct.

QUESTION CERTIFIED.
No. 07-60732

See United States v. Rice, 327 U.S. 742 (1946); United States v. Barnett, 376 U.S. 681

1

(1964); Moody v. Albermarle Paper Co., 417 U.S. 622 (1974); Iran Nat’l Airlines Corp. v.

Marshalk Co., 453 U.S. 919 (1981). “[T]he Court has made the statutory provision authorizing

the certificate procedure virtually, but not quite, a dead letter.” EUGENE GRESSMAN ET AL.,

SUPREME COURT PRACTICE 597 (9th ed. 2007).

9

JONES, Chief Judge, together with Judges KING, WIENER, CLEMENT and

OWEN, dissenting:

I respectfully dissent from the majority’s decision certifying to the

Supreme Court a purely interlocutory question: whether the prosecution of

Seale for a fatal kidnapping that occurred in 1964 but was not indicted under

federal law until 2007 is barred by a federal limitations period. This court was

evenly divided on en banc rehearing and reached no resolution of the issue.

Seale’s appeal was relegated for consideration of his remaining issues to the

three-judge panel that had been previously responsible for the case but had not

ruled on those other points.

Although the certification falls within the permissible scope of Sup. Ct.

Rule 19, it is not worth this busy court’s time or that of the also-busy Supreme

Court to pursue that path. The likelihood of the Court’s accepting certification,

based on past usage, is virtually nil. The Court has accepted Rule 19

certifications only four times in more than sixty years. To seek certification of 1

an interlocutory appellate decision is also imprudent, especially where, left to its

own devices, the panel decision might ultimately reverse the conviction. Finally,

I cordially disagree with Judge DeMoss’s prediction that this limitations issue

may bear on two dozen or so cold cases of ugly racial violence remaining from the
No. 07-60732

10

early 1960s. The letter from the Civil Rights Division of the Department of

Justice was far from clear on this point.
No. 07-60732

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Judge STEWART dissents.